diff --git a/-63JXElqPaY.txt b/-63JXElqPaY.txt
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@@ -0,0 +1,18851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so let's uh let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so let's uh let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so let's uh let's start
+on the material where we're following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the material where we're following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the material where we're following
+the V model and you know the empty boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V model and you know the empty boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V model and you know the empty boxes
+are getting fewer and fewer every week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting fewer and fewer every week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting fewer and fewer every week
+here so we're on the right side uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're on the right side uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're on the right side uh
+moving up to um toward life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up to um toward life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up to um toward life cycle
+management and operations and today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and operations and today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and operations and today's
+topic is uh VNV verification validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic is uh VNV verification validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic is uh VNV verification validation
+and I also want to discuss the f frr as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also want to discuss the f frr as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also want to discuss the f frr as
+one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the key
+milestones and that's the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones and that's the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones and that's the flight
+Readiness review and if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Readiness review and if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Readiness review and if you're not
+building something that flies this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building something that flies this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building something that flies this is
+sort of your launch to market right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of your launch to market right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of your launch to market right
+launch to market review you are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch to market review you are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch to market review you are you
+ready to launch your pro project or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to launch your pro project or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to launch your pro project or
+product to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to
+market the outline is we have quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market the outline is we have quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market the outline is we have quite a
+few things to cover so first of all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things to cover so first of all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things to cover so first of all I
+want to drill into verification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to drill into verification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to drill into verification and
+validation what's the difference what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation what's the difference what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation what's the difference what is
+their role what's their position in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their role what's their position in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their role what's their position in the
+life cycle then we'll spend quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle then we'll spend quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle then we'll spend quite a bit
+of time on the issue of testing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time on the issue of testing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time on the issue of testing what
+kind of testing is done why is it done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of testing is done why is it done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of testing is done why is it done
+we'll talk about aircraft testing flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about aircraft testing flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about aircraft testing flight
+testing we'll talk about spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing we'll talk about spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing we'll talk about spacecraft
+testing but also some caveats test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing but also some caveats test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing but also some caveats test is
+not always you know the it's not free of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always you know the it's not free of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always you know the it's not free of
+of challenges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of challenges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of challenges and
+difficulties then uh I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties then uh I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties then uh I want to talk
+about technical risk management which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about technical risk management which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about technical risk management which is
+often covered in classes on project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often covered in classes on project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often covered in classes on project
+management but I think it's essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management but I think it's essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management but I think it's essential
+here as well as a system engineer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as well as a system engineer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as well as a system engineer to
+have a good grasp on technical risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good grasp on technical risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good grasp on technical risk
+management so I'll cover the risk Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so I'll cover the risk Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so I'll cover the risk Matrix
+the Iron Triangle uh cost schedule scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Iron Triangle uh cost schedule scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Iron Triangle uh cost schedule scope
+and risk and then I added a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and risk and then I added a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and risk and then I added a small
+section on system safety which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section on system safety which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section on system safety which is a very
+important important topic as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important important topic as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important important topic as well and
+we'll finish up with discussing the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll finish up with discussing the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll finish up with discussing the F
+frr the flight Readiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frr the flight Readiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frr the flight Readiness
+review so the readings related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review so the readings related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review so the readings related to this
+lecture are sections 53 and 54 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture are sections 53 and 54 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture are sections 53 and 54 in the
+handbook the system engineering handbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook the system engineering handbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook the system engineering handbook
+and then there's a couple of appendices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a couple of appendices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a couple of appendices
+there appendix e and I that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appendix e and I that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appendix e and I that are very
+very helpful and at least one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful and at least one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful and at least one of these
+I'll mention in the lecture plus uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mention in the lecture plus uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mention in the lecture plus uh one
+of the papers and this is a paper about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the papers and this is a paper about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the papers and this is a paper about
+a decade old and I know a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decade old and I know a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decade old and I know a lot of work
+has been done on this since then but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been done on this since then but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been done on this since then but
+this is a Prof a lecture or a paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Prof a lecture or a paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Prof a lecture or a paper by
+Professor leveson Nancy Levon who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor leveson Nancy Levon who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor leveson Nancy Levon who's a
+colleague of mine here at MIT who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of mine here at MIT who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of mine here at MIT who's
+really an expert in system safety so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an expert in system safety so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an expert in system safety so the
+system safety model that uh she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system safety model that uh she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system safety model that uh she's
+developed um is is the subject of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed um is is the subject of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed um is is the subject of that
+paper Okay so let's talk about V&V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Okay so let's talk about V&V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Okay so let's talk about V&V
+verification and validation and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and validation and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and validation and how they
+fit together you've seen this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit together you've seen this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit together you've seen this diagram
+before but I just want to talk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but I just want to talk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but I just want to talk through
+it in in um in some detail again so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in um in some detail again so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in um in some detail again so the
+idea is you start your your project your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you start your your project your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you start your your project your
+undertaking in the upper left you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking in the upper left you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking in the upper left you do
+your stakeholder analysis who are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stakeholder analysis who are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stakeholder analysis who are the
+stakeholders the customers beneficiaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders the customers beneficiaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders the customers beneficiaries
+The Regulators the suppliers you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Regulators the suppliers you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Regulators the suppliers you know
+the uh the partners on the project so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the partners on the project so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the partners on the project so
+you really have to do a good job doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to do a good job doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to do a good job doing
+your stakeholder analysis then in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stakeholder analysis then in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stakeholder analysis then in order
+to meet Set uh write your requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet Set uh write your requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet Set uh write your requirements
+and I I do have to say I've been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I do have to say I've been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I do have to say I've been very
+pleased especially with your assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased especially with your assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased especially with your assignment
+82 you know you really dug into those 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82 you know you really dug into those 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82 you know you really dug into those 40
+seven requirements for can set you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven requirements for can set you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven requirements for can set you
+grouped them you scrubbed them you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped them you scrubbed them you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped them you scrubbed them you uh
+you did a great job and the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did a great job and the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did a great job and the idea is that
+for each of these requirements you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these requirements you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these requirements you also
+have Target values there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Target values there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Target values there are certain
+thresholds or Target values that have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds or Target values that have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds or Target values that have to
+be achieved and then you actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be achieved and then you actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be achieved and then you actually do the
+development you do the conceptual design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you do the conceptual design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you do the conceptual design
+the detailed design and that's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detailed design and that's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detailed design and that's written
+here as functional deployment in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as functional deployment in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as functional deployment in other
+words these especially for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words these especially for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words these especially for the
+functional and the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional and the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional and the performance
+requirements how will you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements how will you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements how will you actually
+Implement those embody those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement those embody those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement those embody those in
+technology Hardware software and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology Hardware software and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology Hardware software and so
+forth so that's your intended function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so that's your intended function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so that's your intended function
+your concept and then your implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your concept and then your implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your concept and then your implemented
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+solution now the question is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now the question is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now the question is now the
+question is do you actually satisfy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do you actually satisfy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do you actually satisfy a
+the requirements and do you satisfy your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements and do you satisfy your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements and do you satisfy your
+stakeholders and it is possible that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and it is possible that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and it is possible that you
+satisfy the requirements but not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the requirements but not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the requirements but not the
+stakeholders so the way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders so the way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders so the way to think about
+this is we're going to close the loop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we're going to close the loop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we're going to close the loop in
+fact we're going to close two Loops an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we're going to close two Loops an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we're going to close two Loops an
+inner loop and I put testing here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner loop and I put testing here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner loop and I put testing here as
+testing is really one of the ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is really one of the ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is really one of the ways to
+verify whether you meet requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify whether you meet requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify whether you meet requirements
+that there's other ways too but testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's other ways too but testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's other ways too but testing
+is often the most important and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often the most important and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often the most important and so we
+close this inner loop so what we ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this inner loop so what we ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this inner loop so what we ask is
+we we test our implemented solution our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we test our implemented solution our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we test our implemented solution our
+implemented design and ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented design and ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented design and ask the question
+did did we deliver do we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did we deliver do we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did we deliver do we actually
+satisfy the requirements as they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the requirements as they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the requirements as they were
+written do we satisfy the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written do we satisfy the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written do we satisfy the requirements
+as they they were written and are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they they were written and are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they they were written and are these
+attainable were these requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attainable were these requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attainable were these requirements
+attainable so this Loop here this inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attainable so this Loop here this inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attainable so this Loop here this inter
+Loop is the verification Loop you verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop is the verification Loop you verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop is the verification Loop you verify
+whether your design as implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your design as implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your design as implemented
+satisfies the requirements as written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the requirements as written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the requirements as written
+that's what verification is and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what verification is and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what verification is and then
+there's an outer loop where you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an outer loop where you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an outer loop where you take
+your implemented design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your implemented design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your implemented design
+solution and you essentially bring it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and you essentially bring it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and you essentially bring it to
+the bring it all the way back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bring it all the way back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bring it all the way back to the
+stakeholders and usually that also means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and usually that also means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and usually that also means
+your your deploying it in a realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your deploying it in a realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your deploying it in a realistic
+environment like in the environment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment like in the environment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment like in the environment that
+the stakeholders will actually use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders will actually use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders will actually use the
+system not in a pristine lab environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not in a pristine lab environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not in a pristine lab environment
+and you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the
+stakeholders uh try out your system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders uh try out your system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders uh try out your system and
+see whether they're satisfied whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether they're satisfied whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether they're satisfied whether
+this meets their original intent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meets their original intent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meets their original intent you
+remember the conops concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the conops concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the conops concept of
+operations can you actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations can you actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations can you actually do the
+conops the way you had envisioned it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conops the way you had envisioned it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conops the way you had envisioned it in
+a realistic environment and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a realistic environment and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a realistic environment and that's what
+we call validation right and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call validation right and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call validation right and that's the
+outer loop you see the difference so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer loop you see the difference so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer loop you see the difference so a
+lot of people who don't know system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people who don't know system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people who don't know system
+engineering who've never been exposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering who've never been exposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering who've never been exposed to
+this when they hear verification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when they hear verification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when they hear verification and
+validation they think it's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation they think it's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation they think it's basically the
+two different words for the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different words for the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different words for the same thing
+it is it is different it's not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is different it's not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is different it's not the same
+thing so and then if you successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so and then if you successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so and then if you successfully
+verify and validate you end the SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify and validate you end the SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify and validate you end the SE
+process and you deliver which is good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and you deliver which is good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and you deliver which is good so
+this is something I pulled out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something I pulled out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something I pulled out from the
+handbook which which is the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook which which is the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook which which is the differences
+between verification and validation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between verification and validation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between verification and validation and
+I'm just summarizing this here so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just summarizing this here so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just summarizing this here so one
+way to ask is was the end product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to ask is was the end product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to ask is was the end product
+realized right meaning like did you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized right meaning like did you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized right meaning like did you do
+the right thing or did you implement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing or did you implement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing or did you implement it
+correctly so verification is often done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly so verification is often done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly so verification is often done
+during development so you verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during development so you verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during development so you verify
+components subsystems you check if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components subsystems you check if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components subsystems you check if the
+requirements are met typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are met typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are met typically
+verification is done in a laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification is done in a laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification is done in a laboratory
+environment or on a test stand you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or on a test stand you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or on a test stand you know
+or some some um environment that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some some um environment that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some some um environment that allows
+you to very carefully control the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to very carefully control the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to very carefully control the the
+conditions the test conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the test conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the test conditions and
+verification tends to be component at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification tends to be component at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification tends to be component at
+subsystem Centric okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem Centric okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem Centric okay and then
+validation is the question was the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation is the question was the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation is the question was the right
+end product realized did you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end product realized did you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end product realized did you actually
+build the right thing did you deploy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the right thing did you deploy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the right thing did you deploy the
+right solution this is often done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right solution this is often done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right solution this is often done so
+validation focuses more on during or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation focuses more on during or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation focuses more on during or
+after system integration it's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after system integration it's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after system integration it's typically
+done in a real or simulated Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in a real or simulated Mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in a real or simulated Mission
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+you check if your stakeholder intent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check if your stakeholder intent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check if your stakeholder intent is
+met and it's often done using the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met and it's often done using the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met and it's often done using the full
+up system it's it's difficult to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up system it's it's difficult to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up system it's it's difficult to do
+validation with on a subsystem basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation with on a subsystem basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation with on a subsystem basis
+alone typically validation implies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone typically validation implies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone typically validation implies you
+got to use the whole system to do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to use the whole system to do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to use the whole system to do it uh
+or you basically use dummy subsystems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you basically use dummy subsystems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you basically use dummy subsystems
+you basically replace the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically replace the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically replace the actual
+subsystems you're going to have with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems you're going to have with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems you're going to have with
+something something temporary so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something temporary so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something temporary so that
+you can go back to the stakeholder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back to the stakeholder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back to the stakeholder and
+give them as close to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them as close to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them as close to the real
+experience as they'll have with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience as they'll have with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience as they'll have with the
+actual system okay so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual system okay so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual system okay so that's that's
+essentially the distinction here so uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the distinction here so uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the distinction here so uh I
+want to do a quick concept question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a quick concept question on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a quick concept question on
+this to see whether this uh this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to see whether this uh this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to see whether this uh this point
+this distinction came across so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distinction came across so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distinction came across so here's a
+link se9 VV these are all caps and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link se9 VV these are all caps and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link se9 VV these are all caps and what
+I'm listing here is different test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm listing here is different test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm listing here is different test
+activities or different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities or different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities or different type of
+activities and I'd like you to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and I'd like you to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and I'd like you to check the
+box here whether you think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box here whether you think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box here whether you think this is
+verification whether this is validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification whether this is validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification whether this is validation
+or you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're not
+sure all right uh test testing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure all right uh test testing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure all right uh test testing and
+handling of a new car in snow conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling of a new car in snow conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling of a new car in snow conditions
+in Alaska 90% of you said um this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Alaska 90% of you said um this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Alaska 90% of you said um this is uh
+validation and I would agree with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation and I would agree with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation and I would agree with this
+so um you know many car companies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know many car companies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know many car companies I
+think all car companies once the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all car companies once the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all car companies once the vehicle
+has been uh finished essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been uh finished essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been uh finished essentially the
+design uh it doesn't go to market right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh it doesn't go to market right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh it doesn't go to market right
+away there's a very extensive you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away there's a very extensive you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away there's a very extensive you know
+usually it's at least 6 months of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's at least 6 months of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's at least 6 months of field
+testing of a new vehicle and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing of a new vehicle and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing of a new vehicle and you know
+you go to the desert you go you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the desert you go you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the desert you go you know
+where it's very Sandy and hot you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's very Sandy and hot you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's very Sandy and hot you know
+test your air conditioning systems right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test your air conditioning systems right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test your air conditioning systems right
+at the limit and then you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the limit and then you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the limit and then you go to the
+really cold climates either you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cold climates either you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cold climates either you know in
+Europe they go up to Sweden and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe they go up to Sweden and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe they go up to Sweden and
+Norway uh and here we tend to go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norway uh and here we tend to go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norway uh and here we tend to go up to
+Michigan Minnesota and so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan Minnesota and so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan Minnesota and so the idea is
+that you really utilize the vehicle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really utilize the vehicle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really utilize the vehicle in a
+kind of extreme environment but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of extreme environment but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of extreme environment but that's
+realistic of of actual operation so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic of of actual operation so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic of of actual operation so I
+agree with this frontal uh crash test in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with this frontal uh crash test in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with this frontal uh crash test in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lab uh most of you said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab uh most of you said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab uh most of you said it's
+verification and I would agree with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and I would agree with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and I would agree with this
+so those very standardized crash tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those very standardized crash tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those very standardized crash tests
+that you've you've seen in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've you've seen in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've you've seen in some of the
+commercials right the the vehicle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercials right the the vehicle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercials right the the vehicle is
+prepared instrumented you have the crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared instrumented you have the crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared instrumented you have the crash
+test dummies and then you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test dummies and then you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test dummies and then you have uh
+typically there's at least three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically there's at least three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically there's at least three
+different kinds of crash tests there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of crash tests there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of crash tests there's
+frontal there's side impact right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal there's side impact right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal there's side impact right like
+the the te kind of Crash and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the te kind of Crash and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the te kind of Crash and then
+there's also rollover tests that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also rollover tests that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also rollover tests that are
+more more and more standardized and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more and more standardized and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more and more standardized and the
+test conditions in these are they're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test conditions in these are they're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test conditions in these are they're um
+they're highly stylized tests they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're highly stylized tests they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're highly stylized tests they're
+very prescribed exactly the speeds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very prescribed exactly the speeds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very prescribed exactly the speeds the
+angles everything is prescribed and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles everything is prescribed and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles everything is prescribed and you
+know real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know real
+accidents uh the V variability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents uh the V variability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents uh the V variability of
+conditions is much much bigger than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions is much much bigger than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions is much much bigger than in
+these tests so I agree because the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tests so I agree because the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tests so I agree because the test
+conditions are so tightly uh defined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are so tightly uh defined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are so tightly uh defined and
+constrained this is verification not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained this is verification not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained this is verification not
+validation um testing of a new toy in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation um testing of a new toy in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation um testing of a new toy in a
+kindergarten okay so here you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten okay so here you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten okay so here you're you
+know you're and and this is you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're and and this is you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're and and this is you know the
+the toy companies and the they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy companies and the they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy companies and the they they
+essentially uh you know they they before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh you know they they before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh you know they they before
+again they make a big million or billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they make a big million or billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they make a big million or billion
+dollar decision to you know Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar decision to you know Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar decision to you know Mass
+manufacture toys they will actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture toys they will actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture toys they will actually have
+kids play with them in sort of realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids play with them in sort of realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids play with them in sort of realistic
+environments and so uh I agree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and so uh I agree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and so uh I agree with that
+that this is validation a vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is validation a vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is validation a vehicle
+emission testing obviously this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission testing obviously this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission testing obviously this was the
+big Crux with the Volkswagen Scandal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Crux with the Volkswagen Scandal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Crux with the Volkswagen Scandal
+that we had um so basically what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had um so basically what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had um so basically what this
+this this cheating that happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this cheating that happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this cheating that happened is
+essentially software that um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially software that um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially software that um was
+embedded in the vehicle such that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the vehicle such that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the vehicle such that when
+the vehicle experienced exactly the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle experienced exactly the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle experienced exactly the test
+conditions of these drive cycles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of these drive cycles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of these drive cycles that
+are very well known very well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very well known very well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very well known very well defined
+the vehicle would internally switch or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle would internally switch or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle would internally switch or
+reconfigure to a verification mode right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigure to a verification mode right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigure to a verification mode right
+and really emphasize low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really emphasize low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really emphasize low
+emissions uh at the expense of fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions uh at the expense of fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions uh at the expense of fuel
+economy right and as soon as the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy right and as soon as the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy right and as soon as the vehicle
+would detect that it's in a more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would detect that it's in a more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would detect that it's in a more General
+driving conditions it would essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving conditions it would essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving conditions it would essentially
+switch that mode off right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch that mode off right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch that mode off right so
+verification again is uh on a Dynamo in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification again is uh on a Dynamo in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification again is uh on a Dynamo in
+a lab um satellite vibration testing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab um satellite vibration testing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab um satellite vibration testing on
+a shake table uh we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shake table uh we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shake table uh we'll talk about this
+this is often we refer to this as shaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often we refer to this as shaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often we refer to this as shaken
+bake right in the in the spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bake right in the in the spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bake right in the in the spacecraft
+business the Spectra the load Spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business the Spectra the load Spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business the Spectra the load Spectra
+that are put into these shaking tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are put into these shaking tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are put into these shaking tables
+are again very stylized and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are again very stylized and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are again very stylized and different
+for each launch vehicle so here here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each launch vehicle so here here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each launch vehicle so here here we
+can we can debate a little bit whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can debate a little bit whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can debate a little bit whether
+you know is it closer to validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is it closer to validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is it closer to validation
+because the the actual test conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the actual test conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the actual test conditions
+are are so much adapted to each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are so much adapted to each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are so much adapted to each each
+launch vehicle but I agree this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch vehicle but I agree this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch vehicle but I agree this is
+primarily a verification activity and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily a verification activity and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily a verification activity and um
+then the field testing of the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the field testing of the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the field testing of the Google
+Glasses so you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glasses so you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glasses so you basically
+produce an initial batch of your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an initial batch of your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an initial batch of your product
+and then you give it to like lead users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you give it to like lead users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you give it to like lead users
+you have them try it and give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have them try it and give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have them try it and give you
+feedback this is um this is much closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback this is um this is much closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback this is um this is much closer
+to validation so I I I think by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to validation so I I I think by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to validation so I I I think by and
+large uh your answers here are very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh your answers here are very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh your answers here are very good
+and the real distinguishing factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real distinguishing factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real distinguishing factor is
+you know whether this activity happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether this activity happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether this activity happens
+in a lab in a very controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab in a very controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab in a very controlled
+environment under stylized conditions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment under stylized conditions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment under stylized conditions or
+whether you're actually going out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're actually going out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're actually going out in the
+field in a realistic Mission environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in a realistic Mission environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in a realistic Mission environment
+with real users or real potential users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with real users or real potential users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with real users or real potential users
+you know that are not especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that are not especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that are not especially
+knowledgeable are not especially trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable are not especially trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable are not especially trained
+about the system so very good job I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the system so very good job I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the system so very good job I
+think I think U most of you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think U most of you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think U most of you really
+understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that
+distinction okay so um let me talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction okay so um let me talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction okay so um let me talk
+briefly about the uh yes please Veronica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about the uh yes please Veronica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about the uh yes please Veronica
+are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there
+any got it today okay um are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any got it today okay um are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any got it today okay um are there any
+tests that really bridge the gap that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that really bridge the gap that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that really bridge the gap that
+really could be seen as both so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really could be seen as both so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really could be seen as both so I'm
+thinking about products in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about products in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about products in particular
+that are are to be used in kind of a Lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are to be used in kind of a Lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are to be used in kind of a Lab
+setting where you have a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting where you have a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting where you have a very specific
+kind of user where meeting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of user where meeting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of user where meeting the
+requirements is is kind of more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements is is kind of more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements is is kind of more about
+how how the tool is employed and and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how the tool is employed and and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how the tool is employed and and I I
+see the user in that sense is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the user in that sense is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the user in that sense is kind of
+part of the system so I'm wondering if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the system so I'm wondering if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the system so I'm wondering if
+in a more clinical sense there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more clinical sense there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more clinical sense there's there's
+an action that is both validation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action that is both validation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action that is both validation and
+verification yeah and so you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification yeah and so you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification yeah and so you said
+clinical so I I I I think there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical so I I I I think there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical so I I I I think there are
+situations where the distinction is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where the distinction is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where the distinction is not
+as sharp not as clear and you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sharp not as clear and you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sharp not as clear and you said
+clinical so I think in hospital you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical so I think in hospital you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical so I think in hospital you know
+for medical equipment like if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for medical equipment like if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for medical equipment like if you think
+about surgical equipment and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about surgical equipment and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about surgical equipment and things like
+this where it's it's very hard to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where it's it's very hard to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where it's it's very hard to really
+it's very hard to do verification in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to do verification in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to do verification in a
+in a kind of stylized way the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of stylized way the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of stylized way the only way
+to really check it is to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really check it is to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really check it is to have the
+equipment embedded and used in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment embedded and used in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment embedded and used in a in a
+pilot study right for example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot study right for example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot study right for example in a
+hospital and and in that case because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital and and in that case because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital and and in that case because
+the human is so involved and it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human is so involved and it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human is so involved and it's not a
+general consumer product but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general consumer product but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general consumer product but it's really
+a tool for for Specialists the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool for for Specialists the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool for for Specialists the only way
+to really get uh check your requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really get uh check your requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really get uh check your requirements
+is to actually embedded in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually embedded in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually embedded in a in a
+realistic environment to begin with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic environment to begin with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic environment to begin with so
+whenever it's it's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it's it's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it's it's very difficult to
+design very specific isolated tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design very specific isolated tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design very specific isolated tests
+where you can check for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can check for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can check for each of these
+requirements one by one um you almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements one by one um you almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements one by one um you almost
+have to move straight into validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move straight into validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move straight into validation
+and I think in in in medical equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think in in in medical equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think in in in medical equipment
+that's often the case yeah go ahead uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often the case yeah go ahead uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often the case yeah go ahead uh
+would you say that for spacecraft really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say that for spacecraft really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say that for spacecraft really
+true validation isn't possible like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true validation isn't possible like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true validation isn't possible like you
+have to recreate the conditions in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recreate the conditions in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recreate the conditions in some
+way in some kind of a laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in some kind of a laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in some kind of a laboratory
+environment um I think it's depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment um I think it's depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment um I think it's depends on
+the novelty of the spacecraft if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the novelty of the spacecraft if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the novelty of the spacecraft if you're
+launching you know something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching you know something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching you know something like a
+standard communication satellite where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard communication satellite where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard communication satellite where
+you've launched dozens before and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've launched dozens before and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've launched dozens before and you
+know you know the actual pitfalls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know the actual pitfalls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know the actual pitfalls and
+the operating conditions you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operating conditions you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operating conditions you've
+experienced failure modes in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced failure modes in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced failure modes in the past
+and eradicated most of them um I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eradicated most of them um I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eradicated most of them um I do
+think that um that you can do a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um that you can do a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um that you can do a lot in
+verification but then I'll show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification but then I'll show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification but then I'll show you one
+example of a spacecraft we've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a spacecraft we've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a spacecraft we've actually
+talked about before where there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before where there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before where there's going
+to be a lot of residual risk and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot of residual risk and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot of residual risk and the
+first time it's deployed people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time it's deployed people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time it's deployed people are
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+sweat because you know there's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweat because you know there's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweat because you know there's still a
+lot of unknowns to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of unknowns to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of unknowns to be
+resolved okay so uh let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved okay so uh let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved okay so uh let's look at the
+product verification process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product verification process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product verification process in
+particular this is from the um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this is from the um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this is from the um so this
+is the product verification process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product verification process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product verification process for
+the from the NASA system engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the NASA system engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the NASA system engineering
+handbook so what are the inputs the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook so what are the inputs the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook so what are the inputs the end
+product to be verified so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to be verified so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to be verified so you have to
+have the artifact fact that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the artifact fact that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the artifact fact that you're going
+to verify the specified requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify the specified requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify the specified requirements
+Baseline you need this as a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline you need this as a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline you need this as a reference
+what are you going to check against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to check against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to check against the
+product verification plan which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product verification plan which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product verification plan which is
+essentially you know your test plan what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you know your test plan what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you know your test plan what
+test cases are you going to run how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test cases are you going to run how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test cases are you going to run how long
+are you going to run them how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to run them how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to run them how many
+repetitions will you do and then product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitions will you do and then product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitions will you do and then product
+verification enabling products which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification enabling products which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification enabling products which
+would be test software test equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be test software test equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be test software test equipment
+things that are not part of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not part of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not part of the product
+itself but are enabling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but are enabling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but are enabling of the
+verification process you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification process you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification process you then
+essentially go through this process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially go through this process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially go through this process and
+what are the outputs the verified end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the outputs the verified end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the outputs the verified end
+product the uh product verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the uh product verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the uh product verification
+results so these would be you know test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so these would be you know test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so these would be you know test
+protocols things like this the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols things like this the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols things like this the product
+verification report and then product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification report and then product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification report and then product
+verification any other work Products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification any other work Products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification any other work Products
+that come out of it so you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of it so you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of it so you could have
+for example discrepancy reports you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example discrepancy reports you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example discrepancy reports you
+failed some tests well that would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed some tests well that would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed some tests well that would be an
+important output and then the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important output and then the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important output and then the question
+is is this significant enough that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this significant enough that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this significant enough that you
+have to go redesign or retest or is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go redesign or retest or is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go redesign or retest or is it a
+minor issue that you can wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor issue that you can wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor issue that you can wave
+essentially to move on to the next stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to move on to the next stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to move on to the next stage
+um so let me let me just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me let me just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me let me just give you a
+quick example here from my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick example here from my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick example here from my own
+experience about this verified end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience about this verified end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience about this verified end
+product one of the things on the Swiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product one of the things on the Swiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product one of the things on the Swiss
+F-18 program that we did is not just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F-18 program that we did is not just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F-18 program that we did is not just by
+airplanes and Equipment but also models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and Equipment but also models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and Equipment but also models
+of the airplane itself in particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the airplane itself in particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the airplane itself in particular uh
+finite element models very detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element models very detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element models very detailed
+finite element models of the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element models of the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element models of the structure
+and um these models were very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um these models were very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um these models were very expensive
+expensive like some of these models were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive like some of these models were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive like some of these models were
+millions of dollars and so I got a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars and so I got a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars and so I got a phone
+call I was a liaison engineer at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I was a liaison engineer at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I was a liaison engineer at the
+time in St Louis I got a phone call from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in St Louis I got a phone call from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in St Louis I got a phone call from
+Switzerland saying this is crazy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland saying this is crazy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland saying this is crazy you
+know how how can we be charged millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how how can we be charged millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how how can we be charged millions
+of dollars for this particular set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars for this particular set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars for this particular set of
+models and I said yeah that seems pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and I said yeah that seems pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and I said yeah that seems pretty
+expensive so I'm going to go negotiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so I'm going to go negotiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so I'm going to go negotiate
+this and so I started negotiating and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so I started negotiating and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so I started negotiating and I
+guess either I'm a bad negotiator or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess either I'm a bad negotiator or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess either I'm a bad negotiator or it
+was really uh really clear why these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really uh really clear why these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really uh really clear why these
+were so expensive the reason these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so expensive the reason these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so expensive the reason these
+models were so expensive because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models were so expensive because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models were so expensive because they
+were on the right side not on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on the right side not on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on the right side not on on the
+left side so every one of these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side so every one of these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side so every one of these models
+that we were purchasing had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were purchasing had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were purchasing had been
+verified using um actual physical tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified using um actual physical tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified using um actual physical tests
+so every location was guaranteed under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every location was guaranteed under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every location was guaranteed under
+the load conditions to produce a stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load conditions to produce a stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load conditions to produce a stress
+and strain prediction at that location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strain prediction at that location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strain prediction at that location
+that was guaranteed to be correct within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was guaranteed to be correct within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was guaranteed to be correct within
+plus or minus 5% so the model had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus 5% so the model had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus 5% so the model had been
+very carefully calibrated and tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully calibrated and tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully calibrated and tuned
+against physical reality as opposed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against physical reality as opposed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against physical reality as opposed to a
+finite element model that's just um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element model that's just um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element model that's just um you
+know anybody can make a model and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anybody can make a model and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anybody can make a model and put
+some load cases and boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some load cases and boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some load cases and boundary conditions
+on and you don't know you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and you don't know you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and you don't know you know how
+closely does this Mir so there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely does this Mir so there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely does this Mir so there's a huge
+difference in value between a product a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in value between a product a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in value between a product a
+model that has gone through verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that has gone through verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that has gone through verification
+where at the end of it there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where at the end of it there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where at the end of it there's actually
+a report there's a protocol there's data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a report there's a protocol there's data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a report there's a protocol there's data
+that says all these features all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says all these features all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says all these features all these
+requirements that you had against it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that you had against it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that you had against it
+have actually been checked this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually been checked this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually been checked this is a
+certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified
+product and that's the main reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and that's the main reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and that's the main reason for
+uh for the price because the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the price because the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the price because the actual
+process of verification is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of verification is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of verification is very very
+resource intensive so even though when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource intensive so even though when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource intensive so even though when
+you look at it physically you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it physically you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it physically you might say
+I can't tell the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't tell the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't tell the difference between
+prever verification and post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prever verification and post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prever verification and post
+verification CU physically it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification CU physically it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification CU physically it's the same
+but in actuality there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in actuality there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in actuality there's a huge
+difference because once it's been once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference because once it's been once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference because once it's been once
+it's been verified and certified uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been verified and certified uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been verified and certified uh
+against a set of requirements it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a set of requirements it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a set of requirements it's a
+much more valuable asset does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more valuable asset does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more valuable asset does that make
+sense so keep that in mind uh when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so keep that in mind uh when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so keep that in mind uh when you
+when you think about these products on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about these products on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about these products on
+the right side now what are the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side now what are the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side now what are the types of
+verification so test we'll talk about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification so test we'll talk about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification so test we'll talk about so
+you're physically testing but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're physically testing but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're physically testing but there's
+other ways to do it through analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to do it through analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to do it through analysis
+through demonstration and through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through demonstration and through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through demonstration and through
+inspection so analysis essentially means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection so analysis essentially means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection so analysis essentially means
+you're um you're doing a cal calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um you're doing a cal calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um you're doing a cal calculation
+with a mathematical calculation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mathematical calculation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mathematical calculation or
+simulation that satisfies you that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that satisfies you that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that satisfies you that this
+requirement is met and you're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is met and you're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is met and you're doing this
+with the input parameters into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the input parameters into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the input parameters into the
+simulation are as accurate as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation are as accurate as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation are as accurate as possible
+based on the physical reality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the physical reality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the physical reality of the
+system you have but for whatever reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you have but for whatever reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you have but for whatever reason
+either because you don't have the funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because you don't have the funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because you don't have the funds
+for it or you can't simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it or you can't simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it or you can't simulate the
+operating conditions well enough you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating conditions well enough you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating conditions well enough you
+have to do it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it through
+analysis um demonstration essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um demonstration essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um demonstration essentially
+means you're you're operating the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're you're operating the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're you're operating the system
+you're demonstrating the functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're demonstrating the functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're demonstrating the functions that
+you need but you don't necessarily uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need but you don't necessarily uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need but you don't necessarily uh
+have a lot of instrumentation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of instrumentation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of instrumentation on the
+system and you don't certainly you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you don't certainly you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you don't certainly you don't
+do destructive testing in other words a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do destructive testing in other words a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do destructive testing in other words a
+demonstration simply means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration simply means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration simply means you're
+operating the system as intended and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating the system as intended and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating the system as intended and
+demonstrating physically that it that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating physically that it that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating physically that it that it
+performs its purpose inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs its purpose inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs its purpose inspection
+essentially means you are physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means you are physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means you are physically
+inspecting the artifact uh either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspecting the artifact uh either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspecting the artifact uh either
+visually inspecting it there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually inspecting it there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually inspecting it there's also a
+lot of techniques called ndi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of techniques called ndi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of techniques called ndi
+non-destructive inspection you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-destructive inspection you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-destructive inspection you know
+through with with x-rays or Eddie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with with x-rays or Eddie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with with x-rays or Eddie
+current sensors you know you're checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sensors you know you're checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sensors you know you're checking
+for uh the lack of um manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the lack of um manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the lack of um manufacturing
+flaws or parities whatever it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaws or parities whatever it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaws or parities whatever it is but
+inspection essentially is U you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection essentially is U you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection essentially is U you're not
+physically operating the system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically operating the system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically operating the system but
+you're inspecting the artifact to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inspecting the artifact to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inspecting the artifact to make
+sure that it satisfies a certain set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it satisfies a certain set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it satisfies a certain set of
+requirements and then testing typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then testing typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then testing typically
+means that you're you're putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you're you're putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you're you're putting a
+stimulus into the system you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus into the system you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus into the system you're
+operating the system under some test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating the system under some test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating the system under some test
+conditions you're recording data which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you're recording data which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you're recording data which
+you then analyze in terms of comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then analyze in terms of comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then analyze in terms of comparing
+that to your prediction or expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to your prediction or expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to your prediction or expected
+behaviors so these are analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors so these are analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors so these are analysis
+demonstration inspection and test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration inspection and test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration inspection and test
+they're all different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all different ways of
+verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification
+yeah uh how do I know when I'm supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh how do I know when I'm supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh how do I know when I'm supposed
+to use more than one type at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use more than one type at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use more than one type at the same
+time I mean in and or or yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I mean in and or or yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I mean in and or or yeah that's
+that's a good point there's no real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point there's no real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point there's no real
+general rule of this but in general I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rule of this but in general I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rule of this but in general I
+would say the more crucial the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the more crucial the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the more crucial the more
+critical a particular requirement is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical a particular requirement is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical a particular requirement is to
+the operation of the system uh the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation of the system uh the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation of the system uh the more
+intense the verification will be whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense the verification will be whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense the verification will be whether
+that's just using one of these types you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just using one of these types you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just using one of these types you
+know you just run more tests or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you just run more tests or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you just run more tests or more
+different tests or you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tests or you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tests or you're doing a
+combination of you know inspection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of you know inspection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of you know inspection and
+testing uh there's no there's no General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh there's no there's no General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh there's no there's no General
+uh rule in terms of you know two out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rule in terms of you know two out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rule in terms of you know two out of
+three or two out of four but um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or two out of four but um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or two out of four but um the
+purpose of the VMV plan the verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the VMV plan the verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the VMV plan the verification
+and validation plan is and you did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and validation plan is and you did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and validation plan is and you did a
+little bit of this in A2 right you did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of this in A2 right you did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of this in A2 right you did a
+little bit of thinking into how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of thinking into how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of thinking into how would we
+actually verify this requirement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually verify this requirement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually verify this requirement the
+purpose of a VNV plan is to say for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of a VNV plan is to say for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of a VNV plan is to say for each
+requirement which of these four um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement which of these four um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement which of these four um
+methods are we going to use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are we going to use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are we going to use for
+verification and then actually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and then actually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and then actually write
+down each test that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down each test that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down each test that you're going to
+perform what kind of equipment you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform what kind of equipment you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform what kind of equipment you'll
+use what kind of test conditions it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what kind of test conditions it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what kind of test conditions it's a
+lot of work in fact um I think it's fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work in fact um I think it's fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work in fact um I think it's fair
+to say that the people that do this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that the people that do this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that the people that do this kind
+of work verification validation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work verification validation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work verification validation are
+typically different people than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically different people than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically different people than the
+people that do the writing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that do the writing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that do the writing of the
+requirements or that do the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements or that do the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements or that do the actual
+design work this is a pretty specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design work this is a pretty specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design work this is a pretty specialized
+activity and the people are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and the people are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and the people are a little
+different um if you've met people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um if you've met people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um if you've met people who do
+uh testing or Quality Inspection they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh testing or Quality Inspection they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh testing or Quality Inspection they're
+quite different different it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different different it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different different it's a
+different Minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Minds
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ahead um according to what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead um according to what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead um according to what's happening
+in Issa actually this uh Adit will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Issa actually this uh Adit will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Issa actually this uh Adit will be
+imposed in the specification prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed in the specification prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed in the specification prior to
+your proposal and they will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proposal and they will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proposal and they will give you the
+minimum requirements that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum requirements that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum requirements that you have to
+test against and they will give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test against and they will give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test against and they will give you a
+rough Matrix for every requirement line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough Matrix for every requirement line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough Matrix for every requirement line
+whether it's Adit and then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's Adit and then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's Adit and then you have to
+answer with a with a validation and test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with a with a validation and test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with a with a validation and test
+plan usually unless your agency and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan usually unless your agency and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan usually unless your agency and you
+are defining the specification then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defining the specification then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defining the specification then you
+have to do it and it's mostly based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it and it's mostly based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it and it's mostly based on
+experience um and it's some people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um and it's some people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um and it's some people that
+have really lots of years of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really lots of years of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really lots of years of knowledge
+that then make these specification but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then make these specification but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then make these specification but
+uh I think for all of you Engineers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think for all of you Engineers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think for all of you Engineers here
+in the next 10 years you'll be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next 10 years you'll be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next 10 years you'll be just
+hoping there's not so many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping there's not so many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping there's not so many of these
+adits uh in the specs you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adits uh in the specs you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adits uh in the specs you will get
+because you would have to answer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you would have to answer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you would have to answer it's
+part of the specification actually yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the specification actually yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the specification actually yeah
+and out demonstrated that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out demonstrated that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out demonstrated that's different
+well and the point you're making vulker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the point you're making vulker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the point you're making vulker
+is that this is a contractual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is a contractual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is a contractual
+requirement right this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement right this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement right this is not
+optional yeah it's not optional and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional yeah it's not optional and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional yeah it's not optional and it's
+it's it has to be part of the pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it has to be part of the pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it has to be part of the pricing
+right up in front of before phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up in front of before phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up in front of before phase
+eight yes very good points so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight yes very good points so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight yes very good points so you know
+the outputs of all of this are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs of all of this are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs of all of this are uh
+discrepancy reports if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy reports if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy reports if there's any
+discrepancy reports um waivers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy reports um waivers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy reports um waivers the
+verified product itself and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified product itself and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified product itself and then the
+compliance documentation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance documentation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance documentation which is
+essentially your test protocols etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially your test protocols etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially your test protocols etc etc
+and as you can imagine imagine now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can imagine imagine now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can imagine imagine now if
+you have you know you had 47
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you know you had 47
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you know you had 47
+requirements with canet and then by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements with canet and then by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements with canet and then by the
+end Yan what would you say the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end Yan what would you say the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end Yan what would you say the number of
+requirements that we ended up with at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that we ended up with at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that we ended up with at
+the end in A2 we're closer to 100 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end in A2 we're closer to 100 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end in A2 we're closer to 100 right
+sort of most people were around 80 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of most people were around 80 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of most people were around 80 90
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+imagine now you can the good thing is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine now you can the good thing is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine now you can the good thing is if
+you can do tests that actually check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do tests that actually check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do tests that actually check
+multiple requirements at once right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple requirements at once right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple requirements at once right
+that's a good thing uh if you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing uh if you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing uh if you can do
+tests that that help you verify multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that that help you verify multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that that help you verify multiple
+requirements through through the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements through through the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements through through the same
+test you can save some money but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you can save some money but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you can save some money but the
+whole testing strategy uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole testing strategy uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole testing strategy uh the
+contractual requirements that uh vulker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractual requirements that uh vulker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractual requirements that uh vulker
+was mentioning it's it's a big big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mentioning it's it's a big big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mentioning it's it's a big big big
+deal it's a really critical part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal it's a really critical part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal it's a really critical part of
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+engineering okay so in terms of the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering okay so in terms of the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering okay so in terms of the life
+cycle phases where this uh where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle phases where this uh where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle phases where this uh where this
+fits in um most of this activity happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in um most of this activity happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in um most of this activity happens
+during phase D okay so you remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during phase D okay so you remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during phase D okay so you remember this
+was the the life cycle the the NASA life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the life cycle the the NASA life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the life cycle the the NASA life
+cycle model and so phase D is System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle model and so phase D is System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle model and so phase D is System
+Assembly integration test and launch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly integration test and launch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly integration test and launch so
+much of the testing that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the testing that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the testing that we talked about
+happens during phase D so the system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens during phase D so the system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens during phase D so the system has
+been fully designed it's been assembled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fully designed it's been assembled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fully designed it's been assembled
+it's been integrated the way we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been integrated the way we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been integrated the way we talked
+about last week and now you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last week and now you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last week and now you're really
+putting the system through its paces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the system through its paces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the system through its paces and
+so this phase D is is uh is intense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this phase D is is uh is intense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this phase D is is uh is intense it's
+expensive uh and if something goes wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive uh and if something goes wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive uh and if something goes wrong
+it it sort of sends you back to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it sort of sends you back to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it sort of sends you back to to the
+drawing board often you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing board often you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing board often you have to do
+either you have to figure out whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you have to figure out whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you have to figure out whether a
+failed test a failed verification is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed test a failed verification is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed test a failed verification is a
+showstopper right you have to if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showstopper right you have to if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showstopper right you have to if it is
+then you have to redesign the system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to redesign the system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to redesign the system you
+have to retest um but if it's a minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to retest um but if it's a minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to retest um but if it's a minor
+thing then you might be able to request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then you might be able to request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then you might be able to request
+a waiver and you can say okay we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a waiver and you can say okay we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a waiver and you can say okay we didn't
+we didn't achieve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't achieve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't achieve this
+requirement uh or we failed this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement uh or we failed this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement uh or we failed this test
+but we think it's a minor issue and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we think it's a minor issue and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we think it's a minor issue and uh
+instead of holding up the program we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of holding up the program we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of holding up the program we're
+going to get a waiver for it which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a waiver for it which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a waiver for it which means
+you get an exemption essentially and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an exemption essentially and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an exemption essentially and you
+can move on and that whether or not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move on and that whether or not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move on and that whether or not a
+waiver can or cannot be granted is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiver can or cannot be granted is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiver can or cannot be granted is a big
+deal and that goes under risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal and that goes under risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal and that goes under risk management
+which we'll talk about in a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about in a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about in a few minutes
+yes I have a question on so if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I have a question on so if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I have a question on so if like
+you're a system integrator and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a system integrator and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a system integrator and you've
+you know created some statements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know created some statements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know created some statements of
+works for you know other people to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for you know other people to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for you know other people to know
+say procure a large optic or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say procure a large optic or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say procure a large optic or something
+um you know they go and build that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they go and build that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they go and build that that
+M your require ments and then they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M your require ments and then they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M your require ments and then they do
+all their verification and testing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their verification and testing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their verification and testing and
+then they provide all that documentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they provide all that documentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they provide all that documentation
+then like for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like for my
+experience um with anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um with anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um with anything like
+procurement and stuff that comes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurement and stuff that comes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurement and stuff that comes you
+know back into your you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know back into your you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know back into your you
+know um inhouse and you go to assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um inhouse and you go to assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um inhouse and you go to assemble
+it and you essentially do a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you essentially do a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you essentially do a lot of that
+verification and and testing again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and and testing again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and and testing again to
+kind of double check that Supply out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of double check that Supply out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of double check that Supply out is
+there I mean there's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean there's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean there's a little bit of a
+conflict of interest obviously with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict of interest obviously with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict of interest obviously with you
+know that Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that Supply
+you know doing the work and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know doing the work and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know doing the work and also
+verifying their own work is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying their own work is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying their own work is there any
+good way to get around that so it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to get around that so it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to get around that so it seems
+like a very expensive kind of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very expensive kind of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very expensive kind of kind of
+process so my my experience uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so my my experience uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so my my experience uh basically
+you're talking about um separation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about um separation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about um separation of
+powers right and making sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers right and making sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers right and making sure that the
+bet the good suppliers they will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet the good suppliers they will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet the good suppliers they will have
+internally separation of powers in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally separation of powers in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally separation of powers in other
+words the people that are doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the people that are doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the people that are doing the
+testing and the Q&A they're usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and the Q&A they're usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and the Q&A they're usually
+people who really enjoy finding mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who really enjoy finding mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who really enjoy finding mistakes
+and faults and that's why when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and faults and that's why when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and faults and that's why when I'm
+saying I was trying to be diplomatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I was trying to be diplomatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I was trying to be diplomatic
+when I said it but people even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I said it but people even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I said it but people even in
+software you know people who do software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software you know people who do software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software you know people who do software
+verification they love to find bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification they love to find bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification they love to find bugs
+right they love to find problems because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they love to find problems because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they love to find problems because
+that's their job right and um so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their job right and um so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their job right and um so in the
+good suppliers they uh it's in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good suppliers they uh it's in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good suppliers they uh it's in their own
+self-interest not to do shortcuts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interest not to do shortcuts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interest not to do shortcuts right
+now if you if you don't trust that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you if you don't trust that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you if you don't trust that and
+you do all your same testing and Q&A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do all your same testing and Q&A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do all your same testing and Q&A
+again that's a duplication of effort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's a duplication of effort the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's a duplication of effort the
+way I've seen it done effectively is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I've seen it done effectively is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I've seen it done effectively is
+that you as a customer say you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you as a customer say you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you as a customer say you're going
+to buy the subsystem or engine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy the subsystem or engine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy the subsystem or engine for
+example from a what you do is you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from a what you do is you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from a what you do is you send
+liazon people you send Representatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liazon people you send Representatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liazon people you send Representatives
+who are knowledgeable people to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are knowledgeable people to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are knowledgeable people to the
+supplier while the testing is being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier while the testing is being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier while the testing is being done
+and so they're present when the testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're present when the testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're present when the testing
+has been done they're very involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been done they're very involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been done they're very involved with
+it and therefore you don't have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and therefore you don't have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and therefore you don't have to do it
+twice so there are ways around this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so there are ways around this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so there are ways around this um
+okay so I just what I did here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just what I did here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just what I did here is just
+um search for the word test in the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um search for the word test in the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um search for the word test in the list
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+milestones and where does it come up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones and where does it come up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones and where does it come up so
+the first time it really comes up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time it really comes up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time it really comes up in a
+major fashion is at the CDR okay so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major fashion is at the CDR okay so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major fashion is at the CDR okay so let
+me just read this to you so the CDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just read this to you so the CDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just read this to you so the CDR
+demonstrates the M maturity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates the M maturity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates the M maturity of the
+design and is appropriate to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and is appropriate to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and is appropriate to support
+proceeding with fullscale fabrication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding with fullscale fabrication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding with fullscale fabrication
+assembly integration and tests so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly integration and tests so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly integration and tests so the
+other words in other words even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words in other words even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words in other words even even
+though at the CDR you're blessing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though at the CDR you're blessing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though at the CDR you're blessing the
+final design you should say something at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final design you should say something at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final design you should say something at
+the CDR about how the testing will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDR about how the testing will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDR about how the testing will be
+done in fact test planning often is way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in fact test planning often is way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in fact test planning often is way
+before the CDR but at the CDR you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the CDR but at the CDR you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the CDR but at the CDR you should
+you should really talk about the testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really talk about the testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really talk about the testing
+then we have a so-called trr which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a so-called trr which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a so-called trr which is a
+test Readiness review and so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test Readiness review and so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test Readiness review and so for each
+major test you would have a separate trr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major test you would have a separate trr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major test you would have a separate trr
+the TR ensures that the test article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TR ensures that the test article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TR ensures that the test article
+Hardware software the facilities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware software the facilities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware software the facilities the
+support P Personnel the test procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support P Personnel the test procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support P Personnel the test procedures
+are ready for testing data acquisition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ready for testing data acquisition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ready for testing data acquisition
+reduction meaning data post processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction meaning data post processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction meaning data post processing
+and control and then at the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control and then at the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control and then at the system
+acceptance review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance review the
+S um that's when you essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S um that's when you essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S um that's when you essentially
+transfer the ownership of the asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the ownership of the asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the ownership of the asset
+right and it's at the S at the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's at the S at the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's at the S at the system
+acceptance review that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance review that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance review that you're going to
+review not just the product and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review not just the product and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review not just the product and its
+documentation but all the test data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation but all the test data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation but all the test data the
+analyses that support verification so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses that support verification so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses that support verification so at
+CDR you say this is our this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDR you say this is our this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDR you say this is our this is the
+testing will do at the test re uh review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing will do at the test re uh review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing will do at the test re uh review
+itself you say everything is ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you say everything is ready for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you say everything is ready for
+the tests to happen and then you do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tests to happen and then you do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tests to happen and then you do them
+and at the system requirements Review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the system requirements Review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the system requirements Review
+You Look Backwards and you say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Look Backwards and you say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Look Backwards and you say what
+tests actually happened what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests actually happened what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests actually happened what's the
+documentation what were the results are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation what were the results are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation what were the results are
+we ready to own the asset now does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ready to own the asset now does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ready to own the asset now does that
+does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+okay okay so with that in mind uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so with that in mind uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so with that in mind uh let's
+talk about uh testing itself what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh testing itself what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh testing itself what kind
+of testing there are and so testing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing there are and so testing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing there are and so testing is
+one of the four methods of verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the four methods of verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the four methods of verification
+and it's the one that um we often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the one that um we often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the one that um we often uh
+spend the most money on so uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the most money on so uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the most money on so uh this is
+from the handbook section 53 this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the handbook section 53 this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the handbook section 53 this is um
+basically an alphabetic list of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an alphabetic list of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an alphabetic list of the kind
+of testing that we typically do and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing that we typically do and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing that we typically do and I'll
+just sort of highlight a few here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of highlight a few here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of highlight a few here and
+then I have a a a group exercise for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a a a group exercise for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a a a group exercise for you
+so aerodynamic testing Burnin testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so aerodynamic testing Burnin testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so aerodynamic testing Burnin testing
+which is often done with electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often done with electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often done with electronics
+make sure that you um you you burn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you um you you burn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you um you you burn in
+your electronics you you get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your electronics you you get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your electronics you you get them
+running at the right conditions drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at the right conditions drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at the right conditions drop
+testing uh pressure testing pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh pressure testing pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh pressure testing pressure
+limits thermal testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits thermal testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits thermal testing
+g-loading um human factors testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-loading um human factors testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-loading um human factors testing
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+testing um manufacturing random defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing um manufacturing random defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing um manufacturing random defects
+that's when you do like non-destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you do like non-destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you do like non-destructive
+inspection um thermal cycling vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection um thermal cycling vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection um thermal cycling vibration
+testing and so forth so this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and so forth so this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and so forth so this is you know
+20 or 30 types of testing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or 30 types of testing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or 30 types of testing and then
+within each there's even subtypes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each there's even subtypes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each there's even subtypes so
+there's a there's a lot of different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a lot of different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a lot of different and
+there's a whole industry actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole industry actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole industry actually that
+is primarily focused on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is primarily focused on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is primarily focused on you know
+providing test equipment sensors data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing test equipment sensors data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing test equipment sensors data
+logging equipment it's it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logging equipment it's it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logging equipment it's it's a big
+industry not just in Aerospace but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry not just in Aerospace but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry not just in Aerospace but but
+throughout okay so I'd like to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout okay so I'd like to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout okay so I'd like to do a
+little turn to your partner exercise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little turn to your partner exercise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little turn to your partner exercise and
+uh the question is I want to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question is I want to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question is I want to ask you
+what kind of testing have you been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of testing have you been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of testing have you been
+involved in in the past and you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in in the past and you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in in the past and you know if
+this was like in product design product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was like in product design product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was like in product design product
+development that's fine if it was for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development that's fine if it was for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development that's fine if it was for an
+internship but even at the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internship but even at the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internship but even at the University
+itself if you did some experimental work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself if you did some experimental work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself if you did some experimental work
+and experimental testing as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experimental testing as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experimental testing as part of
+research that's fine too you can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that's fine too you can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that's fine too you can talk
+about that too so what kind of testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that too so what kind of testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that too so what kind of testing
+have you been involved in in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you been involved in in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you been involved in in the past
+what was the purpose of the testing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the purpose of the testing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the purpose of the testing what
+were the challenges what went well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the challenges what went well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the challenges what went well what
+were the results maybe if it didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the results maybe if it didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the results maybe if it didn't go
+well talk about that too all right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well talk about that too all right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well talk about that too all right good
+so let's see we're going to go back back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see we're going to go back back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see we're going to go back back
+and forth so who wants to start here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth so who wants to start here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth so who wants to start here at
+MIT who has a good story to tell go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT who has a good story to tell go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT who has a good story to tell go
+ahead so I worked on the um the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so I worked on the um the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so I worked on the um the ground
+station side of the lunar laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station side of the lunar laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station side of the lunar laser
+communication demonstration program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication demonstration program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication demonstration program that
+recently flew um so I was involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently flew um so I was involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently flew um so I was involved in
+assembling integration but also doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling integration but also doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling integration but also doing
+verification testing in the lab and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification testing in the lab and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification testing in the lab and uh
+at our field site but then we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our field site but then we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our field site but then we did
+validation when we moved out to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation when we moved out to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation when we moved out to uh the
+field site in New Mexico so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field site in New Mexico so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field site in New Mexico so I was
+involved in sort of the whole the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in sort of the whole the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in sort of the whole the whole
+process and it was you know it's neat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it was you know it's neat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it was you know it's neat to
+see and and we had to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and and we had to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and and we had to go into the
+cleaning room a few times to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning room a few times to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning room a few times to sort of
+adjust the Optics because we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the Optics because we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the Optics because we saw that
+they weren't meeting requirements so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't meeting requirements so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't meeting requirements so is
+there the reflector that was left by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the reflector that was left by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the reflector that was left by the
+astronauts you using the reflector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts you using the reflector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts you using the reflector that
+was left on the surface no This was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was left on the surface no This was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was left on the surface no This was um
+we were using uh just you know like zygo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were using uh just you know like zygo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were using uh just you know like zygo
+like Optical alignment stuff in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Optical alignment stuff in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Optical alignment stuff in the lab
+uh and then when we were out at uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then when we were out at uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then when we were out at uh at
+the field site um we were utilizing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field site um we were utilizing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field site um we were utilizing uh
+just like guide stars to align Optics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like guide stars to align Optics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like guide stars to align Optics so
+so what was uh you know what went well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was uh you know what went well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was uh you know what went well
+was there a big difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there a big difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there a big difference between
+indoor and outdoor what was sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor and outdoor what was sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor and outdoor what was sort of what
+surprised you in these tests yeah so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised you in these tests yeah so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised you in these tests yeah so you
+know once you can do the alignment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know once you can do the alignment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know once you can do the alignment of
+the individual telescopes which were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual telescopes which were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual telescopes which were you
+know 20 Ines in diameter uh you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 20 Ines in diameter uh you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 20 Ines in diameter uh you can do
+that well in the laboratory but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well in the laboratory but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well in the laboratory but then
+every time that you assemble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time that you assemble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time that you assemble and
+disassemble the system you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassemble the system you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassemble the system you change the
+alignment of them relative to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment of them relative to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment of them relative to each other
+so there was a lot of attention paid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a lot of attention paid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a lot of attention paid to
+making sure that we could uh replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that we could uh replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that we could uh replicate
+um you know the alignment to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the alignment to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the alignment to a certain
+extent so that was that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent so that was that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent so that was that was very
+difficult in sort of the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult in sort of the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult in sort of the laboratory
+setting to get done but once we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting to get done but once we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting to get done but once we did that
+we were able to uh have Fair confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to uh have Fair confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to uh have Fair confidence
+that we were out in the field that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were out in the field that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were out in the field that we
+could match that so very good very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could match that so very good very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could match that so very good very good
+um uh what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epfl well okay I can I did an internship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl well okay I can I did an internship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl well okay I can I did an internship
+in a aluminum World products Factory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a aluminum World products Factory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a aluminum World products Factory and
+but so basically I was doing Material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so basically I was doing Material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so basically I was doing Material
+Science there and there was a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science there and there was a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science there and there was a whole
+bunch of tests to do and once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of tests to do and once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of tests to do and once we have
+done this well all the tests about heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this well all the tests about heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this well all the tests about heat
+treatments and different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments and different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments and different um
+tempering and actually the alloy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempering and actually the alloy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempering and actually the alloy that
+was already produced in the factory was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already produced in the factory was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already produced in the factory was
+not the best of what we can have it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best of what we can have it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best of what we can have it have
+of it and it implied to change a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and it implied to change a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and it implied to change a little
+bit the heat treatment for a few seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the heat treatment for a few seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the heat treatment for a few seconds
+and actually on the line of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually on the line of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually on the line of production
+um adding this this amount of time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um adding this this amount of time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um adding this this amount of time was
+totally critical because the it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally critical because the it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally critical because the it was
+continuous and the the rolled aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and the the rolled aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and the the rolled aluminum
+if it spend a bit of much time more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it spend a bit of much time more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it spend a bit of much time more time
+in the oven could melt and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the oven could melt and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the oven could melt and that's that's
+a bit like the for the plane the swis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit like the for the plane the swis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit like the for the plane the swis
+plane actually we like I discuss with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane actually we like I discuss with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane actually we like I discuss with my
+boss saying that we should maybe change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss saying that we should maybe change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss saying that we should maybe change
+a really small parameter but at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really small parameter but at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really small parameter but at the end
+it was really critical to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really critical to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really critical to change
+something on the line because it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the line because it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the line because it it
+could have cut a lot um like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have cut a lot um like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have cut a lot um like in
+modification of the OV or the the gener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of the OV or the the gener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of the OV or the the gener
+machine so where were those tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so where were those tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so where were those tests
+successful were these heat treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful were these heat treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful were these heat treatment
+changes eventually implemented on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes eventually implemented on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes eventually implemented on the
+line or did the test reveal that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or did the test reveal that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or did the test reveal that it
+would be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be too
+difficult unfortunately I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult unfortunately I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult unfortunately I don't know
+because I finished my internship before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I finished my internship before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I finished my internship before
+okay well you should find out find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you should find out find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you should find out find out
+whether it worked out in the end very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it worked out in the end very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it worked out in the end very
+good uh back to MIT any other examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh back to MIT any other examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh back to MIT any other examples
+people want to mention test experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to mention test experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to mention test experiences
+yes please go ahead uh we bought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes please go ahead uh we bought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes please go ahead uh we bought the
+Kaza 295 it's a small cargo aircraft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kaza 295 it's a small cargo aircraft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kaza 295 it's a small cargo aircraft and
+we get we got involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get we got involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get we got involved in the
+development of its simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of its simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of its simulator
+it was pretty different the simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty different the simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty different the simulator
+because as the aircraft is has no fly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the aircraft is has no fly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the aircraft is has no fly by
+wire and it is pretty light so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and it is pretty light so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and it is pretty light so lots of
+hydraulics to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulics to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulics to to the
+motion and they brought the flight model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and they brought the flight model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and they brought the flight model
+from the factory and we applied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the factory and we applied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the factory and we applied the
+flight model to the simulator but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight model to the simulator but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight model to the simulator but it was
+not real enough so we had to go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not real enough so we had to go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not real enough so we had to go for
+flying like 60 test flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying like 60 test flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying like 60 test flying
+points and we have to to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and we have to to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and we have to to go back to the
+simulator to apply this points to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator to apply this points to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator to apply this points to to
+tailor the simulator to meet re it I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor the simulator to meet re it I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor the simulator to meet re it I see
+so the the per the purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the per the purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the per the purpose of this
+testing cuz the airplane itself had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing cuz the airplane itself had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing cuz the airplane itself had
+already been certified it sounds like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been certified it sounds like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been certified it sounds like is
+a Spanish right Spanish airplane yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Spanish right Spanish airplane yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Spanish right Spanish airplane yes you
+you tested it uh specifically to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tested it uh specifically to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tested it uh specifically to get
+flight Dynamics and other data to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight Dynamics and other data to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight Dynamics and other data to then
+tune the simulator to be more reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune the simulator to be more reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune the simulator to be more reflective
+of reality exactly because the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reality exactly because the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reality exactly because the flight
+model from the factory was not close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from the factory was not close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from the factory was not close to
+reality at all very very cool very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality at all very very cool very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality at all very very cool very
+interesting um so different uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um so different uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um so different uh different
+purposes not so testing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes not so testing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes not so testing for
+certification of the the first airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification of the the first airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification of the the first airplane
+in because it had already been certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because it had already been certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because it had already been certified
+to get the simulator to bech it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the simulator to bech it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the simulator to bech it was
+development for the simulator because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development for the simulator because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development for the simulator because it
+was sold afterwards as a type Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sold afterwards as a type Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sold afterwards as a type Delta
+simulator so it was like the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator so it was like the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator so it was like the development
+of the simulator okay um great thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the simulator okay um great thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the simulator okay um great thank you
+for that example anybody involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that example anybody involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that example anybody involved in
+tests that didn't this all sounds pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that didn't this all sounds pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that didn't this all sounds pretty
+good uh anybody involved in test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh anybody involved in test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh anybody involved in test
+failures you know things that didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures you know things that didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures you know things that didn't go
+well yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes
+Nar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nar
+it was an interesting experience we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an interesting experience we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an interesting experience we were
+designing a wind turbine that we were 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a wind turbine that we were 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a wind turbine that we were 3D
+printing in in undergrad and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing in in undergrad and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing in in undergrad and we had
+certain requirements on the wind turbine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain requirements on the wind turbine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain requirements on the wind turbine
+and we were supposed to test it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were supposed to test it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were supposed to test it in the
+Wind Tunnel afterwards um what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wind Tunnel afterwards um what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wind Tunnel afterwards um what happened
+was uh that the wind turban matched our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh that the wind turban matched our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh that the wind turban matched our
+performance prediction fairly closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance prediction fairly closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance prediction fairly closely
+but the generator and the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the generator and the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the generator and the electrical
+power system that the test apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power system that the test apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power system that the test apparatus
+consisted of uh wasn't designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisted of uh wasn't designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisted of uh wasn't designed to
+handle the current that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the current that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the current that we were
+outputting so we caused a small fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so this was but so this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this was but so this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this was but so this was the
+uh the test equipment itself not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the test equipment itself not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the test equipment itself not the
+artifact you testing failed but the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact you testing failed but the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact you testing failed but the test
+equipment around it is overload the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment around it is overload the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment around it is overload the the
+the interesting point was that we had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting point was that we had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting point was that we had no
+control over the test equipment it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over the test equipment it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over the test equipment it was
+managed by the university so the within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed by the university so the within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed by the university so the within
+the requirements that they gave us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements that they gave us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements that they gave us the
+power output possible was didn't match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power output possible was didn't match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power output possible was didn't match
+what what they had so okay great great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they had so okay great great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they had so okay great great
+example and so to the test equipment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and so to the test equipment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and so to the test equipment the
+test artifact need to be matched right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test artifact need to be matched right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test artifact need to be matched right
+to the test conditions so excellent good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the test conditions so excellent good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the test conditions so excellent good
+um I do hope that you uh those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do hope that you uh those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do hope that you uh those of you
+that have not had a lot of test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have not had a lot of test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have not had a lot of test
+experience that you get to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that you get to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that you get to um to
+experience it it's it's a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it it's it's a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it it's it's a lot of work
+it's slow tedious but it's um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slow tedious but it's um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slow tedious but it's um you know
+in many cases despite modeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases despite modeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases despite modeling and
+simulation there's still a big role to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation there's still a big role to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation there's still a big role to
+play for actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for actual
+testing okay so let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing okay so let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing okay so let's talk about
+aircraft testing um typically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft testing um typically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft testing um typically we
+distinguish between ground test testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between ground test testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between ground test testing
+and flight testing weights and balance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flight testing weights and balance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flight testing weights and balance I
+had some experience with this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some experience with this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some experience with this on the
+F-18 program you think this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F-18 program you think this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F-18 program you think this is the most
+most trivial testing there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most trivial testing there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most trivial testing there could
+possibly be you just put an airplane on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be you just put an airplane on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be you just put an airplane on
+a scale and that's it well it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale and that's it well it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale and that's it well it turns out
+it's actually more involved than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually more involved than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually more involved than than
+you think first of all airplanes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think first of all airplanes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think first of all airplanes are
+very big they're heavy right multi- tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big they're heavy right multi- tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big they're heavy right multi- tons
+and uh typically it's not just one scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh typically it's not just one scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh typically it's not just one scale
+but you have several scales you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have several scales you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have several scales you put the
+on the landing gears so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the landing gears so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the landing gears so you have to
+figure out the scale sces need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the scale sces need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the scale sces need to be
+properly calibrated right if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly calibrated right if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly calibrated right if you have
+differences in calibration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in calibration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in calibration of the
+different scales you have an issue you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scales you have an issue you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scales you have an issue you
+need to determine the mass uh not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to determine the mass uh not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to determine the mass uh not just
+the mass but the CG and then the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass but the CG and then the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass but the CG and then the most
+difficult thing to experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult thing to experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult thing to experimentally
+determine at least in you know in a 1G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine at least in you know in a 1G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine at least in you know in a 1G
+field is the inertia Matrix if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is the inertia Matrix if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is the inertia Matrix if you need
+to experimentally get the inertia Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to experimentally get the inertia Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to experimentally get the inertia Matrix
+you remember your iixx ixy i y y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember your iixx ixy i y y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember your iixx ixy i y y the
+inertia Matrix is tricky because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia Matrix is tricky because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia Matrix is tricky because you
+typically then have to suspend the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically then have to suspend the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically then have to suspend the air
+plane and um and just the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and um and just the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and um and just the presence of
+the cables in the suspension will kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cables in the suspension will kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cables in the suspension will kind
+of pollute the real inertia Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pollute the real inertia Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pollute the real inertia Matrix and
+you have to subtract out the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to subtract out the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to subtract out the effect of
+the suspension system so something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suspension system so something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suspension system so something that
+seems super trivial weights imbalances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems super trivial weights imbalances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems super trivial weights imbalances
+just S stand on the scale right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just S stand on the scale right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just S stand on the scale right in the
+morning there it is uh is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning there it is uh is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning there it is uh is actually very
+tricky and there are people that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky and there are people that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky and there are people that's all
+they do they do weights and balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do they do weights and balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do they do weights and balance
+testing for spacecraft aircraft and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing for spacecraft aircraft and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing for spacecraft aircraft and and
+it's it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's basically a
+science engine testing I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science engine testing I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science engine testing I'll show you
+some pictures this is done in What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures this is done in What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures this is done in What's
+called the hush house so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the hush house so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the hush house so
+Hush Hush house is heavily insulated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hush Hush house is heavily insulated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hush Hush house is heavily insulated uh
+you run an engine through all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run an engine through all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run an engine through all of its
+test conditions it's operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test conditions it's operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test conditions it's operational
+conditions and then you integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and then you integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and then you integrate it
+into the airplane and you run It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the airplane and you run It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the airplane and you run It
+Outdoors fatigue testing this has been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outdoors fatigue testing this has been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outdoors fatigue testing this has been a
+big uh issue on the Swiss F-18 but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh issue on the Swiss F-18 but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh issue on the Swiss F-18 but in
+general making sure that the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general making sure that the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general making sure that the airplane
+can uh satisfy all the static and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh satisfy all the static and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh satisfy all the static and
+dynamic structural load conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic structural load conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic structural load conditions
+avionics checkout this is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avionics checkout this is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avionics checkout this is very very
+involved as we get more more uh displays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved as we get more more uh displays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved as we get more more uh displays
+Mission Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission Control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission Control
+computers um all of The avionic Suite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers um all of The avionic Suite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers um all of The avionic Suite
+needs to be checked out essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be checked out essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be checked out essentially
+every function every button every menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every function every button every menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every function every button every menu
+item needs to be tested and the tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item needs to be tested and the tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item needs to be tested and the tricky
+thing is interactions among different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is interactions among different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is interactions among different
+pieces of avionics so you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of avionics so you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of avionics so you can't just
+test each each box in isolation you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test each each box in isolation you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test each each box in isolation you also
+have to look at at um at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at at um at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at at um at the
+interactions of different pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of different pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of different pieces of
+ionics um the the flight Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionics um the the flight Control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionics um the the flight Control
+software or the flight software that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software or the flight software that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software or the flight software that is
+loaded in each of these avionics boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded in each of these avionics boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded in each of these avionics boxes
+needs to be in the right configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be in the right configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be in the right configuration
+it's a very big combinatorial challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very big combinatorial challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very big combinatorial challenge
+to do avionics checkout these days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do avionics checkout these days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do avionics checkout these days and
+then finally pre-flight testing so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally pre-flight testing so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally pre-flight testing so this
+is everything you can do on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything you can do on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything you can do on the ground
+uh run the engines taxi with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh run the engines taxi with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh run the engines taxi with the
+airplanes uh basically turn turn all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes uh basically turn turn all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes uh basically turn turn all the
+equipment on turn it off do the cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment on turn it off do the cycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment on turn it off do the cycling
+um you could do a lot of testing before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could do a lot of testing before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could do a lot of testing before
+you actually fly flight testing itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually fly flight testing itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually fly flight testing itself
+falls into different categories so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into different categories so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into different categories so
+flight performance testing uh rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight performance testing uh rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight performance testing uh rate of
+climb range uh can you meet the each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb range uh can you meet the each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb range uh can you meet the each
+point in your prescribed uh performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in your prescribed uh performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in your prescribed uh performance
+envelope stability and control this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope stability and control this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope stability and control this is
+where test pilots typically earn their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where test pilots typically earn their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where test pilots typically earn their
+living uh putting airplanes into stall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living uh putting airplanes into stall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living uh putting airplanes into stall
+uh conditions recovering from stalls uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conditions recovering from stalls uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conditions recovering from stalls uh
+trimming uh flutter testing is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trimming uh flutter testing is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trimming uh flutter testing is a big
+deal so flutter is a phenomenon whereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal so flutter is a phenomenon whereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal so flutter is a phenomenon whereby
+at high speeds you have a coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high speeds you have a coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high speeds you have a coupling
+between the structural deformations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the structural deformations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the structural deformations of
+the airplane and the actual exitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane and the actual exitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane and the actual exitation of
+for example the wings flutter can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the wings flutter can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the wings flutter can be
+very dangerous if you hit a resonance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dangerous if you hit a resonance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dangerous if you hit a resonance at
+high speed uh you can actually destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high speed uh you can actually destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high speed uh you can actually destroy
+the airplane because of an instability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane because of an instability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane because of an instability
+so flutter testing is is also very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so flutter testing is is also very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so flutter testing is is also very very
+um interesting and very tricky and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interesting and very tricky and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interesting and very tricky and then
+finally this is primarily for military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally this is primarily for military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally this is primarily for military
+airplanes weapons testing uh both guns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes weapons testing uh both guns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes weapons testing uh both guns
+missiles bombs uh life fire testing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles bombs uh life fire testing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles bombs uh life fire testing uh
+sometimes uh also using airplanes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh also using airplanes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh also using airplanes that
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+towed um simulated targets and then Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towed um simulated targets and then Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towed um simulated targets and then Lo
+stands for a low observability so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for a low observability so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for a low observability so this
+is essentially all the new generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially all the new generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially all the new generation of
+military airplanes have measures to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military airplanes have measures to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military airplanes have measures to
+reduce their radar signature or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce their radar signature or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce their radar signature or even
+make them invisible or quasa invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them invisible or quasa invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them invisible or quasa invisible
+to radar and uh you know a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to radar and uh you know a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to radar and uh you know a lot of the
+stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is
+classified uh but actually checking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified uh but actually checking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified uh but actually checking that
+an airplane is invisible on radar or has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane is invisible on radar or has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane is invisible on radar or has
+truly low observability there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly low observability there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly low observability there's a lot of
+testing involved in that and that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing involved in that and that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing involved in that and that's also
+uh quite expensive and very involved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite expensive and very involved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite expensive and very involved so
+let me show you just some pictures um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you just some pictures um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you just some pictures um
+that I've collected over the years this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've collected over the years this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've collected over the years this
+is a a wind tunnel test model this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a wind tunnel test model this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a wind tunnel test model this is a
+um model that was developed uh as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um model that was developed uh as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um model that was developed uh as part
+of the F-18 program this is about 1995
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the F-18 program this is about 1995
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the F-18 program this is about 1995
+vintage um this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vintage um this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vintage um this model
+has um it's a subsonic wind tunnel model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has um it's a subsonic wind tunnel model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has um it's a subsonic wind tunnel model
+and you can see in yellow you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see in yellow you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see in yellow you have all
+these probes and and uh rate OHS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these probes and and uh rate OHS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these probes and and uh rate OHS and
+things like this so it's it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this so it's it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this so it's it's basically
+to check whether any modifications you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check whether any modifications you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check whether any modifications you
+make to the airplane will affect its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to the airplane will affect its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to the airplane will affect its
+performance and airf flow this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and airf flow this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and airf flow this is for
+wind tunnel testing this model by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind tunnel testing this model by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind tunnel testing this model by the
+way just builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way just builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way just builds
+this model is about half a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is about half a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is about half a million
+dollars uh it's very accurate it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars uh it's very accurate it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars uh it's very accurate it's very
+precise uh this is a picture yes go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise uh this is a picture yes go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise uh this is a picture yes go
+ahead is that model full scale or half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead is that model full scale or half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead is that model full scale or half
+scale no it's I want to say like 1/8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale no it's I want to say like 1/8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale no it's I want to say like 1/8
+scale something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale something like this
+yeah okay here's the hush house that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay here's the hush house that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay here's the hush house that I
+was talking about this is in St Louis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about this is in St Louis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about this is in St Louis so
+you can see that the airplane is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the airplane is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the airplane is not
+painted yet and uh only one engine at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted yet and uh only one engine at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted yet and uh only one engine at a
+time so the engine is being in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the engine is being in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the engine is being in this case
+with full After Burner you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with full After Burner you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with full After Burner you can see the
+airplane itself is secured with these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane itself is secured with these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane itself is secured with these uh
+chokes here and there's load cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chokes here and there's load cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chokes here and there's load cells in
+these chokes so as you fire up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chokes so as you fire up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chokes so as you fire up the
+engine you can measure the thrust by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you can measure the thrust by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you can measure the thrust by the
+load cells that are uh attached to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load cells that are uh attached to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load cells that are uh attached to these
+um to these chokes here um the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to these chokes here um the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to these chokes here um the engine
+you also see that uh there's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also see that uh there's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also see that uh there's these
+cables running in and out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables running in and out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables running in and out of the
+airplane so that all the sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so that all the sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so that all the sensors
+everything is being and the engine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is being and the engine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is being and the engine is
+put through its full different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put through its full different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put through its full different uh
+operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating
+profiles and uh a lot of lot of sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles and uh a lot of lot of sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles and uh a lot of lot of sensor
+data is recorded to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is recorded to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is recorded to make sure that the
+engine responds appropriately it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine responds appropriately it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine responds appropriately it has the
+right thrust for the right throttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thrust for the right throttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thrust for the right throttle
+setting the fuel consumption all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the fuel consumption all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the fuel consumption all the
+temperatures in the engine uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures in the engine uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures in the engine uh that
+everything is is nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is is nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is is nominal
+essentially life fire testing uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially life fire testing uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially life fire testing uh this is
+a Maverick missile being fired air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Maverick missile being fired air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Maverick missile being fired air
+ground missile um as you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground missile um as you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground missile um as you can imagine
+there are special ranges and test sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are special ranges and test sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are special ranges and test sites
+for doing this kind of work so in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing this kind of work so in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing this kind of work so in the US
+one of the most wellknown is China Lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most wellknown is China Lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most wellknown is China Lake
+out in California um you have to reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in California um you have to reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in California um you have to reserve
+uh months and sometimes years ahead so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh months and sometimes years ahead so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh months and sometimes years ahead so
+if you want to do like a live fire test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do like a live fire test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do like a live fire test
+campaign you have to reserve the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign you have to reserve the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign you have to reserve the range
+uh at least 18 months to 2 years ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least 18 months to 2 years ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least 18 months to 2 years ahead
+of time because a lot of other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time because a lot of other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time because a lot of other uh
+Services a lot of other programs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services a lot of other programs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services a lot of other programs are
+using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same
+facilities uh in Europe it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities uh in Europe it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities uh in Europe it's a little
+harder uh definitely in Switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder uh definitely in Switzerland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder uh definitely in Switzerland
+because the country is so small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the country is so small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the country is so small and
+dense and highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense and highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense and highly
+populated um you can't test live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated um you can't test live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated um you can't test live
+missiles in Switzerland you can do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles in Switzerland you can do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles in Switzerland you can do uh
+guns air to ground but uh in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns air to ground but uh in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns air to ground but uh in order to do
+missile testing typically that's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missile testing typically that's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missile testing typically that's done
+here in the US or in a more limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the US or in a more limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the US or in a more limited
+fashion in Scandinavia like in Sweden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion in Scandinavia like in Sweden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion in Scandinavia like in Sweden
+and Northern Sweden there are some test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Northern Sweden there are some test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Northern Sweden there are some test
+ranges up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges up
+there uh this is the most expensive kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh this is the most expensive kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh this is the most expensive kind
+of testing you can do so a single test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing you can do so a single test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing you can do so a single test
+like the one shown here a single test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one shown here a single test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one shown here a single test
+like this will probably cost several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this will probably cost several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this will probably cost several
+million dollars just because of the not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars just because of the not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars just because of the not
+just the airplane and the weapon itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the airplane and the weapon itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the airplane and the weapon itself
+but all the test procedures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the test procedures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the test procedures the
+protocols airplanes that observe it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols airplanes that observe it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols airplanes that observe it from
+all kinds of angles uh it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of angles uh it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of angles uh it's very very
+involved and so because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and so because it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and so because it's so
+expensive you will typically only do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive you will typically only do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive you will typically only do it
+for something new that you haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something new that you haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something new that you haven't done
+before either a new weapon or a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before either a new weapon or a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before either a new weapon or a new
+weapon integrated on a new platform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon integrated on a new platform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon integrated on a new platform and
+so forth and uh obviously it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and uh obviously it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and uh obviously it's it's very
+interesting but it's um it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but it's um it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but it's um it's very
+involved yes are they just testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved yes are they just testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved yes are they just testing
+accuracy or that the two things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy or that the two things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy or that the two things work
+together or like what what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or like what what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or like what what are they
+looking for really the first the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for really the first the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for really the first the first
+thing you look for is does the weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you look for is does the weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you look for is does the weapon
+fire so do you have you know do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire so do you have you know do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire so do you have you know do you have
+all the electronics all the signals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the electronics all the signals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the electronics all the signals the
+wire bundles did you get it right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire bundles did you get it right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire bundles did you get it right is
+there an endtoend functionality that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an endtoend functionality that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an endtoend functionality that's
+number one number number two safety does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one number number two safety does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one number number two safety does
+the weapon separate properly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weapon separate properly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weapon separate properly from the
+aircraft the worst thing that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft the worst thing that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft the worst thing that can happen
+to you is if you release the weapon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is if you release the weapon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is if you release the weapon and
+it collides with the airplane and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it collides with the airplane and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it collides with the airplane and so you
+can see the the various angles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the the various angles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the the various angles and
+release conditions are very tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release conditions are very tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release conditions are very tightly
+prescribed and so there's a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed and so there's a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed and so there's a separate
+separation has to be proper and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation has to be proper and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation has to be proper and then the
+third of course is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of course is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of course is you know
+accuracy uh so there's within each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy uh so there's within each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy uh so there's within each of
+these tests there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tests there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tests there are multiple
+subobjectives that you would test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subobjectives that you would test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subobjectives that you would test for
+but safety always comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but safety always comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but safety always comes
+first okay any any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay any any questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay any any questions about this
+was sort of a little bit military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of a little bit military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of a little bit military
+Aviation heavy uh if you're testing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aviation heavy uh if you're testing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aviation heavy uh if you're testing a
+new you know whether it's a Kaza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new you know whether it's a Kaza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new you know whether it's a Kaza
+airplane or new Airbus or Boeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or new Airbus or Boeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or new Airbus or Boeing
+commercial airplane uh many many months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial airplane uh many many months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial airplane uh many many months
+of testing they actually fly the routes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing they actually fly the routes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing they actually fly the routes
+you know you'll Fly New York to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll Fly New York to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll Fly New York to
+Singapore to London you would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore to London you would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore to London you would actually
+fly the real routes you would record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly the real routes you would record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly the real routes you would record
+fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+consumption uh lot of param you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption uh lot of param you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption uh lot of param you know
+some of this testing is not very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this testing is not very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this testing is not very uh
+exciting you know it's many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting you know it's many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting you know it's many many many
+many hours in the air but the key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hours in the air but the key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hours in the air but the key is
+that you have a lot of instruments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a lot of instruments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a lot of instruments and
+sensors during these tests that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors during these tests that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors during these tests that you may
+not have during regular flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have during regular flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have during regular flight
+operations to really make sure there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to really make sure there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to really make sure there's
+no surprises the airplane Pro uh flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no surprises the airplane Pro uh flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no surprises the airplane Pro uh flies
+at least as good as what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as good as what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as good as what the
+requirements that you promised your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that you promised your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that you promised your
+customers and uh even then you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and uh even then you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and uh even then you know when
+you think about what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what happened to the
+Dreamliner the 787 had a lot of battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreamliner the 787 had a lot of battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreamliner the 787 had a lot of battery
+problems you know because they they Ed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you know because they they Ed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you know because they they Ed a
+lot of lithium ion batteries there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lithium ion batteries there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lithium ion batteries there were
+overheating issues uh some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheating issues uh some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheating issues uh some of these
+problems didn't show up in testing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems didn't show up in testing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems didn't show up in testing they
+only showed up in early you know early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only showed up in early you know early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only showed up in early you know early
+operations once you had a fleet going so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations once you had a fleet going so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations once you had a fleet going so
+it's not a guarantee because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a guarantee because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a guarantee because you're
+doing a lot of testing that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of testing that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of testing that you're going
+to catch all the problems um but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch all the problems um but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch all the problems um but you
+want to catch as many as you can yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to catch as many as you can yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to catch as many as you can yes so
+my question was about the uh risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question was about the uh risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question was about the uh risk
+posture uh for larger airliners you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture uh for larger airliners you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture uh for larger airliners you know
+for Boe the air buses uh so for military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Boe the air buses uh so for military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Boe the air buses uh so for military
+aircraft you know there is an escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft you know there is an escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft you know there is an escape
+method for the pilot um but for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for the pilot um but for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for the pilot um but for these
+larger aircraft you know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger aircraft you know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger aircraft you know how much
+analysis do they do before they decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis do they do before they decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis do they do before they decide
+to go ahead and put a person inside um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go ahead and put a person inside um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go ahead and put a person inside um
+do they do fly by wire befor hand or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they do fly by wire befor hand or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they do fly by wire befor hand or is
+that possible such large aircraft so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possible such large aircraft so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possible such large aircraft so
+that's where that's where the um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that's where the um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that's where the um you
+know this this um ground testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this um ground testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this um ground testing
+pre-flight testing becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-flight testing becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-flight testing becomes very
+important so you basically you taxi for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so you basically you taxi for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so you basically you taxi for
+many many hours all the flight control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many hours all the flight control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many hours all the flight control
+surfaces all the engine you the hush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces all the engine you the hush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces all the engine you the hush
+house testing you essentially try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house testing you essentially try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house testing you essentially try to do
+as much as you can on the ground before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as you can on the ground before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as you can on the ground before
+you do the the maiden flight all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the the maiden flight all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the the maiden flight all right
+let's move to spacecraft and it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move to spacecraft and it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move to spacecraft and it's kind
+of a similar thing you can distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a similar thing you can distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a similar thing you can distinguish
+the ground testing versus on orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground testing versus on orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground testing versus on orbit
+testing so the ground testing is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing so the ground testing is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing so the ground testing is really
+not that different weights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that different weights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that different weights and
+balance you know the biggest thing is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance you know the biggest thing is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance you know the biggest thing is if
+your satellite is heavier than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your satellite is heavier than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your satellite is heavier than the
+launch capability of the launcher you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch capability of the launcher you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch capability of the launcher you
+have a real problem so the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a real problem so the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a real problem so the mass
+constraint is even tighter in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is even tighter in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is even tighter in in
+spacecraft then a lot of testing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft then a lot of testing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft then a lot of testing on
+antenna and Communications this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna and Communications this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna and Communications this is
+typically done in anaco Chambers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically done in anaco Chambers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically done in anaco Chambers in the
+near field and then uh later in the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near field and then uh later in the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near field and then uh later in the far
+field uh vibration testing that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh vibration testing that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh vibration testing that's the
+shake part thermal and vacuum chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake part thermal and vacuum chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake part thermal and vacuum chamber
+testing that's the bake part and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing that's the bake part and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing that's the bake part and then uh
+you also have pre-launch testing so off-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have pre-launch testing so off-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have pre-launch testing so off-
+pad and on pad off- pad testing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad and on pad off- pad testing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad and on pad off- pad testing is the
+satellite or the spacecraft has already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite or the spacecraft has already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite or the spacecraft has already
+been shipped to the launch site and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shipped to the launch site and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shipped to the launch site and it's
+hooked up to you know like a patient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up to you know like a patient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up to you know like a patient in
+the hospital it's put it's hooked up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital it's put it's hooked up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital it's put it's hooked up to
+a lot of cables and power and Cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cables and power and Cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cables and power and Cooling
+and so forth and then when it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and then when it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and then when it's on the
+pad it's pretty limited so on the pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad it's pretty limited so on the pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad it's pretty limited so on the pad
+means the satellite or the spacecraft is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the satellite or the spacecraft is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the satellite or the spacecraft is
+already integrated into the launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already integrated into the launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already integrated into the launch
+vehicle it's on the Launchpad and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle it's on the Launchpad and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle it's on the Launchpad and then
+uh the amount of testing you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the amount of testing you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the amount of testing you can do is
+very limited uh so that's when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very limited uh so that's when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very limited uh so that's when we say
+off- pad on pad is you know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off- pad on pad is you know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off- pad on pad is you know is the
+spacecraft already been integrated on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft already been integrated on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft already been integrated on
+the launcher or not once you launch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launcher or not once you launch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launcher or not once you launch to
+orbit you know you got your 8 minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit you know you got your 8 minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit you know you got your 8 minutes of
+Terror and hopefully the launch goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terror and hopefully the launch goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terror and hopefully the launch goes
+well and the spacecraft is released into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the spacecraft is released into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the spacecraft is released into
+its Target orbit initial Target orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Target orbit initial Target orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Target orbit initial Target orbit
+and then you do a lot of other tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you do a lot of other tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you do a lot of other tests
+like Thruster testing can you do station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Thruster testing can you do station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Thruster testing can you do station
+keeping can you turn on and off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping can you turn on and off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping can you turn on and off the
+thrusters you deploy all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrusters you deploy all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrusters you deploy all of your
+mechanisms your your antennas your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms your your antennas your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms your your antennas your
+scientific instruments uh and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific instruments uh and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific instruments uh and then your
+Communications communication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications communication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications communication and
+instruments and we'll talk more next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and we'll talk more next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and we'll talk more next
+week but this uh this typically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but this uh this typically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but this uh this typically is
+called commissioning you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called commissioning you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called commissioning you're
+commissioning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioning a
+spacecraft uh before you actually turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft uh before you actually turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft uh before you actually turn
+it over to the users and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over to the users and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over to the users and that
+commissioning phase could be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioning phase could be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioning phase could be you know
+anywhere from a few days to several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from a few days to several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from a few days to several
+weeks or even a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks or even a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks or even a couple
+months and again you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and again you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and again you don't want to
+randomly randomly put in commands into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly randomly put in commands into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly randomly put in commands into
+your spacecraft these test sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spacecraft these test sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spacecraft these test sequences
+deployment sequences are very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment sequences are very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment sequences are very very very
+carefully worked out every command the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully worked out every command the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully worked out every command the
+order in which you send the commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which you send the commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which you send the commands
+have been worked out ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been worked out ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been worked out ahead of time
+they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been
+simulated uh and all you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated uh and all you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated uh and all you want to see
+here is confirmation that the spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is confirmation that the spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is confirmation that the spacecraft
+behaves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as
+planned some pictures uh so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned some pictures uh so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned some pictures uh so this is what
+typical spacecraft integration testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical spacecraft integration testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical spacecraft integration testing
+looks like um so this is an a clean room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like um so this is an a clean room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like um so this is an a clean room
+environment um you have you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment um you have you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment um you have you know people
+in bunny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bunny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bunny
+suits um and and the idea is to not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits um and and the idea is to not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits um and and the idea is to not um
+you know not damage the spacecraft while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not damage the spacecraft while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not damage the spacecraft while
+you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the
+testing um um this is a picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing um um this is a picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing um um this is a picture of the
+the Clementine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clementine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clementine
+spacecraft um this is a radio frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft um this is a radio frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft um this is a radio frequency
+anac chamber testing so you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anac chamber testing so you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anac chamber testing so you see these
+funny cones here this is these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny cones here this is these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny cones here this is these are
+essentially foam cones and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially foam cones and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially foam cones and the idea is
+to prevent uh VI uh multipath to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent uh VI uh multipath to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent uh VI uh multipath to prevent
+uh echoes in the test chamber to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh echoes in the test chamber to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh echoes in the test chamber to test
+all of the antennas uh Emi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the antennas uh Emi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the antennas uh Emi
+electromagnetic interference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interference and
+compatibility um charging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility um charging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatibility um charging and
+discharging of the spacecraft this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging of the spacecraft this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging of the spacecraft this is
+one of the failure modes is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the failure modes is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the failure modes is that you
+have high electrostatic charges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high electrostatic charges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high electrostatic charges that
+build up on a spacecraft create a l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up on a spacecraft create a l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up on a spacecraft create a l
+large voltage potential across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large voltage potential across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large voltage potential across the
+spacecraft um some spacecraft has have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft um some spacecraft has have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft um some spacecraft has have
+failed because of that um so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed because of that um so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed because of that um so all of
+these things you want to test in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things you want to test in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things you want to test in a in a
+in a um in a very controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a um in a very controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a um in a very controlled
+environment um James web Space Telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment um James web Space Telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment um James web Space Telescope
+I'll send you a link um I'll send you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll send you a link um I'll send you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll send you a link um I'll send you a
+link through email about uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link through email about uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link through email about uh there's a
+there's a simulation of this deplo on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simulation of this deplo on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simulation of this deplo on
+orbit deployment it truly is amazing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit deployment it truly is amazing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit deployment it truly is amazing um
+th this spacecraft uh will be launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th this spacecraft uh will be launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th this spacecraft uh will be launched
+in a box essentially and the deployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a box essentially and the deployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a box essentially and the deployment
+sequence is very carefully choreographed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is very carefully choreographed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is very carefully choreographed
+uh first typically you deploy your solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first typically you deploy your solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first typically you deploy your solar
+panels right because you need power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels right because you need power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels right because you need power
+because you're only running on battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're only running on battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're only running on battery
+initially so if your B battery runs out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially so if your B battery runs out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially so if your B battery runs out
+before you've had a chance to deploy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you've had a chance to deploy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you've had a chance to deploy
+your solar panels and get fresh power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solar panels and get fresh power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solar panels and get fresh power
+into it you're in big trouble so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it you're in big trouble so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it you're in big trouble so
+typically solar panels first then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically solar panels first then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically solar panels first then
+Communications uh and then you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications uh and then you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications uh and then you start
+deploying the other subsystems so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying the other subsystems so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying the other subsystems so for
+James web uh also very tricky is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James web uh also very tricky is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James web uh also very tricky is this
+this is called the sun shield it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the sun shield it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the sun shield it's
+essentially thin layers uh of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially thin layers uh of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially thin layers uh of of
+insulation and uh the geometry is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and uh the geometry is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and uh the geometry is very
+important the primary mirror the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the primary mirror the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the primary mirror the
+secondary mirror all these things need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary mirror all these things need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary mirror all these things need
+to be deployed with very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be deployed with very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be deployed with very very high
+Precision um and it's even to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision um and it's even to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision um and it's even to the point
+where this particular spacecraft is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this particular spacecraft is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this particular spacecraft is so
+lightweight that it cannot support its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight that it cannot support its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight that it cannot support its
+own weight in a one 1G gravity field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own weight in a one 1G gravity field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own weight in a one 1G gravity field so
+there's no way to to test end to end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to to test end to end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to to test end to end the
+full deployment sequence on Earth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full deployment sequence on Earth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full deployment sequence on Earth the
+first time it will happen is in Orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time it will happen is in Orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time it will happen is in Orbit
+now they've tested subsequences or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they've tested subsequences or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they've tested subsequences or
+scaled models for example the sun shield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled models for example the sun shield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled models for example the sun shield
+has actually been deployed at a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has actually been deployed at a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has actually been deployed at a smaller
+scale in a 1G field but never the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in a 1G field but never the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in a 1G field but never the full
+thing so this will be kind of scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so this will be kind of scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so this will be kind of scary
+after you know an8 billion investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you know an8 billion investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you know an8 billion investment
+so let's hope for the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's hope for the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's hope for the best
+2018 so testing is good uh testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 so testing is good uh testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 so testing is good uh testing
+testing testing but testing uh also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing testing but testing uh also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing testing but testing uh also has
+its caveats so caveat um means um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its caveats so caveat um means um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its caveats so caveat um means um
+limitations essentially so testing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations essentially so testing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations essentially so testing is
+critical but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical but it's very
+expensive uh so you know think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive uh so you know think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive uh so you know think about
+test rigs test Chambers sensors daq is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test rigs test Chambers sensors daq is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test rigs test Chambers sensors daq is
+data acquisition equipment all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data acquisition equipment all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data acquisition equipment all this
+stuff is very expensive and if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is very expensive and if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is very expensive and if you can
+reuse things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse things
+between different programs that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different programs that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different programs that helps
+but still how much testing should you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still how much testing should you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still how much testing should you do
+of components so one of the comments um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components so one of the comments um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components so one of the comments um
+who mentioned the the the vendor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who mentioned the the the vendor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who mentioned the the the vendor the
+supplier one of you you you you talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier one of you you you you talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier one of you you you you talked
+about it and this is a key question do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and this is a key question do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and this is a key question do
+you trust the parts that come for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trust the parts that come for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trust the parts that come for your
+vendors or do you retest everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors or do you retest everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors or do you retest everything
+yourself calibration of sensors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself calibration of sensors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself calibration of sensors and
+Equipment if you've done some testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equipment if you've done some testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equipment if you've done some testing
+and you forgot to calibrate right your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you forgot to calibrate right your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you forgot to calibrate right your
+displacement sensors your thrust sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement sensors your thrust sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement sensors your thrust sensors
+your you didn't calibrate them against a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you didn't calibrate them against a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you didn't calibrate them against a
+or they're out of calibration that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they're out of calibration that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they're out of calibration that's a
+big problem that's a big problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem that's a big problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem that's a big problem so
+before you start your test make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you start your test make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you start your test make sure
+that all your sensors are properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all your sensors are properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all your sensors are properly
+calibrated or you can get the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated or you can get the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated or you can get the wrong
+conclusions this is a mantra that's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions this is a mantra that's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions this is a mantra that's well
+known test as you fly fly as you test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known test as you fly fly as you test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known test as you fly fly as you test
+fundamentally this means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally this means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally this means that the
+configuration of your item spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of your item spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of your item spacecraft
+aircraft medical device uh the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft medical device uh the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft medical device uh the one that
+you test should be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test should be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test should be the same
+configuration as what you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration as what you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration as what you're actually
+going to fly and it's often failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fly and it's often failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fly and it's often failures
+occur when the test went well but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur when the test went well but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur when the test went well but then
+somebody tinkered with it and modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tinkered with it and modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tinkered with it and modified
+it before it actually flew and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before it actually flew and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before it actually flew and that
+change actually caused a big problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change actually caused a big problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change actually caused a big problem so
+um make sure that your test conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make sure that your test conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make sure that your test conditions
+reflect the actual operations as closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the actual operations as closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the actual operations as closely
+as possible simulated tests what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible simulated tests what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible simulated tests what do we
+mean by this so simulate a test use use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by this so simulate a test use use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by this so simulate a test use use
+dummy components maybe your full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy components maybe your full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy components maybe your full
+spacecraft or aircraft isn't ready yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft or aircraft isn't ready yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft or aircraft isn't ready yet
+you don't have all the pieces so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have all the pieces so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have all the pieces so you can
+still start testing but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still start testing but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still start testing but you have to
+replace the missing pieces with dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the missing pieces with dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the missing pieces with dummy
+components at least they should reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components at least they should reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components at least they should reflect
+the right Mass distribution but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right Mass distribution but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right Mass distribution but maybe
+you can do more uh simulated operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do more uh simulated operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do more uh simulated operations
+so Zerg versus 1G is it representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Zerg versus 1G is it representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Zerg versus 1G is it representative
+and then what's often true is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's often true is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's often true is that you
+you you pass all your tests and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you pass all your tests and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you pass all your tests and then you
+still have failures in practice and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have failures in practice and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have failures in practice and the
+failures often happen outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures often happen outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures often happen outside of the
+test scenarios that you have tested so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test scenarios that you have tested so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test scenarios that you have tested so
+you have to be ready for that uh but try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be ready for that uh but try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be ready for that uh but try
+to avoid that so um here's from appendix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid that so um here's from appendix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid that so um here's from appendix
+e this is called a validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this is called a validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this is called a validation
+requirements Matrix essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements Matrix essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements Matrix essentially what
+this is is you know an organized way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is you know an organized way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is you know an organized way to
+organize your V andv activities in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize your V andv activities in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize your V andv activities in terms
+of what's the activity what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's the activity what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's the activity what's the
+objective which facility or lab will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective which facility or lab will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective which facility or lab will you
+use will you do it in what phase who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use will you do it in what phase who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use will you do it in what phase who's
+in charge and what are the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in charge and what are the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in charge and what are the expected
+results it's pretty straightforward it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results it's pretty straightforward it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results it's pretty straightforward it's
+just a a table to organize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a table to organize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a table to organize these
+activities and then appendix I is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and then appendix I is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and then appendix I is your
+more formal VNV plan this is a suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formal VNV plan this is a suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formal VNV plan this is a suggested
+outline for it and I'll just say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline for it and I'll just say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline for it and I'll just say this
+the degree to which you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree to which you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree to which you take
+verification and validation seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and validation seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and validation seriously
+and the resource you make available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the resource you make available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the resource you make available for
+it are critical for Success so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are critical for Success so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are critical for Success so how many
+people uh how many dedicated Q&A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh how many dedicated Q&A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh how many dedicated Q&A
+Personnel what is the interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Personnel what is the interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Personnel what is the interaction and
+working with suppliers uh are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with suppliers uh are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with suppliers uh are you
+planning ahead for these tests are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning ahead for these tests are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning ahead for these tests are you
+doing how close are you getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing how close are you getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing how close are you getting to
+actual endtoend functional testing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual endtoend functional testing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual endtoend functional testing uh
+can you piggyback on existing facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you piggyback on existing facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you piggyback on existing facilities
+and Equipment how well do you document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Equipment how well do you document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Equipment how well do you document
+all the outcomes and follow up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the outcomes and follow up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the outcomes and follow up with
+discrepancies you know and and my last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancies you know and and my last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancies you know and and my last
+comment here is this work is often not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment here is this work is often not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment here is this work is often not
+glamorous and except for you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorous and except for you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorous and except for you know some
+of the very cool flight testing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very cool flight testing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very cool flight testing that I
+showed you uh most of this work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you uh most of this work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you uh most of this work is
+really hard work it's very detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard work it's very detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard work it's very detailed
+oriented it's not glamorous but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented it's not glamorous but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented it's not glamorous but it's
+essential if you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential if you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential if you cut
+corners uh you often pay the price for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners uh you often pay the price for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners uh you often pay the price for
+it so uh any any comments or questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so uh any any comments or questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so uh any any comments or questions
+uh we'll take a short break like a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll take a short break like a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll take a short break like a five
+minute break uh but any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute break uh but any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute break uh but any questions about
+testing verification validation yes go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing verification validation yes go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing verification validation yes go
+ahead it's not really a question but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead it's not really a question but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead it's not really a question but I
+wanted to say that also flight testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say that also flight testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say that also flight testing
+is not so fancy I mean many people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so fancy I mean many people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so fancy I mean many people think
+it is but it's actually a lot more well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but it's actually a lot more well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but it's actually a lot more well
+the ACT fly maybe it's fun but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ACT fly maybe it's fun but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ACT fly maybe it's fun but there are
+not that many you need to prepare them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that many you need to prepare them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that many you need to prepare them
+weeks and weeks ahead and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and weeks ahead and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and weeks ahead and it's actually
+very very boring because you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very boring because you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very boring because you need to
+make sure that you don't waste time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you don't waste time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you don't waste time at
+all well least you can waste a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well least you can waste a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well least you can waste a little
+bit more time in a lab so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more time in a lab so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more time in a lab so it's very
+stressing and not so funny did you uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing and not so funny did you uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing and not so funny did you uh do
+you have experience with this or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have experience with this or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have experience with this or I
+wasn't flying because you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't flying because you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't flying because you need to be
+certified but I Was preparing some and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified but I Was preparing some and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified but I Was preparing some and
+that's very I think it's even worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very I think it's even worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very I think it's even worse than
+tasting in the lab yeah yeah which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasting in the lab yeah yeah which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasting in the lab yeah yeah which which
+uh airplane or which system were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh airplane or which system were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh airplane or which system were you
+involved with A330 I was in with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with A330 I was in with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with A330 I was in with the
+power PL system okay FedEx in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power PL system okay FedEx in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power PL system okay FedEx in
+particularly and the AR was an A330 A330
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly and the AR was an A330 A330
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly and the AR was an A330 A330
+okay yeah great um but you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah great um but you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah great um but you know I think
+it's healthy to have this experience it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's healthy to have this experience it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's healthy to have this experience it
+really makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really makes you
+humble and you also see you know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humble and you also see you know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humble and you also see you know for the
+things in design you know did you design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in design you know did you design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in design you know did you design
+well did you design for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well did you design for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well did you design for
+testability really involveed being in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testability really involveed being in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testability really involveed being in I
+I highly recommend for every one of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I highly recommend for every one of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I highly recommend for every one of you
+to try to get on some kind of test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get on some kind of test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get on some kind of test
+campaign at least once in your career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign at least once in your career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign at least once in your career
+because it's eye opening so thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's eye opening so thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's eye opening so thank you
+for that comment any any comments at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that comment any any comments at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that comment any any comments at
+epfl uh anybody any of the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl uh anybody any of the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl uh anybody any of the students
+vulker did you want to add something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulker did you want to add something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulker did you want to add something
+Kata go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kata go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kata go
+ahead yeah I guess the the comment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah I guess the the comment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah I guess the the comment is
+seems like sometimes you can meet all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like sometimes you can meet all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like sometimes you can meet all
+the requirements in the verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements in the verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements in the verification
+process um but when you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um but when you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um but when you get to the
+validation part for example maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation part for example maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation part for example maybe the
+customer had some expectation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer had some expectation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer had some expectation that you
+know the range for the time of flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the range for the time of flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the range for the time of flight
+would have been know on the maximum Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been know on the maximum Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been know on the maximum Edge
+Ed and you were on the minimum Edge then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed and you were on the minimum Edge then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed and you were on the minimum Edge then
+how do you actually seems like sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually seems like sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually seems like sometimes
+you can meet all the requirements but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can meet all the requirements but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can meet all the requirements but
+they're still not going to be happy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still not going to be happy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still not going to be happy when
+do you find that middle round and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you find that middle round and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you find that middle round and it's
+going to be costly to continue iterating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be costly to continue iterating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be costly to continue iterating
+this over and over again if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over and over again if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over and over again if you try to
+involve them earlier on during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve them earlier on during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve them earlier on during the
+testing process too like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing process too like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing process too like how do you
+handle that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that that
+difference yeah it's It's Tricky you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference yeah it's It's Tricky you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference yeah it's It's Tricky you
+know so that's when you need you do need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that's when you need you do need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that's when you need you do need
+contractual agreements in place right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractual agreements in place right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractual agreements in place right
+you need to have the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have the requirements
+Baseline you need to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline you need to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline you need to have the
+contractual agreements and hopefully uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractual agreements and hopefully uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractual agreements and hopefully uh
+any problems that occur will not lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problems that occur will not lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problems that occur will not lead to
+some kind of legal dispute uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of legal dispute uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of legal dispute uh but
+sometimes that's unavoidable but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's unavoidable but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's unavoidable but if you
+don't as a designer as a manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't as a designer as a manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't as a designer as a manufacturer
+unless you have agreements in place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have agreements in place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have agreements in place and
+clear Baseline what how do you decide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear Baseline what how do you decide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear Baseline what how do you decide in
+the end is it successful or is it n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end is it successful or is it n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end is it successful or is it n
+successful and if there's problems try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and if there's problems try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and if there's problems try
+to isolate these problems and say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to isolate these problems and say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to isolate these problems and say okay
+here by and large the testing went well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by and large the testing went well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by and large the testing went well
+but we have like three four five issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have like three four five issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have like three four five issues
+that uh that need to be addressed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that need to be addressed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that need to be addressed and
+you can tackle these issues one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tackle these issues one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tackle these issues one by one
+but if you don't have a contract in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't have a contract in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't have a contract in
+place that's really a good contract if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that's really a good contract if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that's really a good contract if
+you don't have a clear requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a clear requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a clear requirements
+Baseline and then if you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline and then if you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline and then if you don't have a
+good relationship right with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good relationship right with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good relationship right with your
+customer you're setting yourself up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer you're setting yourself up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer you're setting yourself up for
+big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big
+problems fulker go ahead yeah um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems fulker go ahead yeah um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems fulker go ahead yeah um there's
+also the one big difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the one big difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the one big difference between
+commercial operators and is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial operators and is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial operators and is or
+commercial customers that are becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial customers that are becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial customers that are becoming
+more and more free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more free
+compared to the institutional ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the institutional ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the institutional ones and
+often I remember for some of the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often I remember for some of the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often I remember for some of the global
+star aridum series the customer was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star aridum series the customer was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star aridum series the customer was only
+accepting the hardware 6 months after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting the hardware 6 months after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting the hardware 6 months after
+after it had been commissioned in orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it had been commissioned in orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it had been commissioned in orbit
+so there you have a validation that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you have a validation that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you have a validation that is
+still your responsibility in orbit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still your responsibility in orbit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still your responsibility in orbit you
+can't go and fix it but it still has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go and fix it but it still has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go and fix it but it still has to
+work and he was retaining up to 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and he was retaining up to 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and he was retaining up to 10% of
+the full contract value even up to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full contract value even up to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full contract value even up to the N
+minus 2 two tier level suppliers until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 two tier level suppliers until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 two tier level suppliers until
+he was satisfied that it was working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was satisfied that it was working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was satisfied that it was working in
+orbit so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit so these
+considerations it's it's really uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations it's it's really uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations it's it's really uh I
+mean uh the the proof of the pudding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh the the proof of the pudding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh the the proof of the pudding
+when you have to test this up there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to test this up there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to test this up there and
+can't fix it so there's no recall of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fix it so there's no recall of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fix it so there's no recall of a
+satellite constellation like uh sorry we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite constellation like uh sorry we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite constellation like uh sorry we
+messed up with the software it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up with the software it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up with the software it's not
+possible there yeah and of course those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there yeah and of course those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there yeah and of course those
+you know those terms and conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those terms and conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those terms and conditions
+you've probably negotiated years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably negotiated years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably negotiated years before
+so you got to be careful that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got to be careful that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got to be careful that's where
+that's where sort of risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where sort of risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where sort of risk management
+which is actually it's a great thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually it's a great thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually it's a great thank you
+vulker for that comment uh let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulker for that comment uh let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulker for that comment uh let's take a
+short break and then we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short break and then we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short break and then we'll talk about
+risk management which is really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk management which is really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk management which is really what
+what this ends up being so let me talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this ends up being so let me talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this ends up being so let me talk
+about risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+management and this is actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and this is actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and this is actually quite
+prominent in the uh system engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent in the uh system engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent in the uh system engineering
+handbook this is right in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook this is right in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook this is right in the middle
+here of your system engineering engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of your system engineering engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of your system engineering engine
+technical risk management section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical risk management section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical risk management section
+13 um why is it is it important um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 um why is it is it important um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 um why is it is it important um so
+first of all what is risk so risk is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all what is risk so risk is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all what is risk so risk is uh
+the probability that a program or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a program or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a program or
+project will experience some undesired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project will experience some undesired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project will experience some undesired
+effect or event and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or event and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or event and then the
+consequences or impact or severity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences or impact or severity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences or impact or severity of
+that undesired event should occur and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that undesired event should occur and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that undesired event should occur and so
+think of risk as the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of risk as the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of risk as the product of
+probability times impact and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability times impact and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability times impact and uh the
+undesired events could come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesired events could come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesired events could come from a
+number of things technical programmatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things technical programmatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things technical programmatic
+so cost overrun schedule slippage safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cost overrun schedule slippage safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cost overrun schedule slippage safety
+mishaps health problems malicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mishaps health problems malicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mishaps health problems malicious
+activities right cyber security is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities right cyber security is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities right cyber security is a big
+thing these days environmental impact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing these days environmental impact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing these days environmental impact um
+failure to achieve the scientific or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure to achieve the scientific or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure to achieve the scientific or
+technological OB objectives or success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological OB objectives or success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological OB objectives or success
+criteria and uh so technical risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria and uh so technical risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria and uh so technical risk
+management is therefore an organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is therefore an organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is therefore an organized
+systematic risk-informed activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic risk-informed activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic risk-informed activity
+centered around decisionmaking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around decisionmaking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around decisionmaking to
+proactively identify analyze plan track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proactively identify analyze plan track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proactively identify analyze plan track
+control communicate risks and the uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control communicate risks and the uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control communicate risks and the uh to
+increase the likelihood of success of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the likelihood of success of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the likelihood of success of a
+program and so what risk really does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and so what risk really does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and so what risk really does is
+measure the future uncertainties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the future uncertainties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the future uncertainties of
+achieving your goals your program goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving your goals your program goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving your goals your program goals
+technical cost schedule goals and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical cost schedule goals and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical cost schedule goals and think
+of risks in a sort of holistic way all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risks in a sort of holistic way all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risks in a sort of holistic way all
+aspects of the technical effort uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the technical effort uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the technical effort uh
+technology maturity supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology maturity supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology maturity supplier
+capabilities performing against plan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities performing against plan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities performing against plan and
+so forth and so the idea of risks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and so the idea of risks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and so the idea of risks is
+that they have risks have some root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have risks have some root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have risks have some root
+cause there's some something that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause there's some something that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause there's some something that gives
+rise to risks and then the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to risks and then the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to risks and then the actual
+quantification of risks happens in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantification of risks happens in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantification of risks happens in terms
+of likelihood and consequences which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of likelihood and consequences which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of likelihood and consequences which are
+kept separate separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept separate separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept separate separate
+Dimensions um so the first thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions um so the first thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions um so the first thing to
+think about is where do risks come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is where do risks come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is where do risks come from
+right where where's the source of risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where where's the source of risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where where's the source of risks
+and I want to show you a couple models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to show you a couple models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to show you a couple models
+for thinking about this the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking about this the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking about this the first one is
+um is this idea of layer layers of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is this idea of layer layers of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is this idea of layer layers of risk
+that there are layers of risk and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are layers of risk and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are layers of risk and I want
+to credit one of my colleagues here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to credit one of my colleagues here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to credit one of my colleagues here at
+MIT Don lard from the Salo school who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Don lard from the Salo school who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Don lard from the Salo school who
+really sort of developed this layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of developed this layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of developed this layer of
+risk model and applied it to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk model and applied it to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk model and applied it to different
+Industries so there's a version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries so there's a version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries so there's a version of this
+for the oil and gas industry you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the oil and gas industry you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the oil and gas industry you could
+make a version for medical you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a version for medical you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a version for medical you know
+medical Technologies so this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical Technologies so this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical Technologies so this is the uh
+version for Mars missions okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version for Mars missions okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version for Mars missions okay so if you
+designing a new Mars mission a new Mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a new Mars mission a new Mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a new Mars mission a new Mars
+Rover so you have in the bullseye here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rover so you have in the bullseye here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rover so you have in the bullseye here
+the narrow inter interpretation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrow inter interpretation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrow inter interpretation is
+technical or project risk so the airback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical or project risk so the airback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical or project risk so the airback
+technology if you're using airbags for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology if you're using airbags for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology if you're using airbags for
+deployment will it work the over Motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment will it work the over Motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment will it work the over Motor
+Performance are you going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Performance are you going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Performance are you going to have
+software bugs those are those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software bugs those are those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software bugs those are those are the
+risks we typically think about um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks we typically think about um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks we typically think about um and
+the idea is you have high influence over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is you have high influence over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is you have high influence over
+these risks as a as a system engineer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these risks as a as a system engineer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these risks as a as a system engineer as
+a project manager then you have uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project manager then you have uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project manager then you have uh a
+layer around it which we call industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer around it which we call industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer around it which we call industry
+or competitive risks will your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or competitive risks will your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or competitive risks will your
+contractors perform will you have budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractors perform will you have budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractors perform will you have budget
+stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability
+and then there's sort of more country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's sort of more country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's sort of more country
+and fiscal risks so in the US we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fiscal risks so in the US we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fiscal risks so in the US we have uh
+a budget cycle we have four-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a budget cycle we have four-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a budget cycle we have four-year
+administrations will you get your budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrations will you get your budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrations will you get your budget
+uh what is the priorities between human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is the priorities between human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is the priorities between human
+and robotic space exploration and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and robotic space exploration and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and robotic space exploration and then
+working with International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with International
+partners and then there's another layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and then there's another layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and then there's another layer
+of risk which are called Market risks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk which are called Market risks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk which are called Market risks so
+if you think in Mars missions who's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think in Mars missions who's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think in Mars missions who's your
+Market well the science community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market well the science community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market well the science community and
+maybe the public right so will will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the public right so will will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the public right so will will uh
+these missions hold their attention are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these missions hold their attention are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these missions hold their attention are
+there new science requirements you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there new science requirements you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there new science requirements you know
+we discovered there's water May probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered there's water May probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered there's water May probably
+flowing water on Mars maybe with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing water on Mars maybe with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing water on Mars maybe with a lot
+of perchlorates in it you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perchlorates in it you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perchlorates in it you know it's not
+pristine water but you know that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pristine water but you know that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pristine water but you know that could
+change soort of the priorities for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change soort of the priorities for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change soort of the priorities for your
+mission and then finally the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission and then finally the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission and then finally the the most
+outer risk outer uh is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer risk outer uh is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer risk outer uh is what we call
+Natural risk so this would be things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural risk so this would be things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural risk so this would be things
+like Cosmic radiation micrometeorites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Cosmic radiation micrometeorites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Cosmic radiation micrometeorites
+you know uncertainties in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uncertainties in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uncertainties in the
+atmospheric density of Mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric density of Mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric density of Mars
+as you're doing entry descend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're doing entry descend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're doing entry descend and
+landing and you have very low influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing and you have very low influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing and you have very low influence
+right the uh that doesn't mean you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the uh that doesn't mean you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the uh that doesn't mean you can't
+you can't protect yourself or take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't protect yourself or take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't protect yourself or take
+measures to deal with these risks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures to deal with these risks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures to deal with these risks but
+fundamentally the occurrence or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the occurrence or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the occurrence or the
+probability is something you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is something you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is something you can't
+really do much about so that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do much about so that's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do much about so that's one way
+to think about risks and the seeds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about risks and the seeds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about risks and the seeds of
+risks is in these layers I think I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks is in these layers I think I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks is in these layers I think I find
+this to be I know this is very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be I know this is very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be I know this is very high
+level but I find this to be a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but I find this to be a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but I find this to be a pretty
+useful model yeah go ahead so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful model yeah go ahead so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful model yeah go ahead so this is
+just kind of references the in influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of references the in influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of references the in influence
+you have not necessarily the amount that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have not necessarily the amount that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have not necessarily the amount that
+each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of
+these uh are a risk to the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh are a risk to the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh are a risk to the program
+that's correct that will be program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct that will be program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct that will be program
+specific this is just you know the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific this is just you know the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific this is just you know the stuff
+that's in the bullseye here you can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the bullseye here you can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the bullseye here you can do a
+lot about it um and perhaps both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about it um and perhaps both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about it um and perhaps both in
+terms of probability and impact and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of probability and impact and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of probability and impact and then
+as you move further out um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you move further out um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you move further out um you know
+there's less and less influence you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less and less influence you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less and less influence you have
+as a system engineer as a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a system engineer as a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a system engineer as a project
+manager here's 's another another uh way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager here's 's another another uh way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager here's 's another another uh way
+to organize your thinking around risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organize your thinking around risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organize your thinking around risks
+and this is around the Iron Triangle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is around the Iron Triangle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is around the Iron Triangle in
+project management we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project management we talk about the
+Iron Triangle of cost schedule and risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iron Triangle of cost schedule and risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iron Triangle of cost schedule and risk
+and we call it iron because the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call it iron because the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call it iron because the idea is
+that if you if you constrain all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you if you constrain all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you if you constrain all three
+uh too tightly uh it's it can be it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too tightly uh it's it can be it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too tightly uh it's it can be it can
+be very difficult and um and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very difficult and um and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very difficult and um and these are
+it's also referred to as the triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also referred to as the triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also referred to as the triple
+constraint in project management so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in project management so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in project management so the
+three dimensions here are techn techical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions here are techn techical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions here are techn techical
+risks cost risks and schedule risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks cost risks and schedule risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks cost risks and schedule risk and
+then in the center we have programmatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the center we have programmatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the center we have programmatic
+risk which means it's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk which means it's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk which means it's kind of the
+combination of all three and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all three and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all three and the idea
+that even if you do a great job on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you do a great job on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you do a great job on
+keeping your budget under control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping your budget under control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping your budget under control
+schedule and you're meeting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and you're meeting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and you're meeting your
+technical objectives you can still fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical objectives you can still fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical objectives you can still fail
+because the program as a whole isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the program as a whole isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the program as a whole isn't
+doing the right thing or the market that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the right thing or the market that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the right thing or the market that
+you had been targeting is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had been targeting is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had been targeting is no longer
+really attractive by the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really attractive by the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really attractive by the time you
+launch the the key idea here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch the the key idea here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch the the key idea here is that
+these risk categories are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these risk categories are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these risk categories are not
+independent of each other so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other so let me
+mention a couple of examples um so cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a couple of examples um so cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a couple of examples um so cost
+risk might limit your funds and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk might limit your funds and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk might limit your funds and that
+could in itself induce technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in itself induce technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in itself induce technical
+problems which cause you further cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems which cause you further cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems which cause you further cost
+risk so one of the big initiatives at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so one of the big initiatives at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so one of the big initiatives at
+Nasa in the 90s was the faster better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nasa in the 90s was the faster better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nasa in the 90s was the faster better
+cheaper program right we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper program right we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper program right we're going to
+launch more missions cheaper and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch more missions cheaper and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch more missions cheaper and you
+know out of 10 missions maybe two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know out of 10 missions maybe two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know out of 10 missions maybe two or
+three will fail and then seven will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three will fail and then seven will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three will fail and then seven will
+succeed but get more value out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed but get more value out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed but get more value out of this
+as a portfolio unfortunately it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a portfolio unfortunately it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a portfolio unfortunately it didn't
+work very well because you know when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well because you know when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well because you know when the
+one two or three missions fail out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two or three missions fail out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two or three missions fail out of
+your portfolio you know the media and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your portfolio you know the media and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your portfolio you know the media and
+the public focuses on the failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public focuses on the failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public focuses on the failures
+rather than the aggregate value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the aggregate value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the aggregate value of the
+whole portfolio and eventually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole portfolio and eventually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole portfolio and eventually that's
+probably the main reason why faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the main reason why faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the main reason why faster
+better cheaper was abandoned but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better cheaper was abandoned but here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better cheaper was abandoned but here's
+so for example we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we just talked about
+testing if you have a very limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing if you have a very limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing if you have a very limited
+budget what is the first thing you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget what is the first thing you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget what is the first thing you would
+people typically cut out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people typically cut out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people typically cut out
+what's the first thing to go testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first thing to go testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first thing to go testing
+testing is very important Sam asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is very important Sam asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is very important Sam asked me
+during the break what's your typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the break what's your typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the break what's your typical
+budget for testing and V&V activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget for testing and V&V activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget for testing and V&V activities
+and in many programs it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many programs it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many programs it's very
+substantial you know 40% of the budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial you know 40% of the budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial you know 40% of the budget
+maybe 30 40% of the budget uh easily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 30 40% of the budget uh easily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 30 40% of the budget uh easily and
+so you start cutting out tests well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start cutting out tests well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start cutting out tests well what
+you do is you you introduce technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you you introduce technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you you introduce technical
+risk and if if you have failures because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and if if you have failures because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and if if you have failures because
+you didn't test that could cause you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't test that could cause you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't test that could cause you uh
+additional rework and more cost um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional rework and more cost um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional rework and more cost um
+similar uh schedule and schedule slips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh schedule and schedule slips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh schedule and schedule slips
+can induce cost risk so as you slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can induce cost risk so as you slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can induce cost risk so as you slow down
+you have the what's known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the what's known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the what's known as the
+standing army cost right people people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing army cost right people people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing army cost right people people
+are going to charge to your program even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to charge to your program even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to charge to your program even
+if it's at a reduced level um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's at a reduced level um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's at a reduced level um and that
+will also increase your cost so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also increase your cost so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also increase your cost so lots of
+coupling here between risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling here between risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling here between risk
+categories this is a very useful I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories this is a very useful I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories this is a very useful I think
+risk management framework it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk management framework it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk management framework it's
+essentially a controls framework work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a controls framework work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a controls framework work
+and the idea is you start in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is you start in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is you start in the upper
+right you anticipate what can go wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you anticipate what can go wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you anticipate what can go wrong
+in your program so that's risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your program so that's risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your program so that's risk
+identification you then analyze these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification you then analyze these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification you then analyze these
+risks uh in terms of prioritizing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks uh in terms of prioritizing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks uh in terms of prioritizing them
+which of these are important you plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these are important you plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these are important you plan to
+take action this is often called risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take action this is often called risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take action this is often called risk
+mitigation you track these actions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation you track these actions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation you track these actions and
+then you correct any deviations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you correct any deviations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you correct any deviations from
+your plan and you you communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plan and you you communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plan and you you communicate
+throughout and you cycle through this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout and you cycle through this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout and you cycle through this so
+typically risk management will happen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically risk management will happen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically risk management will happen on
+a weekly basis a monthly basis at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weekly basis a monthly basis at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weekly basis a monthly basis at least
+quarterly basis for for big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterly basis for for big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterly basis for for big
+programs um now how do you actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs um now how do you actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs um now how do you actually do
+this uh first of all the risk ID and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh first of all the risk ID and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh first of all the risk ID and the
+assessment so the the the risks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment so the the the risks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment so the the the risks are
+typically brainstormed so you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically brainstormed so you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically brainstormed so you think
+about risks based on you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risks based on you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risks based on you know you have
+to imagine all the bad stuff that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine all the bad stuff that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine all the bad stuff that could
+happen to you and your program uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to you and your program uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to you and your program uh the
+pro the probability that that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro the probability that that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro the probability that that these
+things will happen and then the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will happen and then the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will happen and then the impact
+or consequence if they do happen based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or consequence if they do happen based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or consequence if they do happen based
+on you know the requirements the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know the requirements the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know the requirements the cost
+the schedule uh the product in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule uh the product in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule uh the product in its
+environment and and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and and this is where
+actually having a mix of younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having a mix of younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having a mix of younger
+engineers and more experienced Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and more experienced Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and more experienced Engineers
+really comes comes in handy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comes comes in handy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comes comes in handy the
+experienced Engineers they will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced Engineers they will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced Engineers they will have
+been through several programs they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through several programs they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through several programs they will
+have seen failures in the past they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen failures in the past they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen failures in the past they will
+really um be able to uh point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um be able to uh point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um be able to uh point to
+potential risks that less experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential risks that less experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential risks that less experienced
+people may have uh May ignore or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people may have uh May ignore or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people may have uh May ignore or just
+not be uh not understand how important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be uh not understand how important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be uh not understand how important
+they could be so the next step then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be so the next step then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be so the next step then is
+to aggregate these into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to aggregate these into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to aggregate these into
+categories uh typically not more than 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories uh typically not more than 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories uh typically not more than 20
+or so categories or risk items um Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so categories or risk items um Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so categories or risk items um Pro
+projects often keep so-called risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects often keep so-called risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects often keep so-called risk
+registers which is just you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers which is just you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers which is just you know a
+database or a list of risks if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database or a list of risks if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database or a list of risks if you have
+hundreds and hundreds of risks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and hundreds of risks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and hundreds of risks in the
+risk register it's too much you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk register it's too much you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk register it's too much you know
+people will just it's just a long list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will just it's just a long list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will just it's just a long list
+and nobody really it's just a check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody really it's just a check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody really it's just a check the
+box exercise to really take risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box exercise to really take risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box exercise to really take risk
+management seriously you have to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management seriously you have to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management seriously you have to focus
+on on few of the risks that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on few of the risks that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on few of the risks that you think
+are important you score them based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important you score them based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important you score them based on a
+combination of opinions and data and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of opinions and data and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of opinions and data and you
+try to involve all the stakeholders in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to involve all the stakeholders in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to involve all the stakeholders in
+the risk management and eventually risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk management and eventually risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk management and eventually risks
+are placed on this uh Matrix uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are placed on this uh Matrix uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are placed on this uh Matrix uh of
+uncertainty and consequence so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and consequence so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and consequence so let me
+zoom in on The Matrix there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in on The Matrix there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in on The Matrix there are
+different many many different versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different many many different versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different many many different versions
+of the risk Matrix this is one that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the risk Matrix this is one that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the risk Matrix this is one that uh
+NASA typically uses and I I like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NASA typically uses and I I like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NASA typically uses and I I like this
+this particular version for several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular version for several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular version for several
+reasons that I'll explain but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that I'll explain but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that I'll explain but basically
+the way it works is you have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it works is you have the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it works is you have the two
+Dimensions impact and probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions impact and probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions impact and probability so
+probability is You Know How likely is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is You Know How likely is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is You Know How likely is
+this to occur and then impact if it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to occur and then impact if it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to occur and then impact if it does
+occur what what will happen what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur what what will happen what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur what what will happen what's the
+consequence of that and what the so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that and what the so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that and what the so of
+the two things that I really like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things that I really like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things that I really like about
+it the first one is that each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the first one is that each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the first one is that each of these
+levels there's actually some definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels there's actually some definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels there's actually some definition
+behind it you know you not just guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it you know you not just guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it you know you not just guessing
+at the level but there's some criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level but there's some criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level but there's some criteria
+so for probability um a level three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for probability um a level three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for probability um a level three
+means it's about equally likely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's about equally likely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's about equally likely that
+that it will happen and not happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will happen and not happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will happen and not happen so
+level three means it's about 50/50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level three means it's about 50/50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level three means it's about 50/50
+whether this will happen in your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this will happen in your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this will happen in your program
+and then uh four is very likely so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh four is very likely so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh four is very likely so maybe
+that's you know I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know I don't know
+75% and then near certainty is like 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% and then near certainty is like 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% and then near certainty is like 90%
+or more improbable is like 10% unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more improbable is like 10% unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more improbable is like 10% unlikely
+is 20 20 to 30% something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 20 20 to 30% something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 20 20 to 30% something like this
+um and then more importantly the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then more importantly the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then more importantly the impact
+so a level one impact is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a level one impact is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a level one impact is you know
+negligible it has almost no impact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible it has almost no impact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible it has almost no impact a
+level two means your Miss Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two means your Miss Mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two means your Miss Mission
+performance margins are reduced on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance margins are reduced on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance margins are reduced on the
+technical side it means um your reserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical side it means um your reserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical side it means um your reserves
+you remember margins I asked you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember margins I asked you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember margins I asked you to
+assign margins in in assignment A2 so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign margins in in assignment A2 so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign margins in in assignment A2 so it
+means you're eating into your reserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're eating into your reserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're eating into your reserves
+but you should still be able to meet all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should still be able to meet all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should still be able to meet all
+your performance there should be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your performance there should be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your performance there should be no
+visible impact you're just your safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible impact you're just your safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible impact you're just your safety
+cushion is less that's what level two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion is less that's what level two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion is less that's what level two
+means uh number three means your mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh number three means your mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh number three means your mission
+is degraded so you can still do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is degraded so you can still do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is degraded so you can still do the
+mission but you're not going to hit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission but you're not going to hit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission but you're not going to hit all
+your targets uh four is you lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your targets uh four is you lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your targets uh four is you lose the
+mission but the asset is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission but the asset is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission but the asset is still
+recoverable so maybe you could try again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoverable so maybe you could try again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoverable so maybe you could try again
+in the future and then level five is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and then level five is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and then level five is a
+catastrophic failure uh that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic failure uh that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic failure uh that involves
+you know loss of mission and or loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know loss of mission and or loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know loss of mission and or loss of
+crew um on the cost side uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew um on the cost side uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew um on the cost side uh you have
+some thresholds for cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thresholds for cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thresholds for cost
+obviously these numbers have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these numbers have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these numbers have to be
+adjusted for different programs you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted for different programs you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted for different programs you know
+a $10 million loss is a huge thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a $10 million loss is a huge thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a $10 million loss is a huge thing in
+some program and and almost like pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some program and and almost like pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some program and and almost like pocket
+change and other programs and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and other programs and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and other programs and then uh
+schedule so a a level one Milestone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule so a a level one Milestone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule so a a level one Milestone
+would for example be launch right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would for example be launch right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would for example be launch right if you
+miss good example of this was the Mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss good example of this was the Mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss good example of this was the Mars
+science laboratory the Curiosity Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science laboratory the Curiosity Mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science laboratory the Curiosity Mission
+originally it was supposed to launch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally it was supposed to launch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally it was supposed to launch in
+2009 they missed that deadline mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 they missed that deadline mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 they missed that deadline mainly
+due to problems with with cryogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to problems with with cryogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to problems with with cryogenic
+actuators they took a lot of the blames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators they took a lot of the blames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators they took a lot of the blames
+the actuators but there were a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actuators but there were a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actuators but there were a lot of
+problems across the board they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems across the board they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems across the board they they
+missed that launch window and they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed that launch window and they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed that launch window and they had
+to launch in 2011 so that was considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to launch in 2011 so that was considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to launch in 2011 so that was considered
+from a programmatic standpoint a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a programmatic standpoint a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a programmatic standpoint a level
+five failure because you missed your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five failure because you missed your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five failure because you missed your
+main launch window and you had to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main launch window and you had to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main launch window and you had to wait
+26 months for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 months for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 months for the next
+one so so that's good because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so so that's good because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so so that's good because because
+now you know when you assign a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know when you assign a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know when you assign a
+probability and impact you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and impact you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and impact you can really
+look at these criteria and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these criteria and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these criteria and it's it's
+easier to do that in a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do that in a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do that in a sort of
+repeatable fashion the other thing is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable fashion the other thing is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable fashion the other thing is if
+you look at the colors on the Matrix you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the colors on the Matrix you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the colors on the Matrix you
+can see it goes from one blue which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it goes from one blue which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it goes from one blue which
+means low risk to 12 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means low risk to 12 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means low risk to 12 which is the
+highest risk so there's 12 risk levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest risk so there's 12 risk levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest risk so there's 12 risk levels
+but when you look at the Matrix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you look at the Matrix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you look at the Matrix that's
+there's something peculiar about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something peculiar about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something peculiar about it so
+look closely at the colors and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look closely at the colors and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look closely at the colors and you'll
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+something um special about this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um special about this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um special about this Matrix
+anybody notice what I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody notice what I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody notice what I'm talking about
+let's see at epfl do you guys when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see at epfl do you guys when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see at epfl do you guys when you
+look at those colors at the Matrix do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at those colors at the Matrix do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at those colors at the Matrix do
+you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something go ahead and the BL so it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something go ahead and the BL so it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something go ahead and the BL so it goes
+from Blue to Red which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Blue to Red which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Blue to Red which is
+the light light spectrum with the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light light spectrum with the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light light spectrum with the blue
+the lowest radi wave and red the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest radi wave and red the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest radi wave and red the highest
+one right frequency right the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yes go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes go
+ahead yeah it's huge so impact is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah it's huge so impact is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah it's huge so impact is more
+serious than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious than
+probability right so it's asymmetric you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right so it's asymmetric you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability right so it's asymmetric you
+see that it's asymmetric so the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's asymmetric so the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's asymmetric so the high
+impact low probability corner is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact low probability corner is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact low probability corner is
+weighted more heavily than the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted more heavily than the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted more heavily than the low
+impact high probability and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact high probability and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact high probability and that's
+intentional because it's been shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional because it's been shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional because it's been shown in
+the past that you know things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past that you know things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past that you know things that are
+not likely to happen but if they happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not likely to happen but if they happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not likely to happen but if they happen
+they're really bad uh in the past people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really bad uh in the past people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really bad uh in the past people
+have sort of pushed that away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of pushed that away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of pushed that away and
+ignored those so the the purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored those so the the purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored those so the the purpose of this
+asymmetry in this Matrix is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry in this Matrix is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry in this Matrix is to
+elevate the low probability high impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevate the low probability high impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevate the low probability high impact
+events to be higher in the risk level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events to be higher in the risk level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events to be higher in the risk level so
+that people pay more attention to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people pay more attention to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people pay more attention to it
+okay that's the so that's most uh risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the so that's most uh risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the so that's most uh risk
+matrices don't don't have that asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices don't don't have that asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices don't don't have that asymmetry
+in them but this one does and and I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them but this one does and and I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them but this one does and and I like
+it because of that so bless you so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because of that so bless you so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because of that so bless you so the
+question then is is what what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then is is what what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then is is what what do you do
+with this so the the idea is you you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this so the the idea is you you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this so the the idea is you you do
+your risk management you identify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your risk management you identify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your risk management you identify your
+risks you place them on this Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks you place them on this Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks you place them on this Matrix and
+then you track each of these risk items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you track each of these risk items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you track each of these risk items
+over time so here's your 12 risk levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so here's your 12 risk levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so here's your 12 risk levels
+right between 1 and 12 that's the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right between 1 and 12 that's the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right between 1 and 12 that's the Y
+AIS and then on your x- axis there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and then on your x- axis there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and then on your x- axis there's
+time and for each of your risk items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and for each of your risk items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and for each of your risk items
+people might disagree you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might disagree you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might disagree you know some
+people on your team might say hey look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on your team might say hey look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on your team might say hey look
+this is not a big deal we've we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a big deal we've we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a big deal we've we've seen
+this before the impact is not big we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before the impact is not big we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before the impact is not big we
+have a quick fix for this we we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quick fix for this we we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quick fix for this we we know how
+to deal with this and other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with this and other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with this and other people
+disagree and say no this is this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree and say no this is this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree and say no this is this is very
+very serious you have to take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very serious you have to take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very serious you have to take it
+seriously so the idea is that um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously so the idea is that um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously so the idea is that um for
+each risk item you have this optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each risk item you have this optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each risk item you have this optimistic
+expected and pessimistic estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected and pessimistic estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected and pessimistic estimate of
+what is the true level of risk that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the true level of risk that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the true level of risk that's
+what these bars are and then you track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these bars are and then you track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these bars are and then you track
+it over time okay and you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over time okay and you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over time okay and you know uh
+depending on whether you're in in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether you're in in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether you're in in P
+before PDR or CDR you could have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before PDR or CDR you could have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before PDR or CDR you could have very
+substantial risks and and that's I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial risks and and that's I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial risks and and that's I guess
+okay still as long as you find ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay still as long as you find ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay still as long as you find ways to
+reduce the level of risk for example by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the level of risk for example by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the level of risk for example by
+doing extra testing by changing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing extra testing by changing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing extra testing by changing your
+design to put in extra you know power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design to put in extra you know power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design to put in extra you know power
+margins bigger solar panels you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins bigger solar panels you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins bigger solar panels you know
+redundancy for example there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy for example there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy for example there's a lot of
+things you can do to affect both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do to affect both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do to affect both the
+probability and the impact right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and the impact right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and the impact right
+radiation extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation extra
+shielding uh and so the idea is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding uh and so the idea is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding uh and so the idea is is that
+over time you're going to reduce these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time you're going to reduce these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time you're going to reduce these
+risks gradually below some threshold so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks gradually below some threshold so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks gradually below some threshold so
+this red line here is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red line here is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red line here is like the
+acceptable threshold of risks at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable threshold of risks at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable threshold of risks at that
+point in the program and then as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the program and then as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the program and then as you get
+closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to
+launch uh things should should be below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch uh things should should be below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch uh things should should be below
+the the threshold and if it's below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the threshold and if it's below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the threshold and if it's below the
+this watch domain then you you even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this watch domain then you you even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this watch domain then you you even
+don't track it you don't pay much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't track it you don't pay much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't track it you don't pay much
+attention to it if it's above this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it if it's above this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it if it's above this red
+line you have a big problem you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you have a big problem you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you have a big problem you might
+have to uh stop the program or do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh stop the program or do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh stop the program or do a
+major redesign or repeat you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major redesign or repeat you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major redesign or repeat you know a
+major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+Milestone and some programs have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milestone and some programs have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milestone and some programs have been
+cancelled because they just couldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled because they just couldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled because they just couldn't get
+these risks under control so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these risks under control so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these risks under control so the idea is
+that gradually you transition and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gradually you transition and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gradually you transition and you do
+this by actually doing risk mitigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by actually doing risk mitigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by actually doing risk mitigation
+around that risk management cycle now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that risk management cycle now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that risk management cycle now
+the last thing I will say here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I will say here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I will say here is that
+um every mission that is uh you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every mission that is uh you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every mission that is uh you know uh
+worthwhile doing is still going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile doing is still going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile doing is still going to have
+some residual risk at the end risks will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some residual risk at the end risks will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some residual risk at the end risks will
+not the requirement is not that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the requirement is not that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the requirement is not that all the
+risks are at zero in the lower left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks are at zero in the lower left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks are at zero in the lower left
+corner you will launch and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner you will launch and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner you will launch and you're going
+to have residual risks and you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have residual risks and you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have residual risks and you just have
+to accept those but you have be to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept those but you have be to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept those but you have be to be
+cognizant of this and this is really no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant of this and this is really no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant of this and this is really no
+different in the automotive industry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the automotive industry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the automotive industry for
+example right if if when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right if if when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right if if when you're
+developing a new car or a medical device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a new car or a medical device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a new car or a medical device
+and you're going to launch it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to launch it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to launch it to the
+market uh if your requirement is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh if your requirement is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh if your requirement is zero
+risk you will never sell anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk you will never sell anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk you will never sell anything you
+will never launch anything because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never launch anything because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never launch anything because you
+will always think of something bad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always think of something bad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always think of something bad that
+could happen and there'll always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen and there'll always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen and there'll always be
+people saying it's too risky we can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people saying it's too risky we can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people saying it's too risky we can't do
+it so knowing how much residual risk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so knowing how much residual risk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so knowing how much residual risk you
+should be willing to carry is is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be willing to carry is is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be willing to carry is is a big
+part of being a leader being a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of being a leader being a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of being a leader being a system
+engineer really understanding things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer really understanding things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer really understanding things and
+then the automotive industry there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the automotive industry there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the automotive industry there are
+people whose the primary job they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whose the primary job they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whose the primary job they have
+is to do this work and they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to do this work and they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to do this work and they're called
+quality Engineers or warranty Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality Engineers or warranty Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality Engineers or warranty Engineers
+so the the warranty Engineers their job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the warranty Engineers their job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the warranty Engineers their job
+is twofold before you launch a vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twofold before you launch a vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twofold before you launch a vehicle
+to Market is actually ranking you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Market is actually ranking you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Market is actually ranking you know
+what are the on this particular vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the on this particular vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the on this particular vehicle
+or program what are the top 10 things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or program what are the top 10 things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or program what are the top 10 things
+that could cause warranty claims and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could cause warranty claims and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could cause warranty claims and
+problems in the future we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the future we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the future we don't know
+that they will but they might right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will but they might right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will but they might right and
+so and then once a vehicle goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then once a vehicle goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then once a vehicle goes to
+Market and you know reports are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market and you know reports are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market and you know reports are coming
+back from from users and from the fleet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from from users and from the fleet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from from users and from the fleet
+actually tracking what these issues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tracking what these issues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tracking what these issues are
+and then knowing when has it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then knowing when has it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then knowing when has it you know
+hit a threshold where you do need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a threshold where you do need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a threshold where you do need to do
+a recall you do need to do a retrofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recall you do need to do a retrofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recall you do need to do a retrofit
+this is a big part of it and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big part of it and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big part of it and it's it's
+really a big deal I mean the the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a big deal I mean the the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a big deal I mean the the amount
+of money that Automotive companies spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money that Automotive companies spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money that Automotive companies spend
+on recalls every year is about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on recalls every year is about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on recalls every year is about the same
+as what their profits are so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what their profits are so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what their profits are so if you
+could eliminate recalls and warranty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could eliminate recalls and warranty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could eliminate recalls and warranty
+claims Al together you basically double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims Al together you basically double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims Al together you basically double
+your profit right and so depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your profit right and so depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your profit right and so depending on
+what industry uh you're in whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what industry uh you're in whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what industry uh you're in whether it's
+you know Automotive medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Automotive medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Automotive medical
+spacecraft uh how much risk and safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft uh how much risk and safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft uh how much risk and safety
+is involved this is more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved this is more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved this is more or less
+emphasized in the industry but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized in the industry but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized in the industry but it's a
+big part I think of system engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part I think of system engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part I think of system engineering
+job is to understand this here's the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to understand this here's the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to understand this here's the um
+you know this is again a flow diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is again a flow diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is again a flow diagram
+for how to do this uh uh risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how to do this uh uh risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how to do this uh uh risk management
+properly you have a risk management plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly you have a risk management plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly you have a risk management plan
+your technical risk issues that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technical risk issues that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technical risk issues that are
+placed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on the
+Matrix uh the any measure ments or data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh the any measure ments or data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh the any measure ments or data
+you have and then how do you report this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and then how do you report this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and then how do you report this
+and then out of it comes a mitigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then out of it comes a mitigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then out of it comes a mitigation
+plan a set of actions technical risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan a set of actions technical risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan a set of actions technical risk
+reports and then any work products from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports and then any work products from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports and then any work products from
+the technical risk management and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical risk management and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical risk management and the
+idea is that you repeat this process on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you repeat this process on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you repeat this process on
+a regular basis it's a big part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular basis it's a big part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular basis it's a big part of your
+your Milestone reviews as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Milestone reviews as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Milestone reviews as
+well okay so um I'd like to spend a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so um I'd like to spend a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so um I'd like to spend a few
+minutes on system safety I am not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on system safety I am not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on system safety I am not going
+to do this Justice because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this Justice because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this Justice because there's a
+whole class here at MIT on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class here at MIT on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class here at MIT on on this
+taught by Professor Nancy Levon by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught by Professor Nancy Levon by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught by Professor Nancy Levon by the
+way who's taken that class or who's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way who's taken that class or who's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way who's taken that class or who's been
+thinking about taking it about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about taking it about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about taking it about three
+four of you so I'm just going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of you so I'm just going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of you so I'm just going to give
+you a very quick exposure to this um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very quick exposure to this um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very quick exposure to this um so
+um this is a book that Professor leveson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a book that Professor leveson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a book that Professor leveson
+wrote several years ago and uh she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote several years ago and uh she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote several years ago and uh she
+basically distinguishes two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically distinguishes two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically distinguishes two kinds of
+failures uh component failures which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures uh component failures which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures uh component failures which
+most people think about you know a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people think about you know a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people think about you know a an
+axle broke or uh there was a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axle broke or uh there was a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axle broke or uh there was a you know
+the battery uh caught fire and clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery uh caught fire and clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery uh caught fire and clearly
+component failures are real and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component failures are real and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component failures are real and they
+happen single or multiple component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen single or multiple component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen single or multiple component
+failures and usually there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and usually there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and usually there's some
+Randomness to them so most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness to them so most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness to them so most of the
+classic accident investigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic accident investigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic accident investigation
+techniques and safety techniques focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and safety techniques focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and safety techniques focus
+on component failures but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on component failures but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on component failures but there's also
+component interaction accidents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component interaction accidents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component interaction accidents or
+failures which are trickier in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures which are trickier in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures which are trickier in a sense
+because you could have a system that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could have a system that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could have a system that has
+no single component has failed and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no single component has failed and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no single component has failed and yet
+you had a system failure and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a system failure and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a system failure and so it's
+it's the interactions among components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the interactions among components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the interactions among components
+and this could be related to inter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this could be related to inter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this could be related to inter uh
+interactive complexity and coupling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive complexity and coupling uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive complexity and coupling uh
+more and more computers and software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more computers and software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more computers and software and
+then the role of humans in systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the role of humans in systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the role of humans in systems and
+this is really what what um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really what what um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really what what um a lot of
+this is about so the traditional safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about so the traditional safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about so the traditional safety
+safety thinking is that component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety thinking is that component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety thinking is that component
+failures you need to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures you need to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures you need to worry about the
+component failures only right so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component failures only right so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component failures only right so here's
+a classic example of a uh a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic example of a uh a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic example of a uh a kind of
+event sequence of events this is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event sequence of events this is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event sequence of events this is for a
+tank failure so in this case we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank failure so in this case we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank failure so in this case we have a
+tank and uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and uh there's
+um moisture that builds up in the tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moisture that builds up in the tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moisture that builds up in the tank
+and then corrosion essentially uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then corrosion essentially uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then corrosion essentially uh is a
+result the metal gets weakened and under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the metal gets weakened and under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the metal gets weakened and under
+the operating pressure of the tank the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operating pressure of the tank the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operating pressure of the tank the
+the tank itself has been weakened due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tank itself has been weakened due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tank itself has been weakened due to
+corrosion the operating pressure causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion the operating pressure causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion the operating pressure causes
+a tank rupture and the tank rupture then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tank rupture and the tank rupture then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tank rupture and the tank rupture then
+uh causes a essentially an explosion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh causes a essentially an explosion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh causes a essentially an explosion and
+fragments or shrapnel from the tank will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments or shrapnel from the tank will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments or shrapnel from the tank will
+be projected and then cause equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be projected and then cause equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be projected and then cause equipment
+damage or Personnel injury and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage or Personnel injury and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage or Personnel injury and so in
+this kind of linear chain of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of linear chain of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of linear chain of events
+model that the way you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that the way you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that the way you think about
+safety is putting in barriers this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety is putting in barriers this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety is putting in barriers this is
+often also referred as the Swiss Cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often also referred as the Swiss Cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often also referred as the Swiss Cheese
+model right if you take layers of Swiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right if you take layers of Swiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right if you take layers of Swiss
+cheese and I guess it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese and I guess it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese and I guess it has to be
+emmentaler right you guys know the Emler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emmentaler right you guys know the Emler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emmentaler right you guys know the Emler
+at epfl right Emer the one with the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at epfl right Emer the one with the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at epfl right Emer the one with the big
+it's got the big holes so you take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got the big holes so you take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got the big holes so you take these
+slices of cheese and if you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of cheese and if you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of cheese and if you can look at
+the cheese from the and there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheese from the and there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheese from the and there's actually
+a hole right through then the accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hole right through then the accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hole right through then the accident
+can happen but if if you put another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen but if if you put another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen but if if you put another
+barrier in between you can't see through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier in between you can't see through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier in between you can't see through
+the cheese and the accident is prevented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheese and the accident is prevented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheese and the accident is prevented
+that's that's sort of the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's sort of the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's sort of the classical
+thinking around system safety is chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking around system safety is chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking around system safety is chain
+of events and then put barriers between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events and then put barriers between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events and then put barriers between
+these um and you know this is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um and you know this is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um and you know this is I think
+valid uh for a very particular kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid uh for a very particular kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid uh for a very particular kind of
+accidents which are these component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents which are these component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents which are these component
+accidents what professor leveson says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents what professor leveson says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents what professor leveson says
+and her stamp and stpa framework is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her stamp and stpa framework is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her stamp and stpa framework is a
+little different uh this is based on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different uh this is based on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different uh this is based on uh
+essentially thinking about safety as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially thinking about safety as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially thinking about safety as a
+lack of control of a system lack of lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of control of a system lack of lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of control of a system lack of lack
+of controlability of a system and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of controlability of a system and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of controlability of a system and so if
+you think about it this way I'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it this way I'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it this way I'm showing
+you here a control Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here a control Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here a control Loop
+and you have in this case you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have in this case you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have in this case you have your
+uh the actual system the actual process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the actual system the actual process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the actual system the actual process
+that you're executing the controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're executing the controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're executing the controlled
+process is here you're sensing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is here you're sensing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is here you're sensing things
+about that process so temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that process so temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that process so temperature
+pressure uh proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure uh proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure uh proper
+alignment um and so one problem could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment um and so one problem could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment um and so one problem could be
+your sensors are inadequate you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sensors are inadequate you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sensors are inadequate you're
+sensing the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing the wrong
+information and then here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and then here's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and then here's your
+controller model how should you control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller model how should you control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller model how should you control
+the system so you have the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so you have the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so you have the wrong
+controller or the wrong process model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller or the wrong process model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller or the wrong process model
+and then here's your actuators um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's your actuators um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's your actuators um are
+you issuing commands at the right time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you issuing commands at the right time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you issuing commands at the right time
+um are you issuing the right commands or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are you issuing the right commands or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are you issuing the right commands or
+are you not issuing commands when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you not issuing commands when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you not issuing commands when you
+should be to the system and that feeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to the system and that feeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to the system and that feeds
+back into the proc into the Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the proc into the Control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the proc into the Control
+process itself and so uh process inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process itself and so uh process inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process itself and so uh process inputs
+could be wrong or missing you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be wrong or missing you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be wrong or missing you could have
+disturbances into the process that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances into the process that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances into the process that are
+unidentified or out of range and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unidentified or out of range and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unidentified or out of range and then
+ually if this process goes unstable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ually if this process goes unstable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ually if this process goes unstable then
+you have a failure or an accident so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a failure or an accident so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a failure or an accident so
+it's quite different it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite different it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite different it's essentially
+thinking of this as a control problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this as a control problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this as a control problem
+instead of a chain of events problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a chain of events problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a chain of events problem and
+the argument here is that for um safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument here is that for um safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument here is that for um safety
+or or failures that involve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or failures that involve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or failures that involve a
+combination of Hardware software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of Hardware software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of Hardware software and
+humans often this model is able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans often this model is able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans often this model is able to be
+more complete in terms of identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complete in terms of identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complete in terms of identifying
+hazards and potential mitigation actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazards and potential mitigation actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazards and potential mitigation actions
+so I think we're out of time but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we're out of time but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we're out of time but I want
+I want to give this to you as a thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to give this to you as a thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to give this to you as a thinking
+as a homework for thinking about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a homework for thinking about this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a homework for thinking about this uh
+this is an accident that happened uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an accident that happened uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an accident that happened uh
+earlier this year I guess in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this year I guess in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this year I guess in
+July and um this is the Virgin Virgin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+July and um this is the Virgin Virgin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+July and um this is the Virgin Virgin
+Galactic crash that happened uh Virgin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galactic crash that happened uh Virgin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galactic crash that happened uh Virgin
+Galactic is one of the space tourism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galactic is one of the space tourism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galactic is one of the space tourism
+companies and during a test flight uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and during a test flight uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and during a test flight uh
+the airplane crashed because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane crashed because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane crashed because the
+co-pilot unlocked the brake system so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-pilot unlocked the brake system so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-pilot unlocked the brake system so it
+has a kind of Feathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a kind of Feathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a kind of Feathering
+mechanism uh and the pilot unlocked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism uh and the pilot unlocked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism uh and the pilot unlocked it
+too early during a kind of high-speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too early during a kind of high-speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too early during a kind of high-speed
+flight phase and so what I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight phase and so what I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight phase and so what I'd like you to
+do the link is here just read read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the link is here just read read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the link is here just read read the
+story there's a a more lengthy accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story there's a a more lengthy accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story there's a a more lengthy accident
+report that's come out I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that's come out I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that's come out I'd like you to
+just read this quickly and then think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read this quickly and then think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read this quickly and then think
+about how does this relate to risks how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how does this relate to risks how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how does this relate to risks how
+does it relate to this particular model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it relate to this particular model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it relate to this particular model
+of system safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of system safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of system safety
+okay so the system's theoretic view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the system's theoretic view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the system's theoretic view of
+safety is then that safety is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety is then that safety is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety is then that safety is an
+emergent system property accidents arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergent system property accidents arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergent system property accidents arise
+from interactions among system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from interactions among system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from interactions among system
+components physical Human Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components physical Human Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components physical Human Social
+constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+violation uh losses are the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation uh losses are the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation uh losses are the result of
+complex processes not simple chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex processes not simple chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex processes not simple chain of
+events and that most accidents arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and that most accidents arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and that most accidents arise
+from you know you could have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know you could have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know you could have a system
+that's quite safe when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite safe when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite safe when you start
+operating it but over time it migrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating it but over time it migrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating it but over time it migrates
+to an unsafe State because people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an unsafe State because people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an unsafe State because people you
+know sensors fail people start bypassing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sensors fail people start bypassing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sensors fail people start bypassing
+safety procedures and sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety procedures and sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety procedures and sort of uh
+gradually it migrates to high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually it migrates to high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually it migrates to high
+risk okay so the last thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk okay so the last thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk okay so the last thing I want to
+talk about just for a minute or two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about just for a minute or two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about just for a minute or two is
+the F frr the flight Readiness review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F frr the flight Readiness review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F frr the flight Readiness review
+which is one of the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the later
+milestones and what happens at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones and what happens at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones and what happens at the
+flight RR uh F frr it's essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight RR uh F frr it's essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight RR uh F frr it's essentially this
+is your last chance to raise a red flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your last chance to raise a red flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your last chance to raise a red flag
+right this is the last Milestone before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the last Milestone before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the last Milestone before
+for launch have all the VNV activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for launch have all the VNV activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for launch have all the VNV activities
+been passed successfully are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been passed successfully are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been passed successfully are there any
+waivers that need to be granted what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waivers that need to be granted what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waivers that need to be granted what are
+the residual risks we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual risks we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual risks we just talked about
+and then you know after the f frr is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know after the f frr is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know after the f frr is
+passed you actually start the countdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed you actually start the countdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed you actually start the countdown
+right X day T minus X days Y hours zcs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right X day T minus X days Y hours zcs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right X day T minus X days Y hours zcs
+to an actual launch or a product launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an actual launch or a product launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an actual launch or a product launch
+whatever it is and then here's from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is and then here's from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is and then here's from the
+handbook the entrance in success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook the entrance in success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook the entrance in success
+criteria for f frr so this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for f frr so this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for f frr so this is you know
+you should have everything should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have everything should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have everything should have
+been done at this point your your design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done at this point your your design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done at this point your your design
+your integration your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your integration your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your integration your
+testing uh your operating procedure your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh your operating procedure your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh your operating procedure your
+people should be trained this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should be trained this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should be trained this is your
+last chance to raise a red flag after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last chance to raise a red flag after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last chance to raise a red flag after
+the F frr you're essentially go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F frr you're essentially go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F frr you're essentially go for
+launch so the stakes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch so the stakes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch so the stakes are
+high okay so quick summary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high okay so quick summary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high okay so quick summary uh
+verification and validation are critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and validation are critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and validation are critical
+uh there's a distinction between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a distinction between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a distinction between the two
+right verification is against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right verification is against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right verification is against the
+require requirements as written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require requirements as written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require requirements as written
+validation is you go back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation is you go back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation is you go back to your
+customer and you test in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and you test in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and you test in a real
+environment testing many different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment testing many different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment testing many different kinds
+of testing it's a fundamentally a Q&A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing it's a fundamentally a Q&A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing it's a fundamentally a Q&A
+activity and it's really expensive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and it's really expensive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and it's really expensive but
+it needs to be done right risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be done right risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be done right risk
+management we have different tools like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management we have different tools like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management we have different tools like
+the risk Matrix risk identification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk Matrix risk identification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk Matrix risk identification
+mitigation and that's really where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation and that's really where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation and that's really where the
+rubber meets the road in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber meets the road in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber meets the road in terms of the
+tension between cost scope schedule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension between cost scope schedule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension between cost scope schedule and
+risk in projects system safety think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in projects system safety think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in projects system safety think
+about not just the chain of events model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not just the chain of events model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not just the chain of events model
+but this this controls view as well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this this controls view as well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this this controls view as well uh
+stamp stpa is a particular framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp stpa is a particular framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp stpa is a particular framework for
+this and if you're interested there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you're interested there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you're interested there's a
+whole you know class there's a whole set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole you know class there's a whole set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole you know class there's a whole set
+of things you can learn about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you can learn about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you can learn about just
+safety and then finally frr is your last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and then finally frr is your last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and then finally frr is your last
+chance to raise the red flag it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to raise the red flag it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to raise the red flag it's sort
+of the the big milestone before you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the big milestone before you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the big milestone before you go
+live with your system okay so any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with your system okay so any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with your system okay so any any
+last questions or comments epfl yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last questions or comments epfl yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last questions or comments epfl yes
+please go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please go ahead
+um so after the the frr you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so after the the frr you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so after the the frr you should have
+finished your test right it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished your test right it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished your test right it's the the
+limit uh yes you should have finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit uh yes you should have finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit uh yes you should have finished
+your test except for the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your test except for the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your test except for the ones that
+you're going to do say on orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do say on orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do say on orbit
+right because I was wondering in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I was wondering in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I was wondering in in the
+list there is the go no go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list there is the go no go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list there is the go no go
+Fest and I'm wondering if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fest and I'm wondering if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fest and I'm wondering if it's not
+related to the launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the launch
+actually yeah so the the actual launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah so the the actual launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah so the the actual launch
+itself of course has you know the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself of course has you know the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself of course has you know the actual
+launch countdown and you can stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch countdown and you can stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch countdown and you can stop the
+launch if certain things don't so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch if certain things don't so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch if certain things don't so this
+is a a review the frr is more like a CDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a review the frr is more like a CDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a review the frr is more like a CDR
+so people the the countdown hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people the the countdown hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people the the countdown hasn't
+actually started yet but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started yet but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started yet but if you
+successfully pass the F frr that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully pass the F frr that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully pass the F frr that's when
+you begin the countdown the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin the countdown the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin the countdown the official
+countdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countdown
+starts uh and then you still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts uh and then you still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts uh and then you still have a
+possibility of course of stopping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of course of stopping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of course of stopping the
+launch but in terms of a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch but in terms of a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch but in terms of a formal
+programmatic review this is your last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatic review this is your last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatic review this is your last
+chance I think this the point here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance I think this the point here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance I think this the point here is
+more about the what is your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the what is your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the what is your system
+boundary if you consider the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary if you consider the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary if you consider the system
+boundary being the whole mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary being the whole mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary being the whole mission
+including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the
+launch uh then obviously uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch uh then obviously uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch uh then obviously uh the the
+system will will only be finished when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will will only be finished when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will will only be finished when
+the mission is finished phase EF right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mission is finished phase EF right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mission is finished phase EF right
+and this is more this uh this flight R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is more this uh this flight R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is more this uh this flight R
+review is linked to the to the payload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review is linked to the to the payload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review is linked to the to the payload
+or to the whole satellite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to the whole satellite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to the whole satellite uh
+specifically that you're allowed to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically that you're allowed to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically that you're allowed to go
+forward and now start the countdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and now start the countdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and now start the countdown
+issues and then all the other now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and then all the other now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and then all the other now if you
+extend the mission boundaries to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the mission boundaries to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the mission boundaries to the
+whole Space Program or to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Space Program or to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Space Program or to the whole
+colonization of Mars It Will Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonization of Mars It Will Be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonization of Mars It Will Be
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0YvENlEZwNg.txt b/0YvENlEZwNg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a67e3df09927df0b3ca86cedc6fd2e60998f9bc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0YvENlEZwNg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3731 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to age 20 special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+relativity so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity so in this
+section we want to review the content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section we want to review the content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section we want to review the content of
+the material but underlined with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material but underlined with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material but underlined with a few
+questions and examples very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and examples very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and examples very similar to
+the previous section it's just this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous section it's just this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous section it's just this one
+is interleaved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interleaved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interleaved with
+activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities
+so let me start by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start by you know
+bringing back two of those einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing back two of those einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing back two of those einstein
+quotes which nicely relate to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes which nicely relate to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes which nicely relate to each other
+in a sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense that
+their feet off each other the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their feet off each other the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their feet off each other the first one
+is i have no special talent i'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i have no special talent i'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i have no special talent i'm only
+passionately curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionately curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionately curious
+about einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about einstein
+and the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one
+it is a miracle that curiosity survives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a miracle that curiosity survives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a miracle that curiosity survives
+formal education and i sincerely hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal education and i sincerely hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal education and i sincerely hope
+that i didn't starve your curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i didn't starve your curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i didn't starve your curiosity
+with this lecture quite the opposite um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this lecture quite the opposite um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this lecture quite the opposite um
+we discussed here is just the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed here is just the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed here is just the starting
+point of a wider discussion of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of a wider discussion of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of a wider discussion of general
+relativity in your education at mit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in your education at mit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in your education at mit in
+the physics department you could learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics department you could learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics department you could learn
+about quantum mechanics quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum mechanics quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum mechanics quantum field
+theories and a lot of physics is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and a lot of physics is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and a lot of physics is out
+there which is super exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is super exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is super exciting
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+so it basically needs your curiosity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it basically needs your curiosity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it basically needs your curiosity in
+order to tackle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to tackle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to tackle
+challenging questions in physics today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging questions in physics today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging questions in physics today
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we started the discussion looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started the discussion looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started the discussion looking at the
+background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+which led einstein to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which led einstein to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which led einstein to make this
+discovery his discoveries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery his discoveries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery his discoveries and
+specifically the year 1905 in which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the year 1905 in which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the year 1905 in which he
+was able to come out with five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to come out with five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to come out with five
+papers all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers all
+you know breakthrough papers including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know breakthrough papers including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know breakthrough papers including
+the theory of special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of special relativity
+his career didn't stop there he uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career didn't stop there he uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career didn't stop there he uh you
+know developed the general theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know developed the general theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know developed the general theory of
+relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity
+uh and published a paper on this in 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and published a paper on this in 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and published a paper on this in 95
+and his fame as a physicist really comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his fame as a physicist really comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his fame as a physicist really comes
+out of of the predictions he made at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of of the predictions he made at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of of the predictions he made at
+that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we set the context of this class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we set the context of this class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we set the context of this class and
+we started with a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with a question of
+galilean transformation and whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galilean transformation and whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galilean transformation and whether or
+not you can tell in a moving car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you can tell in a moving car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you can tell in a moving car
+in a moving train car whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moving train car whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moving train car whether or not
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+whether or not this is actually moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this is actually moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this is actually moving
+or stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stationary
+and we show demonstrated that time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we show demonstrated that time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we show demonstrated that time and
+acceleration is invariant in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is invariant in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is invariant in the
+galilean transformation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galilean transformation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galilean transformation and then
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+since you cannot distinguish the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you cannot distinguish the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you cannot distinguish the the
+strength of a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of a force
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+to reference frames which move to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reference frames which move to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reference frames which move to each
+other with moderate velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other with moderate velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other with moderate velocity
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you cannot tell whether or not the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot tell whether or not the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot tell whether or not the train
+car is moving or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car is moving or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car is moving or not
+very important are the developments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important are the developments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important are the developments of
+clocks and times and signal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks and times and signal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks and times and signal processing
+of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time
+um and we discussed this in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we discussed this in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we discussed this in the context
+of trains and train lines but also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trains and train lines but also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trains and train lines but also in
+einstein living in the city of vern with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein living in the city of vern with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein living in the city of vern with
+you know a larger number of clock towers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a larger number of clock towers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a larger number of clock towers
+which needed synchronization and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which needed synchronization and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which needed synchronization and even
+working in the patent office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the patent office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the patent office
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+certainly confronted him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly confronted him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly confronted him
+with those questions at the time so time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those questions at the time so time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those questions at the time so time
+is suspect that is really the clue or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suspect that is really the clue or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suspect that is really the clue or
+the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+moving out from galilean transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving out from galilean transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving out from galilean transformation
+into newtonian mechanics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into newtonian mechanics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into newtonian mechanics to
+special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we
+classify or when we look at specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify or when we look at specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify or when we look at specific
+theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories
+we have to understand that their life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to understand that their life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to understand that their life is
+in a context within a range of validity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a context within a range of validity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a context within a range of validity
+and so classical mechanics is not wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so classical mechanics is not wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so classical mechanics is not wrong
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it breaks down at large velocities it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it breaks down at large velocities it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it breaks down at large velocities it's
+just only correct in the frame of slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just only correct in the frame of slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just only correct in the frame of slow
+velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities
+and relativity special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relativity special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relativity special relativity
+also has its limitations as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has its limitations as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has its limitations as in
+it only describes reference frames or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only describes reference frames or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only describes reference frames or
+scenarios in which there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios in which there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios in which there is no
+acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+between two reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two reference
+frames um going back to the the time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames um going back to the the time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames um going back to the the time or
+questions of the time michaelson and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of the time michaelson and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of the time michaelson and a
+number of other experiments leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other experiments leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other experiments leading to
+the very same direction um was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same direction um was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same direction um was trying to
+establish that there is an e7 the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish that there is an e7 the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish that there is an e7 the medium
+in which light is moving and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which light is moving and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which light is moving and this
+experiment at the time failed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at the time failed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at the time failed to
+demonstrate if ether actually exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate if ether actually exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate if ether actually exists
+his experiment used the light source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his experiment used the light source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his experiment used the light source and
+a couple of mirrors in order to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interference patterns and and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference patterns and and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference patterns and and those
+interference patterns didn't manifest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference patterns didn't manifest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference patterns didn't manifest
+themselves so he thought for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so he thought for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so he thought for a long time
+that his experiment is limited or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his experiment is limited or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his experiment is limited or
+that he has made a mistake but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has made a mistake but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has made a mistake but it turns
+out that ether indeed doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that ether indeed doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that ether indeed doesn't exist
+einstein tackles this problem by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein tackles this problem by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein tackles this problem by making
+two postulates the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two postulates the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two postulates the first one
+is that the principle of relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the principle of relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the principle of relativity
+um that there's no preferred reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there's no preferred reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there's no preferred reference
+frame if you want and the second that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame if you want and the second that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame if you want and the second that
+the speed of light is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light is constant
+and constant and the same in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constant and the same in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constant and the same in our
+reference phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference phase
+and in this class we use those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this class we use those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this class we use those two
+postulates in order to derive everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates in order to derive everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates in order to derive everything
+we know about special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about special
+relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we looked at the implications and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we looked at the implications and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we looked at the implications and the
+implications started from time dilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications started from time dilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications started from time dilation
+length contractions we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length contractions we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length contractions we were able to
+derive the loans factor and launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the loans factor and launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the loans factor and launch
+transformation and we did this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and we did this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and we did this by
+showing this light law here where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this light law here where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this light law here where you
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+observe a ticking clock in which there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe a ticking clock in which there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe a ticking clock in which there's
+two mirrors and lights bouncing back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mirrors and lights bouncing back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mirrors and lights bouncing back and
+each time there's a bounce we count this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time there's a bounce we count this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time there's a bounce we count this
+as one tick of the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one tick of the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one tick of the clock
+so if the clock is moving the light has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the clock is moving the light has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the clock is moving the light has
+to travel a longer distance and hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to travel a longer distance and hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to travel a longer distance and hence
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed
+and from just the geometry of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from just the geometry of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from just the geometry of this
+problem we were able to derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we were able to derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we were able to derive the
+scammer factor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scammer factor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scammer factor here
+one over square root one minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over square root one minus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over square root one minus beta
+square the better is the velocity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square the better is the velocity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square the better is the velocity over
+the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light
+so as a first activity in today's class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a first activity in today's class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a first activity in today's class
+i want you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to think about
+a clock which is moving with a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clock which is moving with a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clock which is moving with a photon
+a clock which is moving with the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clock which is moving with the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clock which is moving with the speed
+of light and also discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light and also discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light and also discuss
+why isn't it possible to go faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't it possible to go faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't it possible to go faster than
+the speed of light and why can you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light and why can you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light and why can you not
+just keep accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep accelerating
+so think about this a little bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about this a little bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about this a little bit in the
+live class we will have a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live class we will have a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live class we will have a discussion
+but just come up with some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just come up with some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just come up with some sort of
+answer of why this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here you know we have in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you know we have in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you know we have in the class
+actually showed that there is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually showed that there is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually showed that there is a real
+speed limit that if you try to go faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed limit that if you try to go faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed limit that if you try to go faster
+faster will see velocity you run against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster will see velocity you run against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster will see velocity you run against
+a boundary a real speed limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary a real speed limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary a real speed limit
+if you think about keeping accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about keeping accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about keeping accelerating
+giving more energy you find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving more energy you find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving more energy you find that the
+amount of energy you need in order to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy you need in order to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy you need in order to go
+faster and faster faster doesn't get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster faster doesn't get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster faster doesn't get you
+to velocities which are faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to velocities which are faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to velocities which are faster and
+faster and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and again
+you enter a speed limit the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter a speed limit the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter a speed limit the speed of
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an important topic in understanding some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important topic in understanding some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important topic in understanding some
+of the paradoxes in special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paradoxes in special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paradoxes in special relativity
+and some of the confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the confusion
+the concept of the relativity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of the relativity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of the relativity of
+simultaneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneity
+it can be illustrated quite nicely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be illustrated quite nicely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be illustrated quite nicely in
+this example here where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example here where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example here where you have a
+carriage train car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriage train car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriage train car
+with light being emitted and clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with light being emitted and clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with light being emitted and clocks
+which record this event those events at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which record this event those events at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which record this event those events at
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+at each end of the train car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each end of the train car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each end of the train car
+for the stationary person those clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stationary person those clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stationary person those clocks
+will tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tick
+in sync they will always show the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sync they will always show the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sync they will always show the same
+check at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check at the same time
+but for somebody who's moving observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for somebody who's moving observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for somebody who's moving observing
+this this train from a platform or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this train from a platform or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this train from a platform or
+somebody who's moving with a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's moving with a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's moving with a relative
+velocity towards this train car you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity towards this train car you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity towards this train car you will
+see those clocks not ticking at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those clocks not ticking at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those clocks not ticking at the same
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+clear evidence is given in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear evidence is given in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear evidence is given in this picture
+again where you see that the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again where you see that the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again where you see that the lights
+being admitted in this in the center but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being admitted in this in the center but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being admitted in this in the center but
+one side of the train car is hit first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of the train car is hit first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of the train car is hit first
+and the second side is hit afterwards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second side is hit afterwards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second side is hit afterwards so
+you see that the leaking leading clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the leaking leading clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the leaking leading clock
+lacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacks
+the leading clock in this example lags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading clock in this example lags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading clock in this example lags
+behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+and so what you find here is that events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you find here is that events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you find here is that events
+which are observed simultaneously for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are observed simultaneously for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are observed simultaneously for
+one observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one observer
+in this case the person inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the person inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the person inside the
+carriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriage
+they don't necessarily they will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily they will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily they will not be
+simultaneous for an observer who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous for an observer who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous for an observer who's
+moving with the relative velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with the relative velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with the relative velocity
+and that led us to understand to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led us to understand to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led us to understand to the
+understanding of the poland the barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the poland the barn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the poland the barn
+paradox where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox where
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example
+the event of the front of the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event of the front of the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event of the front of the pole
+hitting the back of the barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the back of the barn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the back of the barn
+and the event of the back of the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the event of the back of the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the event of the back of the pole
+hitting the front of the barn there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the front of the barn there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the front of the barn there
+simultaneously for the barn owner but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously for the barn owner but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously for the barn owner but
+they're not simultaneously happening for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not simultaneously happening for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not simultaneously happening for
+the person who's carrying the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's carrying the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's carrying the bar
+carrying the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying the pole
+in this case the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the event
+of hitting the back of the barn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hitting the back of the barn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hitting the back of the barn
+corresponds to an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an event
+or a simultaneous to an event where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a simultaneous to an event where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a simultaneous to an event where the
+back of the pole is still sticking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the pole is still sticking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the pole is still sticking out
+of the bond so there is a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bond so there is a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bond so there is a clear
+disagreement but this agreement can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement but this agreement can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement but this agreement can be
+resolved by understanding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved by understanding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved by understanding that
+simultaneous events not necessarily or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous events not necessarily or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous events not necessarily or
+are not simultaneous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not simultaneous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not simultaneous to
+to observers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observers
+then we moved on to a variety of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we moved on to a variety of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we moved on to a variety of other
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+paradoxes in special relativity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxes in special relativity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxes in special relativity and the
+most famous likely is the twin paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous likely is the twin paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous likely is the twin paradox
+where we discussed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we discussed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we discussed that
+a person moving away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person moving away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person moving away
+um and then returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then returning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then returning
+is younger than the person who actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is younger than the person who actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is younger than the person who actually
+stayed at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed at rest
+and we discussed that you know we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we discussed that you know we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we discussed that you know we were
+able to use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use um
+time dilation and length contraction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dilation and length contraction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dilation and length contraction in
+order to quantificatively figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to quantificatively figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to quantificatively figure out the
+difference in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in time
+but we also discussed that the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also discussed that the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also discussed that the person
+who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is
+moving away and then coming back needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving away and then coming back needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving away and then coming back needs
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+needs to describe the the the journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to describe the the the journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to describe the the the journey
+into different reference frames and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different reference frames and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different reference frames and from
+the fact that you don't consistently can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you don't consistently can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you don't consistently can
+describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this
+sequence of events there's two reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of events there's two reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of events there's two reference
+frames you can see the paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames you can see the paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames you can see the paradox
+and the explanation extra extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the explanation extra extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the explanation extra extra
+confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion
+so here we have another activity um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have another activity um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have another activity um an
+asymmetric travel so we discussed also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric travel so we discussed also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric travel so we discussed also
+the example where two people move away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example where two people move away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example where two people move away
+and then they come back in the symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they come back in the symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they come back in the symmetric
+fashion but here we want to discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion but here we want to discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion but here we want to discuss the
+case where there's three trends carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where there's three trends carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where there's three trends carol
+stays on earth bob moves to star one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays on earth bob moves to star one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays on earth bob moves to star one and
+alice moves to star two the distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice moves to star two the distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice moves to star two the distance to
+star one is longer than the distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star one is longer than the distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star one is longer than the distance to
+two two two star star two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two two star star two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two two star star two
+so the question is you know in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is you know in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is you know in this
+journey they both start and they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey they both start and they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey they both start and they both
+return at the same time for carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return at the same time for carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return at the same time for carol
+but which of the twins is the youngest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which of the twins is the youngest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which of the twins is the youngest
+so again i invite you to just work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i invite you to just work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i invite you to just work this
+out you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can use
+some numbers if you want a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers if you want a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers if you want a quantitative
+answer or you can just reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so the answer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the answer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the answer here
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+bob is the youngest of the three once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob is the youngest of the three once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob is the youngest of the three once
+they return to the to earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they return to the to earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they return to the to earth
+and the the reason for this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the reason for this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the reason for this is the
+distance he has to travel is the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance he has to travel is the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance he has to travel is the longest
+hence his velocity has to travel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence his velocity has to travel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence his velocity has to travel in
+is the largest and hence the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the largest and hence the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the largest and hence the effect of
+time dilation for him is the biggest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dilation for him is the biggest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dilation for him is the biggest and
+therefore he's going to be the youngest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore he's going to be the youngest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore he's going to be the youngest
+of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we had a rather long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we had a rather long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we had a rather long
+discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about
+waves and light doppler effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and light doppler effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and light doppler effect and
+relativistic doppler effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic doppler effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic doppler effect
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here just as a reminder the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just as a reminder the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just as a reminder the wave
+equation for an electric field in vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for an electric field in vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for an electric field in vacuum
+and the solution so the wave equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution so the wave equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution so the wave equation is
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uses second derivative with space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses second derivative with space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses second derivative with space and
+time and the solution is simply can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the solution is simply can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the solution is simply can be
+expressed as a cosine which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a cosine which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a cosine which is a
+function of space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of space and time
+we have talked about light quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have talked about light quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have talked about light quite a bit
+um and just as a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and just as a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and just as a reminder
+is the energy of a photon is related via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy of a photon is related via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy of a photon is related via
+the planck einstein relation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planck einstein relation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planck einstein relation to the
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+um so the higher the frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the higher the frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the higher the frequency the
+higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the
+the higher the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the um
+the energy higher the frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy higher the frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy higher the frequency the
+higher the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the energy
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um here in this picture you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here in this picture you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here in this picture you can see the
+effect of the doppler effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the doppler effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the doppler effect
+where when you have a moving source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when you have a moving source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when you have a moving source
+um the observer sees the waveline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the observer sees the waveline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the observer sees the waveline
+modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+objects which move towards us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects which move towards us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects which move towards us
+are blue shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are blue shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are blue shifted
+starting from white light or green light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from white light or green light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from white light or green light
+in this example and objects which move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example and objects which move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example and objects which move
+away from us are shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from us are shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from us are shifted
+the effect can be used for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect can be used for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect can be used for example in
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+speed measurements of cast they can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed measurements of cast they can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed measurements of cast they can also
+use in order to measure speed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in order to measure speed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in order to measure speed or
+distances of stars moving away from us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances of stars moving away from us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances of stars moving away from us
+and so that defines then the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that defines then the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that defines then the concept of
+redshift which is simply the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redshift which is simply the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redshift which is simply the ratio of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the difference in wavelengths divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in wavelengths divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in wavelengths divided by
+the wavelength of as observed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of as observed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of as observed by the
+observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer
+so here there's two concept questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here there's two concept questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here there's two concept questions
+the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is
+is the wave equation which you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wave equation which you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wave equation which you can see
+there as an example invariant on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as an example invariant on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as an example invariant on the
+lawrence transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawrence transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawrence transformation
+and the second question is how about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second question is how about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second question is how about the
+solutions are the solutions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are the solutions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are the solutions to the
+weight equation environment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight equation environment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight equation environment and the
+learner's transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner's transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner's transformation
+so have you worked this out again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have you worked this out again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have you worked this out again
+and the answers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and no
+the wave equation is invariant the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave equation is invariant the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave equation is invariant the wave
+equation describes the physics it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation describes the physics it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation describes the physics it gives
+explains how electric magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains how electric magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains how electric magnetic fields
+change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and
+the laws of physics need to be invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws of physics need to be invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws of physics need to be invariant
+in the learn's transformation otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the learn's transformation otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the learn's transformation otherwise
+they will not be valid we will violate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not be valid we will violate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not be valid we will violate
+the poster that we just made that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poster that we just made that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poster that we just made that all
+reference frame are equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame are equal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame are equal to each other
+however the solutions of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the solutions of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the solutions of the wave
+equation the light itself is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the light itself is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the light itself is not
+invariant under lawrence transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant under lawrence transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant under lawrence transformation
+we've just discussed redshift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just discussed redshift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just discussed redshift and
+blueshift which means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueshift which means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueshift which means that the
+wavelength and frequency of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and frequency of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and frequency of light
+changes with respect to the observer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with respect to the observer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with respect to the observer or
+for each observer so solutions light are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each observer so solutions light are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each observer so solutions light are
+not environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we went a little bit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we went a little bit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we went a little bit into
+particle physics and i have to apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics and i have to apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics and i have to apologize
+for my own preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my own preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my own preference
+but elementary particles as i have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but elementary particles as i have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but elementary particles as i have been
+produced or observed are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced or observed are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced or observed are typically
+moving at rather large velocity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at rather large velocity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at rather large velocity so
+they're very good examples to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very good examples to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very good examples to study
+effects of special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of special relativity
+we looked at energy the total energy m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at energy the total energy m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at energy the total energy m
+naught gamma c square uh which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught gamma c square uh which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught gamma c square uh which is also
+can be expressed as the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expressed as the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expressed as the energy of the
+rest the rest energy of the particle m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest the rest energy of the particle m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest the rest energy of the particle m
+naught c square plus the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught c square plus the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught c square plus the kinetic energy
+and we looked at the total energy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we looked at the total energy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we looked at the total energy as
+being invariant one of those invariants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being invariant one of those invariants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being invariant one of those invariants
+as equal to the total momenta squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equal to the total momenta squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equal to the total momenta squared
+the total energy squared is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy squared is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy squared is equal to the
+total momentum square times c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total momentum square times c squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total momentum square times c squared
+plus the mass the rest mass square times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the mass the rest mass square times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the mass the rest mass square times
+c to the fourth power and then we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c to the fourth power and then we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c to the fourth power and then we went
+through a larger number of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a larger number of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a larger number of examples
+from accelerating electrons to composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from accelerating electrons to composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from accelerating electrons to composite
+particles we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we talked about
+deuteron photon absorption and admission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuteron photon absorption and admission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuteron photon absorption and admission
+the creation of particle the creation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of particle the creation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of particle the creation of
+anti-particles and the scattering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-particles and the scattering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-particles and the scattering of
+particles so here yet another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so here yet another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so here yet another example
+oops without the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in 1995
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1995
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1995
+at fermilab the proton anti-proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fermilab the proton anti-proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fermilab the proton anti-proton
+collider the tabertron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collider the tabertron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collider the tabertron
+top quarks that is covered and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top quarks that is covered and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top quarks that is covered and we
+measured the top cork mass to 175 gb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the top cork mass to 175 gb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the top cork mass to 175 gb
+um the center of mass energy at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the center of mass energy at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the center of mass energy at the
+temperature was 1.8 and later almost two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was 1.8 and later almost two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was 1.8 and later almost two
+tera electron volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tera electron volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tera electron volt
+and clearly sufficient for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly sufficient for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly sufficient for the
+production of top and rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of top and rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of top and rd
+but what is the minimal energy in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the minimal energy in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the minimal energy in order
+for this process to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this process to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this process to occur
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+we went through a number of examples um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through a number of examples um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through a number of examples um
+the minimal energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimal energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimal energy so
+if we work this out again the minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we work this out again the minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we work this out again the minimal
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+derived or extracted in the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived or extracted in the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived or extracted in the center of
+mass frame where the top and anti-top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass frame where the top and anti-top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass frame where the top and anti-top
+are produced at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are produced at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are produced at rest
+and if you do this in this example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do this in this example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do this in this example the
+proton in this collider experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton in this collider experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton in this collider experiment
+the experiment is already conducted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment is already conducted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment is already conducted in
+the center of mass so the mineral energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass so the mineral energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass so the mineral energy
+is simply 2 times the top mass times c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply 2 times the top mass times c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply 2 times the top mass times c
+square or 2 times gamma times the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square or 2 times gamma times the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square or 2 times gamma times the mass
+of the proton times c square which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton times c square which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton times c square which gives
+you a gamma factor of 175
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a gamma factor of 175
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a gamma factor of 175
+but the likelihood to actually observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the likelihood to actually observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the likelihood to actually observe
+anti the top cork and the anti-top cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti the top cork and the anti-top cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti the top cork and the anti-top cork
+and that energy 175 geb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that energy 175 geb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that energy 175 geb
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+proton or anti-potent energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton or anti-potent energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton or anti-potent energy
+is uh is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is rather
+zero and the reason for this is has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the reason for this is has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the reason for this is has to
+do with the structure of the proton the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the structure of the proton the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the structure of the proton the
+actual interaction between the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual interaction between the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual interaction between the proton
+and the anti-proton is such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the anti-proton is such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the anti-proton is such that the
+quarks inside the quarks and antiquarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks inside the quarks and antiquarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks inside the quarks and antiquarks
+inside the protons and also the gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the protons and also the gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the protons and also the gluons
+interact and they only carry a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and they only carry a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and they only carry a fraction
+of the momentum and the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum and the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum and the energy of the
+proton and hence this minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and hence this minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and hence this minimal
+calculation is insufficient to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is insufficient to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is insufficient to get a
+sufficient cross-section likelihood for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient cross-section likelihood for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient cross-section likelihood for
+top quarks and anti-blocks to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top quarks and anti-blocks to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top quarks and anti-blocks to be
+produced but that is particle physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced but that is particle physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced but that is particle physics
+and goes beyond the scope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes beyond the scope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes beyond the scope of this
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+one last point which leads sometimes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last point which leads sometimes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last point which leads sometimes to
+confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion
+is the concept of conserved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the concept of conserved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the concept of conserved and
+invariant properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant properties
+so if you look at the meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the meaning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the meaning of the
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+invariant means never changing and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant means never changing and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant means never changing and in
+the concept of special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of special relativity
+properties are invariant when they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are invariant when they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are invariant when they do
+not change under lawrence transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change under lawrence transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change under lawrence transformation
+or galilean transformation as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or galilean transformation as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or galilean transformation as we
+discussed earlier in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0mGd0JUmgm8.txt b/0mGd0JUmgm8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..743915a4cb7665635b052f120156fef964e69580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0mGd0JUmgm8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this week we will examine some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we will examine some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we will examine some more
+advanced topics in the application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced topics in the application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced topics in the application of
+Newton's laws of motion first we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws of motion first we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws of motion first we will
+look at more examples of constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at more examples of constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at more examples of constrained
+motion where the motion is forced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion where the motion is forced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion where the motion is forced to
+obey some particular condition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey some particular condition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey some particular condition in
+addition to Newton's laws of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to Newton's laws of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to Newton's laws of motion
+these conditions usually specifies some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions usually specifies some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions usually specifies some
+particular relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular relationship between
+coordinates of objects in the system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of objects in the system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of objects in the system we
+are studying specifically we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying specifically we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying specifically we will
+reexamine the case of objects suspended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reexamine the case of objects suspended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reexamine the case of objects suspended
+with pulleys and ropes but with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pulleys and ropes but with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pulleys and ropes but with more
+complex systems that we have discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems that we have discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems that we have discussed
+previously the fact that the ropes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously the fact that the ropes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously the fact that the ropes have
+fixed length will provide a constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed length will provide a constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed length will provide a constraint
+condition relating the coordinates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition relating the coordinates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition relating the coordinates of
+our various masses second we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our various masses second we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our various masses second we will
+examine the case of forces acting on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the case of forces acting on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the case of forces acting on a
+continuous extended mass distribution as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous extended mass distribution as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous extended mass distribution as
+opposed to acting on discrete point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to acting on discrete point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to acting on discrete point
+masses this will allow us to introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses this will allow us to introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses this will allow us to introduce a
+powerful differential analysis technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful differential analysis technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful differential analysis technique
+from calculus where we model continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from calculus where we model continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from calculus where we model continuous
+mass distributions as made up of lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass distributions as made up of lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass distributions as made up of lots of
+small discrete mass elements and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small discrete mass elements and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small discrete mass elements and then
+examine the limiting case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the limiting case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the limiting case of
+infinitesimally small elements to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimally small elements to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimally small elements to obtain
+the continuous behavior this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous behavior this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous behavior this is a
+technique that you will see applied over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that you will see applied over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that you will see applied over
+and over again in physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again in physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again in physics and
+engineering and in fact we will return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and in fact we will return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and in fact we will return
+to it again later in this course our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it again later in this course our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it again later in this course our
+specific example will be to study how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example will be to study how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example will be to study how
+tension varies in a long massive rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension varies in a long massive rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension varies in a long massive rope
+this is in contrast to the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in contrast to the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in contrast to the light
+effectively massless rope still we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively massless rope still we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively massless rope still we
+discussed previously finally we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed previously finally we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed previously finally we will
+discuss velocity dependent forces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss velocity dependent forces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss velocity dependent forces that
+is forces whose strength depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forces whose strength depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forces whose strength depends on the
+velocity or some function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity or some function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity or some function of the
+velocity of the mass being acted on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the mass being acted on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the mass being acted on the
+most common example of this is resistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common example of this is resistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common example of this is resistive
+forces or drag forces which are caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces or drag forces which are caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces or drag forces which are caused
+by motion of a solid object through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by motion of a solid object through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by motion of a solid object through a
+fluid like air or water that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid like air or water that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid like air or water that is the
+example we will discuss this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we will discuss this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we will discuss this week
+another example you may be aware of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example you may be aware of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example you may be aware of is
+the magnetic force that acts on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic force that acts on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic force that acts on a
+charged particle which depends upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle which depends upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle which depends upon the
+velocity of the charged particle in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the charged particle in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the charged particle in all
+three of these cases we will simply be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these cases we will simply be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these cases we will simply be
+applying Newton's three laws of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying Newton's three laws of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying Newton's three laws of motion
+but the situation's will require a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the situation's will require a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the situation's will require a more
+sophisticated treatment than what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated treatment than what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated treatment than what has
+gone before
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0w_4QcvBYII.txt b/0w_4QcvBYII.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9e1f708fac9292fdc96735de8a07f9698c09d51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0w_4QcvBYII.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can finally go ahead and introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can finally go ahead and introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can finally go ahead and introduce
+the basic elements of the Bayesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic elements of the Bayesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic elements of the Bayesian
+inference framework there is an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference framework there is an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference framework there is an unknown
+quantity which we treat as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which we treat as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which we treat as a random
+variable and this is what's special and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and this is what's special and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and this is what's special and
+why we call this the Bayesian inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we call this the Bayesian inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we call this the Bayesian inference
+framework this is in contrast to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework this is in contrast to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework this is in contrast to other
+frameworks in which the unknown quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frameworks in which the unknown quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frameworks in which the unknown quantity
+theta is just treated as an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is just treated as an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is just treated as an unknown
+constant but here we treat it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but here we treat it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but here we treat it as a
+random variable and as such it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and as such it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and as such it has a
+distribution this is the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is the prior
+distribution this is what we believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is what we believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is what we believe
+about theta before we obtain any data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about theta before we obtain any data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about theta before we obtain any data
+and then we obtain some data which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we obtain some data which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we obtain some data which are
+some observation that observation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some observation that observation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some observation that observation is a
+random variable but when the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable but when the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable but when the process
+gets realized we observe an actual value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets realized we observe an actual value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets realized we observe an actual value
+numerical value of this random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value of this random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value of this random variable
+the observation process is modeled again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation process is modeled again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation process is modeled again
+in terms of a probabilistic model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a probabilistic model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a probabilistic model we
+specify the distribution of X but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the distribution of X but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the distribution of X but we
+actually specify the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually specify the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually specify the conditional
+distribution of X we say how X will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of X we say how X will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of X we say how X will
+behave if theta happens to take on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave if theta happens to take on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave if theta happens to take on a
+specific value these two pieces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific value these two pieces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific value these two pieces the
+prior and the model of the observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior and the model of the observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior and the model of the observations
+are the two components of the model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two components of the model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two components of the model that
+we will be working with once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be working with once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be working with once we have
+obtained a specific value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained a specific value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained a specific value for the
+observations then we can use the Bayes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations then we can use the Bayes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations then we can use the Bayes
+rule to calculate the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to calculate the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to calculate the conditional
+distribution of theta either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of theta either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of theta either a
+conditional pmf if theta is discrete or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional pmf if theta is discrete or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional pmf if theta is discrete or
+a conditional PDF if theta is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conditional PDF if theta is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conditional PDF if theta is continuous
+and this will be a complete solution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be a complete solution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be a complete solution in
+some sense of the Bayesian inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of the Bayesian inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of the Bayesian inference
+problem there is one philosophical issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there is one philosophical issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there is one philosophical issue
+about this framework which is where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this framework which is where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this framework which is where does
+this prior distribution come from how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prior distribution come from how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prior distribution come from how do
+we choose it sometimes we can choose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose it sometimes we can choose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose it sometimes we can choose it
+using a symmetry argument if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a symmetry argument if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a symmetry argument if there is a
+number of possible choices for theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible choices for theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible choices for theta and
+there's reason to believe that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's reason to believe that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's reason to believe that they're
+all equally likely we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equally likely we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equally likely we have no
+to believe that one is more likely than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe that one is more likely than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe that one is more likely than
+the other then the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other then the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other then the symmetry
+consideration gives us a uniform prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration gives us a uniform prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration gives us a uniform prior
+we definitely take into account an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we definitely take into account an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we definitely take into account an
+information we have about the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we have about the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we have about the range of
+the parameter theta so we use that range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter theta so we use that range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter theta so we use that range
+and we assign zero prior probability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we assign zero prior probability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we assign zero prior probability for
+values of theta outside the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta outside the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta outside the range
+sometimes we have some knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we have some knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we have some knowledge about
+theta from previous studies of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta from previous studies of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta from previous studies of a certain
+problem that tell us a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that tell us a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that tell us a little bit about
+what theta might be and then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theta might be and then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theta might be and then when we
+obtain new observations we refine those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain new observations we refine those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain new observations we refine those
+results that were obtained from previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that were obtained from previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that were obtained from previous
+studies by applying the Bayes rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies by applying the Bayes rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies by applying the Bayes rule and
+in some cases finally the choice could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases finally the choice could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases finally the choice could
+be arbitrary or subjective just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arbitrary or subjective just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arbitrary or subjective just
+reflecting our beliefs about theta some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting our beliefs about theta some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting our beliefs about theta some
+plausible judgment about the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible judgment about the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible judgment about the relative
+likelihoods of different choices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihoods of different choices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihoods of different choices of
+theta now as we just discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta now as we just discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta now as we just discussed the
+complete solution or a complete answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete solution or a complete answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete solution or a complete answer
+to a Bayesian inference problem is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Bayesian inference problem is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Bayesian inference problem is just
+a specification of the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specification of the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specification of the posterior
+distribution of theta given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of theta given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of theta given the
+particular observation that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular observation that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular observation that we have
+obtained pictorially if theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained pictorially if theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained pictorially if theta is
+discrete a complete answer might be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete a complete answer might be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete a complete answer might be in
+the form of such a diagram that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of such a diagram that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of such a diagram that tells us
+that certain values of theta are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certain values of theta are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certain values of theta are
+possible with certain probabilities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible with certain probabilities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible with certain probabilities or
+if theta is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if theta is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if theta is continuous
+a complete solution might be in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete solution might be in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete solution might be in the form
+of a conditional PDF that again tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a conditional PDF that again tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a conditional PDF that again tells us
+the conditional distribution of theta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional distribution of theta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional distribution of theta to
+appreciate the idea here consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the idea here consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the idea here consider the
+problem of guessing the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of guessing the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of guessing the number of
+electoral votes that a candidate gets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electoral votes that a candidate gets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electoral votes that a candidate gets in
+the presidential election the electoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presidential election the electoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presidential election the electoral
+votes are a certain votes that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes are a certain votes that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes are a certain votes that the
+candidate gets from each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate gets from each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate gets from each one of the
+states in the United States and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in the United States and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in the United States and there's
+a certain number that the candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number that the candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number that the candidate
+needs to get in order to be elected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to get in order to be elected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to get in order to be elected
+president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president
+one possible prediction could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possible prediction could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possible prediction could be a
+statement that I predict that candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that I predict that candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that I predict that candidate
+a will win but actually a more complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a will win but actually a more complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a will win but actually a more complete
+presentation of the results of a poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of the results of a poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of the results of a poll
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+be a diagram of this kind which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a diagram of this kind which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a diagram of this kind which is
+essentially a PMF here a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a PMF here a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a PMF here a particular
+pollster collected all the data and gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollster collected all the data and gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollster collected all the data and gave
+the posterior probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior probability distribution
+for the different possible numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the different possible numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the different possible numbers of
+electoral votes and this diagram is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electoral votes and this diagram is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electoral votes and this diagram is a
+lot more informative than a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more informative than a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more informative than a simple
+statement that we expect a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that we expect a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that we expect a certain
+candidate to get more than the required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate to get more than the required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate to get more than the required
+electoral votes so what is next as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electoral votes so what is next as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electoral votes so what is next as we
+just discussed the complete solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discussed the complete solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discussed the complete solution is
+in terms of a posterior distribution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a posterior distribution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a posterior distribution but
+sometimes you may want to summarize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you may want to summarize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you may want to summarize this
+posterior distribution in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution in a single
+number or a single estimate and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or a single estimate and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or a single estimate and this
+could be a further stage of processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a further stage of processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a further stage of processing
+of the results so let us talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the results so let us talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the results so let us talk about this
+once you have in your hands the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have in your hands the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have in your hands the
+posterior distribution of theta either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution of theta either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution of theta either
+in a discrete or in a continuous setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a discrete or in a continuous setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a discrete or in a continuous setting
+and if you are asked to provide a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you are asked to provide a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you are asked to provide a single
+guess about what theta is how might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess about what theta is how might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess about what theta is how might you
+proceed in the discrete case you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in the discrete case you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in the discrete case you could
+argue as follows these values of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue as follows these values of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue as follows these values of theta
+all have some chance of occurring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have some chance of occurring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have some chance of occurring this
+value of theta is the one which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta is the one which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta is the one which is the
+most likely so I'm going to report this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely so I'm going to report this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely so I'm going to report this
+value as my best guess of what theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value as my best guess of what theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value as my best guess of what theta is
+and using a similar philosophy you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using a similar philosophy you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using a similar philosophy you could
+look at the continuous case and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the continuous case and find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the continuous case and find the
+value of theta that which the PDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta that which the PDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta that which the PDF is
+largest and report that particular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest and report that particular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest and report that particular value
+this particular way of estimating theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular way of estimating theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular way of estimating theta
+is called the maximum a posteriori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the maximum a posteriori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the maximum a posteriori
+probability rule we already have in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability rule we already have in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability rule we already have in our
+hands a specific value of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands a specific value of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands a specific value of x and
+therefore we have determined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have determined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have determined the
+conditional distribution for theta what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution for theta what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution for theta what
+we then do is to find the value of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then do is to find the value of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then do is to find the value of theta
+that maximizes over all possible Thetas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maximizes over all possible Thetas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maximizes over all possible Thetas
+the conditional PMF of this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PMF of this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PMF of this random
+variable capital theta and similarly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital theta and similarly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital theta and similarly in
+the continuous case it's the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous case it's the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous case it's the value of
+theta that maximizes the conditional PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that maximizes the conditional PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that maximizes the conditional PDF
+random variable theta this is one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable theta this is one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable theta this is one way of
+coming up with an estimate one can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with an estimate one can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with an estimate one can think
+of other ways for example I might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other ways for example I might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other ways for example I might want
+to report instead the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report instead the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report instead the mean of the
+conditional distribution which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution which in this
+diagram might be somewhere here and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram might be somewhere here and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram might be somewhere here and in
+this picture it might be somewhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture it might be somewhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture it might be somewhere here
+this way of estimating theta is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way of estimating theta is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way of estimating theta is the
+conditional expectation estimator it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation estimator it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation estimator it
+just reports the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reports the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reports the value of the
+conditional expectation the mean of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation the mean of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation the mean of this
+conditional distribution it is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution it is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution it is called
+the least mean squares estimator because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least mean squares estimator because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least mean squares estimator because
+it has a certain useful and important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a certain useful and important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a certain useful and important
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+it's the estimator that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the estimator that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the estimator that gives you the
+smallest mean squared error we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest mean squared error we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest mean squared error we will
+discuss this particular issue in much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this particular issue in much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this particular issue in much
+more depth a little later now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depth a little later now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depth a little later now let me
+make two comments about terminology what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two comments about terminology what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two comments about terminology what
+we have produced here is an estimate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have produced here is an estimate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have produced here is an estimate I
+gave you the conditional PDF or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you the conditional PDF or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you the conditional PDF or
+conditional pmf and you tell me a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional pmf and you tell me a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional pmf and you tell me a number
+this number the estimate is obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number the estimate is obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number the estimate is obtained by
+starting with the data doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the data doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the data doing some
+processing to the data and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing to the data and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing to the data and eventually
+coming up with a numerical value now G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with a numerical value now G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with a numerical value now G
+is the way that we process the data it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way that we process the data it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way that we process the data it's
+a certain rule now if we know the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain rule now if we know the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain rule now if we know the value
+of the data we know what the estimate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data we know what the estimate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data we know what the estimate is
+going to be but if I do not tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be but if I do not tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be but if I do not tell you the
+value of the data and you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the data and you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the data and you look at the
+situation more abstractly then the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation more abstractly then the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation more abstractly then the only
+thing you can tell me is that I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can tell me is that I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can tell me is that I will be
+seeing a random variable capital X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a random variable capital X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a random variable capital X I
+will do some processing to it and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do some processing to it and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do some processing to it and then I
+will obtain a certain quantity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will obtain a certain quantity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will obtain a certain quantity because
+capital X is random the quantity that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital X is random the quantity that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital X is random the quantity that I
+will obtain will also be random it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will obtain will also be random it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will obtain will also be random it's a
+random variable this random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable this random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable this random variable
+capital theta hat we call it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital theta hat we call it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital theta hat we call it an
+estimator sometimes we might also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator sometimes we might also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator sometimes we might also use
+the term estimator to the function G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term estimator to the function G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term estimator to the function G
+which is the way that we process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the way that we process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the way that we process the
+data in any case it's important to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in any case it's important to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in any case it's important to keep
+this distinction in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distinction in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distinction in mind
+the estimator is the rule that we use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator is the rule that we use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator is the rule that we use to
+process the data and it is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the data and it is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the data and it is equivalent to
+a certain random variable an estimate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain random variable an estimate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain random variable an estimate is
+the specific numerical value that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific numerical value that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific numerical value that we get
+when the data take a specific numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the data take a specific numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the data take a specific numerical
+value so if little X is the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so if little X is the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so if little X is the numerical
+value of capital X in that case little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of capital X in that case little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of capital X in that case little
+theta hard is the numerical value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hard is the numerical value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hard is the numerical value of the
+estimator capital theta hat so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator capital theta hat so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator capital theta hat so at this
+point we have a complete conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we have a complete conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we have a complete conceptual
+framework we know abstractly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework we know abstractly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework we know abstractly speaking
+what it takes to calculate conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it takes to calculate conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it takes to calculate conditional
+distributions and we have two specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and we have two specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and we have two specific
+estimators at hand all that's left for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators at hand all that's left for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators at hand all that's left for
+us to do now is to consider various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do now is to consider various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do now is to consider various
+examples in which we can discuss what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in which we can discuss what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in which we can discuss what it
+takes to go through these various steps
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0xuRh3dz_Nc.txt b/0xuRh3dz_Nc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3eaa45659204111cdec15347861e97a84cb57c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0xuRh3dz_Nc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we will discuss a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we will discuss a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we will discuss a little
+bit the Union bound and then discuss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the Union bound and then discuss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the Union bound and then discuss a
+counterpart which is known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart which is known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart which is known as the
+bonferroni inequality let us start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonferroni inequality let us start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonferroni inequality let us start with
+a story suppose that we have a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story suppose that we have a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story suppose that we have a number of
+students in some class and we have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in some class and we have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in some class and we have a set
+of students that are smart let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students that are smart let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students that are smart let's call
+that set a one so this is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set a one so this is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set a one so this is the set of
+smart students and we have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart students and we have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart students and we have a set of
+students that are beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that are beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that are beautiful
+and let's call that set a two so a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call that set a two so a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call that set a two so a two
+is the set of beautiful students if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of beautiful students if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of beautiful students if I
+tell you that the set of smart students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that the set of smart students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that the set of smart students
+is small and the set of beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small and the set of beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small and the set of beautiful
+students are small then you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are small then you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are small then you can probably
+conclude that there are very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that there are very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that there are very few
+students that are either smart or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that are either smart or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that are either smart or
+beautiful what does this have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful what does this have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful what does this have to do with
+probability well when we say very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability well when we say very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability well when we say very few
+are smart we might mean that if I pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are smart we might mean that if I pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are smart we might mean that if I pick a
+student at random there's only a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student at random there's only a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student at random there's only a small
+probability that they pick a smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that they pick a smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that they pick a smart
+student and similarly for beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and similarly for beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and similarly for beautiful
+students can we make this statement more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can we make this statement more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can we make this statement more
+precise indeed we can we have the Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise indeed we can we have the Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise indeed we can we have the Union
+bound that tells us that the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that tells us that the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that tells us that the probability
+that I pick a student that is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I pick a student that is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I pick a student that is either
+smart or beautiful is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart or beautiful is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart or beautiful is less than or equal
+to the probability of picking a smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability of picking a smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability of picking a smart
+student plus the probability of picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student plus the probability of picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student plus the probability of picking
+a beautiful student so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful student so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful student so if this
+probability is small and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is small and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is small and that
+probability is small then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is small then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is small then this
+probability will also be small which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability will also be small which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability will also be small which
+means that there is only a small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there is only a small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there is only a small number
+of students that are either smart or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students that are either smart or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students that are either smart or
+beautiful now let us try to turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful now let us try to turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful now let us try to turn this
+statement around its head suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement around its head suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement around its head suppose that
+most of the students are smart and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the students are smart and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the students are smart and most
+of the students are beautiful so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the students are beautiful so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the students are beautiful so in this
+case I'm telling you that this sets a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm telling you that this sets a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm telling you that this sets a 1
+and a 2 are big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 2 are big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 2 are big
+now if the set a1 is big then it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the set a1 is big then it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the set a1 is big then it means
+that this set here the complement of a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this set here the complement of a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this set here the complement of a1
+is a small set and if I tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a small set and if I tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a small set and if I tell you that
+the set a2 is big then it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set a2 is big then it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set a2 is big then it means that
+this set here which is a complement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set here which is a complement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set here which is a complement of
+a2 is also small so everything outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 is also small so everything outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 is also small so everything outside
+here is a small set which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a small set which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a small set which means that
+whatever is left which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is left which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is left which is the
+intersection of a1 and a2 should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of a1 and a2 should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of a1 and a2 should be a
+big set so we should be able to conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big set so we should be able to conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big set so we should be able to conclude
+that in this case most of the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case most of the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case most of the students
+belong to the intersection so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the intersection so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the intersection so they're
+both smart and beautiful how can we turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both smart and beautiful how can we turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both smart and beautiful how can we turn
+this into a mathematical statement it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into a mathematical statement it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into a mathematical statement it's
+the following inequality that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following inequality that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following inequality that we will
+prove shortly but what it says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove shortly but what it says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove shortly but what it says is that
+the probability of the intersection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the intersection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the intersection is
+larger than or equal to something and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than or equal to something and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than or equal to something and if
+this probability is close to 1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability is close to 1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability is close to 1 which
+says that most of the students are smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that most of the students are smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that most of the students are smart
+and this probability is close to 1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this probability is close to 1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this probability is close to 1 which
+says that more students are beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that more students are beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that more students are beautiful
+then this difference here is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this difference here is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this difference here is going to be
+close to 1 plus 1 minus 1 which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 1 plus 1 minus 1 which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 1 plus 1 minus 1 which is 1
+therefore the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the probability of the
+intersection is going to be larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is going to be larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is going to be larger than
+or equal to some number that's close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to some number that's close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to some number that's close to
+1 so this one will also be close to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so this one will also be close to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so this one will also be close to 1
+which is the conclusion that indeed most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the conclusion that indeed most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the conclusion that indeed most
+students fall in this intersection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students fall in this intersection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students fall in this intersection and
+they're both smart and beautiful so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both smart and beautiful so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both smart and beautiful so what
+we will do next will be to derive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do next will be to derive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do next will be to derive this
+inequality and actually generalize it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and actually generalize it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and actually generalize it so
+here is the relation that we wish to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the relation that we wish to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the relation that we wish to
+establish we want to show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish we want to show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish we want to show that the
+probability of a certain event is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a certain event is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a certain event is bigger
+than something how do we show that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than something how do we show that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than something how do we show that one
+way is to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is to show that
+the probability of the complement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the complement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the complement of
+this event namely this event here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event namely this event here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event namely this event here we
+want to show that this event has small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that this event has small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that this event has small
+probability now what is this event here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability now what is this event here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability now what is this event here
+we can use the Morgan's laws which tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the Morgan's laws which tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the Morgan's laws which tell
+us that this event is the same as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that this event is the same as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that this event is the same as this
+one that is the complement of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is the complement of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is the complement of an
+intersection is the union of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is the union of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is the union of the
+complements since these two sets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements since these two sets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements since these two sets or
+events are identical it means that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events are identical it means that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events are identical it means that their
+probabilities will also be equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities will also be equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities will also be equal and
+next we will use the Union bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we will use the Union bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we will use the Union bound to
+write this probability as being less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this probability as being less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this probability as being less
+than or equal to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the sum of the
+probabilities of the two events whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the two events whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the two events whose
+Union we are taking now we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union we are taking now we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union we are taking now we're getting
+close except that here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close except that here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close except that here we have
+complements all over whereas up here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements all over whereas up here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements all over whereas up here we
+do not have any complements what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have any complements what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have any complements what can we
+do well the probability of a complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well the probability of a complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well the probability of a complement
+of an event is the same as one minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an event is the same as one minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an event is the same as one minus the
+probability of that event and we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that event and we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that event and we do the
+same thing for the terms that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for the terms that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for the terms that we have
+here this probability here is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this probability here is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this probability here is equal to
+one minus the probability of a1 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the probability of a1 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the probability of a1 and this
+probability here is equal to one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here is equal to one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here is equal to one minus
+the probability of a2 and now if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a2 and now if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a2 and now if we take
+this inequality cancel this term with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality cancel this term with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality cancel this term with
+that term and then move terms around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term and then move terms around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term and then move terms around
+what we have exactly is exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have exactly is exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have exactly is exactly this
+relation that we wanted to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that we wanted to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that we wanted to prove it
+turns out that this inequality has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this inequality has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this inequality has a
+generalization to the case where we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization to the case where we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization to the case where we take
+the intersection of n events and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of n events and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of n events and this
+has again the same intuitive content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has again the same intuitive content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has again the same intuitive content
+suppose that each one of these events a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that each one of these events a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that each one of these events a
+1 up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 up to a
+is almost certain to occur that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost certain to occur that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost certain to occur that is it
+has a probability close to 1 in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a probability close to 1 in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a probability close to 1 in that
+case this term will be close to n we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this term will be close to n we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this term will be close to n we
+subtract n minus 1 so this term on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract n minus 1 so this term on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract n minus 1 so this term on the
+right hand side will be close to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side will be close to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side will be close to 1
+therefore the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the probability of the
+intersection will be larger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection will be larger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection will be larger than or
+equal to something that's close to 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something that's close to 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something that's close to 1 so
+this is big essentially what it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is big essentially what it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is big essentially what it's saying
+is that we have big sets and we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have big sets and we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have big sets and we take
+their intersection then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their intersection then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their intersection then that
+intersection will also be big in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection will also be big in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection will also be big in terms
+of having large probability how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having large probability how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having large probability how do we
+prove this relation exactly the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this relation exactly the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this relation exactly the same way
+as it was proved for the case of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it was proved for the case of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it was proved for the case of two
+sets namely instead of looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets namely instead of looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets namely instead of looking at this
+event we look at the complement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event we look at the complement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event we look at the complement of this
+event and we use the Morgan's laws to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and we use the Morgan's laws to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and we use the Morgan's laws to
+write this complement as the union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this complement as the union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this complement as the union of
+the complements these two are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complements these two are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complements these two are the same
+sets or events so they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or events so they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or events so they have the same
+probability and then we use the Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and then we use the Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and then we use the Union
+bound to write this as being less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to write this as being less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to write this as being less than
+or equal to the probabilities of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the probabilities of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the probabilities of all
+those sets now this is equal to 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sets now this is equal to 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sets now this is equal to 1 minus
+the probability of the intersection this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the intersection this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the intersection this
+side here is equal to 1 minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side here is equal to 1 minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side here is equal to 1 minus the
+probability of a1 this is one term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a1 this is one term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a1 this is one term we
+get n such terms the last one being 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n such terms the last one being 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n such terms the last one being 1
+minus the probability of a n and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the probability of a n and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the probability of a n and we
+still have an inequality going this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have an inequality going this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have an inequality going this way
+we collect those ones that we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collect those ones that we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collect those ones that we have here
+there's n of them and 1 here so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's n of them and 1 here so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's n of them and 1 here so we're
+left with n minus 1 terms that are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with n minus 1 terms that are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with n minus 1 terms that are equal
+to 1 and this gives rise to this term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and this gives rise to this term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and this gives rise to this term we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+all the probabilities of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the probabilities of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the probabilities of the various
+events that appear with the same sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that appear with the same sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that appear with the same sign
+this gives rise to this term and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives rise to this term and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives rise to this term and finally
+this term here will correspond to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here will correspond to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here will correspond to that
+term namely if we start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term namely if we start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term namely if we start with this
+inequality and just rearrange a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and just rearrange a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and just rearrange a few
+terms we obtain this inequality up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we obtain this inequality up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we obtain this inequality up here
+so these bonferroni inequalities are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these bonferroni inequalities are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these bonferroni inequalities are a
+nice illustration of how one can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice illustration of how one can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice illustration of how one can combine
+the Morgan law set theoretic operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Morgan law set theoretic operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Morgan law set theoretic operations
+and the Union bound in order to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Union bound in order to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Union bound in order to obtain
+some interesting relations between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting relations between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting relations between
+probabilities
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1p81Mb69f8E.txt b/1p81Mb69f8E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3d799bfa9b7788cfd8a37b9167904951d0ec521
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1p81Mb69f8E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu So today we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu So today we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu So today we're doing
+charcoal making and we'll talk a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal making and we'll talk a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal making and we'll talk a bunch
+about charcoal making on Friday but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about charcoal making on Friday but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about charcoal making on Friday but
+hopefully you read the directions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you read the directions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you read the directions for
+making it so you're at least a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it so you're at least a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it so you're at least a little
+familiar um and so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar um and so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar um and so one of the things
+that's complicated in tural making is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's complicated in tural making is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's complicated in tural making is
+the order of operations because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of operations because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of operations because there's
+steps that you need to do to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that you need to do to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that you need to do to make
+briquettes that if you want to be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes that if you want to be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes that if you want to be most
+conservative with your um energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative with your um energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative with your um energy you
+need to do while you're doing the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do while you're doing the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do while you're doing the next
+carbonization burn and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonization burn and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonization burn and this is something
+to keep in mind if you are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind if you are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind if you are making
+charcoal in Nicaragua like if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal in Nicaragua like if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal in Nicaragua like if you were
+doing a demo you need to have charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a demo you need to have charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a demo you need to have charcoal
+to make briquettes and you also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make briquettes and you also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make briquettes and you also need to
+be able to um do a burn so you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to um do a burn so you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to um do a burn so you actually
+need to have done a burn ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have done a burn ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have done a burn ahead of time
+in order to make the uh briquettes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make the uh briquettes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make the uh briquettes with
+PE people as well as doing the charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE people as well as doing the charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE people as well as doing the charcoal
+burn um because it's a two-step process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn um because it's a two-step process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn um because it's a two-step process
+one is lighting your raw material on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is lighting your raw material on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is lighting your raw material on
+fire and making it into um charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire and making it into um charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire and making it into um charcoal
+fines and then the other step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fines and then the other step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fines and then the other step is
+crushing the charcoal and mixing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing the charcoal and mixing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing the charcoal and mixing with a
+binder and making it into braaps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binder and making it into braaps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binder and making it into braaps but
+some of those processes can be parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those processes can be parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those processes can be parallel
+um so the first thing that we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first thing that we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first thing that we actually
+need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is
+prepare um the cassava
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare um the cassava
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare um the cassava
+for which is our binder which is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which is our binder which is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which is our binder which is used to
+keep the pettes together so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the pettes together so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the pettes together so this is what
+casawa looks like it's also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casawa looks like it's also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casawa looks like it's also known as
+yoka or manok I think in Nicaragua it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yoka or manok I think in Nicaragua it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yoka or manok I think in Nicaragua it's
+mostly known as Yuka Yuka Yuka thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly known as Yuka Yuka Yuka thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly known as Yuka Yuka Yuka thank you
+um so this is what you look for it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is what you look for it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is what you look for it's
+generally not waxed when you buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not waxed when you buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not waxed when you buy it
+outside the United States but other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the United States but other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the United States but other than
+that it looks exactly like this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks exactly like this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks exactly like this it's
+sort of like a sweet potato in that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like a sweet potato in that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like a sweet potato in that like
+it comes much skinnier and shorter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes much skinnier and shorter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes much skinnier and shorter than
+this and it comes like much bigger too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it comes like much bigger too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it comes like much bigger too
+so you can find it in all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can find it in all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can find it in all sort of
+varieties it doesn't really matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties it doesn't really matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties it doesn't really matter what
+you use like bigger diameter is nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use like bigger diameter is nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use like bigger diameter is nicer
+because you have more meat to skin ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have more meat to skin ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have more meat to skin ratio
+and you have to PE the skin other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to PE the skin other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to PE the skin other than
+that it doesn't matter what you get but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't matter what you get but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't matter what you get but
+you should be able to get it at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to get it at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to get it at any
+supermarket in Nicaragua um and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket in Nicaragua um and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket in Nicaragua um and smaller
+markets sometimes depending um so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets sometimes depending um so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets sometimes depending um so if you
+guys wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys wanted to
+start grading this and the peeling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start grading this and the peeling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start grading this and the peeling it
+and then grading it the peels can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then grading it the peels can go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then grading it the peels can go in
+this bag and then the graded stuff can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bag and then the graded stuff can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bag and then the graded stuff can
+go in this thing um if you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in this thing um if you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in this thing um if you don't have a
+grater with you which you may not a SP a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grater with you which you may not a SP a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grater with you which you may not a SP a
+a spoon works really well um a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spoon works really well um a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spoon works really well um a great
+it's not as nice as a peeler but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as nice as a peeler but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as nice as a peeler but you can
+use it to peel and you can find spoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to peel and you can find spoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to peel and you can find spoons
+pretty well anywhere um in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well anywhere um in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well anywhere um in terms of
+graders this is probably what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders this is probably what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders this is probably what you're
+used to seeing and you want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to seeing and you want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to seeing and you want to use the
+the side the pointy side um this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side the pointy side um this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side the pointy side um this is one
+of I bought in Nicaragua um this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I bought in Nicaragua um this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I bought in Nicaragua um this is one
+we bought in Haiti so you can you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bought in Haiti so you can you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bought in Haiti so you can you're
+going to be able to find them anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to find them anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to find them anywhere
+they're probably not going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably not going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably not going to be like
+Oxo brand stuff but you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxo brand stuff but you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxo brand stuff but you'll be able to
+find them um so if some set of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them um so if some set of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them um so if some set of people
+wants this to get started doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so the other stuff we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the other stuff we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the other stuff we're doing is
+making the charcoal they're making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the charcoal they're making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the charcoal they're making the
+yeah the charcoal signs so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the charcoal signs so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the charcoal signs so you can see
+that this oil drum has a hole cut out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this oil drum has a hole cut out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this oil drum has a hole cut out of
+the top um and about this big as nice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top um and about this big as nice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top um and about this big as nice so
+that there's enough edge of the the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's enough edge of the the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's enough edge of the the top
+of the drum so that when you put a lid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drum so that when you put a lid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drum so that when you put a lid
+down you don't have to be careful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you don't have to be careful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you don't have to be careful to
+make it line up to really cover it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it line up to really cover it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it line up to really cover it well
+but big enough that you can load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but big enough that you can load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but big enough that you can load the
+material in well um on the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side you just put in a few holes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you just put in a few holes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you just put in a few holes we
+often put in more holes than just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often put in more holes than just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often put in more holes than just this
+many so I would recommend that like if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so I would recommend that like if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so I would recommend that like if I
+were doing this drum to say I would add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing this drum to say I would add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing this drum to say I would add
+one here and here and here um the holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here and here and here um the holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here and here and here um the holes
+are for air flow and more holes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for air flow and more holes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for air flow and more holes is
+better on the flip side this is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better on the flip side this is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better on the flip side this is getting
+to be pretty big in terms of diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty big in terms of diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty big in terms of diameter
+hole because you don't want your waist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole because you don't want your waist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole because you don't want your waist
+to all fall out the bottom um one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all fall out the bottom um one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all fall out the bottom um one thing
+you can do to manage that which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do to manage that which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do to manage that which is in
+here is you can find this stuff which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you can find this stuff which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you can find this stuff which is
+called chicken wire and just throw it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called chicken wire and just throw it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called chicken wire and just throw it at
+the in the bottom um to prevent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the bottom um to prevent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the bottom um to prevent the
+waste from falling out however you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste from falling out however you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste from falling out however you need
+to have some waste that comes out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some waste that comes out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some waste that comes out these
+hes holes at the bottom you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes holes at the bottom you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes holes at the bottom you'll see that
+we uses fuses to light the drum so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uses fuses to light the drum so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uses fuses to light the drum so it's
+sort of this weird Catch 22 where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this weird Catch 22 where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this weird Catch 22 where you
+need it not to fall out except you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it not to fall out except you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it not to fall out except you kind
+of do so we're not actually going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do so we're not actually going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do so we're not actually going to use
+this today um because the waist isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this today um because the waist isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this today um because the waist isn't
+that fine the other thing um that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fine the other thing um that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fine the other thing um that you
+can use chicken wire for there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use chicken wire for there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use chicken wire for there's two
+other things but one is if you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but one is if you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but one is if you're trying
+to carbonize waste that's pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carbonize waste that's pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carbonize waste that's pretty small
+in diameter and hopefully you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diameter and hopefully you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diameter and hopefully you won't be
+because it's not we don't do it well yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not we don't do it well yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not we don't do it well yet
+with the current current processes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the current current processes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the current current processes but
+if you're going to carbonize like rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to carbonize like rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to carbonize like rice
+husks or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husks or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husks or um
+sawdust or something like that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sawdust or something like that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sawdust or something like that the
+method we've come up with is to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we've come up with is to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we've come up with is to take the
+chicken wire and roll it into cylinders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken wire and roll it into cylinders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken wire and roll it into cylinders
+um that are about the same diameter as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are about the same diameter as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are about the same diameter as
+these holes put them in the holes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these holes put them in the holes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these holes put them in the holes and
+the waist goes around those holes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waist goes around those holes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waist goes around those holes but
+not in it to help get air flow so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in it to help get air flow so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in it to help get air flow so that's
+another thing we use sign wire for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we use sign wire for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we use sign wire for and
+then there's a third that I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a third that I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a third that I'll show you
+in a bit um so the way you make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit um so the way you make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit um so the way you make these
+holes if you have an angle grinder sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes if you have an angle grinder sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes if you have an angle grinder sweet
+you probably won't um so you can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably won't um so you can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably won't um so you can use a
+hammer and a chisel and sometimes just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer and a chisel and sometimes just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer and a chisel and sometimes just a
+nail to get the hole started it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail to get the hole started it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail to get the hole started it's really
+labor laborious painful to do um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor laborious painful to do um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor laborious painful to do um if you
+can find someone who you're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find someone who you're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find someone who you're working with
+who's used to using a chisel and used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's used to using a chisel and used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's used to using a chisel and used to
+doing metal work they'll do a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing metal work they'll do a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing metal work they'll do a much
+better job than you will um for at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job than you will um for at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job than you will um for at least
+for most of us who aren't used to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of us who aren't used to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of us who aren't used to using
+chisels on metal most days um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chisels on metal most days um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chisels on metal most days um so you
+don't be afraid to ask for help and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be afraid to ask for help and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be afraid to ask for help and then
+when you're finishing the holes you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're finishing the holes you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're finishing the holes you just
+like down here you just want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like down here you just want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like down here you just want to try to
+bend them in as much as possible if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend them in as much as possible if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend them in as much as possible if you
+can get app pliers or something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get app pliers or something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get app pliers or something similar
+to to bend it so that no one gets cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to bend it so that no one gets cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to bend it so that no one gets cut
+when you're working with all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're working with all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're working with all this stuff
+it's really easy to get cut and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy to get cut and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy to get cut and it's a
+kind of nasty cut in a dirty environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nasty cut in a dirty environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nasty cut in a dirty environment
+so it's um nice not to have that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's um nice not to have that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's um nice not to have that so what
+we're going to do now with that awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do now with that awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do now with that awesome
+warning that makes you really excited uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning that makes you really excited uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning that makes you really excited uh
+is to load the raw material in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to load the raw material in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to load the raw material in the
+drum um what and what we're going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum um what and what we're going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum um what and what we're going to try
+to do is put layers of the Corn stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is put layers of the Corn stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is put layers of the Corn stocks
+which is in the blue tarp and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the blue tarp and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the blue tarp and then the
+corn cobs which um is in the green mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corn cobs which um is in the green mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corn cobs which um is in the green mesh
+bag so if you guys want to start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag so if you guys want to start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag so if you guys want to start doing
+that um typically you would take um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um typically you would take um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um typically you would take um if
+you remember to bring one on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember to bring one on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember to bring one on your
+trip which you rarely do in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip which you rarely do in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip which you rarely do in my
+experience um you would use one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um you would use one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um you would use one of these
+to weigh out how much material you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weigh out how much material you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weigh out how much material you were
+using um in this case we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um in this case we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um in this case we're not going to
+bother with that because we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with that because we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with that because we're just
+doing a practice burn and it's cold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a practice burn and it's cold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a practice burn and it's cold and
+I'm trying to speed things along um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to speed things along um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to speed things along um but
+generally for uh waste you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally for uh waste you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally for uh waste you're trying to
+get about 16 kg into the drum which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about 16 kg into the drum which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about 16 kg into the drum which is a
+lot uh so so uh you you kind of have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot uh so so uh you you kind of have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot uh so so uh you you kind of have to
+pack it down um one of my friends likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack it down um one of my friends likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack it down um one of my friends likes
+to stand on the top of the drum and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stand on the top of the drum and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stand on the top of the drum and sort
+of sink in um when he does it uh so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sink in um when he does it uh so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sink in um when he does it uh so but
+you definitely want to pack it in pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you definitely want to pack it in pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you definitely want to pack it in pretty
+well so you guys want to get going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you guys want to get going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you guys want to get going and
+start loading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drum in or layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum in or layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum in or layer
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+one thing I forgot to mention and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I forgot to mention and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I forgot to mention and is
+super easy to forget is to put a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super easy to forget is to put a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super easy to forget is to put a um a
+stick of any sort down the center of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick of any sort down the center of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick of any sort down the center of a
+drum so that the material uh so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum so that the material uh so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum so that the material uh so there's
+a chimney in the center to really help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chimney in the center to really help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chimney in the center to really help
+the material light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material light on
+fire it's two things to know number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire it's two things to know number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire it's two things to know number one
+it's really easy to forget to try really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy to forget to try really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy to forget to try really
+hard not to there are like instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard not to there are like instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard not to there are like instructions
+that you'll have that go through each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll have that go through each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll have that go through each
+step and just make sure to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and just make sure to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and just make sure to go through
+them the other thing is is um we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the other thing is is um we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the other thing is is um we've
+asked Community Partners like do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked Community Partners like do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked Community Partners like do you
+have a long stick and they've gone out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long stick and they've gone out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long stick and they've gone out
+and bought like a $50 really nice piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bought like a $50 really nice piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bought like a $50 really nice piece
+of wood for stuff when we all we need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wood for stuff when we all we need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wood for stuff when we all we need is
+like any random piece of wood metal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any random piece of wood metal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any random piece of wood metal you
+name it will work and so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it will work and so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it will work and so just
+emphasizing like this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing like this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing like this isn't
+fancy and then as you're loading you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy and then as you're loading you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy and then as you're loading you
+want to sort of pull those stick around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of pull those stick around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of pull those stick around
+to keep making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chimney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ito don't don't s too far man that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ito don't don't s too far man that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ito don't don't s too far man that would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+unfortunate yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have done crazy things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so now what you do is you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now what you do is you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now what you do is you get
+three generally rocks but around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three generally rocks but around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three generally rocks but around here
+it's actually easier to get bricks than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually easier to get bricks than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually easier to get bricks than
+rocks so um we use bricks in on campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks so um we use bricks in on campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks so um we use bricks in on campus
+um and you want to lift the drum onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you want to lift the drum onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you want to lift the drum onto
+the bricks or rocks and the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bricks or rocks and the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bricks or rocks and the thing is
+once this drum is hot and on fire we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once this drum is hot and on fire we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once this drum is hot and on fire we're
+going to have to lift it off the bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to lift it off the bricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to lift it off the bricks
+and so you want the bricks as far on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you want the bricks as far on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you want the bricks as far on the
+edge as possible of the drum to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge as possible of the drum to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge as possible of the drum to make it
+really easy to Kick the Bricks out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to Kick the Bricks out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to Kick the Bricks out of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+way so if two people want to lift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if two people want to lift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if two people want to lift the
+drum onto the bricks and then sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum onto the bricks and then sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum onto the bricks and then sort of
+optimize brick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+placement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement
+good so I would pull like that brick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so I would pull like that brick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so I would pull like that brick out
+further and I can't see the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and then you just sort of pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then you just sort of pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then you just sort of pull
+around to up behind your chimney and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to up behind your chimney and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to up behind your chimney and
+then pull this out so now we're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pull this out so now we're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pull this out so now we're ready to
+light it on fire y except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light it on fire y except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light it on fire y except
+um so that would be what I would do back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that would be what I would do back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that would be what I would do back
+back before I've done this a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back before I've done this a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back before I've done this a million
+times and realized my mistake so I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and realized my mistake so I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and realized my mistake so I said
+we needed to boil some water on here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to boil some water on here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to boil some water on here for
+the binder right so if we we need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binder right so if we we need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binder right so if we we need to get
+that ready before we light on fire so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ready before we light on fire so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ready before we light on fire so
+it's always important before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always important before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always important before you
+actually light the matches to um make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually light the matches to um make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually light the matches to um make
+sure you're completely and truly ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're completely and truly ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're completely and truly ready
+um both in terms of having water on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um both in terms of having water on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um both in terms of having water on the
+side um so that if there is some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side um so that if there is some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side um so that if there is some sort of
+uncontrollable fire you can put it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrollable fire you can put it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrollable fire you can put it out
+quickly um having all the you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um having all the you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um having all the you need to
+cover up the drum when you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover up the drum when you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover up the drum when you're done
+having a plan for how you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a plan for how you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a plan for how you're going to do
+that so we're going to go through all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're going to go through all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're going to go through all of
+that first but one thing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first but one thing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first but one thing we're going to
+do is boil water for the binder okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is boil water for the binder okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is boil water for the binder okay so
+the way we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to do
+that is there's going to be two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there's going to be two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there's going to be two people
+so I Kurt you can help me demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I Kurt you can help me demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I Kurt you can help me demonstrate
+maybe you can just put it down U maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can just put it down U maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can just put it down U maybe a
+little further away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further away from the
+tripod so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripod so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripod so we
+don't all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we each take one side sometimes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we each take one side sometimes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we each take one side sometimes you can
+wire it if you're worried and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire it if you're worried and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire it if you're worried and then we
+lift it up and then you bring it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift it up and then you bring it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift it up and then you bring it over
+and ideally you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ideally you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ideally you'd have
+a um the one thing I'm worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um the one thing I'm worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um the one thing I'm worried about
+this one is that I think the diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is that I think the diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is that I think the diameter
+does not work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not work at
+all um so yeah so can we put on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um so yeah so can we put on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um so yeah so can we put on the side
+can you Lift It Up Lift It Up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you Lift It Up Lift It Up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you Lift It Up Lift It Up and then
+if it goes there will it's it's will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it goes there will it's it's will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it goes there will it's it's will
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+stay yeah but it has a it has a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay yeah but it has a it has a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay yeah but it has a it has a curve
+bottom so I I think we'll go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um because it's going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um because it's going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um because it's going to be really
+hard to take out um so yeah and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to take out um so yeah and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to take out um so yeah and then do
+it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back
+so Kurt you've just gotten practice so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Kurt you've just gotten practice so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Kurt you've just gotten practice so I
+want two other people one one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want two other people one one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want two other people one one from
+groupo and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupo and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupo and one
+from uh alsoo prar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh alsoo prar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh alsoo prar
+to practice it and then you guys will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice it and then you guys will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice it and then you guys will be
+the one who actually do it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who actually do it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who actually do it but it's
+actually worth practicing before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worth practicing before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worth practicing before you
+laid it on fire because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid it on fire because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid it on fire because if you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+drop if you drop the cold water you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop if you drop the cold water you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop if you drop the cold water you just
+destroy the burn if you drop it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the burn if you drop it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the burn if you drop it in the
+in the raw material but if you drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the raw material but if you drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the raw material but if you drop the
+boiling water you can scald people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling water you can scald people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling water you can scald people
+including yourselves which is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including yourselves which is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including yourselves which is highly
+unideal so um yeah so it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unideal so um yeah so it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unideal so um yeah so it's worth
+practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah it might be the worst chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it might be the worst chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it might be the worst chosen
+pot um ever so hopefully you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot um ever so hopefully you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot um ever so hopefully you will have
+more success with pot choosing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more success with pot choosing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more success with pot choosing and then
+you can actually move this quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually move this quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually move this quite a bit
+farther away like to the edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away like to the edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away like to the edge of the
+bricks this drum is going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks this drum is going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks this drum is going to be really
+hot so you won't want to be near it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot so you won't want to be near it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot so you won't want to be near it for
+too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long
+um all right so we're ready for water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so we're ready for water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so we're ready for water
+boiling the other thing I said we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling the other thing I said we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling the other thing I said we need
+to be ready for is covering up the drum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ready for is covering up the drum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ready for is covering up the drum
+because you kind of want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you kind of want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you kind of want to do that
+relatively quickly and the process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively quickly and the process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively quickly and the process is
+one that's easy to misremember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's easy to misremember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's easy to misremember what
+order to do it in especially for me cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do it in especially for me cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do it in especially for me cuz
+we changed the order a lot as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we changed the order a lot as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we changed the order a lot as we
+optimized it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so first what you do is you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so first what you do is you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so first what you do is you get
+the lid on which just involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lid on which just involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lid on which just involves
+doing that um and then if it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that um and then if it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that um and then if it didn't
+quite get in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite get in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite get in the right
+spot you can sort of use this to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot you can sort of use this to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot you can sort of use this to get it
+in the right spot the other thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right spot the other thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right spot the other thing you
+want to do is notice if the lid is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is notice if the lid is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is notice if the lid is kind
+of convex or concave we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convex or concave we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convex or concave we're trying to
+make a seal so it's better to have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a seal so it's better to have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a seal so it's better to have I
+mean it doesn't matter a lot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it doesn't matter a lot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it doesn't matter a lot but
+whichever way fits a little better so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever way fits a little better so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever way fits a little better so I
+think the this way fits a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the this way fits a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the this way fits a little better
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+um and then we're going to take it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we're going to take it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we're going to take it off
+the cat the bricks so for that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat the bricks so for that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat the bricks so for that what you
+do is you find like you do it at The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you find like you do it at The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you find like you do it at The
+Brick so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brick so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brick so you
+lean the drum over and then someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean the drum over and then someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean the drum over and then someone
+comes and kicks it and then very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and kicks it and then very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and kicks it and then very very
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+lower this drum down cuz now it's at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower this drum down cuz now it's at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower this drum down cuz now it's at a
+bit angle and then you repeat um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit angle and then you repeat um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit angle and then you repeat um there's
+a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's
+other there's a shovel around here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's a shovel around here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's a shovel around here that
+you can also use sometimes it's nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use sometimes it's nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use sometimes it's nice to
+have two people uh manipulating the drum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two people uh manipulating the drum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two people uh manipulating the drum
+just for a little bit of extra safety uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for a little bit of extra safety uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for a little bit of extra safety uh
+and then once it's all the way down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once it's all the way down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once it's all the way down on
+the ground then we will find something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground then we will find something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground then we will find something
+to cover up this hole um like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover up this hole um like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover up this hole um like yeah
+anything that's around and then pour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's around and then pour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's around and then pour
+sand around the edges on the top and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand around the edges on the top and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand around the edges on the top and on
+the bottom and just work as quickly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and just work as quickly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and just work as quickly as
+possible to get it completely sealed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to get it completely sealed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to get it completely sealed so
+you can't see any smoke seeping out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see any smoke seeping out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see any smoke seeping out
+anywhere are there any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere are there any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere are there any questions about
+all this all right so um the the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this all right so um the the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this all right so um the the one
+last thing to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing to know
+is um especially when it's windy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um especially when it's windy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um especially when it's windy which
+it often is in Nicaragua too it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it often is in Nicaragua too it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it often is in Nicaragua too it's a
+really pain in the butt to use matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pain in the butt to use matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pain in the butt to use matches
+to light this um but we're going to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light this um but we're going to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light this um but we're going to so
+cuz it's good to practice that yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's good to practice that yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's good to practice that yeah what
+does the water come in the boiling water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the water come in the boiling water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the water come in the boiling water
+that's first we light it and then boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's first we light it and then boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's first we light it and then boil
+the water and then seal it yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water and then seal it yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water and then seal it yeah okay
+yeah but it's not like a 10-second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's not like a 10-second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's not like a 10-second
+process so it'll be plenty of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so it'll be plenty of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so it'll be plenty of time to
+get the water when it's time so if five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the water when it's time so if five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the water when it's time so if five
+people want to all grab matches and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to all grab matches and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to all grab matches and try
+to start lighting it um hopefully we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start lighting it um hopefully we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start lighting it um hopefully we'll
+have success am so did you guys all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have success am so did you guys all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have success am so did you guys all
+everyone in the match should know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the match should know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the match should know you're
+lighting the bottom at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting the bottom at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting the bottom at the
+fuses uh okay so you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start I don't think yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start I don't think yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start I don't think yeah I think
+it's exactly thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happening so right now you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so right now you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so right now you're seeing
+this incredibly nasty disgusting smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredibly nasty disgusting smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredibly nasty disgusting smoke
+right and so this is all the volatiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this is all the volatiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this is all the volatiles
+in the raw material that we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the raw material that we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the raw material that we don't want
+to be breathing in when you're cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be breathing in when you're cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be breathing in when you're cooking
+inside burning off um so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside burning off um so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside burning off um so you can see
+like there actually isn't any fire up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there actually isn't any fire up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there actually isn't any fire up at
+the top when when the wind blows it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top when when the wind blows it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top when when the wind blows it the
+material hasn't actually lit on fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material hasn't actually lit on fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material hasn't actually lit on fire
+completely so um it might not be a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely so um it might not be a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely so um it might not be a bad
+idea if we can do it to light some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if we can do it to light some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if we can do it to light some
+matches and throw them in the top to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches and throw them in the top to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches and throw them in the top to try
+to get the top side on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the top side on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the top side on
+fire we're not going to be boiling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire we're not going to be boiling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire we're not going to be boiling the
+water until the um smoke blows away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water until the um smoke blows away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water until the um smoke blows away so
+blows away at some point the smoke will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows away at some point the smoke will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows away at some point the smoke will
+transition to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to um
+clear and when that happens that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and when that happens that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and when that happens that's when
+we'll do the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the water
+and this is smoke that you really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is smoke that you really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is smoke that you really don't
+want to be breathing in if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be breathing in if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be breathing in if it's not
+obvious by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like yeah if it's too hard just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah if it's too hard just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah if it's too hard just don't
+worry about it because it's not worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it because it's not worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it because it's not worth
+you can see actually I think it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see actually I think it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see actually I think it looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do um oh so the other thing to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um oh so the other thing to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um oh so the other thing to know is
+that um by Cambridge Mass law we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um by Cambridge Mass law we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um by Cambridge Mass law we have to
+if we're going to be lighting a fire we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to be lighting a fire we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to be lighting a fire we
+have to be cooking so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be cooking so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be cooking so there are
+marshmallows and English muffins once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshmallows and English muffins once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marshmallows and English muffins once
+once this once the Smoke Clears feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once this once the Smoke Clears feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once this once the Smoke Clears feel
+free to roast a marshmallow on whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to roast a marshmallow on whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to roast a marshmallow on whatever
+you can find um or toast an English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find um or toast an English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find um or toast an English
+muffin and there's Nutella to put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muffin and there's Nutella to put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muffin and there's Nutella to put on the
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+muffin so at this point we can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muffin so at this point we can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muffin so at this point we can probably
+do the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the water
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what' you say yeah yeah it just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what' you say yeah yeah it just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what' you say yeah yeah it just like
+it's nice to use the waist seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the question of how long to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question of how long to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question of how long to wait
+until you uh cover the drum is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you uh cover the drum is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you uh cover the drum is always
+tricky at this point it's probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky at this point it's probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky at this point it's probably a
+good time to cover it which the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time to cover it which the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time to cover it which the water
+isn't boiled but we're just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't boiled but we're just going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't boiled but we're just going to go
+with that so if you guys want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so if you guys want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so if you guys want to take
+the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off and then who wants to throw the lid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and then who wants to throw the lid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and then who wants to throw the lid
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+oops so can someone grab the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so can someone grab the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so can someone grab the
+shovel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the lid is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lid is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lid is getting
+caught into the hole okay and now who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught into the hole okay and now who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught into the hole okay and now who's
+going to kick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kick the
+brick I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and who wants to do the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay can someone grab like an English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can someone grab like an English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can someone grab like an English
+muffin or whatever to put in that Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hole uh yeah is way cooler we can claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hole uh yeah is way cooler we can claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hole uh yeah is way cooler we can claim
+that we're cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no and then there's a whole other bag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and then there's a whole other bag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and then there's a whole other bag of
+um sand if you guys want to help get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sand if you guys want to help get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sand if you guys want to help get
+this seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sealed I'm sure it's still going war and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed I'm sure it's still going war and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed I'm sure it's still going war and
+we can get even closer now yeah but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get even closer now yeah but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get even closer now yeah but it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just and you can obviously use dirt for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and you can obviously use dirt for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and you can obviously use dirt for
+this you don't have to use special sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you don't have to use special sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you don't have to use special sand
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acquire for when I made the call so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire for when I made the call so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire for when I made the call so the
+Flames so it's sort of a time thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flames so it's sort of a time thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flames so it's sort of a time thing and
+sort of a experience thing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a experience thing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a experience thing but it's
+looking at how the the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at how the the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at how the the quality of the
+flame and the flame started to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame and the flame started to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame and the flame started to be
+getting really strong which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting really strong which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting really strong which means
+everything is fully um on fire and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is fully um on fire and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is fully um on fire and if
+you don't cover it up quickly you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't cover it up quickly you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't cover it up quickly you're
+just going to burn out all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material no so this is all smoke this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material no so this is all smoke this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material no so this is all smoke this
+lid is actually really hard to seal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in terms of getting um a lid often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of getting um a lid often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of getting um a lid often times
+you can just buy flat pot lids and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just buy flat pot lids and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just buy flat pot lids and that
+works pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works pretty well
+um so when you're buying a pot if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when you're buying a pot if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when you're buying a pot if you
+need a pot if your if your community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a pot if your if your community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a pot if your if your community
+partner needs you to buy a pot you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner needs you to buy a pot you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner needs you to buy a pot you can
+also be buying a pot lid that goes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be buying a pot lid that goes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be buying a pot lid that goes over
+your drum it's big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drum it's big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drum it's big
+diameter um I think that's water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter um I think that's water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter um I think that's water
+actually boiling off we try to seal it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually boiling off we try to seal it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually boiling off we try to seal it
+as much as possible but it's impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as possible but it's impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as possible but it's impossible
+to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+like perfectly um so that's that and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like perfectly um so that's that and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like perfectly um so that's that and now
+you just wait 2 hours and then you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just wait 2 hours and then you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just wait 2 hours and then you come
+back and the material should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and the material should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and the material should be
+carbonized um and the if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonized um and the if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonized um and the if you are
+impatient and you open it after an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient and you open it after an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient and you open it after an hour
+it'll probably catch back on fire so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll probably catch back on fire so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll probably catch back on fire so
+then you have to just cover it up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to just cover it up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to just cover it up again
+really quickly so it's currently almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly so it's currently almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly so it's currently almost
+one so that means we'll be able to Wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that means we'll be able to Wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that means we'll be able to Wait
+Almost 2 hours and then open it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Almost 2 hours and then open it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Almost 2 hours and then open it up
+before class is over which is great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before class is over which is great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before class is over which is great um
+so next what I want to do is light these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next what I want to do is light these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next what I want to do is light these
+stoves on fire so we can make hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoves on fire so we can make hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoves on fire so we can make hot
+chocolate and then we'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate and then we'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate and then we'll make
+briquettes when you're making just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes when you're making just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes when you're making just a
+regular charcoal fire in a developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular charcoal fire in a developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular charcoal fire in a developing
+country you can typically typically get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you can typically typically get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you can typically typically get
+um a special type of wood uh I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a special type of wood uh I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a special type of wood uh I forget
+what it's called in Nicaragua I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's called in Nicaragua I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's called in Nicaragua I'll try
+to look it up do you do you know is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look it up do you do you know is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look it up do you do you know is it
+doot that's what I was remembering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doot that's what I was remembering this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doot that's what I was remembering this
+morning but I I was like oh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning but I I was like oh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning but I I was like oh I think
+that's something else okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something else okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something else okay so it's
+called oot and it's basically from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called oot and it's basically from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called oot and it's basically from my
+understanding it's just a pine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it's just a pine that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it's just a pine that's
+really sappy and this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sappy and this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sappy and this is sort of the
+equivalent of that in the US um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of that in the US um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of that in the US um and so
+you light those on fire and they help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you light those on fire and they help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you light those on fire and they help
+the briquettes the charcoal catch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the briquettes the charcoal catch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the briquettes the charcoal catch on
+fire this is wood charcoal that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire this is wood charcoal that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire this is wood charcoal that I just
+bought from Whole Foods cuz our charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought from Whole Foods cuz our charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought from Whole Foods cuz our charcoal
+is so labor intensive that it pains me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so labor intensive that it pains me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so labor intensive that it pains me
+to make it for or use it up for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it for or use it up for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it for or use it up for some
+something like this so if you guys want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so if you guys want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so if you guys want
+to try to leg those on fire um now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to leg those on fire um now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to leg those on fire um now to
+just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like
+lighted like you yeah so those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighted like you yeah so those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighted like you yeah so those three
+Brown things are what you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown things are what you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown things are what you're trying to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+lit um so these are two different stoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit um so these are two different stoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit um so these are two different stoves
+that we'll be talking about on Friday so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll be talking about on Friday so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll be talking about on Friday so
+the one that uh Sid and Missy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that uh Sid and Missy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that uh Sid and Missy are
+lighting right now is just a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting right now is just a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting right now is just a really
+simple relatively simple charcoal stove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple relatively simple charcoal stove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple relatively simple charcoal stove
+I forget what country it's from um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget what country it's from um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget what country it's from um but
+you can find them all over the place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find them all over the place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find them all over the place and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so it has very little insulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has very little insulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has very little insulation
+obviously uh the one that hurt and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh the one that hurt and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh the one that hurt and is
+that one uh our lighting uh is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one uh our lighting uh is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one uh our lighting uh is called a
+goo stove and we'll talk about it a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goo stove and we'll talk about it a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goo stove and we'll talk about it a bit
+but it's a much um it's a well-designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a much um it's a well-designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a much um it's a well-designed
+stove it actually has some decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it just the way they're designed to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just the way they're designed to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just the way they're designed to work
+is like this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top getting gray that's disgusting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top getting gray that's disgusting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top getting gray that's disgusting um
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+the but it's like cold I just put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but it's like cold I just put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but it's like cold I just put it
+on it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it doesn't have
+muchir yeah why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smells definitely like very marshmallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells definitely like very marshmallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells definitely like very marshmallow
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+it so after the carbonization is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so after the carbonization is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so after the carbonization is done
+the next step is to take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step is to take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step is to take all the
+charcoal fines out and crush them and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal fines out and crush them and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal fines out and crush them and so
+this is actually mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually mostly
+crushed uh and it's sort of this mish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushed uh and it's sort of this mish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushed uh and it's sort of this mish
+mash of stuff but there's some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mash of stuff but there's some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mash of stuff but there's some good
+examples in here so you'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in here so you'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in here so you'll see some
+stuff that's just dark brown but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's just dark brown but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's just dark brown but not
+actually black and this you should toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually black and this you should toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually black and this you should toss
+because it's not fully carbonized enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not fully carbonized enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not fully carbonized enough
+and so it'll make really bad Smoky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it'll make really bad Smoky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it'll make really bad Smoky
+briquettes um similar like this corn cob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes um similar like this corn cob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes um similar like this corn cob
+is not fully briquetted or carbonized um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fully briquetted or carbonized um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fully briquetted or carbonized um
+with regular corn cobs one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regular corn cobs one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regular corn cobs one thing to
+check you know if they look black on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check you know if they look black on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check you know if they look black on the
+outside is break them apart and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside is break them apart and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside is break them apart and make
+sure they're black on the inside um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they're black on the inside um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they're black on the inside um when
+you get when you look in the Drone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you look in the Drone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you look in the Drone
+you're going to see three things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see three things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see three things you're
+going to see hopefully majority is black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see hopefully majority is black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see hopefully majority is black
+material like this except not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material like this except not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material like this except not in the
+crushed form that you see down below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushed form that you see down below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushed form that you see down below
+some that'll be that brown stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that'll be that brown stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that'll be that brown stuff that's
+underc carbonized and some that'll be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underc carbonized and some that'll be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underc carbonized and some that'll be uh
+gray and ashy that's overc carbonized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray and ashy that's overc carbonized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray and ashy that's overc carbonized
+and so if you have a ton of gray Ash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have a ton of gray Ash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have a ton of gray Ash
+that means you had you you let the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you had you you let the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you had you you let the fire
+go too long you should have covered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too long you should have covered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too long you should have covered it
+up earlier if you have a ton that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up earlier if you have a ton that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up earlier if you have a ton that's on
+the brown side uh you didn't let it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brown side uh you didn't let it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brown side uh you didn't let it go
+far enough if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough if you have
+uh mostly black with a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mostly black with a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mostly black with a little bit of
+each that's a good indicator that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each that's a good indicator that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each that's a good indicator that you
+had a good burn you're never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a good burn you're never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a good burn you're never going to
+get perfect 100% all e even because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get perfect 100% all e even because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get perfect 100% all e even because this
+is not exactly a high-tech kilm and So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not exactly a high-tech kilm and So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not exactly a high-tech kilm and So
+you you're not going to get even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're not going to get even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're not going to get even
+temperature flow throughout the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature flow throughout the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature flow throughout the whole
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+uh some of the things on the form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the things on the form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the things on the form that
+you fill out when you do a charcoal born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fill out when you do a charcoal born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fill out when you do a charcoal born
+which I haven't been doing cuz it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't been doing cuz it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't been doing cuz it's too
+hard to talk and to fill this out um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to talk and to fill this out um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to talk and to fill this out um are
+things like air temperature and humidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like air temperature and humidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like air temperature and humidity
+which you probably won't have a sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you probably won't have a sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you probably won't have a sensor
+for that but if you happen to know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that but if you happen to know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that but if you happen to know you
+can record it and otherwise by recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can record it and otherwise by recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can record it and otherwise by recording
+the location we can look it up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location we can look it up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location we can look it up um
+afterwards so just fill all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so just fill all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so just fill all these things
+out as well as you can um but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as well as you can um but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as well as you can um but there are
+probably going to be some things you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be some things you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be some things you you
+can't recall um but especially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't recall um but especially if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't recall um but especially if you
+bring any charcoal back for testing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring any charcoal back for testing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring any charcoal back for testing in
+the lab it's really helpful to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab it's really helpful to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab it's really helpful to have
+filled these out and then um on there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled these out and then um on there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled these out and then um on there's
+one side that's like the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side that's like the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side that's like the form
+and then the other side has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other side has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other side has the
+directions both what you need and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions both what you need and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions both what you need and then
+what to do so hopefully that's enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do so hopefully that's enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do so hopefully that's enough to
+uh get you successfully making charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get you successfully making charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get you successfully making charcoal
+so anyway so to crush the briquettes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway so to crush the briquettes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway so to crush the briquettes or
+the the fines into powder what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fines into powder what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fines into powder what we
+typically do is load it into two rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do is load it into two rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do is load it into two rice
+bags rice bags are pretty ubiquitous you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags rice bags are pretty ubiquitous you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags rice bags are pretty ubiquitous you
+can get them almost anywhere um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get them almost anywhere um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get them almost anywhere um and then
+you just jump on the bags um when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just jump on the bags um when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just jump on the bags um when you're
+done you get a mixture that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you get a mixture that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you get a mixture that kind of
+looks like this where you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this where you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this where you have a lot of
+stuff that's really well um crushed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's really well um crushed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's really well um crushed and
+then oh hopefully you have a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh hopefully you have a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh hopefully you have a lot of that
+and then some stuff that was poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some stuff that was poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some stuff that was poorly
+crushed and so what you need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushed and so what you need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushed and so what you need to do is
+grab the stuff that was poorly crushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the stuff that was poorly crushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the stuff that was poorly crushed
+and crush it um the super crushed fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crush it um the super crushed fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crush it um the super crushed fine
+stuff sort of acts as a a sponge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff sort of acts as a a sponge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff sort of acts as a a sponge to
+dampen the act of crushing everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dampen the act of crushing everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dampen the act of crushing everything
+else was pretty annoying so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else was pretty annoying so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else was pretty annoying so yeah so
+there is not enough a waste in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not enough a waste in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not enough a waste in the world
+to solve the needs of fuel usage in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the needs of fuel usage in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the needs of fuel usage in the
+world however there is enough to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world however there is enough to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world however there is enough to have it
+be one part of the solution um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one part of the solution um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one part of the solution um and then
+different areas will have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas will have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas will have different
+amounts of Agway so places that have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of Agway so places that have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of Agway so places that have no
+farming obviously you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming obviously you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming obviously you're not going to
+have any Agway and it's inappropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any Agway and it's inappropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any Agway and it's inappropriate
+places where there are farming some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where there are farming some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where there are farming some
+people use their AGS either to feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use their AGS either to feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use their AGS either to feed
+their cattle or to replenish the soil or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cattle or to replenish the soil or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cattle or to replenish the soil or
+to um light the fires to process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um light the fires to process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um light the fires to process the
+sugar juice that they dispose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar juice that they dispose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar juice that they dispose of the
+sugar cane so in all those areas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar cane so in all those areas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar cane so in all those areas you
+can't use this process but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use this process but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use this process but there are
+many areas where the agist is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many areas where the agist is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many areas where the agist is just
+sitting and rotting um and I'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting and rotting um and I'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting and rotting um and I'll get into
+this on Friday but that makes methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on Friday but that makes methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on Friday but that makes methane
+gas which is a worst greenhouse gas than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas which is a worst greenhouse gas than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas which is a worst greenhouse gas than
+the stuff we're emitting by by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff we're emitting by by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff we're emitting by by doing
+that nasty process um in the oil drum um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nasty process um in the oil drum um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nasty process um in the oil drum um
+so that we're doing the environment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we're doing the environment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we're doing the environment of
+credit by not letting it rot and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit by not letting it rot and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit by not letting it rot and making
+something um that is us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useful all right um that's not boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful all right um that's not boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful all right um that's not boiling
+but it's pretty hot so we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty hot so we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty hot so we're going to go
+with it and see what happens so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and see what happens so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and see what happens so you can
+see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sheet the directions there's a ratio for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet the directions there's a ratio for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet the directions there's a ratio for
+how much um binder or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much um binder or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much um binder or how
+much cassava to how much water water to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cassava to how much water water to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cassava to how much water water to
+how much um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much um how
+many to to an oil drums worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many to to an oil drums worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many to to an oil drums worth of
+charcoal uh and there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal uh and there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal uh and there's a bunch of
+different methods for using cassava so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods for using cassava so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods for using cassava so
+the easiest is just grading it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest is just grading it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest is just grading it and
+dumping it but that means you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping it but that means you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping it but that means you're using
+up all the food to cook with so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the food to cook with so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the food to cook with so another
+option is to squeeze out the grated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is to squeeze out the grated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is to squeeze out the grated
+material and you can do that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and you can do that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and you can do that with a
+cheesecloth but it's pretty juicy so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheesecloth but it's pretty juicy so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheesecloth but it's pretty juicy so you
+can see um you do get some liquid out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see um you do get some liquid out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see um you do get some liquid out uh
+but it's it's not a great rate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's not a great rate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's not a great rate um
+because a lot of it is the meat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of it is the meat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of it is the meat but
+anyway so you can take those squeezings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you can take those squeezings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you can take those squeezings
+and just use that as your binder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just use that as your binder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just use that as your binder and
+then um save the meat to cook with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um save the meat to cook with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um save the meat to cook with so
+and you can make a really great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make a really great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make a really great um
+cassava cake with the meat um among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassava cake with the meat um among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassava cake with the meat um among
+other things so in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things so in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things so in terms of the
+ratio the measurements are done in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the measurements are done in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the measurements are done in um
+milliliters which is a little ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters which is a little ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters which is a little ridiculous
+when you're in the field and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in the field and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in the field and so the
+other rule of thumb is that a um Yuka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rule of thumb is that a um Yuka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rule of thumb is that a um Yuka
+about the size that I showed you um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the size that I showed you um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the size that I showed you um is
+right for one oil drum so fully grated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for one oil drum so fully grated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for one oil drum so fully grated
+but if you're doing the squeeze method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're doing the squeeze method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're doing the squeeze method
+then you need to um use more cassava
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to um use more cassava
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to um use more cassava
+because you're you're getting a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're you're getting a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're you're getting a whole
+lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out and then so you put the cassava in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then so you put the cassava in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then so you put the cassava in
+and then if you and you want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you and you want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you and you want to do it
+while it's boiling because the starch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's boiling because the starch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's boiling because the starch
+goes through a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through a um a
+transition it's much like making candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition it's much like making candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition it's much like making candy
+um so you're you get your sugar hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're you get your sugar hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're you get your sugar hot
+enough and then it gets into a caram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and then it gets into a caram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and then it gets into a caram
+caramel state so we're getting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caramel state so we're getting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caramel state so we're getting to the
+caramel state of Yuka um it can get kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caramel state of Yuka um it can get kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caramel state of Yuka um it can get kind
+of clumpy so you want to stir it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clumpy so you want to stir it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clumpy so you want to stir it and
+then once it's been boiling for a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once it's been boiling for a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once it's been boiling for a bit
+and stirring you take it off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stirring you take it off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stirring you take it off and
+hopefully what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully what you
+have is not light consistency um Yuka is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is not light consistency um Yuka is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is not light consistency um Yuka is
+what you uh get tapioca from so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you uh get tapioca from so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you uh get tapioca from so we're
+basically making a very unprocessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically making a very unprocessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically making a very unprocessed
+version of tapioca pudding it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of tapioca pudding it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of tapioca pudding it doesn't
+taste nearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good okay so now we need to mix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so now we need to mix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so now we need to mix this
+with the charcoal so there's a um 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the charcoal so there's a um 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the charcoal so there's a um 5
+gallon bucket that's gray on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon bucket that's gray on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon bucket that's gray on the table
+if you can grab that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can grab that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can grab that and
+then so you can see most of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so you can see most of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so you can see most of this
+charcoal is well crushed the diameter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal is well crushed the diameter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal is well crushed the diameter of
+charcoal that you're going for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal that you're going for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal that you're going for is
+um bigger we we this is a snot like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bigger we we this is a snot like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bigger we we this is a snot like is
+one of those classic measurements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those classic measurements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those classic measurements that
+everyone in the world can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the world can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the world can understand
+this is one that you can only understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one that you can only understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one that you can only understand
+if you go to Trader Joe's so it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to Trader Joe's so it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to Trader Joe's so it's on the
+opposite end of the useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite end of the useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite end of the useful
+Spectrum but Wasabi covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PE okay yeah so I'm eyeballing all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE okay yeah so I'm eyeballing all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE okay yeah so I'm eyeballing all these
+ratios because I've been doing this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios because I've been doing this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios because I've been doing this for
+a while but um this is the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while but um this is the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while but um this is the kind of thing
+that you do want to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do want to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do want to actually
+follow the directions if there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the directions if there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the directions if there's not
+enough binder it'll be pretty obvious a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough binder it'll be pretty obvious a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough binder it'll be pretty obvious a
+little more um because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more um because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more um because it
+won't stick together um but if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't stick together um but if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't stick together um but if there's
+too much it makes Smoky briquettes again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much it makes Smoky briquettes again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much it makes Smoky briquettes again
+because um it's it's uncarbonized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um it's it's uncarbonized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um it's it's uncarbonized
+material and then it's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and then it's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and then it's really important
+before you start briquetting to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you start briquetting to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you start briquetting to make
+sure you mix everything in it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you mix everything in it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you mix everything in it's sort of
+like making a cake where if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making a cake where if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making a cake where if you have a
+bunch of flour left over at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of flour left over at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of flour left over at the at the
+end that stinks so you don't want any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that stinks so you don't want any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that stinks so you don't want any
+charcoal powder left over another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal powder left over another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal powder left over another thing
+to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice
+is that the the binder Now is really hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the the binder Now is really hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the the binder Now is really hot
+I think we're probably good um and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're probably good um and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're probably good um and so if
+by if you mix this with your hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by if you mix this with your hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by if you mix this with your hand and
+it's actually easier to mix by hand than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually easier to mix by hand than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually easier to mix by hand than
+with anything else you'll burn your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything else you'll burn your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything else you'll burn your hand
+and it's sort of like hot glue in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sort of like hot glue in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sort of like hot glue in that
+once it's on it's really hard to get off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's on it's really hard to get off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's on it's really hard to get off
+so those are my tips to you making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my tips to you making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my tips to you making this
+more pleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a few different designs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a few different designs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a few different designs of
+our cette press so I'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cette press so I'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cette press so I'll talk about this
+more on Friday but it's a really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on Friday but it's a really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on Friday but it's a really simple
+nice device um that you can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice device um that you can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice device um that you can basically
+make anywhere for about two bucks so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make anywhere for about two bucks so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make anywhere for about two bucks so the
+way it works is uh it's so it's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it works is uh it's so it's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it works is uh it's so it's three
+pieces a bottom Pusher piece a cup and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces a bottom Pusher piece a cup and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces a bottom Pusher piece a cup and
+then a top plunger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a top plunger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a top plunger so
+you load the um material into the cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you load the um material into the cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you load the um material into the cup
+and you can do that directly with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do that directly with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do that directly with your
+hand you can put it in anything where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you can put it in anything where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you can put it in anything where
+the this part can rest on something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this part can rest on something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this part can rest on something and
+this center part doesn't get pushed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this center part doesn't get pushed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this center part doesn't get pushed up
+so we have these wood blocks but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have these wood blocks but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have these wood blocks but you can
+usually find like a cement brick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually find like a cement brick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually find like a cement brick that
+will work or put two pieces of table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work or put two pieces of table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work or put two pieces of table
+together or whatever there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or whatever there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or whatever there's lots of
+options um and then can I have a yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options um and then can I have a yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options um and then can I have a yeah
+Hammer um and then you put the plunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hammer um and then you put the plunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hammer um and then you put the plunger
+on you give it a few good wax and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you give it a few good wax and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you give it a few good wax and then
+you just pop this out on the side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just pop this out on the side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just pop this out on the side to
+make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your
+briquette um the charcoal will build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquette um the charcoal will build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquette um the charcoal will build up
+right here and so you every so often you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and so you every so often you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and so you every so often you
+have to clean it off um you'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to clean it off um you'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to clean it off um you'll also
+notice as you're doing this that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice as you're doing this that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice as you're doing this that a lot
+of charcoal gets wasted and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charcoal gets wasted and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charcoal gets wasted and so it's
+smart to actually do this on some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart to actually do this on some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart to actually do this on some sort
+of tarp or rice bag or something so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tarp or rice bag or something so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tarp or rice bag or something so you
+can capure the charcoal and you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can capure the charcoal and you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can capure the charcoal and you usually
+waste enough charcoal to make a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste enough charcoal to make a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste enough charcoal to make a few
+briquettes and it's painful to waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes and it's painful to waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes and it's painful to waste
+that charcoal so once the briquettes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that charcoal so once the briquettes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that charcoal so once the briquettes are
+made they need to dry in the Sun for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made they need to dry in the Sun for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made they need to dry in the Sun for a
+few days um and then you can cook with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days um and then you can cook with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days um and then you can cook with
+them however if you want them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them however if you want them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them however if you want them to be
+really sturdy so that they can handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sturdy so that they can handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sturdy so that they can handle
+like being transported to Market um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being transported to Market um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being transported to Market um they
+they can kind of get crumbly and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can kind of get crumbly and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can kind of get crumbly and so what
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+do is the next use for chicken wire is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is the next use for chicken wire is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is the next use for chicken wire is
+to make a basket like this that holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a basket like this that holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a basket like this that holds
+your briquette and then right before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your briquette and then right before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your briquette and then right before you
+put the lid on you can throw this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the lid on you can throw this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the lid on you can throw this into
+the drum and it's totally ridiculous but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drum and it's totally ridiculous but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drum and it's totally ridiculous but
+you manag to do it and it works so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manag to do it and it works so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manag to do it and it works so that
+these don't actually light on fire they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these don't actually light on fire they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these don't actually light on fire they
+just get hot enough to um well not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get hot enough to um well not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get hot enough to um well not just
+to dry because you do have to dry them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dry because you do have to dry them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dry because you do have to dry them
+in the sun first but then um they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sun first but then um they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sun first but then um they get
+hot enough that the starch goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot enough that the starch goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot enough that the starch goes through
+yet another phase transition so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another phase transition so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another phase transition so when
+you're thinking about making candy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about making candy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about making candy it
+goes from like the caramel stage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from like the caramel stage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from like the caramel stage to the
+like hard candy stage so you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hard candy stage so you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hard candy stage so you get to the
+hard candy stage and then you have hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard candy stage and then you have hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard candy stage and then you have hard
+briquettes so if that's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes so if that's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes so if that's important to
+whoever's making them like if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever's making them like if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever's making them like if you're
+making them for use at your house it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them for use at your house it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them for use at your house it
+doesn't matter at all if you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter at all if you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter at all if you're making
+them for use like to sell then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for use like to sell then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for use like to sell then you
+probably want to do this this stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to do this this stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to do this this stage and
+you can make a bunch of these bags and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a bunch of these bags and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a bunch of these bags and
+just throw them in um but I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throw them in um but I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throw them in um but I just have
+one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for
+show so people want to help though but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show so people want to help though but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show so people want to help though but
+like before we take off this brick we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before we take off this brick we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before we take off this brick we
+should get as much of the sand off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get as much of the sand off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get as much of the sand off as
+possible there's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there's actually a
+um this which helps a lot but you rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this which helps a lot but you rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this which helps a lot but you rarely
+have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I was like hugging it for like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whole y so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole y so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole y so you can see that
+it's pretty well black and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty well black and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty well black and when you
+break it apart it's black on the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it apart it's black on the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it apart it's black on the inside
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nasty
+yeah nasty Burnie well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah nasty Burnie well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah nasty Burnie well
+Bernie um so good job when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernie um so good job when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernie um so good job when you were
+getting this out what usually works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this out what usually works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this out what usually works well
+is to dump it on its side being kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to dump it on its side being kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to dump it on its side being kind of
+careful that not too much falls out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful that not too much falls out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful that not too much falls out the
+bottom and then you can sort of tip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and then you can sort of tip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and then you can sort of tip it
+and and empty it into your um rice bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and empty it into your um rice bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and empty it into your um rice bag
+and then often times you sort of have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then often times you sort of have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then often times you sort of have to
+reach in to scoop out the last bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach in to scoop out the last bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach in to scoop out the last bits
+which is a little unpleasant but not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little unpleasant but not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little unpleasant but not too
+bad um so actually yeah it would be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad um so actually yeah it would be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad um so actually yeah it would be good
+to do that now yeah it would um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that now yeah it would um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that now yeah it would um so we
+need to get the rest of the sand off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the rest of the sand off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the rest of the sand off and
+then we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this easier to just get it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this easier to just get it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this easier to just get it all
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's pretty good we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's pretty good we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's pretty good we're
+not we're not looking for zero particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we're not looking for zero particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we're not looking for zero particles
+of sand just not too too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sand just not too too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sand just not too too
+many that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way so we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so we should
+yeah wow you have it over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hot
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1uW3qMFA9Ho.txt b/1uW3qMFA9Ho.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d009c95e9c9cee6bb7cec9525e5a2635f53c9273
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1uW3qMFA9Ho.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to the first lecture of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the first lecture of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the first lecture of this
+class you may be used to having a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you may be used to having a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you may be used to having a first
+lecture devoted to general comments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture devoted to general comments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture devoted to general comments and
+motivating examples this one will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating examples this one will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating examples this one will be
+different we will dive into the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different we will dive into the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different we will dive into the heart of
+the subject right away in fact today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject right away in fact today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject right away in fact today we
+will accomplish a lot by the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will accomplish a lot by the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will accomplish a lot by the end of this
+lecture you will know about all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you will know about all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you will know about all of the
+elements of a probabilistic model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a probabilistic model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a probabilistic model a
+probabilistic model is a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic model is a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic model is a quantitative
+description of a situation a phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a situation a phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a situation a phenomenon
+or an experiment whose outcome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an experiment whose outcome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an experiment whose outcome is
+uncertain putting together such a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain putting together such a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain putting together such a model
+involves two key steps first we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves two key steps first we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves two key steps first we need to
+describe the possible outcomes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the possible outcomes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the possible outcomes of the
+experiment this is done by specifying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is done by specifying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is done by specifying a
+so called sample space and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so called sample space and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so called sample space and then we
+specify a probability law which assigns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a probability law which assigns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a probability law which assigns
+probabilities to outcomes or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to outcomes or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to outcomes or to
+collections of outcomes the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of outcomes the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of outcomes the probability
+law tells us for example whether one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law tells us for example whether one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law tells us for example whether one
+outcome is much more likely than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is much more likely than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is much more likely than some
+other outcome probabilities have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other outcome probabilities have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other outcome probabilities have to
+satisfy certain basic properties in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy certain basic properties in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy certain basic properties in
+order to be meaningful these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be meaningful these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be meaningful these are the
+axioms of probability theory for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms of probability theory for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms of probability theory for example
+probabilities cannot be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities cannot be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities cannot be negative
+interestingly there will be very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly there will be very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly there will be very few
+axioms but they are powerful and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms but they are powerful and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms but they are powerful and we will
+see that they have lots of consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that they have lots of consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that they have lots of consequences
+we will see that the imply many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see that the imply many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see that the imply many other
+properties that were not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that were not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that were not part of the
+axioms we will then go through a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms we will then go through a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms we will then go through a couple
+of very simple examples involving models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very simple examples involving models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very simple examples involving models
+with either discrete or continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either discrete or continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either discrete or continuous
+outcomes as you will be seeing many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes as you will be seeing many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes as you will be seeing many
+times in this class discrete models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in this class discrete models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in this class discrete models are
+conceptually much easier continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually much easier continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually much easier continuous
+models involve some more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models involve some more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models involve some more sophisticated
+concepts and we will point out some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and we will point out some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and we will point out some of
+the subtle issues that arise and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtle issues that arise and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtle issues that arise and finally
+we will talk a little bit about the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk a little bit about the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk a little bit about the big
+picture about the role of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture about the role of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture about the role of probability
+theory and its relation with the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and its relation with the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and its relation with the real
+world
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2tSUT6HDeaw.txt b/2tSUT6HDeaw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d107893c419b9bcfa29e305f2711da94b51d9cbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2tSUT6HDeaw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we've been calculating angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've been calculating angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've been calculating angular
+momentum about a point recall our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum about a point recall our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum about a point recall our
+definition of angular momentum we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of angular momentum we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of angular momentum we've
+been looking at cases where the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking at cases where the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking at cases where the particle
+is moving literally now let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving literally now let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving literally now let's look at a
+case where the particle is undergoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the particle is undergoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the particle is undergoing
+circular motion so suppose we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion so suppose we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion so suppose we have a
+particle that's undergoing circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that's undergoing circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that's undergoing circular
+motion m and let's choose some axes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion m and let's choose some axes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion m and let's choose some axes and
+our particle we denote that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particle we denote that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particle we denote that it's
+rotating about the vertical axis I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about the vertical axis I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about the vertical axis I'm
+going to call that axis K hat and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that axis K hat and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that axis K hat and I'll
+make that Omega squared Omega Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that Omega squared Omega Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that Omega squared Omega Z
+positively so it's rotating about the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively so it's rotating about the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively so it's rotating about the K
+axis the z axis now when we calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the z axis now when we calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the z axis now when we calculate
+the angular momentum we know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum we know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum we know because
+it's rotating about the z axis this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rotating about the z axis this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rotating about the z axis this is
+our z axis that the particle has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our z axis that the particle has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our z axis that the particle has a
+velocity tangential to the circle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity tangential to the circle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity tangential to the circle so
+it's momentum is tangential to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's momentum is tangential to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's momentum is tangential to the
+circle and we draw our vector R s2 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and we draw our vector R s2 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and we draw our vector R s2 where
+the object is now what is the you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is now what is the you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is now what is the you could
+solve this in Cartesian coordinates but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this in Cartesian coordinates but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this in Cartesian coordinates but
+then you might have to do some vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might have to do some vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might have to do some vector
+decomposition but because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition but because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition but because there's a
+central point to this motion whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central point to this motion whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central point to this motion whenever
+there's central point we like to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's central point we like to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's central point we like to choose
+cylindrical coordinates and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical coordinates and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical coordinates and the way
+we'll do that is we'll define some angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that is we'll define some angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that is we'll define some angle
+theta if this were my plus X minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta if this were my plus X minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta if this were my plus X minus y
+axis then that's consistent with K hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis then that's consistent with K hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis then that's consistent with K hat
+being up and our definition of Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being up and our definition of Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being up and our definition of Omega and
+I'll define an R hat unit vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll define an R hat unit vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll define an R hat unit vector which
+is pointing radially outward from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing radially outward from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing radially outward from the
+center of the circle and a theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the circle and a theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the circle and a theta hat
+vector which is tangent to the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector which is tangent to the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector which is tangent to the circle
+and now I can calculate I can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can calculate I can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can calculate I can write down
+say the radius of the circle is R then L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the radius of the circle is R then L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the radius of the circle is R then L
+of s the vector R s has radius R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s the vector R s has radius R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s the vector R s has radius R
+pointing outward and the momentum vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing outward and the momentum vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing outward and the momentum vector
+is pointing tangential and that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing tangential and that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing tangential and that's a very
+easy cross-product to make our hat cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy cross-product to make our hat cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy cross-product to make our hat cross
+theta hat that's what we're defining to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat that's what we're defining to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat that's what we're defining to
+be K huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be K huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be K huh
+maintaining the cyclic order and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the cyclic order and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the cyclic order and so we
+get R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get R
+que hat now for circular motion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+que hat now for circular motion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+que hat now for circular motion the
+momentum magnitude is M the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum magnitude is M the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum magnitude is M the magnitude of
+the theta component we've made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta component we've made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta component we've made that
+positive which is M R Omega Z and so LS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive which is M R Omega Z and so LS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive which is M R Omega Z and so LS
+is there's an R here and another are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's an R here and another are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's an R here and another are
+there so we get M R squared times Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we get M R squared times Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we get M R squared times Omega
+Z ok huh this is our vector Omega now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z ok huh this is our vector Omega now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z ok huh this is our vector Omega now
+this turns out to be the moment inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns out to be the moment inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns out to be the moment inertia
+of a point particle located at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a point particle located at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a point particle located at the
+center and so we conclude that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and so we conclude that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and so we conclude that the
+angular momentum is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is proportional to the
+angular velocity now that's no surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity now that's no surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity now that's no surprise
+in this particular case why because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case why because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case why because the
+vectors are s and P are in the plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are s and P are in the plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are s and P are in the plane of
+motion and when you ever you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and when you ever you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and when you ever you take a
+cross product L is perpendicular to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product L is perpendicular to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product L is perpendicular to both
+of those vectors so it's perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those vectors so it's perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those vectors so it's perpendicular
+to the plane of motion and therefore L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plane of motion and therefore L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plane of motion and therefore L
+has to point in the Z direction
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2wGduvHRck4.txt b/2wGduvHRck4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..505d8e7ba4ae0d568dc280d5ba5f13414d58d026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2wGduvHRck4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so I want to start um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I want to start um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I want to start um with
+a small puzzle if I can get this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small puzzle if I can get this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small puzzle if I can get this thing
+to work this is satellite um capture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work this is satellite um capture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work this is satellite um capture of
+carbon monoxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon monoxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon monoxide
+plumes uh globally I'll let this run for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumes uh globally I'll let this run for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumes uh globally I'll let this run for
+a while and I'll show you another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and I'll show you another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and I'll show you another one
+that's got more information but harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got more information but harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got more information but harder
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+read so the the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read so the the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read so the the question
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+why why are they where they are which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why are they where they are which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why are they where they are which
+requires you to First figure out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to First figure out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to First figure out where
+carbon monoxide comes from which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon monoxide comes from which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon monoxide comes from which I
+figure most of you probably know quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure most of you probably know quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure most of you probably know quick
+response what does how do you get carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response what does how do you get carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response what does how do you get carbon
+monoxide in the atmosphere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoxide in the atmosphere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoxide in the atmosphere in
+quantity yeah burning hydrocarb burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity yeah burning hydrocarb burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity yeah burning hydrocarb burning
+hydrocarbons completely incompletely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons completely incompletely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons completely incompletely
+incompletely incompletely so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompletely incompletely so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompletely incompletely so it's
+incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons so
+you see the red spots is where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the red spots is where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the red spots is where there's a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it a lot of energy is burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot of energy is burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot of energy is burning
+hydrocarbon so it's not too surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon so it's not too surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon so it's not too surprising
+we have this here let me start the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this here let me start the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this here let me start the other
+one which is which gives you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is which gives you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is which gives you a little
+bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of the
+same you see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you see a lot
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+Asia India South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia India South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia India South
+Asia Africa some over Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia Africa some over Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia Africa some over Latin
+America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America
+why how come we're seeing incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why how come we're seeing incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why how come we're seeing incomplete
+combustion of hydrocarbons in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion of hydrocarbons in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion of hydrocarbons in those
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+a lot of it enough to make plumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it enough to make plumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it enough to make plumes
+detectable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectable from
+space how come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space how come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space how come
+thoughts yes a lot of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts yes a lot of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts yes a lot of those are
+developing areas and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing areas and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing areas and they don't
+have processes to burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrocarb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarb
+that's right let me restart this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right let me restart this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right let me restart this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um so we're dealing with the we a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're dealing with the we a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're dealing with the we a lot of
+those are developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are developing
+areas what kind of hydrocarbons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas what kind of hydrocarbons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas what kind of hydrocarbons you
+think they're burning in quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're burning in quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're burning in quantity and
+some of them some of the the the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them some of the the the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them some of the the the ones
+over the plume that you occasionally see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the plume that you occasionally see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the plume that you occasionally see
+over Brazil is a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Brazil is a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Brazil is a fair amount of
+deforestation in the Amazon just large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforestation in the Amazon just large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforestation in the Amazon just large
+scale burning but what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale burning but what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale burning but what kind of
+hydrocarbons do you find being burned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons do you find being burned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons do you find being burned in
+very poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+countries Coal's one answer what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries Coal's one answer what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries Coal's one answer what else
+wood wood wood I hear mumbles it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood wood wood I hear mumbles it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood wood wood I hear mumbles it's very
+hard to grade participation when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to grade participation when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to grade participation when you do
+chorus so just put up a hand take a shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chorus so just put up a hand take a shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chorus so just put up a hand take a shot
+at it Wood's what I was after um they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it Wood's what I was after um they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it Wood's what I was after um they do
+burn coal and we're going to see a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn coal and we're going to see a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn coal and we're going to see a fair
+amount of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is UN data on the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is UN data on the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is UN data on the fraction of
+total energy from quote primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy from quote primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy from quote primary
+biomass which is largely wood wood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass which is largely wood wood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass which is largely wood wood and
+brush and stuff like that and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush and stuff like that and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush and stuff like that and you will
+notice how high it is in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how high it is in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how high it is in a number of
+poor countries I was struck by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor countries I was struck by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor countries I was struck by the
+Cambodia number just because I was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambodia number just because I was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambodia number just because I was there
+recently but look at Ethiopia almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently but look at Ethiopia almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently but look at Ethiopia almost all
+the energy available and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy available and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy available and these are
+estimates right you can't measure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates right you can't measure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates right you can't measure how
+much they're doing in cooking fires in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they're doing in cooking fires in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they're doing in cooking fires in
+remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote
+Villages but I'll that's the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages but I'll that's the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages but I'll that's the dominant
+energy source in those two those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source in those two those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source in those two those two
+very poor countries is gathering wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor countries is gathering wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor countries is gathering wood
+and burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burning
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+cook most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook most of the
+time most of the energy data you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time most of the energy data you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time most of the energy data you will
+see does not have that in part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see does not have that in part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see does not have that in part because
+the best you can do is estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you can do is estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you can do is estimate
+it but historically this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but historically this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but historically this is very
+important as an energy source and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as an energy source and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as an energy source and it's
+still important in a lot of developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still important in a lot of developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still important in a lot of developing
+countries we will come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries we will come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries we will come back to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's one
+source of energy that humans use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy that humans use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy that humans use to
+supplement their own before we began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement their own before we began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement their own before we began
+using fossil fuels in quantity what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using fossil fuels in quantity what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using fossil fuels in quantity what else
+did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we
+use yeah water water like water power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use yeah water water like water power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use yeah water water like water power
+water mill water wheels of various kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water mill water wheels of various kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water mill water wheels of various kinds
+anything else yes wind sailing ships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yes wind sailing ships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yes wind sailing ships
+windmills anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windmills anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windmills anything
+else DAV horses animals yeah and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else DAV horses animals yeah and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else DAV horses animals yeah and the
+avail ility of all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avail ility of all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avail ility of all of those
+things varies a lot if you're I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things varies a lot if you're I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things varies a lot if you're I'm sorry
+about the fly in i a little careless in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fly in i a little careless in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fly in i a little careless in
+setting up the animation um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the animation um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the animation um the
+availability of all of those energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of all of those energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of all of those energy
+sources varies enormously globally if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources varies enormously globally if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources varies enormously globally if
+you're in a desert you're not Gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a desert you're not Gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a desert you're not Gathering
+a lot of wood to burn uh if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of wood to burn uh if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of wood to burn uh if you're in
+Africa you're kind of short of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa you're kind of short of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa you're kind of short of
+domesticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domesticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domesticated
+animals uh and so on if you look across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh and so on if you look across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh and so on if you look across
+pre-industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-industrial
+economies and you ask what do their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies and you ask what do their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies and you ask what do their
+energy systems look like they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy systems look like they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy systems look like they're going
+to differ depending on available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differ depending on available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differ depending on available
+resources they're going to differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources they're going to differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources they're going to differ
+depending on climate do you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on climate do you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on climate do you really need
+the heat is it really important they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat is it really important they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat is it really important they're
+going to differ level of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to differ level of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to differ level of technology
+which varied a lot in pre-industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which varied a lot in pre-industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which varied a lot in pre-industrial
+times when particularly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when particularly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when particularly because
+communication was slow and erratic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication was slow and erratic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication was slow and erratic and
+the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of
+organization right when the Roman Empire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization right when the Roman Empire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization right when the Roman Empire
+fell Energy Systems changed organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell Energy Systems changed organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell Energy Systems changed organization
+changed so I'm sure there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so I'm sure there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so I'm sure there are other
+there are other differences so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other differences so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other differences so today
+what we're going to look at and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to look at and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to look at and just
+briefly this is a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly this is a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly this is a little bit like
+Wednesdays this will I think set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesdays this will I think set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesdays this will I think set a
+record which I hope not to break for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record which I hope not to break for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record which I hope not to break for the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+slides um but this is background and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides um but this is background and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides um but this is background and
+overview of the world what the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the world what the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the world what the world's
+Energy Systems look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Systems look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Systems look
+like one one of the important things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one one of the important things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one one of the important things to
+think about is when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is when you go
+beyond this is the fancy slide I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond this is the fancy slide I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond this is the fancy slide I thought
+it was fancy that I showed you last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fancy that I showed you last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fancy that I showed you last time
+about National Energy Systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about National Energy Systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about National Energy Systems in
+context if you look at the global Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context if you look at the global Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context if you look at the global Energy
+System it's more than a set of national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System it's more than a set of national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System it's more than a set of national
+ones there's a global background if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there's a global background if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there's a global background if you
+will a social background of cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will a social background of cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will a social background of cultural
+Communications rivalry emulation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications rivalry emulation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications rivalry emulation and so
+forth greenhouse gases are Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth greenhouse gases are Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth greenhouse gases are Global
+issue there are a set of international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue there are a set of international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue there are a set of international
+institutions and regimes the World Trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and regimes the World Trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and regimes the World Trade
+Organization climate agreements NAFTA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization climate agreements NAFTA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization climate agreements NAFTA
+etc etc that affect the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc that affect the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc that affect the global
+system they International Energy markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they International Energy markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they International Energy markets
+International financial markets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International financial markets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International financial markets and
+Multinational sorry and transnational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multinational sorry and transnational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multinational sorry and transnational
+multinational firms that link the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinational firms that link the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinational firms that link the global
+markets so we don't have a single world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets so we don't have a single world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets so we don't have a single world
+energy market and that'll become clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy market and that'll become clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy market and that'll become clear
+as we go through the course but we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go through the course but we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go through the course but we do
+have a lot of linkages between National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of linkages between National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of linkages between National
+markets so let me look let's look first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets so let me look let's look first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets so let me look let's look first
+at what's the world look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's the world look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's the world look like in
+aggregate what does the US look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate what does the US look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate what does the US look like in
+the world then we'll look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world then we'll look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world then we'll look at some
+differences so there's what the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so there's what the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so there's what the world
+Burns right you will you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burns right you will you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burns right you will you will
+notice there really isn't any biomass up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there really isn't any biomass up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there really isn't any biomass up
+there this is from British petrole BP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is from British petrole BP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is from British petrole BP
+excuse me formerly known as British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me formerly known as British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me formerly known as British
+Petroleum uh this is sort of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Petroleum uh this is sort of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Petroleum uh this is sort of how the
+standard statistics go you've got oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard statistics go you've got oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard statistics go you've got oil
+natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas
+nuclear um Hydro power the tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear um Hydro power the tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear um Hydro power the tiny little
+non-hydro Renewables and then coal on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-hydro Renewables and then coal on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-hydro Renewables and then coal on
+top um and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world for the US coal was very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world for the US coal was very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world for the US coal was very important
+for the world oil is the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the world oil is the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the world oil is the most important
+in terms of energy content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of energy content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of energy content
+oil's share has been declining for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil's share has been declining for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil's share has been declining for some
+time however you'll notice the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time however you'll notice the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time however you'll notice the total
+World consumptions growing oil looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World consumptions growing oil looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World consumptions growing oil looks
+pretty flat oil share is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty flat oil share is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty flat oil share is
+declining oil share is declining at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining oil share is declining at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining oil share is declining at the
+expense of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of natural
+gas not too surprising in the US context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas not too surprising in the US context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas not too surprising in the US context
+but the importance of coal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the importance of coal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the importance of coal is
+growing which is a little odd if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing which is a little odd if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing which is a little odd if you
+think about it because coal was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it because coal was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it because coal was the
+first of the fossil fuels that we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of the fossil fuels that we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of the fossil fuels that we used
+to any extent and it's now now on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any extent and it's now now on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any extent and it's now now on a
+global basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global basis
+growing and we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and we'll come back to
+that so in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in terms
+of the US these are a year or two old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US these are a year or two old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US these are a year or two old
+but they're about right we're about 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're about right we're about 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're about right we're about 4
+and a half% of the world's population we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half% of the world's population we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half% of the world's population we
+produce about 15% of primary energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce about 15% of primary energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce about 15% of primary energy we
+consume over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume over
+20% 5% of the world's population less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% 5% of the world's population less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% 5% of the world's population less
+than 5% consuming more than 20% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5% consuming more than 20% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 5% consuming more than 20% of the
+world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+a theme I will sound today is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theme I will sound today is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theme I will sound today is the whole
+world can't live like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world can't live like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world can't live like we
+do the arithmetic doesn't work this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the arithmetic doesn't work this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the arithmetic doesn't work this is
+the point that Tom fredman makes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that Tom fredman makes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that Tom fredman makes in the
+article on the list he makes it in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article on the list he makes it in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article on the list he makes it in more
+colorful fashion but the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful fashion but the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful fashion but the numbers are
+pretty clear and we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear and we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear and we'll come back to
+we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to
+that this is almost illegible but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is almost illegible but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is almost illegible but this
+is um more than five tons of oil per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um more than five tons of oil per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um more than five tons of oil per
+metric tons of oil equivalent per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric tons of oil equivalent per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric tons of oil equivalent per capita
+and down to less than one and a half you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down to less than one and a half you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down to less than one and a half you
+see enormous variation the in the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see enormous variation the in the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see enormous variation the in the amount
+of energy consumed per capita with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy consumed per capita with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy consumed per capita with the
+US Canada Saudi Arabia and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US Canada Saudi Arabia and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US Canada Saudi Arabia and a few
+European countries clearly in the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European countries clearly in the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European countries clearly in the lead
+and countries where there was all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and countries where there was all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and countries where there was all that
+carbon monoxide many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon monoxide many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon monoxide many of
+them uh very low down in terms of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh very low down in terms of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh very low down in terms of of
+using Commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Commercial
+Energy right so they are there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy right so they are there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy right so they are there's a lot
+of lot of gathered wood being done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lot of gathered wood being done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lot of gathered wood being done in
+those areas not a lot of Commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas not a lot of Commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas not a lot of Commercial
+Energy Russia's High Norway's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Russia's High Norway's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Russia's High Norway's
+High uh I think that's Norwegian uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High uh I think that's Norwegian uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High uh I think that's Norwegian uh in
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+case lots of energy lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case lots of energy lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case lots of energy lots of
+variation the if you look at energy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation the if you look at energy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation the if you look at energy use
+per capita over time you will see as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita over time you will see as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita over time you will see as we
+saw last time for the US it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time for the US it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time for the US it's pretty
+flat slightly different data source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat slightly different data source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat slightly different data source
+slightly different measures but flat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different measures but flat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different measures but flat for
+the US for a long time considerably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US for a long time considerably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US for a long time considerably
+higher than other rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than other rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than other rich
+countries um and down and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries um and down and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries um and down and here's the
+world average per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world average per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world average per
+capita here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita here's the
+US here's China rapidly growing toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US here's China rapidly growing toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US here's China rapidly growing toward
+the world average per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world average per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world average per
+capita the growth of China being a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita the growth of China being a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita the growth of China being a very
+big story that I'll spend a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big story that I'll spend a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big story that I'll spend a little more
+time on today um and then come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on today um and then come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on today um and then come back to
+so I if any of this stuff raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I if any of this stuff raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I if any of this stuff raises
+questions by the way raise your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions by the way raise your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions by the way raise your hand
+this is a this is a session with a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a session with a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a session with a fair
+amount of me talking but if I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of me talking but if I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of me talking but if I have to
+just talk the whole way through it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk the whole way through it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk the whole way through it'll be
+boring for both of us all of us David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring for both of us all of us David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring for both of us all of us David
+why are we like double with FR that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we like double with FR that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we like double with FR that's a
+really good question isn't it we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question isn't it we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question isn't it we're
+going to need to we're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to we're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to we're going to want to
+explore that let me not let me not say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore that let me not let me not say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore that let me not let me not say
+an answer right now but um have you been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer right now but um have you been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer right now but um have you been
+to Europe no okay you will notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe no okay you will notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe no okay you will notice that
+the houses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the houses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the houses are
+smaller many of the cars are smaller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller many of the cars are smaller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller many of the cars are smaller the
+cities are denser the railroads the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are denser the railroads the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are denser the railroads the
+passenger railroads are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better the activity mix is different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the activity mix is different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the activity mix is different the
+countries are denser there are a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are denser there are a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are denser there are a whole
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+reasons uh it's not that we're bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons uh it's not that we're bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons uh it's not that we're bad
+people although maybe we're bad people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people although maybe we're bad people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people although maybe we're bad people
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+but there's differences in history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's differences in history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's differences in history
+differences in circumstances I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in circumstances I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in circumstances I'll show
+you how several of these I don't think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how several of these I don't think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how several of these I don't think I
+have the UK what several of sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the UK what several of sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the UK what several of sort of the
+energy structures in these countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy structures in these countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy structures in these countries
+look like we worry about imported oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like we worry about imported oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like we worry about imported oil
+that's all they have so you would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all they have so you would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all they have so you would think
+they might act a little differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might act a little differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might act a little differently
+toward using automobiles so there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward using automobiles so there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward using automobiles so there a
+bunch of reasons we'll spend some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of reasons we'll spend some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of reasons we'll spend some time
+on it it's important to understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it it's important to understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it it's important to understand why
+countries differ if you want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries differ if you want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries differ if you want to change
+things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going
+forward it's important to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward it's important to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward it's important to see what
+history has done to get a sense of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history has done to get a sense of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history has done to get a sense of what
+you can do but it just think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do but it just think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do but it just think about how
+we use energy how energy could be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use energy how energy could be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use energy how energy could be used
+differently I mean people in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I mean people in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I mean people in those
+countries live perfectly Pleasant lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries live perfectly Pleasant lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries live perfectly Pleasant lives
+by our standards they're just different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our standards they're just different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our standards they're just different
+there was another hand yeah I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another hand yeah I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another hand yeah I can't
+remember where it was in the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where it was in the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where it was in the reading
+On's chapter but um it I remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On's chapter but um it I remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On's chapter but um it I remember in
+finding that Japan jaan's use was Less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that Japan jaan's use was Less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that Japan jaan's use was Less
+in China or maybe it was in the units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in China or maybe it was in the units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in China or maybe it was in the units of
+Americans that that Japan had like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans that that Japan had like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans that that Japan had like one
+and China want two per dollar per dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and China want two per dollar per dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and China want two per dollar per dollar
+of GDP Japan is lower uh this is per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of GDP Japan is lower uh this is per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of GDP Japan is lower uh this is per
+person and China despite its rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and China despite its rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and China despite its rapid
+increase in in wealth and income is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in in wealth and income is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in in wealth and income is
+still a poor country on average and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a poor country on average and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a poor country on average and
+certainly in ' 07 was I mean that graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in ' 07 was I mean that graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in ' 07 was I mean that graph
+goes up from 07 anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up from 07 anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up from 07 anything else
+okay this is gives you a little sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is gives you a little sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is gives you a little sense
+tells you that uh the world differs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that uh the world differs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that uh the world differs in
+how it uses energy this is uh from BP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it uses energy this is uh from BP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it uses energy this is uh from BP
+and this is by region so you will notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is by region so you will notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is by region so you will notice
+that in Asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Asia
+Pacific which will be uh heavily China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pacific which will be uh heavily China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pacific which will be uh heavily China
+uh Australia New Zealand coal is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Australia New Zealand coal is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Australia New Zealand coal is the
+dominant fuel in the Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant fuel in the Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant fuel in the Middle
+East not too surprisingly it's oil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East not too surprisingly it's oil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East not too surprisingly it's oil and
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+gas um and there are various mixtures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas um and there are various mixtures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas um and there are various mixtures in
+between here's North America we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here's North America we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here's North America we use a
+lot of oil we use a lot of natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of oil we use a lot of natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of oil we use a lot of natural gas
+we Lo we use a fair amount of coal um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Lo we use a fair amount of coal um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Lo we use a fair amount of coal um so
+there are Regional differences in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Regional differences in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Regional differences in part
+because with the exception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with the exception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with the exception of
+oil well not even with the exception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil well not even with the exception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil well not even with the exception of
+oil transporting this stuff globally is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil transporting this stuff globally is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil transporting this stuff globally is
+not that easy it's get it's easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that easy it's get it's easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that easy it's get it's easier than
+it used us to be but transporting coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used us to be but transporting coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used us to be but transporting coal
+to transport natural gas you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transport natural gas you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transport natural gas you either
+build a pipeline or you liquify it put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a pipeline or you liquify it put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a pipeline or you liquify it put
+it in a very expensive ship and move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a very expensive ship and move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a very expensive ship and move it
+so the regional differences in patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the regional differences in patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the regional differences in patterns
+of energy use again we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy use again we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy use again we'll come back to
+this reflect in part differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reflect in part differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reflect in part differences in
+endowments and in part difference uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments and in part difference uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments and in part difference uh in
+part transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part transport
+costs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs um
+okay we asked about David asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we asked about David asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we asked about David asked about
+how why France and the US differ uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how why France and the US differ uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how why France and the US differ uh in
+energy or European countries differ from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or European countries differ from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or European countries differ from
+the US in energy use let me ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US in energy use let me ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US in energy use let me ask a
+broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader
+question what factors determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what factors determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what factors determine
+differences in structure not just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in structure not just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in structure not just in
+level but if you try to compare two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but if you try to compare two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but if you try to compare two
+countries what might you look at to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries what might you look at to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries what might you look at to
+compare differences in where they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare differences in where they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare differences in where they get
+energy and how they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and how they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and how they use
+it anybody take a shot Erica you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anybody take a shot Erica you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anybody take a shot Erica you're
+writing very very diligently and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing very very diligently and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing very very diligently and I
+didn't say that much what would you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say that much what would you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say that much what would you look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um to to explain differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to explain differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to explain differences between
+countries in how they get and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in how they get and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in how they get and how they
+use energy well one of the typ available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use energy well one of the typ available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use energy well one of the typ available
+resources available resources yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources available resources yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources available resources yeah that
+that that's a gimme I I I hit the hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a gimme I I I hit the hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a gimme I I I hit the hit
+the thing too quickly uh you got can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing too quickly uh you got can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing too quickly uh you got can you
+give me another one stand government or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me another one stand government or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me another one stand government or
+um I guess a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess a
+political so government policies which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political so government policies which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political so government policies which
+would come out of the political system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come out of the political system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come out of the political system
+that's another one anything else maora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another one anything else maora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another one anything else maora
+very good I hesitated to notice uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good I hesitated to notice uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good I hesitated to notice uh one
+thing would be also like Transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would be also like Transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would be also like Transportation
+like for example if the country's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example if the country's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example if the country's
+landlocked or if it's uh if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlocked or if it's uh if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlocked or if it's uh if it has
+access to waterways if it has a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to waterways if it has a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to waterways if it has a good
+system that allows you to transport oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that allows you to transport oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that allows you to transport oil
+in and out of the country various regs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of the country various regs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of the country various regs
+that's a good point just it's not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point just it's not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point just it's not one
+that's on my list it's the geography of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on my list it's the geography of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on my list it's the geography of
+the country are you can you can you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country are you can you can you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country are you can you can you get
+various energy sources like oil by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various energy sources like oil by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various energy sources like oil by
+tanker uh or do you have to pipe it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanker uh or do you have to pipe it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanker uh or do you have to pipe it in
+uh or or take it in by rail um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or or take it in by rail um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or or take it in by rail um another
+might another influence of geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might another influence of geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might another influence of geography
+which is in available resources do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in available resources do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in available resources do you
+have water do you have wind yeah Alex uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have water do you have wind yeah Alex uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have water do you have wind yeah Alex uh
+I was going to say development history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to say development history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to say development history
+development history yeah so like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development history yeah so like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development history yeah so like what's
+happened in the past like how um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past like how um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past like how um
+developed is this country um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed is this country um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed is this country um like
+yeah what's their uh previous economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's their uh previous economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's their uh previous economic
+history so the previous economic history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so the previous economic history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so the previous economic history
+would be both say level of income level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be both say level of income level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be both say level of income level
+of development and you're suggesting how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development and you're suggesting how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development and you're suggesting how
+they got there would matter say a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got there would matter say a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got there would matter say a little
+more or like how fast they got there how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or like how fast they got there how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or like how fast they got there how
+fast they got there okay did they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast they got there okay did they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast they got there okay did they did
+they develop in the 19th century and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they develop in the 19th century and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they develop in the 19th century and put
+a lot of money into 19th century assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money into 19th century assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money into 19th century assets
+that are still going or did they develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are still going or did they develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are still going or did they develop
+recently and were able to use new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and were able to use new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and were able to use new
+technology that's that's a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that's that's a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that's that's a very nice
+very nice point the Chinese are building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice point the Chinese are building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice point the Chinese are building
+lots of power plants their plower plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of power plants their plower plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of power plants their plower plants
+are on average more efficient than ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on average more efficient than ours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on average more efficient than ours
+because they're much younger than ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're much younger than ours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're much younger than ours
+so on average anybody else yeah um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on average anybody else yeah um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on average anybody else yeah um like
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+density population density James okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density population density James okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density population density James okay it
+would be easier per person to heat like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be easier per person to heat like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be easier per person to heat like
+an apartment building in uh I so density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apartment building in uh I so density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apartment building in uh I so density
+y as opposed to a bunch of big houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y as opposed to a bunch of big houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y as opposed to a bunch of big houses
+spread across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread across
+Texas person we always come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas person we always come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas person we always come back to
+Texas now we really uh some of that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas now we really uh some of that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas now we really uh some of that's
+some of that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that's
+um uh just people per square mile and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh just people per square mile and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh just people per square mile and
+some of it reflects policy right how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it reflects policy right how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it reflects policy right how how
+how you react to sprawl when you're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you react to sprawl when you're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you react to sprawl when you're when
+you're doing land use policy and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing land use policy and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing land use policy and other
+things so it's a both things matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so it's a both things matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so it's a both things matter
+exactly right yeah Ryan um well the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right yeah Ryan um well the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right yeah Ryan um well the sort
+of products that you make and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products that you make and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products that you make and the
+products that you consume so like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that you consume so like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that you consume so like an
+Agra society would like you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agra society would like you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agra society would like you know they
+might use you know so much oil but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use you know so much oil but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use you know so much oil but like
+somebody who's going to do manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's going to do manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's going to do manufacturing
+of a certain product would definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain product would definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain product would definitely
+use a lot more also if you're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lot more also if you're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lot more also if you're making a
+product for your own country then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product for your own country then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product for your own country then like
+the consumption is going you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption is going you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption is going you're going to
+make a product for your own country so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a product for your own country so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a product for your own country so
+the consumption is going to be higher so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption is going to be higher so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption is going to be higher so
+you're going to make more so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make more so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make more so the
+activity mix so you don't get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity mix so you don't get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity mix so you don't get a lot of
+you get less energy if the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get less energy if the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get less energy if the if the
+country is a a financial center like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is a a financial center like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is a a financial center like
+England than if it's a manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England than if it's a manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England than if it's a manufacturing
+center like China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center like China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center like China
+uh when we looked at the variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we looked at the variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we looked at the variation in
+energy use across US states Wyoming was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use across US states Wyoming was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use across US states Wyoming was
+very high and I neglected to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high and I neglected to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high and I neglected to mention
+last time that one of the big things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that one of the big things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that one of the big things
+that goes on in Wyoming is strip mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes on in Wyoming is strip mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes on in Wyoming is strip mining
+of coal in huge quantities using very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coal in huge quantities using very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coal in huge quantities using very
+very large Machinery well and and not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large Machinery well and and not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large Machinery well and and not a
+lot of people doing this so uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people doing this so uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people doing this so uh that's
+rather different from what goes on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather different from what goes on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather different from what goes on in
+Manhattan so y say political and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan so y say political and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan so y say political and
+geographical relations with exporters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical relations with exporters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical relations with exporters
+foreign exporters so you're how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign exporters so you're how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign exporters so you're how you can
+get your access to the world markets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your access to the world markets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your access to the world markets the
+terms on which you can access them who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms on which you can access them who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms on which you can access them who's
+nearby not just what do you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby not just what do you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby not just what do you have so
+China can get coal from Australia for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China can get coal from Australia for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China can get coal from Australia for
+instance uh in in in ways that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh in in in ways that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh in in in ways that would be
+more complicated if they were farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated if they were farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated if they were farther
+away and Australia didn't speak to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and Australia didn't speak to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and Australia didn't speak to them
+and actually I was talking to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually I was talking to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually I was talking to somebody
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+getting the country of Lebanon evidently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the country of Lebanon evidently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the country of Lebanon evidently
+built its power plants uh assuming uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built its power plants uh assuming uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built its power plants uh assuming uh
+would get natural gas to run them it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get natural gas to run them it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get natural gas to run them it has
+to run them on oil because it can no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run them on oil because it can no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run them on oil because it can no
+longer get natural gas from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer get natural gas from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer get natural gas from its
+neighbors and as a result efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and as a result efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and as a result efficiency is
+cut in half so these things do matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut in half so these things do matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut in half so these things do matter
+everon you were I think the I guess for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everon you were I think the I guess for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everon you were I think the I guess for
+just within if you're going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just within if you're going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just within if you're going to try and
+develop a type of energy that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a type of energy that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a type of energy that's going to
+be sustainable for your own country want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sustainable for your own country want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sustainable for your own country want
+to try to like do something that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to like do something that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to like do something that the
+technology in your like is there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in your like is there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in your like is there and
+like you know there's like people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know there's like people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know there's like people who
+are educa like develop those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are educa like develop those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are educa like develop those types of
+Technologies so what you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies so what you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies so what you're saying is
+you could you could we we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could we we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could we we talked about
+policy just in general terms but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy just in general terms but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy just in general terms but you're
+saying very specifically energy policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying very specifically energy policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying very specifically energy policy
+could focus on a particular technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could focus on a particular technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could focus on a particular technology
+develop local expertise in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop local expertise in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop local expertise in that
+technology develop a cluster of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology develop a cluster of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology develop a cluster of people
+um who could then Advance it and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who could then Advance it and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who could then Advance it and make it
+more efficient and more usable and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient and more usable and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient and more usable and more
+friendly for you uh and more U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly for you uh and more U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly for you uh and more U uh
+economical for you uh I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical for you uh I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical for you uh I think that's a
+um that's a good list and for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a good list and for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a good list and for an
+economist it's a it's a great list uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist it's a it's a great list uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist it's a it's a great list uh I
+would however add add one other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would however add add one other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would however add add one other thing
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+culture culture and habits I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture culture and habits I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture culture and habits I mean the
+Germans recycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans recycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans recycle
+relentlessly we don't I mean we do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relentlessly we don't I mean we do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relentlessly we don't I mean we do but
+it's nothing like recycling in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing like recycling in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing like recycling in Germany
+it's nothing like concern for materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing like concern for materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing like concern for materials
+and packaging in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and packaging in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and packaging in Germany
+it's nothing like concern for efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing like concern for efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing like concern for efficiency
+in Japan or in Germany the culture does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan or in Germany the culture does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan or in Germany the culture does
+matter and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and does
+affect I see think I've got everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect I see think I've got everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect I see think I've got everything
+we said um everything that um people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said um everything that um people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said um everything that um people
+decide to do habits right Americans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do habits right Americans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do habits right Americans are
+persuaded um uh we should drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuaded um uh we should drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuaded um uh we should drive
+automobiles are important well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles are important well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles are important well that's
+not god-given that's just part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not god-given that's just part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not god-given that's just part of the
+culture um so those things do matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture um so those things do matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture um so those things do matter and
+the one that one of the things we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that one of the things we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that one of the things we I
+mentioned when I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned when I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned when I talked about
+pre-industrial uh is climate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-industrial uh is climate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-industrial uh is climate in the
+sense of how hot and how cold this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how hot and how cold this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how hot and how cold this is an
+old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+graph on Heating and Cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on Heating and Cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on Heating and Cooling
+requirements I don't want to go into how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements I don't want to go into how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements I don't want to go into how
+do you measure a degree day in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you measure a degree day in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you measure a degree day in part
+because I don't remember but uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't remember but uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't remember but uh it's a
+measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+how much you need to spend Cooling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you need to spend Cooling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you need to spend Cooling and
+how much you need to spend heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you need to spend heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you need to spend heating
+obviously Russia spends a law has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously Russia spends a law has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously Russia spends a law has to
+spend a fair amount of energy heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a fair amount of energy heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a fair amount of energy heating
+Bangladesh not so much uh and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangladesh not so much uh and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangladesh not so much uh and of course
+before the Advent of of economical air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Advent of of economical air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Advent of of economical air
+conditioning these countries did very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning these countries did very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning these countries did very
+little to deal with the weather because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to deal with the weather because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to deal with the weather because
+they couldn't now that you can India in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't now that you can India in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't now that you can India in
+particular uh you do see more air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh you do see more air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh you do see more air
+conditioning and it is an important use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and it is an important use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and it is an important use
+of energy another other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way now just to do some more of these of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now just to do some more of these of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now just to do some more of these of
+these comparisons this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these comparisons this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these comparisons this is sort of
+requirements this is a little bit of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements this is a little bit of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements this is a little bit of um
+the influence of a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the influence of a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the influence of a couple of
+things first activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first activity
+mix and and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix and and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix and and second
+efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+right this is energy intensity basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is energy intensity basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is energy intensity basically
+tons of oil equivalent per dollars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of oil equivalent per dollars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of oil equivalent per dollars of
+GDP it's a old graph it hasn't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP it's a old graph it hasn't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP it's a old graph it hasn't changed
+that much you'll notice that Kenya uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much you'll notice that Kenya uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much you'll notice that Kenya uses
+a lot of energy per dollar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy per dollar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy per dollar of
+GDP is that because Kenya is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP is that because Kenya is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP is that because Kenya is doing
+massive high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive high energy
+manufacturing or is that because Kenyan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing or is that because Kenyan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing or is that because Kenyan
+technology tends to be old and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology tends to be old and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology tends to be old and
+inefficient so per dollar of GDP they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient so per dollar of GDP they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient so per dollar of GDP they
+end up wasting a lot of energy um Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up wasting a lot of energy um Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up wasting a lot of energy um Japan
+you will notice uses less per dollar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will notice uses less per dollar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will notice uses less per dollar of
+GDP and this may be what you remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP and this may be what you remember uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP and this may be what you remember uh
+than China less than the US us Japan has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than China less than the US us Japan has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than China less than the US us Japan has
+very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive
+energy for a variety of reasons very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for a variety of reasons very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for a variety of reasons very
+high prices very dense cities very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices very dense cities very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices very dense cities very small
+residences by our standards and per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residences by our standards and per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residences by our standards and per
+dollar of GDP even though it does a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of GDP even though it does a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of GDP even though it does a fair
+amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of
+manufacturing uh a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing uh a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing uh a lot
+less the Russian story is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the Russian story is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the Russian story is a
+combination again this is 2003 It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination again this is 2003 It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination again this is 2003 It's a
+combination of historically lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of historically lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of historically lots of
+heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy
+industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry
+and cheap energy that led to inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cheap energy that led to inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cheap energy that led to inefficient
+Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital
+stock in in Soviet times they built some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock in in Soviet times they built some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock in in Soviet times they built some
+of the most amazingly inefficient stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most amazingly inefficient stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most amazingly inefficient stuff
+you could imagine because energy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine because energy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine because energy was
+subsidized any place else you're worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized any place else you're worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized any place else you're worry
+about energy cost they worried less so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energy cost they worried less so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energy cost they worried less so
+Germany Germany does a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany Germany does a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany Germany does a lot of
+manufacturing it's more efficient than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing it's more efficient than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing it's more efficient than
+we are its energy is more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are its energy is more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are its energy is more expensive
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um I will I will pause there to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I will I will pause there to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I will I will pause there to see if
+anything strikes you or anything you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything strikes you or anything you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything strikes you or anything you'd
+want to comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to comment
+on I mean you can you can run these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I mean you can you can run these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I mean you can you can run these data
+we'll do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a little bit
+of this later um this is a bizarre graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this later um this is a bizarre graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this later um this is a bizarre graph
+this shows changes over time you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows changes over time you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows changes over time you may
+wonder why the Russian Federation jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why the Russian Federation jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why the Russian Federation jumps
+up right after 1990 that's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right after 1990 that's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right after 1990 that's of course
+because the Russian Federation didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Russian Federation didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Russian Federation didn't
+exist before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist before
+1990 and whoever did this graph couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 and whoever did this graph couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 and whoever did this graph couldn't
+quite do a not present but you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite do a not present but you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite do a not present but you'll see a
+you'll see a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a couple of
+things um there's the US again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um there's the US again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um there's the US again this is
+energy per dollar of GDP we showed last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per dollar of GDP we showed last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per dollar of GDP we showed last
+time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a
+decline look at the decline in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline look at the decline in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline look at the decline in
+China look at the decline in energy per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China look at the decline in energy per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China look at the decline in energy per
+dollar of GDP in China this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of GDP in China this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of GDP in China this is just
+getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more
+efficient because GDP is rising they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient because GDP is rising they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient because GDP is rising they're
+using new equipment this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using new equipment this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using new equipment this is just an
+enormous increase in efficiency this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous increase in efficiency this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous increase in efficiency this is
+not doing less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing less
+manufacturing uh it's just becoming more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing uh it's just becoming more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing uh it's just becoming more
+efficient there's a general and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient there's a general and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient there's a general and again
+Russia enormously inefficient coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia enormously inefficient coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia enormously inefficient coming
+down over time uh as they begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down over time uh as they begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down over time uh as they begin to
+modernize their industrial plant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernize their industrial plant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernize their industrial plant the
+others you know there's a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you know there's a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you know there's a general
+downward Trend if you've got an eye for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward Trend if you've got an eye for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward Trend if you've got an eye for
+it among most of these developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it among most of these developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it among most of these developed
+countries um but it's slight in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries um but it's slight in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries um but it's slight in in
+Russia and China that put in a had a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia and China that put in a had a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia and China that put in a had a lot
+of inefficient heavy industry the trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inefficient heavy industry the trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inefficient heavy industry the trend
+is very pronounced but China is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very pronounced but China is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very pronounced but China is a very
+energy intensive very energy intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy intensive very energy intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy intensive very energy intensive
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+things of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of course that
+drives uh energy structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives uh energy structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives uh energy structure
+is prices faced by people making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is prices faced by people making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is prices faced by people making
+decisions we didn't mention prices on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we didn't mention prices on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we didn't mention prices on
+the earlier list because prices don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier list because prices don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier list because prices don't
+drop out of the sky they come from among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out of the sky they come from among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out of the sky they come from among
+other things most of the things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things most of the things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things most of the things on the
+list these are gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list these are gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list these are gasoline
+prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+2006 uh uh the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 uh uh the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 uh uh the units
+are dollars per gallon uh I assume a US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dollars per gallon uh I assume a US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dollars per gallon uh I assume a US
+gallon but you'll notice the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon but you'll notice the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon but you'll notice the big
+difference between Germany here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Germany here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Germany here at
+six the us at 2 and A2 at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six the us at 2 and A2 at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six the us at 2 and A2 at that point
+china 211 and if the graph had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china 211 and if the graph had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china 211 and if the graph had more
+countries um I'm sure we'd see around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries um I'm sure we'd see around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries um I'm sure we'd see around a
+dollar in Venezuela maybe a dollar and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in Venezuela maybe a dollar and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in Venezuela maybe a dollar and a
+half in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half in
+Egypt huge range of prices for gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt huge range of prices for gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt huge range of prices for gasoline
+which is traded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is traded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is traded
+internationally which gets shipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally which gets shipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally which gets shipped
+around the world on large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world on large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world on large
+tankers that's policy that's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tankers that's policy that's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tankers that's policy that's mostly
+policy the Europeans and the Koreans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy the Europeans and the Koreans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy the Europeans and the Koreans
+don't have oil they tax it the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have oil they tax it the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have oil they tax it the Japanese
+tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax
+it we tax it but not so much Mexico has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we tax it but not so much Mexico has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we tax it but not so much Mexico has
+a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair amount of
+oil they don't they tax it less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil they don't they tax it less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil they don't they tax it less and
+other countries actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries actively
+subsidize actively subsidized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize actively subsidized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize actively subsidized the
+consumption of gasoline Venezuela being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of gasoline Venezuela being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of gasoline Venezuela being
+being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the
+most uh the most glaring that I'm aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh the most glaring that I'm aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh the most glaring that I'm aware
+of and you may ask politically and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and you may ask politically and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and you may ask politically and this
+is the kind of question we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of question we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of question we're going to
+come to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to how
+come how come Germany makes a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come how come Germany makes a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come how come Germany makes a political
+decision to tax the heck out of gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to tax the heck out of gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to tax the heck out of gasoline
+and Venezuela even under the before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Venezuela even under the before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Venezuela even under the before the
+Chavez regime makes a political decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chavez regime makes a political decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chavez regime makes a political decision
+to spend tax money to subsidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend tax money to subsidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend tax money to subsidize
+gasoline I'm not going to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline I'm not going to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline I'm not going to answer that
+question but it is it is a question it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but it is it is a question it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but it is it is a question it
+is a social science of energy question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a social science of energy question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a social science of energy question
+kind of a basic one how do you how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a basic one how do you how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a basic one how do you how does
+that decision get made here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision get made here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision get made here's another
+one these are electricity prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one these are electricity prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one these are electricity prices and
+you'll see there are two bars for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see there are two bars for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see there are two bars for each
+country the darker one is household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country the darker one is household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country the darker one is household
+prices and again there's a there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and again there's a there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and again there's a there's an
+effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of
+policy you know prices differ prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy you know prices differ prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy you know prices differ prices
+differ between countries that are nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ between countries that are nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ between countries that are nearby
+let's see if I can find a couple here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I can find a couple here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I can find a couple here's
+the here's the Czech Republic and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's the Czech Republic and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's the Czech Republic and here's
+Germany um that difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany um that difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany um that difference in
+residential prices presumably reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential prices presumably reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential prices presumably reflects
+policy among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy among other
+things the lighter colored bar is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the lighter colored bar is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the lighter colored bar is what
+industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry
+pays now industry will always pay less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays now industry will always pay less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays now industry will always pay less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+households typically because it'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households typically because it'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households typically because it'll take
+power at higher voltages there are lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power at higher voltages there are lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power at higher voltages there are lower
+costs dot dot dot lots of reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs dot dot dot lots of reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs dot dot dot lots of reasons why
+the light bar is always below the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light bar is always below the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light bar is always below the dark
+bar but look at how big the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar but look at how big the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar but look at how big the differences
+are in some countries and how small in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+others right that's just a compare what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others right that's just a compare what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others right that's just a compare what
+happens in Norway where that's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in Norway where that's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in Norway where that's got to be
+more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+double with what we got here Italy where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double with what we got here Italy where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double with what we got here Italy where
+those prices are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is in many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in many of these
+countries most of these countries the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries most of these countries the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries most of these countries the
+outcome of a political process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of a political process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of a political process
+electricity prices are importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity prices are importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity prices are importantly
+political many of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political many of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political many of these are
+government-run electricity companies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government-run electricity companies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government-run electricity companies the
+ones that aren't in the US are at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that aren't in the US are at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that aren't in the US are at least
+regulated and the outcome of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated and the outcome of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated and the outcome of the
+regulatory process is as we will discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory process is as we will discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory process is as we will discuss
+political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prices where do prices come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices where do prices come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices where do prices come
+from I'll just list a few here um rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I'll just list a few here um rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I'll just list a few here um rather
+than spend spend a while on this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than spend spend a while on this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than spend spend a while on this because
+I want to make sure I get through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure I get through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure I get through this
+massive collection of slides um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive collection of slides um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive collection of slides um
+sometimes prices reflect cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes prices reflect cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes prices reflect cost
+differences we have have a lot of coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences we have have a lot of coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences we have have a lot of coal
+other people don't uh electricity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people don't uh electricity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people don't uh electricity is
+cheaper in the midwest because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper in the midwest because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper in the midwest because there's a
+lot of coal and coal fired power plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of coal and coal fired power plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of coal and coal fired power plants
+okay um that's local resources people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um that's local resources people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um that's local resources people
+use oil to generate electricity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use oil to generate electricity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use oil to generate electricity the
+price of electricity varies with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of electricity varies with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of electricity varies with the
+world price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world price of
+oil some countries capitals and labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil some countries capitals and labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil some countries capitals and labor
+are cheap some countries they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cheap some countries they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cheap some countries they're
+expensive we talked about some countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive we talked about some countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive we talked about some countries
+have efficient Technologies some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have efficient Technologies some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have efficient Technologies some
+countries don't and it's not just level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries don't and it's not just level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries don't and it's not just level
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+development not just level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development not just level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development not just level of
+development it is for instance house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development it is for instance house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development it is for instance house
+size how large are houses how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size how large are houses how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size how large are houses how well
+insulated are they Rich different rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulated are they Rich different rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulated are they Rich different rich
+countries have different answers to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have different answers to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have different answers to that
+question uh taxes and subsidies that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh taxes and subsidies that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh taxes and subsidies that's
+political and one thing we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political and one thing we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political and one thing we haven't
+mentioned is environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is environmental
+policy us Europe pretty tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy us Europe pretty tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy us Europe pretty tight
+environmental policies lots to debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental policies lots to debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental policies lots to debate
+China not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China not so
+much Russia not so much those policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Russia not so much those policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Russia not so much those policies
+affect the costs of producing and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the costs of producing and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the costs of producing and using
+energy uh you can think of other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh you can think of other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh you can think of other things
+that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect
+prices but I think those are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices but I think those are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices but I think those are kind of
+the kind of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the big
+ones this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones this
+is you could do this whole session on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could do this whole session on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could do this whole session on
+electricity there are lots of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity there are lots of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity there are lots of people who
+are in this world who are off grid who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this world who are off grid who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this world who are off grid who
+don't have any electricity at all so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any electricity at all so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any electricity at all so we
+don't have electricity prices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have electricity prices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have electricity prices for
+them and this isn't price this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and this isn't price this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and this isn't price this is
+consumption uh per capita notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption uh per capita notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption uh per capita notice the
+world leader is Iceland does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world leader is Iceland does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world leader is Iceland does anybody
+know why anybody know how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why anybody know how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why anybody know how how
+electricity is produced in Iceland yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is produced in Iceland yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is produced in Iceland yeah
+thology it's it's geothermal they use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thology it's it's geothermal they use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thology it's it's geothermal they use uh
+they use uh geothermal heat it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use uh geothermal heat it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use uh geothermal heat it's really
+cheap really and that's a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap really and that's a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap really and that's a local
+resource uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource uh
+Norway does anybody know what the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norway does anybody know what the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norway does anybody know what the what
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+dominant method for producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant method for producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant method for producing
+electricity in Norway is yeah hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in Norway is yeah hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in Norway is yeah hydro
+electricity hydroelectricity Norway has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity hydroelectricity Norway has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity hydroelectricity Norway has
+a lot of Hydro power and again if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Hydro power and again if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Hydro power and again if you if
+you're lucky in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lucky in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lucky in
+geography um you can have uh cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography um you can have uh cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography um you can have uh cheap
+electricity from hydrop Power you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity from hydrop Power you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity from hydrop Power you're
+willing to build a lot of dams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to build a lot of dams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to build a lot of dams
+Norwegians are also environmentalist so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegians are also environmentalist so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegians are also environmentalist so
+they do worry about the the dams but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do worry about the the dams but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do worry about the the dams but and
+cutter is third what do you think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter is third what do you think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter is third what do you think they
+do or what they what do they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or what they what do they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or what they what do they have the
+tiny little country in the Persian Gulf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little country in the Persian Gulf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little country in the Persian Gulf
+yeah oil what oil well oil is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oil what oil well oil is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oil what oil well oil is a good
+guess it's close it's natural gas they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's close it's natural gas they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's close it's natural gas they
+have literally boatloads of natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have literally boatloads of natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have literally boatloads of natural gas
+they liquefy it and exported in quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they liquefy it and exported in quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they liquefy it and exported in quantity
+and they use it locally to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use it locally to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use it locally to generate
+electricity back in the bad old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity back in the bad old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity back in the bad old days
+they would just burn it to get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would just burn it to get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would just burn it to get rid of it
+now they spend a lot of money freezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they spend a lot of money freezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they spend a lot of money freezing
+it liquefying it and and selling it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it liquefying it and and selling it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it liquefying it and and selling it uh
+so again but look at the world number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again but look at the world number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again but look at the world number
+compare how much electricity we consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare how much electricity we consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare how much electricity we consume
+with the world average we're not among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the world average we're not among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the world average we're not among
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+leaders we're pretty high but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders we're pretty high but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders we're pretty high but we're not
+you know we're not the top two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not the top two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not the top two or
+three but the world average my Heavens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but the world average my Heavens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but the world average my Heavens
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+Heavens less than a quarter less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heavens less than a quarter less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heavens less than a quarter less than a
+quarter okay what I want to do for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter okay what I want to do for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter okay what I want to do for a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+while you may remember this picture from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you may remember this picture from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you may remember this picture from
+last time this is one of those great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time this is one of those great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time this is one of those great um
+visual displays of quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual displays of quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual displays of quantitative
+information from Lawrence Livermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from Lawrence Livermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from Lawrence Livermore
+Lawrence Livermore um if you go on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence Livermore um if you go on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence Livermore um if you go on their
+websites you can find these for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites you can find these for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites you can find these for
+2007 which is why I have 2007 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 which is why I have 2007 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 which is why I have 2007 for
+something like a 100 countries so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a 100 countries so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a 100 countries so if
+you're curious about what energy looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're curious about what energy looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're curious about what energy looks
+like in country X you can find you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in country X you can find you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in country X you can find you can
+find uh a bunch of them and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh a bunch of them and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh a bunch of them and I'm going to
+show you some some variation I do want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some some variation I do want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some some variation I do want
+to make a a couple of points about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a a couple of points about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a a couple of points about the
+us because it'll relate to others we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us because it'll relate to others we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us because it'll relate to others we
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+um notice most of our natural gas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice most of our natural gas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice most of our natural gas is
+domestic most of our coal is domestic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic most of our coal is domestic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic most of our coal is domestic in
+fact our exports for coal in that year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact our exports for coal in that year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact our exports for coal in that year
+exceeded our Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeded our Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeded our Imports
+um we import biomass I have no idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we import biomass I have no idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we import biomass I have no idea what
+that is but um uh our worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is but um uh our worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is but um uh our worry about
+Imports is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports is
+oil you'll notice is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil you'll notice is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil you'll notice is for
+electricity we do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity we do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity we do a lot of
+coal and nuclear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal and nuclear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal and nuclear and
+gas a little bit of wind and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas a little bit of wind and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas a little bit of wind and a little
+bit of solar now you may you may wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of solar now you may you may wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of solar now you may you may wonder
+what this little yellow line is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this little yellow line is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this little yellow line is which is
+solar going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar going into
+residential what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential what is
+that solar energy used in the households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solar energy used in the households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solar energy used in the households
+yeah is that where excuse me is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is that where excuse me is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is that where excuse me is that
+where people have their own solar panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have their own solar panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have their own solar panels
+and use that to like keep their homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to like keep their homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to like keep their homes
+Etc and potentially Fe back the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and potentially Fe back the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and potentially Fe back the well
+it's Pro it's probably in 2007 it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Pro it's probably in 2007 it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Pro it's probably in 2007 it's a
+little bit too big for that but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too big for that but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too big for that but you're
+right about the Rooftop at least in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about the Rooftop at least in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about the Rooftop at least in part
+uh hot water heaters solar hot water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hot water heaters solar hot water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hot water heaters solar hot water
+heaters and we actually lead the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaters and we actually lead the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaters and we actually lead the
+world in use of solar energy because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in use of solar energy because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in use of solar energy because we
+do a lot of swimming pools heated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of swimming pools heated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of swimming pools heated with
+solar energy if you take that out we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy if you take that out we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy if you take that out we're
+not so good but a lot of this is heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so good but a lot of this is heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so good but a lot of this is heating
+res is solar heating of swimming pools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res is solar heating of swimming pools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res is solar heating of swimming pools
+um a a critical thing um okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a critical thing um okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a critical thing um okay so let me
+let me do a few and again raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do a few and again raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do a few and again raise
+questions if if weird things strike you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if if weird things strike you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if if weird things strike you
+or don't strike you um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+France what do you see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France what do you see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France what do you see in the
+electricity side for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity side for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity side for
+France yeah lot of nuclear lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France yeah lot of nuclear lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France yeah lot of nuclear lot of
+nuclear uh France made a strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear uh France made a strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear uh France made a strategic
+commitment to nuclear power years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to nuclear power years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to nuclear power years
+ago those plants are very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago those plants are very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago those plants are very expensive
+they're going to last a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to last a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to last a long
+time there they are you don't turn them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there they are you don't turn them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there they are you don't turn them
+off you don't turn them off right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you don't turn them off right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you don't turn them off right away
+um almost all the cola uses imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almost all the cola uses imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almost all the cola uses imported
+almost all the natural gas is imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the natural gas is imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the natural gas is imported
+almost all the oil is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the oil is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the oil is
+imported nucle nuclear has energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported nucle nuclear has energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported nucle nuclear has energy
+Security benefits for France which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security benefits for France which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security benefits for France which is
+one reason an important reason for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason an important reason for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason an important reason for that
+decision it also makes France a leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision it also makes France a leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision it also makes France a leader
+in nuclear technology to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nuclear technology to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nuclear technology to come back to
+everson's point about building a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everson's point about building a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everson's point about building a an
+industry and building a critical mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and building a critical mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and building a critical mass
+it's had that effect France exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's had that effect France exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's had that effect France exports
+reactors exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors exports
+designs a decision but also a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs a decision but also a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs a decision but also a decision
+based on the fact that the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the fact that the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the fact that the natural
+endowment of these fossil fuels is Terri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment of these fossil fuels is Terri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment of these fossil fuels is Terri
+you can you can drill a long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can drill a long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can drill a long time and
+you're not going to find oil they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to find oil they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to find oil they
+apparently have some I have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently have some I have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently have some I have no idea
+where it is but um not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is but um not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is but um not a lot of
+it okay let's let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay let's let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay let's let's look at
+another another country this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Norway and as we saw up here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norway and as we saw up here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norway and as we saw up here the
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+unfortunately different countries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately different countries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately different countries have
+different sized bars on everything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sized bars on everything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sized bars on everything but
+you'll see the big thing in electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the big thing in electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the big thing in electricity
+is hydro as we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hydro as we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hydro as we discussed
+earlier Norway is lucky they have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier Norway is lucky they have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier Norway is lucky they have a lot
+of natural gas most of which they export
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural gas most of which they export
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural gas most of which they export
+they have a lot of oil most of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of oil most of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of oil most of which
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+export that's a country with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export that's a country with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export that's a country with lots of
+natural endowments they use some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural endowments they use some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural endowments they use some of the
+natural gas they use some of the oil to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas they use some of the oil to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas they use some of the oil to
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+electricity and apparently they even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and apparently they even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and apparently they even
+burn some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn some
+wood but mostly they rely on hydr power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood but mostly they rely on hydr power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood but mostly they rely on hydr power
+and they export the natural gas and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they export the natural gas and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they export the natural gas and the
+oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil
+yeah so Norway had really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so Norway had really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so Norway had really high
+electricity consumption can you explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity consumption can you explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity consumption can you explain
+that the reason mostly due to hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason mostly due to hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason mostly due to hydro
+cheap Hydro y right U but for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap Hydro y right U but for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap Hydro y right U but for example
+Brazil also has approximately like 7 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil also has approximately like 7 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil also has approximately like 7 to
+8% Hydro but when you looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8% Hydro but when you looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8% Hydro but when you looked at the
+electricity consumption graph it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity consumption graph it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity consumption graph it was
+like not even listed is there a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not even listed is there a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not even listed is there a reason
+for that uh I don't know electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that uh I don't know electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that uh I don't know electricity
+prices in Brazil I I did look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices in Brazil I I did look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices in Brazil I I did look at this
+thing for Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for Brazil
+Brazil's running about 30% Hydro maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil's running about 30% Hydro maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil's running about 30% Hydro maybe
+something like that it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it's pretty
+high but but they may also tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but but they may also tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but but they may also tax
+it right in a country like Brazil where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right in a country like Brazil where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right in a country like Brazil where
+a lot of poor people don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of poor people don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of poor people don't have
+electricity electricity becomes as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity electricity becomes as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity electricity becomes as it
+was in the United States say through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the United States say through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the United States say through the
+20s it becomes a good presum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s it becomes a good presum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s it becomes a good presum
+predominantly consumed by wealthier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly consumed by wealthier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly consumed by wealthier
+people so it becomes something you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so it becomes something you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so it becomes something you might
+want to tax for political reasons I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tax for political reasons I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tax for political reasons I'm
+just guessing I don't know that um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just guessing I don't know that um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just guessing I don't know that um and I
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+know the cost of Brazil's fossil fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cost of Brazil's fossil fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cost of Brazil's fossil fuels
+fossil fueled plants they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fueled plants they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fueled plants they don't have
+coal so I assume the fossil is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal so I assume the fossil is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal so I assume the fossil is mostly
+oil and oil's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and oil's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and oil's not that
+cheap um oil's not that cheap uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap um oil's not that cheap uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap um oil's not that cheap uh to
+generate electricity with so yeah um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electricity with so yeah um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electricity with so yeah um for
+the right hand side for the the uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side for the the uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side for the the uses of
+the uh energy what does the non- energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh energy what does the non- energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh energy what does the non- energy
+box mean uh chemicals mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box mean uh chemicals mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box mean uh chemicals mostly
+use oil I mean in the later us graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use oil I mean in the later us graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use oil I mean in the later us graph
+that I showed last time it didn't appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed last time it didn't appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed last time it didn't appear
+U they kept it until Lawrence Livermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U they kept it until Lawrence Livermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U they kept it until Lawrence Livermore
+kept it until quite recently and I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept it until quite recently and I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept it until quite recently and I read
+that since it's all the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since it's all the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since it's all the only thing that
+ever goes in there is oil and natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever goes in there is oil and natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever goes in there is oil and natural
+gas I view that as the chemical industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas I view that as the chemical industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas I view that as the chemical industry
+they're not burning it they're using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not burning it they're using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not burning it they're using it
+for petrochemicals yeah why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does different parts to the country you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does different parts to the country you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does different parts to the country you
+know maybe that it's they've got I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe that it's they've got I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe that it's they've got I would
+guess this is refined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this is refined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this is refined
+product so maybe there's a refinery in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so maybe there's a refinery in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so maybe there's a refinery in
+Sweden say that happens to be close to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden say that happens to be close to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden say that happens to be close to a
+major source so it's just easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major source so it's just easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major source so it's just easier to
+import some from Sweden normally this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import some from Sweden normally this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import some from Sweden normally this
+happens and you see it a lot of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and you see it a lot of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and you see it a lot of places
+um well you see it here in electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you see it here in electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you see it here in electricity
+for instance they import electricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance they import electricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance they import electricity and
+they export electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they export electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they export electricity
+that's geography you got a line going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's geography you got a line going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's geography you got a line going
+here where demand exceeds Supply you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where demand exceeds Supply you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where demand exceeds Supply you got
+a line over here where Supply exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line over here where Supply exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line over here where Supply exceeds
+demand so you and we do too you import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so you and we do too you import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so you and we do too you import
+it one end you export it the other I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one end you export it the other I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one end you export it the other I
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+assume that this is refined product that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that this is refined product that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that this is refined product that
+they're getting there happens to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting there happens to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting there happens to be a
+convenient Refinery that's willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient Refinery that's willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient Refinery that's willing to
+sell and they're exporting mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell and they're exporting mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell and they're exporting mostly
+crude but normally that's what this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude but normally that's what this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude but normally that's what this will
+be yeah um do most countries have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah um do most countries have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah um do most countries have the
+same like breakdown of Energy Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same like breakdown of Energy Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same like breakdown of Energy Services
+and rejected energy or is there do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rejected energy or is there do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rejected energy or is there do some
+kind like you know I haven't looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind like you know I haven't looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind like you know I haven't looked at
+it I assume they're similar because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I assume they're similar because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I assume they're similar because it
+has to do with um I mean it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with um I mean it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with um I mean it's an
+efficiency so you're going to lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so you're going to lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so you're going to lose a
+bunch up here depending on how efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch up here depending on how efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch up here depending on how efficient
+your your generation plan is and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your generation plan is and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your generation plan is and how you
+do the efficiency for hydro and nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the efficiency for hydro and nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the efficiency for hydro and nuclear
+is kind of a just a tricky defin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a just a tricky defin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a just a tricky defin
+definitional issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitional issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitional issue
+um everybody's going to have more reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everybody's going to have more reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everybody's going to have more reject
+I thought you'd have more rejected than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought you'd have more rejected than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought you'd have more rejected than
+than used I think that's what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than used I think that's what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than used I think that's what we have
+isn't it let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it let's take a
+look there's France with more rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's France with more rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's France with more rejected
+than used there's the US with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than used there's the US with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than used there's the US with more
+rejected than used and there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected than used and there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected than used and there are the
+Norwegians aside from the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegians aside from the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegians aside from the size of the
+blocks the numbers say more used than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks the numbers say more used than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks the numbers say more used than
+rejected got me you got me yeah maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected got me you got me yeah maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected got me you got me yeah maybe
+that's due to the fact that like hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's due to the fact that like hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's due to the fact that like hydro
+electricity is a lot more efficient as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is a lot more efficient as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is a lot more efficient as
+opposed to like where a nuclear coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to like where a nuclear coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to like where a nuclear coal
+like Burns off a lot and like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Burns off a lot and like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Burns off a lot and like a lot of
+heat is lost or not transferred that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat is lost or not transferred that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat is lost or not transferred that may
+just be how they it may be how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be how they it may be how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be how they it may be how you
+define it if you you know what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it if you you know what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it if you you know what exactly
+how do you define the efficiency of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you define the efficiency of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you define the efficiency of a
+hydrop plant um I don't know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrop plant um I don't know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrop plant um I don't know what they
+what they do in terms of the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do in terms of the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do in terms of the efficiency
+I'd have to look in transportation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to look in transportation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to look in transportation you
+got you got more waste than used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you got more waste than used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you got more waste than used
+in IND industrial the reverse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in IND industrial the reverse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in IND industrial the reverse in
+household and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household and
+Commercial yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I no if I read I can't tell how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I no if I read I can't tell how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I no if I read I can't tell how much
+is going down here I can't sort it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going down here I can't sort it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going down here I can't sort it out
+by by sector uh uh that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by sector uh uh that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by sector uh uh that's a that's a
+departure most countries used have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure most countries used have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure most countries used have more
+rejected than used it might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected than used it might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected than used it might be the
+hydro yeah Matthew what would cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydro yeah Matthew what would cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydro yeah Matthew what would cause a
+country that has like such large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that has like such large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that has like such large
+domestic endal of natural gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic endal of natural gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic endal of natural gas and
+petroleum to develop Hydro like they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petroleum to develop Hydro like they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petroleum to develop Hydro like they do
+uh they developed the hydro earlier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they developed the hydro earlier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they developed the hydro earlier so
+the hydro is earlier and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydro is earlier and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydro is earlier and then they
+they found the natural gas and petroleum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found the natural gas and petroleum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found the natural gas and petroleum
+offshore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offshore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offshore
+later um and you know they worked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um and you know they worked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um and you know they worked very
+hard at learning how to manage Hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard at learning how to manage Hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard at learning how to manage Hydro
+systems it's actually a little tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it's actually a little tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it's actually a little tricky
+because doesn't always rain and the snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because doesn't always rain and the snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because doesn't always rain and the snow
+doesn't always melt when you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't always melt when you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't always melt when you want it to
+uh and they also worked very hard to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they also worked very hard to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they also worked very hard to uh
+develop Hydro without wrecking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop Hydro without wrecking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop Hydro without wrecking the
+environment uh so you know once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment uh so you know once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment uh so you know once you've
+got that capability and you're good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that capability and you're good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that capability and you're good at
+it and you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you got the
+geography uh you and you discover you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography uh you and you discover you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography uh you and you discover you've
+got a lot of natural gas and oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of natural gas and oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of natural gas and oil
+offshore it may make more sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offshore it may make more sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offshore it may make more sense to
+export that than to burn it locally yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export that than to burn it locally yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export that than to burn it locally yeah
+could you give some quick examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you give some quick examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you give some quick examples of
+Energy Services which is seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Services which is seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Services which is seems to be
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+than oh Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services
+driving um running running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving um running running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving um running running
+factories uh and this is mostly uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories uh and this is mostly uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories uh and this is mostly uh um uh
+heating ventilating and air conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating ventilating and air conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating ventilating and air conditioning
+but you know electric ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know electric ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know electric ranges
+refrigerators running your computer etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerators running your computer etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerators running your computer etc
+etc all the things you use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc all the things you use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc all the things you use it
+for this is puzzling it doesn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is puzzling it doesn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is puzzling it doesn't come
+from the electricity and I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electricity and I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electricity and I would have
+expected it on the left side of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected it on the left side of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected it on the left side of that
+box well your your computer doesn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box well your your computer doesn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box well your your computer doesn't use
+100% of the energy in the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% of the energy in the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% of the energy in the electricity
+for useful work right there's waste heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for useful work right there's waste heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for useful work right there's waste heat
+your refrigerator wastes uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your refrigerator wastes uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your refrigerator wastes uh there's
+waste heat that comes off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste heat that comes off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste heat that comes off the
+refrigerator there's more Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator there's more Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator there's more Energy
+Services in electricity and heat like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services in electricity and heat like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services in electricity and heat like
+there's 640 versus yeah well here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 640 versus yeah well here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 640 versus yeah well here you're
+running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Machinery I mean oh I see what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery I mean oh I see what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery I mean oh I see what you're
+saying I mean here you're running a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I mean here you're running a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I mean here you're running a car
+from gasoline here you are running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from gasoline here you are running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from gasoline here you are running
+Machinery of various kinds I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery of various kinds I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery of various kinds I I don't
+know I I have to list it but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I have to list it but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I have to list it but um
+and you you're also burning you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you're also burning you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you're also burning you're also
+Al burning oil directly to heat you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al burning oil directly to heat you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al burning oil directly to heat you're
+burning oil directly to heat in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning oil directly to heat in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning oil directly to heat in all
+these places um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not we'll go through some other examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we'll go through some other examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we'll go through some other examples
+but I'm not sure what you're missing I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not sure what you're missing I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not sure what you're missing I I
+guess the thing to think of is what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the thing to think of is what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the thing to think of is what do
+you use energy for right I used it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use energy for right I used it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use energy for right I used it for
+my electric toothbrush this morning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electric toothbrush this morning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electric toothbrush this morning uh
+that's an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an energy
+surface right it's the energy powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right it's the energy powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right it's the energy powered
+that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little
+machine that something that energy did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that something that energy did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that something that energy did I
+mean nobody you don't want electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean nobody you don't want electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean nobody you don't want electricity
+you want things that electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want things that electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want things that electricity
+runs I care about keeping the food cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs I care about keeping the food cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs I care about keeping the food cold
+I get no utility from the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get no utility from the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get no utility from the electricity
+that runs through the through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs through the through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs through the through the
+refrigerator the service is keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator the service is keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator the service is keeping the
+food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food
+cold the service is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold the service is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold the service is the
+refrigeration the energy input is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigeration the energy input is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigeration the energy input is the
+energy input that's produced by energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input that's produced by energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input that's produced by energy
+and capital right capital in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital right capital in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital right capital in the
+refrigerator energy comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator energy comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator energy comes into
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come
+back um what else have I got for you oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um what else have I got for you oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um what else have I got for you oh
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+Germany um Germany also uses a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany um Germany also uses a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany um Germany also uses a fair
+amount of nuclear which it says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of nuclear which it says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of nuclear which it says it's
+going to shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shut
+down um and it has shut shut down a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um and it has shut shut down a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um and it has shut shut down a fair
+amount it also uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount it also uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount it also uses
+coal it also buys electricity and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal it also buys electricity and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal it also buys electricity and will
+probably buy more electricity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably buy more electricity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably buy more electricity from
+France if it shuts those nuclear plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France if it shuts those nuclear plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France if it shuts those nuclear plants
+down fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down fast
+Germany again has coal but doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany again has coal but doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany again has coal but doesn't
+really it does have coal but it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it does have coal but it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it does have coal but it really
+doesn't have natural gas and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have natural gas and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have natural gas and it doesn't
+have any oil to speak of uh there again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any oil to speak of uh there again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any oil to speak of uh there again
+you'll see it's importing a ton of oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it's importing a ton of oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it's importing a ton of oil
+and exporting some and this has got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exporting some and this has got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exporting some and this has got to
+be this has got to be refined product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this has got to be refined product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this has got to be refined product
+unless stuff just gets shipped through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless stuff just gets shipped through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless stuff just gets shipped through
+on a tanker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a tanker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a tanker
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+actually that's interesting this has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's interesting this has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's interesting this has got
+to be heat right you'll notice it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be heat right you'll notice it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be heat right you'll notice it uses
+this particular color for electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular color for electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular color for electricity
+and then coming out of here is this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then coming out of here is this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then coming out of here is this red
+this red band in a lot of countries much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red band in a lot of countries much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red band in a lot of countries much
+more than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than in the
+US um power plants provide heat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US um power plants provide heat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US um power plants provide heat to
+nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby
+buildings so it's called District
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so it's called District
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so it's called District
+heating or combined heat and power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating or combined heat and power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating or combined heat and power and
+that has to be what this red is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be what this red is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be what this red is this is
+cuz it's not nuclear uh this has got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's not nuclear uh this has got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's not nuclear uh this has got to
+be Heat going to nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Heat going to nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Heat going to nearby
+industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry
+um anything else weird here uh not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything else weird here uh not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything else weird here uh not much
+except you'll see solar going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you'll see solar going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you'll see solar going into
+commercial Germany has big solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial Germany has big solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial Germany has big solar
+subsidies and that may be so that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies and that may be so that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies and that may be so that may
+actually be solar panels on the roofs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be solar panels on the roofs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be solar panels on the roofs of
+warehouses and stores it may be big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouses and stores it may be big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouses and stores it may be big
+enough to register even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to register even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to register even in
+2007 anything else here oh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 anything else here oh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 anything else here oh and the
+natural gas export most of Germany's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas export most of Germany's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas export most of Germany's
+natural gas uh comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas uh comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas uh comes from
+Russia so if you want to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia so if you want to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia so if you want to worry about
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+security worry about energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security worry about energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security worry about energy
+security uh and that's just trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security uh and that's just trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security uh and that's just trans
+shipment of some Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas this is
+Japan now if you want to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan now if you want to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan now if you want to worry about
+energy security look over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy security look over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy security look over on the
+left everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left everything's
+imported nuclear power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported nuclear power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported nuclear power is
+important nucle nuclear plants are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important nucle nuclear plants are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important nucle nuclear plants are being
+shut down or are shut down I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down or are shut down I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down or are shut down I'm not sure
+whether there's anything currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's anything currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's anything currently
+running at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at the moment
+um you wonder why Japan is energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you wonder why Japan is energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you wonder why Japan is energy
+efficient suppose you're having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient suppose you're having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient suppose you're having a
+political debate about energy policy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political debate about energy policy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political debate about energy policy and
+you look at the leftand side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the leftand side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the leftand side of this
+graph and you worry about energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and you worry about energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and you worry about energy
+security and you say well we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and you say well we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and you say well we can we can
+build nuclear plants and develop an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build nuclear plants and develop an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build nuclear plants and develop an
+efficient nuclear industry which they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done not clar what else you can do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done not clar what else you can do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done not clar what else you can do but
+be efficient in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be efficient in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be efficient in energy
+use small houses taxes on energy to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use small houses taxes on energy to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use small houses taxes on energy to hold
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+consumption and so on and so forth so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and so on and so forth so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and so on and so forth so to
+some extent the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent the natural
+endowment and other things will drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment and other things will drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment and other things will drive
+the local policy will drive the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local policy will drive the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local policy will drive the uh the
+Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy
+Mix so let's leave the developed world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mix so let's leave the developed world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mix so let's leave the developed world
+there's a middle- inome neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a middle- inome neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a middle- inome neighbor
+Mexico Mexico has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico Mexico has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico Mexico has
+oil Mexico is a significant oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil Mexico is a significant oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil Mexico is a significant oil
+exporter uh Mexico's oil production is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exporter uh Mexico's oil production is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exporter uh Mexico's oil production is
+declining so Mexico has a has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining so Mexico has a has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining so Mexico has a has a
+long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+um but it heavily uses its oil and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it heavily uses its oil and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it heavily uses its oil and its
+natural gas to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas to generate
+electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+uh what else do I want to say oh all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what else do I want to say oh all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what else do I want to say oh all of
+these have electricity going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have electricity going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have electricity going into
+Transportation um and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation um and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation um and that's not
+electric cars in Mexico in 2007 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric cars in Mexico in 2007 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric cars in Mexico in 2007 that's
+railroads and mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroads and mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroads and mass
+transit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what else do we see in Mexico not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what else do we see in Mexico not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what else do we see in Mexico not too
+much um any grab you yeah notic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um any grab you yeah notic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um any grab you yeah notic that
+like all their solar energy is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all their solar energy is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all their solar energy is going
+directly to Commercial and not using to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to Commercial and not using to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to Commercial and not using to
+use electricity what do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use electricity what do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use electricity what do you think that
+they might be using it for on like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be using it for on like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be using it for on like the
+commercial level hot water be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial level hot water be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial level hot water be my
+guess solar hot water is a pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess solar hot water is a pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess solar hot water is a pretty pretty
+mature pretty pretty widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature pretty pretty widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature pretty pretty widespread
+technology I'm surprised we don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I'm surprised we don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I'm surprised we don't see
+more of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of it
+residential uh cuz that's a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential uh cuz that's a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential uh cuz that's a pretty good
+climate for it and electricity is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate for it and electricity is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate for it and electricity is not
+that cheap or reliable in Mexico yeah AP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cheap or reliable in Mexico yeah AP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cheap or reliable in Mexico yeah AP
+I had my my hand raised before but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had my my hand raised before but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had my my hand raised before but I'm
+just going to ask something more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to ask something more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to ask something more General
+sure I noticed the for Germany we s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I noticed the for Germany we s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I noticed the for Germany we s
+Germany and Japan and talk about nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and Japan and talk about nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and Japan and talk about nuclear
+and I just thought given their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just thought given their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just thought given their
+endowments that especially for Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments that especially for Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments that especially for Germany
+like making such a hard decision about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making such a hard decision about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making such a hard decision about
+uh closing all their nuclear I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh closing all their nuclear I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh closing all their nuclear I just
+didn't know like uh as a general comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know like uh as a general comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know like uh as a general comment
+about countries like why would you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about countries like why would you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about countries like why would you just
+like go ahead and uh put a huge blow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go ahead and uh put a huge blow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go ahead and uh put a huge blow to
+yourself because you don't have so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself because you don't have so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself because you don't have so many
+other resources like you Japan now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other resources like you Japan now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other resources like you Japan now they
+have consumo so maybe they would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have consumo so maybe they would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have consumo so maybe they would like
+they're scared so they would they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're scared so they would they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're scared so they would they want
+to beer away from nuclear but given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beer away from nuclear but given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beer away from nuclear but given
+their situation like as you said other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their situation like as you said other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their situation like as you said other
+than being extra efficient you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than being extra efficient you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than being extra efficient you you're
+basically forced to to go down some Road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically forced to to go down some Road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically forced to to go down some Road
+and why would the I'm just curious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why would the I'm just curious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why would the I'm just curious to
+see to see why like any political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see to see why like any political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see to see why like any political
+process or lobbing or whatever Could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or lobbing or whatever Could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or lobbing or whatever Could
+Happen could leave you down a like quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happen could leave you down a like quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happen could leave you down a like quite
+tricky Road especially nuclear in gery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky Road especially nuclear in gery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky Road especially nuclear in gery
+like just setting down on a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just setting down on a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just setting down on a very small
+time scale if I remember correctly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale if I remember correctly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale if I remember correctly and
+like they have to replace that with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they have to replace that with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they have to replace that with what
+with natural gas in Russia and on Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with natural gas in Russia and on Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with natural gas in Russia and on Russia
+like quite it's caused a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quite it's caused a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quite it's caused a lot of people
+outside Germany to scratch their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside Germany to scratch their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside Germany to scratch their
+heads but you got to remember Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads but you got to remember Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads but you got to remember Germany
+has a very very powerful Green Party the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very very powerful Green Party the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very very powerful Green Party the
+environmental movement in Germany is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental movement in Germany is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental movement in Germany is
+stronger than here stronger than a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than here stronger than a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than here stronger than a lot
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+places uh it was a political calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places uh it was a political calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places uh it was a political calculation
+Mrs Merkel is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Merkel is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Merkel is not
+crazy and she's not dumb so to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy and she's not dumb so to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy and she's not dumb so to answer
+that question I mean I've read answers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question I mean I've read answers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question I mean I've read answers I
+can't reproduce them because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't reproduce them because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't reproduce them because I don't
+know the German system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the German system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the German system that
+well but that's a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but that's a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but that's a political
+calculation that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that um the
+AL it remains to be seen how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AL it remains to be seen how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AL it remains to be seen how quickly
+they do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it in
+fact it remains to be seen what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it remains to be seen what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it remains to be seen what the
+public reaction is going to be when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public reaction is going to be when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public reaction is going to be when they
+realize how much nuclear electric El it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize how much nuclear electric El it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize how much nuclear electric El it
+they're importing from France right next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're importing from France right next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're importing from France right next
+door um and elsewhere to fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door um and elsewhere to fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door um and elsewhere to fill the
+Gap um they are also heavily committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap um they are also heavily committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap um they are also heavily committed
+to Renewables and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Renewables and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Renewables and have
+been they're going to spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been they're going to spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been they're going to spend a lot of
+money building offshore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money building offshore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money building offshore
+windmills which won't replace nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windmills which won't replace nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windmills which won't replace nuclear
+power plants because the wind doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants because the wind doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants because the wind doesn't
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+blow um but that's part of the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow um but that's part of the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow um but that's part of the political
+Calculus if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculus if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculus if you were
+you know you were a Greene eyes shade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you were a Greene eyes shade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you were a Greene eyes shade
+Economist and you said well the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist and you said well the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist and you said well the public
+over overstates the risk Germany doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over overstates the risk Germany doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over overstates the risk Germany doesn't
+have that many tidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that many tidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that many tidal
+waves um these reactors are Inland we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves um these reactors are Inland we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves um these reactors are Inland we're
+not earthquake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not earthquake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not earthquake
+prone these facilities are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prone these facilities are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prone these facilities are much
+safer um what we really should do is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer um what we really should do is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer um what we really should do is is
+take a deep breath review our safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a deep breath review our safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a deep breath review our safety
+considerations and go on and reconsider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations and go on and reconsider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations and go on and reconsider
+how much we want to do of nuclear versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much we want to do of nuclear versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much we want to do of nuclear versus
+Renewables going forward but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables going forward but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables going forward but that's a
+that's a green ey shade cost benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a green ey shade cost benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a green ey shade cost benefit
+calculation uh the political world as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh the political world as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh the political world as we
+will discuss next week is not always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss next week is not always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss next week is not always a
+green eyes shade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green eyes shade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green eyes shade
+world uh it's a world in which you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh it's a world in which you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh it's a world in which you may
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+things because of their impact on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because of their impact on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because of their impact on your
+political situation on your ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political situation on your ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political situation on your ability to
+get something else done or your ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something else done or your ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something else done or your ability
+to maintain office or a variety of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain office or a variety of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain office or a variety of other
+things that have economic costs not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have economic costs not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have economic costs not
+irrational but a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational but a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational but a different kind of
+calculation which I hope at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation which I hope at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation which I hope at the end of
+this semester we we all come a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester we we all come a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester we we all come a little
+closer to understanding uh but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to understanding uh but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to understanding uh but that's a
+hard one that one that one in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard one that one that one in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard one that one that one in particular
+is hard people gasped even knowledgeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard people gasped even knowledgeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard people gasped even knowledgeable
+people gasped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people gasped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people gasped
+the current or is he former German for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current or is he former German for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current or is he former German for
+Minister who came from the green party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minister who came from the green party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minister who came from the green party
+spoke at MIT toward the end of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke at MIT toward the end of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke at MIT toward the end of last
+semester about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester about
+that um and I went to the talk and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and I went to the talk and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and I went to the talk and I
+actually went to dinner with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went to dinner with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went to dinner with him
+afterward and it still isn't clear I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward and it still isn't clear I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward and it still isn't clear I
+have to say uh what they were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say uh what they were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say uh what they were thinking
+and why because I don't know German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why because I don't know German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why because I don't know German
+politics well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics well
+enough okay good question there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay good question there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay good question there's
+China China you'll notice has a lot lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China China you'll notice has a lot lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China China you'll notice has a lot lot
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+coal I mean and their electricity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal I mean and their electricity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal I mean and their electricity is
+driven 2007 is true still true driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven 2007 is true still true driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven 2007 is true still true driven by
+coal we have a lot of coal China has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal we have a lot of coal China has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal we have a lot of coal China has a
+lot of coal they burn the coal building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of coal they burn the coal building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of coal they burn the coal building
+power plants at a rapid rate um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants at a rapid rate um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants at a rapid rate um that's
+the main story here I think that's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main story here I think that's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main story here I think that's of
+any interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any interest
+um this is India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is India
+India is not as wealthy as China India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India is not as wealthy as China India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India is not as wealthy as China India
+has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some
+coal oil's imported now you see biomass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal oil's imported now you see biomass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal oil's imported now you see biomass
+in the residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the residential
+area much more important oddly enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area much more important oddly enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area much more important oddly enough
+much more important in India than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more important in India than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more important in India than in
+China um structure of villages and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China um structure of villages and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China um structure of villages and so
+forth but but this is an estimate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but but this is an estimate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but but this is an estimate now
+basically of wood being burned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically of wood being burned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically of wood being burned to
+cook rather than other other fuels being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook rather than other other fuels being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook rather than other other fuels being
+used um and electricity is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used um and electricity is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used um and electricity is again
+dominated by coal uh most of the oil is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imported with again some exports which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported with again some exports which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported with again some exports which
+have to be refined product yeah so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be refined product yeah so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be refined product yeah so a lot
+of the breakdowns that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the breakdowns that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the breakdowns that we've been
+looking at are all by country y um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at are all by country y um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at are all by country y um but
+some of these countries are really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these countries are really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these countries are really big
+would it make sense especially for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it make sense especially for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it make sense especially for like
+internal policy to look at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal policy to look at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal policy to look at different
+regions um especially like in India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions um especially like in India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions um especially like in India and
+China I just feel like this big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China I just feel like this big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China I just feel like this big picture
+kind of like blurs things to together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like blurs things to together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like blurs things to together
+well you're right these are the data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're right these are the data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're right these are the data we
+have there's there's some work ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there's there's some work ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there's there's some work ongoing
+at MIT in the joint program on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT in the joint program on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT in the joint program on the
+science and policy of global change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and policy of global change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and policy of global change to
+to model China regionally and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model China regionally and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model China regionally and of course
+you can model the US regionally that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can model the US regionally that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can model the US regionally that
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+exists um and when you do Europe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists um and when you do Europe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists um and when you do Europe you're
+modeling to some extent bite-sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling to some extent bite-sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling to some extent bite-sized
+countries but you're right India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries but you're right India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries but you're right India and
+China are enormous I think the the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China are enormous I think the the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China are enormous I think the the basic
+story that Cole coal is the Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that Cole coal is the Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that Cole coal is the Big
+Driver that's true right they're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Driver that's true right they're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Driver that's true right they're putting
+photovoltaics in western China but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics in western China but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics in western China but the
+the big story is coal and some offshore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big story is coal and some offshore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big story is coal and some offshore
+oil similarly in India but of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil similarly in India but of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil similarly in India but of course you
+don't have cooking fires in downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have cooking fires in downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have cooking fires in downtown
+Mumbai so this notion that there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumbai so this notion that there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumbai so this notion that there's a lot
+of a lot of biomass going into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of biomass going into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of biomass going into a
+residential use that's true in aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential use that's true in aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential use that's true in aggregate
+it's not true everywhere can't be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true everywhere can't be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true everywhere can't be true
+everywhere there are places in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere there are places in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere there are places in the
+deserts where there aren't that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserts where there aren't that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserts where there aren't that isn't
+that much wind and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much wind and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much wind and there are
+metropolitan areas where it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan areas where it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan areas where it's kind of
+tough to gather wind to Wood to cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough to gather wind to Wood to cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough to gather wind to Wood to cook
+rather so you're right these are Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather so you're right these are Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather so you're right these are Big
+countries um doing this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries um doing this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries um doing this was
+heroic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic
+uh and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I've
+never as I say there are projects on now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never as I say there are projects on now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never as I say there are projects on now
+to disaggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disaggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disaggregate
+China but data aren't that good data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China but data aren't that good data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China but data aren't that good data
+aren't that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't that good
+yeah I noticed that like almost all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I noticed that like almost all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I noticed that like almost all the
+electric heat that India generates goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric heat that India generates goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric heat that India generates goes
+to just rejected energy is that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just rejected energy is that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just rejected energy is that just
+because they're using like inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're using like inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're using like inefficient
+outdated generators or that would be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdated generators or that would be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdated generators or that would be my
+guess yeah I had noticed that but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah I had noticed that but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah I had noticed that but you're
+right as compared to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as compared to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as compared to let's
+see yeah just just by eye the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yeah just just by eye the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yeah just just by eye the relative
+size of the uh useful and the wasted are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the uh useful and the wasted are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the uh useful and the wasted are
+different in uh uh China where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in uh uh China where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in uh uh China where the
+plants are newer than in India yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants are newer than in India yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants are newer than in India yeah I
+think that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's right
+uh state of there not just the grid yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh state of there not just the grid yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh state of there not just the grid yeah
+that's true too the Chinese the Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true too the Chinese the Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true too the Chinese the Chinese
+grid is much more modern China has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is much more modern China has a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is much more modern China has a lot
+of very high voltage lines that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very high voltage lines that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very high voltage lines that are
+quite new they their losses are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite new they their losses are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite new they their losses are less
+it's also often you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also often you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also often you measure
+rejected as the difference between stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected as the difference between stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected as the difference between stuff
+that gets paid stuff that's generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets paid stuff that's generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets paid stuff that's generated
+and stuff that gets paid for so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff that gets paid for so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff that gets paid for so a lot of
+these countries have huge numbers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries have huge numbers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries have huge numbers for
+losses and a lot of that's theft I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and a lot of that's theft I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and a lot of that's theft I don't
+know if that's true here but I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's true here but I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's true here but I know it's
+true in some places okay there's India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in some places okay there's India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in some places okay there's India
+uh just for humor here's Saudi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Arabia they they use oil and gas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabia they they use oil and gas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabia they they use oil and gas for
+everything don't bother with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything don't bother with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything don't bother with anything
+else and they appear to import wood for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and they appear to import wood for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and they appear to import wood for
+fires I don't know what that's about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires I don't know what that's about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires I don't know what that's about but
+you notice all the biomass is imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice all the biomass is imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice all the biomass is imported
+and it's all residential and I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all residential and I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all residential and I assume
+that's Fires for show I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Fires for show I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Fires for show I don't know what
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+um and there's a poor country and poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's a poor country and poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's a poor country and poor
+countries tend to look like that um lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries tend to look like that um lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries tend to look like that um lot
+of biomass all the oils imported all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biomass all the oils imported all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biomass all the oils imported all the
+Coal's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coal's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coal's
+imported little Snippets of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported little Snippets of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported little Snippets of other
+things and then just to just to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then just to just to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then just to just to really
+get there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there there's
+Cambodia some Hydro I don't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambodia some Hydro I don't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambodia some Hydro I don't know where
+it is well I do know where it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is well I do know where it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is well I do know where it is not
+much of it uh domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it uh domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it uh domestic
+biomass used in the used in residences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass used in the used in residences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass used in the used in residences
+all the oils imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the oils imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the oils imported
+uh use to use to power motorbikes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use to use to power motorbikes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use to use to power motorbikes yeah
+you know why um would you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why um would you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why um would you know why
+biomass is like it always shows it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass is like it always shows it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass is like it always shows it on
+the left side of the Box even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side of the Box even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side of the Box even if it's
+only domestic but it doesn't do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only domestic but it doesn't do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only domestic but it doesn't do that for
+Wing nuclear Hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wing nuclear Hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wing nuclear Hydro
+G well here there isn't any Hydro is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G well here there isn't any Hydro is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G well here there isn't any Hydro is
+always uh Hydro is domestic if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh Hydro is domestic if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh Hydro is domestic if you
+import electricity as they do it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import electricity as they do it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import electricity as they do it shows
+up here right right but biomass always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here right right but biomass always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here right right but biomass always
+comes up on the left side of the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up on the left side of the Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up on the left side of the Box
+even though it's still domestic whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's still domestic whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's still domestic whereas
+like solar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solar and
+hydro I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydro I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydro I'm
+not there is some I'm not sure what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there is some I'm not sure what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there is some I'm not sure what you
+mean there's the source of biomass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's the source of biomass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's the source of biomass is
+domestic as well as solar geothermal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic as well as solar geothermal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic as well as solar geothermal or
+I think solar and geothermal are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think solar and geothermal are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think solar and geothermal are sort of
+by definition domestic since these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition domestic since these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition domestic since these are
+used except for solar for hot water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used except for solar for hot water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used except for solar for hot water and
+so forth these are used for electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth these are used for electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth these are used for electricity
+and they're domestic you don't import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're domestic you don't import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're domestic you don't import
+Sun nuclear you import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun nuclear you import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun nuclear you import
+electricity so I don't know how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so I don't know how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so I don't know how this is
+powered but you import electricity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered but you import electricity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered but you import electricity you
+don't import I mean if you had a a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't import I mean if you had a a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't import I mean if you had a a line
+to a nuclear plant across the border you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a nuclear plant across the border you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a nuclear plant across the border you
+might count it but electricity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might count it but electricity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might count it but electricity is
+electricity um okay so I want to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um okay so I want to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um okay so I want to close
+with a little bit of data on rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of data on rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of data on rich
+countries and poor countries uh and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and poor countries uh and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and poor countries uh and this
+is something you should see you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you should see you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you should see you will see
+data uh lots of places in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh lots of places in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh lots of places in some of the
+assignments that relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments that relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments that relate to the
+oecd this is just for your background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oecd this is just for your background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oecd this is just for your background
+this is who the oecd is it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is who the oecd is it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is who the oecd is it's a it's
+basically a rich countryes Club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a rich countryes Club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a rich countryes Club
+Organization for economic cooperation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization for economic cooperation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization for economic cooperation
+and development with a few not quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and development with a few not quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and development with a few not quite so
+rich countries that have entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich countries that have entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich countries that have entered
+recently under Us and other sponsorship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently under Us and other sponsorship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently under Us and other sponsorship
+so we pulled in Mexico and Chile Chile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we pulled in Mexico and Chile Chile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we pulled in Mexico and Chile Chile
+um we probably pulled in Korea as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we probably pulled in Korea as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we probably pulled in Korea as well
+Korea is getting to be a rich country it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea is getting to be a rich country it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea is getting to be a rich country it
+began it was Japan Western Europe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began it was Japan Western Europe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began it was Japan Western Europe and
+North America but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North America but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North America but you see
+it's just under 18% of the world popul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just under 18% of the world popul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just under 18% of the world popul
+and almost half of the world's energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost half of the world's energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost half of the world's energy
+use you don't go too far wrong thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you don't go too far wrong thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you don't go too far wrong thinking
+of this as the rich country's Club so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as the rich country's Club so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as the rich country's Club so I
+want to do a little rich and poor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a little rich and poor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a little rich and poor here
+going forward in aggregate not country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward in aggregate not country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward in aggregate not country
+by country um this is where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by country um this is where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by country um this is where this is
+energy use this is from EI the eia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use this is from EI the eia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use this is from EI the eia
+assignment this is energy use actual the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment this is energy use actual the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment this is energy use actual the
+first three bars and projected but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three bars and projected but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three bars and projected but this
+is a pretty standard projection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty standard projection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty standard projection the
+growth is expected to come outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is expected to come outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is expected to come outside the
+oecd 17.5% rich country population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oecd 17.5% rich country population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oecd 17.5% rich country population of
+the world half the energy use you see by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world half the energy use you see by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world half the energy use you see by
+the time you get to 2030 2035 it's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you get to 2030 2035 it's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you get to 2030 2035 it's well
+under half en half the energy use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under half en half the energy use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under half en half the energy use some
+growth in rich countries most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in rich countries most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in rich countries most of the
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+outside um if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside um if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside um if you do the
+numbers this is one of those suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers this is one of those suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers this is one of those suppose the
+world had actual oecd energy per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world had actual oecd energy per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world had actual oecd energy per capita
+all else equal that would increase world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else equal that would increase world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else equal that would increase world
+use this is just doing percentages this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this is just doing percentages this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this is just doing percentages this
+would increase World consumption by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase World consumption by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase World consumption by a
+factor of almost three if the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of almost three if the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of almost three if the whole
+world had us energy per capita it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world had us energy per capita it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world had us energy per capita it would
+increase World consumption by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase World consumption by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase World consumption by a factor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+four that no growth just take a snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that no growth just take a snapshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that no growth just take a snapshot
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+2009 those are scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 those are scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 those are scary
+numbers and of course there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and of course there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and of course there will be
+growth um this is um where is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth um this is um where is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth um this is um where is it going
+to happen and you'll see the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen and you'll see the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen and you'll see the projection
+and again up to 2008 the actual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again up to 2008 the actual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again up to 2008 the actual and
+we're getting close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting close to
+2015 is non oecd Asia what is non oecd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 is non oecd Asia what is non oecd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 is non oecd Asia what is non oecd
+Asia non oecd Asia is mainly India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia non oecd Asia is mainly India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia non oecd Asia is mainly India and
+China and Indonesia for that matter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and Indonesia for that matter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and Indonesia for that matter but
+it's mainly India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mainly India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mainly India and
+China so here's coal consumption recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China so here's coal consumption recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China so here's coal consumption recall
+I said the coal market share has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said the coal market share has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said the coal market share has been
+growing where's that coming from non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing where's that coming from non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing where's that coming from non
+oecd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oecd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oecd
+Asia India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia India and
+China you will recall India and China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China you will recall India and China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China you will recall India and China
+have a lot of coal India and China as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of coal India and China as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of coal India and China as
+they move toward move out of poverty are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move toward move out of poverty are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move toward move out of poverty are
+burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning
+it not unreasonable at one level but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not unreasonable at one level but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not unreasonable at one level but
+that's how you get Co2 emissions growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you get Co2 emissions growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you get Co2 emissions growth
+this is world energy related CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is world energy related CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is world energy related CO2
+emissions oecd non oecd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions oecd non oecd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions oecd non oecd
+what's the growth the growth is non oecd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the growth the growth is non oecd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the growth the growth is non oecd
+Asia burning coal largely largely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia burning coal largely largely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia burning coal largely largely so
+again if you run these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you run these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you run these kinds of
+numbers suppose the world got to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers suppose the world got to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers suppose the world got to where
+the oecd is or suppose the world got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oecd is or suppose the world got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oecd is or suppose the world got to
+where the US is forget growth after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the US is forget growth after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the US is forget growth after that
+you'd have CO2 emissions up by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have CO2 emissions up by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have CO2 emissions up by a
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+that's as we will discuss when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as we will discuss when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as we will discuss when we talk
+about climate we'll talk about climate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate we'll talk about climate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate we'll talk about climate a
+little bit next time and more later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit next time and more later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit next time and more later
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+scary you're going to double CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary you're going to double CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary you're going to double CO2
+emissions that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions that's
+scary but I if I'm a poor country I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary but I if I'm a poor country I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary but I if I'm a poor country I say
+wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a
+minute you guys burned your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute you guys burned your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute you guys burned your
+coal you're using much more energy than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal you're using much more energy than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal you're using much more energy than
+we are per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are per
+capita you got rich don't we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita you got rich don't we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita you got rich don't we get a
+chance to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to get
+Rich you guys sit in fancy classrooms at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich you guys sit in fancy classrooms at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich you guys sit in fancy classrooms at
+MIT and try hard to stay awake and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and try hard to stay awake and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and try hard to stay awake and all
+of that uh don't we get to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that uh don't we get to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that uh don't we get to do
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+uh we'll come back to this because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll come back to this because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll come back to this because I
+think this is kind of one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is kind of one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is kind of one of the great
+issues of the day um I'm going to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of the day um I'm going to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of the day um I'm going to close
+with some final thoughts I hope you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some final thoughts I hope you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some final thoughts I hope you got
+that there's a lot of diversity some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of diversity some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of diversity some of
+it comes from resources but some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from resources but some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from resources but some of it
+comes from culture and some of it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from culture and some of it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from culture and some of it comes
+from politics and some of it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from politics and some of it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from politics and some of it comes from
+a variety of Technology efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of Technology efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of Technology efficiency
+history variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history variety of
+reasons the last point which will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the last point which will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the last point which will be a
+very important Point going forward which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important Point going forward which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important Point going forward which
+is we expect the growth to come in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we expect the growth to come in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we expect the growth to come in the
+future absent anything else from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future absent anything else from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future absent anything else from the
+developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing
+world if the rest of the world gets Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if the rest of the world gets Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if the rest of the world gets Rich
+the way we got rich there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we got rich there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we got rich there will be
+enormous increases in energy use which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous increases in energy use which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous increases in energy use which
+may not be feasible and in CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be feasible and in CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be feasible and in CO2
+emissions which at least your children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions which at least your children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions which at least your children
+and grandchildren will not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grandchildren will not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grandchildren will not like
+much I know that's an impossible thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I know that's an impossible thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I know that's an impossible thought
+but uh you will have children and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you will have children and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you will have children and
+grandchildren um and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandchildren um and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandchildren um and this is something
+we'll be talking about that's hard we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about that's hard we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about that's hard we
+know how we got rich we burned fossil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how we got rich we burned fossil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how we got rich we burned fossil
+fuels and we use that to acquire Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels and we use that to acquire Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels and we use that to acquire Capital
+stock and knowledge and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and knowledge and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and knowledge and build
+universities and do all all those great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and do all all those great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and do all all those great
+things but that won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but that won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but that won't
+work that won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that won't
+work um what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um what will
+work you got me that's what you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you got me that's what you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you got me that's what you guys are
+for okay any questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay any questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay any questions or
+comments reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments reactions
+thoughts yeah you said last class most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts yeah you said last class most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts yeah you said last class most
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+USU money yeah so that's that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USU money yeah so that's that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USU money yeah so that's that's that's
+true right very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah which part would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain okay we'll talk about that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain okay we'll talk about that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain okay we'll talk about that when
+we go sector by sector but an awful lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go sector by sector but an awful lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go sector by sector but an awful lot
+of the infrastructure is in regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the infrastructure is in regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the infrastructure is in regulated
+areas so part of the reason you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas so part of the reason you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas so part of the reason you could
+raise private Capital was the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise private Capital was the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise private Capital was the capital
+wasn't hugely at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't hugely at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't hugely at
+risk so so for electric power for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so so for electric power for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so so for electric power for
+instance if you build a power plant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if you build a power plant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if you build a power plant the
+regulator says yeah go ahead you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator says yeah go ahead you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator says yeah go ahead you would
+get a return on your investment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a return on your investment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a return on your investment that
+makes it easier we'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easier we'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easier we'll come back to that
+okay okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/31kRLTxDaAw.txt b/31kRLTxDaAw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b51dce971020f15c803c5239278710f42a0c8a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31kRLTxDaAw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now is where things get interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is where things get interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is where things get interesting and
+where we're going to use the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to use the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to use the power of
+the computer to make our lives easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer to make our lives easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer to make our lives easier
+and not like prevent us from doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not like prevent us from doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not like prevent us from doing
+mechanical stuff over and over so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical stuff over and over so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical stuff over and over so we're
+just going to set some commands and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to set some commands and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to set some commands and the
+computer is going to run them for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is going to run them for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is going to run them for us
+without us being there repeating um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without us being there repeating um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without us being there repeating um the
+stuffff so there are two different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuffff so there are two different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuffff so there are two different types
+of Loops we have the for loops and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Loops we have the for loops and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Loops we have the for loops and the
+while Loops the main difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while Loops the main difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while Loops the main difference between
+them is that the four Loops are static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is that the four Loops are static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is that the four Loops are static
+so they are going to be repeated for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are going to be repeated for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are going to be repeated for the
+amount of iterations that we said at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of iterations that we said at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of iterations that we said at the
+beginning and but then we have the while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and but then we have the while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and but then we have the while
+Loops which are the ones that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops which are the ones that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops which are the ones that are going
+to stop once a command is reached so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop once a command is reached so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop once a command is reached so
+whenever there's um um a constant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever there's um um a constant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever there's um um a constant that
+has overpassed or whatever is um um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has overpassed or whatever is um um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has overpassed or whatever is um um a
+difference that has been fulfilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that has been fulfilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that has been fulfilled
+you'll see that further when I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that further when I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that further when I'll
+explain them a little bit more in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain them a little bit more in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain them a little bit more in detail
+so let's just go with the for loop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just go with the for loop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just go with the for loop at
+the beginning um just going to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning um just going to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning um just going to create a
+vector here that we're going to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here that we're going to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here that we're going to name
+year it's going to go from 2010 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's going to go from 2010 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's going to go from 2010 and
+2015 just run it so we have it also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 just run it so we have it also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 just run it so we have it also just
+as a reminder we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder we could do
+it like this and it would work either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like this and it would work either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like this and it would work either
+way we have the same thing um so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we have the same thing um so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we have the same thing um so what
+are we going to do with this there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to do with this there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to do with this there's a
+very fixed structure for for Loops um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fixed structure for for Loops um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fixed structure for for Loops um it
+starts with um the command four so the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with um the command four so the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with um the command four so the r
+session understands that this is a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session understands that this is a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session understands that this is a for
+Loop you'll see that the font color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop you'll see that the font color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop you'll see that the font color
+changes here um and we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes here um and we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes here um and we're going to see
+we're going to set initially the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set initially the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set initially the amount
+of times this is going to be repeated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times this is going to be repeated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times this is going to be repeated so
+it's going to be throughout the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be throughout the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be throughout the whole
+year Vector so it's going to be repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year Vector so it's going to be repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year Vector so it's going to be repeated
+1 2 3 4 five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 five six
+times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and
+then this is going to be the iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is going to be the iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is going to be the iteration
+so every time this is going to change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time this is going to change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time this is going to change so
+when we go to the expression we want we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go to the expression we want we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go to the expression we want we
+are creating or the orders we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are creating or the orders we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are creating or the orders we want the
+for Loop to repeat over and over this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop to repeat over and over this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop to repeat over and over this is
+the command that it's going to change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command that it's going to change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command that it's going to change so
+in the first iteration this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first iteration this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first iteration this part of the
+code is going to be 2010 but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is going to be 2010 but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is going to be 2010 but in the
+second iteration it's going to be 2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second iteration it's going to be 2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second iteration it's going to be 2011
+and so forth until the end so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth until the end so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth until the end so let's just
+see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it
+goes just click in here and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes just click in here and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes just click in here and you can see
+that we have been repeating the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have been repeating the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have been repeating the same
+thing for six times but every time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for six times but every time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for six times but every time it's
+changed the command referring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the command referring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the command referring the
+year all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year all
+right so let's just move into the while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's just move into the while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's just move into the while
+Loops um in this case I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops um in this case I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops um in this case I'm going to
+create the iteration that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the iteration that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the iteration that's going to be
+in number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in number one
+um so it starts kind of the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it starts kind of the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it starts kind of the same way as
+the four Loops so we said we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four Loops so we said we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four Loops so we said we're going to
+um create a while loop so here the font
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um create a while loop so here the font
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um create a while loop so here the font
+changes again and we set the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes again and we set the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes again and we set the parameters
+about this Loop so initially um we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this Loop so initially um we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this Loop so initially um we want
+this to go until well all the times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to go until well all the times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to go until well all the times that
+this value here is lower than six so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value here is lower than six so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value here is lower than six so as
+long as this value is lower than six six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as this value is lower than six six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as this value is lower than six six
+just keep going and it's going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep going and it's going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep going and it's going to stop
+when this is not fulfilled so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this is not fulfilled so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this is not fulfilled so we're
+going to print the value and then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to print the value and then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to print the value and then take
+the value and add one every time so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value and add one every time so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value and add one every time so just
+going to run this and what we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run this and what we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run this and what we have been
+doing is to add one at every iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is to add one at every iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is to add one at every iteration
+and the the loop stopped when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the loop stopped when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the loop stopped when this
+condition was not full field so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition was not full field so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition was not full field so at the
+time where we reach the six six is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where we reach the six six is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where we reach the six six is
+obviously no smaller than six so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously no smaller than six so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously no smaller than six so here is
+where the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the loop
+stopped also there's something else it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped also there's something else it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped also there's something else it
+could become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could become
+handy um even it's not a loop it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy um even it's not a loop it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy um even it's not a loop it's
+something that could be introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could be introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could be introduced
+inside a loop um which is the if else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a loop um which is the if else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a loop um which is the if else
+condition so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so in this
+case just going to set X as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case just going to set X as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case just going to set X as a
+two and what we're going to do is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and what we're going to do is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and what we're going to do is say
+okay if this value is bigger than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if this value is bigger than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if this value is bigger than two
+fulfill this Command right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfill this Command right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfill this Command right
+here but if this is not the case just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if this is not the case just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if this is not the case just do
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+so just going to run this so it printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just going to run this so it printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just going to run this so it printed
+positive number because X is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number because X is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number because X is bigger than
+zero so this is the command that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is the command that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is the command that has
+been executed but if I change the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been executed but if I change the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been executed but if I change the two
+for a minus one for example just run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minus one for example just run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minus one for example just run the
+command then just run the whole if else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command then just run the whole if else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command then just run the whole if else
+and now instead of positive number we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now instead of positive number we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now instead of positive number we
+have a negative number because the route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative number because the route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative number because the route
+that has been followed is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so far we've been working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so far we've been working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so far we've been working with
+functions that have already been defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that have already been defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that have already been defined
+or Incorporated in some packages but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Incorporated in some packages but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Incorporated in some packages but we
+can also create our own own functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also create our own own functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also create our own own functions so
+they can help us into our purposes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can help us into our purposes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can help us into our purposes so
+here I'm going to be creating a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to be creating a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to be creating a function
+called Celsius to Kelvin which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Celsius to Kelvin which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Celsius to Kelvin which is going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+transform Celsius temperatures into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform Celsius temperatures into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform Celsius temperatures into
+Kelvin temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin temperatures
+automatically um first of all I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically um first of all I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically um first of all I have to
+name the function um and tell r that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name the function um and tell r that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name the function um and tell r that I'm
+going to be creating a function um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be creating a function um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be creating a function um
+inside the parenthesis I have to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the parenthesis I have to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the parenthesis I have to specify
+what are the variables that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the variables that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the variables that this
+function would need in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would need in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would need in this case we
+would need an input of Celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need an input of Celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need an input of Celsius
+temperatures and here is what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and here is what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and here is what we want
+the function to do so we open the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function to do so we open the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function to do so we open the key
+and these are the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the mathematical
+calculations we want to set up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we want to set up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we want to set up and
+finally we need a return so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we need a return so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we need a return so it's like
+okay once you've done all this give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once you've done all this give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once you've done all this give me
+back this object here which is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this object here which is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this object here which is the one
+that we have created right there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have created right there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have created right there and
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+closing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing okay this is the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay this is the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay this is the function that
+we've created it went directly here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've created it went directly here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've created it went directly here in
+the subset of functions we could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subset of functions we could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subset of functions we could go
+anytime and see how the function looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like and now it's time to execute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and now it's time to execute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and now it's time to execute that
+function and obtain the results so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and obtain the results so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and obtain the results so first
+of all we create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all we create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all we create this
+sequence that goes from 1 to 30 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that goes from 1 to 30 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that goes from 1 to 30 and it's
+stored in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the
+E and I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and I'm just going
+to uh s an object let's say Kelvin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh s an object let's say Kelvin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh s an object let's say Kelvin to
+make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more
+elegant and we apply the function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant and we apply the function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant and we apply the function right
+here the one that we created the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the one that we created the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the one that we created the name
+that we gave to our function Celsius to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we gave to our function Celsius to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we gave to our function Celsius to
+Kelvin and then we do remember that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin and then we do remember that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin and then we do remember that we
+ask the function to work with this input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the function to work with this input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the function to work with this input
+so we are saying this input that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are saying this input that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are saying this input that you
+need take it from e so if we run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need take it from e so if we run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need take it from e so if we run the
+thing we have these results where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we have these results where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we have these results where all
+the temperatures have been automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperatures have been automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperatures have been automatically
+converted from Celsius to Kelvin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted from Celsius to Kelvin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted from Celsius to Kelvin and
+here's how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look during these years of being an R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look during these years of being an R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look during these years of being an R
+user I came across different good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user I came across different good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user I came across different good
+manners and tricks while um coding uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manners and tricks while um coding uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manners and tricks while um coding uh
+and those good manners and tricks made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those good manners and tricks made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those good manners and tricks made
+my life easier so I'm translating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life easier so I'm translating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life easier so I'm translating them
+to you hopefully you incorporate them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you hopefully you incorporate them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you hopefully you incorporate them um
+now that you're starting starting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you're starting starting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you're starting starting your
+journey with r so you don't pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey with r so you don't pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey with r so you don't pass through
+the different hassles that I that I pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different hassles that I that I pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different hassles that I that I pass
+through um the first one is to format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um the first one is to format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um the first one is to format
+according to the sub process what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the sub process what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the sub process what do I
+mean with that so I'm just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with that so I'm just going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with that so I'm just going to go
+through a complex function um here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a complex function um here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a complex function um here you
+can see that I in Ed the process so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that I in Ed the process so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that I in Ed the process so I
+put more spaces or less depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put more spaces or less depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put more spaces or less depending on the
+sub process I'm currently at so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub process I'm currently at so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub process I'm currently at so at this
+stage we have whatever is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage we have whatever is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage we have whatever is related to the
+function but then if I get in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but then if I get in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but then if I get in a little
+bit I get into the for Loop and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I get into the for Loop and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I get into the for Loop and this is
+the different commands inside the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different commands inside the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different commands inside the for
+Loop so this help us visually keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop so this help us visually keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop so this help us visually keeping
+our code tidy and be able to reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code tidy and be able to reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code tidy and be able to reference
+where are we working on and what part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we working on and what part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we working on and what part
+cor corresponds to what section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cor corresponds to what section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cor corresponds to what section of the
+code then it's also useful to follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code then it's also useful to follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code then it's also useful to follow the
+same policy with spaces um the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same policy with spaces um the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same policy with spaces um the reason
+for that is to when you use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is to when you use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is to when you use the the
+Search tool so if you are strict with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Search tool so if you are strict with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Search tool so if you are strict with
+your policy on Spaces then you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your policy on Spaces then you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your policy on Spaces then you will be
+able to find all the variables at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find all the variables at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find all the variables at the
+same time and so you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time and so you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time and so you're not going to get
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+behind um then we have uh good tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind um then we have uh good tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind um then we have uh good tool to
+convert text into a comment and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert text into a comment and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert text into a comment and a
+comment to a text this is useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment to a text this is useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment to a text this is useful because
+when you are experimenting in your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are experimenting in your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are experimenting in your code
+and you don't know which one is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't know which one is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't know which one is going to
+be the good code you keep converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the good code you keep converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the good code you keep converting
+them into comment and or real code so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into comment and or real code so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into comment and or real code so
+let's say this is something that I tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is something that I tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is something that I tried
+and I want to recover again so you click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to recover again so you click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to recover again so you click
+on command shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on command shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on command shift and
+C so it's no longer a comment so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so it's no longer a comment so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so it's no longer a comment so here
+you are saying okay this is the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are saying okay this is the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are saying okay this is the good
+code but then you keep elaborating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but then you keep elaborating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but then you keep elaborating the
+your code and at some point you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code and at some point you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code and at some point you're like
+okay this code I think I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this code I think I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this code I think I'm not going to
+use it anymore I don't want to erase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it anymore I don't want to erase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it anymore I don't want to erase it
+because I might want to recover it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I might want to recover it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I might want to recover it but
+just can keep converting them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can keep converting them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can keep converting them into
+comment or into real code just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment or into real code just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment or into real code just like
+clicking this there's also click on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking this there's also click on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking this there's also click on a
+key just to know where this key ends so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key just to know where this key ends so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key just to know where this key ends so
+going back again to that function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back again to that function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back again to that function here
+if you click on that key you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you click on that key you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you click on that key you're going to
+get this one highlighted so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this one highlighted so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this one highlighted so this one
+that is highlighted is the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is highlighted is the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is highlighted is the one that's
+closing this key so the function starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing this key so the function starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing this key so the function starts
+here and it's closed here this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's closed here this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's closed here this is pretty
+obvious but if you go to the for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but if you go to the for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but if you go to the for Loop
+here in the middle of the function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle of the function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle of the function you
+might get lost and it's like okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get lost and it's like okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get lost and it's like okay what
+is closing this key here so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closing this key here so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closing this key here so this is the
+key that's closing so the for Loop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that's closing so the for Loop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that's closing so the for Loop is
+comprehended only here so this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehended only here so this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehended only here so this is very
+useful as well and here we have that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful as well and here we have that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful as well and here we have that you
+can hide the whole section just clicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hide the whole section just clicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hide the whole section just clicking
+on the Arrow next to its title so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Arrow next to its title so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Arrow next to its title so I've
+been creating here different title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been creating here different title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been creating here different title
+sections um which are the same titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections um which are the same titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections um which are the same titles
+that appear here on the site so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear here on the site so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear here on the site so this is
+something that I follow to keep my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I follow to keep my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I follow to keep my
+script tidy and jump from one place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script tidy and jump from one place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script tidy and jump from one place to
+the other pretty easily so if I click in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other pretty easily so if I click in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other pretty easily so if I click in
+any of these names I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these names I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these names I'm going to be
+teleported to the place that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleported to the place that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleported to the place that I just
+clicked data frame go to data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked data frame go to data frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked data frame go to data frame
+let's just go back to where we were um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just go back to where we were um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just go back to where we were um
+so if you click on this Arrow you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you click on this Arrow you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you click on this Arrow you can
+make the whole section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the whole section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the whole section
+disappear it's not that I'm erasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear it's not that I'm erasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear it's not that I'm erasing the
+code it's just that I'm folding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's just that I'm folding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's just that I'm folding the
+thing in so it's not occupying visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in so it's not occupying visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in so it's not occupying visual
+space you can just recover things pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can just recover things pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can just recover things pretty
+easily just clicking here again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily just clicking here again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily just clicking here again and
+finally here is a way to free some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally here is a way to free some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally here is a way to free some
+memory um when you are working with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory um when you are working with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory um when you are working with very
+heavy databases let's say Maps or huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy databases let's say Maps or huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy databases let's say Maps or huge
+data frames this is going to occupy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frames this is going to occupy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frames this is going to occupy a
+lot of space in your computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of space in your computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of space in your computer and
+sometimes even if you clean your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even if you clean your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even if you clean your
+environment this memory is not freed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment this memory is not freed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment this memory is not freed so
+just to force the computer to free this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to force the computer to free this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to force the computer to free this
+memory you just click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you just click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you just click on
+um this command and run it and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this command and run it and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this command and run it and you'll
+see that your memory will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that your memory will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that your memory will be
+significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cleaned and finally to wrap up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaned and finally to wrap up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaned and finally to wrap up this
+session about introduction to r i plann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session about introduction to r i plann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session about introduction to r i plann
+this practical example which is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this practical example which is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this practical example which is a real
+example that I have used in in my papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I have used in in my papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I have used in in my papers
+or in in exercises that I do with r we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in in exercises that I do with r we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in in exercises that I do with r we
+put together everything we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together everything we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together everything we've learned
+which is uh to charge packages to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh to charge packages to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh to charge packages to take
+these databases that are part of R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these databases that are part of R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these databases that are part of R and
+combine everything in a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine everything in a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine everything in a function that
+also includes a for Loop and at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also includes a for Loop and at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also includes a for Loop and at the end
+uh just make some rearrangements on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just make some rearrangements on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just make some rearrangements on the
+product and save the the data so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and save the the data so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and save the the data so what I
+am doing here let's just first of all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am doing here let's just first of all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am doing here let's just first of all uh
+remind you how we charge packages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you how we charge packages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you how we charge packages and
+how we install them um this package I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we install them um this package I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we install them um this package I I
+already have it installed in my device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have it installed in my device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have it installed in my device
+but you can install Yours by going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can install Yours by going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can install Yours by going to
+Tool install packages again and type the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tool install packages again and type the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tool install packages again and type the
+name of the package and then install and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the package and then install and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the package and then install and
+then you charge it to your session using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you charge it to your session using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you charge it to your session using
+Library so I'm going to charge this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library so I'm going to charge this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library so I'm going to charge this to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+session and I'm going to store this NPK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and I'm going to store this NPK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and I'm going to store this NPK
+database that's inside our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that's inside our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that's inside our
+name it the same way so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it the same way so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it the same way so this is the
+database and what I'm going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and what I'm going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and what I'm going to do in
+this function that I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function that I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function that I'm going to be
+creating is to create univariate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating is to create univariate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating is to create univariate um
+models so just as a reminder we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so just as a reminder we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so just as a reminder we had this
+database where we have different blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database where we have different blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database where we have different blocks
+right here and three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and three different
+treatments so nitrogen fertilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments so nitrogen fertilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments so nitrogen fertilization
+phosphorus fertilization potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus fertilization potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus fertilization potassium
+fertilization and finally we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization and finally we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization and finally we have the
+product which is the amount of yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which is the amount of yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which is the amount of yield
+that has been prod uced after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been prod uced after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been prod uced after the
+fertilizations so what we want to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizations so what we want to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizations so what we want to do in
+this function is to create univariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is to create univariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is to create univariate
+models so yield as a response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so yield as a response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so yield as a response of
+nitrogen addition yield as a response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen addition yield as a response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen addition yield as a response of
+phosphorus addition and yield as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus addition and yield as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus addition and yield as a
+response of potassium addition one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of potassium addition one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of potassium addition one by
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so first of all just this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all just this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all just this is going to be
+the name of the function it stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the function it stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the function it stands for
+mixed models this is the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed models this is the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed models this is the function that
+we're going to be creating and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be creating and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be creating and these are
+the two variables that this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two variables that this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two variables that this function is
+going to need first LM which stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need first LM which stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need first LM which stands for
+elements and this is the data the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and this is the data the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and this is the data the data
+is going to be the NPK database and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the NPK database and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the NPK database and the
+elements are going to be the names of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are going to be the names of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are going to be the names of
+the different elements so n p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different elements so n p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different elements so n p
+k what I'm going to be doing first is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k what I'm going to be doing first is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k what I'm going to be doing first is to
+create um an empty data frame you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create um an empty data frame you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create um an empty data frame you can
+see that I'm going to be naming it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I'm going to be naming it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I'm going to be naming it out
+so to create an empty data frame you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to create an empty data frame you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to create an empty data frame you
+just set data frame here and put nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set data frame here and put nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set data frame here and put nothing
+inside just going to see how it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside just going to see how it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside just going to see how it looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+I created the object and it has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I created the object and it has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I created the object and it has zero
+observations and zero variables so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and zero variables so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and zero variables so it's
+an empty database you click on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty database you click on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty database you click on here
+there's nothing there so here is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing there so here is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing there so here is where
+we are going to be storing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to be storing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to be storing the
+information that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we're going to be
+creating what do I do so inside of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating what do I do so inside of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating what do I do so inside of this
+function I created a for Loop this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I created a for Loop this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I created a for Loop this for
+Loop how long is it going to run so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop how long is it going to run so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop how long is it going to run so it's
+going to run as long as the element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run as long as the element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run as long as the element is
+so in this case I'm I'm going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case I'm I'm going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case I'm I'm going to create
+the element which is which includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element which is which includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element which is which includes the
+column names from NPK that goes from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column names from NPK that goes from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column names from NPK that goes from two
+to four which in this case is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four which in this case is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four which in this case is going to
+be npn K just check it out and P and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be npn K just check it out and P and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be npn K just check it out and P and K
+so it is going to run for three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is going to run for three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is going to run for three times
+three iterations one per n one per p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three iterations one per n one per p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three iterations one per n one per p and
+one per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one per
+k um what I'm doing here is to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k um what I'm doing here is to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k um what I'm doing here is to create
+the function itself so like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function itself so like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function itself so like the the
+model that I'm going to be creating um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that I'm going to be creating um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that I'm going to be creating um
+this is going to be LMA the which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be LMA the which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be LMA the which is
+going to be the Y variable and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the Y variable and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the Y variable and every
+iteration I'm going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration I'm going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration I'm going to change the
+independent variable so the first round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable so the first round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable so the first round
+is going to be the ntion and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the ntion and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the ntion and so forth
+and then I also include the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I also include the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I also include the random
+Factor because this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor because this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor because this is going to be a
+mixed model and the fact the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed model and the fact the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed model and the fact the random
+factor is going to be the block then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is going to be the block then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is going to be the block then we
+have the data and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the data and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the data and the
+inaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaction
+requirements okay then on the the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements okay then on the the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements okay then on the the next
+line we have the evaluation of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line we have the evaluation of this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line we have the evaluation of this form
+so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just
+click well just going to set the Y as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click well just going to set the Y as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click well just going to set the Y as
+one so let's just mimic the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's just mimic the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's just mimic the first
+iteration just going to check line by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration just going to check line by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration just going to check line by
+line what happens right here so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line what happens right here so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line what happens right here so we have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+form this form looks like this and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this form looks like this and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this form looks like this and now
+we want to run this text that we have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to run this text that we have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to run this text that we have so
+here is where we include EV value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is where we include EV value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is where we include EV value and
+this here and the text is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here and the text is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here and the text is going to be
+the form so this line of code is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form so this line of code is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form so this line of code is going
+to execute this model so you just click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute this model so you just click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute this model so you just click
+here oh it's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+there let's see what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complain oh yeah sure I didn't say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain oh yeah sure I didn't say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain oh yeah sure I didn't say that
+data is NPK so now I'm going to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is NPK so now I'm going to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is NPK so now I'm going to name
+data as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NPK now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPK now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPK now it
+runs so it CH we have the model as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs so it CH we have the model as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs so it CH we have the model as we
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+and then I want to store the summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I want to store the summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I want to store the summary of
+this model in an object called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model in an object called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model in an object called
+sum let's see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum let's see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum let's see what we
+have so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so this is the
+summary that we would have in a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary that we would have in a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary that we would have in a normal
+model and then I'm going to select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then I'm going to select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then I'm going to select the
+items inside this model that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items inside this model that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items inside this model that I'm
+particularly interested so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interested so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interested so I'm going to
+get the T table what is the T table let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the T table what is the T table let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the T table what is the T table let
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see just the the P values and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just the the P values and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just the the P values and the
+estimates and standard error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and standard error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates and standard error and
+difference of square and T values then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of square and T values then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of square and T values then I
+also want to store the akik values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to store the akik values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to store the akik values to
+know how good is the model and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how good is the model and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how good is the model and finally
+just to have a reference what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to have a reference what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to have a reference what's the
+element that we run in that model so n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that we run in that model so n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that we run in that model so n
+so I'm taking everything and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm taking everything and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm taking everything and I'm
+building a another data frame that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a another data frame that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a another data frame that's
+going to be called sum mods sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be called sum mods sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be called sum mods sum of
+models click here this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models click here this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models click here this is what we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+have and I'm just going to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and I'm just going to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and I'm just going to put it
+beautiful inside this output that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful inside this output that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful inside this output that we
+created at the beginning so this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created at the beginning so this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created at the beginning so this result
+that we just saw is going to be stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just saw is going to be stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just saw is going to be stored
+there and now the first iteration would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now the first iteration would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now the first iteration would
+be done and we would go to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done and we would go to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done and we would go to the second
+one so we would repeat the same process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we would repeat the same process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we would repeat the same process
+but instead of the N we would use the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of the N we would use the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of the N we would use the P
+um then we would store this outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we would store this outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we would store this outcome
+again uh down to the like we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh down to the like we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh down to the like we would have
+the outcome of the N then the outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the N then the outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the N then the outcome of
+the p and finally the outcome of the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p and finally the outcome of the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p and finally the outcome of the K
+and once we would have that created um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once we would have that created um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once we would have that created um
+the for Loop would stop and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for Loop would stop and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for Loop would stop and we would
+keep going in our function so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going in our function so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going in our function so we would
+change the column names just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the column names just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the column names just to make
+them um preter so it's going to be named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um preter so it's going to be named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um preter so it's going to be named
+like this like this so element and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this like this so element and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this like this so element and I say
+and there and we were going to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and we were going to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and we were going to have this
+as a return so we want the function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a return so we want the function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a return so we want the function to
+give us back this out now that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us back this out now that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us back this out now that it's
+going to be filled uh so let's just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be filled uh so let's just try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be filled uh so let's just try
+out just click the function now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out just click the function now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out just click the function now the
+function is created let's just run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is created let's just run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is created let's just run the
+function I want the outcome to be stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I want the outcome to be stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I want the outcome to be stored
+in treatment and I I say the elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in treatment and I I say the elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in treatment and I I say the elements in
+this case are going to be npn K and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case are going to be npn K and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case are going to be npn K and the
+data is going to be NPK you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is going to be NPK you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is going to be NPK you could be
+able to change the obviously each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to change the obviously each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to change the obviously each of
+these two variables so if you would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two variables so if you would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two variables so if you would like
+to try that with another database you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try that with another database you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try that with another database you
+could do that that's that's the magic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that that's that's the magic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that that's that's the magic of
+the functions just run this and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions just run this and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions just run this and see what
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see here we have the atcom that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here we have the atcom that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here we have the atcom that we
+had in the first iteration that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the first iteration that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the first iteration that's the
+second and that's the third just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that's the third just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that's the third just as a
+reminder R doesn't allow us to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder R doesn't allow us to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder R doesn't allow us to have a
+row name repeated so in the second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row name repeated so in the second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row name repeated so in the second time
+it repeats intercept it has to put a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it repeats intercept it has to put a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it repeats intercept it has to put a one
+and the second the the third time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second the the third time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second the the third time it
+includes intercept it has to put two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes intercept it has to put two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes intercept it has to put two so
+that's some something that AR us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some something that AR us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some something that AR us
+automatically to avoid repeated names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically to avoid repeated names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically to avoid repeated names
+and get confused on on the orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and just I decided to change the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just I decided to change the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just I decided to change the row
+names to make them more understandable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names to make them more understandable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names to make them more understandable
+again I had to um name them differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I had to um name them differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I had to um name them differently
+to avoid this confusion so row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+names now we have it nice and pretty to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names now we have it nice and pretty to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names now we have it nice and pretty to
+be understood and that could be a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood and that could be a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood and that could be a nice
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+to to publish in a paper where easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to publish in a paper where easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to publish in a paper where easily
+the the results of the of the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the results of the of the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the results of the of the models
+could be seen and also so if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be seen and also so if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be seen and also so if you don't
+want to see oh that I already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see oh that I already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see oh that I already have
+activated but sometimes the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated but sometimes the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated but sometimes the numbers are
+shown uh in scientific notation so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown uh in scientific notation so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown uh in scientific notation so if
+you want to change that and make them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to change that and make them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to change that and make them um
+like with Comas you just run options Cen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with Comas you just run options Cen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with Comas you just run options Cen
+999 and the scientific notation is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+999 and the scientific notation is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+999 and the scientific notation is going
+to be changed to um decimal and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be changed to um decimal and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be changed to um decimal and finally
+we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to
+store um this outcome that we created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store um this outcome that we created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store um this outcome that we created
+this treatment into a file so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treatment into a file so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treatment into a file so in this
+case I'm going to be creating a CSV file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm going to be creating a CSV file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm going to be creating a CSV file
+and you can change the route here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can change the route here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can change the route here to
+install it in or to create this in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install it in or to create this in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install it in or to create this in your
+laptop wherever you want and just run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop wherever you want and just run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop wherever you want and just run
+this and you're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you're going to have a
+beautiful outcome of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3jZqCHtWV6o.txt b/3jZqCHtWV6o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b54ce3d9bbce084d0cceeffdbadd4b51dc16705
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3jZqCHtWV6o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2465 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right, so lecture
+10 was about two main things,
+
+I guess.
+
+We had the conversion
+from folding states
+
+to folding motions,
+talked briefly about that.
+
+And then the bulk
+of the class was
+
+about Kempe and Kempe's
+universality theorem
+
+and the beginning of linkages.
+
+So let's start with an open
+problem about converting
+
+folded states to
+folding motions.
+
+This is a nice question.
+
+So suppose you have a sheet
+of paper like this one,
+
+but it has a hole in the middle.
+
+And then you
+construct some folded
+
+state of that piece of
+paper with a hole in it.
+
+And now you'd like
+to actually get there
+
+by continuous folding motion.
+
+So the question is
+why doesn't that work?
+
+What we know is that the same
+proof technique doesn't work.
+
+We don't necessarily know
+that it's impossible.
+
+That would be a nice
+problem to solve, actually.
+
+So what difference
+does the hole make?
+
+So this is the
+method we saw before.
+
+You imagine having
+some folded state, say,
+
+from a flat piece
+of paper to a crane.
+
+You roll up that piece of
+paper to a tiny triangle
+
+that maps to a nice almost
+flat portion of the crane.
+
+Then you basically play
+that motion backwards,
+
+but on the surface of the crane
+instead of on the flat sheet.
+
+And that always works for
+simple polygons, polygons
+
+without holes.
+
+If you have a hole in here,
+you could imagine just
+
+filling the hole.
+
+That's what the
+question suggested.
+
+Just fill the hole,
+do this thing,
+
+and then remember that the
+hole actually wasn't there.
+
+Erase it again.
+
+That should give you a motion.
+
+Erasing the hole is fine.
+
+The trouble is this part.
+
+So if I define a folded state
+of a piece of paper with a hole,
+
+it doesn't tell you
+where-- let's say
+
+there's a little hole here--
+this mapping won't tell you
+
+where that hole goes in 3D.
+
+You have no idea.
+
+And in fact, it may
+be impossible to map
+
+the hole anywhere in this
+folded state that's valid.
+
+When you tear a piece
+of paper, new foldings
+
+become possible that were
+not otherwise possible.
+
+What's an example of that?
+
+When I do a big tear
+like this, now I
+
+can pull these points
+of paper apart.
+
+And it's impossible to
+fill this hole in in 3D.
+
+It's possible to fill
+the hole in here.
+
+It's just suturing.
+
+But when I separate
+things, that means
+
+the original sheet could
+not fold into this state.
+
+So you get new folded
+states when you have holes,
+
+that you cannot just patch the
+hole and hope to find a place
+
+that it folds over here.
+
+There are other issues.
+
+You could maybe patch it in
+with some stretchy material
+
+or something.
+
+I have one example
+in the notes where
+
+you-- suppose you
+have a tube of paper.
+
+So this is not a flat example,
+but it's an interesting example
+
+anyway.
+
+So let's say the outside
+of this tube is purple,
+
+and the inside is white.
+
+And one thing you can do with
+the tube is turn it inside out.
+
+So you can make the inside
+purple and the outside white.
+
+So this is possible
+with a tube of paper.
+
+If you imagine this
+as being a hole
+
+and the bottom side is also
+being a hole-- both of these
+
+are open right now--
+then you could also
+
+imagine filling them in and
+getting a cube of paper.
+
+So in this case you'd get a
+cube that's entirely purple.
+
+This would be bad, because a
+cube cannot be turned inside
+
+out without self intersection.
+
+So this is an
+example where there
+
+is a folding motion without
+the holes filled in.
+
+There is not a folding motion
+when you fill the holes in.
+
+So I don't know what that says
+exactly about the problem,
+
+but it's some intuition why
+this is tricky business.
+
+That's for a
+polyhedron, of course.
+
+If you're just trying to
+take polygon with holes
+
+and fill it in somehow, I
+mean, maybe there's a way,
+
+but certainly the obvious
+way does not work.
+
+What else did have
+in my notes here?
+
+All right.
+
+Any questions about
+that open problem?
+
+Next question is about,
+it's a neat idea.
+
+We talked about linkages that
+have joints like this one where
+
+you must stay connected.
+
+And then we briefly also talked
+about a different kind of joint
+
+where this vertex was pinned
+right along another edge.
+
+And we showed you
+could simulate that
+
+by just making a zero
+area triangle here.
+
+So you can force these
+edges to come right
+
+at this point of that bar.
+
+Well, different
+idea is what if you
+
+allow this point to be able
+to slide along that bar?
+
+Is that some new kind of
+linkage that's more powerful
+
+or something?
+
+Turns out, no, it's
+not more powerful.
+
+You can simulate that too.
+
+So I thought I'd show that.
+
+I had to think about it.
+
+It's kind of fun.
+
+This would have made a
+good problem set problem,
+
+but I decided to cover it.
+
+So remember our good friend
+the Peaucellier linkage,
+
+which looks like this.
+
+So these guys are equidistant,
+and this is a rhombus.
+
+All the edge lengths are equal.
+
+Then this vertex lies
+along a straight line.
+
+And it has a limit.
+
+Let's say it can go
+this high and this low,
+
+something like that.
+
+We've seen that in
+animation before.
+
+So what I'm going to do is
+imagine this as being my bar,
+
+and this as my flexible point
+that can move along that bar.
+
+So here's the existing bar.
+
+And if I want to add a point
+that can' slide along the bar,
+
+I'm just going to attach this
+construction to this bar,
+
+and this is where things
+get a little bit messy.
+
+These are the guys that are
+normally rigidly on the ground,
+
+but instead of them
+being on the ground,
+
+I'm going to attach them here.
+
+So I'm going to attach this
+to that, this to that, this
+
+to that, this to that.
+
+And because there's
+two connections,
+
+this is at the intersection
+of two-- I mean,
+
+this is a rigid triangle.
+
+So these guys
+can't move anymore.
+
+But, well, they move
+relative to this edge.
+
+So however this edge
+moves in the plane
+
+or in space, whatever, I
+guess in the plane here,
+
+this guy will be forced
+to track along the bar.
+
+So if you don't worry about
+intersections, which we're not
+
+in this lecture,
+this construction
+
+you could attach
+to any bar and make
+
+a point that can
+slide along the bar.
+
+Kind of fun.
+
+So you see the power of
+Peaucellier linkages.
+
+You can do all sorts of fun
+constructions like this.
+
+You could make it just
+occupy a little portion
+
+of the bar, whatever you want.
+
+Just build the appropriate
+Peaucellier linkage.
+
+OK.
+
+So we're into linkages.
+
+Next we're into Kempe's
+universality theorem, or sort
+
+of Kempe's universality
+theorem that he almost proved.
+
+So one question just
+to review, there
+
+is this parallelogram
+and contra parallelogram.
+
+Pretty much all of
+his construction other
+
+than Peaucellier at the end
+are a mix of these two gadgets.
+
+And there's this issue that you
+could flip one into the other.
+
+Here we had, this was
+the translator gadget.
+
+If you have two parallelograms,
+you can collapse one of them,
+
+say, and then flip it out to
+be a contra parallelogram.
+
+If you don't do any
+bracing, this can happen.
+
+And this is bad.
+
+You can actually see a few
+ways in which this is bad.
+
+One is here, we have
+the parallelogram--
+
+or, the point of this
+translator gadget
+
+was to preserve this angle
+alpha, the green angle here.
+
+It's supposed to be the same
+as the green angle here.
+
+But if you do this flip,
+it won't be anymore.
+
+It's the angle between
+this and horizontal.
+
+Right now this edge
+is almost horizontal.
+
+So the new angle's almost 0.
+
+Here it's not.
+
+Here's an example with
+contra parallelograms.
+
+This is our angle trisector.
+
+If you line up this big
+angle with something,
+
+you get the thirds
+of it, or vice versa.
+
+We actually wanted to
+use it to triple angles.
+
+This is Kempe's
+original drawing.
+
+And if, say, this outermost
+contra parallelogram
+
+flipped open and became a
+parallelogram like this blue,
+
+then you'd be in big trouble.
+
+These two angles no longer
+equal this third angle.
+
+So you'd no longer be
+tripling or trisecting.
+
+So that's why it's bad.
+
+Next question is, how
+did you fix it again?
+
+I mean, the
+parallelogram was easy.
+
+I don't think I need to review
+that using the construction we
+
+already talked about.
+
+Let me tell you a little bit
+about the contra parallelogram
+
+bracing, although it's very
+messy to prove that this works,
+
+so I don't want to spend
+too much time on it.
+
+The idea again was to take
+the midpoints of the four
+
+edges of the contra
+parallelogram.
+
+And first you prove those
+always remain colinear
+
+in the contra
+parallelogram state.
+
+They are not colinear in
+the parallelogram state,
+
+and that's kind of
+what's good about it.
+
+Then you find a magic point out
+here off the board called X,
+
+and X is going to be on this
+perpendicular bisector of PR.
+
+It's also the perpendicular
+bisector of SQ.
+
+Turns out this distance
+always equals this distance
+
+by the symmetry of
+contra parallelogram.
+
+That's actually
+really easy to see,
+
+because you have opposite
+edge links being equal.
+
+You get that symmetry.
+
+So it turns out that has to be
+a fairly specific point for this
+
+to work.
+
+All right.
+
+So what do we do next?
+
+And then we add these four bars.
+
+And the harder part of the claim
+is at that this thing still
+
+moves within an
+appropriately chosen X.
+
+I kind of don't want to
+get into that too much.
+
+The easier part to see is
+that you can no longer-- if X
+
+is sufficiently far down there,
+this is no longer possible.
+
+So let's prove that first.
+
+So let's see.
+
+If you look at
+these bars, the bar
+
+PX and RX have the same length.
+
+That means however
+you fold this thing,
+
+X must be on the
+perpendicular bisector of PR.
+
+Here, that's fine.
+
+Over here, the perpendicular
+bisector would be, I guess,
+
+some thing like this, I guess.
+
+All right?
+
+So the perpendicular bisector
+of PR some ray like that.
+
+OK.
+
+And simultaneously
+for the same reason,
+
+X must be on the
+perpendicular bisector of S
+
+and Q. S and Q are these
+opposite midpoints,
+
+and so you've got to be in some
+kind of perpendicular bisector
+
+here.
+
+If you have to be on both of
+those lines, that means in fact
+
+you must be at the center
+of this parallelogram.
+
+Or, I don't really
+need this as a center.
+
+It's some point inside
+the parallelogram.
+
+That's really bad for X. If
+these links are really long,
+
+say, longer than the perimeter
+of this linkage, then
+
+X has to be outside,
+because, yeah.
+
+If it has to be far
+from S, R, Q, and P,
+
+you can't be inside the polygon.
+
+OK?
+
+So provided these lengths are
+sufficiently long, say longer
+
+than the perimeter,
+there's no way X is inside,
+
+and yet in the parallelogram
+state it has to be inside.
+
+And so the parallelogram
+stays impossible.
+
+So that's the easy
+part of the proof.
+
+The tricky part is
+to get this thing
+
+to still fold when this is in
+the contra parallelogram state,
+
+that X is still OK here.
+
+And I'll just mention
+to convince you
+
+that it's tricky-- you set
+the length of the XS bar
+
+must be in square, this thing.
+
+XS bar squared must be the XP
+bar squared plus 1/4 AB squared
+
+minus AD squared.
+
+And I won't go into the proof.
+
+There's some details
+in the notes here.
+
+But what this says is that we're
+talking about XS versus XP.
+
+The other two are symmetric
+, so they have to be equal.
+
+So XS has to be a
+bit bigger than XP,
+
+and this says how much bigger.
+
+The formula says
+how much bigger.
+
+They can both still
+be very large,
+
+so we can still get
+the part that we need,
+
+but we need that
+they're actually
+
+related in this way for the
+whole thing to hold together.
+
+And I will leave it at that.
+
+Sorry, it's a
+little unsatisfying,
+
+but the details are
+just not that exciting.
+
+If you're interested
+in them, you
+
+can read Tim Abbot's
+master's thesis,
+
+which is on my web page.
+
+Cool.
+
+I wanted to briefly remind
+you about some of the project
+
+ideas for Kempe before we go
+to generalizations of Kempe.
+
+So one of them is
+to implement Kempe.
+
+It's never been implemented, as
+far as I know, in general form.
+
+And it would be
+interesting to actually see
+
+it happen in action,
+some version of it.
+
+There's a lot of
+different versions,
+
+but ideally with
+bracing, I guess.
+
+Another fun sort of
+more design project
+
+would be to design
+an alphabet and be
+
+able to make every letter of
+the alphabet with some linkage.
+
+That doesn't have
+to follow Kempe,
+
+but it would be in the
+spirit of signing your name.
+
+And I have here one
+example that's on the web.
+
+I'll show you the web page of
+making the letter C. Here's
+
+what it looks like in action.
+
+So it's just a four bar
+linkage, pretty simple.
+
+I mean, it's three bars
+plus this closing bar.
+
+And then you look at the
+midpoint of this edge,
+
+and it happens to trace
+out this kind of letter C.
+
+So if you had a pen there,
+that's what it would make.
+
+You could imagine just a whole
+bunch of these in sequence
+
+and be another kind
+of mathematical font
+
+which would be fun to have, so.
+
+A lot more, 25 open
+problems left to go.
+
+I think I could do a circle.
+
+I can do an O, so.
+
+24, and these [? fall ?] fast.
+
+Another direction
+would be to build
+
+some kind of sculpture
+inspired by Kempe.
+
+This is one by Arthur
+Ganson since called Faster!
+
+And if you've been to the MIT
+Museum, you may have seen it.
+
+Sometimes it's out, although
+I've never seen it running.
+
+But there's a video of it online
+if you want to check it out.
+
+So this is a device.
+
+It's a kind of push cart.
+
+It's a sculpture push cart.
+
+You have to run
+with it, and as you
+
+run, the wheels
+power these gears,
+
+and the pen there
+with the hand signs
+
+faster, as in you
+should push it faster.
+
+It's pretty crazy.
+
+Now, this could be done
+with Kempe, but in this case
+
+it's not.
+
+It's done with these
+weirdly shaped gears.
+
+And those weirdly shaped gears
+control the different axes
+
+of the pen.
+
+X, Y, Z, N, in and out.
+
+You can see it actually lifts
+up to do the exclamation point.
+
+So that's one sculpture
+inspired by Kempe.
+
+In general, there are lots of
+ideas for making sculptures out
+
+of linkages.
+
+Arthur Ganson is
+particularly cool in making
+
+linkage-like sculptures
+that move kinetically.
+
+If you haven't been to the
+MIT Museum to see his stuff,
+
+you really should.
+
+It's super cool.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's that.
+
+Next we go on to
+generalizations of Kempe.
+
+So there are few
+questions about this.
+
+One was higher dimensions,
+how exactly does that work?
+
+Particularly D equals 3.
+
+If you want to follow
+a surface, does that
+
+mean the linkage now has
+two degrees of freedom?
+
+The answer is yes.
+
+You get to choose.
+
+If you want to
+trace out a surface,
+
+you'll have to have
+two degrees of freedom.
+
+So it's not just turning
+a circular crank.
+
+It's more like a spherical
+crank, which is indeed
+
+what my hand can do
+relative to my elbow is move
+
+along a sphere, well, maybe
+a half sphere or something.
+
+So that's what's possible there.
+
+If you want to trace
+out a 3D curve,
+
+then you only have one
+degree of freedom, of course.
+
+I thought I'd briefly tell you
+a little bit about how 3D works,
+
+or show you one of
+the constructions,
+
+which is the
+Peaucellier linkage.
+
+So here is the 2D
+Peaucellier linkage.
+
+In 3D, this won't work.
+
+Well, it won't work in
+the sense that this guy
+
+is rather unconstrained.
+
+But if we add, let's see,
+it's a little hard to see.
+
+Imagine a plane here, a vertical
+plane through these points.
+
+So if this is in
+the board plan, I
+
+want to choose a point that's
+roughly here out of the plane.
+
+I'm going to draw that here.
+
+And then connect it
+up the same as before.
+
+So it's connected to here.
+
+It's connected to here.
+
+And it's connected to there.
+
+So it's just a third
+point just like these two.
+
+These two are symmetric, so
+this one's also symmetric.
+
+And all these lengths
+are equal if you put it
+
+at right C coordinate.
+
+Then this is like
+a 3D Peaucellier.
+
+I don't think
+Peaucellier invented it.
+
+Probably we did,
+but the result is
+
+that this point will
+lie on a plane out here.
+
+So that's cool.
+
+It's like the higher dimensional
+version of Peaucellier.
+
+Now if you actually want this
+point to move along a line,
+
+what would you do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Intersect two planes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Intersect
+two planes, exactly.
+
+Take two planes, intersect them.
+
+It is a line.
+
+There's the line
+of intersection.
+
+Generically, you get a line.
+
+Unless they're the same
+planes, you always get a line.
+
+So if you take two
+Peaucellier linkages,
+
+you overlap them
+at this one point.
+
+Then this point,
+on the one hand,
+
+these two points are pinned.
+
+We'll have to line one plane.
+
+On the other hand, I'll
+have to line another plane
+
+from the other
+Peaucellier linkage,
+
+so you can force it to
+stay on an actual line.
+
+And both of these
+gadgets are useful.
+
+Sometimes you want
+things to stay in planes.
+
+Sometimes you want
+things to stay on lines.
+
+And once you have this
+construction, in fact,
+
+you could build the
+old Kempe construction,
+
+and just put in a ton of
+3D Peaucellier linkages
+
+to force everything to
+stay in the XY plane.
+
+And then anything you could do
+in two dimensions you can now
+
+do in three dimensions.
+
+So that's observation one.
+
+You can do Kempe in the Z
+equals 0 plane, the XY plane.
+
+And that's the
+basic idea for 3D.
+
+You do all the stuff we're
+used to doing in there,
+
+all the angle doubling, adding
+new addition, all these things,
+
+and then you just
+have to translate.
+
+You have some points in 3D.
+
+You need to measure their
+coordinates or the angles
+
+they form with
+other edges in 3D.
+
+You just map all those
+things into the XY plane,
+
+do your computation on the XY
+plane, and then map them back.
+
+I won't talk about that
+mapping, but it's not too hard.
+
+And once you can map anything
+you want into the XY plane,
+
+you could do your
+computation, map it back,
+
+and force your points
+in three dimensions
+
+to have whatever
+properties you need.
+
+So you can write down any
+polynomial now in X, Y, and Z
+
+and set that equal to
+0 just like before.
+
+Do all the trig
+expansions you did before,
+
+and you can force a point to
+trace exactly that curve in 3D.
+
+So that's just a
+sketch of how 3D works.
+
+Skipping some details
+because there are messy.
+
+The idea is very simple.
+
+3D Peaucellier.
+
+All right.
+
+Next question is
+related to-- properties
+
+is mentioned in
+the lecture notes.
+
+So there's a couple
+versions of this question.
+
+They're asking the same things
+at different levels of detail.
+
+So what about curves not
+represented by a polynomial?
+
+I read this like, well,
+that's not possible.
+
+Everything you make
+out of linkages
+
+has to be represented
+by a polynomial.
+
+That's true, but what about
+piecewise polynomials?
+
+That is possible.
+
+So you can do piecewise
+cubic splines.
+
+If you've ever drawn a curve
+in a vector drawing program,
+
+you've used splines.
+
+So those are
+splines, and they're
+
+made up of little polynomial
+pieces, like maybe
+
+of a parabola here, and then
+you design it to transition say,
+
+C2 into another parabola,
+or then into some hyperbola,
+
+whatever.
+
+So these kinds of
+general curves,
+
+you can do great
+things with splines.
+
+Pretty much every curve you've
+seen on a computer is a spline.
+
+And this is much better than
+the Weierstrass approximation
+
+theorem which we talked
+about before, which
+
+says you design one
+polynomial that approximates
+
+an entire curve,
+like your signature.
+
+But when it does that,
+it'll be like this.
+
+It's a very ugly-- if you use
+various pieces of polynomials,
+
+say all cubic
+polynomials, you can
+
+get some really
+nice looking curves.
+
+So you can really
+reproduce your signature.
+
+And there is a theorem
+mentioned in the notes that
+
+says you can trace any
+semi algebraic set.
+
+So I want to define
+semi algebraic,
+
+because this is actually
+closely related to splines.
+
+It's a little more general.
+
+So what's a semi algebraic set?
+
+So here's an example of
+a semi algebraic set.
+
+You have some polynomial,
+let's say on XYZ,
+
+and you want to say this is
+greater than or equal to 0.
+
+So it's a little different.
+
+Before, we could set
+polynomials equal to 0.
+
+Now I can set them greater
+than or equal to 0.
+
+So that's the semi part
+of-- if we just have this,
+
+this is an algebraic
+set, essentially.
+
+Semi algebraic, you can have
+half spaces in some sense.
+
+And then you can also take
+unions and intersections
+
+to form an algebraic set.
+
+Also compliments, but
+it doesn't matter.
+
+So what does this mean?
+
+It means I can
+take all the stuff
+
+on one side of a polynomial, and
+then-- well, on one polynomial.
+
+Sorry, that's what I should do.
+
+So here's, let's
+say, my parabola.
+
+I can take this
+region, and then I
+
+could say, OK,
+well, let's take--
+
+this gets messy to
+do-- I could take also
+
+all the stuff outside
+this polynomial.
+
+So that's some
+bigger region here.
+
+I could take the union of those.
+
+I could clip off parts.
+
+Basically I can construct
+a spline in particular,
+
+but in general I can do
+lots of different things
+
+by unions and intersections of
+these polynomial half spaces.
+
+So this lets you
+construct splines.
+
+It lets you piece
+together components,
+
+because, for example, I
+could take this curve.
+
+And then on one
+side intersect it
+
+with the other side Greater
+equal to 0 and lesser equal
+
+to zero, then I get
+exactly just this curve.
+
+And then I can, for example,
+cut to the left of this line.
+
+And then I'll have this curve,
+but only if it stops here.
+
+I could do the same
+thing with this piece,
+
+end up with this
+piece, and then take
+
+the union of those two pieces.
+
+So I can construct a spline.
+
+I can have regions, of course.
+
+Infinite area, finite
+area, whatever.
+
+So semi algebraic
+sets are very general.
+
+It's fairly easy
+to see that this
+
+is the most you could hope
+for, because in general, you
+
+look at a linkage, it's defined
+by polynomial equations.
+
+You say, well the
+square distance from P
+
+to Q equals L for
+various things.
+
+So you only have polynomial
+equations to work with.
+
+Because you have flexibility,
+you get inequations.
+
+Because we can do
+things like this.
+
+I mean, this distance
+is now less than
+
+or equal to the sum
+of these two lines.
+
+So semi algebraic
+sets are the best
+
+you could hope for, a bunch
+of polynomial inequalities.
+
+And in fact, every such semi
+algebraic set is possible.
+
+So how do you prove that?
+
+It's actually really easy.
+
+We've essentially
+already done P of XYZ
+
+is greater or equal to 0,
+because we saw in Kempe how
+
+to set something equal to 0.
+
+To do that, we used the
+Peaucellier linkage,
+
+which I will draw
+for the Nth time,
+
+because I need to modify it.
+
+So here's a Peaucellier linkage.
+
+It forces this point to
+lie on a straight line.
+
+If I add a joint here, and
+basically let this length
+
+get smaller if it wants to-- it
+can do things like this now--
+
+I should draw it more like that.
+
+Maybe I should draw it
+scale, so that's maybe
+
+something like this.
+
+This point can now move
+anywhere on the segment.
+
+Then this guy will end up being
+able to make, well not exactly
+
+this half plane,
+but a region of it.
+
+A big enough region if
+you set it up right.
+
+And as you may recall,
+the x-coordinate
+
+here was the sum of
+all my trig terms.
+
+And I wanted that equal
+to 0 for this to happen,
+
+but if I wanted to make
+greater than or equal to 0,
+
+then I just needed to be to the
+right of that vertical line.
+
+And so that lets me
+take any polynomial
+
+and set it greater
+or equal to 0.
+
+So that's basically Kempe,
+except I used this modified
+
+Peaucellier that let's things
+go to the right a little bit.
+
+OK.
+
+Intersections are also easy.
+
+If I want to take the
+intersection of two sets,
+
+I just overlay those
+linkages and let
+
+them share the same point.
+
+I call this P that
+we're constraining.
+
+So that will apply multiple
+constraints to that same point,
+
+and so that is the intersection
+of those two semi algebraic
+
+sets.
+
+The one tricky part
+is unions, and this
+
+is what the question
+is asking about here.
+
+Intersection gadgets are clear,
+but what's the union gadget?
+
+Union gadget turns out to
+also be possible using Kempe.
+
+Kind of surprising.
+
+Let me show you how.
+
+So suppose you have
+linkage one constraining
+
+some point I'll call it P1 here.
+
+And you have
+another linkage two,
+
+constraining at some point P2.
+
+And what you'd like to do
+is build a new linkage that
+
+has some point P that either
+follows P1 or follows P2,
+
+so it takes the union
+of those two sets.
+
+So whatever L1 constructs for
+P1, whatever L2 constructs
+
+for P2, you want to be able
+to trace P1 or trace P2.
+
+And what we're going to do
+is build another box here,
+
+another linkage, which
+is going to be-- I
+
+won't write L. Got
+some more room here.
+
+It's going to be a
+Kempe construction
+
+for this polynomial.
+
+So this polynomial,
+it's a little different
+
+from what we've seen.
+
+And over here it's going
+to be point P. P here
+
+is X comma Y. P2
+is X2Y2 and so on.
+
+If you want, as X1Y1.
+
+So this is an equation
+involving three points.
+
+In the past, we've only
+had polynomial equations
+
+involving one point.
+
+This is another generalization
+of Kempe which I may or may not
+
+have mentioned, but
+it's really easy.
+
+We had, what was it, a rhombus
+to represent a single point.
+
+You just have three of them,
+and now you've got three points.
+
+You could do the same trig
+identities, and so on,
+
+to expand out.
+
+You get, you might not
+call it a polynomial,
+
+you might call it a multinomial.
+
+Well, I guess it was already
+a multinomial in X and Y.
+
+Now it's a polynomial
+on XY, X1, Y1, X2.
+
+Y2.
+
+And that's exactly
+what we have here,
+
+various powers of
+those six variables.
+
+You expand them out just in the
+way you did before with trig,
+
+and you just need to be
+able to add up angles now,
+
+not just alpha and
+beta, but now there's
+
+six possible angles representing
+each of the x- y-coordinates.
+
+So I claim I can build
+this thing of Kempe.
+
+OK.
+
+And if I build this
+thing, basically I
+
+force X and Y to be
+either X1, X2 or Y1, Y2,
+
+and that lets you take the union
+of link [? which ?] L1 and L2.
+
+The new point P can either
+live at P1 or can live at P2.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Should some
+of those be pluses?
+
+PROFESSOR: Should some
+of those be pluses?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+looks like X
+
+equals X1 is enough to
+make that whole thing 0.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I was curious about this.
+
+Do you see a way to fix this?
+
+The worry here is X could be X1,
+and Y could be Y2 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So you have--
+
+AUDIENCE: X minus X1
+squared plus Y minus Y1
+
+squared all [INAUDIBLE]
+X minus X2 squared plus Y
+
+minus Y2 squared.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Plus-- this is extremely ugly.
+
+OK, let me maybe rewrite it.
+
+Thanks.
+
+Yeah, as I was writing
+this I was like--
+
+AUDIENCE: Squared
+in the wrong place.
+
+PROFESSOR: Squared plus
+Y minus Y1 squared.
+
+And then this thing
+times yeah, thanks.
+
+Same thing with 2's.
+
+Equals 0.
+
+So the product being
+equal to 0 means
+
+one of the two terms
+better equal 0.
+
+And in this case, if this
+equals 0, because of the squares
+
+it forces it to be
+non-negative, which
+
+means the only time
+the sum is equal to 0
+
+is when both of the terms
+are equal to 0, which
+
+means X equals X1
+and Y equals Y1.
+
+So this plays the
+role of and here,
+
+and the product
+plays the role of or.
+
+So either XY equals
+X1Y1, or XY equals X2Y2.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Good fix.
+
+Just make a quick note of that.
+
+Do I have a pen?
+
+I won't.
+
+OK, so that is how you do
+intersection of two linkages,
+
+is just Kempe again.
+
+It's kind of cool.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Once you have
+unions, we've already
+
+done intersections
+in half spaces,
+
+then you can make any
+semi algebraic set.
+
+So what I think would
+be cool in particular
+
+is to implement Kempe force
+spline, say, quadratic splines.
+
+Because Kempe for
+quadratic polynomials
+
+is going to be
+pretty reasonable.
+
+You have to implement this
+union gadget to piece together
+
+the pieces, which
+is kind of messy,
+
+but in principle, you can piece
+together a bunch of polynomials
+
+and see what a
+spline looks like.
+
+You had a question.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if the curves
+you're taking in enough
+
+don't intersect to get
+from point to the other--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So you're asking about sort
+of continuous crank ability
+
+of Kempe constructions.
+
+And indeed, if you had two
+sets that were disjoint,
+
+there's no way to continuously
+go from one spot to the other.
+
+What this is saying is that the
+overall trace of this point--
+
+if you look at all possible
+configurations, the linkage,
+
+and then just see
+where P goes, it
+
+will trace out both of
+those connected components.
+
+On the other hand,
+if these do overlap
+
+if there is a common point
+between these two linkages,
+
+then this will allow you
+to transition from one
+
+to the other.
+
+So right, if you're
+building a spline,
+
+presumably you know
+that they're connected,
+
+and you want to be careful of
+the way you union them together
+
+to make them possible
+by continuous motion.
+
+I think that's always possible.
+
+But you do have to be careful.
+
+Other questions?
+
+All right.
+
+I want to get the hypar
+gluing, but there's
+
+one more topic some
+people asked about,
+
+which are these origami axioms.
+
+I mentioned them very briefly
+at the end of lecture 10,
+
+and they sounded
+amazingly powerful.
+
+They let you solve
+all these things.
+
+The setting here is something
+called ruler and compass
+
+constructions.
+
+How many people here have
+heard of ruler or straight edge
+
+and compass?
+
+Almost everyone.
+
+A compasses is this
+gadget like this.
+
+You can draw circles with it.
+
+And there's a standard
+mathematical formulation
+
+of a straight edge and compass
+which is, if I have two points,
+
+I can draw a straight
+line through them.
+
+If I have two points, I can
+draw a circle through them
+
+like that.
+
+And if I have lines and circles,
+I can take their intersections.
+
+And if that's all
+you're allowed to do,
+
+then you can prove that if you
+look at the coordinates of all
+
+the points you
+make-- and let's say
+
+you start with one point
+which I'll call 0 comma
+
+0, another 0.1 comma 0.
+
+So I have the number 0 in one.
+
+Then the numbers you can make,
+the coordinates you can make,
+
+are everything you
+could make from 0 to 1
+
+by plus, minus, times,
+divide, and square root.
+
+You could do all
+those operations,
+
+and that's all you could do.
+
+And so what that
+means basically,
+
+is you could solve quadratic
+polynomials, but nothing more.
+
+And that's an old result from
+1800s and implies things like
+
+you cannot trisect an angle.
+
+You can bisect an
+angle because that only
+
+involves quadratic stuff.
+
+You can't trisect an angle,
+for example, 60 degrees,
+
+because that involves solving
+subcubic, which is not
+
+possible by straight
+edge and compass.
+
+You cannot compute
+the cube root of 2.
+
+It's a cube doubling problem,
+so all these great things.
+
+Then came along Huzita in
+1989, and at the same time,
+
+Jacques Justin in
+1989, who you remember
+
+did Kawasaki's theorem
+and Maekawa's theorem.
+
+He also did this,
+all independently.
+
+So Huzita suggested
+these axioms for folding.
+
+If I have two points,
+I can fold a crease
+
+along those two
+points, that line.
+
+If I have two points, I can
+fold a point onto a point.
+
+That constructs a
+perpendicular bisector.
+
+If I have two lines, I can
+fold one line onto the other.
+
+That is the angular bisector.
+
+If I have a point and the line,
+I can fold the line onto itself
+
+, which forces the crease to be
+perpendicular and pass through
+
+this point.
+
+You see these in lots
+of origami diagrams.
+
+They let you find
+interesting lines.
+
+If I have two
+points on a line, I
+
+can fold this point
+onto this line
+
+while also folding
+through this point.
+
+That's a tangent of a parabola
+if you look at it correctly.
+
+And if I have two
+points and two lines,
+
+I can fold this
+point onto this line
+
+while simultaneously folding
+this point onto this line.
+
+There actually is four
+or eight different ways
+
+to do it in general,
+but you can find them
+
+all by just
+manipulating the paper.
+
+That's the claim.
+
+There's one other that Huzita
+missed, Justin saw, called,
+
+these days, Hatori's
+axiom, where
+
+you fold a point onto a line.
+
+And not shown here, I
+believe, is another point
+
+that you must fold through.
+
+No, that looks like this axiom.
+
+So I've forgotten what the
+differences is for Hatori.
+
+Oh, not drawn here is,
+there's an edge in the bottom.
+
+And you also want
+to fold the line
+
+onto itself, which
+means you have
+
+to be perpendicular to
+this black line down here.
+
+So that's sort of
+all you could imagine
+
+if you have these sort of
+points onto lines, lines
+
+onto points, lines onto lines.
+
+Axioms, if you
+enumerate them all,
+
+this is all of them
+for a single fold.
+
+And with these axioms
+you could prove
+
+you can solve any
+cubic polynomials.
+
+So basically you can
+also take cube roots.
+
+And so in particular, you can
+do things like trisect an angle.
+
+It's what's shown up here.
+
+Fairly small sequence.
+
+This was discovered
+in the 1970s.
+
+You can trisect any angle,
+divide it into thirds
+
+just by these kinds of folds.
+
+And the tricky operation
+here is folding two points
+
+onto two lines simultaneously.
+
+That's the third
+degree operation.
+
+Everything else you can
+do with ruler and compass.
+
+And you can also do
+things like double a cube.
+
+This is computing a
+cube root of 2 ratio.
+
+First you bisect you
+thing into thirds.
+
+This is easy to do, because
+we can divide by three.
+
+Then you fold these two
+points onto these two lines.
+
+And it turns out the ratio
+here between this y-coordinate
+
+and this y-coordinate
+is cube root of 3.
+
+A over B is cube root of 3.
+
+This is by Peter Messer in 1985.
+
+So that's kind of cool.
+
+But that's all you can
+do with single folds.
+
+The most you hope for is
+solving cubic equations.
+
+You can't quintisect an angle.
+
+You can't divide
+an angle in fifths.
+
+You can't compute the
+fifth root of 2, I assume.
+
+You can't do lots of things.
+
+But it's at least more powerful
+than straight edge and compass,
+
+which is cool.
+
+So then this was just for
+single fold operations.
+
+You could look at
+two fold operations,
+
+three fold operations
+where you make
+
+two folds and simultaneously
+align lots of things.
+
+With two folds you can-- oh,
+sorry, before I get that.
+
+There is a software called
+ReferenceFinder by Robert Lang,
+
+if you're curious about how
+to construct various things.
+
+So here is plugged in, I
+want to compute a third.
+
+And it just enumerates
+all possible things
+
+you could do with
+five or six folds.
+
+And if it finds
+an exact solution,
+
+it will put it at the top.
+
+It also finds
+approximate solutions
+
+which are practically useful.
+
+So this is a sequence of
+operations that from a square,
+
+you could find this point at
+0 comma third, which is nice.
+
+When you have two folds,
+you can quintisect an angle.
+
+These are Robert Lang's diagrams
+for quintisecting a given
+
+angle.
+
+You can see at the very
+end here we have an angle
+
+and it's divided
+evenly into fifths.
+
+It's a bit complicated,
+and at some point
+
+it involves a two
+fold operation.
+
+It says here.
+
+Here's where it all happens.
+
+Your fold here, and
+simultaneously you fold here.
+
+And you have to align all these
+points and lines and things.
+
+And that's cool.
+
+I think with three folds, they
+can solve any quintic equation.
+
+That's Alperin and Lang.
+
+And then the culmination,
+which I mentioned briefly
+
+at the end of lecture 10,
+is if you allow end folds
+
+simultaneously,
+then you can solve
+
+a degree end
+polynomial [INAUDIBLE]
+
+order N. First you set
+up your piece of paper
+
+into all these independently
+manipulatable limbs.
+
+You mark off these
+coordinates, which
+
+are the lengths of the bars
+in your Kempe construction.
+
+And then you say,
+well you've got
+
+to fold so that this
+all these points align.
+
+That will construct
+a linkage state,
+
+and if you set Kempe
+up right, there
+
+will only be one state,
+which is the solution
+
+to your polynomial.
+
+So that's one way to do it.
+
+There are actually
+other ways to do it.
+
+Alperin and Lang have
+another solution.
+
+It's a little more
+simple, but this is fun
+
+because it uses Kempe.
+
+And that is a brief
+story of origami axioms.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+There's a small
+chapter in the book.
+
+It's called Geometric
+Construction.
+
+I didn't prove anything here,
+because it's a little bit
+
+tedious to prove.
+
+You can solve any cubic, you
+can solve all these things.
+
+That's the most you could solve.
+
+But all these things have
+been completely characterized.
+
+I guess there isn't a complete
+characterization of, say,
+
+two fold axioms, exactly
+what you can make.
+
+That's still open.
+
+But the point is, as you add
+more folds, you get more power.
+
+Eventually you get
+all polynomials,
+
+which is the most
+you could hope for,
+
+for any kind of
+geometric construction.
+
+If there are no
+more questions, we
+
+resume our task of
+building something out
+
+of hyperbolic paraboloids.
+
+Remember this is the
+hat construction.
+
+If you have a square
+in your polyhedron,
+
+you take four
+hyperbolic paraboloids
+
+and join them together
+like this picture.
+
+And then this is going
+to represent one edge.
+
+Those two edges of
+the hypar are going
+
+to represent one
+edge of the square.
+
+And I was suggesting we
+make this shape, which
+
+we have enough hypars for.
+
+We just need to do some taping.
+
+This is the truncated
+tetrahedron.
+
+It's got four triangles,
+four hexagons.
+
+So we've already
+made-- last time
+
+we made the four triangles.
+
+These are the three hats, and
+they can be joined together
+
+to form a tetrahedron
+by themselves.
+
+We've got enough hypars
+to make the four hexagons,
+
+and then we just need
+to tape them together,
+
+and we will get the
+truncated tetrahedron.
+
+Who would like to help?
+
+Come on up.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Yep.
+
+PROFESSOR: It will be
+something like this.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think we need
+a whole other six, but.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+Is there another roll
+
+of tape hidden somewhere?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+STUDENT: And the other
+main thing is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] these
+two on a triangle here.
+
+It's like 36.
+
+Sort of.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3qhlao9T2dA.txt b/3qhlao9T2dA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d6b1bdc0e43c98ad306cffbc51663097badb6f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3qhlao9T2dA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2529 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's get started.
+
+One announcement
+is a reminder.
+
+There is a paper due on April
+4, and Michaela will be
+
+sending out a formal assignment
+about that within a
+
+day or two.
+
+So you can get started on
+that whenever you like.
+
+And we can talk about it more
+next week after the
+
+assignment comes out.
+
+But for the most part, what it's
+going to look like is an
+
+assignment to do a little more
+digging and some research
+
+into, basically, people, place,
+or thing in the part of
+
+the history of MIT that
+we've covered so far.
+
+So take a particular person--
+
+maybe one of the signers of
+the charter or one of the
+
+early professors or an
+early student here--
+
+a place, one particular building
+from the period up to
+
+1915 or so.
+
+And we say thing, but I think
+that could be an instrument or
+
+a laboratory that is of interest
+and do a little
+
+profile of that about what was
+it used for, what were people
+
+studying in the laboratory,
+and how were
+
+people being taught--
+
+and basically, to focus on the
+first 65 years or so--
+
+50 years or so.
+
+The 50th anniversary of MIT is
+1911, so something from that
+
+early period that
+interests you.
+
+There's a lot of material, both
+online, but also in the
+
+MIT archives, in
+the libraries.
+
+Actually, a really good source
+is just, of the books that
+
+we've been assigning pieces of,
+you can just look further
+
+into those books.
+
+And Michaela will help you with
+that and actually have
+
+maybe a special session on some
+of the research methods
+
+and what to expect for that.
+
+So that's coming along.
+
+And next week, we'll have Ros
+Williams in, who will talk
+
+about a combination of things.
+
+She's a historian of
+technology as well.
+
+She's written about the
+history of MIT and the
+
+chemical engineering department,
+which happens to
+
+have been founded by her
+grandfather, who had a lot of
+
+interesting personalities on
+campus and things he was
+
+involved in.
+
+Today, we are lucky to have Ross
+Bassett with us who is a
+
+colleague of ours from NC State,
+has written a very good
+
+book on the history of CMOS
+technology and the equation of
+
+the semiconductor integrated
+circuits.
+
+And now, he's working on this
+book part of the assignment,
+
+which was the reading today on
+the Indian students at MIT.
+
+And he's going to talk to us
+a little bit about that.
+
+And over lunch, it was just
+becoming clear how many of the
+
+issues that were raised both
+in the readings and also in
+
+the response papers for today
+are, as some of you pointed
+
+out, relevant for issues
+on campus.
+
+We happened to be sitting two
+tables down from Tom Mangnati,
+
+who's the former dean of
+engineering here and the
+
+president of the new university
+in Singapore that
+
+MIT has founded based
+on the principle of
+
+organizing around design.
+
+And so as many of you will have
+heard from a variety of
+
+things, MIT's relationships with
+the rest of the world--
+
+its profile abroad is very much
+a topic of conversation
+
+at MIT these days.
+
+How many of you work in a lab
+that has some connection with
+
+Singapore or some other
+international research group?
+
+So a few of you do.
+
+And how many of you were born
+and raised in the US versus--
+
+so yeah.
+
+Undergraduates--
+
+very much more American-based.
+
+The undergraduate population
+is capped at about 8%
+
+international students, whereas
+the graduate student
+
+population is probably--
+
+I don't know the
+exact number--
+
+50% or 60% international
+students.
+
+But even of the US-born,
+US-raised undergraduate
+
+students, many come from
+families, first generation
+
+immigrants or whatnot.
+
+We've talked about that
+a little bit before.
+
+So Ros will talk to us a
+little bit about Indian
+
+students at MIT.
+
+It's a very interesting case.
+
+There's a lot of interesting
+reasons to be interested in
+
+India and MIT's relationships
+there-- but also not
+
+necessarily typical, but
+representative of MIT's
+
+relationships with Japan, China,
+Iran, Middle East--
+
+lots of different places
+around the world.
+
+All of them are a little bit
+special, but they're certainly
+
+part of a longer story here.
+
+So he's going to talk for a
+little bit, put the article in
+
+the context of a larger project
+that he's working on,
+
+and then we can pick up
+the discussion there.
+
+And I think that'll naturally
+segue into also this
+
+particular period that
+we've come into--
+
+turn of the century up through
+the beginning of World War II,
+
+the technology plan,
+relationships with industry.
+
+Again, so many of the issues
+from the reading that were on
+
+the table in 1915, 1930 are
+still issues that are on the
+
+table today in some
+form or another.
+
+ROSS BASSETT: Thanks, David
+and Roe and Michaela.
+
+I think it's a good strategy to
+start out by sucking up to
+
+your audience.
+
+So let me do that.
+
+I've got my Ph.D.
+from Princeton.
+
+And there was a Professor,
+Michael
+
+Borden, who went to Harvard.
+
+And when he went to Harvard, he
+had a roommate at Harvard
+
+who was of Indian ancestry.
+
+And Michael reported that his
+roommate told him how all his
+
+family back in India were all so
+proud that they had someone
+
+in their family who went
+to a school near MIT.
+
+And it gives you an idea, I
+think, of what the sense of
+
+MIT is in India.
+
+And so I've been to India
+a lot and I've
+
+seen that first hand.
+
+So a couple things, just to put
+this in context and why
+
+I'm interested in this.
+
+I've been interested in India
+for a long time, and I'm also
+
+interested in globalization,
+of course.
+
+That's a big buzz
+word these days.
+
+But one of the ways I think
+about history and how we can
+
+find interesting history topics
+is sort of a thought
+
+experiment.
+
+Imagine, say, what would
+surprise someone coming to the
+
+year 2011 from, say,
+100 years ago?
+
+Say, President Maclaurin--
+
+what would surprise them
+about the world
+
+today if they saw it?
+
+And so I think about that,
+I guess, especially
+
+with regard to India.
+
+And let me just say some of the
+things that I think would
+
+be pretty surprising.
+
+I guess anything involving
+Indians in the United States
+
+would be surprising, because
+they were actually laws
+
+limiting Indians from staying
+permanently in America.
+
+It was very questionable whether
+an Indian, someone
+
+from India, could even become a
+citizen of the United States
+
+until 1920.
+
+Until 1965, the United States
+had laws which basically said,
+
+we really don't want Indians
+in the United States.
+
+There was an annual quota
+of 100 people.
+
+But let me tell you some things
+about the world of 2011
+
+that is sort of surprising
+in that regard.
+
+Silicon Valley--
+
+my apologies--
+
+but the most dynamic
+
+technological area in the world.
+
+It's commonly said that Silicon
+Valley runs on ICs.
+
+And that doesn't mean
+integrated circuits.
+
+It means Indians and Chinese.
+
+People understand that Indian
+and Chinese entrepreneurs are
+
+some of the key figures who
+really start businesses
+
+successfully, help move
+the technology along.
+
+I think of that school
+down the road a bit.
+
+They just appointed a new dean
+of their business school.
+
+His name is Nitin Nohria, an
+Indian who came to Harvard.
+
+MIT itself, the former dean of
+engineering, Subra Suresh,
+
+also from India.
+
+Now he's the head of the
+National Science Foundation,
+
+one of the leading funders of
+science and technological
+
+research in the United States,
+setting the agenda for
+
+scientific research.
+
+I think of--
+
+do you know the building that's
+right across Vassar
+
+Street from the Stata Center,
+the Institute for Brain
+
+Research, that the
+train tracks go
+
+through the middle of?
+
+That was designed by Charles
+Correa, an Indian, someone
+
+who's the leading Indian
+architect.
+
+And so he lives in India.
+
+This was his first commission
+ever in the United States for
+
+an American client.
+
+And so the point of this is
+that Indians play a very
+
+prominent role in technology
+in the United States today,
+
+which I think would have been
+very, very surprising to
+
+anyone 100 years ago.
+
+And then if we look at India
+itself, there are a number of
+
+things, I think, that are
+surprising as well.
+
+We're used to seeing everything
+that we buy from
+
+Walmart or Target or whatever
+having a "made in
+
+China" stamp on it.
+
+We can't really judge the
+provenance of software code or
+
+something like that.
+
+But if could, we'd probably be
+surprised at how much software
+
+would have the tag
+"coded in India."
+
+And I was in India in October
+and visited a place where they
+
+made transmission components for
+Fords and GMs in a place
+
+in Pune, India.
+
+Another big Indian company is
+set to, I think this year,
+
+begin selling its model SUV
+in the United States.
+
+So India is playing a remarkable
+technological role
+
+in United States.
+
+We might have considered
+that inconceivable 100
+
+years ago or so.
+
+So that's what I've been
+interested in looking at.
+
+And the way I decided to do this
+was I was trying to look
+
+for some way to understand the
+relationship between the
+
+United States and India.
+
+And the way I finally decided to
+do it was that I found that
+
+MIT has a series of commencement
+programs that
+
+they publish with every
+commencement
+
+that lists every graduate.
+
+And they've listed the hometown
+of every graduate.
+
+And so they have these
+available for
+
+the whole 20th century.
+
+So what I did is I
+made a database.
+
+I went through these and pulled
+out every single Indian
+
+who graduated from MIT
+in the 20th century.
+
+So I have this database,
+and I kind of think
+
+of this as a filter.
+
+India is a country with a
+population now of a billion
+
+people or so.
+
+We can't look at all
+1 billion people.
+
+So what I'm looking at is those
+Indians throughout the
+
+century who came to MIT.
+
+And so again, we can't look at
+every student at MIT from the
+
+20th century.
+
+But we can look at--
+
+this is a rather small group.
+
+It's about 1,500 people or so.
+
+And so let's look at these
+students and say, how did they
+
+end up getting from India,
+7,000 miles away, to MIT?
+
+How did that happen?
+
+And then what happened
+to them afterwards?
+
+What did they do?
+
+Did they make any difference
+in India?
+
+What were their careers like?
+
+And so that's what
+I've been doing.
+
+And so in the last five years
+or so, I've been running
+
+around India trying to track
+down Indian graduates of MIT,
+
+their family and so on,
+just to find out some
+
+things about them.
+
+And so a couple of general
+themes that
+
+come up from this--
+
+one is the idea of a
+technological nationalism, I
+
+would say, and then also the
+development of the information
+
+technology industry in India
+and globalization.
+
+Then also--
+
+in Star Trek, they have this
+tractor beam that sometimes
+
+will pull things into
+the spaceship.
+
+You could say MIT has been
+a tractor beam for global
+
+talent, that it's pulled
+international talent into the
+
+United States, and very often
+it's stayed in the United
+
+States after it's
+gotten there.
+
+So these are some of the things
+that I'm touching on in
+
+what I'm doing.
+
+And so one of the things that
+you do see is students who
+
+went to MIT in the early
+20th century--
+
+very often, going to MIT,
+you could say, was
+
+a nationalist act.
+
+India was a British colony, and
+most people, in some ways,
+
+the intuitive thing to do would
+be to make ties with the
+
+British, British society,
+with Britain.
+
+So those who went to MIT were
+in some ways doing something
+
+that didn't make a lot of sense
+in some ways, having
+
+ties with the British.
+
+And so that that's a big theme
+that I've discovered.
+
+And one of the other aspects of
+this that has been kind of
+
+intriguing--
+
+what do you think of when you
+think of Mahatma Gandhi?
+
+What sorts of things
+come to your mind?
+
+What sort of images?
+
+What kind of things
+do you think of?
+
+AUDIENCE: Small, peaceful man.
+
+ROSS BASSETT: Small,
+peaceful man.
+
+Anything else you think
+of about Gandhi?
+
+AUDIENCE: He was fairly
+well to do and then
+
+he gave it all up.
+
+ROSS BASSETT: He was
+a very wealthy
+
+lawyer, gave it all up.
+
+AUDIENCE: Spiritualism.
+
+ROSS BASSETT: Pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: Spiritualism.
+
+ROSS BASSETT: Spiritualism.
+
+Anyone else?
+
+So we have those images
+of Gandhi.
+
+One of the intriguing things
+about this research--
+
+when I look at the Indians who
+went to MIT in the 1920s and
+
+1930s and try to look at the
+networks of people they're
+
+involved in, where they come
+from, one of the things that I
+
+find is, if I try to identify
+where is the
+
+heart of these people--
+
+what sort of, again,
+networks are they
+
+involved in and so on--
+
+if you look at a large number
+of them, you get connected
+
+back to Gandhi, that a large
+percentage of Indians were
+
+from the part of India where
+Gandhi was from.
+
+A large number of them
+actually had
+
+connections with Gandhi.
+
+One young man who grew up in
+Gandhi's ashram went to MIT.
+
+And so this has been the
+intriguing thing.
+
+And it's suggested some
+things to me.
+
+I've gone back and looked
+at Gandhi's papers.
+
+And Gandhi has often been, I'd
+say, captured by political
+
+historians--
+
+most people who are interested
+in him are people interested
+
+in political history, Gandhi's
+spiritualism, his philosophy,
+
+his philosophy of nonviolence,
+and things like that.
+
+But Gandhi was very interested
+in technology himself.
+
+Maybe the most common image
+of him being interested in
+
+technology, of course,
+is handspinning.
+
+And it's easy to see
+that as very
+
+regressive, you might say--
+
+very archaic.
+
+But he was really very
+interested in efficiency, as
+
+he was interested in spinning.
+
+If you were a contemporary of
+Gandhi's and you told him you
+
+spun, he would ask you what
+your production rate was.
+
+And he was very concerned about
+increasing production.
+
+His magazine had statistics
+all the time about what
+
+people's spinning production
+was and so on.
+
+And so it seems like Gandhi had
+this-- and I think this
+
+term has come across before in
+some of your other readings.
+
+He was almost tailoristic is
+taken some of his ways, that
+
+he was very concerned
+about efficiency.
+
+He once wrote a piece
+in his newspaper--
+
+20 rules that anyone who was
+going to meet him at the
+
+railroad station
+should follow.
+
+And he was kind of upset in this
+that he said, a lot of
+
+people who met him at the train
+station would block his
+
+path of going out of
+the train station.
+
+He said, normally, it should
+take me five minutes, but now
+
+all these people are there.
+
+It's taking me 30 minutes.
+
+I'm wasting all this time.
+
+And so he was very frustrated
+with that.
+
+And so he was very interested
+in efficiency.
+
+And it seems one young man who
+grew up in Gandhi's ashram
+
+basically said later on, I
+became an engineer at the
+
+hands of Gandhi.
+
+Gandhi made me an engineer.
+
+And again, it seems, in some
+ways, fairly counterintuitive.
+
+But that was what he said he saw
+and that was how he became
+
+an engineer.
+
+And so many of these people
+went to MIT as this act of
+
+technological nationalism.
+
+They saw that if India was going
+to be an independent
+
+country, they needed to have
+a technological base.
+
+They needed to have
+technological capabilities so
+
+they wouldn't be relying on
+British people, Americans,
+
+that they could develop their
+own technological
+
+infrastructure.
+
+And so that seems to have been a
+very big theme among Indians
+
+who went to MIT in the early
+part of the 20th century.
+
+I want to flip through
+some of these--
+
+PROFESSOR: We can if you want.
+
+ROSS BASSETT: Sure,
+that'd be great.
+
+This is Alfred Marshall,
+the British economist.
+
+One man had studied
+at Cambridge--
+
+an Indian man-- and Alfred
+Marshall told him, as I
+
+mentioned in the paper, that he
+thought Indians should not
+
+be going to Cambridge,
+but instead
+
+should be going to MIT.
+
+This is [INAUDIBLE]
+
+who I mentioned in
+the article.
+
+He started a chemical works
+in Western India.
+
+This is a drawing of the
+chemical works in the small
+
+town of [INAUDIBLE]
+
+in Kathiawar.
+
+You can just flip
+through that.
+
+This is a picture of Mahatma
+Gandhi and [INAUDIBLE]
+
+So here's Mahatma Gandhi and
+this is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So this is in 1950.
+
+Gandhi had just come back
+from South Africa.
+
+And [INAUDIBLE]
+
+was this person who was very
+interested in sending people
+
+to MIT, sent a number of his
+family members to MIT.
+
+And this is a young man I
+mentioned in the paper.
+
+Again, Gandhi was present
+at his wedding.
+
+And then, the next year,
+he went to MIT.
+
+And he was in the cooperative
+program in electrical
+
+engineering and he got a
+Bachelor's and Master's degree
+
+in electrical engineering and
+then returned to India.
+
+And in India, he had this double
+life, you could say.
+
+I would say he was probably
+one of the best trained
+
+engineers in electrical
+engineering in India, having
+
+this Master's degree in
+electrical engineering.
+
+But if you were to look at his
+career from a purely technical
+
+standpoint, he kind of
+under-utilized his education.
+
+He was very much involved in
+the Nationalist Movement.
+
+He was thrown into jail for his
+participation in the Salt
+
+Satyagraha.
+
+He later led a large strike at
+one of India's leading steel
+
+plants and was thrown into jail
+for 18 months after that.
+
+If you can just hit
+the next slide.
+
+Here's a picture of
+him at MIT again.
+
+He apparently got training in
+the military cadet program.
+
+And again, it was kind
+of intriguing to me--
+
+after he was in jail for 18
+months, he still maintained
+
+very good relations with his
+former MIT professors.
+
+He kept in touch with them,
+exchanged letters.
+
+So he didn't see some sort of
+dichotomy between his role as
+
+a protester for freedom, as a
+Gandhian, and his career as an
+
+engineer at MIT, or as
+MIT-trained engineer.
+
+This is the diwan, sort of the
+prime minister of a princely
+
+state of India in Bhavnagar
+in Western India.
+
+This man was an associate
+of Gandhi.
+
+India had these princely states,
+and he paid for a
+
+number of Indians
+to go to MIT.
+
+And then this is a kind
+of intriguing
+
+meeting in the late 1930s.
+
+The diwan, Prabhashankar Pattani
+is sitting down there
+
+in the turban.
+
+He came to MIT and he hosted all
+the Indian MIT students to
+
+have lunch at the Ritz
+Carlton Hotel.
+
+And so here they all are.
+
+One of them was married
+to an American woman.
+
+So you see this small collection
+of Indian students
+
+there at MIT around 1939.
+
+And then this is a young
+man, Bal Kalelkar.
+
+He was the young man who was
+raised in Gandhi's ashram.
+
+Here's Gandhi right here.
+
+And then this is Kalelkar
+right behind him.
+
+This is a letter that
+Kalelkar wrote.
+
+And Gandhi was a
+famous editor.
+
+He was an editor
+of a newspaper.
+
+And Kalelkar wrote this letter
+to GD Birla, who was one of
+
+India's richest businessmen.
+
+You might think of him
+as an analog of Bill
+
+Gates at the time.
+
+And Kalelkar wrote GD Birla,
+asking him to fund his
+
+education at MIT.
+
+And Gandhi edited the
+letter, helped him
+
+make the right approach.
+
+Gandhi was a friend
+of this man.
+
+And so he went through and make
+corrections and so on.
+
+This is something that I found
+in India, and this is the next
+
+part of it.
+
+This is, again, Gandhi's
+editing.
+
+He tells Kalelkar, incorporate
+these changes and send it off.
+
+But the point is, I would have
+thought the natural tendency
+
+of Gandhi would be to not be so
+enthusiastic about someone
+
+going to MIT.
+
+And he obviously could have
+refused to support him in
+
+seeking this funding.
+
+But Gandhi supported him
+to get this funding.
+
+Once, Gandhi had asked his
+friend to provide funding,
+
+once he had given him this
+letter, it would have been
+
+fairly hard for this
+person to resist.
+
+So Gandhi did not see someone
+going to MIT as a betrayal of
+
+his movement, as someone who was
+turning his back on him.
+
+He was willing to support him.
+
+And this is four Indians at MIT
+in about 1940 having fun
+
+in the snow and having
+a snowball fight.
+
+There was a fairly rich social
+life among the Indians in
+
+1920s and 1930s.
+
+There are records of a number
+of pranks that they did on
+
+each other and so on.
+
+After one of them completed
+doctoral examination, he
+
+invited a number of friends out
+to a restaurant out west
+
+of Cambridge.
+
+And then he and his friend snuck
+out and drove back home
+
+and stiffed everyone else and
+left them both rideless and
+
+having to pay the bill.
+
+And this caused a number of
+repercussions afterwards.
+
+This is a cartoon of Anant
+Pandya, who was the first
+
+Indian to get a Ph.D.
+from MIT.
+
+And then he became the first
+Indian principal of an
+
+engineering college in India.
+
+This was at college near
+Calcutta called the Bengal
+
+Engineering College.
+
+And again, it's hard
+to imagine what
+
+this would have meant.
+
+I think, generally, the Brits
+had to the general idea that
+
+they were superior, that in some
+ways, one of the aspects
+
+of colonialism was that the
+British, the Europeans were
+
+superior in technology.
+
+And that was in some ways the
+basis for colonialism.
+
+Once people like Anant Pandya
+came out and were able--
+
+Pandya won this position as a
+principal of this college in
+
+an open competition
+with Brits--
+
+and Brits then worked under
+him, it really made a
+
+statement that technology was
+not just something that was
+
+limited to Europeans
+and Euro-Americans.
+
+I mention in the paper, again,
+that one of the key moments
+
+before independence--
+
+you think about technological
+nationalism--
+
+was that, as India stood on
+the brink of independence,
+
+Indians began to say,
+we need something
+
+like an MIT for India.
+
+And so this was the committee
+report that established the
+
+Indian Institutes of Technology,
+which were, again,
+
+India's institutes
+analogous to MIT.
+
+Two Indian MIT graduates sat on
+this committee and helped
+
+establish this committee.
+
+This is, again, a picture
+of Anant Pandya.
+
+He had a position as the head of
+the major Indian aerospace
+
+company, and again, was the
+first Indian director of that.
+
+And then he died, tragically,
+in a car accident.
+
+And then he was at memorialized
+in a magazine
+
+that was talking about
+his career and his
+
+connection with MIT.
+
+And this seems to have had a
+big effect on a number of
+
+people, just making them want
+to become engineers and also
+
+making them want to go to MIT.
+
+Now, I just want to say a little
+bit about India and IT.
+
+One of the interesting things,
+I think, about globalization
+
+is I'd say globalization is,
+in some ways, based on
+
+similarities and differences
+between countries, that if you
+
+think of the boundary
+conditions--
+
+if every country was exactly the
+same, there'd be no point
+
+in globalization, because
+India would be just like
+
+United States.
+
+There would be no point in
+moving work or doing things
+
+between countries.
+
+But if countries were
+diametrically opposed and had
+
+nothing in common, then
+they couldn't relate.
+
+They couldn't communicate
+technologically.
+
+They couldn't have this
+technological work done
+
+between them.
+
+And I guess what I'd say is that
+Indian graduates of MIT,
+
+especially in the 1950s and '60s
+and 1970s, were the key
+
+people who connected the United
+States and India in a
+
+technological way, that they
+had this possibility of
+
+joining these two countries
+together.
+
+They had knowledge.
+
+They were often from upper class
+parts of Indian society,
+
+had a lot of knowledge of India,
+and then, by virtue of
+
+their education, the
+United the States.
+
+They had a great knowledge of
+America and understanding of
+
+American technology.
+
+This is the first Indian
+IT company.
+
+It was called Tata Consultancy
+Services.
+
+And it was founded by
+three MIT graduates.
+
+They were basically in
+their early 20s.
+
+Tata is a large Indian business
+company that has a
+
+number of different business
+enterprises.
+
+And they said, we'd like
+you to start a
+
+computer business here.
+
+And they didn't really know
+what exactly they
+
+were going to do.
+
+They thought of it like an
+Arthur D. Little-- if you know
+
+what that is-- a consulting
+firm.
+
+So they started this.
+
+And you can see it.
+
+They started it almost on an
+American model, and it didn't
+
+work very well initially.
+
+This is their operation
+in Bombay.
+
+Again, they thought of it
+almost like as a very
+
+academic-oriented thing.
+
+And it wasn't too much concerned
+with profit making
+
+And finally, the Tatas got a
+little bit frustrated with it.
+
+And these three guys left.
+
+And they ended up hiring
+as the head of
+
+it another MIT graduate.
+
+This is a man by the name of
+FC Kohli, who is sometimes
+
+considered one of the key
+figures in the development of
+
+the information technology
+industry in India.
+
+And what he had was-- he
+had studied at MIT.
+
+He had a lot of connections in
+the United States by virtue of
+
+his time at MIT.
+
+But also, he understood India
+and was able to really develop
+
+a successful business doing
+software work in India for
+
+American companies.
+
+And so that stood him in very
+good stead and helped him
+
+become very successful.
+
+And one of the things I'd say
+about him is that when India
+
+started thinking about computer
+technology, a lot of
+
+Indians thought in terms
+of, let's try to
+
+make our own computers.
+
+Let's try to make our own
+computer business.
+
+Let's try to build all the
+hardware ourselves.
+
+And Kohli didn't
+think that way.
+
+I think he understood what
+American industry was capable
+
+of, and he knew India could
+never compete with United
+
+States in building computers--
+that it was a very capital
+
+intensive business, that they
+would never have the volumes
+
+that America would have.
+
+And so it was a losing
+proposition to try to think of
+
+doing something like that.
+
+And he had the idea of, let's
+just write software.
+
+Let's not try to do all
+the computing work.
+
+Let's do software.
+
+That's something where
+we have an advantage.
+
+Our labor costs are much less
+than American costs.
+
+We can do that.
+
+And he had connections
+in America.
+
+I think people in America were
+willing to trust him because
+
+of his connections, because
+of his MIT education.
+
+And so he got a lot of business
+for this company,
+
+Tata Consultancy Services
+from the United States.
+
+This is another early
+IT information
+
+technology pioneer in India.
+
+His name is Narendra Patni.
+
+And again, he did a great job
+of connecting India and the
+
+United States at a time when
+there weren't a lot of
+
+connections.
+
+A lot of people in America
+didn't know
+
+that much about India.
+
+I could imagine--
+
+this is in the late
+1960s, 1970s--
+
+that if you said I'm from India,
+I would like to do
+
+computer business for you, I
+think that's a pretty big
+
+stretch for a lot of people--
+
+what they knew about India, what
+sort of confidence they
+
+have in Indians.
+
+But again, Patni had
+come to MIT.
+
+He had work with Jay Forrester,
+who was, as a great
+
+academic entrepreneurian,
+involved in a lot of things.
+
+And so he had the contacts that
+really enabled India to
+
+get this sort of business.
+
+And I think I have
+one final slide.
+
+So you see Bill Gates
+on the left there.
+
+And then the person
+on the right is
+
+named Narayana Murthy.
+
+And he's the founder of another
+big Indian IT company
+
+called Infosys.
+
+And Narayana Murthy never went
+to MIT, but he was influenced
+
+by MIT in a lot of ways.
+
+He went to this Indian
+Institute of
+
+Technology at Kanpur.
+
+And there, his mentors were
+Indians who had gone to MIT.
+
+Then he went to another school--
+the Indian Institute
+
+of Management--
+
+where his mentor there was
+another man, Indian, who had
+
+gone to MIT.
+
+Then he worked for Narendra
+Patni, the person that I had
+
+mentioned before.
+
+In a form to an American would
+appreciate, after he had
+
+worked with Narendra Patni for a
+while, he got tired and quit
+
+and started his own business.
+
+And this became Infosys.
+
+The point of this is he never
+could have done that on his
+
+own, but after he had worked
+with all these Indians who had
+
+gone to MIT, who had a lot of
+connections to the United
+
+States, he had these connections
+himself.
+
+And they really helped him to
+develop those connections.
+
+One other point--
+
+in some ways, it's easy to see
+this is a great success story,
+
+the development of the
+Indian IT industry.
+
+One other point I feel like I
+have to mention as well--
+
+the greatest industrial accident
+in world history
+
+happened in India at
+Bhopal in 1984.
+
+Union Carbide had a plant making
+methyl isocyanate.
+
+And there was a leak at this
+plant, and it killed--
+
+we're still not exactly
+sure how many--
+
+maybe 10,000 people.
+
+The manager of this
+plant was also an
+
+Indian graduate of MIT.
+
+And again, the point of this is
+in the 1960s and 1970s and
+
+1980s, where the United States
+and India were linked together
+
+in technology, generally
+speaking, you would often find
+
+an MIT graduate somewhere
+there.
+
+And so you see them in both
+of these contexts.
+
+And so finally, just one other
+thing I want to mention is
+
+MIT, as I said, has become for
+50 years or so, a tractor beam
+
+for talent coming to
+the United States.
+
+Many Indians, as they go
+to school in the Indian
+
+Institutes of Technology, want
+to pursue their education.
+
+And for them, they see the best
+possible place to go to
+
+continue their education
+is MIT.
+
+You see it as a dream
+for them.
+
+Many of them, when they come
+to the United States, don't
+
+imagine that they're going to
+stay in the United States, but
+
+often they end up staying
+in United States.
+
+Sometimes their education,
+I'd say, unfits
+
+them for work in India.
+
+Sometimes they just get so
+caught up and see the
+
+opportunities in
+United States.
+
+But that seems to be
+a major trend.
+
+Now, there are some questions
+if it will continue, that
+
+there are enough opportunities
+in India that maybe Indians
+
+wouldn't feel such a strong
+need to come to the United
+
+States for graduate school.
+
+So these are some of that
+the basic themes.
+
+Most of it will be
+on the people who
+
+came from India, though.
+
+It wasn't until 1965 that there
+were immigration laws
+
+that really let Indians come
+to the United States on any
+
+sort of a fair basis.
+
+So you see Indians who are
+Indians Americans or second
+
+generation Indians--
+
+you only see them starting
+to come to MIT in any
+
+numbers in the '80s.
+
+And then it is ramped up as more
+and more Indians are in
+
+the United States.
+
+So it's sort of a later
+part of the story.
+
+The two most prestigious fields
+you can go into are
+
+medicine or engineering.
+
+And in India there is, I'd
+say, almost an idea-- you
+
+don't think of what
+you want to do.
+
+You think of what you can do.
+
+And if you can get into an IIT,
+then you should do it,
+
+even if you were thinking you
+don't have an interest in
+
+engineering-- that you
+should just do it.
+
+But they're very, I guess I
+would say, focused on things
+
+that will make you a
+remunerative career.
+
+And there is a lot of
+skepticism, I would say,
+
+generally, that liberal
+arts will make you a
+
+remunerative career.
+
+There are some good liberal arts
+schools, but relatively
+
+few people go that route.
+
+Most people feel, in a country
+of a billion people, that
+
+competition is just so fierce
+for jobs that everyone feels
+
+the need to get into some area
+where they're sure that
+
+they'll have a good job.
+
+I spoke to a professor at one
+of the Indian Institutes of
+
+Technology whose daughter wanted
+to go into economics.
+
+And he was kind of horrified
+that she wanted to do this.
+
+And he wanted me to explain to
+him what economics was, what
+
+kind of job she would get.
+
+And he was half-convinced
+afterwards.
+
+He said, well, OK, maybe I'll
+let her do economics, but I'm
+
+never going to let her
+do liberal arts.
+
+That's drawing a line that
+that's not going to happen.
+
+And there's a very strong
+feeling that way, that
+
+engineering--
+
+and even within engineering,
+there's a certain hierarchy.
+
+Computer science is at
+the highest level.
+
+And so these Indian Institutes
+of Technology--
+
+entrance to the schools is
+determined by one exam called
+
+the joint entrance exam.
+
+You get a score on it and there
+might be 100,000 or it
+
+might be 300,000 people
+who take this exam.
+
+Your score on it is a rank.
+
+So you're ranked one
+to 300,000, say.
+
+And the person who scores one
+can choose their seat major in
+
+any of these Indian Institutes
+of Technology.
+
+And then the person who gets the
+last seat is forced to go
+
+wherever there's an open
+seat in a major.
+
+And so invariably, the number
+one student would take
+
+computer science.
+
+That's just what they do.
+
+And then there's a hierarchy
+of computer science,
+
+electrical engineering,
+chemical engineering,
+
+mechanical engineering--
+
+civil engineering is one of the
+lowest of the engineering.
+
+And then there's naval
+architecture, which is a bit
+
+lower than that, too.
+
+AUDIENCE: In these institutions,
+the Indian
+
+Institutes of Technology,
+they're all funded by
+
+development or are they
+privately funded?
+
+ROSS BASSETT: So these are
+funded by the government< and
+
+the tuition is pretty low.
+
+And it's been kind of a
+political issue in India.
+
+One issue is how many seats
+should be reserved for people
+
+from what's called
+the scheduled
+
+caste or backward caste?
+
+So it would be a bit analogous
+to affirmative action, say.
+
+And so this has been
+very controversial.
+
+How many seats should be
+reserved for them?
+
+And then also people in the
+middle class have been
+
+clamoring for access to these.
+
+A lot of people have
+been shut out.
+
+There were originally five of
+these Indian Institutes of
+
+Technology.
+
+Then there were seven.
+
+And now, recently, they've
+doubled that.
+
+Each one has become the mentor
+to a new Indian Institute of
+
+Technology.
+
+And they've done this for
+political reasons, because
+
+there's such a great demand
+and so many people want to
+
+enter into these institutions.
+
+And it's very controversial.
+
+A lot of people associated with
+the Indian Institutes of
+
+Technology think they'll never
+be able to maintain the same
+
+quality in doubling the
+institutions that
+
+they've had so far.
+
+And so there's worry of brand
+dilution, if you use a
+
+business term of what that's
+going to do to these schools.
+
+More stay in India now, and more
+of the leaders, I'd say,
+
+from now have been mostly
+educated in India than in the
+
+'50s and '60s and so on.
+
+But the system is still-- at
+these IITs, they're very good
+
+undergraduate institutions.
+
+But if you want to do serious
+graduate research, there's no
+
+question that they are not at
+all competitive with MIT.
+
+There is this hierarchy.
+
+It turns out that at an IIT,
+if you go there, the best
+
+students are the undergraduates,
+and then the
+
+graduates are usually actually
+worse students than the
+
+undergraduates.
+
+They're students who are sort
+of percolating up from less
+
+prestigious institutions, and as
+they go to graduate school,
+
+they go to these IITs.
+
+But the people from the IITs
+who want to go to graduate
+
+school almost invariably go to
+the United States to go to
+
+graduate school.
+
+There's a clear understanding
+of--
+
+they don't have research
+funding that American
+
+institutions have that would
+enable them to do the same
+
+kind of research that would be
+done in the United States.
+
+The system in both politics--
+
+in politics, I don't think you
+would ever go to an IIT,
+
+because it's more about
+connections within India.
+
+And it's more about being
+a political player.
+
+In business.
+
+the environment is so dynamic, I
+don't think you need to have
+
+gone to an IIT There's
+many institutions
+
+where you can go to.
+
+The IIT--
+
+you clearly can get into an
+American institution.
+
+IITs in some ways, for a
+long time, were paths
+
+to the United States--
+
+the paths to American
+graduate school.
+
+Now, they're paths to American
+graduate schools, but they're
+
+also paths to Google in India or
+Microsoft in India or other
+
+multinational companies
+in India.
+
+So their paths to those
+types of jobs.
+
+But if you wanted to be an
+entrepreneur or something,
+
+many of them come from some of
+the wide diversity of other
+
+schools in India.
+
+PROFESSOR: And also, on that
+question, I think a little bit
+
+about one of the themes from
+your paper about different
+
+kinds of modernity.
+
+And it's interesting that we've
+talked a little bit
+
+about how, in this country,
+engineering is not as high
+
+social prestige as--
+
+even to this day, to some
+degree-- law, possibly
+
+medicine are, and that the
+kind of modernism of this
+
+country coming out of the
+American Revolution had as
+
+much to do with both philosophy,
+legal philosophy,
+
+commerce, and that America
+was considered a very
+
+industrializing country
+in the 19th century.
+
+But it was still
+unprofessionalized.
+
+Whereas, as you see through
+this period of the 20th
+
+century, where one of the big
+issues for a developing
+
+country like India is how modern
+is it, how is it going
+
+to catch up with the West?
+
+And through these mechanisms,
+the whole idea of nationalism
+
+and building the country
+literally has this kind of
+
+engineering connotation.
+
+And I think that generated
+that level of prestige.
+
+It's interesting.
+
+I told an anecdote from Bob
+Siemens, who is an MIT grad,
+
+who came here about 1940, who
+was from an elite family and
+
+did his undergrad at Harvard.
+
+And his parents said,
+upper class boys
+
+just don't go to MIT.
+
+And here you have these students
+who are upper class
+
+boys from India coming to MIT
+during the '30s when most of
+
+the other students would have
+been pretty middle class, if
+
+not even still kind
+of blue collar.
+
+Did you see anything as
+far as differences?
+
+They look very finely dressed
+in the photographs you show.
+
+And they would, in addition to
+not having not been American,
+
+feel out of place in some
+way in that way
+
+during those years.
+
+ROSS BASSETT: So you do have
+very many wealthy Indian
+
+families sending kids to MIT.
+
+India has this system of family
+businesses, where the
+
+business is passed down from
+generation to generation.
+
+And the next generation takes
+very active part in managing
+
+the business.
+
+And very often, in the '50s and
+'60s, what some of these
+
+business families would do
+would be to send the heir
+
+apparent to the business
+to MIT to prepare them.
+
+So these people were
+billionaires and so on.
+
+And so you have, again, these
+people who are really of the
+
+highest social standing in
+India coming to MIT and
+
+studying, really, in some ways
+quite a bit differently, than
+
+American families.
+
+PROFESSOR: Are there questions,
+comments?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'd like to ask a
+question about the five IITs
+
+that are founded in India in
+the late '50s, early '60s.
+
+The interesting thing was that
+each of them was sponsored by
+
+a different country.
+
+And that raises a question
+with me about--
+
+we talk about, in this
+discussion, MIT being the
+
+focal point for many of the
+elite young people that were
+
+coming here.
+
+But given the fact that the
+Indian government in 1946 is
+
+proposing that you sample from
+around the world, it's curious
+
+that the selections
+they made were so
+
+un-American in many ways.
+
+And what was the reasoning?
+
+Was it just that they wanted to
+see what was out there and
+
+then to draw the best?
+
+ROSS BASSETT: So it seems like
+part of it was maybe a
+
+strategy of--
+
+India had this policy of
+non-alignment that they
+
+weren't going to really fly
+under the American flag or the
+
+Soviet flag.
+
+They were going to say
+we're not allied.
+
+There was this Cold War,
+but we're going to
+
+chart our own path.
+
+But part of it was using that
+to coerce a variety of
+
+countries to support them.
+
+So when they started this Indian
+Institute of Technology
+
+in Kanpur, the United States
+engineers at MIT and nine
+
+other schools supported it.
+
+And there was really the idea
+of we are going to make this
+
+the preeminent IIT.
+
+It is going to be the best.
+
+And so there was this
+competitive aspect.
+
+And I think the Indians
+purposely promoted this to get
+
+each of these countries
+to the table.
+
+For example, when the Brits
+supported their Indian
+
+Institute of Technology, they
+had the idea that if we can
+
+train Indian engineers according
+to our system, then
+
+maybe when they're out in
+companies, they'll buy British
+
+stuff and that will help us.
+
+And so they had that idea.
+
+That was part of why
+they were doing it.
+
+And the Soviets, I think, had
+the idea that this would be a
+
+model, that this would be a foot
+in the door into a way
+
+for them to influence the
+development of technology.
+
+So each country, I think,
+had that idea.
+
+And India encouraged them
+to have that idea.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why not the French?
+
+They're left out.
+
+And yet, the Grands
+Ecoles are there.
+
+ROSS BASSETT: So I think if
+you had the money and were
+
+willing to do it-- so I think
+it must have been that they
+
+weren't willing to put
+up the bucks--
+
+AUDIENCE: Post war.
+
+ROSS BASSETT: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+ROSS BASSETT: The British we
+were always complaining that
+
+they didn't have the money to
+do anything on a scale that
+
+United States did.
+
+And so I could imagine that
+the French didn't either.
+
+I mention this in the article.
+
+There was a bit of an irony
+that the British were
+
+supporting the an IIT, because
+the British themselves
+
+admitted they had no
+MIT in Britain.
+
+So they were kind of trying to
+do in India what they hadn't
+
+done in England in
+a certain sense.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4-YaJUUTrNw.txt b/4-YaJUUTrNw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9415823320f4dda8d88d58256545b483e648f13c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4-YaJUUTrNw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+rainbows well we may not notice them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbows well we may not notice them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbows well we may not notice them
+there are rainbows all around us as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are rainbows all around us as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are rainbows all around us as we
+go about our daily lives they are hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about our daily lives they are hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about our daily lives they are hidden
+in the reflection of soap bubbles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reflection of soap bubbles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reflection of soap bubbles the
+shine on a CD and even an oily puddles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine on a CD and even an oily puddles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine on a CD and even an oily puddles
+on the street in this video we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the street in this video we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the street in this video we'll
+explore the phenomenon of light wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the phenomenon of light wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the phenomenon of light wave
+interference and how it creates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and how it creates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and how it creates the
+colors we see on the surfaces of thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors we see on the surfaces of thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors we see on the surfaces of thin
+films since soap and oil are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films since soap and oil are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films since soap and oil are usually
+colorless why do they have iridescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless why do they have iridescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless why do they have iridescent
+let's start with the laws of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the laws of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the laws of light
+reflection and refraction then peruse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and refraction then peruse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and refraction then peruse
+through some visual simulations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some visual simulations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some visual simulations of these
+fundamental principles when waves travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental principles when waves travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental principles when waves travel
+through space and hit an interface or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space and hit an interface or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space and hit an interface or a
+surface some of the wave reflects off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface some of the wave reflects off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface some of the wave reflects off
+the surface and the rest refracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface and the rest refracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface and the rest refracts
+continuing through the new medium at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing through the new medium at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing through the new medium at a
+different angle when the refracted wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angle when the refracted wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angle when the refracted wave
+hits another surface part of a reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits another surface part of a reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits another surface part of a reflects
+back out of the medium and combines with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out of the medium and combines with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out of the medium and combines with
+the first wave or interferes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wave or interferes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wave or interferes with the
+first wave since the first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first wave since the first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first wave since the first and second
+reflected waves travel different paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected waves travel different paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected waves travel different paths
+the second wave acquires a phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second wave acquires a phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second wave acquires a phase shift
+in comparison to the first wave when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comparison to the first wave when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comparison to the first wave when it
+adds to the first wave this phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds to the first wave this phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds to the first wave this phase shift
+may cause the two waves to completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may cause the two waves to completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may cause the two waves to completely
+cancel each other out resulting in deke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel each other out resulting in deke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel each other out resulting in deke
+struck tip interference or if the phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck tip interference or if the phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck tip interference or if the phases
+are perfectly aligned the resultant wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perfectly aligned the resultant wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perfectly aligned the resultant wave
+has twice the amplitude resulting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has twice the amplitude resulting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has twice the amplitude resulting in
+constructive interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference
+notice that the resultant wave has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the resultant wave has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the resultant wave has
+destructive interference when the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference when the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference when the phase
+shift is about 180 degrees or PI radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift is about 180 degrees or PI radians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift is about 180 degrees or PI radians
+and it reaches the maximum amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it reaches the maximum amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it reaches the maximum amplitude
+having constructive interference when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having constructive interference when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having constructive interference when
+the phase shift is a multiple of two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase shift is a multiple of two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase shift is a multiple of two pi
+radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for light traveling from one medium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light traveling from one medium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light traveling from one medium or
+material to another medium for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to another medium for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to another medium for example
+from air to water Snell's law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from air to water Snell's law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from air to water Snell's law of
+refraction given by this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction given by this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction given by this equation here
+states that the angle at which light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that the angle at which light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that the angle at which light
+travels through the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels through the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels through the two different
+mediums is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediums is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediums is proportional to the
+velocities of light through the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities of light through the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities of light through the two
+mediums V 1 and V 2 which is inversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediums V 1 and V 2 which is inversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediums V 1 and V 2 which is inversely
+proportional to the refractive indices n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the refractive indices n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the refractive indices n
+2 and N 1 this equation can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and N 1 this equation can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and N 1 this equation can be
+simplified to N 1 sine theta 1 equals n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified to N 1 sine theta 1 equals n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified to N 1 sine theta 1 equals n
+2 sine theta 2 Snell's law can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sine theta 2 Snell's law can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sine theta 2 Snell's law can be
+rearranged to represent n 1 to reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged to represent n 1 to reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranged to represent n 1 to reflect
+the refractive index of the first medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index of the first medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index of the first medium
+in terms of the incident light angles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the incident light angles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the incident light angles of
+the two materials and the refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two materials and the refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two materials and the refractive
+index of the thin film this trick will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of the thin film this trick will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of the thin film this trick will
+be useful in some of our later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful in some of our later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful in some of our later
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember how ways with shifted faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how ways with shifted faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how ways with shifted faces
+interfere in this case the phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere in this case the phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere in this case the phase shift
+is a difference in path lengths that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a difference in path lengths that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a difference in path lengths that the
+first reflected wave and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reflected wave and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reflected wave and the second
+travel geometrically the path difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel geometrically the path difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel geometrically the path difference
+between the wave reflected off the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the wave reflected off the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the wave reflected off the top
+surface and the wave reflected off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the wave reflected off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the wave reflected off the
+bottom surface of a thin film is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom surface of a thin film is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom surface of a thin film is given
+by this equation here where a be BC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this equation here where a be BC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this equation here where a be BC and
+AD refer to the line segments in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AD refer to the line segments in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AD refer to the line segments in this
+diagram using some trigonometry the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram using some trigonometry the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram using some trigonometry the line
+segment lengths can be calculated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment lengths can be calculated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment lengths can be calculated in
+terms of the refractive indices and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the refractive indices and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the refractive indices and the
+refracted light angles now using Snell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light angles now using Snell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light angles now using Snell's
+law to substitute for N 1 the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law to substitute for N 1 the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law to substitute for N 1 the path
+difference between the two reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two reflected
+waves can be expressed in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves can be expressed in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves can be expressed in terms of the
+thin film medium only only depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film medium only only depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film medium only only depending on
+n 2 and theta 2 that means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 and theta 2 that means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 and theta 2 that means for
+constructive interference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference between the
+two waves the phase shifts has to be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two waves the phase shifts has to be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two waves the phase shifts has to be 0
+and the path difference has to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the path difference has to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the path difference has to be an
+integer multiple of the incident lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer multiple of the incident lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer multiple of the incident lights
+wavelength lambda when the medium a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength lambda when the medium a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength lambda when the medium a wave
+is traveling into has a refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is traveling into has a refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is traveling into has a refractive index
+that is greater than the index for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is greater than the index for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is greater than the index for the
+medium that the wave is coming from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium that the wave is coming from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium that the wave is coming from that
+is n 2 is greater than N 1 there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n 2 is greater than N 1 there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n 2 is greater than N 1 there is one
+extra caveat the reflected wave has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra caveat the reflected wave has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra caveat the reflected wave has a
+180-degree phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180-degree phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180-degree phase
+shift in that case the condition for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in that case the condition for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in that case the condition for a
+constructive interference is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference is that the
+path difference must be a half integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path difference must be a half integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path difference must be a half integer
+multiple of the incident lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the incident lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the incident lights
+wavelength for a typical thin film which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength for a typical thin film which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength for a typical thin film which
+has a higher refractive index and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a higher refractive index and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a higher refractive index and
+surroundings which is usually air this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings which is usually air this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings which is usually air this
+is a condition for constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a condition for constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a condition for constructive
+interference between waves reflected off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference between waves reflected off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference between waves reflected off
+the top and bottom surfaces of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this simulation shows a wave traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simulation shows a wave traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simulation shows a wave traveling
+through air then reflecting off the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through air then reflecting off the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through air then reflecting off the top
+and bottom surfaces of a thin film the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom surfaces of a thin film the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom surfaces of a thin film the
+bold reflected waves represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold reflected waves represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold reflected waves represents the
+summation of the waves reflected off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the waves reflected off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the waves reflected off the
+top and the bottom of the film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and the bottom of the film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and the bottom of the film and
+should grow largest when there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should grow largest when there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should grow largest when there is
+constructive interference and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference and the two
+waves phases aligned I can change four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves phases aligned I can change four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves phases aligned I can change four
+different parameters in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters in this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters in this situation
+the thickness of the film D the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of the film D the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of the film D the
+refractive index of the film the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of the film the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of the film the angle
+of the incident light hitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incident light hitting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incident light hitting the
+surface of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and finally the wavelength of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the wavelength of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the wavelength of the light
+hitting the film changing all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the film changing all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the film changing all of these
+parameters changes the resultant wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters changes the resultant wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters changes the resultant wave
+that reflects back out of the film you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflects back out of the film you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflects back out of the film you
+might be wondering why changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be wondering why changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be wondering why changing the
+wavelength makes the wave different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength makes the wave different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength makes the wave different
+colors that's because the visible light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors that's because the visible light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors that's because the visible light
+spectrum can be represented by waves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum can be represented by waves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum can be represented by waves of
+different wavelengths ranging from 380
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths ranging from 380
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths ranging from 380
+nanometers to 750 nanometers the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers to 750 nanometers the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers to 750 nanometers the human
+eye has light receptors or cones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye has light receptors or cones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye has light receptors or cones that
+actually only perceived 3 colors from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only perceived 3 colors from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only perceived 3 colors from
+the visible spectrum red green and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visible spectrum red green and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visible spectrum red green and blue
+the entire visible spectrum people see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire visible spectrum people see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire visible spectrum people see
+is really a superposition oh the waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a superposition oh the waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a superposition oh the waves
+of these 3 colors which mix in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these 3 colors which mix in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these 3 colors which mix in different
+ratios to provide all the other colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios to provide all the other colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios to provide all the other colors
+of the rainbow the light that human see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rainbow the light that human see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rainbow the light that human see
+making rainbow swirly patterns on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making rainbow swirly patterns on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making rainbow swirly patterns on the
+surface of soap bubbles or in the oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of soap bubbles or in the oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of soap bubbles or in the oil
+sheen on water has a minimum wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheen on water has a minimum wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheen on water has a minimum wavelength
+of 380 nanometers and a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 380 nanometers and a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 380 nanometers and a maximum
+wavelength of 750 red has a wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of 750 red has a wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of 750 red has a wavelength
+of about 700 nanometers green 546 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 700 nanometers green 546 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 700 nanometers green 546 and
+blue 436 the strength of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue 436 the strength of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue 436 the strength of each of these
+colors or the intensity that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors or the intensity that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors or the intensity that people
+perceive is proportional to the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive is proportional to the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive is proportional to the square
+of the waves amplitude since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the waves amplitude since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the waves amplitude since the
+amplitude represents the energy E of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude represents the energy E of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude represents the energy E of a
+wave intensity is also representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave intensity is also representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave intensity is also representation of
+the waves energy density the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves energy density the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves energy density the more
+intense a wave the larger amplitude it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense a wave the larger amplitude it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense a wave the larger amplitude it
+has and the more its color dominates our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and the more its color dominates our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and the more its color dominates our
+perception the total color that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception the total color that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception the total color that we see
+reflected off a point on the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected off a point on the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected off a point on the film
+surface is a combination of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is a combination of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is a combination of these three
+ways proportional to their intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways proportional to their intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways proportional to their intensities
+for example for film thickness of 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for film thickness of 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for film thickness of 200
+nanometers with refractive index 1.5 an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers with refractive index 1.5 an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers with refractive index 1.5 an
+incident light angle 45 we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident light angle 45 we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident light angle 45 we can see that
+there's more blue and this color than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more blue and this color than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more blue and this color than
+green or red if we try changing the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green or red if we try changing the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green or red if we try changing the film
+thickness to let's say 400 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness to let's say 400 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness to let's say 400 nanometers
+the refractive index to 2 and keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index to 2 and keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index to 2 and keep the
+incident light angle at 45 we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident light angle at 45 we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident light angle at 45 we can see
+that Green would be the dominating color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for thin films which have a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thin films which have a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thin films which have a greater
+refractive index than the air we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index than the air we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index than the air we can
+show the color reflected off a thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the color reflected off a thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the color reflected off a thin film
+as a function of the film's thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the film's thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the film's thickness
+likewise we can see how the reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we can see how the reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we can see how the reflected
+wavelength colors vary with the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength colors vary with the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength colors vary with the incident
+light wave angle here are two plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light wave angle here are two plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light wave angle here are two plots
+Mathematica has generated for a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica has generated for a thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica has generated for a thin
+film with refractive index 1.5 first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film with refractive index 1.5 first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film with refractive index 1.5 first
+with a constant constant incident angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a constant constant incident angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a constant constant incident angle
+of 45 degrees and second with a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 45 degrees and second with a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 45 degrees and second with a constant
+thickness of 200 nanometers notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of 200 nanometers notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of 200 nanometers notice that
+what's varying thickness the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's varying thickness the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's varying thickness the color
+shifts alternate between reddish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts alternate between reddish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts alternate between reddish
+greenish and bluish colors while for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenish and bluish colors while for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenish and bluish colors while for
+bearing angle the spectrum is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing angle the spectrum is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing angle the spectrum is a more
+gradual gradient let's envision a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradual gradient let's envision a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradual gradient let's envision a flat
+thin film of oil floating on a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film of oil floating on a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film of oil floating on a perfectly
+flat surface of water the refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat surface of water the refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat surface of water the refractive
+indices of oil water and air are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices of oil water and air are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices of oil water and air are
+respectively about one point five one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively about one point five one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively about one point five one
+point three three and one as light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three three and one as light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three three and one as light
+reflects off the top of the oil there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects off the top of the oil there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects off the top of the oil there's
+a 180 degree phase shift since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 180 degree phase shift since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 180 degree phase shift since the
+refractive index of oil is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of oil is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of oil is greater than
+the refractive index of air but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index of air but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index of air but there
+isn't a phase shift when the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a phase shift when the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a phase shift when the wave
+reflects off the bottom interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects off the bottom interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects off the bottom interface
+between the oil and the water because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the oil and the water because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the oil and the water because
+water is refractive index is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is refractive index is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is refractive index is less than
+oils this interactive graphic shows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oils this interactive graphic shows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oils this interactive graphic shows how
+an oil film with varying thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oil film with varying thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oil film with varying thickness
+reflects light of a point source at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects light of a point source at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects light of a point source at
+varying heights above the oil surface we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying heights above the oil surface we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying heights above the oil surface we
+can increase the height of the light to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get this iridescent pattern or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this iridescent pattern or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this iridescent pattern or we can
+increase the film thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can see that with increase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that with increase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that with increase in the
+light height there's a wider range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light height there's a wider range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light height there's a wider range of
+incident light angles whereas when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident light angles whereas when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident light angles whereas when we
+move the film thickness there's a wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the film thickness there's a wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the film thickness there's a wider
+range of colors that are produced on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of colors that are produced on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of colors that are produced on the
+surface of the film in reality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the film in reality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the film in reality the
+surface of a puddle it really isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a puddle it really isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a puddle it really isn't
+completely flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flat
+this interactive graphic shows thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interactive graphic shows thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interactive graphic shows thin film
+interference off oil on rippling water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference off oil on rippling water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference off oil on rippling water
+again if we increase the thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we increase the thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we increase the thickness of
+the oil film there's a wider range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oil film there's a wider range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oil film there's a wider range of
+colors we can also change the XY and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors we can also change the XY and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors we can also change the XY and Z
+positions of the light and see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the light and see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the light and see how the
+iridescent pattern changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a spherical soap bubble the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a spherical soap bubble the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a spherical soap bubble the
+refractive index of soap varies with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of soap varies with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of soap varies with the
+recipe but it's always greater than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe but it's always greater than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe but it's always greater than they
+were proactive index of air that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were proactive index of air that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were proactive index of air that means
+that there's also a phase shift of 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's also a phase shift of 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's also a phase shift of 180
+degrees when light hits the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees when light hits the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees when light hits the outer
+surface of the bubble but not when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the bubble but not when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the bubble but not when it
+reflects off the inner surface this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects off the inner surface this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects off the inner surface this
+simulation shows the effect of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation shows the effect of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation shows the effect of multiple
+point source lights on a soap bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point source lights on a soap bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point source lights on a soap bubble
+note that in real life light sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that in real life light sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that in real life light sources
+around a soap bubble usually aren't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a soap bubble usually aren't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a soap bubble usually aren't just
+point sources and the bubble isn't an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sources and the bubble isn't an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sources and the bubble isn't an
+even thickness throughout as is assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thickness throughout as is assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thickness throughout as is assumed
+in the simulation hence the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simulation hence the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simulation hence the color
+patterns that we see on surfaces of soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that we see on surfaces of soap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that we see on surfaces of soap
+bubbles are usually far more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles are usually far more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles are usually far more complex
+than what we see in the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+special thanks to a 301 six staff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special thanks to a 301 six staff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special thanks to a 301 six staff for
+their helping guidance on this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their helping guidance on this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their helping guidance on this project
+and thanks for watching my video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4BCo99RDmVM.txt b/4BCo99RDmVM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42146c18f2cf73d914f4b5d616d409af4fb6b399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4BCo99RDmVM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we're going to do is we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we'll have
+this lecture for most of the period Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture for most of the period Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture for most of the period Then
+at about quarter over so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about quarter over so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about quarter over so I'm going to
+stop and just hand out the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and just hand out the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and just hand out the assignment
+for the final project which is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the final project which is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the final project which is fairly
+detailed talk about just a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed talk about just a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed talk about just a couple of
+quick things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick things
+organizationally speaking and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizationally speaking and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizationally speaking and then we'll
+we'll be all set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be all set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be all set so
+post-modern this is a a term that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-modern this is a a term that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-modern this is a a term that gets
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thrown around a lot in different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown around a lot in different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown around a lot in different ways
+it's usually some people have applied it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually some people have applied it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually some people have applied it
+to the whole period of of culture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whole period of of culture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whole period of of culture and
+history so people take it back as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so people take it back as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history so people take it back as far as
+maybe the 1950s or the 1960s in jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the 1950s or the 1960s in jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the 1950s or the 1960s in jazz
+it sort of begins roughly around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of begins roughly around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of begins roughly around that
+period but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but there's a lot of
+development up to it and basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development up to it and basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development up to it and basically it's
+a it's a convenient catch phrase for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a convenient catch phrase for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a convenient catch phrase for
+talking about things that maybe don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about things that maybe don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about things that maybe don't
+fit in other categories or that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in other categories or that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in other categories or that are
+blendings and to some extent as I say on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blendings and to some extent as I say on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blendings and to some extent as I say on
+this little handout well I guess I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little handout well I guess I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little handout well I guess I don't
+say it there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it there but
+um the the notion of combining things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the notion of combining things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the notion of combining things
+and also a blurring boundaries and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also a blurring boundaries and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also a blurring boundaries and this
+this sort of a thing so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of a thing so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of a thing so I'm going to
+talk about a few people specifically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a few people specifically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a few people specifically and
+then a couple of things of mine as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a couple of things of mine as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a couple of things of mine as we
+get into this but let me just take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into this but let me just take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into this but let me just take us
+through this little chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this little chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this little chart
+briefly and the reason I go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and the reason I go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and the reason I go all the way
+back to the turn of the previous Century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the turn of the previous Century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the turn of the previous Century
+meaning the 20th century is that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the 20th century is that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the 20th century is that a lot
+of the things that were going on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that were going on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that were going on then
+actually have influenced composers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have influenced composers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have influenced composers in
+the present day for instance as Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present day for instance as Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present day for instance as Charles
+Ives is mentioned there both Walter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ives is mentioned there both Walter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ives is mentioned there both Walter
+Thompson and I are deeply influenced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson and I are deeply influenced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson and I are deeply influenced by
+Charles Ives and so here's somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Ives and so here's somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Ives and so here's somebody who
+is active over a hundred years ago whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is active over a hundred years ago whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is active over a hundred years ago whose
+music still has influence and resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music still has influence and resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music still has influence and resonance
+for people you'll remember that New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people you'll remember that New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people you'll remember that New
+Orleans Jazz was dominated particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans Jazz was dominated particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans Jazz was dominated particularly
+in the earliest days by Collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the earliest days by Collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the earliest days by Collective
+improvisation then that concept went out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisation then that concept went out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisation then that concept went out
+of the music and came back in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the music and came back in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the music and came back in the in the
+1960s with people like ornette Coleman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s with people like ornette Coleman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s with people like ornette Coleman
+and John coltray so so sometimes looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John coltray so so sometimes looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John coltray so so sometimes looking
+back is is worth doing in the 1920s Bix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is is worth doing in the 1920s Bix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is is worth doing in the 1920s Bix
+bitter Beck JP James P Johnson Darius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitter Beck JP James P Johnson Darius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitter Beck JP James P Johnson Darius
+Mio Igor Stravinsky we're all interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mio Igor Stravinsky we're all interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mio Igor Stravinsky we're all interested
+in different ways of blending Jazz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways of blending Jazz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways of blending Jazz and
+classical whatever that meant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical whatever that meant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical whatever that meant for
+Stravinsky in that period it was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stravinsky in that period it was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stravinsky in that period it was more
+Ragtime but still an interest in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ragtime but still an interest in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ragtime but still an interest in this
+than a lot of the sort of key elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a lot of the sort of key elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a lot of the sort of key elements
+key pieces that we've talked about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key pieces that we've talked about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key pieces that we've talked about are
+on your chart like Harlem all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your chart like Harlem all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your chart like Harlem all about
+Rosie we've talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosie we've talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosie we've talked a little bit about
+third stream that was definitely a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third stream that was definitely a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third stream that was definitely a way
+of broadening people's thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of broadening people's thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of broadening people's thinking and
+making some very interesting musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some very interesting musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some very interesting musical
+investigations and there again what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations and there again what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations and there again what was
+going on in the 50s and 60s with third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the 50s and 60s with third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the 50s and 60s with third
+stream as an experimental period down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream as an experimental period down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream as an experimental period down
+the road you find all kinds of composers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road you find all kinds of composers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road you find all kinds of composers
+and performers right now who are deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and performers right now who are deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and performers right now who are deeply
+influenced by that although they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by that although they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by that although they might
+not necessarily even use that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily even use that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily even use that term
+anymore so these are Stepping Stones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so these are Stepping Stones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so these are Stepping Stones you
+might say along the along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say along the along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say along the along the way
+one thing that's very important in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's very important in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's very important in the
+middle of that chart where it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of that chart where it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of that chart where it says
+classical composers there were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical composers there were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical composers there were sort of
+two directions that were going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two directions that were going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two directions that were going on in the
+50s one was to a very rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s one was to a very rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s one was to a very rigorous
+systematic sort of almost mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic sort of almost mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic sort of almost mathematical
+concept Milton Babbitt is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept Milton Babbitt is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept Milton Babbitt is one of those
+uh taking the The Surreal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking the The Surreal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking the The Surreal
+s-e-r-i-a-l serial 12-tone notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-e-r-i-a-l serial 12-tone notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-e-r-i-a-l serial 12-tone notion of
+Schoenberg and and taking it to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schoenberg and and taking it to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schoenberg and and taking it to an
+extent where everything was systematized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent where everything was systematized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent where everything was systematized
+and many people thought to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many people thought to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many people thought to some extent
+took some of the joy and spontaneity out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took some of the joy and spontaneity out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took some of the joy and spontaneity out
+of music not necessarily so but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music not necessarily so but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music not necessarily so but this is
+the way sometimes that was that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way sometimes that was that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way sometimes that was that whole
+movement was perceived polar opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement was perceived polar opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement was perceived polar opposite
+was John Cage who very often would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was John Cage who very often would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was John Cage who very often would come
+up with concepts of how you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with concepts of how you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with concepts of how you might
+approach music in a very open-ended way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach music in a very open-ended way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach music in a very open-ended way
+and Blended things like he might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Blended things like he might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Blended things like he might have a
+radio playing might have two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio playing might have two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio playing might have two or three
+radios playing and ask the performers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radios playing and ask the performers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radios playing and ask the performers to
+change the dials and then maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the dials and then maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the dials and then maybe a
+performer would play the violin along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer would play the violin along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer would play the violin along
+with that that was a piece uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that was a piece uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that was a piece uh so that's
+sort of a new fangled considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a new fangled considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a new fangled considered
+conception can face consideration of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception can face consideration of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception can face consideration of how
+you would make a performance how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would make a performance how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would make a performance how you
+would sort of improvise but within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of improvise but within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of improvise but within
+certain boundaries and there were a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain boundaries and there were a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain boundaries and there were a lot
+of jazz musicians in the 1950s who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jazz musicians in the 1950s who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jazz musicians in the 1950s who were
+being influenced to one degree or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being influenced to one degree or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being influenced to one degree or
+another by these events in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another by these events in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another by these events in the same way
+that people like Milton Babbitt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people like Milton Babbitt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people like Milton Babbitt
+particularly and some others were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly and some others were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly and some others were
+influenced by Jazz cage never seemed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by Jazz cage never seemed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by Jazz cage never seemed to
+let let on exactly about jazz at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let on exactly about jazz at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let on exactly about jazz at least
+that I know of but I think it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know of but I think it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know of but I think it's hard
+that hard to believe that he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard to believe that he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard to believe that he wasn't
+influenced in some way by all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced in some way by all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced in some way by all of this
+then we come to some of the key figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we come to some of the key figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we come to some of the key figures
+Mingus Sun ra whom we're going to play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus Sun ra whom we're going to play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus Sun ra whom we're going to play a
+little bit about say just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about say just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about say just a little bit
+about them but let me keep going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them but let me keep going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them but let me keep going down
+this list ornette Coleman his 1960 album
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list ornette Coleman his 1960 album
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list ornette Coleman his 1960 album
+very important called free jazz which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important called free jazz which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important called free jazz which
+really gave the name to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gave the name to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gave the name to the whole
+movement was as many of you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement was as many of you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement was as many of you know a
+40-minute improvisational tour de force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40-minute improvisational tour de force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40-minute improvisational tour de force
+it was essentially extended form music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was essentially extended form music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was essentially extended form music
+but from improvisational background that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from improvisational background that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from improvisational background that
+all feeds into what people then saw as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all feeds into what people then saw as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all feeds into what people then saw as
+possible for a jazz Orchestra the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for a jazz Orchestra the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for a jazz Orchestra the free
+jazz group was a double quartet eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jazz group was a double quartet eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jazz group was a double quartet eight
+players but they sounded sometimes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players but they sounded sometimes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players but they sounded sometimes like
+they were about 24 but they gave an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were about 24 but they gave an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were about 24 but they gave an idea
+that other people could use coltrane's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other people could use coltrane's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other people could use coltrane's
+Africa a lot of you know this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa a lot of you know this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa a lot of you know this from
+Africa brass has a several seven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa brass has a several seven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa brass has a several seven or
+eight horn section on that arranged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight horn section on that arranged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight horn section on that arranged by
+Eric dolphy that's functioning like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric dolphy that's functioning like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric dolphy that's functioning like an
+African ritual group you could say but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African ritual group you could say but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African ritual group you could say but
+it's also taking the concept of horns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also taking the concept of horns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also taking the concept of horns
+from a large band and putting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a large band and putting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a large band and putting in a
+totally different kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different kind of a
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+then we have muhal Richard Abrams who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have muhal Richard Abrams who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have muhal Richard Abrams who
+was the founder of the aacm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the founder of the aacm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the founder of the aacm the
+association for the advancement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association for the advancement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association for the advancement of
+creative musicians in Chicago and he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative musicians in Chicago and he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative musicians in Chicago and he had
+in 1961 something called just simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1961 something called just simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1961 something called just simply the
+experimental ban a a band that tried out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental ban a a band that tried out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental ban a a band that tried out
+things this eventually spawned the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this eventually spawned the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this eventually spawned the art
+Ensemble of Chicago which was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble of Chicago which was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble of Chicago which was one of the
+great free jazz groups of all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great free jazz groups of all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great free jazz groups of all time
+they're still going although Lester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still going although Lester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still going although Lester
+Bowie has passed on the great trumpet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowie has passed on the great trumpet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowie has passed on the great trumpet
+player and then you'll see just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and then you'll see just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and then you'll see just a few
+things other things in the 60s the Jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things other things in the 60s the Jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things other things in the 60s the Jazz
+composers Guild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers Guild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers Guild
+by led by Bill Dixon the Jazz composers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by led by Bill Dixon the Jazz composers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by led by Bill Dixon the Jazz composers
+Orchestra Association commonly called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra Association commonly called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra Association commonly called
+jcoa by led by both Carla blay and Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jcoa by led by both Carla blay and Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jcoa by led by both Carla blay and Mike
+mantler and Liberation music orchestra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantler and Liberation music orchestra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantler and Liberation music orchestra
+led by Charlie Hayden the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led by Charlie Hayden the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led by Charlie Hayden the only one
+that's still going is The Liberation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still going is The Liberation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still going is The Liberation
+music orchestra Charlie Hayden is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music orchestra Charlie Hayden is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music orchestra Charlie Hayden is sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+re-revivified that recently that group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-revivified that recently that group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-revivified that recently that group
+always had a kind of a political Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had a kind of a political Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had a kind of a political Edge
+and in the last year or two he's seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the last year or two he's seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the last year or two he's seen
+fit to bring that back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit to bring that back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit to bring that back into
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to uh being then if you look at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh being then if you look at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh being then if you look at the last
+page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+this is just my little list of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just my little list of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just my little list of what I
+call selected post-modern Jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call selected post-modern Jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call selected post-modern Jazz
+orchestras I put my own band there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestras I put my own band there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestras I put my own band there
+because we are in this category also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are in this category also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are in this category also the
+either Orchestra you remember Russ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Orchestra you remember Russ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Orchestra you remember Russ
+Gershon who lectured to us that's his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gershon who lectured to us that's his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gershon who lectured to us that's his
+band uh they represent clearly a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band uh they represent clearly a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band uh they represent clearly a world
+music blending one of the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music blending one of the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music blending one of the many
+possibilities with Ethiopian Jazz as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities with Ethiopian Jazz as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities with Ethiopian Jazz as we
+know Jazz composers Alliance Orchestra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Jazz composers Alliance Orchestra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Jazz composers Alliance Orchestra
+jcao not to be confused with the jcoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jcao not to be confused with the jcoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jcao not to be confused with the jcoa
+you get these initials in jazz just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these initials in jazz just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these initials in jazz just like
+the original Dixieland Jazz Band The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Dixieland Jazz Band The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Dixieland Jazz Band The
+odjb well you got to get them straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odjb well you got to get them straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odjb well you got to get them straight
+but the Jazz composers Alliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Jazz composers Alliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Jazz composers Alliance
+Orchestra another great group they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra another great group they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra another great group they're
+having a concert this coming weekend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a concert this coming weekend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a concert this coming weekend and
+I will I may have let you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will I may have let you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will I may have let you know about
+this but I'll let you know again with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I'll let you know again with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I'll let you know again with a
+lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different
+points of view being expressed there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of view being expressed there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of view being expressed there and
+then others within this country have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then others within this country have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then others within this country have put
+the the names down there I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the names down there I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the names down there I'll come back
+and mention a couple of these and Walter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mention a couple of these and Walter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mention a couple of these and Walter
+Thompson's own group is there one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson's own group is there one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson's own group is there one of the
+the leading exponents of this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading exponents of this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading exponents of this and then
+in Europe there's a whole variety and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe there's a whole variety and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe there's a whole variety and
+there are others but these are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others but these are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others but these are some of
+the the more interesting ones Willem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the more interesting ones Willem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the more interesting ones Willem
+broker from Holland some does some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker from Holland some does some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker from Holland some does some
+things that almost border sometimes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that almost border sometimes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that almost border sometimes on
+circus music and some other sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circus music and some other sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circus music and some other sort of a
+comedy show you could say with a about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy show you could say with a about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy show you could say with a about
+11 or 12 piece aggregation they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 or 12 piece aggregation they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 or 12 piece aggregation they've been
+here at MIT interestingly enough Globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT interestingly enough Globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT interestingly enough Globe
+Unity I'm not sure they're still around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity I'm not sure they're still around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity I'm not sure they're still around
+you know if they're still around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if they're still around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if they're still around
+they used to be they used to be based in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to be they used to be based in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to be they used to be based in
+in sort of a pan-european group but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of a pan-european group but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of a pan-european group but
+largely based in in Germany a guy named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely based in in Germany a guy named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely based in in Germany a guy named
+Albert Mangelsdorf prom bonus was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Mangelsdorf prom bonus was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Mangelsdorf prom bonus was the
+the motive Force I'm not sure they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motive Force I'm not sure they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motive Force I'm not sure they're
+still around instabiel Orchestra which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still around instabiel Orchestra which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still around instabiel Orchestra which
+I'm assuming translate to unstable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming translate to unstable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming translate to unstable uh
+great great group in Italy my band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great group in Italy my band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great group in Italy my band and
+their band always get compared I'd love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their band always get compared I'd love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their band always get compared I'd love
+to meet them someday and have a battle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet them someday and have a battle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet them someday and have a battle
+of the bands we see how much on state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bands we see how much on state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bands we see how much on state
+unstability we could really put out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstability we could really put out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstability we could really put out in
+the world uh the London Jazz composers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world uh the London Jazz composers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world uh the London Jazz composers
+Orchestra sounds very stuffy but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra sounds very stuffy but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra sounds very stuffy but it's
+not they can do some very wild things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they can do some very wild things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they can do some very wild things in
+the Vienna art Orchestra really a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vienna art Orchestra really a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vienna art Orchestra really a great
+group so if you we have some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so if you we have some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so if you we have some of these
+people on our syllabus and if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on our syllabus and if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on our syllabus and if you see
+that any of these groups are playing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any of these groups are playing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any of these groups are playing any
+place where you come across a recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you come across a recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you come across a recording
+it's worth your while to check it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth your while to check it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth your while to check it out
+you won't be disappointed you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be disappointed you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be disappointed you may be
+perplexed befuddled not able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perplexed befuddled not able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perplexed befuddled not able to
+understand what they're doing but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they're doing but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they're doing but you
+won't be uh you know without some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be uh you know without some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be uh you know without some kind
+of intrigue yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there we go 40th anniversary 2006.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go 40th anniversary 2006.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go 40th anniversary 2006.
+excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+thank you the power of the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you the power of the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you the power of the internet
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um let me just stop here and ask if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me just stop here and ask if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me just stop here and ask if
+anybody has any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has any questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has any questions about this
+very rapid survey or some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid survey or some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid survey or some of these
+these people or movements anything at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people or movements anything at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people or movements anything at
+all that's totally foreign to you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's totally foreign to you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's totally foreign to you or
+that you don't have a have a grasp of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have a have a grasp of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have a have a grasp of
+what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so everybody's fairly well situated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody's fairly well situated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody's fairly well situated with
+this okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay good
+so let me come back over then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me come back over then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me come back over then and
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+say a couple of things about where some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a couple of things about where some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a couple of things about where some
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+impulses that these groups now and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses that these groups now and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses that these groups now and I
+mean now the last 20 30 years draw on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean now the last 20 30 years draw on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean now the last 20 30 years draw on
+one of them is is clearly Charles Mingus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is is clearly Charles Mingus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is is clearly Charles Mingus
+Mingus was one of the real progenitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus was one of the real progenitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus was one of the real progenitors
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Advanced thinking in the Jazz Orchestra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced thinking in the Jazz Orchestra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced thinking in the Jazz Orchestra
+world and his his groups tended to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and his his groups tended to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and his his groups tended to be
+not a full big band They tended to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a full big band They tended to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a full big band They tended to be
+more like maybe seven people maybe 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like maybe seven people maybe 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like maybe seven people maybe 12
+people he got a lot of sound and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people he got a lot of sound and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people he got a lot of sound and a lot
+of interesting things going on out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting things going on out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting things going on out of a
+smaller big band and let me just back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller big band and let me just back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller big band and let me just back up
+a second because going all the way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second because going all the way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second because going all the way back
+to the birth of the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the birth of the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the birth of the cool
+in the late 40s and early 50s you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 40s and early 50s you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 40s and early 50s you know
+that was a nine piece group right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a nine piece group right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a nine piece group right a
+non-net that sort of brought in the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-net that sort of brought in the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-net that sort of brought in the idea
+of what some people call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what some people call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what some people call the
+medium-sized big band uh 9 10 maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized big band uh 9 10 maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized big band uh 9 10 maybe
+eight players that sort of showed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight players that sort of showed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight players that sort of showed the
+possibilities of what you could do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of what you could do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of what you could do with
+smaller forces but bigger than a quartet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller forces but bigger than a quartet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller forces but bigger than a quartet
+or a quintet so mingus's group sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a quintet so mingus's group sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a quintet so mingus's group sort of
+following that and in fact there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that and in fact there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that and in fact there were a
+lot of those kind of groups in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those kind of groups in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those kind of groups in the in
+the 1950s and 60s but some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s and 60s but some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s and 60s but some of the things
+that Mingus did that were particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mingus did that were particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mingus did that were particularly
+interesting was were first of all he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting was were first of all he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting was were first of all he he
+began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to
+really push this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really push this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really push this notion of
+multi-sectional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sectional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sectional form
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and so if you think of something some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you think of something some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you think of something some of
+the things that some of you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that some of you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that some of you know like
+better get it in your soul or fables of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get it in your soul or fables of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get it in your soul or fables of
+fathers those are multi-sectional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fathers those are multi-sectional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fathers those are multi-sectional form
+pieces they're they don't just stay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces they're they don't just stay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces they're they don't just stay with
+a 12 Bar Blues or a 32 Bar form or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 12 Bar Blues or a 32 Bar form or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 12 Bar Blues or a 32 Bar form or
+something they go through different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they go through different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they go through different
+types of things they have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things they have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things they have a lot of
+variety they usually also have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety they usually also have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety they usually also have a lot of
+variety in terms of orchestration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety in terms of orchestration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety in terms of orchestration in
+terms of mood in terms of the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of mood in terms of the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of mood in terms of the way the
+improvisation is being utilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisation is being utilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisation is being utilized
+and uh in in some cases uh what Mingus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in in some cases uh what Mingus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in in some cases uh what Mingus
+was doing was asking people to improvise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing was asking people to improvise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing was asking people to improvise
+not necessarily freely as in free jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily freely as in free jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily freely as in free jazz
+but definitely without regard to uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but definitely without regard to uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but definitely without regard to uh time
+limit or even sometimes specific chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit or even sometimes specific chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit or even sometimes specific chord
+changes if you go back to a piece called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes if you go back to a piece called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes if you go back to a piece called
+pithic anthropos erectus which is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pithic anthropos erectus which is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pithic anthropos erectus which is from
+1957. I think that's the right date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957. I think that's the right date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957. I think that's the right date
+that's a pretty Landmark piece and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty Landmark piece and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty Landmark piece and after
+the the the tune is stated there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the tune is stated there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the tune is stated there's an
+open Vamp for soloing on two cores back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open Vamp for soloing on two cores back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open Vamp for soloing on two cores back
+and forth and depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth and depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth and depending on what
+recording you hear that can sometimes go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording you hear that can sometimes go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording you hear that can sometimes go
+for quite a long time the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quite a long time the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quite a long time the same thing
+happened with fables of fathers fables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with fables of fathers fables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with fables of fathers fables
+of fathers on the couple recordings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fathers on the couple recordings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fathers on the couple recordings that
+most people know is fairly well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people know is fairly well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people know is fairly well defined
+it's a long piece but in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a long piece but in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a long piece but in other
+performances it's said that he would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances it's said that he would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances it's said that he would go
+a half an hour with that piece and weave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half an hour with that piece and weave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half an hour with that piece and weave
+all kinds of other music into it making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of other music into it making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of other music into it making
+it really sort of a framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really sort of a framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really sort of a framework for
+expansion well all of that was the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion well all of that was the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion well all of that was the kind
+of thing that later groups would pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that later groups would pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that later groups would pick up
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+one of his great pieces it's really one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his great pieces it's really one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his great pieces it's really one
+of his masterpieces I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his masterpieces I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his masterpieces I think
+it's called the black State and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the black State and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the black State and the
+center lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center lady
+and it was meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was meant to be
+a ballet score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have this on our syllabus and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this on our syllabus and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this on our syllabus and I want
+to play the second movement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play the second movement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play the second movement of this
+because I think it gives you a good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it gives you a good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it gives you a good a
+good sense of what Mingus was up to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sense of what Mingus was up to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sense of what Mingus was up to it's
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+a wonderful piece that really Bears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful piece that really Bears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful piece that really Bears
+listening to in its entirety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the liner notes alone are worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the liner notes alone are worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the liner notes alone are worth
+looking at Mingus wrote a good share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Mingus wrote a good share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Mingus wrote a good share of
+the liner notes and has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liner notes and has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liner notes and has a lot of
+interesting things to say if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things to say if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things to say if you know
+anything about Mingus you know that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about Mingus you know that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about Mingus you know that his
+personality spilled over into the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality spilled over into the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality spilled over into the music
+in a very strong way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very strong way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very strong way
+and the whole notion of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole notion of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole notion of what
+psychiatrists would call the ID the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrists would call the ID the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrists would call the ID the
+thing that governs your emotions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that governs your emotions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that governs your emotions that
+didn't seem to be too governing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't seem to be too governing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't seem to be too governing with
+Mingus a lot of stuff was very apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus a lot of stuff was very apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus a lot of stuff was very apparent
+in terms of what he was doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what he was doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what he was doing and
+talking about and these liner notes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and these liner notes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and these liner notes are
+unbelievable not the least of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable not the least of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable not the least of which is
+that the piano player Jackie Bayard one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the piano player Jackie Bayard one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the piano player Jackie Bayard one
+of the great piano players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great piano players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great piano players
+seemed to have been in tensioned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to have been in tensioned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to have been in tensioned with
+Mingus on this session and so he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus on this session and so he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus on this session and so he says
+things like well I hope that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like well I hope that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like well I hope that you know
+one day you'll figure out how to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day you'll figure out how to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day you'll figure out how to play
+what I want you to play and I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to play and I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to play and I hope
+someday I you have a band and you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday I you have a band and you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday I you have a band and you call
+me as the bass player and I can be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as the bass player and I can be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as the bass player and I can be as
+Cooperative with you as you were with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative with you as you were with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative with you as you were with me
+which is a real sort of satirical tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a real sort of satirical tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a real sort of satirical tone
+now Jackie was his regular piano player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Jackie was his regular piano player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Jackie was his regular piano player
+and about three months later they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about three months later they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about three months later they were
+back on the road playing both in Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the road playing both in Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the road playing both in Europe
+and in this country making fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this country making fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this country making fantastic
+music so clearly the whatever the rift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music so clearly the whatever the rift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music so clearly the whatever the rift
+was whatever the tension got healed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was whatever the tension got healed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was whatever the tension got healed up
+but it's very interesting to to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very interesting to to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very interesting to to read
+this sort of thing in the liner notes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing in the liner notes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing in the liner notes in
+any case on this black saint The Sinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case on this black saint The Sinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case on this black saint The Sinner
+later we're going to listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we're going to listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we're going to listen to the
+second movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second movement
+which is called Hearts Beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called Hearts Beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called Hearts Beat
+and I just want to give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to give you a little
+sense of what some of the programmatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what some of the programmatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what some of the programmatic
+indications are because this was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications are because this was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications are because this was another
+thing that Mingus was doing to stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that Mingus was doing to stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that Mingus was doing to stretch
+it wasn't just that it was program music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't just that it was program music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't just that it was program music
+but it was that he was giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was that he was giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was that he was giving
+instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes verbally which you can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes verbally which you can hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes verbally which you can hear
+sometimes on on recordings but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes on on recordings but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes on on recordings but also
+written now I just want to take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written now I just want to take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written now I just want to take you
+through this and tell you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and tell you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and tell you some of the
+things that this this is a score excerpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that this this is a score excerpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that this this is a score excerpt
+that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was
+discovered by a former student here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by a former student here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by a former student here
+doing a research project down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a research project down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a research project down at the
+Lincoln Center Public Library this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln Center Public Library this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln Center Public Library this
+manuscript of Mingus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript of Mingus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript of Mingus
+so at the beginning of this Jackie byard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the beginning of this Jackie byard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the beginning of this Jackie byard
+is asked to solo on the on the piano and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asked to solo on the on the piano and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asked to solo on the on the piano and
+the only thing there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing there's a couple of
+chords and the only thing it says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords and the only thing it says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords and the only thing it says is
+Solo in Tempo Duke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solo in Tempo Duke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solo in Tempo Duke
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+play like Duke Ellington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting
+as we move along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he writes above the cup cup muted Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he writes above the cup cup muted Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he writes above the cup cup muted Two
+Trumpets in cup mutes he says felt not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trumpets in cup mutes he says felt not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trumpets in cup mutes he says felt not
+heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+what does that mean you're a trumpet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean you're a trumpet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean you're a trumpet
+player that's you know it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player that's you know it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player that's you know it's an
+interesting instruction as to how to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting instruction as to how to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting instruction as to how to how
+to play so very subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there's kind of a repeated riff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's kind of a repeated riff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's kind of a repeated riff
+idea at some point the alto takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea at some point the alto takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea at some point the alto takes the
+uh the lead you'll hear this and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the lead you'll hear this and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the lead you'll hear this and then at
+some point the lead trombone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point the lead trombone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point the lead trombone is
+instructed to sound like a sax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting how are you going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how are you going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how are you going to say
+that except to write that sound like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that except to write that sound like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that except to write that sound like a
+sex so this is one of the things that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex so this is one of the things that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex so this is one of the things that he
+wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+then we get over and this is where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get over and this is where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get over and this is where it
+really gets interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gets interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gets interesting
+it gets very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he says to the trombone player who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says to the trombone player who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says to the trombone player who
+on this recording is not Jimmy nepper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this recording is not Jimmy nepper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this recording is not Jimmy nepper
+but evidently was supposed to be Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but evidently was supposed to be Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but evidently was supposed to be Jimmy
+nepper his longtime trombone player this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nepper his longtime trombone player this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nepper his longtime trombone player this
+is what it says it says rest up Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it says it says rest up Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it says it says rest up Jimmy
+you're going to preach soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we get over here and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get over here and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get over here and it says
+plunger solo and he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunger solo and he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunger solo and he says
+preach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preach
+in the piano part it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the piano part it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the piano part it says
+if you ain't been to church don't play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearly wants a very specific thing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly wants a very specific thing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly wants a very specific thing then
+later on the piano is instructed Blues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on the piano is instructed Blues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on the piano is instructed Blues
+crying and answer the preaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying and answer the preaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying and answer the preaching
+so this is a whole little dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a whole little dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a whole little dramatic
+monologue that's being put right into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monologue that's being put right into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monologue that's being put right into
+the music now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music now
+you just don't find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't find that
+and hardly anybody else's music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hardly anybody else's music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hardly anybody else's music
+around this time this is the early 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this time this is the early 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this time this is the early 60s
+but later on people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later on people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later on people are
+taking this and they're saying okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this and they're saying okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this and they're saying okay so
+we can make kind of this little dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make kind of this little dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make kind of this little dramatic
+scenario if you will out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario if you will out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario if you will out of this
+there's a couple other things happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple other things happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple other things happening
+musically so let's listen to this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musically so let's listen to this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musically so let's listen to this you
+won't be able to hear any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to hear any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to hear any of those
+because those are just written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are just written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are just written
+instructions but hopefully you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions but hopefully you'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions but hopefully you'll hear
+it in the music but you'll hear some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the music but you'll hear some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the music but you'll hear some
+other things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of things you hear happening there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happened about Midway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something I didn't measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how did it change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did it change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did it change
+faster and harder to get faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slowly increased the celerando I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly increased the celerando I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly increased the celerando I think
+we talked about this the other day there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this the other day there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this the other day there
+was a very small example of that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very small example of that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very small example of that in the
+Ellington piece Harlem but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellington piece Harlem but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellington piece Harlem but this is a
+pretty dramatic slow build uh and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic slow build uh and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic slow build uh and I know
+some of you in the fje have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you in the fje have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you in the fje have done this
+when you've done a Mingus piece because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've done a Mingus piece because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've done a Mingus piece because
+he used that a lot at chelarando and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used that a lot at chelarando and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used that a lot at chelarando and D
+chellarando gradually getting faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chellarando gradually getting faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chellarando gradually getting faster
+gradually getting slower and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually getting slower and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually getting slower and this is
+only maybe two and a half minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only maybe two and a half minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only maybe two and a half minutes of
+music that I just played and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that I just played and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that I just played and so you
+already had that plus you had a you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had that plus you had a you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had that plus you had a you had
+it start off at a sort of a medium Tempo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it start off at a sort of a medium Tempo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it start off at a sort of a medium Tempo
+and then it slowed down so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it slowed down so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it slowed down so in other
+words he's dealing with a lot of variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words he's dealing with a lot of variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words he's dealing with a lot of variety
+in terms of feel and rhythmic concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of feel and rhythmic concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of feel and rhythmic concept
+just within two or three minutes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just within two or three minutes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just within two or three minutes of the
+piece anything else that you noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+necessarily uh dominated by block power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh dominated by block power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh dominated by block power
+right right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was a lot of contrapuzzle type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of contrapuzzle type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of contrapuzzle type
+stuff polyphony which we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff polyphony which we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff polyphony which we've talked about
+and in this particular piece there's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular piece there's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular piece there's at
+least sometimes at least three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least sometimes at least three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least sometimes at least three things
+going on plus you add The Soloist that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on plus you add The Soloist that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on plus you add The Soloist that
+may be a fourth line uh it gets a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a fourth line uh it gets a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a fourth line uh it gets a very
+rich texture it's one of the ways this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich texture it's one of the ways this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich texture it's one of the ways this
+is an 11 piece band this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an 11 piece band this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an 11 piece band this is one of the
+ways you can get a rich sound out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can get a rich sound out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can get a rich sound out of a
+smaller number of players if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of players if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of players if you know
+what you're doing and in fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing and in fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing and in fact that
+that that strange thing that was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that strange thing that was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that strange thing that was one of
+the few places where there was some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few places where there was some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few places where there was some kind
+of block Harmony and a very odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of block Harmony and a very odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of block Harmony and a very odd
+orchestration but being since he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestration but being since he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestration but being since he had a
+tuba on hand having tuba and string bass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuba on hand having tuba and string bass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuba on hand having tuba and string bass
+go this way and then the trombone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way and then the trombone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way and then the trombone and
+the three saxes doing the on the after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three saxes doing the on the after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three saxes doing the on the after
+beat makes a very interesting sound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat makes a very interesting sound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat makes a very interesting sound and
+you know the kind of thing you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the kind of thing you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the kind of thing you might
+expect from somebody like prokofiev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from somebody like prokofiev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from somebody like prokofiev
+let's say if you're thinking classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you're thinking classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you're thinking classical
+Orchestra you think of Peter and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra you think of Peter and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra you think of Peter and the
+Wolf or some of that sort of idea going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolf or some of that sort of idea going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolf or some of that sort of idea going
+on with the wolf comes on the stage it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the wolf comes on the stage it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the wolf comes on the stage it's
+just a quick reference that came to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a quick reference that came to mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a quick reference that came to mind
+but you you you're hearing things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you you you're hearing things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you you you're hearing things in
+other words that go well beyond what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words that go well beyond what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words that go well beyond what
+most people think about as Jazz the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people think about as Jazz the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people think about as Jazz the
+conventional sense of jazz which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional sense of jazz which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional sense of jazz which is why
+Ellington didn't like to use that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellington didn't like to use that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellington didn't like to use that word
+because he felt it was too limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he felt it was too limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he felt it was too limiting
+well the other thing I was looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the other thing I was looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the other thing I was looking for
+was a certain kind of intensity there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a certain kind of intensity there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a certain kind of intensity there's
+an intensity here there's an emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intensity here there's an emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intensity here there's an emotional
+quality and every single person that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and every single person that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and every single person that's
+playing that's more than what can be put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing that's more than what can be put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing that's more than what can be put
+on the page you don't get that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the page you don't get that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the page you don't get that by
+writing a bunch of notes you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a bunch of notes you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a bunch of notes you can write
+the greatest notes in the world it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest notes in the world it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest notes in the world it
+doesn't matter if the players are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if the players are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if the players are
+basically oh well you know they play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically oh well you know they play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically oh well you know they play
+that that's nice no and Mingus was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's nice no and Mingus was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's nice no and Mingus was very
+much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about
+having the players contribute their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the players contribute their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the players contribute their own
+particular approach there was a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular approach there was a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular approach there was a story
+about Jackie McLean one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Jackie McLean one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Jackie McLean one of the great
+Alto players who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alto players who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alto players who had
+played you know wonderfully in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played you know wonderfully in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played you know wonderfully in the in
+the Mingus band and some a new a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mingus band and some a new a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mingus band and some a new a new
+person came in to essentially play his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person came in to essentially play his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person came in to essentially play his
+part his chair and was not doing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part his chair and was not doing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part his chair and was not doing very
+well well you're following Jackie McLean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well you're following Jackie McLean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well you're following Jackie McLean
+so you would be intimidated anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would be intimidated anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would be intimidated anybody
+would be but Mingus finally had to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be but Mingus finally had to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be but Mingus finally had to tell
+this player he said don't play the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this player he said don't play the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this player he said don't play the notes
+Play You're a Man play your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Play You're a Man play your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Play You're a Man play your mind
+which is an interesting way to phrase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an interesting way to phrase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an interesting way to phrase it
+but in other words be yourself play what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in other words be yourself play what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in other words be yourself play what
+you what I want you to do is not play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I want you to do is not play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I want you to do is not play
+necessarily what I'm telling you I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily what I'm telling you I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily what I'm telling you I want
+you to play who you are in my band which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to play who you are in my band which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to play who you are in my band which
+is a whole different kind of level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a whole different kind of level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a whole different kind of level of
+emotional uh intensity this is the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional uh intensity this is the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional uh intensity this is the kind
+of thing we talk about when we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing we talk about when we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing we talk about when we get into
+this land of the post-modern approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this land of the post-modern approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this land of the post-modern approach
+this is not necessarily what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not necessarily what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not necessarily what was going
+on in The Fad Jones Mel Lewis Band very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in The Fad Jones Mel Lewis Band very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in The Fad Jones Mel Lewis Band very
+often that's what came out because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that's what came out because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that's what came out because those
+were also great musicians and they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also great musicians and they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also great musicians and they knew
+how to play Within that style and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to play Within that style and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to play Within that style and to
+give that same level of performance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that same level of performance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that same level of performance but
+it's just a different means of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a different means of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a different means of how you
+get to that point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that point and
+usually the notes were very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the notes were very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the notes were very important in
+that bit you know and maybe more so than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bit you know and maybe more so than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bit you know and maybe more so than
+they would be in something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be in something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be in something like the
+Mingus band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus band
+let me move along now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me move along now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me move along now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one of the the great influences on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the great influences on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the great influences on all
+this was sunrob and Sun raw how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was sunrob and Sun raw how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was sunrob and Sun raw how many
+people know who Sun raw was okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know who Sun raw was okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know who Sun raw was okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so for those who don't even for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those who don't even for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those who don't even for those
+who are here it's always good to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are here it's always good to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are here it's always good to see a
+picture of the man here's the man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the man here's the man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the man here's the man
+Sun Raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun Raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun Raw
+who had a very interesting personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had a very interesting personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had a very interesting personal
+trajectory personal understanding of who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory personal understanding of who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory personal understanding of who
+he was literally situated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was literally situated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was literally situated in the
+universe thinking believing that he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe thinking believing that he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe thinking believing that he had
+somehow come both from the Egyptian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow come both from the Egyptian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow come both from the Egyptian
+pharaohs and from the platter planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharaohs and from the platter planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharaohs and from the platter planet
+Saturn how this works out oh you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturn how this works out oh you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturn how this works out oh you'd have
+to ask him but he shuffled off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask him but he shuffled off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask him but he shuffled off the
+astral plane so it's a little difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astral plane so it's a little difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astral plane so it's a little difficult
+but there are some books on Sunrise some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some books on Sunrise some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some books on Sunrise some
+videos he gave video interviews he gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos he gave video interviews he gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos he gave video interviews he gave
+a wonderful musician one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful musician one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful musician one of the most
+maybe the most far-reaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the most far-reaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the most far-reaching the
+strangest in the best possible way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangest in the best possible way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangest in the best possible way a
+jazz musician that's ever come along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jazz musician that's ever come along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jazz musician that's ever come along
+really just phenomenal his band going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just phenomenal his band going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just phenomenal his band going
+back to the 1950s nobody's even sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the 1950s nobody's even sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the 1950s nobody's even sure
+exactly when he put his band together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when he put his band together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when he put his band together
+but he could play he had played with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he could play he had played with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he could play he had played with
+Fletcher Henderson and his band could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fletcher Henderson and his band could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fletcher Henderson and his band could
+play Fletcher Henderson or Duke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Fletcher Henderson or Duke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Fletcher Henderson or Duke
+Ellington 10 just spot on clean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellington 10 just spot on clean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellington 10 just spot on clean and
+clear as a belt and then the next minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear as a belt and then the next minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear as a belt and then the next minute
+literally go into outer space or his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally go into outer space or his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally go into outer space or his
+conception of outer space interplanetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of outer space interplanetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of outer space interplanetary
+music he called his his band the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music he called his his band the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music he called his his band the
+orchestra not Orchestra but Ark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra not Orchestra but Ark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra not Orchestra but Ark
+Orchestra with various modifiers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra with various modifiers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra with various modifiers like
+Intergalactic Orchestra interplanetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intergalactic Orchestra interplanetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intergalactic Orchestra interplanetary
+whatever certain kinds of phrases to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever certain kinds of phrases to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever certain kinds of phrases to to
+make a descriptive statement but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a descriptive statement but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a descriptive statement but the
+sound is what's so interesting and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is what's so interesting and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is what's so interesting and it
+drew on free jazz but it also had things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew on free jazz but it also had things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew on free jazz but it also had things
+like the Mingus approach of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Mingus approach of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Mingus approach of
+instructions that would give a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that would give a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that would give a certain
+emotional intensity and then they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional intensity and then they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional intensity and then they also
+played for music so just depended on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played for music so just depended on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played for music so just depended on
+what you what you had as as to what came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you what you had as as to what came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you what you had as as to what came
+across I'm going to play uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across I'm going to play uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across I'm going to play uh some
+excerpts here from this album that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpts here from this album that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpts here from this album that I've
+Had The Little Prince out it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Had The Little Prince out it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Had The Little Prince out it's called
+heliocentric worlds we have this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heliocentric worlds we have this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heliocentric worlds we have this in the
+library it's on the syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library it's on the syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library it's on the syllabus
+I'm going to play just a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to play just a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to play just a couple of
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+to give a little sense of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the first there's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first there's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first there's a little bit of a
+piece called nebuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to fade that down and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to fade that down and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to fade that down and go
+into dancing in the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some pretty uh wild stuff going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty uh wild stuff going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty uh wild stuff going on there
+in some ways a little wilder than Mingus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways a little wilder than Mingus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways a little wilder than Mingus
+and son this was recorded in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and son this was recorded in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and son this was recorded in the early
+60s Sunrise was basically paralleling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s Sunrise was basically paralleling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s Sunrise was basically paralleling
+Mingus in terms of his career but always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus in terms of his career but always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus in terms of his career but always
+sort of more of a free thinker I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more of a free thinker I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more of a free thinker I would
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+Mingus really came out of the Jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus really came out of the Jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mingus really came out of the Jazz
+tradition and helped to expand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition and helped to expand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition and helped to expand it
+Sunrise really did come in from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunrise really did come in from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunrise really did come in from an
+interplanetary Direction even though he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplanetary Direction even though he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplanetary Direction even though he
+understood the the tradition and could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the the tradition and could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the the tradition and could
+play it but his aesthetic was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it but his aesthetic was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it but his aesthetic was just
+sort of out there from from the get-go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of out there from from the get-go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of out there from from the get-go
+now it's interesting in in Sunrise whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's interesting in in Sunrise whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's interesting in in Sunrise whole
+conception I've just given you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception I've just given you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception I've just given you a little
+fragment because you can't really pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment because you can't really pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment because you can't really pick
+one piece as representative Sunrise he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece as representative Sunrise he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece as representative Sunrise he
+was so varied in the kind of work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so varied in the kind of work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so varied in the kind of work that
+he done but if you will listen to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he done but if you will listen to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he done but if you will listen to this
+entire album that we have in the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire album that we have in the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire album that we have in the library
+in our syllabus takes you through about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our syllabus takes you through about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our syllabus takes you through about
+eight or nine pieces they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or nine pieces they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or nine pieces they're all
+different one from another and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one from another and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one from another and if you
+were to listen to another sunroth album
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to listen to another sunroth album
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to listen to another sunroth album
+that would possibly be different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would possibly be different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would possibly be different from
+what this one was just a tremendous sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this one was just a tremendous sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this one was just a tremendous sort
+of variety when he would perform he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variety when he would perform he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variety when he would perform he
+would often perform three hours at us at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would often perform three hours at us at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would often perform three hours at us at
+a go I saw him one time in a in a club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a go I saw him one time in a in a club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a go I saw him one time in a in a club
+in Boston where they were supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston where they were supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston where they were supposed to
+have a second show and that just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second show and that just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second show and that just went
+out the window he just started in he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window he just started in he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window he just started in he
+would often have three or four people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would often have three or four people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would often have three or four people
+who sang and sometimes did processions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sang and sometimes did processions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sang and sometimes did processions
+around the room and by the time you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room and by the time you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room and by the time you got
+to the end of three hours you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of three hours you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of three hours you didn't
+know that that much time had elapsed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that much time had elapsed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that much time had elapsed you
+would really sort have been taken on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really sort have been taken on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really sort have been taken on a
+different kind of a time space continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of a time space continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of a time space continuum
+adventure and sometimes in the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure and sometimes in the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure and sometimes in the pieces
+you'll hear a kind of a chanting going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear a kind of a chanting going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear a kind of a chanting going
+on it's a very unique world I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's a very unique world I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's a very unique world I recommend
+that you get in touch with sunroth as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get in touch with sunroth as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get in touch with sunroth as a
+way to free up your mind and your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to free up your mind and your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to free up your mind and your entire
+being and put it on the interplanetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and put it on the interplanetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and put it on the interplanetary
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+can't go into much more here except to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go into much more here except to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go into much more here except to
+say that many of the musicians who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that many of the musicians who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that many of the musicians who have
+come after this and who have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come after this and who have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come after this and who have been
+interested in the postmodern Jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the postmodern Jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the postmodern Jazz
+Orchestra look to sunrise in some way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra look to sunrise in some way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orchestra look to sunrise in some way or
+another as one of the sort of founding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another as one of the sort of founding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another as one of the sort of founding
+principles because it's so rich and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles because it's so rich and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles because it's so rich and I
+should say here that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say here that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say here that the uh
+aspect of improvisation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of improvisation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of improvisation
+is absolutely crucial and you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely crucial and you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely crucial and you get that
+in Mingus but you get it even more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mingus but you get it even more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mingus but you get it even more in
+Sun Rock meaning sometimes one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun Rock meaning sometimes one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun Rock meaning sometimes one person
+with a Rhythm Section a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Rhythm Section a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Rhythm Section a fairly
+conventional setup sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional setup sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional setup sometimes
+collectively improvising sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively improvising sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively improvising sometimes a
+small group of people improvising in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small group of people improvising in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small group of people improvising in
+other words paying attention to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words paying attention to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words paying attention to and
+honoring that aspect of the Jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honoring that aspect of the Jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honoring that aspect of the Jazz
+tradition but making sure that that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition but making sure that that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition but making sure that that got
+put into the large-scale framework of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into the large-scale framework of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into the large-scale framework of a
+of a larger group and not just as a solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a larger group and not just as a solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a larger group and not just as a solo
+that would occur here and there that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would occur here and there that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would occur here and there that's a
+pretty big difference from the way many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big difference from the way many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big difference from the way many
+things have gone on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have gone on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have gone on
+I want to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to now
+give you an example from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example from a
+friend of mine a band I played in quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine a band I played in quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine a band I played in quite
+a few years ago this is a band called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago this is a band called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago this is a band called
+The Year of the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Year of the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Year of the year
+and unfortunately the music is out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately the music is out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately the music is out of
+print hasn't been reissued on CD but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print hasn't been reissued on CD but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print hasn't been reissued on CD but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+was some pretty interesting stuff uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some pretty interesting stuff uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some pretty interesting stuff uh
+basically sort of a funk jazz funk sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort of a funk jazz funk sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort of a funk jazz funk sort
+of crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as I'm passing that all I have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I'm passing that all I have left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I'm passing that all I have left
+is my trumpet part but as I'm passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my trumpet part but as I'm passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my trumpet part but as I'm passing
+this around let me ask you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around let me ask you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around let me ask you what the
+first thing you notice about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you notice about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you notice about this
+what's the first thing you notice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first thing you notice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first thing you notice about
+this manuscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no bar lines right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no bar lines right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no bar lines right
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+this is a a breakthrough that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a breakthrough that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a breakthrough that again
+classical composers in the in the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical composers in the in the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical composers in the in the mid
+part of the 20th century made getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the 20th century made getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the 20th century made getting
+away from bar lines but it took Jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from bar lines but it took Jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from bar lines but it took Jazz
+musicians a while to do that Mingus was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians a while to do that Mingus was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians a while to do that Mingus was
+stretching for that sun raw actually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching for that sun raw actually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching for that sun raw actually did
+that I have never seen any of his scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have never seen any of his scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have never seen any of his scores
+but he he definitely accomplished that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he he definitely accomplished that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he he definitely accomplished that
+and so by the time we got this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by the time we got this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by the time we got this was a
+band from the 70s by the time we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band from the 70s by the time we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band from the 70s by the time we get to
+bands like like this one at least and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands like like this one at least and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands like like this one at least and a
+few others people really didn't see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few others people really didn't see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few others people really didn't see a
+need for that now the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for that now the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for that now the question is what
+do you do how do you cue these sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do how do you cue these sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do how do you cue these sections
+in well you either have to cue have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in well you either have to cue have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in well you either have to cue have the
+conductor cue each note or you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor cue each note or you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor cue each note or you have to
+have subsets be sort of associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have subsets be sort of associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have subsets be sort of associate
+conductors the other night with the fje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors the other night with the fje
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors the other night with the fje
+I premiered a new piece a couple of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I premiered a new piece a couple of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I premiered a new piece a couple of you
+may have been there I know some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have been there I know some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have been there I know some of you
+were a couple others may have been there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a couple others may have been there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a couple others may have been there
+and I asked the trombone section to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I asked the trombone section to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I asked the trombone section to
+basically self-cue themselves the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically self-cue themselves the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically self-cue themselves the lead
+trombone player was the associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trombone player was the associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trombone player was the associate
+conductor in this case well that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor in this case well that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor in this case well that's a
+principle that's been around for quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that's been around for quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that's been around for quite a
+while and we were able to use it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and we were able to use it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and we were able to use it the
+other night and so it it makes for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other night and so it it makes for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other night and so it it makes for a
+nice elasticity it also means that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice elasticity it also means that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice elasticity it also means that every
+time you play a piece it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you play a piece it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you play a piece it's going to be
+slightly different and this goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different and this goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different and this goes back to
+Charles Ives for instance who had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Ives for instance who had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Ives for instance who had a
+great belief in sort of flexibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great belief in sort of flexibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great belief in sort of flexibility of
+forms and didn't necessarily need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and didn't necessarily need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and didn't necessarily need to
+have things come out the same way every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things come out the same way every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things come out the same way every
+single time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time
+you'll also notice that letter B I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also notice that letter B I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also notice that letter B I don't
+remember when we were asked to sing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we were asked to sing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we were asked to sing this
+and I can't believe we did and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't believe we did and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't believe we did and I would
+never want to do it again but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never want to do it again but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never want to do it again but if you
+look at those intervals toward the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at those intervals toward the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at those intervals toward the end
+there's an interval from a low E flat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interval from a low E flat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interval from a low E flat up
+to a high D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a high D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a high D
+well good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well good luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well good luck
+we must have had that together we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must have had that together we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must have had that together we
+probably even practiced it but as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably even practiced it but as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably even practiced it but as I said
+I would not ever inflict this on anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would not ever inflict this on anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would not ever inflict this on anybody
+else but we did play it and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but we did play it and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but we did play it and I'm just
+going to play you a little bit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play you a little bit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play you a little bit of this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and I'll point out just a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll point out just a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll point out just a couple of
+things there were solos around you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there were solos around you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there were solos around you'll
+see at a there's a sort of a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see at a there's a sort of a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see at a there's a sort of a couple of
+people are going to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to do some
+improvisation and then there's a more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisation and then there's a more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisation and then there's a more of
+a a funk feeling that comes in although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a funk feeling that comes in although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a funk feeling that comes in although
+we don't have that notated on this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that notated on this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that notated on this part
+and then these other sections are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these other sections are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these other sections are sort
+of put in they're sort of placed in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put in they're sort of placed in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put in they're sort of placed in as
+the composer wants to do that who's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composer wants to do that who's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composer wants to do that who's also
+the guitar player in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guitar player in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guitar player in this case
+and just a little thing at letter E I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a little thing at letter E I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a little thing at letter E I
+don't know that we'll get that far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that we'll get that far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that we'll get that far
+letter e is this sort of line that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter e is this sort of line that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter e is this sort of line that sort
+of comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nowhere is it layered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere is it layered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere is it layered in
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I must have been in the band playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must have been in the band playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must have been in the band playing
+this piece for about two years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece for about two years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece for about two years before
+somebody pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+talk about disguising something once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about disguising something once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about disguising something once we
+once we heard that it became a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we heard that it became a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we heard that it became a totally
+different sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me play you just a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me play you just a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me play you just a little bit of
+this to give you a little sense of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to give you a little sense of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to give you a little sense of how
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can hear how that works right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can hear how that works right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can hear how that works right
+there's a lot more to this piece it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more to this piece it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more to this piece it goes
+on a lot longer a couple of those themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lot longer a couple of those themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lot longer a couple of those themes
+recur that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recur that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recur that little
+that occurs two or three times kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs two or three times kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs two or three times kind of a
+little unifying aspect but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little unifying aspect but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little unifying aspect but it's
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+sort of put together in a in a flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of put together in a in a flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of put together in a in a flexible
+way the things always happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the things always happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the things always happen in the
+order that they're given but within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that they're given but within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that they're given but within each
+performance there's flexibility as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance there's flexibility as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance there's flexibility as to
+how this will work and this is Again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this will work and this is Again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this will work and this is Again
+part of the nature of these kinds of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the nature of these kinds of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the nature of these kinds of of
+occurrences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences
+let me move along and just hand out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me move along and just hand out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me move along and just hand out how
+many people were at the concert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people were at the concert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people were at the concert the
+other night in addition to the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other night in addition to the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other night in addition to the players
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is the first page of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first page of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first page of the
+of what was played I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what was played I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what was played I think there's
+enough for everybody I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for everybody I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for everybody I just want to
+point out a couple of things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is sort of a blend of conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a blend of conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a blend of conceptual
+music and a few notes that are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and a few notes that are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and a few notes that are actually
+written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down
+sometimes all you would get would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes all you would get would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes all you would get would be
+more of the conceptual aspect but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the conceptual aspect but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the conceptual aspect but this
+one actually has some notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually has some notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually has some notes
+and so the notion is spacings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the notion is spacings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the notion is spacings and
+there's a couple of different meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of different meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of different meanings
+to it but one of them is that I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it but one of them is that I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it but one of them is that I've given
+some written notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some written notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some written notes
+and if you look at this it says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at this it says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at this it says the
+duration of the notes the performer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the notes the performer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the notes the performer
+determines that as well as if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines that as well as if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines that as well as if there's
+crescendos or decrescendos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crescendos or decrescendos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crescendos or decrescendos
+so depending on the sensitivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depending on the sensitivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depending on the sensitivity of the
+performers right away you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers right away you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers right away you have
+possibility of some very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of some very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of some very interesting
+musical interaction as it turned out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical interaction as it turned out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical interaction as it turned out the
+performance was at a very high level I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance was at a very high level I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance was at a very high level I
+thought I was very impressed by what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I was very impressed by what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I was very impressed by what the
+musicians did in the festival Jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians did in the festival Jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians did in the festival Jazz
+Ensemble it says three times first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble it says three times first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble it says three times first time
+play it as is play those notes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it as is play those notes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it as is play those notes the
+second time in between where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time in between where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time in between where there's a
+vertical sort of a diagonal line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical sort of a diagonal line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical sort of a diagonal line the
+player is asked to interpolate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is asked to interpolate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is asked to interpolate some
+little improvisational aspect between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little improvisational aspect between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little improvisational aspect between
+those phrases and then the third time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those phrases and then the third time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those phrases and then the third time to
+use the seven pairs of notes so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the seven pairs of notes so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the seven pairs of notes so now
+we've got a little different concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a little different concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a little different concept
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+any order you want and stretch in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any order you want and stretch in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any order you want and stretch in other
+words more improvisation to vary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words more improvisation to vary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words more improvisation to vary the
+pitches vary the rhythmic aspect this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches vary the rhythmic aspect this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches vary the rhythmic aspect this is
+this is pretty uh open-ended stuff it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty uh open-ended stuff it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty uh open-ended stuff it's
+pretty flexible stuff but you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty flexible stuff but you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty flexible stuff but you have to be
+very sensitive to do this because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive to do this because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive to do this because I have
+encountered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered
+people who think oh free improvisation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who think oh free improvisation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who think oh free improvisation
+there's nothing that's easy to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing that's easy to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing that's easy to do and
+they'll look at something like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll look at something like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll look at something like this and
+immediately they all start playing fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately they all start playing fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately they all start playing fast
+where they all start doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they all start doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they all start doing something
+that they've learned in their workbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've learned in their workbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've learned in their workbook
+or whatever it was uh their fake book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it was uh their fake book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it was uh their fake book
+and and it sounds like mush whereas if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it sounds like mush whereas if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it sounds like mush whereas if
+you're really paying attention and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really paying attention and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really paying attention and if
+you're really listening and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really listening and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really listening and if you're
+really open to what possibilities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really open to what possibilities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really open to what possibilities are
+then you can get some actual very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can get some actual very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can get some actual very
+interesting music and yet the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting music and yet the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting music and yet the beginning
+framework here is really not that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework here is really not that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework here is really not that much
+but it's it's asking the musicians it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's asking the musicians it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's asking the musicians it's
+asking the performers to add in it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the performers to add in it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the performers to add in it's
+becoming a collaborative idea and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a collaborative idea and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a collaborative idea and that's
+a really important aspect that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really important aspect that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really important aspect that is
+inherent in a lot of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent in a lot of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent in a lot of these other
+musicians but it's something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians but it's something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians but it's something that I
+particularly am interested in and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly am interested in and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly am interested in and it's
+something that Walter Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that Walter Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that Walter Thompson
+interested in and you'll hear more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and you'll hear more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and you'll hear more about
+that when he comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what I'd like to do for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'd like to do for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'd like to do for the the
+final bit of time here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final bit of time here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final bit of time here is to
+talk a little bit about and play a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about and play a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about and play a piece
+of mind that I have should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mind that I have should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mind that I have should be able to
+have enough to what do we got one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough to what do we got one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough to what do we got one two
+three we got almost enough for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we got almost enough for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we got almost enough for an
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+score of everybody let's try that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score of everybody let's try that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score of everybody let's try that out
+and see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens
+this is a peace of mind that I in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a peace of mind that I in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a peace of mind that I in fact
+wrote for the fje a number of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote for the fje a number of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote for the fje a number of years ago
+and it's got a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got a lot of these
+principles in it I don't want to say too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles in it I don't want to say too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles in it I don't want to say too
+much because I do want to play the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because I do want to play the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because I do want to play the piece
+but I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll just
+say a little bit about it so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about it so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about it so when you
+get this if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this if you can
+it's called flex and it sort of and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called flex and it sort of and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called flex and it sort of and gets
+into this notion of flexibility if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this notion of flexibility if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this notion of flexibility if you
+look at the first page of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the first page of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the first page of the actual
+music there's a solo out in front which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music there's a solo out in front which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music there's a solo out in front which
+is undetermined open meaning any length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is undetermined open meaning any length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is undetermined open meaning any length
+whatever you might want to do based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you might want to do based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you might want to do based on
+the E phrygian mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E phrygian mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E phrygian mode
+the little cells that are given at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little cells that are given at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little cells that are given at
+number two these are to be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two these are to be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two these are to be given
+individually two and three and I was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually two and three and I was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually two and three and I was the
+conductor on this so I get to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor on this so I get to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor on this so I get to determine
+who plays who's going to make another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who plays who's going to make another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who plays who's going to make another
+contribution along with The Soloist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution along with The Soloist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution along with The Soloist
+happens to be a guitarist who's soloing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a guitarist who's soloing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a guitarist who's soloing
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we come to the next page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come to the next page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come to the next page
+there is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is uh
+it's the full band playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the full band playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the full band playing
+but you'll notice that it says Ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll notice that it says Ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll notice that it says Ensemble
+q and what it should say there is each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and what it should say there is each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and what it should say there is each
+node is conducted so I can choose or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is conducted so I can choose or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is conducted so I can choose or
+whoever's conducting can choose to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever's conducting can choose to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever's conducting can choose to take
+it at a faster rate one time slower rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at a faster rate one time slower rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at a faster rate one time slower rate
+another time or maybe take certain parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another time or maybe take certain parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another time or maybe take certain parts
+of it faster or slower again flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it faster or slower again flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it faster or slower again flexibility
+it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be
+variable in every single performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in every single performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in every single performance
+then we get to an actual little Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to an actual little Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to an actual little Baseline
+it's a written Baseline drums that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a written Baseline drums that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a written Baseline drums that in
+we get over to page four this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get over to page four this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get over to page four this is a
+little hard to decipher but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to decipher but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to decipher but let me just
+point out what happens is the trombones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out what happens is the trombones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out what happens is the trombones
+come in with a little eight bar pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in with a little eight bar pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in with a little eight bar pattern
+that goes over to the next page that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes over to the next page that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes over to the next page that
+repeats the baritone sex adds in at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats the baritone sex adds in at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats the baritone sex adds in at some
+point the trumpets add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the trumpets add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the trumpets add in
+and then once that all gets established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once that all gets established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once that all gets established
+then on page six the saxophones come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on page six the saxophones come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on page six the saxophones come in
+so we've got a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a fairly
+uh modular type of structure but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modular type of structure but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modular type of structure but it's
+not set as to who comes in is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not set as to who comes in is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not set as to who comes in is exactly
+how this is going to play out in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is going to play out in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is going to play out in a given
+performance the trumpets might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance the trumpets might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance the trumpets might go
+through their thing three times or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their thing three times or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their thing three times or two
+times or maybe they don't they don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or maybe they don't they don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or maybe they don't they don't get
+cued in at all so it's almost like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cued in at all so it's almost like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cued in at all so it's almost like a
+mobile you know those sculptures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile you know those sculptures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile you know those sculptures that
+are hanging in there so it's like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hanging in there so it's like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hanging in there so it's like this
+it sort of moves around and depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of moves around and depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of moves around and depending on
+what happens uh different things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens uh different things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens uh different things work
+out differently then everything comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out differently then everything comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out differently then everything comes
+together over on page seven at least for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together over on page seven at least for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together over on page seven at least for
+the saxophones except just when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saxophones except just when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saxophones except just when they
+come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together
+in chords the trombones are going off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chords the trombones are going off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chords the trombones are going off
+and doing something differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing something differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing something differently
+and then we get into some free playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we get into some free playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we get into some free playing
+on page nine there's some other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page nine there's some other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page nine there's some other things
+there's a little interlude that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little interlude that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little interlude that I've
+written specifically then we get to page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written specifically then we get to page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written specifically then we get to page
+12 it's just a line several lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 it's just a line several lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 it's just a line several lines of
+music that the saxophones are asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that the saxophones are asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that the saxophones are asked to
+work with to build their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with to build their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with to build their own
+improvisational statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisational statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisational statement
+and then we have some final chords which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have some final chords which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have some final chords which
+are very specifically ordered in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very specifically ordered in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very specifically ordered in terms
+of who comes in when and where each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who comes in when and where each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who comes in when and where each time
+more tone colors are built in each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tone colors are built in each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tone colors are built in each time
+a fuller sense and a different harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fuller sense and a different harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fuller sense and a different harmonic
+sense is built in so let's play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is built in so let's play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is built in so let's play this
+this is about 12 minutes and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about 12 minutes and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about 12 minutes and you can
+follow it through and then maybe you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it through and then maybe you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it through and then maybe you'll
+have some questions or comments as we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some questions or comments as we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some questions or comments as we as
+we come along so this is the festival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come along so this is the festival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come along so this is the festival
+Jazz Ensemble from the year 2000 I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jazz Ensemble from the year 2000 I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jazz Ensemble from the year 2000 I think
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+playing on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions or comments does anybody have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or comments does anybody have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or comments does anybody have
+on that you follow it pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that you follow it pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that you follow it pretty well
+because I can hear and see the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can hear and see the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can hear and see the music
+turning roughly where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from what was on the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's every note played exactly as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's every note played exactly as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's every note played exactly as a
+set forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not
+well that little uh thing that's marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that little uh thing that's marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that little uh thing that's marked
+x x is always a good number to have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x is always a good number to have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x is always a good number to have in
+case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you
+realize after you've numbered everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize after you've numbered everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize after you've numbered everything
+that you want to have something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to have something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to have something that you
+just be put in at a moment's notice at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be put in at a moment's notice at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be put in at a moment's notice at X
+at the end there was supposed to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end there was supposed to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end there was supposed to be some
+other brass added into that chord and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other brass added into that chord and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other brass added into that chord and
+the conductor namely myself evidently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductor namely myself evidently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductor namely myself evidently
+forgot and so all you had was the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot and so all you had was the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot and so all you had was the last
+note in the bass drum bone and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note in the bass drum bone and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note in the bass drum bone and the
+baritone sacks the theory you would hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baritone sacks the theory you would hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baritone sacks the theory you would hear
+sort of all of a sudden out of nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of all of a sudden out of nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of all of a sudden out of nowhere
+comes this nice soft cord but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes this nice soft cord but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes this nice soft cord but that
+didn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen
+and there were some other things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were some other things where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were some other things where
+the players were working more closely or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players were working more closely or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players were working more closely or
+less closely with some of the suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less closely with some of the suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less closely with some of the suggested
+material but part of that's okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but part of that's okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but part of that's okay because
+part of the notion is it's collaborative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the notion is it's collaborative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the notion is it's collaborative
+and it's meant to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's meant to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's meant to have the
+improvisational aspect be as important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisational aspect be as important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisational aspect be as important
+as whatever I came up with in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as whatever I came up with in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as whatever I came up with in terms of
+thinking this out ahead of time and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this out ahead of time and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this out ahead of time and I
+should say that there's uh the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say that there's uh the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say that there's uh the reason
+that this is a relatively at least my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a relatively at least my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a relatively at least my
+Approach with this sort of flexible idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Approach with this sort of flexible idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Approach with this sort of flexible idea
+and Walter tops and a couple other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Walter tops and a couple other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Walter tops and a couple other
+people the reason it's a relative small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the reason it's a relative small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the reason it's a relative small
+subset of the world of jazz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the world of jazz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the world of jazz and
+conductors all that because many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors all that because many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors all that because many
+composers don't like to have their music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers don't like to have their music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers don't like to have their music
+messed with in this way if they write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed with in this way if they write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed with in this way if they write it
+they want it played my perception is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want it played my perception is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want it played my perception is
+this is me nobody has to follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is me nobody has to follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is me nobody has to follow this
+down the Garden Path is what I write I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the Garden Path is what I write I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the Garden Path is what I write I
+can write some things that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write some things that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write some things that are more
+densely written you saw the Seeker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely written you saw the Seeker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely written you saw the Seeker
+that's a pretty well spelled out piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty well spelled out piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty well spelled out piece
+with some occasions for solos I'm more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some occasions for solos I'm more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some occasions for solos I'm more
+likely to want to have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to want to have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to want to have people
+collaborate with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with me
+so I want to see what's going on I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to see what's going on I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to see what's going on I want
+to hear it's always an adventure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear it's always an adventure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear it's always an adventure in
+other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words
+so far I haven't been bitterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far I haven't been bitterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far I haven't been bitterly
+disappointed when I've put a piece like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed when I've put a piece like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed when I've put a piece like
+this in front of people I suppose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in front of people I suppose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in front of people I suppose it
+could happen but I've been lucky that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen but I've been lucky that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen but I've been lucky that it
+hasn't been that way it's usually come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been that way it's usually come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been that way it's usually come
+out with a very good musical result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a very good musical result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a very good musical result
+because I try to get good musicians to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I try to get good musicians to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I try to get good musicians to
+work with that's a that's a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with that's a that's a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with that's a that's a key
+ingredient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient
+any other comments or questions anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other comments or questions anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other comments or questions anybody
+might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have
+I really do think that you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really do think that you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really do think that you did
+you get it where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it where
+like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's
+one sort of playing that that line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of playing that that line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of playing that that line and
+it's sort of a candidate coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a candidate coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a candidate coming in
+whenever they um but there's sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they um but there's sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they um but there's sparse
+enough to notice that it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you hear sort of the harmony there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear sort of the harmony there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear sort of the harmony there and
+it shifts around a little bit it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shifts around a little bit it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shifts around a little bit it's like
+it's it's discernible like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's discernible like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's discernible like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+good good that was part of the intent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good that was part of the intent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good that was part of the intent
+was that that both the idea of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that that both the idea of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that that both the idea of simple
+enough for you the performer to add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for you the performer to add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for you the performer to add in
+but also to have some semblance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also to have some semblance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also to have some semblance of
+coherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas at the very beginning I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas at the very beginning I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas at the very beginning I'm not
+sure there was a lot of coherence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there was a lot of coherence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there was a lot of coherence uh
+harmonically but uh but that at least to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonically but uh but that at least to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonically but uh but that at least to
+me one of the interesting things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one of the interesting things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one of the interesting things is
+after you have all that stuff on page uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have all that stuff on page uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have all that stuff on page uh
+whatever it is Page uh where the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is Page uh where the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is Page uh where the first
+thing is and then when you get to page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is and then when you get to page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is and then when you get to page
+two where the Ensemble comes in all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two where the Ensemble comes in all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two where the Ensemble comes in all of a
+sudden that's like a clearing clarifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden that's like a clearing clarifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden that's like a clearing clarifying
+presence because it comes out of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence because it comes out of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence because it comes out of what
+seemed a little dense and a little maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed a little dense and a little maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed a little dense and a little maybe
+somewhat chaotic although I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat chaotic although I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat chaotic although I wouldn't
+call it that myself but some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it that myself but some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it that myself but some people
+could then you have this big Corral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then you have this big Corral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then you have this big Corral
+almost type of thing that comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost type of thing that comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost type of thing that comes out of
+that so so it's a way of thinking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so it's a way of thinking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so it's a way of thinking a
+little differently than than you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently than than you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently than than you might
+if you were thinking uh you know account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were thinking uh you know account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were thinking uh you know account
+basic agiles whatever sort of approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic agiles whatever sort of approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic agiles whatever sort of approach
+all these are good approaches there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these are good approaches there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these are good approaches there's no
+nothing that says this has to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that says this has to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that says this has to be the
+main one or no it's just that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main one or no it's just that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main one or no it's just that this is
+the variety that you that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variety that you that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variety that you that you get
+any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+comments anybody might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments anybody might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments anybody might have
+okay well uh this is as I say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well uh this is as I say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well uh this is as I say this is a
+quick survey through this and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick survey through this and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick survey through this and if you
+were to check out any of those bands on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to check out any of those bands on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to check out any of those bands on
+page three there where or the page two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page three there where or the page two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page three there where or the page two
+of the handout where it talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the handout where it talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the handout where it talks about
+select post-modern Jets each of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select post-modern Jets each of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select post-modern Jets each of them is
+going to be different from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different from the other
+not one of them is going to sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one of them is going to sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one of them is going to sound
+exactly like another group and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like another group and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like another group and it's very
+important to know what group you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know what group you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know what group you're
+you're working with Vinnie Golia whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with Vinnie Golia whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with Vinnie Golia whose
+name is there who's based in Los Angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is there who's based in Los Angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is there who's based in Los Angeles
+has a group very similar to mine uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a group very similar to mine uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a group very similar to mine uh and
+tends to write a lot more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to write a lot more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to write a lot more specific
+things but can also have improvisational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but can also have improvisational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but can also have improvisational
+uh things uh he and Walter and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things uh he and Walter and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things uh he and Walter and I
+participated in a project about 17 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated in a project about 17 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated in a project about 17 years
+ago where we each wrote new music we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago where we each wrote new music we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago where we each wrote new music we had
+commissions it was a nice project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissions it was a nice project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissions it was a nice project and
+then we took the commissions around each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we took the commissions around each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we took the commissions around each
+other's band so they came here and did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's band so they came here and did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's band so they came here and did
+it with Aardvark we went out to LA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with Aardvark we went out to LA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with Aardvark we went out to LA and
+then we went to New York to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we went to New York to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we went to New York to work with
+Walter in La Vinnie does a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter in La Vinnie does a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter in La Vinnie does a little bit of
+Studio work not a lot but he plays every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studio work not a lot but he plays every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studio work not a lot but he plays every
+saxophone at woodwind known to mankind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saxophone at woodwind known to mankind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saxophone at woodwind known to mankind
+including like contrabass clarinet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including like contrabass clarinet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including like contrabass clarinet and
+he often jokes that when in a in a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he often jokes that when in a in a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he often jokes that when in a in a movie
+if they need like a whale sound they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they need like a whale sound they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they need like a whale sound they'll
+call him they won't call him for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call him they won't call him for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call him they won't call him for the
+regular session work but if they need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular session work but if they need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular session work but if they need an
+odd effect or some space effect and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd effect or some space effect and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd effect or some space effect and you
+know Star Trek they'll call him to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Star Trek they'll call him to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Star Trek they'll call him to bring
+some odd instrument well in his band he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some odd instrument well in his band he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some odd instrument well in his band he
+had about 25 people he had a couple La
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about 25 people he had a couple La
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about 25 people he had a couple La
+Studio musicians they shall remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studio musicians they shall remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studio musicians they shall remain
+nameless but a couple of Fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nameless but a couple of Fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nameless but a couple of Fairly
+well-known people if you were to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known people if you were to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known people if you were to know
+that scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scene
+one whom I had heard about since I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one whom I had heard about since I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one whom I had heard about since I was a
+kid I was very impressed and I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid I was very impressed and I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid I was very impressed and I thought
+wow I get to get to conduct this guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow I get to get to conduct this guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow I get to get to conduct this guy's
+going to be and when my score in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and when my score in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and when my score in that
+case didn't have a lot of this stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case didn't have a lot of this stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case didn't have a lot of this stuff but
+it had a couple things where it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had a couple things where it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had a couple things where it had
+number of cues one two and three but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cues one two and three but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cues one two and three but
+then it said conductor may choose these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it said conductor may choose these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it said conductor may choose these
+out of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of order
+and these guys went ballistic it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these guys went ballistic it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these guys went ballistic it was
+like you know it's supposed to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know it's supposed to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know it's supposed to be one
+two three then it's supposed to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three then it's supposed to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three then it's supposed to be one
+two three what do you mean you got a cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three what do you mean you got a cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three what do you mean you got a cue
+number three first and I said well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three first and I said well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three first and I said well you
+know that's just and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's just and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's just and all of a sudden
+there was this tension in the air shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this tension in the air shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this tension in the air shall
+we say because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say because
+some people were not quite as open as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people were not quite as open as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people were not quite as open as
+others it was an interesting situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others it was an interesting situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others it was an interesting situation
+it all worked out but uh you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all worked out but uh you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all worked out but uh you know you
+there are certain players who gravitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain players who gravitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain players who gravitate
+more to this than others uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to this than others uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to this than others uh there's
+certain audience members who do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain audience members who do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain audience members who do the same
+kind of thing and so it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and so it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and so it's just it's
+useful to know who you're who you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to know who you're who you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to know who you're who you're
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+so I think we'll wrap up the the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we'll wrap up the the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we'll wrap up the the lecture
+portion at this point and as I say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion at this point and as I say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion at this point and as I say if
+you can check out something on YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check out something on YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check out something on YouTube
+even just a couple minutes to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just a couple minutes to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just a couple minutes to get a
+sense of what Walter's doing I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what Walter's doing I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what Walter's doing I think
+it'll just help give you a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just help give you a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just help give you a little more
+preparation for when he comes in and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for when he comes in and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for when he comes in and it
+would be great if we could all be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great if we could all be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great if we could all be here
+on time on Thursday so that we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time on Thursday so that we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time on Thursday so that we can get
+rolling in the in the in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling in the in the in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling in the in the in the right
+manner
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4YRf-1mLlyw.txt b/4YRf-1mLlyw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8852d29e4646d21ddc4ee787d584e1e5410e40c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4YRf-1mLlyw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+what struck me immediately on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what struck me immediately on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what struck me immediately on on
+September 11th was the fact that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 11th was the fact that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 11th was the fact that at
+least as far as we know there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as far as we know there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as far as we know there were no
+bombs involved in these attacks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombs involved in these attacks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombs involved in these attacks and the
+energy that caused all this destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that caused all this destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that caused all this destruction
+was the energy as John pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the energy as John pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the energy as John pointed out
+that's concentrated and held in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's concentrated and held in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's concentrated and held in the very
+systems that we rely on um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that we rely on um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that we rely on um and the
+terrorists did a unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorists did a unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorists did a unfortunately
+successful job of turning those systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful job of turning those systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful job of turning those systems
+in on themselves turning our systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on themselves turning our systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on themselves turning our systems in
+on on themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on themselves
+and that's a striking fact in in that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a striking fact in in that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a striking fact in in that it
+points to the sense which has always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to the sense which has always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to the sense which has always
+been the case that our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the case that our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the case that our own
+Technologies um are both potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies um are both potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies um are both potential
+saviors and potential tombs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saviors and potential tombs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saviors and potential tombs and
+potential weapons it's also quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential weapons it's also quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential weapons it's also quite
+striking the degree um of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking the degree um of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking the degree um of engineering
+talent that went into this attack at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent that went into this attack at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent that went into this attack at
+least several of the attackers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least several of the attackers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least several of the attackers
+themselves were engineers uh I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves were engineers uh I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves were engineers uh I was
+struck to learn that Bin Laden himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck to learn that Bin Laden himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck to learn that Bin Laden himself
+was trained as a civil engineer and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trained as a civil engineer and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trained as a civil engineer and that
+his family comes out of the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his family comes out of the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his family comes out of the construction
+business so it's it's natural in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so it's it's natural in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so it's it's natural in a sense
+that he thinks about buildings when um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he thinks about buildings when um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he thinks about buildings when um
+he would think about attacks and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would think about attacks and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would think about attacks and that's
+been proven in the uh um embassy attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been proven in the uh um embassy attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been proven in the uh um embassy attacks
+in Africa as well I think that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Africa as well I think that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Africa as well I think that's an
+important fact for people at MIT to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact for people at MIT to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact for people at MIT to
+contemplate uh in no way indicts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplate uh in no way indicts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplate uh in no way indicts the
+entire engineering profession but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire engineering profession but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire engineering profession but one of
+the reasons this attack is so disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons this attack is so disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons this attack is so disturbing
+is that we at a place like MIT are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we at a place like MIT are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we at a place like MIT are not
+comfortable with the idea of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with the idea of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with the idea of cool
+calculation being turned toward these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation being turned toward these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation being turned toward these
+murderous ends it's a similar issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murderous ends it's a similar issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murderous ends it's a similar issue that
+was raised during the Holocaust it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was raised during the Holocaust it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was raised during the Holocaust it's a
+similar issue that was raised during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar issue that was raised during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar issue that was raised during the
+Vietnam war with the sort of overuse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam war with the sort of overuse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam war with the sort of overuse of
+systems analysis in that context um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems analysis in that context um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems analysis in that context um that
+very fact in in a sense puts a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fact in in a sense puts a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fact in in a sense puts a um a
+paradox into the way that we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox into the way that we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox into the way that we think about
+technology MIT um by its own definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology MIT um by its own definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology MIT um by its own definition
+in a way is a place that seeks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way is a place that seeks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way is a place that seeks to
+improve science and technology for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve science and technology for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve science and technology for the
+betterment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betterment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betterment of
+humankind in general disasters like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humankind in general disasters like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humankind in general disasters like this
+um blow a hole in our technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um blow a hole in our technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um blow a hole in our technological
+world world uh in this case literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world world uh in this case literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world world uh in this case literally
+the systems that we rely on every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems that we rely on every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems that we rely on every day
+not just air air airliners and buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just air air airliners and buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just air air airliners and buildings
+um are revealed in ways that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are revealed in ways that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are revealed in ways that we don't
+see them ordinarily and I can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them ordinarily and I can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them ordinarily and I can think of
+many of them I'll list a few here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them I'll list a few here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them I'll list a few here um
+that are ordinarily just under our kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are ordinarily just under our kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are ordinarily just under our kind
+of public radar screen of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of public radar screen of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of public radar screen of course there
+are people on campus who think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people on campus who think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people on campus who think about
+these systems uh all the time so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems uh all the time so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems uh all the time so there's
+as we mentioned air traffic uh aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we mentioned air traffic uh aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we mentioned air traffic uh aircraft
+themselves the air traffic control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves the air traffic control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves the air traffic control
+system Communications systems uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Communications systems uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Communications systems uh
+cryptography the security systems around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography the security systems around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography the security systems around
+the airport um general information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport um general information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport um general information
+systems use of the internet worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems use of the internet worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems use of the internet worldwide
+web for planning uh the emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web for planning uh the emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web for planning uh the emergency
+response system in New York City and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response system in New York City and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response system in New York City and in
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+um in Washington in response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Washington in response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Washington in response to the
+Pentagon attack of course cell phones uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pentagon attack of course cell phones uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pentagon attack of course cell phones uh
+remarkable closing of the loop on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable closing of the loop on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable closing of the loop on the
+cell phones aboard one of the airliners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones aboard one of the airliners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones aboard one of the airliners
+and there's a distinct possibility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a distinct possibility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a distinct possibility that
+the presence of either cell phones or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of either cell phones or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of either cell phones or
+seatback phones actually thwarted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seatback phones actually thwarted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seatback phones actually thwarted that
+effort and strikingly the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and strikingly the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and strikingly the language
+that's used on virtually all sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used on virtually all sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used on virtually all sides
+of the current discourse has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the current discourse has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the current discourse has to do with
+systems and networks uh I would remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and networks uh I would remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and networks uh I would remind
+you that the the very language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the the very language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the the very language that
+people use to talk about the terrorists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use to talk about the terrorists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use to talk about the terrorists
+and al- Qaeda uh organizations is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and al- Qaeda uh organizations is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and al- Qaeda uh organizations is as
+networks with cells connections nodes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks with cells connections nodes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks with cells connections nodes um
+investigation systems law enforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation systems law enforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation systems law enforcement
+systems again using the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems again using the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems again using the various
+information and other types of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and other types of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and other types of systems
+security systems to track the hijackers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security systems to track the hijackers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security systems to track the hijackers
+some of these things we praise obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things we praise obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things we praise obviously
+others of them are not as comforting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others of them are not as comforting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others of them are not as comforting for
+us uh but truly the way that this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh but truly the way that this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh but truly the way that this event
+opens up what Manuel Castell is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens up what Manuel Castell is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens up what Manuel Castell is called
+the network Society is very revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network Society is very revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network Society is very revealing
+and one of the unpleasant facts about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the unpleasant facts about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the unpleasant facts about it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that we are so dependent on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are so dependent on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are so dependent on these
+technological systems and yet by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological systems and yet by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological systems and yet by their
+very nature they are flexible and open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nature they are flexible and open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nature they are flexible and open
+this is one of the reasons they're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the reasons they're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the reasons they're so
+successful you can hop on aircraft with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful you can hop on aircraft with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful you can hop on aircraft with
+an hour's worth of time and be across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour's worth of time and be across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour's worth of time and be across
+the coast uh ditto for other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coast uh ditto for other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coast uh ditto for other types of
+systems and yet their very flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and yet their very flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and yet their very flexibility
+and openness is partly what makes them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and openness is partly what makes them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and openness is partly what makes them
+vulnerable and in some sense one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable and in some sense one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable and in some sense one of the
+prices we will always live with for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices we will always live with for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices we will always live with for our
+flexible open large scale systems which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible open large scale systems which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible open large scale systems which
+we use every day is the fact that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use every day is the fact that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use every day is the fact that these
+shadow or parasite systems terrorist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow or parasite systems terrorist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow or parasite systems terrorist
+systems drug drug dealing systems other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems drug drug dealing systems other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems drug drug dealing systems other
+types of um nefarious systems will live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of um nefarious systems will live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of um nefarious systems will live
+on their underbelly and in some way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their underbelly and in some way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their underbelly and in some way we
+have to come to terms with that um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come to terms with that um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come to terms with that um of
+course the flexibility in this case was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the flexibility in this case was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the flexibility in this case was
+a great Advantage I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great Advantage I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great Advantage I think the
+flexibility of the systems the urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility of the systems the urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility of the systems the urban
+system in New York City is truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in New York City is truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in New York City is truly
+astonishing Financial networks electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing Financial networks electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing Financial networks electric
+power networks um one day I would love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power networks um one day I would love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power networks um one day I would love
+to do just a study of the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do just a study of the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do just a study of the way they
+rewired the entire uh Southern Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewired the entire uh Southern Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewired the entire uh Southern Manhattan
+electric grid in order to get the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric grid in order to get the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric grid in order to get the stock
+market up to speed but these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market up to speed but these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market up to speed but these are the
+same kinds of concerns that um make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kinds of concerns that um make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kinds of concerns that um make the
+AL qaa Network difficult to Target and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AL qaa Network difficult to Target and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AL qaa Network difficult to Target and
+difficult to remove although there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to remove although there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to remove although there are
+some interesting ideas in the Press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting ideas in the Press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting ideas in the Press
+being thrown around about how you deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being thrown around about how you deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being thrown around about how you deal
+with those kinds of networks I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those kinds of networks I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those kinds of networks I'll just
+one more idea to close with is the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more idea to close with is the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more idea to close with is the is
+also the issue of symbolism in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the issue of symbolism in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the issue of symbolism in this
+story um what's striking about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um what's striking about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um what's striking about as
+someone who thinks about symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who thinks about symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who thinks about symbolic
+Technologies and the symbolic power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and the symbolic power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and the symbolic power of
+technology is the way that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is the way that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is the way that these two
+technologies at least if not others that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies at least if not others that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies at least if not others that
+we think of as symbolic of um American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of as symbolic of um American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of as symbolic of um American
+or general technological life that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or general technological life that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or general technological life that would
+be the aircraft which is um uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the aircraft which is um uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the aircraft which is um uh for
+Americans has often been a symbol of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans has often been a symbol of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans has often been a symbol of
+Freedom symbol of speed a symbol of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom symbol of speed a symbol of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom symbol of speed a symbol of uh
+release from worldly concerns was again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release from worldly concerns was again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release from worldly concerns was again
+turned in on itself um also aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in on itself um also aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in on itself um also aircraft
+being one of America's um most proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one of America's um most proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one of America's um most proud
+Industrial Products Boeing aircraft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Products Boeing aircraft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Products Boeing aircraft and
+ditto the World Trade Centers of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ditto the World Trade Centers of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ditto the World Trade Centers of course
+standing for um capitalism American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing for um capitalism American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing for um capitalism American
+capitalism even Global Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism even Global Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism even Global Financial
+Networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Networks
+and part of the reason that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the reason that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the reason that these
+attacks are so devastating to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks are so devastating to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks are so devastating to the
+American culture is because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture is because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture is because of that
+symbolic Dimension and yet at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic Dimension and yet at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic Dimension and yet at the same
+time there is no sense that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there is no sense that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there is no sense that this is a
+purely symbolic attack these were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely symbolic attack these were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely symbolic attack these were very
+real uh Technologies real machines real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real uh Technologies real machines real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real uh Technologies real machines real
+people died real families lost family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people died real families lost family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people died real families lost family
+members and it points to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and it points to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and it points to the fact that
+what we consider symbolic and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we consider symbolic and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we consider symbolic and what we
+consider technological are increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider technological are increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider technological are increasingly
+difficult to disentangle and that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to disentangle and that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to disentangle and that there
+always is a material element to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is a material element to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is a material element to what we
+choose to uh present as symbolic of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to uh present as symbolic of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to uh present as symbolic of our
+culture and that material element has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and that material element has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and that material element has
+two sides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides to
+it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/503wzjz8czs.txt b/503wzjz8czs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aaf52464bcd0bf5f220eaa67f4ddbd54fc898cf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/503wzjz8czs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3758 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm going to spend a
+couple of minutes reviewing
+
+the major things that we talked
+about last time and
+
+then get into discrete source
+coding, which is the major
+
+topic for today.
+
+The first major thing that we
+talked about last time, along
+
+with all of the philosophy and
+all those other things, was
+
+the sense of what digital
+communication really is.
+
+I said that what digital
+communication is, is it's
+
+communication where there's
+a binary interface between
+
+source and destination.
+
+The source is very
+often analog.
+
+The most interesting
+sources are analog.
+
+The channel is often analog,
+most interesting.
+
+Channels are analog, and we'll
+say more about what I mean by
+
+analog later.
+
+What's important is that you
+have this binary interface
+
+between source and
+channel coding.
+
+We said a little bit about why
+we wanted a binary interface,
+
+aside from the fact that it's
+there now, there's nothing you
+
+can do about it even if
+you don't like it.
+
+One reason is standardization,
+which means it simplifies
+
+implementation, which
+means you can do
+
+everything in the same way.
+
+If you have ten different kinds
+of channel coding and
+
+you have ten different kinds of
+source coding and you have
+
+a binary interface, it means
+you need to develop 20
+
+different things -- ten at the
+source and ten at the decoder.
+
+If you don't have that
+standardization with a binary
+
+interface between them, you
+need 100 different things.
+
+You need to match every kind of
+source with every kind of
+
+destination.
+
+That raises the price of
+all chips enormously.
+
+One of the other things we said
+is the price of chips is
+
+very much the cost of
+development divided by the
+
+number of them that
+you stamp out.
+
+That's not quite true,
+but it's a good first
+
+approximation.
+
+In other words, standardization
+is important.
+
+Layering.
+
+Layering is in many ways very
+similar to standardization
+
+because this binary interface is
+also a layer between source
+
+and destination.
+
+But the idea there is not that
+it standardizes to make things
+
+cheaper, but it simplifies
+the conceptualization of
+
+what's going on.
+
+You can look at a source and
+only focus on one thing.
+
+How do I take that source and
+turn it into the smallest
+
+number of binary digits
+possible?
+
+We'll talk a good deal about
+what that means later because
+
+there's something stochastic
+involved in there and will
+
+take us awhile to really
+understand that.
+
+Finally, using a binary
+interface loses nothing in
+
+performance.
+
+That's what Shannon said,
+it's what he proved.
+
+There's some questions there
+when you get to networks, but
+
+the important thing is the
+places where you want to study
+
+non-binary interfaces, you will
+never get a clue of what
+
+it is that you're looking at or
+why if you don't first very
+
+well understand why
+you want a binary
+
+interface to start with.
+
+In other words, if you look at
+these other cases, there's
+
+exceptions to the rule, and if
+you don't know what the rule
+
+is, you certainly can't
+understand what
+
+the exceptions are.
+
+So for today we're going to
+start out by studying this
+
+part of the problem in here.
+
+Namely, how do you turn a
+source and put a general
+
+source input into binary digits
+that you're going to
+
+put into the channel.
+
+How do I study this without
+studying that?
+
+Well, one thing is these
+are binary digits here.
+
+But the other thing is we're
+going to assume that what
+
+binary digits go in here
+come out here.
+
+In other words, there
+aren't any errors.
+
+It's an error-free system.
+
+Part of the purpose of studying
+channel encoding and
+
+channel decoding is to say how
+is it that you get that
+
+error-free performance.
+
+You can't quite get error-free
+performance, you get almost
+
+error-free performance, but the
+idea is when errors come
+
+out here, it's not this guy's
+fault, it's this guy's fault.
+
+Therefore, what we're going to
+study here is how we do our
+
+job over here.
+
+Namely, how we deal with
+decoding, the same string of
+
+bits that went into there and
+decode them coming out.
+
+So that's where we'll be for
+the next three weeks or so.
+
+We talked a little bit last time
+about how do you layer
+
+source coding itself.
+
+I want to come back, because we
+were talking about so many
+
+things last time, and emphasize
+what this means a
+
+little bit.
+
+We're going to break source
+coding up into three different
+
+layers again.
+
+You start out with some kind of
+input wave form or image or
+
+video or whatever
+the heck it is.
+
+You're going to do something
+like sampling it or expanding
+
+it in some kind of expansion,
+and we'll talk a great deal
+
+about that later.
+
+That's not an obvious thing,
+how to do that.
+
+When you finish doing
+that, you wind up
+
+with an analog sequence.
+
+In other words, you wind up
+with a sequence of real
+
+numbers or sequence of
+complex numbers.
+
+Those go into a quantizer.
+
+What the quantizer does is to
+turn an uncountably infinite
+
+set of things into a finite
+set of things.
+
+When you turn an uncountably
+infinite set of possibilities
+
+into a finite set of
+possibilities, you get
+
+distortion.
+
+There's no way you
+can avoid it.
+
+So that's a part of what
+happens there.
+
+Then at this point you have a
+finite alphabet of symbols.
+
+That goes into the discrete
+coder, goes through what we're
+
+now calling a reliable binary
+channel and comes out here.
+
+What we're going to be studying
+for the next two
+
+weeks or so is this piece of
+the system right in here.
+
+Again, what we're going to be
+doing is assuming a reliable
+
+binary channel to the right
+of this, which is
+
+what we already assumed.
+
+We're going to assume
+that these things do
+
+whatever they have to.
+
+But this problem here, this
+isolated problem is important
+
+because this is dealing with
+the entire problem of text,
+
+and you know what text is,
+it's computer files, it's
+
+English language text, it's
+Chinese text, it's whatever
+
+kind of text.
+
+If we understand how to do that,
+we can then go on to
+
+talk about quantization because
+we'll have some idea
+
+of what we're trying to
+accomplish with quantization.
+
+Without that we won't know
+what the purpose of
+
+quantization is.
+
+Without the quantization we
+won't know what we're trying
+
+to accomplish over here.
+
+There's another reason for
+studying this problem, which
+
+is that virtually all the ideas
+that come into this
+
+whole bunch of things are all
+tucked into this one subject
+
+in the simplest possible way.
+
+One of the nice things about
+information theory, which
+
+we're going to touch on I said
+in this course, is that one of
+
+the reasons for studying these
+simple things first is that
+
+information theory is really
+like a symphony.
+
+You see themes coming out, those
+themes get repeated,
+
+they get repeated again with
+more and more complexity each
+
+time, and when you understand
+the simple idea of the theme,
+
+then you understand
+what's going on.
+
+So, that's the other reason
+for dealing with that.
+
+To summarize those things --
+most of this I already said.
+
+Examples of analog sources are
+voice, music, video, images.
+
+We're going to restrict this
+to just wave form sources,
+
+which is voice and music.
+
+In other words, an image is
+something where you're mapping
+
+from two dimensions this way and
+this way into a sequence
+
+of binary digits.
+
+So it's a mapping after you
+get done sampling from r
+
+square, which is this axis and
+this axis, into your outut.
+
+Namely, for each point in this
+plane, there's some real
+
+number that represents the
+amplitude at that point.
+
+Video is a three-dimensional
+to one-dimensional thing,
+
+namely, you have time.
+
+You also have this way, you
+have this way, so you're
+
+mapping from r cubed into r.
+
+We're not going to deal with
+those because really all the
+
+ideas are just contained
+in dealing
+
+with wave form sources.
+
+In other words, the conventional
+functions that
+
+you're used to seeing.
+
+Namely, things that you can draw
+on a piece of paper and
+
+you can understand what's
+going on with them.
+
+These are usually samples
+or expanded into series
+
+expansions almost invariably,
+and we'll
+
+understand why later.
+
+That, in fact, is a major
+portion of the course.
+
+That's where all of the
+stuff from signals and
+
+systems come in.
+
+We'll have to expand that a
+whole lot because you didn't
+
+learn enough there.
+
+We need a lot of other things,
+and that's what we need to
+
+deal with wave forms.
+
+We'll take the sequence
+of numbers that
+
+comes out of the sampler.
+
+We're then going to quantize
+that sequence of numbers.
+
+That's the next thing we're
+going to study.
+
+Then we're going to get into
+analog and discrete sources,
+
+which is the topic we will
+study right now.
+
+So we're going to study this.
+
+After we get done this, we're
+going to study this also.
+
+When we study this, we'll have
+what we know about this as a
+
+way of knowing how to deal with
+the whole problem from
+
+here out to here.
+
+Finally, we'll deal with wave
+forms and deal with the whole
+
+problem from here out to here.
+
+So that's our plan.
+
+In fact, this whole course is
+devoted to studying this
+
+problem, then this problem, then
+this problem -- that's
+
+the source part of the course.
+
+Then dealing with -- if I can
+find it again -- with the
+
+various parts of this problem.
+
+So first we study sources,
+then we study channels.
+
+Because of the binary interface,
+when we're all done
+
+with that we understand
+digital communication.
+
+When we get towards the end of
+the term we'll be looking at
+
+more sophisticated kinds of
+channels than we look at
+
+earlier, which are really models
+for wireless channels.
+
+So that's where we're
+going to end up.
+
+So discrete source coding,
+which is what we want
+
+to deal with now.
+
+What's the objective?
+
+We're going to map a sequence
+of symbols into a binary
+
+sequence and we're going to do
+it with unique decodability.
+
+I'm not going to define unique
+decodability at this point.
+
+I'm going to define it
+a little bit later.
+
+But roughly what it
+means is this.
+
+We have a sequence of symbols
+which come into
+
+the encoding encoder.
+
+They go through this
+binary channel.
+
+They come out as a sequence
+of binary digits.
+
+Unique decodability says if
+this guy does his job, can
+
+this guy do his job?
+
+If this guy can always do his
+job when these digits are
+
+correct, then you have something
+called unique
+
+decodability.
+
+Namely, you can guarantee that
+whatever comes out here,
+
+whatever comes in here,
+will turn into a
+
+sequence of binary digits.
+
+That sequence of binary digits
+goes through here.
+
+These symbols are the same
+as these symbols.
+
+In other words, you are
+reproducing things error-free
+
+if, in fact, this reproduces
+things error-free.
+
+So that's our objective.
+
+There's a very trivial approach
+to this, and I hope
+
+all of you will agree
+that this is
+
+really, in fact, trivial.
+
+You map each source
+symbol into an
+
+l-tuple of binary digits.
+
+If you have an alphabet of size
+m, how many different
+
+binary strings are there
+of length l?
+
+Well, there are 2 to
+the l of them.
+
+If l is equal to 2, you have
+0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, and 1, 1.
+
+If l is equal to 3, you have
+strings of 3, which is 0, 0,
+
+0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, blah,
+blah, blah, blah, blah.
+
+What comes out to be 2 to the
+3, which is equal to 8.
+
+So what we need if we're going
+to use this approach, which is
+
+the simplest possible approach,
+which is called the
+
+fixed length approach, is you
+need the alphabet size to be
+
+less than or equal to the number
+of binary digits that
+
+you use in these strings.
+
+Now, is that trivial or
+isn't it trivial?
+
+I hope it's trivial.
+
+We don't want to waste bits
+when we're doing this,
+
+particularly, so we don't want
+to make l any bigger than we
+
+have to, because for every
+symbol that comes in, we get l
+
+symbols coming out.
+
+So we'd like to minimize l
+subject to this constraint
+
+that 2 to the l has to
+be bigger, greater
+
+than or equal to m.
+
+So, what we want to do is we
+want to choose l as the
+
+smallest integer which
+satisfies this.
+
+In other words, when you take
+the logarithm to the base 2 of
+
+this, you get log to the base 2
+of m has to be less than or
+
+equal to l, and l is then going
+to be less than log to
+
+the base 2 of m plus 1.
+
+This is the constraint which
+says you don't make l any
+
+bigger than you have
+to make it.
+
+So in other words, we're going
+to choose l equal to the
+
+ceiling function of
+log to the base m.
+
+In other words, this is the
+integer which is greater than
+
+or equal to log to
+the base 2 of m.
+
+So let me give you a couple
+of examples of that.
+
+Excuse me for boring you with
+something which really is
+
+trivial, but there's notation
+here you have to get used to.
+
+You get confused with this
+because there's the alphabet
+
+size which we call m, there's
+the string length which we
+
+call l, and you keep getting
+mixed up between these two.
+
+Everybody gets mixed
+up between them.
+
+I had a doctoral student the
+other day who got mixed up in
+
+it, and I read what she had
+written four times and I
+
+didn't catch it either.
+
+So this does get confusing
+at times.
+
+If you have an alphabet, which
+is five different kinds of the
+
+letter a --
+
+that's one reason why these
+source codes get messy, you
+
+have too many different kinds
+of each letter, which
+
+technical people who like a lot
+of jargon use all of them.
+
+In fact, when people start
+writing papers and books you
+
+find many more than
+five there.
+
+In terms of Latex, you get math
+cow, you get math gold,
+
+you get math blah, blah, blah.
+
+Everything in little and big.
+
+You get the Greek version.
+
+You get the Roman version and
+the Arabic version, if you're
+
+smart enough to know that
+language, those languages.
+
+What we mean by code is alpha
+gets mapped into 0, 0, 0. a
+
+gets mapped into 0, 0, 1.
+
+Capital A into this
+and so forth.
+
+Does it make any difference
+what mapping you use here?
+
+Can you find any possible reason
+why it wouldn't make a
+
+difference whether I map alpha
+into 0, 0, 0, and a into 0, 0,
+
+1 or vice versa?
+
+I can't find any reason
+for that.
+
+Would it make any difference
+of instead of having this
+
+alphabet I had beta b, capital
+B, script b, and capital B
+
+with a line over it?
+
+I can't see any reason
+why that would make
+
+a difference either.
+
+In other words, when we're
+talking about fixed length
+
+codes, there are only two
+things of importance.
+
+One of them is how big is the
+alphabet -- that's why we talk
+
+about alphabets all the time.
+
+After you know how big the
+alphabet is and after you know
+
+you want to do a fixed length
+binary encoding, then you just
+
+assign a binary string to
+each of these letters.
+
+In other words, there's nothing
+
+important in these symbols.
+
+This is a very important
+principle
+
+of information theory.
+
+It sort of underlines
+the whole subject.
+
+I'm not really talking about
+information theory here, as I
+
+said, we're talking about
+communication.
+
+But communication these days is
+built on these information
+
+theoretic ideas.
+
+Symbols don't have any
+inherent meaning.
+
+As far as communication is
+concerned, all you're
+
+interested in is what is
+the set of things --
+
+I could call this a1, a2, a3,
+a4, a5, and we're going to
+
+start doing this after awhile
+because we will recognize that
+
+the name of the symbols don't
+make any difference.
+
+If you listen to a political
+speech if it's by a Republican
+
+there are n different things
+they might say, and you might
+
+as well number them
+a1 to a sub n.
+
+If you listen to one of the
+Democratic candidates there
+
+are m different things
+they might say.
+
+You can number them 1 to m,
+and you can talk to other
+
+people about it and say oh, he
+said a1 today, which is how do
+
+we get out of the war in Iraq.
+
+Or he said number 2 today, which
+is we need more taxes or
+
+less taxes and so forth.
+
+So it's not what they say as
+far as communication is
+
+concerned, it's just
+distinguishing the different
+
+possible symbols.
+
+So, you can easily
+decode this --
+
+you see three bits and
+you decode them.
+
+Can I?
+
+Is this right or is there
+something missing here?
+
+Of course, there's something
+missing.
+
+You need synchronization if
+you're going to do this.
+
+If I see a very long string of
+binary digits and I'm going to
+
+decode them into these letters
+here, I need to know where the
+
+beginning is.
+
+In other words, if it's a
+semi-infinite string of binary
+
+digits, I don't know
+how to look at it.
+
+So, inherently, we believe that
+somebody else gives us
+
+synchronization.
+
+This is one of these things
+we always assume.
+
+When you start building a system
+after you decide how to
+
+do this kind of coding, somebody
+at some point has to
+
+go through and decide
+where do you get the
+
+synchronization from.
+
+But you shouldn't think of the
+synchronization first.
+
+If I'm encoding 10 million
+symbols and it takes me 1,000
+
+bits to achieve the
+synchronization, that 1,000
+
+bits gets amortized over 10
+million different symbols, and
+
+therefore, it doesn't make any
+difference, and therefore,
+
+we're going to ignore it.
+
+It's an important problem
+but we ignore it.
+
+The ASCII code is a more
+important example in this.
+
+It was invented many,
+many years ago.
+
+It was a mapping from 256
+different symbols which are
+
+all the letters, all the
+numbers, all the things that
+
+people used on typewriters.
+
+Anybody remember what
+a typewriter is?
+
+Well, it's something people used
+to use before they had
+
+computers, and these typewriters
+had a lot of
+
+different keys on them and
+they had a lot of special
+
+things you could do with them.
+
+And somebody dreamed up 256
+different things that they
+
+might want to do.
+
+Why do they use l equals 8?
+
+Nothing to do with communication
+or with
+
+information theory or with
+any of these things.
+
+It was that 8 is
+a nice number.
+
+It's 2 to the 3.
+
+In other words, this was a
+standard length of both
+
+computer words and of lots
+of other things.
+
+Everybody likes to deal with 8
+bits, which you call a byte,
+
+rather than 7 bits which is
+sort of awkward or 6 bits
+
+which was an earlier standard,
+which would have been
+
+perfectly adequate for most
+things that people wanted.
+
+But no, they had to go
+to 8 bits because it
+
+just sounded nicer.
+
+These codes are called
+fixed length codes.
+
+I'd like to say more about them
+but there really isn't
+
+much more to say about them.
+
+There is a more general version
+of them, which we'll
+
+call generalized fixed
+length codes.
+
+The idea there is to segment
+the source sequence.
+
+In other words, we're always
+visualizing now having a
+
+sequence of symbols
+which starts at
+
+time zero, runs forever.
+
+We want to segment that into
+blocks of length n.
+
+Namely, you pick off the first
+n symbols, you find the code
+
+word for those n symbols, then
+you find the code word for the
+
+next n symbols, then you find
+the code word for the next n
+
+symbols and so forth.
+
+So it's really the
+same problem that
+
+we looked at before.
+
+It's just that the alphabet
+before had the number of
+
+symbols as the alphabet size.
+
+Now, instead of having an
+alphabet size which is m,
+
+we're looking at blocks of m
+symbols and how many possible
+
+combinations are there of blocks
+where every symbol is
+
+one of m different things.
+
+Well, if you have two symbols,
+the first one can be any one
+
+of m things, the second one can
+be any one of m things.
+
+So there are m squared possible
+combinations for the
+
+first two symbols, there are m
+cubed possible combinations
+
+for the first three symbols
+and so forth.
+
+So we're going to have an
+alphabet on blocks of m to the
+
+n different n tuples
+of source letters.
+
+Well, once you see that we're
+done because what we're going
+
+to do is find a binary sequence
+for every one of
+
+these blocks of m to
+the n symbols.
+
+As I said before, the only
+thing important is
+
+how many are there.
+
+It doesn't matter that they're
+blocks or that they're stacked
+
+this way or that they're stacked
+around in a circle or
+
+anything else.
+
+All you're interested in is how
+many of them are there.
+
+So there are m to
+the n of them.
+
+So, what we want to do is make
+the binary length that we're
+
+dealing with equal to log to the
+base 2 of m to the n, the
+
+ceiling function of that.
+
+Which says log to the base 2 of
+m is less than or equal to
+
+l bar where l bar is going to be
+the bits per source symbol.
+
+I'm going to abbreviate that
+bits per source symbol.
+
+I would like to abbreviate it
+bps, but I and everyone else
+
+will keep thinking that bps
+means bits per second.
+
+We don't have to worry about
+seconds here, seconds had
+
+nothing to do with
+this problem.
+
+We're just dealing with
+sequences of things and we
+
+don't care how often
+they occur.
+
+They might just be sitting in
+a computer file and we're
+
+doing them offline, so seconds
+has nothing to
+
+do with this problem.
+
+So, log to the base 2 of m is
+less than or equal to l over
+
+n, which is less than log to the
+base 2 of m plus 1 over n.
+
+In other words, we're just
+taking this dividing it by n,
+
+we're taking this dividing by
+n, the ceiling function is
+
+between log to the base 2 of m
+to the n, and log to the base
+
+2 of m to the n plus 1.
+
+When we divide by n, that
+1 becomes 1 over n.
+
+What happens when you make n
+large? l approaches log to the
+
+base 2 of m from above.
+
+Therefore, fixed length coding
+requires log to the base 2 of
+
+n bits per source symbol
+if, in fact, you
+
+make n large enough.
+
+In other words, for the example
+of five different
+
+kinds of a's, we had
+m equal to 5.
+
+So if you have m equal to 5,
+that leads to m squared equals
+
+25, that leads to l equals --
+what's the ceiling function of
+
+log of this?
+
+It's 5.
+
+l bar is equal to --
+what's half of 5?
+
+2 and 1/2, yes.
+
+As you get older you can't
+do arithmetic anymore.
+
+So look what we've
+accomplished.
+
+We've gone from three bits per
+symbol down to two and and
+
+half bits per symbol,
+isn't that exciting?
+
+Well, you look at it
+and you say no,
+
+that's not very exciting.
+
+I mean yes, you can do it, but
+most people don't do that.
+
+So why do we bother with this?
+
+Well, it's the same reason we
+bother with a lot of things in
+
+this course, and the whole first
+two weeks of this course
+
+will be dealing with things
+where when you look at them
+
+and you ask is this important,
+you have to answer no, it's
+
+not important, it doesn't really
+have much to do with
+
+anything, it's a mathematical
+idea.
+
+What it does have to do with is
+the principle involved here
+
+is important.
+
+It says that the lower limit of
+what you can do with fixed
+
+coding is log to the
+base 2 of m.
+
+You have an alphabet of size
+m, you can get as close to
+
+this as you want to.
+
+We will find out later that
+if you have equally likely
+
+symbols when we get to talking
+about probability, we will
+
+find out that nothing
+in the world can do
+
+any better than this.
+
+That's the more important thing,
+because what we're
+
+eventually interested in is
+what's the best you can do if
+
+you do things very
+complicated.
+
+Why do you want to know what
+the best is if you do
+
+something very complicated?
+
+Because if you can do that
+simply then you know you don't
+
+have to look any further.
+
+So that's the important thing.
+
+Namely, it lets you do something
+simple and know
+
+that, in fact, what you're
+doing makes sense.
+
+That's why we do all of that.
+
+But then after we say well
+there's no place else to go on
+
+fixed length codes, we say well,
+let's look at variable
+
+length codes.
+
+The motivation for variable
+length codes is that probable
+
+symbols should probably have
+shorter code words than very
+
+unlikely symbols.
+
+And Morse thought of this a
+long, long time ago when Morse
+
+code came along.
+
+Probably other people thought of
+it earlier, but he actually
+
+developed the system
+and it worked.
+
+Everyone since then has
+understood that if you have a
+
+symbol that only occurs very,
+very, very rarely, you would
+
+like to do something, make a
+code word which is very long
+
+for it so it doesn't interfere
+with other code words.
+
+Namely, one of the things that
+you often do when you're
+
+developing a code is think of a
+whole bunch of things which
+
+are sort of exceptions.
+
+They hardly ever happen.
+
+You use the fixed length code
+for all the things that happen
+
+all the time, and you make one
+extra code word for all these
+
+exceptions.
+
+Then you have this exception and
+paste it on at the end of
+
+the exception is a number
+which represents which
+
+exception you're looking at.
+
+Presto, you have a variable
+length code.
+
+Namely, you have two different
+possible code lengths -- one
+
+of them for all of the likely
+things and the indication that
+
+there is an exception, and two,
+all the unlikely things.
+
+There's an important
+feature there.
+
+You can't drop out having
+the code word
+
+saying this is an exception.
+
+If you just have a bunch of
+short code words and a bunch
+
+of long code words, then you see
+a short code word and you
+
+don't know -- well, if you see
+a long code word starting or
+
+you have a short code word, you
+don't know which it is and
+
+you're stuck.
+
+So one example of a variable
+length code -- we'll use some
+
+jargon here.
+
+We'll call the code
+a script c.
+
+We'll think of script c as a
+mapping which goes from the
+
+symbols onto binary strings.
+
+In other words, c of x is the
+code word corresponding
+
+to the symbol x.
+
+So for each x in the alphabet,
+capital X, and we have to
+
+think of what the
+capital X is.
+
+But as we say, the only thing
+we're really interested in is
+
+how big is this alphabet --
+
+that's the only thing
+of importance.
+
+So if we have an alphabet which
+consists of the three
+
+letters a, b and c, we might
+make a code where the code
+
+word for a is equal to zero, the
+code word for b is equal
+
+to 1, zero, and the code word
+for c is equal to 1,1.
+
+Now it turns out that's
+a perfectly fine
+
+code and that works.
+
+Let me show you another
+example of a code.
+
+Let me just show you an example
+of a code here so we
+
+can see that not everything
+works.
+
+Suppose c of a is zero, c of b
+is 1, and c of c is -- this is
+
+a script c, that's a little
+c -- is 1, zero.
+
+Does that work?
+
+Well, all of the symbols have
+different code words, but this
+
+is an incredibly stupid
+thing to do.
+
+It's an incredibly stupid thing
+to do because if I send
+
+a b followed by an a, what the
+poor decoder sees is 1
+
+followed by zero.
+
+In other words, one of the
+things that I didn't tell you
+
+about is when we're using
+variable length codes we're
+
+just concatenating all of these
+code words together.
+
+We don't put any spaces
+between them.
+
+We don't put any commas
+between them.
+
+If, in fact, I put a space
+between them, I would really
+
+have not a binary alphabet
+but a ternary alphabet.
+
+I would have zeros and I would
+have 1's and I would have
+
+spaces, and you don't
+like to do that
+
+because it's much harder.
+
+When we start to study channels
+we'll see that
+
+ternary alphabets are much more
+difficult to work with
+
+than binary alphabets.
+
+So this doesn't work,
+this does work.
+
+Part of what we're going to be
+interested in is what are the
+
+conditions under why
+this works and why
+
+this doesn't work.
+
+Again, when you understand this
+problem you will say it's
+
+very simple, and then you come
+back to look at it again and
+
+you'll say it's complicated
+and then it looks simple.
+
+It's one of these problems that
+looks simple when you
+
+look at it in the right way, and
+it looks complicated when
+
+you get turned around and you
+look at it backwards.
+
+So the success of code words of
+a variable length code are
+
+all transmitted just as a
+continuing sequence of bits.
+
+You don't have any of these
+commas or spaces in them.
+
+If I have a sequence of symbols
+which come into the
+
+encoder, those get mapped into
+a sequence of bits, variable
+
+length sequences of bits
+which come out.
+
+They all get pushed together
+and just come out
+
+one after the other.
+
+Buffering can be a problem here,
+because when you have a
+
+variable length code --
+
+I mean look at what
+happens here.
+
+If I've got a very long string
+of a's coming in, I got a very
+
+short string of bits
+coming out.
+
+If I have a long string of b's
+and c's coming in, I have a
+
+very long string of
+bits coming out.
+
+Now usually the way the channels
+work is that you put
+
+in bits at a fixed
+rate in time.
+
+Usually the way that sources
+work is that symbols arrive at
+
+a fixed rate in time.
+
+Therefore, here, if symbols are
+coming in at a fixed rate
+
+in time, they're going out at
+a non-fixed rate in time.
+
+We have to bring them into a
+channel at a fixed rate in
+
+time, so we need a buffer to
+take care of the difference
+
+between the rate at which they
+come out and the rate at which
+
+they go in.
+
+We will talk about that problem
+later, but for now we
+
+just say OK, we have
+a buffer, we'll put
+
+them all in a buffer.
+
+If the buffer ever empties out
+-- well, that's sort of like
+
+the problem of initial
+synchronization.
+
+It's something that doesn't
+happen very often, and we'll
+
+put some junior engineer on
+that because it's a hard
+
+problem, and seeing your
+engineers never deal with the
+
+hard problems, they always
+give those to the junior
+
+engineers so that they can
+assert their superiority over
+
+the junior engineers.
+
+It's a standard thing you
+find in the industry.
+
+We also require unique
+decodability.
+
+Namely, the encoded bit stream
+has to be uniquely deparsed at
+
+the decoder.
+
+I have to have some way of
+taking that long string of
+
+bits and figuring out where the
+commas would have gone if
+
+I put commas in it.
+
+Then from that I have
+to decode things.
+
+In other words, it means that
+every symbol in the alphabet
+
+has to have a distinct code
+word connected with it.
+
+We have that here.
+
+We have that here.
+
+Every symbol has a distinct
+code word.
+
+But it has to be
+more than that.
+
+I'm not even going to talk about
+precisely what that more
+
+means for a little bit.
+
+We also assume to make life easy
+for the decoder that it
+
+has initial synchronization.
+
+There's another obvious
+property that we have.
+
+Namely, both the encoder and the
+decoder know what the code
+
+is to start with.
+
+In other words, the code is
+built into these devices.
+
+When you design a coder and a
+decoder, what you're doing is
+
+you figure out what an
+appropriate code should be,
+
+you give it to both the encoder
+and the decoder, both
+
+of them know what the code is
+and therefore, both of them
+
+can start decoding.
+
+A piece of confusion.
+
+We have an alphabet here which
+has a list of symbols in it.
+
+So there's a symbol a1,
+a2, a3, up to a sub m.
+
+We're sending a sequence of
+symbols, and we usually call
+
+the sequence of symbols we're
+sending x1, x2, x3,
+
+x4, x5 and so forth.
+
+The difference is the symbols
+in the alphabet are all
+
+distinct, we're listing them
+one after the other.
+
+Usually there's a finite
+number of them.
+
+Incidentally, we could have a
+countable number of symbols.
+
+You could try to do everything
+we're doing here say with the
+
+integers, and there's a
+countable number of integers.
+
+All of this theory pretty much
+carries through with various
+
+little complications.
+
+We're leaving that out here
+because after you understand
+
+what we're doing, making
+it apply to integers is
+
+straightforward.
+
+Putting in the integers to start
+with, you'll always be
+
+fussing about various silly
+little special cases, and I
+
+don't know a single situation
+where anybody deals with a
+
+countable alphabet, except
+by truncating it.
+
+When you truncate an infinite
+alphabet you
+
+get a finite alphabet.
+
+So, we'll assume initial
+synchronization, we'll also
+
+assume that there's
+a finite alphabet.
+
+You should always make sure that
+you know whether you're
+
+talking about a listing of the
+symbols in the alphabet or a
+
+listing of the symbols
+in a sequence.
+
+The symbols in a sequence can
+all be the same, they can all
+
+be different.
+
+They can be anything at all.
+
+The listing of symbols in the
+alphabet, there's just one for
+
+each symbol.
+
+We're going to talk about a very
+simple case of uniquely
+
+decodable codes which are called
+prefix-free codes.
+
+A code is prefix-free if no code
+word is a prefix of any
+
+other code word.
+
+In other words, a code word is
+a string of binary digits.
+
+A prefix of a string
+of binary digits.
+
+For example, if we have the
+binary string 1, 0, 1, 1, 1.
+
+What are the prefixes of that?
+
+Well, one prefix
+is 1, 0, 1, 1.
+
+Another one is 1, 0, 1.
+
+Another one is 1, 0.
+
+Another is 1.
+
+In other words, it's what you
+get by starting out at the
+
+beginning and not quite
+getting to the end.
+
+All of these things are
+called prefixes.
+
+If you want to be general you
+could call 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, a
+
+prefix of itself.
+
+We won't bother to do that
+because it just is -- that's
+
+the kind of things that
+mathematicians do to save a
+
+few words in the proofs
+that they give and we
+
+won't bother with that.
+
+We will rely a little more
+on common sense.
+
+Incidentally, I prove a lot of
+things in these notes here.
+
+I will ask you to prove
+a lot of things.
+
+One of the questions that people
+always have is what
+
+does a proof really mean?
+
+I mean what is a proof and
+what isn't a proof?
+
+When you take mathematics
+courses you get one idea of
+
+what a proof is, which
+is appropriate
+
+for mathematics courses.
+
+Namely, you prove things using
+the correct terminology for
+
+proving them.
+
+Namely, everything that you deal
+with you define it ahead
+
+of time so that all of the
+terminology you're using all
+
+has correct definitions.
+
+Then everything should follow
+from those definitions and you
+
+should be able to follow a
+proof through without any
+
+insight at all about
+what is going on.
+
+You should be able to follow
+a mathematical proof
+
+step-by-step without knowing
+anything about what this is
+
+going to be used for, why
+anybody is interested in it or
+
+anything else, and that's an
+important thing to learn.
+
+That's not what we're
+interested in here.
+
+What we're interested in
+here for a proof --
+
+I mean yes, you know all of
+the things around this
+
+particular proof that we're
+dealing with, and what you're
+
+trying to do is to construct
+a proof that covers
+
+all possible cases.
+
+You're going to use insight for
+that, you're going to use
+
+common sense, you're going to
+use whatever you have to use.
+
+And eventually you start to get
+some sort of second sense
+
+about when you're leaving
+something out that really
+
+should be there.
+
+That's what we're going to be
+focusing on when we worry
+
+about trying to be
+precise here.
+
+When I start proving things
+about prefix codes, I think
+
+you'll see this because you will
+look at it and say that's
+
+not a proof, and, in fact,
+it really is a proof.
+
+Any good mathematician would
+look at it and say yes, that
+
+is a proof.
+
+Bad mathematicians sometimes
+look at it and say well, it
+
+doesn't look like proof so
+it can't be a proof.
+
+But they are.
+
+So here we have prefix-free
+codes.
+
+The definition is no code
+word is a prefix of
+
+any other code word.
+
+If you have a prefix-free code,
+you can express it in
+
+terms of a binary tree.
+
+Now a binary tree starts at a
+root, this is the beginning,
+
+moves off to the right -- you
+might have it start at the
+
+bottom and move up or whatever
+direction you want to go in,
+
+it doesn't make any
+difference.
+
+If you take the zero path
+you come to some leaf.
+
+If you take the one path
+you come to some
+
+intermediate node here.
+
+From the intermediate
+node, you either go
+
+up or you go down.
+
+Namely, you have
+a 1 or a zero.
+
+From this intermediate node
+you go up and you go down.
+
+In other words, a binary tree,
+every node in it is either an
+
+intermediate node, which means
+there are two branches going
+
+out from it, or it's a leaf
+which means there aren't any
+
+branches going out from it.
+
+You can't, in a binary tree,
+have just one branch coming
+
+out of a node.
+
+There are either no branches
+or two branches, just by
+
+definition of what we mean
+by a binary tree --
+
+binary says two.
+
+So, here this tree corresponds
+where we label
+
+various ones of the leafs.
+
+It corresponds to the code where
+a corresponds to the
+
+string zero, b corresponds
+to the string 1, 1, and c
+
+corresponds to the
+string 1, 0, 1.
+
+Now you look at this and when
+you look at the tree, when you
+
+look at this as a
+code, it's not.
+
+Obvious that it's something
+really stupid about it.
+
+When you look at the tree,
+it's pretty obvious that
+
+there's something stupid about
+it, because here we have this
+
+c here, which is sitting off on
+this leaf, and here we have
+
+this leaf here which isn't doing
+anything for us at all.
+
+We say gee, we could still keep
+this prefix condition if
+
+we moved this into here
+and we drop this off.
+
+So any time that there's
+something hanging here without
+
+corresponding to a symbol,
+you would really
+
+like to shorten it.
+
+When you shorten these things
+and you can't shorten anything
+
+else, namely, when every leaf
+has a symbol on it you call it
+
+a full tree.
+
+So a full tree is more than a
+tree, a full tree is a code
+
+tree where the leaves correspond
+to symbols.
+
+So a full tree has
+no empty leaves.
+
+Empty leaves can be shortened
+just like I showed you here,
+
+so we'll talk about full trees,
+and full trees are sort
+
+of the good trees.
+
+But prefix-free codes don't
+necessarily have to worry
+
+about that.
+
+Well, now I'm going to prove
+something to you, and at this
+
+point you really should object,
+but I don't care.
+
+We will come back
+and you'll get
+
+straightened out on it later.
+
+I'm going to prove that
+prefix-free codes are uniquely
+
+decodable, and you should cry
+foul because I really haven't
+
+defined what uniquely
+decodable means yet.
+
+You think you know what uniquely
+decodable means,
+
+which is good.
+
+It means physically that you can
+look at a string of code
+
+words and you can pick out
+what all of them are.
+
+We will define it later
+and you'll find out
+
+it's not that simple.
+
+As we move on, when we start
+talking about Lempel Ziv codes
+
+and things like that.
+
+You will start to really
+wonder what
+
+uniquely decodable means.
+
+So it's not quite as
+simple as it looks.
+
+But anyway, let's prove that
+prefix-free codes are uniquely
+
+decodable anyway, because
+prefix-free codes are a
+
+particularly simple example of
+uniquely decodable codes, and
+
+it's sort of clear that you
+can, in fact, decode them
+
+because of one of the properties
+that they have.
+
+The way we're going to prove
+this is we want to look at a
+
+sequence of symbols or a string
+of symbols that come
+
+out of the source.
+
+As that string of symbols come
+out of the source, each symbol
+
+in the string gets mapped into
+a binary string, and then we
+
+concatenate all those binary
+strings together.
+
+That's a big mouthful.
+
+So let's look at this code we
+were just talking about where
+
+the code words are b, c and a.
+
+So if a 1 comes out of the
+source and then another 1, it
+
+corresponds to the
+first letter b.
+
+If a 1, zero comes out,
+it corresponds to the
+
+first letter c.
+
+If a zero comes out, that
+corresponds to the letter a.
+
+Well now the second symbol comes
+in and what happens on
+
+that second symbol is if the
+first symbol was an a, the
+
+second symbol could be a b or a
+c or an a, which gives rise
+
+to this little sub-tree here.
+
+If the first letter is a b,
+the second letter could be
+
+either an a, b or a c, which
+gives rise to this little
+
+sub-tree here.
+
+If we have a c followed by
+anything, that gives rise to
+
+this little sub-tree here.
+
+You can imagine growing this
+tree as far as you want to,
+
+although it gets hard
+to write down.
+
+How do you decode this?
+
+Well, as many things, you want
+to start at the beginning, and
+
+we know where the
+beginning is.
+
+That's a basic assumption on
+all of this source coding.
+
+So knowing where the beginning
+is, you sit there and you look
+
+at it, and you see a zero as
+the first letter as a first
+
+binary digit, and zero says I
+move this way in the tree, and
+
+presto, I say gee, an a must
+have occurred as the first
+
+source letter.
+
+So what do I do?
+
+I remove the a, I print out a,
+and then I start to look at
+
+this point.
+
+At this point I'm back where I
+started at, so if I can decode
+
+the first letter,
+I can certainly
+
+decode everything else.
+
+If the first letter is a
+b, what I see is a 1
+
+followed by a 1.
+
+Namely, when I see the first
+binary 1 come out of the
+
+channel, I don't know
+what was said.
+
+I know either a b
+or c was sent.
+
+I have to look at the second
+letter, the second binary
+
+digit resolves my confusion.
+
+I know that the first source
+letter was in a b, if it's 1
+
+1, or a c, if it's 1 zero.
+
+I decode that first source
+letter and then where am I?
+
+I'm either on this tree or on
+this tree, each of which goes
+
+extending off into the
+wild blue yonder.
+
+So this says if I know where the
+beginning is, I can decode
+
+the first letter.
+
+But if I can decode the first
+letter, I know where the
+
+beginning is for everything
+else.
+
+Therefore, I can decode
+that also.
+
+Well, aside from any small
+amount of confusion about what
+
+uniquely decodable means,
+that's a perfectly fine
+
+mathematical proof.
+
+So, prefix-free codes are, in
+fact, uniquely decodable and
+
+that's nice.
+
+So then there's a question.
+
+What is the condition on the
+lengths of a prefix-free code
+
+which allow you to have
+unique decodability?
+
+The Kraft inequality is a test
+on whether there are
+
+prefix-free codes or there
+are not prefix-free codes
+
+connected with any given set
+a code word lengths.
+
+This is a very interesting
+enough inequality.
+
+This is one of the relatively
+few things in information
+
+theory that was not invented
+by Claude Shannon.
+
+You sit there and you wonder
+why didn't Claude Shannon
+
+realize this?
+
+Well, it's because I
+think he sort of
+
+realized that it was trivial.
+
+He sort of understood it and he
+was really eager to get on
+
+to the meat of things, which is
+unusual for him because he
+
+was somebody, more than anyone
+else I know, who really
+
+understood why you should
+understand the simple things
+
+before you go on to the more
+complicated thing.
+
+But anyway, he missed this.
+
+Bob Fano, who some of you
+might know, who was a
+
+professor emeritus over in
+LCS, was interested in
+
+information theory.
+
+Then he was teaching a graduate
+course back in the
+
+'50s here at MIT, and as he
+often did, he threw out these
+
+problems and said nobody knows
+how to figure this out.
+
+How kinds of lengths can you
+have on prefix-free codes, and
+
+what kinds of lengths
+can't you have?
+
+Kraft was a graduate student
+at the time.
+
+The next day he came in with
+this beautiful, elegant proof
+
+and everybody's always known who
+Kraft is ever since then.
+
+Nobody's ever known what
+he did after that.
+
+But at least he made his
+mark on the world
+
+as a graduate student.
+
+So, in a sense, those were
+good days to be around,
+
+because all the obvious things
+hadn't been done yet.
+
+But the other thing is you never
+know what the obvious
+
+things are until you do them.
+
+This didn't look like an obvious
+problem ahead of time.
+
+Don't talk about a number of
+other obvious things that cuts
+
+off, because somebody was
+looking at it in a slightly
+
+different way than other people
+were looking at it.
+
+You see, back then people said
+we want to look at these
+
+variable length codes because
+we want to have some
+
+capability of mapping improbable
+symbols into long
+
+code words and probable symbols
+into short code words.
+
+You'll notice that I've done
+something strange here.
+
+That was our motivation for
+looking at variable length
+
+codes, but I haven't said a
+thing about probability.
+
+All I'm dealing with now is
+the question of what is
+
+possible and what
+is not possible.
+
+We'll bring in probability
+later, but now all we're
+
+trying to figure out is what
+are the sets of code word
+
+lengths you can use, and what
+are the sets of code word
+
+lengths you can't use.
+
+So what Kraft said is every
+prefix-free code for an
+
+alphabet x with code word
+lengths l of x for each letter
+
+in the alphabet x satisfies the
+sum 2 to the minus length
+
+less than or equal to 1.
+
+In other words, you take all
+of the code words in the
+
+alphabet, you take the length
+of each of those code words,
+
+you take 2 to the minus
+l of that length.
+
+And if this inequality is not
+satisfied, your code does not
+
+satisfy the prefix condition,
+there's no way you can create
+
+a prefix-free code which
+has these lengths, so
+
+you're out of luck.
+
+So you better create a new set
+of lengths which satisfies
+
+this inequality.
+
+There's also a simple procedure
+you can go through
+
+which lets you construct a code
+which has these lengths.
+
+So, in other words, this, in
+a sense, is a necessary and
+
+sufficient condition on the
+possibility of constructing
+
+codes with a particular
+set of lengths.
+
+It has nothing to do
+with probability.
+
+So it's, in a sense, cleaner
+than these other results.
+
+So, conversely, if this
+inequality is satisfied, you
+
+can construct a prefix-free
+code, and even more strangely,
+
+you can construct it very, very
+easily, as we'll see.
+
+Finally, a prefix-free code is
+full -- you remember what a
+
+full prefix-free code is?
+
+It's a code where the tree has
+nothing that's unused if and
+
+only if this inequality is
+satisfied with a quality.
+
+So it's a neat result.
+
+It's useful in a lot of places
+other than source coding.
+
+If you ever get involved with
+designing protocols for
+
+computer networks or protocols
+for any kind of computer
+
+communication, you'll find
+that you use this all the
+
+time, because this says you can
+do some things, you can't
+
+do other things.
+
+So let's see why it's true.
+
+I'll give you another funny
+proof that doesn't look like a
+
+proof but it really is.
+
+What I'm going to do is to
+associate code words with base
+
+2 expansions.
+
+There's a little Genie that
+early in the morning leaves
+
+things out of these slides
+when I make them.
+
+It wasn't me, I put it in.
+
+So we're going to prove this by
+associating code words with
+
+base 2 expansions, which are
+like decimals, but decimals to
+
+the base 2.
+
+In other words, we're going to
+take a code word, y1, y2 up to
+
+y sub m where y1 is a binary
+digit, y2 is a binary digit.
+
+This is a string of binary
+digits, and we're going to
+
+represent this as
+a real number.
+
+The real number is the decimal,
+but it's not a
+
+decimal, it's a becimal, if you
+will, which is dot y1, y2
+
+up to y sub m.
+
+Which means y1 over 2 plus y2
+over 4 plus dot dot dot plus y
+
+sub m over 2 to the minus m.
+
+If you think of it, an ordinary
+becimal, y1, y2 up to
+
+y sub m, means y1 over 10 plus
+y2 over 100 plus y3 over 1,000
+
+and so forth.
+
+So this is what people would
+have developed for decimals
+
+if, in fact, we lived in
+a base 2 world instead
+
+of a base 10 world.
+
+If you were born without fingers
+and you only had two
+
+fingers, this is the number
+system you would use.
+
+When we think about
+decimals there's
+
+something more involved.
+
+We use decimals all the time
+to approximate things.
+
+Namely, if I say that a number
+is 0.12, I don't mean usually
+
+that it's exactly 12
+one hundredths.
+
+Usually I mean it's about
+12 one hundredths.
+
+The easiest way to do this is
+to round things down to two
+
+decimal points.
+
+In other words, when I say 0.12,
+what I really mean is I
+
+am talking about a real number
+which lies between 12 one
+
+hundredths and 13
+one hundredths.
+
+It's greater than or equal to
+12 one hundredths and it's
+
+less than 13 one hundredths.
+
+I'll do the same thing
+in base 2.
+
+As soon as I do this you'll see
+where the Kraft inequality
+
+comes from.
+
+So I'm going to have this
+interval here, which the
+
+interval associated with a
+binary expansion to m digits,
+
+there's a number associated
+with it which
+
+is this number here.
+
+There's also an interval
+associated with it, which is 2
+
+to the minus m.
+
+So if I have a code consisting
+of 0, 0, 0, 1 and 1, what I'm
+
+going to do is represent zero
+zero as a binary expansion, so
+
+0, 0, is a binary expansion
+is 0.00, which is zero.
+
+But also as an approximation
+it's between zero and 1/4.
+
+So I have this interval
+associated with 0, 0, which is
+
+the interval from
+zero up to 1/4.
+
+For the code word zero 1, if I'm
+trying to see whether that
+
+is part of a prefix code, I map
+it into a number, 0.01 as
+
+a binary expansion.
+
+This number corresponds to the
+number 1/4, and it also
+
+corresponds into sub length 2
+to an interval of size 1/4.
+
+So we go from 1/4 up to 1/2.
+
+Finally, I have 1, which
+corresponds to the number 1/2,
+
+and since it's only one binary
+digit long, it corresponds to
+
+the interval 1/2 to 1.
+
+Namely, if I truncate thing to
+one binary digit, I'm talking
+
+about the entire interval
+from 1/2 to 1.
+
+So where does the Kraft
+inequality come from and what
+
+does it have to do with this?
+
+Incidentally, this isn't the
+way that Kraft proved it.
+
+Kraft was very smart.
+
+He did this as his Master's
+thesis, too, I believe, and
+
+since he wanted it to be his
+Master's thesis he didn't want
+
+to make it look quite that
+trivial or Bob Fano would have
+
+said oh, you ought to do
+something else for a Master's
+
+thesis also.
+
+So he was cagey and made his
+proof look a little more
+
+complicated.
+
+So, if a code word x is a prefix
+of code word y, in
+
+other words, y has some binary
+expansion, x has some binary
+
+expansion which is the first
+few letters of y.
+
+Then the number corresponding
+to x and the interval
+
+corresponding to x, namely, x
+covers that entire range of
+
+decimal expansions which start
+with x and goes up to
+
+something which differs from x
+only in that mth binary digit.
+
+In other words, let me
+show you what that
+
+means in terms of here.
+
+If I tried to create a code word
+0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1
+
+would correspond to
+the number 1/16.
+
+1/16 lies in that
+interval there.
+
+In other words, any time I
+create a code word which lies
+
+in the interval corresponding to
+another code word, it means
+
+that this code word has a prefix
+of that code word.
+
+Sure enough it does --
+
+0, 0, 0, 1, this has
+this as a prefix.
+
+In other words, there is a
+perfect mapping between
+
+intervals associated
+with code words and
+
+prefixes of code words.
+
+So in other words, if we have
+a prefix-free code, the
+
+intervals for each of these code
+words has to be distinct.
+
+Well, now we're in nice shape
+because we know what the size
+
+of each of these intervals is.
+
+The size of the interval
+associated with a code word of
+
+length 2 is 2 to the minus 2.
+
+To be a prefix-free
+code, all these
+
+intervals have to be disjoint.
+
+But everything is contained here
+between zero and 1, and
+
+therefore, when we add up all
+of these intervals we get a
+
+number which is at most 1.
+
+That's the Kraft inequality.
+
+That's all there is to it.
+
+There was one more
+thing in it.
+
+It's a full code if and only
+if the Kraft inequality is
+
+satisfied with a quality.
+
+Where was that?
+
+The code is full if and only
+if the expansion intervals
+
+fill up zero and 1.
+
+In other words, suppose this was
+1 zero, which would lead
+
+into 0.1 with an interval 1/2
+to 3/4, and this was all you
+
+had, then this interval up here
+would be empty, and, in
+
+fact, since this interval
+is empty you could
+
+shorten the code down.
+
+In other words, you'd have
+intervals which weren't full
+
+which means that you would have
+code words that could be
+
+put in there which
+are not there.
+
+So, that completes the proof.
+
+So now finally, it's time to
+define unique decodability.
+
+The definition in the notes is
+a mouthful, so I broke it
+
+apart into a bunch of different
+pieces here.
+
+A code c for a discrete source
+is uniquely decodable if for
+
+each string of source letters,
+x1 up to x sub m, these are
+
+not distinct letters of the
+alphabet, these are just the
+
+things that might come out of
+the source. x1 could be the
+
+same as x2, it could be
+different from x2.
+
+If all of these letters coming
+out of the source, that
+
+corresponds to some
+concatenation of these code
+
+words, namely, c of x1, c of
+x2 up to c of x sub m.
+
+So I have this coming out of the
+source, this is a string
+
+of binary digits that come out
+corresponding to this, and I
+
+require that this differs from
+the concatenation of the code
+
+words c of x1 prime up
+to c of xm prime.
+
+For any other string, x1 prime
+x2 prime, x of m prime of
+
+source letters.
+
+Example of this, the thing
+that we were trying to
+
+construct before c of a equals
+1c of b equals zero, c of c
+
+equals 1 zero, doesn't work
+because the concatenation of a
+
+and b yields 1 zero, c of
+x1 -- take x1 to be a,
+
+take x2 to be b.
+
+This concatenation, c of x1,
+c of x2 is c of a, c
+
+of b equals 1 zero.
+
+C of c equals 1 zero, and
+therefore, you don't have
+
+something that works.
+
+Note that n here can be
+different from m here.
+
+You'll deal with that in the
+homework a little bit, not
+
+this week's set.
+
+But that's what unique
+decodability says.
+
+Let me give you an example.
+
+Here's an example.
+
+Turns out that all uniquely
+decodable codes have to
+
+satisfy the Kraft
+inequality also.
+
+Kraft didn't prove this.
+
+In fact, it's a bit of a
+bear to prove it, and
+
+we'll prove it later.
+
+I suspect that about 2/3 of you
+will see the proof and say
+
+ugh, and 1/3 of you will say
+oh, this is really, really
+
+interesting.
+
+I sort of say gee, this is
+interesting sometimes, and
+
+more often I say ugh, why
+do we have to do this?
+
+But one example of a code which
+is uniquely decodable is
+
+first code word is 1, second
+code word is 1, 0, third is 1,
+
+0, 0, and the fourth
+is 1, 0, 0, 0.
+
+It doesn't satisfy the Kraft
+inequality with the quality,
+
+it satisfies it with
+inequality.
+
+It is uniquely decodable.
+
+How do I know it's uniquely
+decodable by
+
+just looking at it?
+
+Because any time I see
+a 1 I know it's the
+
+beginning of a code word.
+
+So I look at some along binary
+string, it starts out with the
+
+1, I just read digits till it
+comes to the next one, I say
+
+ah-ha, that next 1 is the first
+binary digit in the
+
+second code word, the third 1
+that I see is the first digit
+
+in the third code word
+and so forth.
+
+You might say why don't I make
+the 1 the end of the code word
+
+instead of the beginning of the
+code word and then we'll
+
+have the prefix condition
+again.
+
+All I can say is because I want
+to be perverse and I want
+
+to give you an example of
+something that is uniquely
+
+decodable but doesn't satisfy
+the Kraft inequality.
+
+So it's a question.
+
+Why don't we just stick the
+prefix-free codes and forget
+
+about unique decodability?
+
+You won't understand the answer
+to that really until we
+
+start looking at things like
+Lempel Ziv codes, which are,
+
+in fact, a bunch of different
+things all put together which
+
+are, in fact, very, very
+practical codes.
+
+But they're not prefix-free
+codes, and you'll see why
+
+they're not prefix-free codes
+when we study them.
+
+Then you will see why we want
+to have a definition of
+
+something which is more
+involved than that.
+
+So don't worry about that
+for the time being.
+
+For the time being, the correct
+idea to take away from
+
+this is that why not just use
+prefix-free codes, and the
+
+answer is for quite
+a while we will.
+
+We know that anything we can do
+with prefix-free codes we
+
+can also do with uniquely
+decodable codes, anything we
+
+can do with uniquely decodable
+codes, we can do with
+
+prefix-free codes.
+
+Namely, any old code that you
+invent has like certain set of
+
+lengths associated with the
+code words, and if it
+
+satisfies the Kraft inequality,
+you can easily
+
+develop a prefix-free code which
+has those lengths and
+
+you might as well do it because
+then it makes the
+
+coding a lot easier.
+
+Namely, if we have a prefix-free
+code -- let's go
+
+back and look at that because
+I never mentioned it and it
+
+really is one of the important
+advantages
+
+of prefix-free codes.
+
+When I look at this picture and
+I look at the proof of how
+
+I saw that this was uniquely
+decodable, what we said was
+
+you start at the beginning and
+as soon as the decoder sees
+
+the last binary digit of a code
+word, the decoder can say
+
+ah-ah, it's that code word.
+
+So it's instantaneously
+decodable.
+
+In other words, all you need to
+see is the end of the code
+
+word and at that point you
+know it's the end.
+
+Incidentally, that makes
+figuring out when you have a
+
+long sequence of code words and
+you want to stop the whole
+
+thing, it makes things
+a little bit easier.
+
+This example we started
+out with of --
+
+I can't find it anymore --
+
+but the example of a uniquely
+decodable, but non-prefix-free
+
+code, you always had to look at
+the first digit of the next
+
+code word to know that the old
+code word was finished.
+
+So, prefix-free codes have
+that advantage also.
+
+The next topic that we're going
+to take up is discrete
+
+memoryless sources.
+
+Namely, at this point we have
+gone as far as we can in
+
+studying prefix-free codes and
+uniquely decodable codes
+
+strictly in terms of their
+non-probabalistic properties.
+
+Namely, the question of what set
+of lengths can you use in
+
+a prefix-free code or uniquely
+decodable code, and what sets
+
+of lengths can't you use.
+
+So the next thing we want to do
+is to start looking at the
+
+probabilities of these different
+symbols and looking
+
+at the probabilities of
+the different symbols.
+
+We want to find out what sort of
+lengths we want to choose.
+
+There will be a simple
+answer to that.
+
+In fact, there'll be two ways of
+looking at it, one of which
+
+will lead to the idea of
+entropy, and the other which
+
+will lead to the idea of
+generating an optimal code.
+
+Both of those approaches are
+extremely interesting.
+
+But to do that we have
+to think about a very
+
+simple kind of source.
+
+The simple kind of source
+is called a
+
+discrete memoryless source.
+
+We know what a discrete source
+is -- it's a source which
+
+spews out a sequence of symbols
+from this finite
+
+alphabet that we know and
+the decoder knows.
+
+The next thing we have to do
+is to put a probability
+
+measure on the output
+of the source.
+
+There's a little review
+of probability at
+
+the end of this lecture.
+
+You should read it carefully.
+
+When you study probability, you
+have undoubtedly studied
+
+it like most students do,
+as a way of learning
+
+how to do the problems.
+
+You don't necessarily think of
+the generalizations of this,
+
+you don't necessarily think of
+why is it that when you define
+
+a probability space you start
+out with a sample space and
+
+you talk about elements in the
+sample space, what's their
+
+sample points.
+
+What do those sample points
+have to do with random
+
+variables and all
+of that stuff?
+
+That's the first thing you
+forget when you haven't been
+
+looking at probability
+for a while.
+
+Unfortunately, it's something
+you have to understand when
+
+we're dealing with this because
+we have a bunch of
+
+things which are not random
+variables here.
+
+These letters here are
+things which we
+
+will call chance variables.
+
+A chance variable is just like
+a random variable but the set
+
+of possible values that it has
+are not necessarily numbers,
+
+they're just events,
+as it turns out.
+
+So the sample space is just
+some set of letters, as we
+
+call them, which are
+really events in
+
+this probability space.
+
+The probability space assigns
+probabilities to
+
+sequences of letters.
+
+What we're assuming here is that
+the sequence of letters
+
+are all statistically
+independent of each other.
+
+So for example, if you go to Las
+Vegas and you're reporting
+
+the outcome of some gambling
+game and you're sending it
+
+back your home computer and your
+home computer is figuring
+
+out what your odds are in black
+jack or something, then
+
+every time the dice are rolled
+you get an independent -- we
+
+hope it's independent if
+the game is fair --
+
+outcome of the dice.
+
+So that what we're sending
+then, what we're going to
+
+encode is a sequence of
+independent, random -- not
+
+random variables because it's
+not necessarily numbers that
+
+you're interested in, it's
+this sequence of symbols.
+
+But if we deal with the English
+text, for example, the
+
+idea that the letters in English
+text are independent
+
+of each other is absolutely
+ludicrous.
+
+If it's early enough in the
+term that you're not
+
+overloaded already, I would
+suggest that those of you with
+
+a little time go back and read
+at least the first part of
+
+Shannon's original article about
+information theory where
+
+he talks about the problem
+of modeling English.
+
+It's a beautiful treatment,
+because he starts out same way
+
+we are, dealing with sources
+which are independent,
+
+identically distributed
+chance variables.
+
+Then he goes from there, as we
+will, to looking at Markov
+
+chains of source variables.
+
+Some of you will cringe at this
+because you might have
+
+seen Markov chains and forgotten
+about them or you
+
+might have never seen them.
+
+Don't worry about it, there's
+not that much that's peculiar
+
+about them.
+
+Then he goes on from
+there to talk about
+
+actual English language.
+
+But the point that he makes is
+that when you want to study
+
+something as complicated as the
+English language, the way
+
+that you do it is not to start
+out by taking a lot of
+
+statistics about English.
+
+If you want to encode English,
+you start out by making highly
+
+simplifying assumptions, like
+the assumption that we're
+
+making here that we're
+dealing with a
+
+discrete memoryless source.
+
+You then learn how to encode
+discrete memoryless sources.
+
+You then look at blocks of
+letters out of these sources,
+
+and if they're not independent
+you look at the probabilities
+
+of these blocks.
+
+If you know how to generate an
+optimal code for IID letters,
+
+then all you have to do is take
+these blocks of length m
+
+where you'd have a probability
+on each possible block, and
+
+your generate a code
+for the block.
+
+You don't worry about the
+statistical relationships
+
+between different blocks.
+
+You just say well, if I make my
+block long enough I don't
+
+care about what happens at the
+edges, and I'm going to get
+
+everything of interest.
+
+So the idea is by starting out
+here you have all the clues
+
+you need to start looking at
+the more interesting cases.
+
+As it turns out with source
+coding there's another
+
+advantage involved -- looking
+at independent letters is in
+
+some sense a worst case.
+
+When you look at this worst
+case, in fact, presto, you
+
+will say if the letters are
+statistically related, fine.
+
+I'd do even better.
+
+I could do better if I took that
+into account, but if I'm
+
+not taking it into account,
+I know exactly
+
+how well I can do.
+
+So what's the definition
+of that?
+
+Source output is an unending
+sequence -- x1, x2, x3 --
+
+of randomly selected letters,
+and these randomly selected
+
+letters are called
+chance variables.
+
+Each source output is selected
+from the alphabet using a
+
+common probability measure.
+
+In other words, they're
+identically distributed.
+
+Each source output is
+statistically independent of
+
+the other source outputs,
+x1 up to x k plus 1.
+
+We will call that independent
+identically distributed, and
+
+we'll abbreviate it IID.
+
+It doesn't mean that the
+probability measure is 1 over
+
+m for each letter, it's not what
+we were assuming before.
+
+It means you can have an
+arbitrary probability
+
+assignment on the different
+letters, but every letter has
+
+the same probability assignment
+on it and they're
+
+all independent of each other.
+
+So that's the kind of source
+we're going to be
+
+dealing with first.
+
+We will find out everything we
+want to know about how we deal
+
+with that source.
+
+You will understand that source
+completely and the
+
+other sources you will half
+understand a little later.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5NB2Z6pZBNA.txt b/5NB2Z6pZBNA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33626477b5f5b1a1ac91aecbc33d61d64d30f33a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5NB2Z6pZBNA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+My name is Arthur Bahr. I'm an associate professor
+of Literature at MIT. I am a medievalist and
+
+I am going to read the first twelve lines
+of "Beowulf" in Old English. HWÆT, WE GAR-DEna
+
+in geardagum,
+þeodcyninga þrym gefrunon,
+
+hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon!
+Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum,
+
+monegum mægþum meodosetla ofteah,
+egsode eorlas, syððanærest wearð
+
+feasceaft funden; he þæs frofre gebad,
+weox under wolcnum weorðmyndum þah,
+
+oð þæt him æghwylc ymbsittendra
+ofer hronrade hyran scolde,
+
+gomban gyldan; þæt wæs god cyning!
+
+And I am going to read the first stanza of
+
+"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" in the original
+Middle English.
+
+SIÞEN þe sege and þe assaut watz sesed
+at Troye,
+
+Þe borȝ brittened and brent to brondeȝ
+and askez,
+
+Þe tulk þat þe trammes of tresoun þer
+wroȝt
+
+Watz tried for his tricherie, þe trewest
+on erthe:
+
+Hit watz Ennias þe athel, and his highe kynde,
+Þat siþen depreced prouinces, and patrounes
+
+bicome
+Welneȝe of al þe wele in þe west iles.
+
+Fro riche Romulus to Rome ricchis hym swyþe,
+With gret bobbaunce þat burȝe he biges vpon
+
+fyrst,
+And neuenes hit his aune nome, as hit now
+
+hat;
+Tirius to Tuskan and teldes bigynnes,
+
+Langaberde in Lumbardie lyftes vp homes,
+And fer ouer þe French flod Felix Brutus
+
+On mony bonkkes ful brode Bretayn he settez
+wyth wynne,
+
+Where werre and wrake and wonder
+Bi syþez hatz wont þerinne,
+
+And oft boþe blysse and blunder
+Ful skete hatz skyfted synne.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5q_3FDOkVRQ.txt b/5q_3FDOkVRQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d35074124fa536317e7c668575197c9fdbea07c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5q_3FDOkVRQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so we're ready to begin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we're ready to begin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we're ready to begin the
+fifth lecture I'm glad to be back thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth lecture I'm glad to be back thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth lecture I'm glad to be back thank
+you for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for for
+uh enter in my colleague Haynes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enter in my colleague Haynes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enter in my colleague Haynes
+Miller So today we're going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller So today we're going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller So today we're going to continue
+uh where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where he
+started uh namely what he talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh namely what he talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh namely what he talked about
+was the chain rule which is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the chain rule which is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the chain rule which is probably the
+most powerful technique for extending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most powerful technique for extending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most powerful technique for extending
+the kinds of functions that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of functions that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of functions that you can
+differentiate now we're going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate now we're going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate now we're going to use the
+chain rule in some rather clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule in some rather clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule in some rather clever
+algebraic ways today so the topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic ways today so the topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic ways today so the topic for
+today is what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is what's known as
+implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiation so uh implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so uh implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so uh implicit
+differentiation is a technique that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation is a technique that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation is a technique that
+allows you to differentiate a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to differentiate a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to differentiate a lot of
+functions you didn't even know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you didn't even know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you didn't even know how to
+find before and it's a technique let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find before and it's a technique let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find before and it's a technique let's
+wait for a few people to sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for a few people to sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for a few people to sit down
+here physics huh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here physics huh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here physics huh okay
+well more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+physics we'll take a break you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics we'll take a break you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics we'll take a break you can get
+those after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those after
+class all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class all
+right so we're talking about implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're talking about implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're talking about implicit
+differentiation and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and I'm going to
+illustrate it by several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples so this is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so this is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so this is one of the most
+important and basic formulas uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and basic formulas uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and basic formulas uh that
+we've already learned part way namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already learned part way namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already learned part way namely
+the derivative of x to a power is a * X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of x to a power is a * X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of x to a power is a * X
+A-1 now what we've done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A-1 now what we've done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A-1 now what we've done so
+far what we've got so far is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far what we've got so far is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far what we've got so far is the
+exponents 0 plus or minus one plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents 0 plus or minus one plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents 0 plus or minus one plus or
+minus 2 Etc you did the uh integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 Etc you did the uh integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 Etc you did the uh integer
+positive integer Powers uh on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer Powers uh on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer Powers uh on in the
+first lecture and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture and then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yesterday professor profor Miller told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday professor profor Miller told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday professor profor Miller told
+you about the negative Powers so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the negative Powers so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the negative Powers so what
+we're going to do right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do right now
+today is we're going to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is we're going to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is we're going to consider the
+exponents which are rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents which are rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents which are rational numbers
+ratios of integers so a is m/ N M and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of integers so a is m/ N M and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of integers so a is m/ N M and N
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integers all right so that's our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers all right so that's our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers all right so that's our goal
+for right now and we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right now and we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right now and we're going to use
+this method of implicit differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method of implicit differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method of implicit differentiation
+in particular uh it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular uh it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular uh it's important to
+realize that this covers the case m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this covers the case m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this covers the case m
+equals 1 and those are the nth Roots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and those are the nth Roots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and those are the nth Roots so
+when we take the 1 over n power we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take the 1 over n power we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take the 1 over n power we're
+going to cover that right now along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover that right now along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover that right now along with
+many other examples okay so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other examples okay so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other examples okay so this is our
+first uh example so how do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh example so how do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh example so how do we get
+started well we just write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started well we just write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started well we just write down a
+formula for the function the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the function the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the function the function is
+y is equal to x^ m/ n that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is equal to x^ m/ n that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is equal to x^ m/ n that's what we're
+trying to deal with and now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with and now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with and now there's
+really only uh two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only uh two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only uh two steps
+the first step is to take this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is to take this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is to take this to the
+this uh equation to the nth power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh equation to the nth power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh equation to the nth power so
+write it as y to the N is equal to X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as y to the N is equal to X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as y to the N is equal to X the
+M all right so that's just the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M all right so that's just the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M all right so that's just the same
+equation Rewritten and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Rewritten and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Rewritten and
+now what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to do is we're
+going to differentiate so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to differentiate so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to differentiate so we're going to
+apply Dy DX to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply Dy DX to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply Dy DX to the
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now why is it that we can apply it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is it that we can apply it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is it that we can apply it to
+the second equation not the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second equation not the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second equation not the first
+equation so maybe I should call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so maybe I should call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so maybe I should call these
+equations one and equation two the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations one and equation two the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations one and equation two the point
+is that we can apply it to equation two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can apply it to equation two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can apply it to equation two
+now the reason is that we don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason is that we don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason is that we don't know how
+to differentiate x to the m/n that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate x to the m/n that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate x to the m/n that's
+something we just don't know yet but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we just don't know yet but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we just don't know yet but we
+do know how to differentiate integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know how to differentiate integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know how to differentiate integer
+Powers those are the things that we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers those are the things that we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers those are the things that we took
+care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of
+before so now we're in shape to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so now we're in shape to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so now we're in shape to be able
+to do the differentiation so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the differentiation so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the differentiation so I'm going
+to write it out explicitly over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it out explicitly over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it out explicitly over here
+without carrying it out just yet that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without carrying it out just yet that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without carrying it out just yet that's
+d by DX of Y to the N is equal to D by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d by DX of Y to the N is equal to D by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d by DX of Y to the N is equal to D by
+DX of x to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of x to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of x to the m
+power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and
+now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you
+see this expression here requires us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this expression here requires us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this expression here requires us to
+do something we couldn't do before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something we couldn't do before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something we couldn't do before
+yesterday namely this Y is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday namely this Y is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday namely this Y is a function of
+X so we have to apply the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we have to apply the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we have to apply the chain rule
+here so this is the same as this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the same as this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the same as this is by
+the chain Rule now d by d y of Y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain Rule now d by d y of Y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain Rule now d by d y of Y to the
+N time Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N time Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N time Dy
+DX and then on the right hand side we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and then on the right hand side we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and then on the right hand side we
+can just carry it out we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just carry it out we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just carry it out we know the
+formula it's MX M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's MX M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's MX M
+minus1 all right so this is our our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 all right so this is our our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 all right so this is our our our
+scheme and now you'll see in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme and now you'll see in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme and now you'll see in a minute
+why we win with this so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we win with this so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we win with this so first of all
+there are two factors here one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two factors here one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two factors here one of them
+is unknown in fact it's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unknown in fact it's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unknown in fact it's what we're
+looking for but the other one is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for but the other one is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for but the other one is going
+to be a known quantity because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a known quantity because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a known quantity because we know
+how to differentiate y the N with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to differentiate y the N with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to differentiate y the N with
+respect to Y that's the same formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y that's the same formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y that's the same formula
+although the letter has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the letter has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the letter has been
+changed and so this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and so this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and so this is the same
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+um I'll write it underneath here n y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll write it underneath here n y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll write it underneath here n y
+nus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1
+dydx is equal to m x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nus1 okay now comes if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 okay now comes if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 okay now comes if you
+like the the non-calculus part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the non-calculus part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the non-calculus part of the
+problem remember the non-calculus pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem remember the non-calculus pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem remember the non-calculus pro
+part of the problem is always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem is always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem is always the
+Messier part of the problem so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Messier part of the problem so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Messier part of the problem so we want
+to figure out this formula this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out this formula this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out this formula this formula
+the answer over here which was which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer over here which was which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer over here which was which
+maybe I'll put in a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll put in a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll put in a box
+now has this expressed much more simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has this expressed much more simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has this expressed much more simply
+only in terms of X and what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in terms of X and what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in terms of X and what we have to
+do now is to solve for dydx using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is to solve for dydx using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is to solve for dydx using
+algebra and then solve in all the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and then solve in all the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and then solve in all the way in
+terms of X so first of all we solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X so first of all we solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X so first of all we solve for
+dydx so I do that by dividing the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx so I do that by dividing the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx so I do that by dividing the factor
+on the left hand side so I get here m x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side so I get here m x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side so I get here m x
+the m minus1 / n y the N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m minus1 / n y the N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m minus1 / n y the N minus
+one and now I'm going to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now I'm going to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now I'm going to plug
+in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so
+right this is m/ n this is X nus1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is m/ n this is X nus1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is m/ n this is X nus1 and
+now over here I'm going to put in for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now over here I'm going to put in for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now over here I'm going to put in for y
+uh x to the m / n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x to the m / n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x to the m / n *
+nus1 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 all
+right so now we're almost done but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we're almost done but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we're almost done but
+unfortunately we have this mess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we have this mess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we have this mess of
+exponents that we have to work out I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents that we have to work out I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents that we have to work out I'm
+going to write it one more time so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it one more time so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it one more time so I
+already recognize the factor a out front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already recognize the factor a out front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already recognize the factor a out front
+that's not going to to be a problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to to be a problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to to be a problem for
+me and that's what I'm aiming for here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and that's what I'm aiming for here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and that's what I'm aiming for here
+but now I have to encode all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I have to encode all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I have to encode all of these
+Powers so let's just write it out it's m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers so let's just write it out it's m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers so let's just write it out it's m
+-1 and then it's minus the quantity nus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and then it's minus the quantity nus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and then it's minus the quantity nus1
+* m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/n all right so that's the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/n all right so that's the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/n all right so that's the law of
+exponents applied to this ratio here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents applied to this ratio here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents applied to this ratio here and
+then we'll do the arithmetic uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll do the arithmetic uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll do the arithmetic uh maybe
+just over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just over
+here in the next board uh so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the next board uh so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the next board uh so we have
+here m -1 - n -1 m / n is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here m -1 - n -1 m / n is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here m -1 - n -1 m / n is equal
+to M minus one and if I multiply n by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M minus one and if I multiply n by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M minus one and if I multiply n by
+this I get minus M and the second factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I get minus M and the second factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I get minus M and the second factor
+is a minus minus that's a plus and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minus minus that's a plus and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minus minus that's a plus and it
+it's plus m/ n so all together the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plus m/ n so all together the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plus m/ n so all together the two
+M's cancel and I have here -1 + m/ n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M's cancel and I have here -1 + m/ n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M's cancel and I have here -1 + m/ n and
+lo and behold that's the same thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lo and behold that's the same thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lo and behold that's the same thing as a
+minus one just what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one just what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one just what we
+wanted all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted all right so this
+equals a x to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus1 again just a bunch of arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 again just a bunch of arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 again just a bunch of arithmetic
+from this point forward from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point forward from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point forward from this
+substitution on it's just the arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution on it's just the arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution on it's just the arithmetic
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponents all right so we've done our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents all right so we've done our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents all right so we've done our
+first example here and I guess uh I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example here and I guess uh I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example here and I guess uh I want
+to give you a couple more examples so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a couple more examples so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a couple more examples so uh
+let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just
+continue the next example I'll keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the next example I'll keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the next example I'll keep it
+relatively simple so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple so we
+have example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have example
+two which is going to be the function X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which is going to be the function X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which is going to be the function X2
++ y^2 uh is equal to 1 well that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y^2 uh is equal to 1 well that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y^2 uh is equal to 1 well that's not
+really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a
+function this again is a way of defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this again is a way of defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this again is a way of defining
+y as a function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y as a function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y as a function of X
+implicitly there the idea that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly there the idea that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly there the idea that I could
+solve for y if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for y if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for y if I wanted
+to and indeed let's do that so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and indeed let's do that so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and indeed let's do that so if you
+solve for y here what happens is you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for y here what happens is you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for y here what happens is you get
+y^2 is = to 1 - x^2 and Y is = to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 is = to 1 - x^2 and Y is = to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 is = to 1 - x^2 and Y is = to plus
+or minus < TK 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2 so this if you like is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 so this if you like is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 so this if you like is the uh
+implicit definition and here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit definition and here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit definition and here is the
+explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit
+function y is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function y is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function y is a function of
+X and now just for my own convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and now just for my own convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and now just for my own convenience
+I'm just going to take the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to take the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to take the positive
+Branch right this is the function let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch right this is the function let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch right this is the function let's
+uh just draw it right above here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just draw it right above here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just draw it right above here right
+it's really a circle in Disguise and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a circle in Disguise and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a circle in Disguise and I'm
+just going to take the top part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to take the top part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to take the top part of the
+circle so we'll take that that top hump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so we'll take that that top hump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so we'll take that that top hump
+here all right so that means I'm erasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so that means I'm erasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so that means I'm erasing
+this minus sign I'm just taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus sign I'm just taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus sign I'm just taking the
+positive bran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just for my convenience I could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for my convenience I could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for my convenience I could do it
+just as well with the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well with the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well with the negative
+Branch all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch all right so
+now I've taken the solution and uh I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've taken the solution and uh I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've taken the solution and uh I can
+differentiate this so rather than using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this so rather than using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this so rather than using
+this Dy by DX notation over here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Dy by DX notation over here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Dy by DX notation over here I'm
+going to switch notations on over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch notations on over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch notations on over here
+because it's less writing and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's less writing and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's less writing and I'm going
+to write y Prime and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write y Prime and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write y Prime and change
+okay so I want to take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+well this is a somewhat complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a somewhat complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a somewhat complicated
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+here it's the square root of 1 - x^2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the square root of 1 - x^2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the square root of 1 - x^2 and
+the right way always to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way always to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way always to look at
+functions like this is to rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like this is to rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like this is to rewrite
+them using the fractional power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them using the fractional power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them using the fractional power
+notation all right that's the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation all right that's the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation all right that's the first step
+in Computing a d ative of a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Computing a d ative of a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Computing a d ative of a square
+root and then the second step here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and then the second step here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and then the second step here is
+what somebody want to tell me what chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what somebody want to tell me what chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what somebody want to tell me what chain
+rule yeah that's good chain rule that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule yeah that's good chain rule that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule yeah that's good chain rule that's
+it so we have two things we have start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we have two things we have start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we have two things we have start
+with one and then we do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one and then we do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one and then we do something else
+to it so whenever we do two things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so whenever we do two things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so whenever we do two things to
+something we need to apply the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we need to apply the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we need to apply the chain
+rule so 1 - x^2 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so 1 - x^2 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so 1 - x^2 square
+root all right so so how do we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root all right so so how do we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root all right so so how do we do that
+well the first factor I claim is the Der
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first factor I claim is the Der
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first factor I claim is the Der
+itive of of this thing so this is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itive of of this thing so this is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itive of of this thing so this is a half
+LA to the minus 12 so I'm doing this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LA to the minus 12 so I'm doing this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LA to the minus 12 so I'm doing this by
+the sort of advanced method now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of advanced method now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of advanced method now because
+we've already graduated you already did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already graduated you already did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already graduated you already did
+the chain rule last time so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule last time so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule last time so what what
+does this mean this is an abbreviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean this is an abbreviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean this is an abbreviation
+for the derivative with respect to blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the derivative with respect to blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the derivative with respect to blah
+of blah to the 12 whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blah to the 12 whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blah to the 12 whatever it
+is right so that's the first factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right so that's the first factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right so that's the first factor that
+we're going to use rather than actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use rather than actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use rather than actually
+write out a variable for it and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out a variable for it and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out a variable for it and and and
+pass through as I did previously with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through as I did previously with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through as I did previously with
+this Y and X variable here I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Y and X variable here I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Y and X variable here I'm just
+going to skip that step and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip that step and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip that step and I'm going to
+let you imagine it as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you imagine it as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you imagine it as being a
+placeholder for that variable so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder for that variable so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder for that variable so this
+variable is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is now
+parenthesis and then I have to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis and then I have to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis and then I have to multiply
+that by the rate of change of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the rate of change of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the rate of change of what's
+inside with respect to X and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside with respect to X and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside with respect to X and that is
+going to be -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be -
+2x all right the derivative of 1 - x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x all right the derivative of 1 - x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x all right the derivative of 1 - x^2
+is is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is -
+2x and now again we're glomming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x and now again we're glomming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x and now again we're glomming
+everything together here we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together here we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together here we couldn't
+have done this example two before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done this example two before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done this example two before
+example one because we needed to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one because we needed to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one because we needed to know
+that the power rule worked not just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the power rule worked not just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the power rule worked not just for
+a integer but also for a equals a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a integer but also for a equals a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a integer but also for a equals a half
+we're using the case a equals a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the case a equals a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the case a equals a half
+right here it's 1 12 times and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here it's 1 12 times and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here it's 1 12 times and this
+minus a half here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half here is
+aus1 right so this is the case a = 12 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aus1 right so this is the case a = 12 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aus1 right so this is the case a = 12 a
+minus 1 happens to be minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half okay so I'm putting all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so I'm putting all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so I'm putting all those
+things together and you know within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together and you know within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together and you know within a
+week you have to be doing this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week you have to be doing this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week you have to be doing this very
+automatically so we're going to do it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically so we're going to do it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically so we're going to do it at
+this speed now you want to do it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this speed now you want to do it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this speed now you want to do it even
+faster ultimately yes could you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster ultimately yes could you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster ultimately yes could you have
+done it implicit without the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it implicit without the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it implicit without the question is
+could I have done it implicitly without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I have done it implicitly without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I have done it implicitly without
+the square roots and the answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square roots and the answer is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square roots and the answer is yes
+that's what I'm about to do okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm about to do okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm about to do okay so this
+is an illustration of What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an illustration of What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an illustration of What's called the
+explicit solution so this guy is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit solution so this guy is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit solution so this guy is what's
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicit and I want to contrast it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and I want to contrast it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and I want to contrast it with
+the method that we're going to now use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method that we're going to now use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method that we're going to now use
+today so it involves a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so it involves a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so it involves a lot of
+complications it involves the chain Rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications it involves the chain Rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications it involves the chain Rule
+and as we'll see it it can get Messier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we'll see it it can get Messier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we'll see it it can get Messier
+and Messier and then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Messier and then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Messier and then there's the
+implicit method which I claim is easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit method which I claim is easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit method which I claim is easier
+all right so let's see what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's see what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's see what happens if
+you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implicitly the implicit method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly the implicit method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly the implicit method
+involves instead of writing the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves instead of writing the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves instead of writing the function
+in this relatively complicated way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this relatively complicated way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this relatively complicated way with
+the square root it involves leaving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root it involves leaving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root it involves leaving it
+alone don't do anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone don't do anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone don't do anything to
+it in this previous case we were left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this previous case we were left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this previous case we were left
+with something which was complicated say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something which was complicated say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something which was complicated say
+x to the 1/3 or x to the 1/2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the 1/3 or x to the 1/2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the 1/3 or x to the 1/2 or
+something complicated we had to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something complicated we had to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something complicated we had to simplify
+it we used we had an equation one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we used we had an equation one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we used we had an equation one which
+was more complicated we simplified it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more complicated we simplified it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more complicated we simplified it
+and then differentiated it and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then differentiated it and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then differentiated it and so that
+was the simpler case well here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the simpler case well here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the simpler case well here the
+simplest thing for us to simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing for us to simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing for us to simplest
+equation for us to differentiate is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for us to differentiate is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for us to differentiate is the
+one we started with because squares are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we started with because squares are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we started with because squares are
+the practically the easiest things after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practically the easiest things after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practically the easiest things after
+first powers or maybe zeroth powers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first powers or maybe zeroth powers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first powers or maybe zeroth powers to
+differentiate so we're leaving it alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate so we're leaving it alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate so we're leaving it alone
+this is the simplest possible form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the simplest possible form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the simplest possible form for
+it and now we're going to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now we're going to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now we're going to differentiate
+so what happens we get so again what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens we get so again what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens we get so again what's
+the method let me remind you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method let me remind you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method let me remind you you're
+applying d by DX to the equation so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying d by DX to the equation so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying d by DX to the equation so you
+have to differentiate the left side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to differentiate the left side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to differentiate the left side of
+the equation and differentiate the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation and differentiate the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation and differentiate the right
+side of the equation so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and what you get is 2x plus 2 y y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what you get is 2x plus 2 y y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what you get is 2x plus 2 y y
+Prime is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+zero derivative of one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero derivative of one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero derivative of one is
+zero all right so this is the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so this is the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so this is the chain rule
+again I did did it a different way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I did did it a different way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I did did it a different way I'm
+trying to get you used to many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get you used to many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get you used to many different
+notations at once here well really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations at once here well really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations at once here well really just
+two just the prime notation in the dydx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two just the prime notation in the dydx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two just the prime notation in the dydx
+notation and this is what I get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and this is what I get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and this is what I get all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+now all I have to do is solve for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all I have to do is solve for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all I have to do is solve for y
+Prime so that y Prime if I put the 2x on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so that y Prime if I put the 2x on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so that y Prime if I put the 2x on
+the other side is - 2x and then divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side is - 2x and then divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side is - 2x and then divide
+by 2 Y which is - x over y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 Y which is - x over y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 Y which is - x over y
+all right so let's compare our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's compare our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's compare our
+Solutions apologize I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions apologize I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions apologize I'm going to have to
+erase something to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase something to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase something to to do
+that so let's compare our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions I'm going to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions I'm going to put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions I'm going to put this
+underneath and simplify so what was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and simplify so what was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and simplify so what was our
+solution over here it was a half 1 - x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution over here it was a half 1 - x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution over here it was a half 1 - x^2
+to the - half * - 2x that was what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the - half * - 2x that was what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the - half * - 2x that was what what
+we got over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is the same thing if I cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the same thing if I cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the same thing if I cancel
+the twos and I change it back to looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twos and I change it back to looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twos and I change it back to looking
+like a square root that's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a square root that's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a square root that's the same thing
+as - x / < TK of 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as - x / < TK of 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as - x / < TK of 1 -
+x^2 all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 all right so this is
+the formula for the derivative when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for the derivative when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for the derivative when I do
+it the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the explicit
+way and I'll just compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I'll just compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I'll just compare
+them these two expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and and notice that they are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and notice that they are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and notice that they are the same
+all right they're the same because Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right they're the same because Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right they're the same because Y is
+equal to < TK 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to < TK 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to < TK 1 -
+x^2 Yeah question thec meod not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 Yeah question thec meod not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 Yeah question thec meod not the
+bottom half of the circle the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom half of the circle the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom half of the circle the question
+is why did the implicit method not give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why did the implicit method not give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why did the implicit method not give
+the bottom half of the circle very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom half of the circle very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom half of the circle very good
+question the answer to that is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the answer to that is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the answer to that is that it
+did I just didn't mention it let well wa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I just didn't mention it let well wa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I just didn't mention it let well wa
+wait wait I'll explain so suppose I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait I'll explain so suppose I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait I'll explain so suppose I had
+stuck in a minus sign here okay I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in a minus sign here okay I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in a minus sign here okay I would
+have gotten this with a different with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten this with a different with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten this with a different with
+an extra minus sign but then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra minus sign but then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra minus sign but then when I
+compared it to what was over there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared it to what was over there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared it to what was over there I
+would have had to have another different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had to have another different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had to have another different
+minus sign over here so actually both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign over here so actually both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign over here so actually both
+places would get an extra minus sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places would get an extra minus sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places would get an extra minus sign and
+they would still coincide so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would still coincide so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would still coincide so actually
+the implicit method is a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implicit method is a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implicit method is a little better
+it doesn't even notice the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even notice the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even notice the difference
+between the branches it does the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the branches it does the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the branches it does the job
+both on both the top and the bottom half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on both the top and the bottom half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on both the top and the bottom half
+another way of saying that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of saying that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of saying that is that
+you're calculating the slopes here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calculating the slopes here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calculating the slopes here so
+let's look at this picture here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this picture here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this picture here's a
+slope let's just take a look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope let's just take a look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope let's just take a look at a
+positive value of x and just check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value of x and just check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value of x and just check the
+signs to see what's happening if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs to see what's happening if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs to see what's happening if you
+take a positive value of x over here x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a positive value of x over here x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a positive value of x over here x
+is positive this denominator is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive this denominator is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive this denominator is positive
+the slope is negative you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope is negative you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope is negative you can see that
+it's tilting down all right so it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tilting down all right so it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tilting down all right so it's okay
+now on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on the bottom
+side it's going to be tilting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's going to be tilting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's going to be tilting up
+and similarly what's happening up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly what's happening up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly what's happening up here
+is that both X and Y are positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that both X and Y are positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that both X and Y are positive and
+this X and this y are positive and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X and this y are positive and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X and this y are positive and the
+slope is negative on the other hand on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is negative on the other hand on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is negative on the other hand on
+the bottom side x is still positive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom side x is still positive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom side x is still positive but
+Y is negative and it's tilting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is negative and it's tilting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is negative and it's tilting up
+because the uh the denominator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh the denominator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh the denominator is
+negative the numerator is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the numerator is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the numerator is positive and
+then this minus sign makes it a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this minus sign makes it a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this minus sign makes it a positive
+slope so it it matches perfectly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so it it matches perfectly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so it it matches perfectly in
+every category so this this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every category so this this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every category so this this is uh
+complicated however and it's easier just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated however and it's easier just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated however and it's easier just
+to keep track of one branch of at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of one branch of at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of one branch of at a time
+even in advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in advanced
+math okay so we only do it one branch at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math okay so we only do it one branch at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math okay so we only do it one branch at
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+time uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so now uh I want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so now uh I want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so now uh I want to give
+you a slightly more complicated example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a slightly more complicated example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a slightly more complicated example
+here and indeed uh some of the so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and indeed uh some of the so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and indeed uh some of the so here's
+here's a little more complicated example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little more complicated example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little more complicated example
+it's not going to be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be the most
+complicated example but you know be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example but you know be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example but you know be a
+little bit tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this
+example uh I'm going to I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh I'm going to I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh I'm going to I'm going to
+give you a fourth order equation so y 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a fourth order equation so y 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a fourth order equation so y 4
++ x y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x y^
+2 - 2 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 2 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 2 is equal
+Z right now it just so happens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right now it just so happens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right now it just so happens that
+there's a trick to solving this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a trick to solving this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a trick to solving this equation
+so actually you can all you can do both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually you can all you can do both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually you can all you can do both
+the explicit method and the non-explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit method and the non-explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit method and the non-explicit
+method okay so the explicit method would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay so the explicit method would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay so the explicit method would
+say okay well I want to solve for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well I want to solve for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well I want to solve for this
+so I'm going to use the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to use the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to use the quadratic
+formula but on on y^2 this is quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but on on y^2 this is quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but on on y^2 this is quadratic
+and y^2 because there's a fourth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y^2 because there's a fourth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y^2 because there's a fourth power
+and a second power and the first and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a second power and the first and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a second power and the first and the
+and the third powers are missing so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third powers are missing so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third powers are missing so this
+is y^2 is equal to - x plus orus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y^2 is equal to - x plus orus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y^2 is equal to - x plus orus the
+sare < TK of x^2 - uh uh 4 * -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare < TK of x^2 - uh uh 4 * -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare < TK of x^2 - uh uh 4 * -
+2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 /
+2 Okay so this x is the B this minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Okay so this x is the B this minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Okay so this x is the B this minus 2
+is the C and A is equal to one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the C and A is equal to one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the C and A is equal to one in the
+quadratic formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula
+and so the formula for y is plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the formula for y is plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the formula for y is plus or
+minus the square Ro T of Min - x plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the square Ro T of Min - x plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the square Ro T of Min - x plus or
+minus the < TK of x^2 + 8 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the < TK of x^2 + 8 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the < TK of x^2 + 8 /
+2 all right so now you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all right so now you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all right so now you can see this
+problem of branches this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of branches this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of branches this happens
+actually in a lot of cases coming up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a lot of cases coming up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a lot of cases coming up uh
+in in an elaborate way you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in an elaborate way you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in an elaborate way you have two
+choices for the sign here you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the sign here you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the sign here you have two
+choices for the sign here conceivably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the sign here conceivably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the sign here conceivably
+there are as many as four roots to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are as many as four roots to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are as many as four roots to this
+equation because it's a fourth degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because it's a fourth degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because it's a fourth degree
+equation it's quite a mess you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's quite a mess you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's quite a mess you should
+have to check each branch separately and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check each branch separately and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check each branch separately and
+this is really is that level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really is that level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really is that level of
+complexity and in general it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and in general it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and in general it's very
+difficult to uh figure out the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to uh figure out the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to uh figure out the uh the
+formulas for quartic equations but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for quartic equations but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for quartic equations but uh
+fortunately we're never going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately we're never going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately we're never going to use
+them that is we're never going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that is we're never going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that is we're never going to need
+those formulas so the E the implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those formulas so the E the implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those formulas so the E the implicit
+method is is far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is is far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is is far
+easier so the implicit method just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so the implicit method just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so the implicit method just says
+okay I'll leave the equation in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll leave the equation in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll leave the equation in its
+simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest
+form and now differentiate so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and now differentiate so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and now differentiate so when I
+differentiate I get 4 y Cub y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate I get 4 y Cub y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate I get 4 y Cub y
+prime plus now here I have to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus now here I have to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus now here I have to apply the
+product rule so I differentiate the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule so I differentiate the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule so I differentiate the X
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+y^2 separately first I differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 separately first I differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 separately first I differentiate
+with respect to X so I get y^ 2 then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X so I get y^ 2 then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X so I get y^ 2 then I
+differentiate with respect to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate with respect to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate with respect to uh the
+other Factor the y^2 factor and I get x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Factor the y^2 factor and I get x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Factor the y^2 factor and I get x
+* 2 y y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 2 y y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 2 y y
+Prime and then the zero gives me zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then the zero gives me zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then the zero gives me zero so
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+0al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0al
+0 all right so there's the implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 all right so there's the implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 all right so there's the implicit
+differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step and now I just want to solve for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and now I just want to solve for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and now I just want to solve for y
+Prime so I'm going to factor out 4 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so I'm going to factor out 4 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so I'm going to factor out 4 y
+Cub plus 2X y That's The Factor on y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub plus 2X y That's The Factor on y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub plus 2X y That's The Factor on y
+Prime and I'm going to put the y^2 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and I'm going to put the y^2 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and I'm going to put the y^2 on
+the other side minus y^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side minus y^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side minus y^2 over
+here and so the formula for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so the formula for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so the formula for y
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+is uh - y^2 / 4 y Cub +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh - y^2 / 4 y Cub +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh - y^2 / 4 y Cub +
+2xy so that's the the formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy so that's the the formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy so that's the the formula for the
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+solution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope do you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question so the question is for the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the question is for the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the question is for the Y
+would we have to Sol put in what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we have to Sol put in what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we have to Sol put in what we
+solved for in the explicit equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved for in the explicit equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved for in the explicit equation and
+the answer is absolutely yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is absolutely yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is absolutely yes that's
+exactly the point so this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the point so this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the point so this is not a
+complete solution to a problem the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete solution to a problem the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete solution to a problem the we
+started with an implicit equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with an implicit equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with an implicit equation we
+differentiated and we got in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated and we got in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated and we got in the end
+also an implicit equation it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an implicit equation it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an implicit equation it doesn't
+tell us what Y is as a function of X we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what Y is as a function of X we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what Y is as a function of X we
+have to go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back to this
+formula to get the formula for uh for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to get the formula for uh for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to get the formula for uh for X
+so for example let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let me give you an
+example here so this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here so this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here so this is this is the
+hides a degree of complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hides a degree of complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hides a degree of complexity of the
+problem but it's a degree of complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it's a degree of complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it's a degree of complexity
+that we must live with here so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we must live with here so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we must live with here so for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+at uh x =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh x =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh x =
+1 you can see that y = 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 you can see that y = 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 you can see that y = 1
+solves that happens to be solves y 4 + x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves that happens to be solves y 4 + x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves that happens to be solves y 4 + x
+y^2 - 2 is equal to0 that's why I picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 - 2 is equal to0 that's why I picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 - 2 is equal to0 that's why I picked
+the two actually so it would be 1 + 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two actually so it would be 1 + 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two actually so it would be 1 + 1 -
+2 equal 0 I just wanted to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 equal 0 I just wanted to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 equal 0 I just wanted to have a
+convenient solution there to pull out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient solution there to pull out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient solution there to pull out of
+my hat at this point so I did that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hat at this point so I did that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hat at this point so I did that and
+so we now know that when xal 1 y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now know that when xal 1 y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now know that when xal 1 y equals
+1 so at 1 one along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the
+slope is equal to what well I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is equal to what well I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is equal to what well I have to
+plug in here minus 1^ 2 / 4 * 1 Cub + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in here minus 1^ 2 / 4 * 1 Cub + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in here minus 1^ 2 / 4 * 1 Cub + 2
+* 1 * 1 that's just plugging in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 * 1 that's just plugging in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 * 1 that's just plugging in that
+formula over there which turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula over there which turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula over there which turns out to be
+min-6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-6
+all right so I can get it on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+but at say x =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at say x =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at say x =
+2 uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuck uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck uh
+using this formula star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here to find y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now so let me let me just make two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so let me let me just make two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so let me let me just make two
+points about this which are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points about this which are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points about this which are just
+philosophical points for you right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical points for you right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical points for you right now
+um the first is when I promised you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first is when I promised you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first is when I promised you at
+the beginning of this class that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of this class that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of this class that we were
+going to be able to differentiate any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to differentiate any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to differentiate any
+function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you
+know I meant it very literally what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I meant it very literally what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I meant it very literally what I
+meant is if you know the function we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant is if you know the function we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant is if you know the function we'll
+be able to give a formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to give a formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to give a formula for the
+derivative if you don't know how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative if you don't know how to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative if you don't know how to find
+the function you'll have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function you'll have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function you'll have a lot of
+trouble finding the derivative so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble finding the derivative so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble finding the derivative so we
+didn't make any promises that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make any promises that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make any promises that if you
+can't find the function you will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find the function you will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find the function you will be able
+to find the derivative by some magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the derivative by some magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the derivative by some magic
+that will never happen and however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will never happen and however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will never happen and however
+complex the function is a a root of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex the function is a a root of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex the function is a a root of a
+fourth degree polinomial is a can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth degree polinomial is a can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth degree polinomial is a can be a
+pretty complicated function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated function of the
+coefficients uh we're stuck with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients uh we're stuck with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients uh we're stuck with this
+degree of complexity in the problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of complexity in the problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of complexity in the problem but
+the big advantage of this method notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big advantage of this method notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big advantage of this method notice
+is that although had to find Star we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that although had to find Star we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that although had to find Star we had
+to find this formula star or and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find this formula star or and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find this formula star or and there
+are many other ways of doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many other ways of doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many other ways of doing these
+things numerically by the way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things numerically by the way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things numerically by the way which
+we'll learn later so there's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll learn later so there's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll learn later so there's a good
+method for doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for doing it
+numerically uh although we had to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically uh although we had to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically uh although we had to find
+Star we never had to differentiate it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star we never had to differentiate it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star we never had to differentiate it we
+had a fast way of getting the slope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a fast way of getting the slope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a fast way of getting the slope so
+we needed to know what X and Y were but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to know what X and Y were but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to know what X and Y were but
+y Prime we got by an algebraic formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Prime we got by an algebraic formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Prime we got by an algebraic formula
+in terms of the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the values
+here so this is very fast forgetting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is very fast forgetting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is very fast forgetting the
+slope once you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope once you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope once you know the the
+Point yes what's in the parentheses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point yes what's in the parentheses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point yes what's in the parentheses but
+what's in the parenthesis sorry you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the parenthesis sorry you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the parenthesis sorry you this
+is now let's see if I can manage is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now let's see if I can manage is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now let's see if I can manage is this
+this little uh is this the parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little uh is this the parenthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little uh is this the parenthesis
+you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about
+ah say oh this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah say oh this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah say oh this says
+say well so maybe I should put commas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well so maybe I should put commas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well so maybe I should put commas
+around it but it was sa a y comma comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it but it was sa a y comma comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it but it was sa a y comma comma
+okay well here was at at xals 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well here was at at xals 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well here was at at xals 1 and
+here's but at say I'm just throwing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's but at say I'm just throwing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's but at say I'm just throwing out
+a value here any other value actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value here any other value actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value here any other value actually
+there is one value my favorite value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one value my favorite value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one value my favorite value
+well this is easy to evaluate right x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is easy to evaluate right x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is easy to evaluate right x
+equals z I can I can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z I can I can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z I can I can do it
+there that's the that's maybe the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's the that's maybe the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's the that's maybe the only
+one which is the others are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nuisance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay now now we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay now now we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay now now we have to do
+something more here so I claimed to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more here so I claimed to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more here so I claimed to you
+that that we we could differentiate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we we could differentiate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we we could differentiate all
+the functions we know but really we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions we know but really we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions we know but really we can
+learn a tremendous about about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a tremendous about about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a tremendous about about about
+some functions which are really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some functions which are really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some functions which are really hard to
+get at so so this implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at so so this implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at so so this implicit
+differentiation method has one very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation method has one very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation method has one very very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+to to finding inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions or finding uh derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or finding uh derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or finding uh derivatives of
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+functions so let's talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next so first maybe we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so first maybe we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so first maybe we'll just
+illustrate by an example if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate by an example if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate by an example if you have the
+function y is equal to < tkx X for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function y is equal to < tkx X for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function y is equal to < tkx X for X
+positive then of course this idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then of course this idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then of course this idea is
+that we should simplify this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should simplify this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should simplify this equation
+and we should Square it so we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should Square it so we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should Square it so we get this
+somewhat simpler equation here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat simpler equation here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat simpler equation here and then
+we have a notation for this if we call F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a notation for this if we call F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a notation for this if we call F
+ofx equal to < TK of X and G of Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx equal to < TK of X and G of Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx equal to < TK of X and G of Y is
+equal to X this is the reversal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X this is the reversal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X this is the reversal of the
+of this then then the formula for G of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this then then the formula for G of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this then then the formula for G of Y
+is that it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y^2 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general in general if we start with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general in general if we start with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general in general if we start with any
+old Y is equal to F ofx and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Y is equal to F ofx and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Y is equal to F ofx and we just
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+down this is the defining relation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this is the defining relation for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this is the defining relation for a
+function G uh the property that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G uh the property that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G uh the property that we're
+saying is that g of f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that g of f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that g of f ofx
+has got to bring us back to X and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got to bring us back to X and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got to bring us back to X and we
+write that in a couple of different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that in a couple of different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that in a couple of different ways
+we call G the inverse of F and also we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call G the inverse of F and also we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call G the inverse of F and also we
+call uh F the inverse of G although I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh F the inverse of G although I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh F the inverse of G although I'm
+going to be silent about which variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be silent about which variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be silent about which variable
+I want to use because people mix them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to use because people mix them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to use because people mix them up
+a little bit as we'll be doing when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit as we'll be doing when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit as we'll be doing when we
+draw a few pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's let's draw a picture of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both F and F inverse on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all first of all I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all first of all I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all first of all I'm going to draw
+the graph of uh f ofx is equal to < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of uh f ofx is equal to < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of uh f ofx is equal to < TK
+of X all right that's some shape like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and now in order to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now in order to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now in order to understand what
+G of Y is so so let's do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of Y is so so let's do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of Y is so so let's do the the
+analysis in general but then we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis in general but then we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis in general but then we'll we'll
+draw it in this particular case uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it in this particular case uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it in this particular case uh if
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+um G of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um G of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um G of Y
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+X that's really just the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's really just the same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's really just the same equation
+right um this is the equation G of Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um this is the equation G of Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um this is the equation G of Y is
+equal to X that's y^2 = X this is yal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X that's y^2 = X this is yal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X that's y^2 = X this is yal
+otk of X those are the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otk of X those are the same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otk of X those are the same equation
+it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same
+curve but suppose now that we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve but suppose now that we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve but suppose now that we wanted to
+write down what G of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what G of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what G of X
+is okay in other words we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay in other words we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay in other words we wanted to
+switch the variable so draw them as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the variable so draw them as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the variable so draw them as I
+said on the same graph with the same X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said on the same graph with the same X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said on the same graph with the same X
+and the same y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same y
+axes then that would be in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes then that would be in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes then that would be in effect
+trading the roles of X and Y we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading the roles of X and Y we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading the roles of X and Y we have to
+rename every point on the graph which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rename every point on the graph which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rename every point on the graph which is
+of the ordered pair XY and trade it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ordered pair XY and trade it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ordered pair XY and trade it for
+the opposite ones and when you exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite ones and when you exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite ones and when you exchange
+X and Y so to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchange X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange X and
+Y and when you do that uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and when you do that uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and when you do that uh on the
+graphically what that looks like is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically what that looks like is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically what that looks like is the
+f suppose you have a place here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f suppose you have a place here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f suppose you have a place here and this
+is the X and this is the Y then you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the X and this is the Y then you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the X and this is the Y then you want
+to trade them so you want the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade them so you want the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade them so you want the the the
+the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y
+here right and the X up there so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and the X up there so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and the X up there so it's
+it's this sort of opposite place over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this sort of opposite place over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this sort of opposite place over
+there and that is the place which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that is the place which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that is the place which is uh
+directly opposite this point across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly opposite this point across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly opposite this point across the
+uh diagonal line xals Y so you reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diagonal line xals Y so you reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diagonal line xals Y so you reflect
+across this or you flip AC cross that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this or you flip AC cross that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this or you flip AC cross that
+and you get this other shape that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this other shape that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this other shape that looks
+like this maybe I'll draw it with a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this maybe I'll draw it with a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this maybe I'll draw it with a with
+a uh colored piece of chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all right so this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so this guy here
+is um y = f inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um y = f inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um y = f inverse of
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and indeed if you look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and indeed if you look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and indeed if you look at these
+graphs this one is the square root this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs this one is the square root this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs this one is the square root this
+one happens to be um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y^2 right they just it's if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 right they just it's if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 right they just it's if you take
+this one and you turn it you reverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and you turn it you reverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and you turn it you reverse the
+roles of the xaxis and the Y AIS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of the xaxis and the Y AIS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of the xaxis and the Y AIS and
+tilt it on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilt it on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilt it on its
+side all right so that's a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side all right so that's a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side all right so that's a picture of
+what an inverse function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is and now uh I want to show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and now uh I want to show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and now uh I want to show you that
+the method of implicit differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of implicit differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of implicit differentiation
+allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to
+compute the derivatives of inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the derivatives of inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the derivatives of inverse
+functions so let me just say it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so let me just say it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so let me just say it in
+general and then I'll carry it out in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and then I'll carry it out in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and then I'll carry it out in in
+particular so implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation
+allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to
+find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of any
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+provided we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided we
+know the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function all right so let's do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all right so let's do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all right so let's do that for
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+is an example example which is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example example which is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example example which is is is
+truly complicated and and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly complicated and and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly complicated and and a little
+subtle here and has a a very pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle here and has a a very pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle here and has a a very pretty
+answer so we'll carry out an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so we'll carry out an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so we'll carry out an example
+here which is the function y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the function y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the function y is equal to
+the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent so
+again for the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for the inverse
+tangent all of the uh things that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent all of the uh things that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent all of the uh things that we're
+going to do are going to be based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do are going to be based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do are going to be based on
+simplifying this equation by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying this equation by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying this equation by taking the
+tangent of both sides so uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of both sides so uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of both sides so uh let me
+remind you by the way the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you by the way the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you by the way the inverse
+tangent is what's also known as arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent is what's also known as arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent is what's also known as arc
+tangent of X that's just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of X that's just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of X that's just another
+notation for the same thing and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the same thing and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the same thing and the way
+we're going to what we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to what we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to what we're going to use
+to describe this function is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe this function is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe this function is the
+equation tan Y is equal to X that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation tan Y is equal to X that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation tan Y is equal to X that's what
+happens when you take the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you take the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you take the tangent
+this function so this is how we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function so this is how we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function so this is how we're going
+to figure out what the function looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like all right so first of all I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right so first of all I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right so first of all I I want
+to draw it and then and then we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw it and then and then we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw it and then and then we'll do
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+computation okay so let's let's make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation okay so let's let's make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation okay so let's let's make the
+the diagram first make the sketch so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram first make the sketch so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram first make the sketch so I
+want to do something which is analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something which is analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something which is analogous
+to what I did over here with the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I did over here with the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I did over here with the square
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+function so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so first of
+all I remind you that the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I remind you that the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I remind you that the tangent
+function is defined between two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is defined between two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is defined between two values
+here which are Pi / 2 and minus pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which are Pi / 2 and minus pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which are Pi / 2 and minus pi over
+two and it starts out at minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it starts out at minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it starts out at minus infinity
+and curves up like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and curves up like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and curves up like this
+so that's the that's the uh function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's the uh function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's the uh function uh
+Tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+okay and so the one that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the one that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the one that we have to
+sketch is this one which we get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch is this one which we get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch is this one which we get by
+reflecting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting this
+across uh the axis all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh the axis all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh the axis all right so that's
+going to be well not the axis sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be well not the axis sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be well not the axis sorry the
+diagonal all right this slope by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal all right this slope by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal all right this slope by the way
+should be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a little lower here so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little lower here so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little lower here so that you can
+we can have it going down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have it going down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have it going down and
+up all right so let me show you what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right so let me show you what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right so let me show you what it
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+so on the front end it's going to look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the front end it's going to look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the front end it's going to look a
+lot like this one so um this one had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like this one so um this one had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like this one so um this one had
+curved down and so the the reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved down and so the the reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved down and so the the reflection
+across the diagonal curved up here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the diagonal curved up here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the diagonal curved up here this
+is curving up so the reflection is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is curving up so the reflection is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is curving up so the reflection is going
+to curve down it's going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to curve down it's going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to curve down it's going to look like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+all right maybe I should sorry let's use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right maybe I should sorry let's use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right maybe I should sorry let's use
+a different color because it's reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different color because it's reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different color because it's reversed
+from what we had before so I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we had before so I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we had before so I'll just
+call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it
+green all right we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green all right we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green all right we'll do
+this all right now uh the original curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right now uh the original curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right now uh the original curve
+in the first quadrant uh eventually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first quadrant uh eventually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first quadrant uh eventually had
+an ASM toote which was straight up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ASM toote which was straight up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ASM toote which was straight up so
+this one is going to have an ASM toote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is going to have an ASM toote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is going to have an ASM toote
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is which is horizontal and uh that level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is horizontal and uh that level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is horizontal and uh that level
+is what what's the what's the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what's the what's the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what's the what's the highest
+right there it's say pi/ 2 up here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there it's say pi/ 2 up here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there it's say pi/ 2 up here all
+right now similarly the other way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now similarly the other way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now similarly the other way we're
+going to do this and this bottom level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this and this bottom level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this and this bottom level
+is going to be minus Pi /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be minus Pi /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be minus Pi /
+2 so there's the picture of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so there's the picture of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so there's the picture of this
+function it's defined for all X so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's defined for all X so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's defined for all X so this
+green guy is um y = tan inverse X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green guy is um y = tan inverse X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green guy is um y = tan inverse X and
+it's defined all the way from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined all the way from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined all the way from minus
+infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinity and to use a a notation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and to use a a notation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and to use a a notation that we
+we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had
+from limit notation as X goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from limit notation as X goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from limit notation as X goes to
+Infinity let's say tan inverse X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity let's say tan inverse X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity let's say tan inverse X is
+equal to /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to /
+2 that's an example of one value that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that's an example of one value that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that's an example of one value that's
+of interest in addition to the uh finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest in addition to the uh finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest in addition to the uh finite
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+okay so now the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the first
+ingredient that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient that we're going to
+need is we're going to need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is we're going to need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is we're going to need the
+derivative of the tangent function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the tangent function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the tangent function so
+I'm going to recall for you and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to recall for you and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to recall for you and you
+haven't maybe haven't worked this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't maybe haven't worked this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't maybe haven't worked this out
+yet but I hope that many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but I hope that many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but I hope that many of you have
+that if you take the derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take the derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take the derivative with
+respect to Y of tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y of tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y of tan
+y so this you do by the quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule so you this is of the form U over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so you this is of the form U over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so you this is of the form U over V
+right you use the quotient rule so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you use the quotient rule so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you use the quotient rule so I'm
+gonna skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna skip
+this okay but what you get in the end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay but what you get in the end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay but what you get in the end is
+some marvelous simplification it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some marvelous simplification it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some marvelous simplification it comes
+out to be cosine squ y here one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be cosine squ y here one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be cosine squ y here one over
+cosine squar you can recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squar you can recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squar you can recognize the
+cosine squar from the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squar from the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squar from the fact that you
+should get v^ s in the denominator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get v^ s in the denominator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get v^ s in the denominator and
+somehow the numerator all cancels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the numerator all cancels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the numerator all cancels and
+simplifies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay and this is all also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is all also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is all also known as
+secant squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant squ
+y all right so that's something that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y all right so that's something that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y all right so that's something that uh
+if you haven't done it yet you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't done it yet you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't done it yet you're going
+to have to do this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exercise all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so we need that ingredient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we need that ingredient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we need that ingredient
+and now we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're just going to
+differentiate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+and what do we get we get again d by Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we get we get again d by Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we get we get again d by Dy
+tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan
+y time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dydx uh is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 or if you like 1/ cosine 2 y * in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or if you like 1/ cosine 2 y * in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or if you like 1/ cosine 2 y * in the
+other notation y Prime is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other notation y Prime is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other notation y Prime is equal to
+one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so right so I've used I've just used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so I've used I've just used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so I've used I've just used the
+the formula that I just wrote down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula that I just wrote down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula that I just wrote down there
+all right now all I have to do is solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now all I have to do is solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now all I have to do is solve
+for y Prime it's cosine 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y okay unfortunately this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay unfortunately this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay unfortunately this is not the
+form that we ever want to leave these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that we ever want to leave these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that we ever want to leave these
+things in again this is the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in again this is the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in again this is the same problem
+we had with that ugly square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had with that ugly square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had with that ugly square root
+expression or with any of the others we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression or with any of the others we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression or with any of the others we
+want to rewrite it in terms of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rewrite it in terms of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rewrite it in terms of x
+our original question was what is d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original question was what is d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original question was what is d by
+DX of tan inverse of X now so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of tan inverse of X now so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of tan inverse of X now so far we
+have the following answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following answer to that
+question it's cosine squar of tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's cosine squar of tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's cosine squar of tan
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+X okay now this is a this is a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+but way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but way too
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that doesn't mean that if you took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that doesn't mean that if you took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that doesn't mean that if you took a
+random collection of functions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random collection of functions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random collection of functions you
+wouldn't end up with something this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't end up with something this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't end up with something this
+complicated but these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but these particular
+functions these beautiful circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions these beautiful circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions these beautiful circular
+functions involved with trigonometry all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions involved with trigonometry all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions involved with trigonometry all
+have very nice formulas associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very nice formulas associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very nice formulas associated with
+them and this simplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and this simplifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and this simplifies
+tremendously and so one of the skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously and so one of the skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously and so one of the skills
+that you need to do to to develop when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to do to to develop when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to do to to develop when
+you're dealing with um trig functions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with um trig functions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with um trig functions is
+to simplify this and so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify this and so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify this and so let's
+see now that expressions like this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simplify so here we go uh there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify so here we go uh there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify so here we go uh there's only
+one formula one ingredient that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one formula one ingredient that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one formula one ingredient that we need
+to use to do this and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to do this and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to do this and then we're going
+to draw a diagram so the ingredient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a diagram so the ingredient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a diagram so the ingredient
+again is the original defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is the original defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is the original defining
+relationship that tan Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that tan Y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that tan Y is equal to
+X So Tan y = x can be encoded a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X So Tan y = x can be encoded a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X So Tan y = x can be encoded a right
+triangle in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle in the following
+way here's the right triangle and tan y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way here's the right triangle and tan y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way here's the right triangle and tan y
+means that y should be represented as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that y should be represented as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that y should be represented as an
+angle and then its tangent is the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and then its tangent is the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and then its tangent is the ratio
+of this vertical to this horizontal side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vertical to this horizontal side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vertical to this horizontal side
+so I'm just going to pick two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to pick two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to pick two values
+that work namely X and one those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work namely X and one those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work namely X and one those are the
+simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest
+ones so I've encoded this equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so I've encoded this equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so I've encoded this equation in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+and now all I have to do is figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now all I have to do is figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now all I have to do is figure out
+what the cosine of Y is in this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cosine of Y is in this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cosine of Y is in this right
+triangle here in order to do that I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle here in order to do that I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle here in order to do that I need
+to figure out what the hypotenuse is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the hypotenuse is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the hypotenuse is but
+that's just Square < TK of 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2 and now I can read off what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and now I can read off what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and now I can read off what the the
+cosine of Y is so the cosine of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Y is so the cosine of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Y is so the cosine of Y
+is 1 / the hypotenuse so it's 1/ Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 / the hypotenuse so it's 1/ Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 / the hypotenuse so it's 1/ Square
+TK whoops yeah 1 + x^2 that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK whoops yeah 1 + x^2 that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK whoops yeah 1 + x^2 that's it
+yeah okay and so cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and so cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and so cosine
+squar is just 1 over 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is just 1 over 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is just 1 over 1 +
+x^2 and so our answer over here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and so our answer over here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and so our answer over here the
+preferred answer which is way simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred answer which is way simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred answer which is way simpler
+than what I wrote up there is that d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what I wrote up there is that d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what I wrote up there is that d by
+DX of tan inverse X is equal to 1 over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of tan inverse X is equal to 1 over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of tan inverse X is equal to 1 over 1
++
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now maybe I'll stop here for one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe I'll stop here for one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe I'll stop here for one more
+question I have one more calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have one more calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have one more calculation
+which I can do even in less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can do even in less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can do even in less than a
+minute so we have a whole minute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so we have a whole minute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so we have a whole minute for
+questions any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say that
+againe what happens to the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangent um the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent um the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent um the inverse
+tangent this okay so this inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent this okay so this inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent this okay so this inverse
+tangent is the same as this y here those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent is the same as this y here those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent is the same as this y here those
+are the same thing so what I did was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same thing so what I did was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same thing so what I did was I
+skipped this step here entirely I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped this step here entirely I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped this step here entirely I never
+wrote that down but I but the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote that down but I but the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote that down but I but the inverse
+tangent was that y the issue was what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent was that y the issue was what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent was that y the issue was what's
+a good formula for cosine Y in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good formula for cosine Y in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good formula for cosine Y in terms of
+X so I am evaluating that but I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I am evaluating that but I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I am evaluating that but I'm doing
+it using the letter Y so other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it using the letter Y so other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it using the letter Y so other words
+what happened to the inverse tangent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to the inverse tangent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to the inverse tangent is
+that I called it Y which is what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I called it Y which is what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I called it Y which is what it's
+been all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along okay so now I'm going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along okay so now I'm going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along okay so now I'm going to do the
+case of the sign the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the sign the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the sign the inverse
+sign and I'll show you how easy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and I'll show you how easy this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and I'll show you how easy this is
+if I don't fuss with uh because this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't fuss with uh because this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't fuss with uh because this one
+has an easy trig identity associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an easy trig identity associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an easy trig identity associated
+with it so if Y is equal to sin inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so if Y is equal to sin inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so if Y is equal to sin inverse
+X then sin Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then sin Y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then sin Y is equal to
+X and now watch how simple it is when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and now watch how simple it is when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and now watch how simple it is when I
+do the differentiation I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the differentiation I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the differentiation I just
+differentiate I get cosine y * y Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate I get cosine y * y Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate I get cosine y * y Prime
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+1 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 all
+right and then y Prime so that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then y Prime so that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then y Prime so that implies
+that y Prime is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y Prime is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y Prime is equal to
+1/ cosine Y and now to rewrite that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ cosine Y and now to rewrite that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ cosine Y and now to rewrite that in
+terms of of X I have to just recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of of X I have to just recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of of X I have to just recognize
+that this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this which is the same as 1 over < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is the same as 1 over < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is the same as 1 over < TK of
+1 - x^2 so all told the derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - x^2 so all told the derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - x^2 so all told the derivative with
+respect to X of the arine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X of the arine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X of the arine
+function is 1 / < TK 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the these uh implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the these uh implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the these uh implicit
+differentiations are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiations are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiations are very
+convenient however I warn you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient however I warn you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient however I warn you that you
+do have to be careful about the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to be careful about the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to be careful about the range of
+applicability of these things and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicability of these things and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicability of these things and you
+have to draw a picture like this one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to draw a picture like this one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to draw a picture like this one to
+make sure you know where this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you know where this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you know where this makes
+sense in other words you have to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in other words you have to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in other words you have to pick a
+branch of the sign function to work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the sign function to work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the sign function to work that
+out and there's something like that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and there's something like that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and there's something like that on
+your problem set and it's also discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem set and it's also discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem set and it's also discussed
+in your text so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6Rl8scykyEQ.txt b/6Rl8scykyEQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24730dd869d8622cc95b8236c8d7801afa075372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6Rl8scykyEQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why is the game of Jeopardy hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is the game of Jeopardy hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is the game of Jeopardy hard for
+a computer we said earlier that Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer we said earlier that Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer we said earlier that Watson
+had 3000 processors and a database of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 3000 processors and a database of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 3000 processors and a database of
+200 million pages of information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 million pages of information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 million pages of information so
+shouldn't it be easy for Watson to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't it be easy for Watson to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't it be easy for Watson to play
+jeopardy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardy
+unfortunately jeopardy has a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately jeopardy has a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately jeopardy has a wide
+variety of categories which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of categories which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of categories which are
+purposely made cryptic while computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely made cryptic while computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely made cryptic while computers
+can easily answer precise questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily answer precise questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily answer precise questions like
+computing the square root of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the square root of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the square root of a
+complicated number understanding natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated number understanding natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated number understanding natural
+language is hard for computers as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is hard for computers as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is hard for computers as an
+example suppose we ask Watson to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose we ask Watson to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose we ask Watson to answer
+the question where was Albert Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question where was Albert Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question where was Albert Einstein
+born stored in its database Watson might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born stored in its database Watson might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born stored in its database Watson might
+have the following information one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following information one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following information one day
+from his city views of ohm Otto chose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his city views of ohm Otto chose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his city views of ohm Otto chose a
+water color to send to Albert Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water color to send to Albert Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water color to send to Albert Einstein
+as a remembrance of his birthplace as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a remembrance of his birthplace as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a remembrance of his birthplace as a
+human we can probably figure out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human we can probably figure out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human we can probably figure out that
+the name of the city is owned but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the city is owned but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the city is owned but this
+is a hard sentence to parse how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hard sentence to parse how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hard sentence to parse how would
+you tell a computer that Albert Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell a computer that Albert Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell a computer that Albert Einstein
+was born an old using just this sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was born an old using just this sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was born an old using just this sentence
+okay so how about if we just store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how about if we just store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how about if we just store
+answers to all possible questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to all possible questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to all possible questions that
+could be asked on Jeopardy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be asked on Jeopardy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be asked on Jeopardy
+unfortunately this would be impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately this would be impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately this would be impossible
+an analysis of 200,000 previous jeopardy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis of 200,000 previous jeopardy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis of 200,000 previous jeopardy
+questions yields at over 2,500 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yields at over 2,500 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yields at over 2,500 different
+categories and new questions are created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories and new questions are created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories and new questions are created
+on Jeopardy all the time well ok then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Jeopardy all the time well ok then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Jeopardy all the time well ok then
+let's just search Google for the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just search Google for the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just search Google for the answer
+to the question unfortunately no links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question unfortunately no links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question unfortunately no links
+to the outside world are permitted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outside world are permitted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outside world are permitted on
+Jeopardy and this rule applied to Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeopardy and this rule applied to Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeopardy and this rule applied to Watson
+as well and even if Watson could search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and even if Watson could search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and even if Watson could search
+the internet for the answer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet for the answer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet for the answer to a
+question it can take considerable skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it can take considerable skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it can take considerable skill
+to find the right webpage with the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the right webpage with the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the right webpage with the right
+information so instead Watson used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so instead Watson used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so instead Watson used
+analytics to answer the Jeopardy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics to answer the Jeopardy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics to answer the Jeopardy
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+Watson received each question in text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson received each question in text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson received each question in text
+form normally the players see and hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form normally the players see and hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form normally the players see and hear
+the questions but Watson couldn't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions but Watson couldn't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions but Watson couldn't hear
+anything so they decided to feed him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so they decided to feed him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so they decided to feed him the
+questions in text instead with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in text instead with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in text instead with the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+text form IBM was able to use text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text form IBM was able to use text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text form IBM was able to use text
+analytics and other analytical methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics and other analytical methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics and other analytical methods
+to make Watson a competitive player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make Watson a competitive player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make Watson a competitive player
+overall they used 100 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall they used 100 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall they used 100 different
+techniques for analyzing natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for analyzing natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for analyzing natural
+language finding hypotheses for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language finding hypotheses for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language finding hypotheses for the
+questions and ranking these hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and ranking these hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and ranking these hypotheses
+to pick an answer Watson had a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick an answer Watson had a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick an answer Watson had a huge
+database of sources and several basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of sources and several basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of sources and several basic
+tools to help understand language the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to help understand language the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to help understand language the
+database consisted of a massive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database consisted of a massive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database consisted of a massive number
+of data sources like encyclopedias texts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data sources like encyclopedias texts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data sources like encyclopedias texts
+manuals magazines and downloaded pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuals magazines and downloaded pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuals magazines and downloaded pages
+of Wikipedia one of the tools Watson had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Wikipedia one of the tools Watson had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Wikipedia one of the tools Watson had
+was a lexicon which describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lexicon which describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lexicon which describes the
+relationship between different words for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between different words for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between different words for
+example the lexicon could tell Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the lexicon could tell Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the lexicon could tell Watson
+that water is a clear liquid but not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that water is a clear liquid but not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that water is a clear liquid but not all
+clear liquids are water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear liquids are water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear liquids are water
+another tool Watson had was a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another tool Watson had was a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another tool Watson had was a part of
+speech tagger and parser this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech tagger and parser this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech tagger and parser this would
+identify functions of words in text for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify functions of words in text for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify functions of words in text for
+example it would know that the word race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it would know that the word race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it would know that the word race
+can be used as a verb or a noun the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used as a verb or a noun the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used as a verb or a noun the
+students had to race to catch the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students had to race to catch the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students had to race to catch the bus
+uses race as a verb while please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses race as a verb while please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses race as a verb while please
+indicate your race uses race as a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate your race uses race as a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate your race uses race as a noun
+then using these data sources and tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using these data sources and tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using these data sources and tools
+Watson would answer a question by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson would answer a question by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson would answer a question by going
+through four major steps the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through four major steps the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through four major steps the first step
+is question analysis where Watson tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is question analysis where Watson tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is question analysis where Watson tries
+to figure out what the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the question is
+looking for the second step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the second step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the second step is
+hypothesis generation where Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis generation where Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis generation where Watson
+searches the information sources for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches the information sources for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches the information sources for
+possible answers after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible answers after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible answers after this
+Watson moves on to step 3 when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson moves on to step 3 when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson moves on to step 3 when the
+different hypotheses are scored this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hypotheses are scored this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hypotheses are scored this
+means that a confidence level has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a confidence level has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a confidence level has to be
+computed for each answer the final step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed for each answer the final step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed for each answer the final step
+is ranking the hypotheses to look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ranking the hypotheses to look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ranking the hypotheses to look for a
+highly supported answer in the next two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly supported answer in the next two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly supported answer in the next two
+videos we'll go through how each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos we'll go through how each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos we'll go through how each of
+these steps work
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6lsGKRj7Yzg.txt b/6lsGKRj7Yzg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96c5687c744d95a53b3e07bf5fdb67f89e498029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6lsGKRj7Yzg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+We are deeply grateful
+
+to the more than 1300 learners
+
+who donated to our campaign.
+
+ 
+
+Because of your donations,
+
+OCW will receive a total matching gift of
+
+$76,000 from MathWorks.
+
+That will go a long way
+
+towards helping us make our content
+
+richer and more accessible
+
+to every learner in the world.
+
+Thank you again for helping to sustain OCW
+
+and for celebrating 15 years of open sharing.
+
+On behalf of the entire OCW team
+
+here in Cambridge, Massachusetts,
+
+I want to thank you for your support
+
+of OpenCourseWare. It's such a
+
+privilege to us to be able to
+
+publish all these courses that
+
+are so useful to people around the world.
+
+Thank you again!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6m39f8lDONs.txt b/6m39f8lDONs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1a06311a15920cc736c307fd320201252f27ab2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6m39f8lDONs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that we've trained a model we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've trained a model we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've trained a model we need
+to evaluate it on the test set so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate it on the test set so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate it on the test set so let's
+build an object called preed that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an object called preed that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an object called preed that has
+the predicted probabilities for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicted probabilities for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicted probabilities for each
+class from our current model so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class from our current model so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class from our current model so we'll
+use predict of email cart our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use predict of email cart our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use predict of email cart our current
+model passing it new data equals tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model passing it new data equals tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model passing it new data equals tests
+to get test set predicted probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get test set predicted probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get test set predicted probabilities
+so to recall the structure of preed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to recall the structure of preed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to recall the structure of preed we
+can look at the first ten rows with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the first ten rows with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the first ten rows with
+period of one to ten so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of one to ten so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of one to ten so those are the
+rows we want and we want all the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows we want and we want all the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows we want and we want all the columns
+so we'll just leave a comma and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just leave a comma and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just leave a comma and nothing
+else afterward so the left column here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else afterward so the left column here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else afterward so the left column here
+is the predicted probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the predicted probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the predicted probability of the
+document being non-responsive and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document being non-responsive and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document being non-responsive and the
+right column is the predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right column is the predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right column is the predicted
+probability of the document being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the document being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the document being
+responsive they sum to one so in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive they sum to one so in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive they sum to one so in our
+case we want to extract the predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we want to extract the predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we want to extract the predicted
+probability of a document being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a document being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a document being
+responsive so we're looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive so we're looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive so we're looking for the
+rightmost column so create an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost column so create an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost column so create an object
+called pre prop and we'll select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pre prop and we'll select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pre prop and we'll select the
+rightmost or second column all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost or second column all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost or second column all right so
+pre dot problem now contains our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre dot problem now contains our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre dot problem now contains our test
+set predicted probabilities and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set predicted probabilities and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set predicted probabilities and we're
+interested in the accuracy of our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the accuracy of our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the accuracy of our model
+on the test set so for this computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the test set so for this computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the test set so for this computation
+we'll use a cut-off of 0.5 and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use a cut-off of 0.5 and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use a cut-off of 0.5 and so we can
+just table the true outcome which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just table the true outcome which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just table the true outcome which is
+test dollar sign responsive against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test dollar sign responsive against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test dollar sign responsive against the
+predicted outcome which is pre prob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted outcome which is pre prob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted outcome which is pre prob
+being greater than or equal to 0.5 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being greater than or equal to 0.5 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being greater than or equal to 0.5 what
+we can see here is that in 195 cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see here is that in 195 cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see here is that in 195 cases we
+predict false from the left column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict false from the left column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict false from the left column and
+the true outcome was 0 non-responsive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true outcome was 0 non-responsive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true outcome was 0 non-responsive so
+we were correct and in another 25 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were correct and in another 25 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were correct and in another 25 we
+were we correctly identified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we correctly identified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we correctly identified a
+responsive document in 20 cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive document in 20 cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive document in 20 cases we
+identified a document as responsive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a document as responsive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a document as responsive but
+it was actually non-responsive and in 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was actually non-responsive and in 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was actually non-responsive and in 17
+the opposite happened we identified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite happened we identified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite happened we identified a
+document as non-responsive but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document as non-responsive but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document as non-responsive but it
+actually was responsive so our accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was responsive so our accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was responsive so our accuracy
+is 195 plus 25 our correct results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 195 plus 25 our correct results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 195 plus 25 our correct results
+divided by the total number of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the total number of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the total number of elements
+in the testing set 195 plus 25 plus 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the testing set 195 plus 25 plus 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the testing set 195 plus 25 plus 17
+plus 20 so even accuracy in the test set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 20 so even accuracy in the test set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 20 so even accuracy in the test set
+of 85 point six percent and now we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 85 point six percent and now we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 85 point six percent and now we want
+to compare ourselves to the accuracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare ourselves to the accuracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare ourselves to the accuracy of
+the baseline model as we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baseline model as we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baseline model as we've already
+established the baseline model is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established the baseline model is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established the baseline model is always
+going to predict that document is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to predict that document is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to predict that document is
+non-responsive so if we table test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-responsive so if we table test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-responsive so if we table test
+dollar sign responsive we see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign responsive we see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign responsive we see that it's
+going to be correct in 215 of the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be correct in 215 of the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be correct in 215 of the cases
+so in the accuracy is 215 divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the accuracy is 215 divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the accuracy is 215 divided by the
+total number of test set observations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of test set observations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of test set observations so
+that's 83 point 7 percent accuracy so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 83 point 7 percent accuracy so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 83 point 7 percent accuracy so we
+see just a small improvement in accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just a small improvement in accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just a small improvement in accuracy
+using the cart model which as we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the cart model which as we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the cart model which as we know is
+a common case in unbalanced data sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common case in unbalanced data sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common case in unbalanced data sense
+however as the most document retrieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however as the most document retrieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however as the most document retrieval
+applications there are uneven costs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications there are uneven costs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications there are uneven costs for
+different types of errors here typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of errors here typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of errors here typically
+a human will still have to manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human will still have to manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human will still have to manually
+review all of the predicted responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review all of the predicted responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review all of the predicted responsive
+documents to make sure they are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents to make sure they are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents to make sure they are actually
+responsive therefore if we have a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive therefore if we have a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive therefore if we have a false
+positive in which a non-responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive in which a non-responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive in which a non-responsive
+document is labeled as responsive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document is labeled as responsive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document is labeled as responsive the
+mistake translates to a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake translates to a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake translates to a bit of
+additional work in the manual review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work in the manual review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work in the manual review
+process but no further harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but no further harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but no further harm
+since the manual review process will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the manual review process will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the manual review process will
+remove this erroneous results but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this erroneous results but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this erroneous results but on the
+other hand if we have a false negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if we have a false negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if we have a false negative
+in which a responsive document is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which a responsive document is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which a responsive document is
+labeled as non-responsive by our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as non-responsive by our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as non-responsive by our model
+we will miss the document entirely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will miss the document entirely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will miss the document entirely in
+our predictive coding process therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predictive coding process therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predictive coding process therefore
+we're going to assign a higher cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assign a higher cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assign a higher cost to
+false negatives than to false positives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false negatives than to false positives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false negatives than to false positives
+which makes this a good time to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes this a good time to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes this a good time to look at
+other cut-offs on our ROC curve
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7c0XL-ZQn5I.txt b/7c0XL-ZQn5I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9408f0b45e397b1d0b829751d9a8a8e0c4720ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7c0XL-ZQn5I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether you are dealing with a solid an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you are dealing with a solid an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you are dealing with a solid an
+oil or a liquid at some stage you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil or a liquid at some stage you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil or a liquid at some stage you will
+have to dissolve it in a solvent whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dissolve it in a solvent whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dissolve it in a solvent whether
+you need it as a solution so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it as a solution so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it as a solution so that you
+can run a reaction or perhaps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run a reaction or perhaps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run a reaction or perhaps a
+chromatographic purification when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatographic purification when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatographic purification when you're
+done you will need to remove the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you will need to remove the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you will need to remove the solvent
+in order to isolate the pure compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to isolate the pure compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to isolate the pure compound
+luckily a very useful piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily a very useful piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily a very useful piece of
+laboratory equipment called a rotary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory equipment called a rotary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory equipment called a rotary
+evaporator or rap was designed for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporator or rap was designed for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporator or rap was designed for just
+this use while raps are very easy to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this use while raps are very easy to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this use while raps are very easy to use
+there are a few general rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few general rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few general rules of
+operation that you will need to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that you will need to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that you will need to follow
+this video will demonstrate the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video will demonstrate the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video will demonstrate the correct
+use of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotovap while rot vaps come in a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotovap while rot vaps come in a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotovap while rot vaps come in a variety
+of different styles they are all made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different styles they are all made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different styles they are all made up
+of the same fundamental pieces these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same fundamental pieces these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same fundamental pieces these are
+a vacuum line to reduce the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum line to reduce the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum line to reduce the pressure
+inside of the whole root ofap system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the whole root ofap system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the whole root ofap system
+remember solvents boil at lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember solvents boil at lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember solvents boil at lower
+temperatures under reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures under reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures under reduced
+atmosphere a hot water bath used to warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere a hot water bath used to warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere a hot water bath used to warm
+the flask containing your dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flask containing your dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flask containing your dissolved
+material evaporation is a cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material evaporation is a cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material evaporation is a cooling
+process so you need to add a little heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you need to add a little heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you need to add a little heat
+to evaporate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaporate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaporate the
+solvent a nice clean bump trap to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent a nice clean bump trap to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent a nice clean bump trap to which
+you will attach your flask this useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will attach your flask this useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will attach your flask this useful
+piece of glassware will prevent any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glassware will prevent any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glassware will prevent any of
+your material from ending up inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material from ending up inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material from ending up inside the
+rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the
+rotovap a rotary motor that spins your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotovap a rotary motor that spins your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotovap a rotary motor that spins your
+flask and spreads the solvent out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask and spreads the solvent out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask and spreads the solvent out on the
+flask walls this creates more surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask walls this creates more surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask walls this creates more surface
+area and allows for Rapid evaporation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and allows for Rapid evaporation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and allows for Rapid evaporation of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+solvent a cooled condenser to condense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent a cooled condenser to condense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent a cooled condenser to condense
+the solvent vapor from your flask and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent vapor from your flask and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent vapor from your flask and a
+receiver to collect the condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver to collect the condensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver to collect the condensed
+solvent if all goes well the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent if all goes well the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent if all goes well the solvent
+that starts out in your flask ends up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts out in your flask ends up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts out in your flask ends up in
+the receiver while your material stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver while your material stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver while your material stays
+put in your flask rap operation is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in your flask rap operation is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in your flask rap operation is very
+simple but there are a few guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but there are a few guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but there are a few guidelines
+that you need to follow to avoid some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to follow to avoid some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to follow to avoid some
+potentially painful mistakes rule number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially painful mistakes rule number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially painful mistakes rule number
+one tie back your hair and avoid loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tie back your hair and avoid loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tie back your hair and avoid loose
+sleeves the rotary motor on the rotovap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeves the rotary motor on the rotovap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeves the rotary motor on the rotovap
+is a potential safety hazard take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a potential safety hazard take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a potential safety hazard take care
+not to lean too close or dangle your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to lean too close or dangle your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to lean too close or dangle your
+hair clothing or jewelry near the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair clothing or jewelry near the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair clothing or jewelry near the motor
+otherwise you may end up saying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you may end up saying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you may end up saying a
+painful goodbye to some precious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful goodbye to some precious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful goodbye to some precious
+material maybe even your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material maybe even your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material maybe even your
+scalp rule number two never fill your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalp rule number two never fill your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalp rule number two never fill your
+flask more than half full when preparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask more than half full when preparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask more than half full when preparing
+to use the rotovap you never want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the rotovap you never want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the rotovap you never want to
+fill your round bottom flask more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill your round bottom flask more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill your round bottom flask more than
+half full even if you have a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half full even if you have a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half full even if you have a large
+volume of solution to concentrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of solution to concentrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of solution to concentrate it
+will never save you time to overfill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never save you time to overfill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never save you time to overfill the
+flask it will most likely lead to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask it will most likely lead to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask it will most likely lead to an
+unfortunate and timeconsuming problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate and timeconsuming problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate and timeconsuming problem
+called bumping in other words your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called bumping in other words your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called bumping in other words your
+material will take a trip to the bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material will take a trip to the bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material will take a trip to the bump
+trap this will require you to rinse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap this will require you to rinse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap this will require you to rinse the
+bump trap with solv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump trap with solv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump trap with solv
+adding even more to the overall volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding even more to the overall volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding even more to the overall volume
+you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentrate rule number three make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate rule number three make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate rule number three make sure
+there are no solids in the flask this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no solids in the flask this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no solids in the flask this
+includes stir bars they may seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes stir bars they may seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes stir bars they may seem
+harmless but they can also lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bumping rule number four always use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumping rule number four always use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumping rule number four always use a
+clean bump trap even when you're careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean bump trap even when you're careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean bump trap even when you're careful
+bumping can happen therefore you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumping can happen therefore you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumping can happen therefore you should
+always thoroughly watch wash the bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thoroughly watch wash the bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thoroughly watch wash the bump
+trap and rinse it with solvent before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap and rinse it with solvent before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap and rinse it with solvent before
+you use it you never know what someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use it you never know what someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use it you never know what someone
+else may have left inside and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else may have left inside and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else may have left inside and you don't
+want it to end up mixed with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to end up mixed with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to end up mixed with your
+material but before you attach the bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but before you attach the bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but before you attach the bump
+trap or your flask to the rotor VAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap or your flask to the rotor VAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap or your flask to the rotor VAP
+proceed to rule number five cool the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to rule number five cool the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to rule number five cool the
+condenser and the receiver make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser and the receiver make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser and the receiver make sure
+that cold water is circulating through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cold water is circulating through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cold water is circulating through
+the condenser and place the receiver in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condenser and place the receiver in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condenser and place the receiver in
+an ice bath this will ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ice bath this will ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ice bath this will ensure that
+minimal solvent vapor makes it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal solvent vapor makes it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal solvent vapor makes it out of
+the rotovap and into the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotovap and into the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotovap and into the vacuum
+line now you are ready to put your half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now you are ready to put your half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now you are ready to put your half
+filled solid-free flask on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled solid-free flask on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled solid-free flask on the
+rotovap attach your flask securely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotovap attach your flask securely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotovap attach your flask securely to
+the bump trap using a c clip and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bump trap using a c clip and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bump trap using a c clip and an
+adapter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+necessary rule number six pull vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary rule number six pull vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary rule number six pull vacuum
+just a little bit before spinning your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit before spinning your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit before spinning your
+flask after you attach your flask open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask after you attach your flask open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask after you attach your flask open
+the system up to a little bit of vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system up to a little bit of vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system up to a little bit of vacuum
+and start the rotary motor if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start the rotary motor if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start the rotary motor if you start
+the spinning first without the vacuum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinning first without the vacuum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinning first without the vacuum to
+hold everything in place your flask and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold everything in place your flask and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold everything in place your flask and
+the bump trap might end up floating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bump trap might end up floating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bump trap might end up floating in
+the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bath rule number seven open the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath rule number seven open the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath rule number seven open the vacuum
+line slowly to start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line slowly to start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line slowly to start the
+evaporation watch your flask carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation watch your flask carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation watch your flask carefully
+to make sure that the bubbling is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the bubbling is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the bubbling is under
+control and reduce the vacuum if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and reduce the vacuum if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and reduce the vacuum if it
+looks like it is going too fast opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it is going too fast opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it is going too fast opening
+the vacuum line too fast is another good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum line too fast is another good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum line too fast is another good
+way to get your material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get your material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get your material to
+bump when you have achieved a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump when you have achieved a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump when you have achieved a stable
+rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of
+evaporation lower the flask into the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation lower the flask into the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation lower the flask into the hot
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+bath this will prevent the flask from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath this will prevent the flask from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath this will prevent the flask from
+icing up as it cools during evaporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icing up as it cools during evaporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icing up as it cools during evaporation
+and it will help the concentration to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will help the concentration to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will help the concentration to
+proceed at a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed at a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed at a reasonable
+rate leave your flask on the rotavap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate leave your flask on the rotavap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate leave your flask on the rotavap
+until the sample becomes viscous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the sample becomes viscous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the sample becomes viscous and
+sticks to the sides of the flask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks to the sides of the flask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks to the sides of the flask
+depending on the viscosity of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the viscosity of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the viscosity of your
+material it may even form a ring around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it may even form a ring around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it may even form a ring around
+the middle of the flask solid material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the flask solid material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the flask solid material
+will most likely solidify when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will most likely solidify when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will most likely solidify when
+concentration is complete now you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is complete now you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is complete now you are
+ready to remove your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to remove your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to remove your
+flask to do so turn off the rotary motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask to do so turn off the rotary motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask to do so turn off the rotary motor
+release the vacuum and undo the CET clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the vacuum and undo the CET clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the vacuum and undo the CET clip
+you can proceed to a high vacuum pump if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can proceed to a high vacuum pump if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can proceed to a high vacuum pump if
+you need to remove the small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to remove the small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to remove the small amount of
+solvent still in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent still in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent still in your
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+let's quickly recap the ravap rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's quickly recap the ravap rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's quickly recap the ravap rules that
+we have learned rule number one tie back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have learned rule number one tie back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have learned rule number one tie back
+your hair and avoid loose sleeves rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hair and avoid loose sleeves rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hair and avoid loose sleeves rule
+number two never fill your flask more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two never fill your flask more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two never fill your flask more
+than half full rule number three no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half full rule number three no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half full rule number three no
+solids should be in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids should be in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids should be in your
+flask rule number four always use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask rule number four always use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask rule number four always use a
+clean bump trap rule number five cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean bump trap rule number five cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean bump trap rule number five cool
+the condenser and the receiver before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condenser and the receiver before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condenser and the receiver before
+you attach your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attach your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attach your
+flask rule number six pull vacuum just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask rule number six pull vacuum just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask rule number six pull vacuum just a
+little bit before turning on the rotary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before turning on the rotary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before turning on the rotary
+motor to spin your flask and rule number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor to spin your flask and rule number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor to spin your flask and rule number
+seven open the vacuum line slowly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven open the vacuum line slowly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven open the vacuum line slowly so
+that you don't cause your material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bump remember this video is intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump remember this video is intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump remember this video is intended to
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+technique it is not intended as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it is not intended as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it is not intended as a
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+or the supplementary material in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the supplementary material in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the supplementary material in order
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+important that you understand both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand both
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7jvRf3-gs5U.txt b/7jvRf3-gs5U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ea5d1aade9686d9b6f6d125a3e7256e1a98f9cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7jvRf3-gs5U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi there I hope you were able to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi there I hope you were able to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi there I hope you were able to take a
+couple minutes to think about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes to think about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes to think about how you
+might represent pitch I'm back better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might represent pitch I'm back better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might represent pitch I'm back better
+camera hopefully a little bit better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera hopefully a little bit better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera hopefully a little bit better so
+what are the consequences of the pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the consequences of the pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the consequences of the pitch
+representation that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that we might
+choose that's what we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that's what we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that's what we're going to be
+looking at now let's say that we decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at now let's say that we decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at now let's say that we decide
+to work with the numeric representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with the numeric representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with the numeric representation
+P equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equal
+440 how would we represent then a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+440 how would we represent then a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+440 how would we represent then a type
+of continuous pitch like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aando since we only have one number or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aando since we only have one number or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aando since we only have one number or
+even just thinking about the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just thinking about the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just thinking about the performance
+perspective how do we represent how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective how do we represent how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective how do we represent how do
+we go from a number like 440 into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from a number like 440 into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from a number like 440 into
+something that a performer would be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that a performer would be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that a performer would be able
+to see on a staff and play with and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see on a staff and play with and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see on a staff and play with and are
+we just going to have a whole series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just going to have a whole series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just going to have a whole series of
+numbers so maybe the string based thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so maybe the string based thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so maybe the string based thing
+will be a little bit better but then how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a little bit better but then how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a little bit better but then how
+do we manipulate it what does p+2 mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we manipulate it what does p+2 mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we manipulate it what does p+2 mean
+are we just going to have a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we just going to have a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we just going to have a whole bunch
+of python errors that we can never add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of python errors that we can never add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of python errors that we can never add
+things together that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together that
+way so what we're going to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so what we're going to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so what we're going to be thinking
+about in the first group discussion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the first group discussion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the first group discussion is
+what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the
+consequences of the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of the particular
+representations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations that we
+choose other words what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose other words what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose other words what kinds of
+applications can be done with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications can be done with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications can be done with a
+particular representation that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular representation that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular representation that can't be
+done with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with another
+representation another way of putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation another way of putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation another way of putting it
+is which stakeholders are included or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which stakeholders are included or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which stakeholders are included or in
+excluded depending on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representation so the next thing I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so the next thing I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so the next thing I'd
+like you to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do is to
+think of three different ways that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of three different ways that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of three different ways that you
+might represent pitch on a computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might represent pitch on a computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might represent pitch on a computer and
+then think about for each of those what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about for each of those what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about for each of those what
+does this way do well and what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this way do well and what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this way do well and what does this
+way do badly at and then think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way do badly at and then think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way do badly at and then think about the
+stakeholders a stakeholder might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders a stakeholder might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders a stakeholder might be a
+musician or it might be a programmer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician or it might be a programmer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician or it might be a programmer or
+it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be
+a a a record producer or it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a record producer or it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a record producer or it might be
+somebody who is more specific like uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who is more specific like uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who is more specific like uh a
+rock music verus a clal musician or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock music verus a clal musician or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock music verus a clal musician or
+something of that s and who are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that s and who are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that s and who are the
+stakeholders who are excluded or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders who are excluded or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders who are excluded or
+included by what you've done
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7wOsPc0XtpY.txt b/7wOsPc0XtpY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9982cd708120c81db07b662f378a9523f45e174b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7wOsPc0XtpY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this second week week two we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this second week week two we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this second week week two we'll be
+taking you from the pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you from the pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you from the pretty
+straightforward process of creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward process of creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward process of creating
+images on a flatbed scanner to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images on a flatbed scanner to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images on a flatbed scanner to what you
+probably expected in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably expected in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably expected in the first place
+when you enrolled in our class using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you enrolled in our class using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you enrolled in our class using a
+camera and lens to capture images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and lens to capture images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and lens to capture images of
+your work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work in the
+lab we'll first take a look at what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab we'll first take a look at what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab we'll first take a look at what kind
+of equipment you'll need we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equipment you'll need we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equipment you'll need we'll look at
+specific lighting next week and we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific lighting next week and we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific lighting next week and we'll go
+over the very basics of making an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the very basics of making an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the very basics of making an image
+because this course is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this course is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this course is about
+photographing certain material with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing certain material with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing certain material with a
+certain scale we're going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain scale we're going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain scale we're going to be very
+specific in our suggestions for a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific in our suggestions for a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific in our suggestions for a camera
+and lens and for other equipment these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lens and for other equipment these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lens and for other equipment these
+photographs will be staged you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs will be staged you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs will be staged you have
+control you're not going to wonder what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control you're not going to wonder what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control you're not going to wonder what
+the image will look like after it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image will look like after it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image will look like after it's done
+you will see your process and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see your process and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see your process and your
+thinking as you create the setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking as you create the setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking as you create the setup
+and light it and compose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light it and compose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light it and compose
+it we're also going to review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're also going to review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're also going to review the
+important issue of getting the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issue of getting the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issue of getting the right
+exposure for our specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure for our specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure for our specific
+requirements now we're assuming you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements now we're assuming you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements now we're assuming you
+already have some basic knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have some basic knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have some basic knowledge of
+picture making and we'll just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture making and we'll just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture making and we'll just be
+modifying what you all hopefully already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying what you all hopefully already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying what you all hopefully already
+know if you're really brand new to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're really brand new to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're really brand new to all
+of this you'll find some useful websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this you'll find some useful websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this you'll find some useful websites
+on our Resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our Resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our Resource
+page so first your camera you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page so first your camera you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page so first your camera you don't need
+need a camera with all sorts of bells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a camera with all sorts of bells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a camera with all sorts of bells
+and whistles you just need one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whistles you just need one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whistles you just need one which
+will take various lenses and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take various lenses and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take various lenses and that will
+allow you to change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to change your
+ISO aperture and shutter settings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO aperture and shutter settings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO aperture and shutter settings and
+most important one that will create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important one that will create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important one that will create a
+large enough image measured in file size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough image measured in file size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough image measured in file size
+that could be submitted let's say for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be submitted let's say for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be submitted let's say for a
+publication or even a cover submission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication or even a cover submission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication or even a cover submission
+you would generally need for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would generally need for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would generally need for example
+about a 27 Meg file so something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 27 Meg file so something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 27 Meg file so something like
+300 DPI for an 8 and 1 12 by 11 cover so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 DPI for an 8 and 1 12 by 11 cover so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 DPI for an 8 and 1 12 by 11 cover so
+you need a camera that will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a camera that will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a camera that will give you
+that size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that size
+image now for your lens you'll need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image now for your lens you'll need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image now for your lens you'll need a
+105 macro lens this particular lens will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 macro lens this particular lens will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 macro lens this particular lens will
+allow you to get close to your material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to get close to your material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to get close to your material
+or device basically using macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or device basically using macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or device basically using macro
+photographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic
+techniques don't use enlarging filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques don't use enlarging filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques don't use enlarging filters
+on a normal lens the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a normal lens the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a normal lens the quality of the
+Optics just doesn't compare to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics just doesn't compare to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics just doesn't compare to the
+Optics of a very fine macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics of a very fine macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics of a very fine macro
+lens you'll also need a tripod and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens you'll also need a tripod and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens you'll also need a tripod and I
+suggest getting a quick release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest getting a quick release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest getting a quick release
+mechanism so that you can take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so that you can take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so that you can take your
+camera on and off the tripod easily I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera on and off the tripod easily I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera on and off the tripod easily I'm
+not going to suggest a copy stand which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to suggest a copy stand which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to suggest a copy stand which
+I see around many Labs using a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see around many Labs using a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see around many Labs using a copy
+stand where the camera is placed only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand where the camera is placed only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand where the camera is placed only in
+one position really limits your point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position really limits your point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position really limits your point of
+view and we don't want to do that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and we don't want to do that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and we don't want to do that you'll
+see in our discussion of point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in our discussion of point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in our discussion of point of view
+about having the ability to move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having the ability to move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having the ability to move the
+camera around on a tripod which not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera around on a tripod which not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera around on a tripod which not only
+slows you down which is a good thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows you down which is a good thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows you down which is a good thing but
+it teaches you to learn to see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it teaches you to learn to see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it teaches you to learn to see and
+encourages you to look carefully at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages you to look carefully at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages you to look carefully at your
+material finally I'm also suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material finally I'm also suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material finally I'm also suggesting
+that you use your computer to decide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use your computer to decide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use your computer to decide on
+the various settings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various settings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various settings for
+exposure you'll use a software to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure you'll use a software to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure you'll use a software to make
+the right settings and you'll store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right settings and you'll store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right settings and you'll store the
+images right onto your computer not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images right onto your computer not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images right onto your computer not a
+card in your camera make sure you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in your camera make sure you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in your camera make sure you get
+the right software for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right software for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right software for your
+camera but for those of you who decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera but for those of you who decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera but for those of you who decide
+not to use software you'll just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to use software you'll just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to use software you'll just have to
+learn how to set all those settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to set all those settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to set all those settings
+within your camera okay the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your camera okay the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your camera okay the best way to
+go about learning all of this is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about learning all of this is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about learning all of this is to make
+a picture so will work with a device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture so will work with a device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture so will work with a device
+you've seen before the inside of a music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before the inside of a music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before the inside of a music
+box
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8RlA0D6cjDc.txt b/8RlA0D6cjDc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b827ff97635bc7d7ddc8ae38506353ea7818e55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8RlA0D6cjDc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so let's just take stock a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let's just take stock a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let's just take stock a
+little bit on uh why are we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on uh why are we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on uh why are we're going to
+do this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this next
+module uh did you guys have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module uh did you guys have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module uh did you guys have some
+troubles with the Supply Chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubles with the Supply Chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubles with the Supply Chain
+management in your factories on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management in your factories on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management in your factories on this
+last round of simulation we did we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last round of simulation we did we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last round of simulation we did we did
+and how about the suppliers down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how about the suppliers down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how about the suppliers down there
+did you uh have a lot of visibility what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you uh have a lot of visibility what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you uh have a lot of visibility what
+was going on with your customers I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on with your customers I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on with your customers I know
+they're building houses they're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're building houses they're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're building houses they're building
+houses and we heard yesterday from Jeff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and we heard yesterday from Jeff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and we heard yesterday from Jeff
+at uh at Gorton's about how critical his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh at Gorton's about how critical his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh at Gorton's about how critical his
+supply chain was in h transformation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain was in h transformation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain was in h transformation of
+Gorton's to a lean Enterprise and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gorton's to a lean Enterprise and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gorton's to a lean Enterprise and we
+heard also a little bit aspect medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard also a little bit aspect medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard also a little bit aspect medical
+about supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about supply chain
+so supply chain is a is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so supply chain is a is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so supply chain is a is a really
+critical area of uh of a lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical area of uh of a lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical area of uh of a lean
+transformation and uh here's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and uh here's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and uh here's just a
+quote that 7% of the companies today are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote that 7% of the companies today are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote that 7% of the companies today are
+effectively managing their supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively managing their supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively managing their supply chain
+now that's a little bit out of date it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a little bit out of date it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a little bit out of date it's
+2003 but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 but only
+7% but they're 73% more profitable than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% but they're 73% more profitable than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% but they're 73% more profitable than
+the other manufacturers so who are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other manufacturers so who are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other manufacturers so who are some
+of the companies you think about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the companies you think about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the companies you think about you
+might think about that have a are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about that have a are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about that have a are well
+known for good Supply Chain management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for good Supply Chain management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for good Supply Chain management
+Dell Dell Walmart toy UPS Toyota okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell Dell Walmart toy UPS Toyota okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell Dell Walmart toy UPS Toyota okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+exactly okay so here's our objectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so here's our objectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so here's our objectives
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+module uh at the end of this module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module uh at the end of this module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module uh at the end of this module
+you'll be able to recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to recognize the
+importance of suppliers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of suppliers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of suppliers in the
+Enterprise I think you probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise I think you probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise I think you probably know
+that going into the module we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going into the module we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going into the module we're going
+to talk about the four key attributes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the four key attributes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the four key attributes of
+a lean supply chain one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lean supply chain one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lean supply chain one of them is
+aligning the design the product design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligning the design the product design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligning the design the product design
+or whatever your your your area is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever your your your area is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever your your your area is with
+the supply chain there needs to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain there needs to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain there needs to be an
+alignment there one is having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment there one is having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment there one is having the
+suppliers participate in your material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers participate in your material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers participate in your material
+flow you know I saw someone the supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow you know I saw someone the supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow you know I saw someone the supplier
+table coming up here delivering parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table coming up here delivering parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table coming up here delivering parts
+that's participation in the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's participation in the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's participation in the material
+flow having them actually involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow having them actually involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow having them actually involved in
+the design and development of your of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design and development of your of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design and development of your of
+your product and then the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product and then the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product and then the information
+flow and so then we're also most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and so then we're also most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and so then we're also most
+organizations have a legacy supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations have a legacy supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations have a legacy supply chain
+that they have to transform aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have to transform aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have to transform aspect
+medical was kind of Lucky it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical was kind of Lucky it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical was kind of Lucky it was a
+startup but we heard from Jeff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup but we heard from Jeff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup but we heard from Jeff for
+example a company's been in Jeff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a company's been in Jeff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a company's been in Jeff
+1889 1849 1849 okay they had a Legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1889 1849 1849 okay they had a Legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1889 1849 1849 okay they had a Legacy
+supply chain they had to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain they had to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain they had to deal
+with this picture sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this picture sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this picture sort of
+diagrammatically shows how suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrammatically shows how suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrammatically shows how suppliers
+interact with both the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with both the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with both the product
+development and production so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and production so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and production so remember
+the customer is the one that specifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer is the one that specifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer is the one that specifies
+the value and then the the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value and then the the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value and then the the role of
+product development or engineering which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product development or engineering which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product development or engineering which
+Analisa is going to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analisa is going to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analisa is going to talk about this
+afternoon is really to develop a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon is really to develop a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon is really to develop a design
+which when produced meets those customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when produced meets those customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when produced meets those customer
+expectations okay and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations okay and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations okay and one of the things
+that happens in a lean supply chain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in a lean supply chain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in a lean supply chain is
+to get those suppliers involved early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get those suppliers involved early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get those suppliers involved early
+not think of them as something you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think of them as something you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think of them as something you add
+on at the end of your design but to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at the end of your design but to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at the end of your design but to get
+them working with you during the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them working with you during the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them working with you during the design
+and in the Aerospace area typically 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the Aerospace area typically 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the Aerospace area typically 60
+to 80% of the product value that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 80% of the product value that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 80% of the product value that is the
+the dollar value of the product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar value of the product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar value of the product is
+outsourced to the suppliers and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsourced to the suppliers and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsourced to the suppliers and now we
+saw that yesterday at aspect medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that yesterday at aspect medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that yesterday at aspect medical
+they didn't give us the numbers I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't give us the numbers I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't give us the numbers I don't
+believe but they don't make anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe but they don't make anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe but they don't make anything
+they assemble things okay John kulage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assemble things okay John kulage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assemble things okay John kulage
+said that they they're a final assembler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that they they're a final assembler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that they they're a final assembler
+so a lot of the value of that product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the value of that product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the value of that product
+they buy from suppliers so suppliers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy from suppliers so suppliers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy from suppliers so suppliers are
+absolutely critical to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely critical to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely critical to their
+success then when it gets to production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success then when it gets to production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success then when it gets to production
+and an Le is going to talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an Le is going to talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an Le is going to talk more about
+the interaction of product development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction of product development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction of product development
+and production where the values created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and production where the values created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and production where the values created
+and delivered back to the customers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and delivered back to the customers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and delivered back to the customers you
+want to have your suppliers as partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have your suppliers as partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have your suppliers as partners
+okay so you have to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have to think of the
+suppliers as part of your Enterprise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers as part of your Enterprise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers as part of your Enterprise and
+we call that the extended Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that the extended Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that the extended Enterprise
+okay so today you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today you want to think about
+those guys at the back table as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys at the back table as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys at the back table as part of
+your Enterprise they're not somebody you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Enterprise they're not somebody you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Enterprise they're not somebody you
+just send orders to and get parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send orders to and get parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send orders to and get parts
+from okay now what does the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay now what does the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay now what does the supply chain
+look like well here's a a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like well here's a a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like well here's a a sort of
+generic picture starting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic picture starting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic picture starting with the
+enduser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduser
+customer the prime all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer the prime all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer the prime all the way down to
+some raw material supplier and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some raw material supplier and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some raw material supplier and usually
+these are in Te first tier second tier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in Te first tier second tier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in Te first tier second tier
+and third tier uh suppliers and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third tier uh suppliers and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third tier uh suppliers and as you
+move down the supply chain you know each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down the supply chain you know each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down the supply chain you know each
+tier represents a smaller proportion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tier represents a smaller proportion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tier represents a smaller proportion of
+the main business but they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main business but they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main business but they're very
+critical so let's just get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical so let's just get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical so let's just get a little
+example we have an interesting group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have an interesting group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have an interesting group
+here very diverse group so let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here very diverse group so let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here very diverse group so let me call
+in some people and tell us a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some people and tell us a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some people and tell us a little bit
+about where you fit in your supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where you fit in your supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where you fit in your supply chain
+and and how far up and down you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and how far up and down you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and how far up and down you can see
+so Tam you're you're with Intel okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Tam you're you're with Intel okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Tam you're you're with Intel okay
+where where is your where in Intel do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where is your where in Intel do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where is your where in Intel do
+you fit in this uh are you a prime or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit in this uh are you a prime or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit in this uh are you a prime or
+are you a supplier to a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you a supplier to a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you a supplier to a prime
+or um not sure I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um not sure I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um not sure I work
+inel so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inel so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inel so I would
+say the facility that's prior part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the facility that's prior part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the facility that's prior part
+of okay so okay so a couple things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so okay so a couple things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so okay so a couple things here
+first of all Tam is in product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all Tam is in product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all Tam is in product
+development and he doesn't know what his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and he doesn't know what his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and he doesn't know what his
+supply chain is right okay is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain is right okay is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain is right okay is that is
+that kind of what I hear you don't who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of what I hear you don't who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of what I hear you don't who's
+your in customer do you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in customer do you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in customer do you know for
+something manufacturing fac okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something manufacturing fac okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something manufacturing fac okay so so
+your that's not the in customer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your that's not the in customer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your that's not the in customer but
+you're you have a manufacturing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you have a manufacturing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you have a manufacturing that's
+your customers is the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your customers is the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your customers is the manufacturing
+facility and what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility and what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility and what are they
+making product a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making product a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making product a product
+okay and are they then selling that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and are they then selling that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and are they then selling that to
+pulet Packard or somebody or yeah people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulet Packard or somebody or yeah people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulet Packard or somebody or yeah people
+are putting orders in they go to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are putting orders in they go to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are putting orders in they go to our
+okay okay and so they go to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and so they go to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and so they go to some
+customer from Intel and then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer from Intel and then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer from Intel and then eventually
+some end user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some end user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some end user
+like Donna Lyn sorry Lynn is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Donna Lyn sorry Lynn is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Donna Lyn sorry Lynn is you know
+she's using her computer she's the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's using her computer she's the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's using her computer she's the end
+user okay okay so uh let's pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user okay okay so uh let's pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user okay okay so uh let's pick a
+different Lis Luis you're were the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Lis Luis you're were the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Lis Luis you're were the US
+Air Force okay now where are you in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air Force okay now where are you in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air Force okay now where are you in this
+in this uh supply chain here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh supply chain here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh supply chain here well
+um we're a developer uh so we would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're a developer uh so we would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're a developer uh so we would we
+would be uh a customer you'd be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh a customer you'd be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh a customer you'd be a
+customer okay and who might be the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer okay and who might be the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer okay and who might be the end
+user of what you develop uh the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user of what you develop uh the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user of what you develop uh the space
+Wing the 45th space Wing the space space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wing the 45th space Wing the space space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wing the 45th space Wing the space space
+4th space Wing okay space Wing okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th space Wing okay space Wing okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th space Wing okay space Wing okay and
+uh sitting where you sit as a customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sitting where you sit as a customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sitting where you sit as a customer
+how far down the supply chain do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far down the supply chain do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far down the supply chain do you
+interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+not very far down because we have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very far down because we have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very far down because we have a a
+contractor uh that does all that so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor uh that does all that so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor uh that does all that so so
+and your contractors like looh or north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your contractors like looh or north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your contractors like looh or north
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+grman okay so you interact with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grman okay so you interact with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grman okay so you interact with a
+contractor who interacts with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor who interacts with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor who interacts with the
+suppliers okay now Carlos you're with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers okay now Carlos you're with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers okay now Carlos you're with
+Cargill yes okay and uh in Mexico right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cargill yes okay and uh in Mexico right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cargill yes okay and uh in Mexico right
+yes okay so you're uh uh do you food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so you're uh uh do you food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so you're uh uh do you food
+products or okay so where would you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products or okay so where would you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products or okay so where would you be
+in this in this supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying we are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we are on the
+prime okay so you're the prime and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime okay so you're the prime and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime okay so you're the prime and who
+might be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be your
+customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UHD okay and then uh how far down supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UHD okay and then uh how far down supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UHD okay and then uh how far down supply
+chain do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain do
+you the last you see all the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the last you see all the way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the last you see all the way down
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+supply okay I'd like to call one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply okay I'd like to call one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply okay I'd like to call one more
+group here and I don't know much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here and I don't know much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here and I don't know much about
+it all someone from the Veterans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all someone from the Veterans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all someone from the Veterans
+Administration so Doug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration so Doug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration so Doug
+I don't you know yeah you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't you know yeah you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't you know yeah you're working
+with Healthcare and stuff yeah so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Healthcare and stuff yeah so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Healthcare and stuff yeah so I'm
+basically at the end user okay I work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically at the end user okay I work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically at the end user okay I work in
+the Labratory oh okay so I'm actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Labratory oh okay so I'm actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Labratory oh okay so I'm actually a
+customer and I provide results to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and I provide results to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and I provide results to the
+clinicians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians and
+iur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iur
+that okay cool okay so that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay cool okay so that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay cool okay so that you can see
+that these are uh just different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are uh just different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are uh just different
+examples of supply chain now one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of supply chain now one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of supply chain now one of the
+things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that
+comes out a little bit in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out a little bit in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out a little bit in this little
+exercise we did but is is really a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise we did but is is really a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise we did but is is really a very
+true thing is that most people in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true thing is that most people in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true thing is that most people in a in a
+non-lean supply chain don't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-lean supply chain don't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-lean supply chain don't have much
+visibility up or Downstream in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility up or Downstream in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility up or Downstream in that
+supply chain and so what they get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain and so what they get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain and so what they get is
+what we call they get the orders over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call they get the orders over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call they get the orders over
+the wall you know so you know you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall you know so you know you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall you know so you know you might
+you might give an order for reagents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might give an order for reagents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might give an order for reagents and
+they don't even know it's going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't even know it's going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't even know it's going to come
+until all of a sudden it arrives if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until all of a sudden it arrives if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until all of a sudden it arrives if it's
+a non-lean supply chain okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-lean supply chain okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-lean supply chain okay so there's
+lack of visibility if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of visibility if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of visibility if you're in the
+supply chain there's not much visib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain there's not much visib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain there's not much visib
+ability upstream or Downstream what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability upstream or Downstream what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability upstream or Downstream what's
+happening until all of a sudden you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening until all of a sudden you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening until all of a sudden you get
+something a request and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a request and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a request and you have to
+react to it and that's kind of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to it and that's kind of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to it and that's kind of what you
+have at the back of the table there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at the back of the table there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at the back of the table there you
+don't have much visibility what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have much visibility what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have much visibility what's
+happening up here okay and so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening up here okay and so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening up here okay and so that means
+you're you're in a very response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're in a very response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're in a very response
+mode okay so now let's do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode okay so now let's do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode okay so now let's do a little
+exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+um here are some some attributes of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are some some attributes of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are some some attributes of of
+Supply chains and what we want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply chains and what we want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply chains and what we want you to do
+is gather around your easel charts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gather around your easel charts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gather around your easel charts and
+uh discuss these a little bit and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discuss these a little bit and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discuss these a little bit and write
+down what are these which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what are these which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what are these which of these
+attributes do you identify with what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes do you identify with what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes do you identify with what you
+might think is a lean supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think is a lean supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think is a lean supply chain
+realizing we haven't really covered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing we haven't really covered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing we haven't really covered that
+topic yet but this is part of how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic yet but this is part of how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic yet but this is part of how we're
+going to go about it and talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go about it and talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go about it and talk a little
+bit about what you think might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what you think might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what you think might be the
+the top three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top three
+priorities uh for a lean supply chain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities uh for a lean supply chain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities uh for a lean supply chain so
+let's just say for example you picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say for example you picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say for example you picked
+all these as representing a lean supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these as representing a lean supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these as representing a lean supply
+chain and not those which of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and not those which of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and not those which of these are
+the three most important you think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three most important you think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three most important you think to
+have a lean supply chain so I'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lean supply chain so I'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lean supply chain so I'll spend
+about uh 10 minutes doing that around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh 10 minutes doing that around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh 10 minutes doing that around
+your easil charts and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your easil charts and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your easil charts and then we're going
+to see uh what we collectively come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see uh what we collectively come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see uh what we collectively come up
+with a lean supply chain okay we invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lean supply chain okay we invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lean supply chain okay we invite
+our suppliers yeah you can invite your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our suppliers yeah you can invite your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our suppliers yeah you can invite your
+suppliers if you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure that sounds like a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that sounds like a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that sounds like a good
+practice okay so let's uh let's see let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice okay so let's uh let's see let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice okay so let's uh let's see let
+me call on the table up here uh table in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me call on the table up here uh table in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me call on the table up here uh table in
+the Northeast Corner okay northwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Northeast Corner okay northwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Northeast Corner okay northwest
+corner of the building what are your top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of the building what are your top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of the building what are your top
+uh characteristics of a lean supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh characteristics of a lean supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh characteristics of a lean supply
+chain and why did you pick them someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and why did you pick them someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and why did you pick them someone
+want to give us that briefing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give us that briefing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give us that briefing well
+collaboration um the first one we picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration um the first one we picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration um the first one we picked
+was responsive and agile um we need our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was responsive and agile um we need our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was responsive and agile um we need our
+supplier to give us what we need when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier to give us what we need when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier to give us what we need when we
+need it in a timely manner so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it in a timely manner so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it in a timely manner so that we
+can make our got our quota um Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make our got our quota um Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make our got our quota um Enterprise
+approach so the end to end so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so the end to end so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so the end to end so just
+knowing like what the other process me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing like what the other process me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing like what the other process me
+we don't end up with an extra Wing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't end up with an extra Wing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't end up with an extra Wing when
+we don't really need it um and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really need it um and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really need it um and then we
+had a tie with collaboration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a tie with collaboration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a tie with collaboration and
+continuous impr activities with supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous impr activities with supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous impr activities with supplier
+and customer so again just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and customer so again just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and customer so again just kind of
+partnering with our suppliers and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnering with our suppliers and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnering with our suppliers and not
+just being separate enti good okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just being separate enti good okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just being separate enti good okay good
+choices good choices good priorities how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices good choices good priorities how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices good choices good priorities how
+about back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about back
+here we did collaboration and supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we did collaboration and supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we did collaboration and supplier
+commitment to long-term relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to long-term relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to long-term relationship
+which probably go together because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which probably go together because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which probably go together because if
+you're going to have a long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a long-term
+relationship you're going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you're going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you're going to sort of
+work together IR rationale visibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together IR rationale visibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together IR rationale visibility of
+demand so you can see what's coming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so you can see what's coming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so you can see what's coming and
+just continually improve continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continually improve continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continually improve continuous
+Improvement okay good and you had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement okay good and you had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement okay good and you had some
+others up there that you put lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others up there that you put lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others up there that you put lower
+priority need Enterprise approach makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority need Enterprise approach makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority need Enterprise approach makes
+sense of looking at the whole envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of looking at the whole envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of looking at the whole envelope
+and build to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build to
+order so that your dri your activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so that your dri your activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so that your dri your activities
+are driven by the customer requests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are driven by the customer requests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are driven by the customer requests and
+then response it okay good um okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then response it okay good um okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then response it okay good um okay let's
+take one more and then how about up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one more and then how about up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one more and then how about up here
+with the all the colored dots it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the all the colored dots it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the all the colored dots it looks
+to me like you did the multiv Voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me like you did the multiv Voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me like you did the multiv Voting
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+good someone want to tell us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good someone want to tell us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good someone want to tell us about
+that yeah we we save the discussion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah we we save the discussion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah we we save the discussion and
+just voted um and we came to the clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just voted um and we came to the clue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just voted um and we came to the clue
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+OU is a good thing for Le supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OU is a good thing for Le supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OU is a good thing for Le supply chain
+and together this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together this
+collaboration and the holistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration and the holistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration and the holistic
+Enterprise okay so we're seeing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise okay so we're seeing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise okay so we're seeing some
+commonality here uh let's see let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality here uh let's see let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality here uh let's see let me
+just look at the others I see kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the others I see kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the others I see kind of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same things on the remaining ones here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things on the remaining ones here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things on the remaining ones here
+Vis okay so I think you guys got pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vis okay so I think you guys got pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vis okay so I think you guys got pretty
+much uh very good you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh very good you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh very good you know you're
+already beginning to identify what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already beginning to identify what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already beginning to identify what a
+lean supply chain is before you even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean supply chain is before you even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean supply chain is before you even
+have heard about it so to speak which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard about it so to speak which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard about it so to speak which is
+part of the purpose this exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the purpose this exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the purpose this exercise
+another thing we see is the priorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we see is the priorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we see is the priorities
+are a little bit different between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit different between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit different between
+tables and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and this
+reflects you know what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects you know what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects you know what happens in the
+real world is that different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world is that different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world is that different uh
+organizations might have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations might have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations might have different
+priorities as to what they think is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities as to what they think is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities as to what they think is most
+important at a particular time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important at a particular time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important at a particular time with
+their supply chain you know for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their supply chain you know for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their supply chain you know for whatever
+reason you picked it at your table but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you picked it at your table but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you picked it at your table but
+you know maybe they're having difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe they're having difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe they're having difficulty
+with collaboration or something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with collaboration or something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with collaboration or something so
+collaboration is going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration is going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration is going to be more
+important right now and getting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right now and getting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right now and getting their
+supply chain lean and something else uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain lean and something else uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain lean and something else uh
+the only thing I would add that the Bild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing I would add that the Bild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing I would add that the Bild
+to order uh I understand why you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to order uh I understand why you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to order uh I understand why you put it
+there as a response to the customer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as a response to the customer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as a response to the customer but
+that's actually kind of a a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually kind of a a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually kind of a a way of
+describing a non-lean supply chain where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a non-lean supply chain where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a non-lean supply chain where
+you ship orders and they send you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ship orders and they send you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ship orders and they send you back
+materials but you don't really engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but you don't really engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but you don't really engage
+them at all in the design of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at all in the design of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at all in the design of the of the
+product you know you just send them an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you know you just send them an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you know you just send them an
+order and they send it back kind of send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and they send it back kind of send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and they send it back kind of send
+me the blueprint send me back the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the blueprint send me back the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the blueprint send me back the parts
+and let's negotiate on price type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's negotiate on price type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's negotiate on price type of
+thing so the ones that uh are identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the ones that uh are identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the ones that uh are identified
+here is is kind of a lean supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is kind of a lean supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is kind of a lean supply chain
+or collaboration you got that responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or collaboration you got that responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or collaboration you got that responsive
+and agile uh you got that uh based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and agile uh you got that uh based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and agile uh you got that uh based on
+product characteristics I don't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product characteristics I don't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product characteristics I don't think we
+had anybody come up on that but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had anybody come up on that but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had anybody come up on that but we're
+going to talk about that in a minute ENT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that in a minute ENT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that in a minute ENT
+Enterprise approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise approach
+a commitment to long-term relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment to long-term relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment to long-term relationship
+uh visibility of demand which was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh visibility of demand which was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh visibility of demand which was you
+know gain over that brick wall barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gain over that brick wall barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gain over that brick wall barrier
+and the continuous Improvement so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the continuous Improvement so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the continuous Improvement so we're
+on the same page okay so let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same page okay so let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same page okay so let's move on
+now to the second main learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to the second main learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to the second main learning
+objective so you can now recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective so you can now recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective so you can now recognize the
+attributes of a lean supply chain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of a lean supply chain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of a lean supply chain uh
+here are the uh I mean the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the uh I mean the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the uh I mean the main
+attributes here are the four we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes here are the four we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes here are the four we're going
+to talk about and the first one is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about and the first one is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about and the first one is uh
+alignment with the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment with the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment with the product
+characteristics and this may be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and this may be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and this may be a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+theoretical but you can think it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical but you can think it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical but you can think it kind of
+it in theory of two ends of the extremes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in theory of two ends of the extremes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in theory of two ends of the extremes
+one is you have a push system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is you have a push system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is you have a push system where
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+builds parts and sends them to you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds parts and sends them to you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds parts and sends them to you uh
+you know just they just kind of they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just they just kind of they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just they just kind of they
+look upon they they build their parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look upon they they build their parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look upon they they build their parts
+thinking about some demand that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about some demand that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about some demand that might be
+out there and then they're ready to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and then they're ready to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and then they're ready to send
+them uh you know when s makes an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh you know when s makes an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh you know when s makes an order
+and the Other Extreme would be a pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Other Extreme would be a pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Other Extreme would be a pool
+supply chain where they don't build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain where they don't build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain where they don't build
+anything until you ask them for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything until you ask them for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything until you ask them for that and
+so in some way respond to the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some way respond to the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some way respond to the customer
+demand and uh you know in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and uh you know in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and uh you know in some sense
+Supply chains are a combination of push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply chains are a combination of push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply chains are a combination of push
+and pull these are theoretical Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pull these are theoretical Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pull these are theoretical Concepts
+at the end of a spectrum uh but a push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of a spectrum uh but a push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of a spectrum uh but a push
+supply chain uh is might be uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain uh is might be uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain uh is might be uh most
+prevalent in a kind of a commodity area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent in a kind of a commodity area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent in a kind of a commodity area
+where you're uh maybe still in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're uh maybe still in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're uh maybe still in the
+economies of scale mentality let's build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies of scale mentality let's build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies of scale mentality let's build
+as many as we can and and ship to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many as we can and and ship to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many as we can and and ship to the
+demand that comes and in kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that comes and in kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that comes and in kind of a
+mature environment that probably works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature environment that probably works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature environment that probably works
+pretty well okay so um paper clips you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well okay so um paper clips you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well okay so um paper clips you
+know we're going to use some paper clips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're going to use some paper clips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're going to use some paper clips
+tomorrow one all the exercises people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow one all the exercises people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow one all the exercises people
+making paper clips you know they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making paper clips you know they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making paper clips you know they kind of
+know about what the demand is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about what the demand is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about what the demand is going to
+be it doesn't change that rapidly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it doesn't change that rapidly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it doesn't change that rapidly so
+they can maybe do a push supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can maybe do a push supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can maybe do a push supply chain
+type thing where pull supply chain if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type thing where pull supply chain if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type thing where pull supply chain if
+you have some specialized part at The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some specialized part at The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some specialized part at The
+Other Extreme that uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other Extreme that uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other Extreme that uh we're going to
+show you in a little bit a an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a little bit a an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a little bit a an example
+from locked Martin where they one ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from locked Martin where they one ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from locked Martin where they one ship
+set a year of tubes for an five rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a year of tubes for an five rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a year of tubes for an five rocket
+okay they don't want to make those tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they don't want to make those tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they don't want to make those tubes
+until they know that the Rocket's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they know that the Rocket's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they know that the Rocket's about
+ready to be to be be sent so the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to be to be be sent so the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to be to be be sent so the point
+is that your product may be made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your product may be made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your product may be made up of
+different components and the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components and the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components and the supply
+chains that go with those may be managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains that go with those may be managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains that go with those may be managed
+somewhat differently okay one size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat differently okay one size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat differently okay one size
+doesn't fit all so that's what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fit all so that's what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fit all so that's what it means
+to align your product your supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align your product your supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align your product your supply chain
+with the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the product
+characteristics okay supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics okay supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics okay supplier
+participation material flow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation material flow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation material flow and
+Logistics um just in time delivery I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics um just in time delivery I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics um just in time delivery I
+think everybody's pretty much familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think everybody's pretty much familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think everybody's pretty much familiar
+with that that that's that's really a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that that's that's really a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that that's that's really a an
+output of the Toyota production system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the Toyota production system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the Toyota production system
+and all and of course the crucial thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all and of course the crucial thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all and of course the crucial thing
+is that the parts have to show up when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the parts have to show up when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the parts have to show up when
+needed because just in time Parts go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed because just in time Parts go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed because just in time Parts go
+right to the assembly line and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the assembly line and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the assembly line and so if
+they don't show up when needed uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't show up when needed uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't show up when needed uh then
+everything else gets impacted on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else gets impacted on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else gets impacted on their
+hand the advantage is there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the advantage is there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the advantage is there's no
+inventory U and uh and if there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory U and uh and if there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory U and uh and if there are any
+issues that come up on quality type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that come up on quality type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that come up on quality type
+things you can correct them right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can correct them right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can correct them right away
+okay so just in time deliveries kitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just in time deliveries kitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just in time deliveries kitting
+for point of use uh I'm going to uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for point of use uh I'm going to uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for point of use uh I'm going to uh we
+talked about that a little bit yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that a little bit yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that a little bit yesterday
+and uh let's let's put that off because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let's let's put that off because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let's let's put that off because
+the next example shows that vendor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next example shows that vendor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next example shows that vendor
+managed inventory this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed inventory this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed inventory this is where the
+inventory instead of being owned by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory instead of being owned by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory instead of being owned by the
+customer is taken care of by uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer is taken care of by uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer is taken care of by uh the
+vendor let me give you an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendor let me give you an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendor let me give you an example of
+that um the jam is a joint def joint uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the jam is a joint def joint uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the jam is a joint def joint uh
+direct attack munition we have a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct attack munition we have a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct attack munition we have a picture
+of it coming up later is made in East St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it coming up later is made in East St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it coming up later is made in East St
+Louis and one of the parts for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis and one of the parts for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis and one of the parts for that is
+made in California I think it's a tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in California I think it's a tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in California I think it's a tail
+cone or something and when I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone or something and when I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone or something and when I went
+through this plan East St Louis M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this plan East St Louis M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this plan East St Louis M
+Missouri there's a video camera on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Missouri there's a video camera on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Missouri there's a video camera on the
+ceiling uh in the loading dock where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling uh in the loading dock where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling uh in the loading dock where
+they receive parts it's like what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they receive parts it's like what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they receive parts it's like what's that
+video camera for well the the supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video camera for well the the supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video camera for well the the supplier
+in California is looking at what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California is looking at what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California is looking at what the
+inventory is there in East St Louis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory is there in East St Louis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory is there in East St Louis and
+seeing when it's time for them to ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing when it's time for them to ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing when it's time for them to ship
+more so they're managing the inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so they're managing the inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so they're managing the inventory
+of that of that product okay and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that product okay and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that product okay and third
+party Logistics this is instead of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party Logistics this is instead of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party Logistics this is instead of that
+organization shipping or the receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization shipping or the receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization shipping or the receiving
+organization shipping they they delegate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization shipping they they delegate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization shipping they they delegate
+that to FedEx and FedEx they hire FedEx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to FedEx and FedEx they hire FedEx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to FedEx and FedEx they hire FedEx
+to handle all the shipping and so UPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle all the shipping and so UPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle all the shipping and so UPS
+and FedEx and those big companies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and FedEx and those big companies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and FedEx and those big companies like
+Atlas a we where's do you guys do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlas a we where's do you guys do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlas a we where's do you guys do
+that we have one of our Polar aines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have one of our Polar aines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have one of our Polar aines
+Polar Airlines yeah okay so as a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polar Airlines yeah okay so as a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polar Airlines yeah okay so as a big
+business in uh in these third-party uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business in uh in these third-party uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business in uh in these third-party uh
+shipping of logist third party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping of logist third party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping of logist third party
+Logistics okay so let's look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics okay so let's look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics okay so let's look at an
+example now and think about these on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now and think about these on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now and think about these on
+this next example and how many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next example and how many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next example and how many of them
+do we see okay so this is the Atlas 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we see okay so this is the Atlas 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we see okay so this is the Atlas 5
+Atlas 5 is a large launch vehicle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlas 5 is a large launch vehicle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlas 5 is a large launch vehicle it's
+the one of the the atlas 5 and the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the the atlas 5 and the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the the atlas 5 and the Delta
+4 are the largest launch Vehicles these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 are the largest launch Vehicles these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 are the largest launch Vehicles these
+are Big Rockets okay and they receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Big Rockets okay and they receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Big Rockets okay and they receive
+tubes when they have to put together a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes when they have to put together a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes when they have to put together a a
+rocket and a set of what they call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket and a set of what they call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket and a set of what they call a
+ship set they call that a ship Set uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship set they call that a ship Set uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship set they call that a ship Set uh
+and a ship set of tubes cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a ship set of tubes cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a ship set of tubes cost
+$180,000 okay and now how do they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$180,000 okay and now how do they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$180,000 okay and now how do they come
+well they in the old way you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they in the old way you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they in the old way you know they
+came as separate parts a ship set has 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came as separate parts a ship set has 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came as separate parts a ship set has 99
+Parts in it and they came all in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts in it and they came all in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts in it and they came all in their
+own packing boxes separately wrapped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own packing boxes separately wrapped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own packing boxes separately wrapped up
+in foam and stuff and you got all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in foam and stuff and you got all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in foam and stuff and you got all this
+waste and lots of stuff coming in that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste and lots of stuff coming in that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste and lots of stuff coming in that's
+the old way the new way is they come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old way the new way is they come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old way the new way is they come in
+this kit okay and everything all 199
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kit okay and everything all 199
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kit okay and everything all 199
+Parts uh with these five major tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts uh with these five major tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts uh with these five major tubes
+they have the connectors and all come as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the connectors and all come as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the connectors and all come as
+a kit and then not only come with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kit and then not only come with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kit and then not only come with the
+the hardware but the the tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware but the the tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware but the the tools to
+assemble them and usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble them and usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble them and usually the
+instructions that go with it are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that go with it are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that go with it are right
+right with that so we talk there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with that so we talk there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with that so we talk there's some
+muddy card yesterday about kidding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddy card yesterday about kidding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddy card yesterday about kidding this
+is what kidding is about okay and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what kidding is about okay and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what kidding is about okay and uh and
+and these aren't these uh now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these aren't these uh now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these aren't these uh now this is
+they make about one or two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make about one or two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make about one or two of these
+Rockets a year or a small number so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets a year or a small number so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets a year or a small number so they
+keep their suppliers informed when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep their suppliers informed when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep their suppliers informed when
+they're going to need that and all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to need that and all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to need that and all this
+is managed as one so so they don't ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is managed as one so so they don't ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is managed as one so so they don't ship
+these until this is a pool system they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these until this is a pool system they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these until this is a pool system they
+don't ship it until uh they know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ship it until uh they know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ship it until uh they know that
+they're going to need it because it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to need it because it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to need it because it's an
+expensive thing to have an inventory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive thing to have an inventory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive thing to have an inventory and
+um uh all this 199 Parts is one record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh all this 199 Parts is one record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh all this 199 Parts is one record
+in their uh MRP system they're okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their uh MRP system they're okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their uh MRP system they're okay
+instead of 199 different parts they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 199 different parts they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 199 different parts they're
+checking following they follow one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking following they follow one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking following they follow one okay
+so the great reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the great reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the great reduction in
+costs handling costs and and carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs handling costs and and carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs handling costs and and carrying
+costs in cycle time so some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs in cycle time so some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs in cycle time so some of those
+things we saw in the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we saw in the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we saw in the previous slide
+kiding V vendor managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiding V vendor managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiding V vendor managed
+inventory uh pool system you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory uh pool system you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory uh pool system you see in
+situations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like
+this okay let's now turn to supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay let's now turn to supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay let's now turn to supplier
+involvement in design and development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement in design and development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement in design and development
+and oh by the way this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh by the way this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh by the way this is a little bit
+of a segue slide because this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a segue slide because this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a segue slide because this is this
+jdam munition I mentioned before and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jdam munition I mentioned before and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jdam munition I mentioned before and the
+J Dam part is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Dam part is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Dam part is it's a
+retrofitting retrofitted tail cone on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofitting retrofitted tail cone on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofitting retrofitted tail cone on a
+otherwise dumb bomb and it turns into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise dumb bomb and it turns into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise dumb bomb and it turns into a
+smart bomb it has a receiver in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart bomb it has a receiver in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart bomb it has a receiver in it and
+GPS system and so on um and and all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS system and so on um and and all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS system and so on um and and all this
+by the way comes in a kit here's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way comes in a kit here's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way comes in a kit here's what it
+looks like okay uh so that's a kiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like okay uh so that's a kiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like okay uh so that's a kiding
+but more importantly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more importantly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more importantly here
+um when the jdam was developed it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when the jdam was developed it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when the jdam was developed it was
+done very uniquely the this is an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done very uniquely the this is an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done very uniquely the this is an air
+force uh procurement and when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force uh procurement and when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force uh procurement and when they
+formed the proposal team to bid on it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed the proposal team to bid on it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed the proposal team to bid on it a
+competitive proposal team they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive proposal team they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive proposal team they had
+McDonald Douglas at that time and locki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald Douglas at that time and locki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald Douglas at that time and locki
+bidding they that proposal team actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding they that proposal team actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidding they that proposal team actually
+had the key suppliers on it and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the key suppliers on it and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the key suppliers on it and it also
+had the air for an Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the air for an Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the air for an Air Force
+representative on the proposal team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative on the proposal team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative on the proposal team
+they're proposing to the Air Force but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're proposing to the Air Force but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're proposing to the Air Force but
+there was an Air Force representative on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an Air Force representative on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an Air Force representative on
+it the Air Force representative was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the Air Force representative was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the Air Force representative was not
+on for business reasons the Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for business reasons the Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for business reasons the Air Force
+representative was on so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative was on so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative was on so that the
+designers understood the requirements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers understood the requirements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers understood the requirements of
+the Air Force okay so they UND they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Air Force okay so they UND they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Air Force okay so they UND they
+understood the requirements they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the requirements they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the requirements they all
+they had what they called goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had what they called goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had what they called goal
+congruency all the members of this team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruency all the members of this team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruency all the members of this team
+knew what they were trying to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what they were trying to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what they were trying to achieve
+they were trying to achieve the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to achieve the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to achieve the winning
+bid that satisfied the Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid that satisfied the Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid that satisfied the Air Force
+customer needs okay that was what drove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer needs okay that was what drove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer needs okay that was what drove
+all their decisions and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their decisions and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their decisions and so they
+understood what the cost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood what the cost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood what the cost the
+requirements were now what did they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements were now what did they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements were now what did they do
+they got the designers in the sub the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got the designers in the sub the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got the designers in the sub the
+subcontractors were involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcontractors were involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcontractors were involved in the
+design and this turned out that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and this turned out that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and this turned out that in the
+process the subcontractors had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the subcontractors had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the subcontractors had to
+rearrange their expected work share some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange their expected work share some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange their expected work share some
+subcontractors gave up a portion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcontractors gave up a portion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcontractors gave up a portion and
+others gained okay so actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others gained okay so actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others gained okay so actually you know
+if you think about it from a narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it from a narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it from a narrow
+point of view you know you're giving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view you know you're giving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view you know you're giving up
+some business so that you can gain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some business so that you can gain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some business so that you can gain some
+but they knew that that was important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they knew that that was important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they knew that that was important to
+win the contract okay and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the contract okay and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the contract okay and so they
+reallocated worksh specifically they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reallocated worksh specifically they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reallocated worksh specifically they had
+some partitioned U Electronics on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some partitioned U Electronics on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some partitioned U Electronics on
+separate boards and they real realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate boards and they real realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate boards and they real realized
+if they integrate those on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they integrate those on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they integrate those on the same
+board they could greatly reduce the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board they could greatly reduce the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board they could greatly reduce the cost
+and uh so on and the result was where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so on and the result was where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so on and the result was where
+they originally thought this this unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they originally thought this this unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they originally thought this this unit
+was going to cost $68,000 per unit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to cost $68,000 per unit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to cost $68,000 per unit in
+the end it cost $115,000 per unit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it cost $115,000 per unit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it cost $115,000 per unit okay
+and and Boeing now McDonald dougas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Boeing now McDonald dougas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Boeing now McDonald dougas
+bought by Boeing Boeing is making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought by Boeing Boeing is making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought by Boeing Boeing is making these
+things that's the plant East St Louis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's the plant East St Louis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's the plant East St Louis
+and everybody's happy Boeing's making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody's happy Boeing's making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody's happy Boeing's making
+lots of money the Air Force is gain lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of money the Air Force is gain lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of money the Air Force is gain lots
+of supplies but you know look how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of supplies but you know look how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of supplies but you know look how much
+cost reduction they had by getting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost reduction they had by getting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost reduction they had by getting those
+designers involved involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers involved involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers involved involved in the
+development sub subcontractors involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development sub subcontractors involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development sub subcontractors involved
+in the development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development and
+design okay then the fourth attribute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design okay then the fourth attribute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design okay then the fourth attribute is
+the seamless flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seamless flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seamless flow of
+information and this is a busy picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and this is a busy picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and this is a busy picture
+which we don't want to read all but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't want to read all but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't want to read all but the
+point is that we got here the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that we got here the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that we got here the system
+integrator the aspect medical and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator the aspect medical and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator the aspect medical and we
+have over here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have over here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have over here the
+supplier and in a non-lean supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier and in a non-lean supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier and in a non-lean supply chain
+what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen
+is uh over here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh over here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh over here in
+engineering uh of the supplier they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh of the supplier they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh of the supplier they may
+have a question they would go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question they would go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question they would go up to
+their sales department that would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sales department that would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sales department that would come
+over here to procurement would come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to procurement would come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to procurement would come down
+here to get answered okay lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to get answered okay lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to get answered okay lots of
+vertical communication paths okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical communication paths okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical communication paths okay what
+you want in a lean supply chain is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want in a lean supply chain is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want in a lean supply chain is a lot
+of horizontal communication paths you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of horizontal communication paths you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of horizontal communication paths you
+and you need to align it with the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to align it with the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to align it with the level
+of the organization so you would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the organization so you would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the organization so you would like
+Engineers talking with Engineers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers talking with Engineers now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers talking with Engineers now
+sometimes when we give this talk in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when we give this talk in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when we give this talk in a
+government procurement audience say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government procurement audience say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government procurement audience say oh
+that's illegal can't do that it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's illegal can't do that it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's illegal can't do that it may be
+but that means means it's also not lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means means it's also not lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means means it's also not lean
+okay okay okay you know those things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay okay you know those things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay okay you know those things can
+be changed okay but you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changed okay but you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changed okay but you have to have
+some clear guidelines about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clear guidelines about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clear guidelines about what's
+communicated who has responsibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated who has responsibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated who has responsibility to
+communicate but you want these people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate but you want these people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate but you want these people on
+the phone and on email contact sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone and on email contact sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone and on email contact sharing
+information to have a flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to have a flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to have a flexible
+responsive supplier okay so they got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive supplier okay so they got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive supplier okay so they got a
+lot of information flow common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information flow common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information flow common
+databases you want to be accessing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases you want to be accessing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases you want to be accessing the
+same database you want to have members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same database you want to have members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same database you want to have members
+on the same integrated product team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same integrated product team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same integrated product team
+we'll talk about that tomorrow you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that tomorrow you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that tomorrow you want
+to be exchanging technical data at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exchanging technical data at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exchanging technical data at this
+level not going up and down uh and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level not going up and down uh and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level not going up and down uh and some
+other things here which we won't go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things here which we won't go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things here which we won't go into
+but clearly that's a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but clearly that's a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but clearly that's a different way of
+doing business okay uh from a from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing business okay uh from a from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing business okay uh from a from an
+environment where you have a non-lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where you have a non-lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where you have a non-lean
+supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply
+chain okay another example of smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain okay another example of smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain okay another example of smooth
+information flow is exostar exostar is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow is exostar exostar is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow is exostar exostar is a
+company an organization which manages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company an organization which manages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company an organization which manages
+the interactions between major ER space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactions between major ER space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactions between major ER space
+companies and their suppliers so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and their suppliers so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and their suppliers so it's
+like a hub in the supply chain they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hub in the supply chain they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hub in the supply chain they have
+34,000 uh participants in this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34,000 uh participants in this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34,000 uh participants in this system
+okay and it's it's all electronic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's it's all electronic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's it's all electronic so
+suppose Boeing wants to buy some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose Boeing wants to buy some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose Boeing wants to buy some kind of
+say actuators okay instead of going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say actuators okay instead of going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say actuators okay instead of going to
+all the actuator companies they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the actuator companies they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the actuator companies they go
+through exostar who manages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through exostar who manages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through exostar who manages that
+transaction and it's all very paperless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and it's all very paperless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and it's all very paperless
+uh uh and um it's just been a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and um it's just been a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and um it's just been a huge
+savings and here are some results from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and here are some results from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and here are some results from
+Rolls-Royce which is one of the members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rolls-Royce which is one of the members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rolls-Royce which is one of the members
+uh some of the some of the metrics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the some of the metrics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the some of the metrics that
+go with their participation in exostar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with their participation in exostar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with their participation in exostar
+okay they have instead of having several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they have instead of having several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they have instead of having several
+several thousand suppliers they deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several thousand suppliers they deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several thousand suppliers they deal
+with several hundred uh reduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with several hundred uh reduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with several hundred uh reduction of
+cost of goods purchased of up to 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of goods purchased of up to 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of goods purchased of up to 20%
+because of this integrade supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this integrade supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this integrade supplier
+management system inventory levels down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management system inventory levels down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management system inventory levels down
+80% air reduction down because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% air reduction down because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% air reduction down because they're
+not manually entering in a lot of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not manually entering in a lot of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not manually entering in a lot of data
+reduce cycle times as much as 80%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce cycle times as much as 80%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce cycle times as much as 80%
+basically elimination of paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically elimination of paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically elimination of paper and
+improve relations who've benefited from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve relations who've benefited from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve relations who've benefited from
+this uh reduced transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh reduced transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh reduced transaction
+cost okay so now let's move to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay so now let's move to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay so now let's move to the last
+topic of the of the module and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of the of the module and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of the of the module and that is
+how do you improve existing Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you improve existing Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you improve existing Supply
+chains well we already heard from Jeff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains well we already heard from Jeff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains well we already heard from Jeff
+yesterday you work with your suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday you work with your suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday you work with your suppliers
+okay uh you know you look at your value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh you know you look at your value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh you know you look at your value
+stream you try to find out what are who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream you try to find out what are who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream you try to find out what are who
+are your critical suppliers you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your critical suppliers you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your critical suppliers you want to
+work with them uh so who's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with them uh so who's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with them uh so who's on the
+critical pass you know where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical pass you know where are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical pass you know where are the
+high cost items or the long lead items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cost items or the long lead items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cost items or the long lead items
+and so on and Jeff just couldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and Jeff just couldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and Jeff just couldn't have
+said it better yesterday he said when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it better yesterday he said when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it better yesterday he said when
+they started their lean transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started their lean transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started their lean transformation
+they went out let their suppliers know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went out let their suppliers know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went out let their suppliers know
+that they weren't dropping them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they weren't dropping them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they weren't dropping them they
+were just going to deal with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just going to deal with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just going to deal with them
+differently okay if there if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently okay if there if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently okay if there if the
+supplier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier is
+U um ready to become a lean a lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um ready to become a lean a lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um ready to become a lean a lean
+organization now they may not be ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization now they may not be ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization now they may not be ready
+yet they may not have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they may not have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they may not have the right
+management or they may not be educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management or they may not be educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management or they may not be educated
+they might not have taken a lean Academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not have taken a lean Academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not have taken a lean Academy
+and learned the importance of this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learned the importance of this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learned the importance of this okay
+then they got to do some some prep work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they got to do some some prep work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they got to do some some prep work
+but if they're lean ready then they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they're lean ready then they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they're lean ready then they can
+go out and the prime will actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and the prime will actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and the prime will actually work
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+supplier uh they'll go out and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier uh they'll go out and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier uh they'll go out and they'll
+run kaizan events with them they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run kaizan events with them they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run kaizan events with them they might
+lend them a lean expert to be on site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend them a lean expert to be on site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend them a lean expert to be on site
+for a while they might invite them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while they might invite them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while they might invite them to
+their training programs we taught one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their training programs we taught one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their training programs we taught one of
+these leanies at at rathon up the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these leanies at at rathon up the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these leanies at at rathon up the road
+not Ron Tex Dron systems up the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Ron Tex Dron systems up the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Ron Tex Dron systems up the road
+here in Wilmington Delaware a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Wilmington Delaware a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Wilmington Delaware a couple
+years ago Hugh and I and Jackie taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago Hugh and I and Jackie taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago Hugh and I and Jackie taught
+that and uh they invited their suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh they invited their suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh they invited their suppliers
+to the class okay they had about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the class okay they had about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the class okay they had about five
+suppliers some from California some from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers some from California some from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers some from California some from
+Colorado okay they build a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colorado okay they build a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colorado okay they build a relationship
+they understand what the value stream uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand what the value stream uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand what the value stream uh
+mapping that value stream is they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping that value stream is they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping that value stream is they they
+come up with their plans to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with their plans to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with their plans to develop a
+lean strategy in that in that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean strategy in that in that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean strategy in that in that uh
+organization and they have some mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and they have some mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and they have some mutual
+workshops and Kaizen events in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops and Kaizen events in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops and Kaizen events in a kind of
+a continuous Improvement cycle so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous Improvement cycle so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous Improvement cycle so this
+is this is the way a lean organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the way a lean organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the way a lean organization
+works with its suppliers it helps them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with its suppliers it helps them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with its suppliers it helps them
+it invests in them um actually we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it invests in them um actually we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it invests in them um actually we have
+some people here from the Veterans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people here from the Veterans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people here from the Veterans
+Administration Rockwell Collins which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration Rockwell Collins which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration Rockwell Collins which
+we've already talked about in this alen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about in this alen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about in this alen
+Academy started see some of their major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy started see some of their major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy started see some of their major
+cost for their health care for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for their health care for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for their health care for their
+employees in the Cedar Rapids area so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees in the Cedar Rapids area so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees in the Cedar Rapids area so
+they started working with the Cedar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started working with the Cedar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started working with the Cedar
+Rapids hospitals to help them become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rapids hospitals to help them become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rapids hospitals to help them become
+lean because they knew in the long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean because they knew in the long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean because they knew in the long term
+it was going to benefit them and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going to benefit them and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going to benefit them and they
+loan their lean experts to Mercy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan their lean experts to Mercy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan their lean experts to Mercy
+Hospital in in Cedar Rapids and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital in in Cedar Rapids and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital in in Cedar Rapids and they're
+doing great things now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing great things now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing great things now
+okay okay here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay here's one
+example from boing about U Hicksville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from boing about U Hicksville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from boing about U Hicksville
+machine works on Long Island and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine works on Long Island and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine works on Long Island and some of
+the benefits that that came out and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits that that came out and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits that that came out and and
+these these benefits that Hicksville re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these benefits that Hicksville re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these benefits that Hicksville re
+came from Boeing they're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from Boeing they're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from Boeing they're going to use
+with other customers okay Boeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other customers okay Boeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other customers okay Boeing
+invested in it and they'll use other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in it and they'll use other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in it and they'll use other
+customers that's okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers that's okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers that's okay because
+everybody's going to win so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's going to win so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's going to win so those are
+kind of typical type things now as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of typical type things now as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of typical type things now as you
+do this you your you start treating your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you your you start treating your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you your you start treating your
+supply base more strategically okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply base more strategically okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply base more strategically okay
+instead of a supply base being all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a supply base being all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a supply base being all the
+same uh you're strategic so certain ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh you're strategic so certain ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh you're strategic so certain ones
+you have strategic alliances with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have strategic alliances with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have strategic alliances with these
+might be really critical U Partners U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really critical U Partners U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really critical U Partners U
+for instance Rockwell columns is a has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance Rockwell columns is a has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance Rockwell columns is a has a
+strategic alliance with Boeing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic alliance with Boeing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic alliance with Boeing because
+they build flight decks uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build flight decks uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build flight decks uh your
+suppliers you'll certify them uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers you'll certify them uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers you'll certify them uh so that
+say a gold supplier you know is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a gold supplier you know is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a gold supplier you know is very
+reliable you might not do any inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable you might not do any inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable you might not do any inspection
+on something that comes in from a gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something that comes in from a gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something that comes in from a gold
+supplier just goes directly online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier just goes directly online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier just goes directly online
+because you know that they have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that they have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that they have their
+processes under control and that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes under control and that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes under control and that they've
+inspected it before left and taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected it before left and taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected it before left and taking the
+quality of responsibility where someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of responsibility where someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of responsibility where someone
+who's on probation might be just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's on probation might be just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's on probation might be just the
+opposite you're not having good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite you're not having good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite you're not having good
+performance from them so you're have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance from them so you're have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance from them so you're have a
+lot of quality control of them you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of quality control of them you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of quality control of them you might
+have your people out in there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your people out in there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your people out in there you know
+they might be having troubles with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be having troubles with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be having troubles with their
+production system and so you're sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system and so you're sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system and so you're sending
+help out there to help them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help out there to help them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help out there to help them okay
+strategically support important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically support important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically support important
+suppliers might be have say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers might be have say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers might be have say some
+particular kind of materials some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of materials some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of materials some
+Titanium or something that maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titanium or something that maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titanium or something that maybe there's
+only one supply for so that's a that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one supply for so that's a that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one supply for so that's a that one
+you want to treat strategically these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to treat strategically these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to treat strategically these
+are sort of the commodity items a core U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the commodity items a core U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the commodity items a core U
+that you have and then these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have and then these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have and then these are the
+ones you're getting rid of they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you're getting rid of they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you're getting rid of they're just
+not performing so Supply Chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not performing so Supply Chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not performing so Supply Chain
+management is a core competency of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is a core competency of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is a core competency of a
+lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean
+organization okay where are we going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization okay where are we going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization okay where are we going in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+future the old approach is the the build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the old approach is the the build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future the old approach is the the build
+to order the customer sends an order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to order the customer sends an order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to order the customer sends an order to
+the prime the prime Prime sends it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime the prime Prime sends it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime the prime Prime sends it back
+to the customer the prime puts it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the customer the prime puts it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the customer the prime puts it down
+to the subcontractor the subcontract so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the subcontractor the subcontract so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the subcontractor the subcontract so
+a lot of interfaces rigid interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of interfaces rigid interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of interfaces rigid interfaces
+lack of communication distrustful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of communication distrustful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of communication distrustful
+relationships you know you beat up Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships you know you beat up Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships you know you beat up Prime
+beats up on their supplier your C gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats up on their supplier your C gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats up on their supplier your C gets
+your cost down you know that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cost down you know that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cost down you know that type of
+thing current lean is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing current lean is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing current lean is much more
+collaborative um with sharing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative um with sharing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative um with sharing a lot of
+information so you might invite your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so you might invite your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so you might invite your
+suppliers in and give them your sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers in and give them your sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers in and give them your sales
+forecast your business plans uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast your business plans uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast your business plans uh that's
+propri that's very proprietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propri that's very proprietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propri that's very proprietary
+information for most companies okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for most companies okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for most companies okay but
+if it's a important supplier you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a important supplier you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a important supplier you want
+them to know what the visibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to know what the visibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to know what the visibility is
+emerging lean is like with a jdam where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging lean is like with a jdam where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging lean is like with a jdam where
+you actually form almost like a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually form almost like a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually form almost like a company
+for that project and you open up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that project and you open up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that project and you open up your
+proprietary databases for design and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary databases for design and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary databases for design and and
+development uh and there's some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development uh and there's some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development uh and there's some examples
+in our book about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our book about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our book about
+that okay so wrap up suppliers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so wrap up suppliers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so wrap up suppliers are
+critical to a lean Enterprise success um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to a lean Enterprise success um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to a lean Enterprise success um
+Supply chains need to be understood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply chains need to be understood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply chains need to be understood and
+designed to meet meet the needs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to meet meet the needs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to meet meet the needs of the
+product okay Legacy Supply chains can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay Legacy Supply chains can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay Legacy Supply chains can be
+improved through win-win customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved through win-win customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved through win-win customer
+supplier teamwork and it's a core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier teamwork and it's a core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier teamwork and it's a core
+competency of a lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organization
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8kNP_VWmfFs.txt b/8kNP_VWmfFs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1711ad9855d24fc879495f061e9e50b86f22334
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8kNP_VWmfFs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3245 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we've been
+developing the procedure
+
+to describe a quantum gas
+of identical particles.
+
+That's our non-interacting.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+Is that we are thinking
+about the Hamiltonian
+
+for a system of N particles.
+
+If they are not
+interacting, it can
+
+be written as the sum
+of the contributions
+
+for the individual particles.
+
+And if they are
+identical, it's basically
+
+the same particle
+for each one of them.
+
+Same Hamiltonian for
+each one of them.
+
+OK?
+
+How do we handle these?
+
+Well, if you regard this
+as a quantum problem,
+
+for a single particle--
+so for each one
+
+of these Hamiltonians-- we
+can find the eigenstates.
+
+So there's a bunch of states
+that say label by k because we
+
+are ultimately have in
+mind the plane waves that
+
+describe gas particles in a box.
+
+And there is corresponding
+energy levels
+
+for the single
+particles, epsilon k.
+
+And the single particle
+spectrum can therefore
+
+can be described by a bunch
+of energies, a lot of energy
+
+levels, with
+different values of k
+
+and different allowed
+discretized energies.
+
+Now, when we want to describe
+a case of N particles
+
+that are
+non-interacting, we said
+
+that we could, in
+principle, pick one k here,
+
+one k here, one k here.
+
+And if we are
+dealing with bosons,
+
+potentially more than
+one at each side.
+
+And so the state would
+then be described
+
+by a bunch of
+occupation numbers Nk.
+
+And this Nk will be 0 or 1 if
+you are talking about fermions,
+
+but any integer if you
+are talking about bosons.
+
+So this eta being
+plus or minus was
+
+used to distinguish
+appropriate symmetrization
+
+or anti-symmetrization.
+
+Now, once we have a
+state such as this,
+
+clearly the N
+particle hamintonium
+
+acting on a state
+that is symmetrized
+
+with these bunch of
+occupation numbers
+
+will give us back this state.
+
+The energy that we
+would be getting
+
+is summing over all
+possible k values, epsilon k
+
+times the number of occurrance
+of that in this state.
+
+Again, multiplying
+this state back.
+
+Of course, we have a constraint
+that the number of particles
+
+matches the sum of the
+occupation numbers.
+
+So then we said,
+OK, this is just
+
+a description of the state
+that they want to describe,
+
+or the set of states
+that represent
+
+this system of identical
+non-interacting partners
+
+in quantum mechanics.
+
+So the next stage, we want to
+do some kind of first statistics
+
+for them.
+
+And we had seen that
+basically, in order
+
+to assign appropriate statistics
+in case of quantum systems,
+
+we have to deal with
+a density matrix.
+
+And we saw that in the
+canonical representation,
+
+the density matrix
+is complicated
+
+and amounts to some kind of
+interaction among particles.
+
+Although there is no
+interaction at this level,
+
+the symmetrization or
+anti-symmetrization
+
+create states that are
+intermixed in a manner that
+
+appears as if you
+have an interaction.
+
+We found that, however,
+we could get rid of that
+
+by going to the grand canonical
+ensemble where we would trade
+
+in the constraint that
+the number of particles
+
+is fixed with a
+chemical potential.
+
+And in this ensemble, we
+found that the density matrix
+
+is diagonal in this
+representation.
+
+So the diagonal
+elements can be thought
+
+of as the probability of one of
+these occupation number sets.
+
+And so the probability of a
+particular set of occupations
+
+in this grand
+canonical prescription
+
+is proportional to e
+to the beta-- of course
+
+we have mu if we are going to
+this grand canonical ensemble--
+
+minus epsilon k,
+and then we had Nk.
+
+So the probability that
+a particular one of these
+
+is occupied Nk times in this
+grand canonical prescription
+
+is simply an exponential.
+
+And of course, the
+different k levels
+
+are completely
+independent of each other.
+
+So the probability factor
+arises in this fashion.
+
+Of course, as any probability,
+we have to normalize this.
+
+Normalization is appropriate.
+
+We call the grand canonical
+partition function
+
+and will be different
+whether we are dealing
+
+with boson statistics
+or fermion statistics.
+
+Actually, because we have
+a structure such as this,
+
+Q is going to be the
+product of the normalization
+
+of each individual one.
+
+And therefore, log
+of Q is going to be
+
+a sum of the
+contributions that I
+
+would get for the normalization
+of each individual ones.
+
+And of course, the log
+of whatever normalization
+
+I have for the individual one.
+
+If I have the case of a fermions
+where Nk gets 0 or 1 as the two
+
+possibilities, then
+the normalization
+
+will be simply 1 plus
+this exponential.
+
+And I choose to write that
+as z e to the minus beta
+
+epsilon of k where
+I have introduced z
+
+to be e to the beta mu.
+
+Because this combination
+occurs all the time,
+
+I don't want to
+keep repeating that.
+
+So this was for the
+case of fermions.
+
+For the case of bosons where
+N goes 0, 1, 2, 3, et cetera,
+
+this is a geometric series.
+
+For the geometric
+series, when I sum it,
+
+I would get 1 over this factor.
+
+So when I take the log I
+will have a minus sign here.
+
+And I can put the
+Boson and Fermi cases
+
+together by simply putting
+a factor of minus eta
+
+here so that I have the plus
+for the case of fermions
+
+and the minus for
+the case of bosons.
+
+OK?
+
+So this is one thing
+that we will be using.
+
+The other thing is that
+this is the probability
+
+for this level having a
+certain occupation number.
+
+In k we can always ask,
+what is the average of Nk?
+
+And from this probability it is
+easy to calculate the average.
+
+And the answer, again,
+can be collapsed
+
+into one expression for the
+case of bosons and fermions
+
+as 1 over z inverse e to the
+beta epsilon of k minus eta
+
+encompassing both
+fermions and bosons.
+
+So these results give some idea
+both at the microscopic level--
+
+in terms of occupation numbers
+of these different levels--
+
+and macroscopic level a
+grand partition function
+
+from which we can
+construct thermodynamics.
+
+Actually, full
+probability, again,
+
+in this ensemble which we
+can transform in principle
+
+and get density matrices,
+et cetera, in other basis.
+
+But these are the
+kinds of things
+
+that we can do for any
+interacting Hamiltonian.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, what I said over
+here was that I'm actually
+
+interested in the case of a gas.
+
+So let's again think
+about the type of gas
+
+such as the one in this
+room that we are interested.
+
+And again, to make a
+contrast with something
+
+that we may want
+to do later, let's
+
+emphasize that it is a
+non-relativistic gas.
+
+So the Hamiltonian H is
+essentially free particle
+
+in a box of volume
+V, the thing that we
+
+have been using
+all the time, just
+
+the kinetic energy of
+a one particle state.
+
+And for that we know that
+the single particle energy
+
+levels are characterized
+by a vector k.
+
+As three components, in fact.
+
+And h bar squared
+over 2mk squared.
+
+And we've discussed what
+the discretization of k
+
+is appropriate to
+the size of the box.
+
+We won't go over that.
+
+So again, maybe it is
+important to mention
+
+that because of the
+discretizatoin of the k values,
+
+the spacing between
+possible values of k
+
+are 2 pi over l
+in each direction.
+
+And ultimately
+what we want to do
+
+is to replace these sums over
+k's in the limit of large boxes
+
+with integrals over k.
+
+So these go over to an
+integral over k times
+
+the density factor that you
+get in going from the sum
+
+to the integral, which is 2
+pi cubed times the volume.
+
+I will introduce one
+other factor here,
+
+which is that when we
+are talking about quantum
+
+particles and
+bosons and fermions,
+
+they are typically assigned
+also another state--
+
+another parameter-- that
+characterizes their spin.
+
+And depending on the
+possible values of spin,
+
+you will have g
+copies of the system.
+
+And this g will be related
+to the quantum spin--
+
+to the formula 2s 1-- so
+that when you have fermions,
+
+typically s is half integer and
+this will be an even number.
+
+Whereas for bosons it
+will be an odd number.
+
+So that's, again,
+something that we've seen.
+
+You just, essentially
+says multiply everything
+
+by some factor of g.
+
+Now if I go through
+this procedure
+
+that I have outlined
+here, I will ultimately
+
+get the grand partition
+function of the gas-- which
+
+as we will see is related
+to its pressure-- in terms
+
+of the chemical potential.
+
+Throughout the course we've seen
+that the more interesting thing
+
+to look at is how things depend
+on density rather than chemical
+
+potential.
+
+So I'd better use this result
+to get what the density is.
+
+How do I do that?
+
+Well, once I have determined
+what the chemical potential is,
+
+the average number
+of particles will
+
+be the sum over and the
+average occupation numbers
+
+that I have in all
+of these states.
+
+And according to the
+prescription that we have over
+
+here, in the limit of a
+large box, this sum over k
+
+becomes gV intergral d
+cubed k 2 pi Q. Ultimately
+
+I will divide by
+V so I will have
+
+the formula for the density.
+
+And what is Nk?
+
+Well, I have the formula for Nk.
+
+It is 1 over z
+inverse e to the beta.
+
+Epsilon k is h bar
+squared k squared over 2m,
+
+and then I have a minus 8.
+
+OK?
+
+So if I divide through by V,
+really I will have the density.
+
+Get rid of this V. But I
+have to do that integral.
+
+Now for this and a
+lot of other things,
+
+you can see that always I
+will have sums or integrations
+
+over the combination that
+appears in the exponent
+
+and enhances dimension list
+which is beta epsilon of k.
+
+So let me introduce
+a new variable.
+
+Let me call x to be the
+combination beta h bar squared
+
+k squared over 2m.
+
+So I'm going to call this
+e to the x, if you like.
+
+So I have changed
+variables from k to x.
+
+k in terms of x is simply square
+root of 2m inverse of beta--
+
+which is kt-- divided
+by h bar squared.
+
+But I took a square
+root so it's just h bar.
+
+Times x to the 1/2.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, I realize that h bar
+is in fact h divided by 2pi.
+
+So the 2pi I can put
+in the numerator.
+
+And then I remember that
+actually the combination h
+
+divided by square
+root of 2pi mkt,
+
+I was calling these
+thermal wavelength lambda.
+
+And k should have the dimensions
+of an inverse landscape,
+
+so that's the appropriate
+thing to choose.
+
+So what do I get?
+
+I take a square
+root of pi inside
+
+and I'm left with 2 square root
+of pi divided by this parameter
+
+lambda x to the 1/2.
+
+Again, for later
+clarity, let's make
+
+sure we remember
+this was our lambda.
+
+So this is the
+variable k that I need.
+
+In fact, for the--
+for the integration
+
+I have to also make
+a change in dk.
+
+So I not that dk, if I
+take a derivative here,
+
+I will get x-- 1/2x to the minus
+1/2 becomes root pi over lambda
+
+x to the minus 1/2 dx.
+
+Actually, the factor
+that I need over here
+
+is dk-- d cubed
+k over 2pi cubed.
+
+Now everything only depends
+on the magnitude of k.
+
+So I will take advantage
+of spherical symmetry,
+
+write d cubed k as 4pi k
+squared dk divided by 8pi cubed.
+
+And then I substitute
+from k squared and dk
+
+above in terms of this x.
+
+So I will have a 1 over 2pi
+squared from this division.
+
+k squared is simply 4pi
+over lambda squared x.
+
+This is k squared.
+
+dk is root pi over lambda
+x to the minus 1/2 dx.
+
+So you can see lots
+of things cancel out
+
+and the answer is going
+to be x to the 1/2
+
+dx divided by lambda cubed.
+
+And what is left from all
+of these pi's et cetera,
+
+is a factor of square
+root of pi over 2.
+
+Or 2 in the numerator or
+a square root of pi over 2
+
+in the denominator.
+
+OK?
+
+So if I do these set
+of changes that I
+
+have on the right
+part of the board,
+
+what do I have for density?
+
+The density becomes simply g.
+
+I have this integral
+over k that I
+
+have recast as an integral
+that is x to the 1/2 dx.
+
+Let me pull out the factor of
+lambda cubed on the outside.
+
+So I have g over lambda cubed.
+
+I will pull out to that
+factor of root pi over 2
+
+that I had before.
+
+And then I have
+the integral from 0
+
+to infinity dx x to the 1/2.
+
+Actually, let me write
+it in this fashion.
+
+dx x to the 1/2.
+
+And in the denominator,
+what do I have?
+
+I have z universe
+into the x minus 8.
+
+So we did all of these and
+we ended up with an integral
+
+that we don't recognize.
+
+So what we are going to do is
+to pretend that we recognize it
+
+and give it a name.
+
+All right?
+
+So we define a set of functions
+f sub m of variable z.
+
+Once I do the integration over
+x, I will get a function of z.
+
+So that function of z
+I will call fm of z.
+
+But clearly I have a different
+fm if I have eta minus 1 or eta
+
+plus 1 for bosons of fermions.
+
+So there is two
+classes of things.
+
+What's this m?
+
+OK.
+
+So here I had the
+integral x to the 1/2.
+
+It turns out that you will get
+a whole bunch of these integrals
+
+where the [INAUDIBLE] that
+is out front in the numerator
+
+is different.
+
+So I will generalize this x to
+the 1/2, this 1/2 to something
+
+that I'll call it m minus 1.
+
+And then I have z inverse
+e to the x minus eta.
+
+And if these normalized
+so that what is in front
+
+is 1 over m minus 1 factorial.
+
+OK?
+
+So these are very
+important functions.
+
+Everything we will
+do later on we
+
+will be expressing in
+terms of these functions.
+
+Now, clearly what is happening
+here corresponds to m minus 1
+
+being equal to 1/2
+or m being 3/2.
+
+What is this normalization?
+
+Well, for the normalization,
+if this is 1/2
+
+I would need 1/2 factorial.
+
+And if you go and look at
+the various definitions
+
+that we have for the gamma
+function or the factorial,
+
+you can check that 1/2
+factorial is root pi over 2.
+
+And, indeed, we saw
+this already when
+
+we wrote the expression
+for the surface area
+
+in general dimensions
+that involved
+
+factorial function
+appearing as fractions.
+
+And in order to get the
+right result in two or three
+
+dimensions, you can
+check that this root
+
+pi over 2 for 1/2
+factorial is correct.
+
+So, indeed, I already have
+this root pi over 2 over here.
+
+It was properly normalized.
+
+So the whole thing
+here can be written
+
+as n is g over lambda
+cubed f 3/2 eta of z.
+
+That is the expression
+that relates
+
+the density to the chemical
+potential or this communication
+
+e to the beta mu, which
+is z or the fugacity
+
+is simply this nice formula.
+
+OK?
+
+But what we want is
+to calculate something
+
+like the pressure for the gas.
+
+Well, let me remind you that
+log Q, essentially, quite
+
+generally, log Q comes
+from normalizing something
+
+that is like mu times the
+total number of particles
+
+minus the energy-- you can
+kind of read that from here--
+
+and then there would be TS
+from the number of states.
+
+This was the general
+formula that we had.
+
+And when we substitute for
+a system that is extensive,
+
+where E for a gas is
+mu n plus TS minus PV,
+
+we see that the log of
+the partition function
+
+is simply the
+combination beta PV.
+
+Of course, again, this
+pressure as a function
+
+of density or chemical
+potential would be different
+
+whether we are thinking
+about bosons of fermions.
+
+But it can be calculated
+from the kind of sum
+
+that we have over here.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+So I have beta P
+which is something
+
+like log Q divided
+by V. Is obtained
+
+by doing this sum over k
+over V. And so what do I get?
+
+I will get-- first of all,
+I have the minus eta sum
+
+over k [INAUDIBLE]
+with g integral
+
+over k divided by 2pi cubed.
+
+The volume factor cancels
+because I divided by volume.
+
+I have log of 1 minus eta z
+e to the minus beta-- again,
+
+h bar squared k
+squared over 2m--
+
+are the energy that
+I'm dealing with.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine.
+
+What do we do with this?
+
+We make the same
+change of variables
+
+that we have over
+here from k to x.
+
+So then I would have minus
+eta d cubed k over 2pi cubed
+
+gets replaced with this 2
+over root pi lambda cubed.
+
+And then I have the
+integral 0 to infinity dx
+
+x to the 1/2 log of 1 minus
+eta z e to the minus x.
+
+Huh.
+
+It seems like-- yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What happened
+to your factor g?
+
+PROFESSOR: G?
+
+Good question.
+
+Anything else?
+
+So I was hoping
+to have integrals
+
+that are all expressible in
+terms of this-- these set
+
+of functions that I defined.
+
+This log does not fall
+into this category.
+
+Should I define something else?
+
+Well, the answer
+is no because I can
+
+make that integral
+look like this
+
+by simbly doing an
+integration by parts.
+
+So we do integrate by parts
+in which case what I do
+
+is I take a derivative
+of this and I
+
+take an integral
+of x to the 1/2.
+
+Integral of x to the 1/2
+becomes x to the 3/2 over 3/2.
+
+There is, of course,
+a minus sign involved.
+
+So this minus becomes plus eta.
+
+Make sure I have
+the g this time.
+
+2 over root pi lambda cubed.
+
+I have the integral
+from 0 to infinity dx.
+
+x to the 1/2 became
+x to the 3/2.
+
+The 3/2 I will bring out front.
+
+So I have 1 over 3/2 here.
+
+And then I have to take the
+derivative of this function.
+
+What's the derivative
+of the log?
+
+It is 1 over the argument of
+the log times the derivative
+
+of the argument of
+the log which is minus
+
+eta z, the derivative
+of e to the minus x,
+
+which is e to the minus x.
+
+And this minus becomes plus.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's arrange
+things a little bit.
+
+I can get rid of these etas
+because eta squared will be 1.
+
+What is the answer, therefore?
+
+It is g over lambda cubed.
+
+That's fine.
+
+If root pi over 2
+is 1/2 factorial,
+
+and I multiply 1/2 factorial
+with 3/2, what I will get
+
+is 1 over 3/2 factorial.
+
+Because n factorial is n
+times n minus 1 factorial.
+
+And then, what do I have?
+
+I have 0 to infinity dx.
+
+x to the 3/2, divide the
+numerator and denominator by z
+
+e to the minus x and you get z
+inverse e to the x minus eta.
+
+And lo and behold, we have
+a function of the variety
+
+that we had defined on the
+board corresponding to n minus 1
+
+being 3/2 or n being 5/2.
+
+So what we have here is
+that beta P, depending
+
+on whatever statistics
+we are dealing with,
+
+is g over lambda
+cubed f 5/2 eta of z.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So what you have to
+do is always ensure
+
+what is happening to
+the boundary terms.
+
+Boundary terms will
+be a product of x
+
+to the 3/2 and this factor.
+
+At x equals to 0, x to the 3/s
+will ensure that you are 0.
+
+At x goes to infinity,
+the exponential
+
+will ensure that you're to 0.
+
+So the boundary
+terms are important
+
+and indeed you
+have to check them.
+
+And you can check
+that they are 0.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think the factor
+that multiples x to the 3/2
+
+is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But it's-- the
+argument still holds.
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+argument still holds
+
+because as x goes to infinity,
+e to the minus x goes to 0.
+
+Log of 1 is 0.
+
+In fact, you can ask,
+how does it go to 0?
+
+It goes to 0 exponentially.
+
+Exponentially it
+will [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Yes.
+
+Thank you for the correction.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+There's one other thing
+that we can take a look at.
+
+The total energy.
+
+OK.
+
+So the energy in each
+one of these states
+
+is given by that formula.
+
+So if I ask, what is the total
+expectation value of energy?
+
+And again, in
+thermodynamics we expect
+
+the extensive quantities such
+as the energy should have,
+
+in an aerodynamic sense,
+well defined values
+
+so I won't write the
+expectation value.
+
+Is going to be a sum
+over k Nk epsilon k.
+
+And this will depend on the
+statistics that I'm looking at.
+
+And what I will have is
+that this will go over
+
+to an integral over k divided
+by 2pi cubed multiplied g
+
+and multiplied by
+V. I have epsilon
+
+of k which is h bar
+squared k squared over 2m.
+
+The expectation
+value of N, which
+
+is z inverse e to the minus
+beta-- sorry-- z inverse
+
+e to the plus beta h bar squared
+k squared over 2m minus 8.
+
+OK?
+
+So the simplest way to do this
+is to first of all divide by V.
+
+So I can define
+an energy density.
+
+Actually, since I'm
+going to change variables
+
+to this combination
+that is x, I notice
+
+that up to a factor of
+betas the numerator is x.
+
+So let me actually calculate
+the combination beta e over V.
+
+That only depends on
+this combination x.
+
+So what is it?
+
+It is g-- the integral
+over k, I know
+
+how to replace it
+with something that
+
+involves x-- is going to give
+me 2 over root pi lambda cubed.
+
+Integral 0 to infinity dx.
+
+From the change of variables,
+I have x to the 1/2.
+
+But I introduced
+one factor of x here
+
+because I have this energy
+factor in the numerator.
+
+So that changes this
+to x to the 3/2.
+
+And then again, I have z
+inverse e to the x minus 8.
+
+OK?
+
+So if is one of the integrals
+that we have defined.
+
+In fact, it is exactly what I
+have above for the pressure,
+
+except that I don't have the
+factor of 3/2 that appeared
+
+nicely to give the
+right normalization.
+
+So what I conclude is
+that this quantity is
+
+in fact g over lambda cubed
+times 3/2 of f 5/2 eta of z.
+
+OK?
+
+But they are exactly
+the same functions
+
+for energy and pressure.
+
+So you can see
+that, irrespective
+
+of what the chemical
+potential is doing,
+
+I can state that for the quantum
+system e is always 3/2 PV.
+
+Of course, we have seen
+this expression classically.
+
+Now what happens
+quantum mechanically
+
+is that the pressure
+starts to vary
+
+in some complicated
+way with density.
+
+But what we learn is
+that energy will also
+
+vary in the same complicated
+way with density,
+
+such that always this
+formula EV 3/2 PV is valid.
+
+There is some nice
+symmetry reason
+
+for why that is the
+case that you explore
+
+in one of the problems
+that you will see.
+
+OK?
+
+So these are the
+characteristics.
+
+In some sense we have
+solved the problem
+
+because we know both density
+and pressure in terms
+
+of chemical potential.
+
+So all we need to do
+is to invert this, get
+
+the chemical potential
+as a function of density,
+
+insert it in the
+formula for pressure
+
+and we have pressure as
+a function of density.
+
+But since these are
+kind of implicit
+
+through these f
+functions, we don't quite
+
+know what that means.
+
+So the next stage
+is to really study
+
+how these f functions
+behave and how
+
+we can relate their behaviors
+to dependence on density.
+
+And we will see that we have to
+distinguish between low density
+
+and high density regimes.
+
+What does it mean?
+
+Well, you can see that both
+have players on the right hand
+
+side is dimensionless.
+
+The only dimension
+full combination
+
+that we have here is
+N-- well, we can make it
+
+dimensionless by multiplying
+by lambda cubed over g.
+
+So it turns out
+that whether or not
+
+you see things that are
+classical or things that
+
+are very quantum
+mechanical depend
+
+on this degeneracy factor.
+
+Which, within our context of
+statistical physics of gases,
+
+we define to be
+the communication N
+
+lambda cubed over g.
+
+And we will regain
+classical behaviors
+
+when degeneracy
+is small, density
+
+is small enough such that
+d is much less than 1.
+
+We will see totally
+new behavior that
+
+is appropriate to quantum
+mechanics in other limit
+
+where [? d ?] becomes large.
+
+OK?
+
+So this distinguishes classical
+versus quantum behavior.
+
+Now, we expect to regain
+classical behavior
+
+in the limit of
+very low densities.
+
+That's what we've
+been kind of saying
+
+from the very first lecture
+that low density gas has
+
+this ideal behavior
+where PV is Nkt.
+
+And, therefore, let's
+focus on the limit
+
+where V is much less than
+1, which is classical.
+
+And since d is f
+3/2 eta of z, we
+
+need the behavior of the
+function when it is small--
+
+and I'll show you
+[INAUDIBLE] consistently
+
+that the function is small
+when it's argument is small.
+
+So we'll see that d
+less than 1 implies
+
+or is implied by z
+being less than 1.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's take a look at
+one of these functions,
+
+fm eta z, 1 over m
+minus 1 factorial, 0
+
+to infinity dx, x
+to the m minus 1,
+
+z universe e to the x minus 1.
+
+And I'd like to explore the
+limit of this when z is small.
+
+So that's currently not very
+good because I have z inverse.
+
+So what I will do is I will
+multiply by z e to the minus
+
+x both numerator
+and denominator.
+
+So I will have m minus
+1 factorial integral 0
+
+to infinity dx x
+to the n minus 1.
+
+I have z e to the minus x.
+
+I have-- oops, there
+was an eta here.
+
+1 minus eta z e to the minus x.
+
+OK?
+
+Then I say, well, the
+thing that is appearing
+
+in the denominator,
+I can write as a sum
+
+of a geometric series
+in powers of z.
+
+And that's, after all,
+what I'm attempting to do,
+
+make an expansion
+in powers of z.
+
+It starts with z to the minus x.
+
+And 1 over 1 minus
+eta z to the minus
+
+x I can write as the sum alpha
+going from 0 to infinity of eta
+
+z e to the minus x raised
+to the power of [INAUDIBLE].
+
+This geometric series sums
+to what I have over there.
+
+OK?
+
+Let's rearrange
+this a little bit.
+
+I will take the sum
+over alpha outside.
+
+Well, I notice that actually
+I have here, this first term,
+
+which is different from
+this by a factor of eta.
+
+So let me multiply by an
+eta and get another eta.
+
+And then I have a sum
+that starts from 1
+
+to infinity of eta z e to the
+minus x to the power of alpha.
+
+So I have eta z to
+the power of alpha.
+
+I have one other eta here.
+
+And then I have the integration
+over x, x to the m minus 1.
+
+I didn't write e to the
+minus x to the alpha
+
+because I pulled it
+out the integration.
+
+I will write it now. e
+to the minus alpha x.
+
+And I didn't write 1
+over n minus 1 factor.
+
+Now, once more, this is an
+integration that you have seen.
+
+The result of doing
+integral dx x to the m
+
+minus 1 e to the minus x is
+simply m minus 1 factorial.
+
+Except that it is
+not e to the minus
+
+x but it's e to
+the minus alpha x.
+
+I can rescale
+everything by alpha
+
+and I will pull out a
+factor of alpha to there.
+
+OK?
+
+So what do we have?
+
+We have that fm eta of z
+as a [? power series ?]
+
+representation, alpha
+running from 1 to infinity,
+
+z to the alpha divided
+by alpha to the m.
+
+It's an alternating series
+that starts with plus
+
+and then becomes a
+minus, et cetera.
+
+So if I were to
+explicitly write this,
+
+you will see how nice it is.
+
+It is z plus eta z squared
+2 to the m plus z cubed 3
+
+to the m plus eta z
+to the 4 4 to the m.
+
+And you can see why it is such a
+nice thing that really deserves
+
+to have a function
+named after it.
+
+So we call that nice
+series [? to  Vf. ?]
+
+Now, for future reference,
+note the following.
+
+If I take a derivative of
+this function with respect
+
+to z-- its argument-- then
+in this power series, say,
+
+z to the 4 becomes 4z cubed.
+
+4 will cancel one of
+the 4's that I have here
+
+and it becomes 4
+to the m minus 1.
+
+This becomes 3 to the m minus 1.
+
+So you can see that
+the coefficients that
+
+were powers of m become
+powers of m minus 1.
+
+Numerator has gone
+down by one factor.
+
+So let's multiply by z.
+
+So the numerator is
+now what it was before.
+
+The denominators, rather than
+being raised to the power of m,
+
+are raised to the
+power of m minus 1.
+
+So clearly, this is the
+same thing as fm minus 1.
+
+So basically these functions
+have this nice character
+
+that they are like a ladder.
+
+You take a derivative
+of one and you
+
+get the one that is
+indexed by one less.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there a factor
+of eta that comes out to be
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: In the derivatives?
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, it seems to
+me that there's an eta-- like,
+
+in that relation that--
+
+PROFESSOR: In this relation?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So let's do it by step.
+
+If I take a
+derivative, divide dz,
+
+I get 1 plus eta z squared
+z 2 to the m minus 1 plus
+
+z squared' 3 to the m minus 1.
+
+Then I multiply by
+z, this becomes z,
+
+this becomes z squared,
+this becomes z cubed.
+
+And you can see
+that the etas are
+
+exactly where they should be.
+
+AUDIENCE: Would you explain
+why the index of summation
+
+starts from--
+
+PROFESSOR: One?
+
+AUDIENCE: --one.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So let's take a look
+at this function.
+
+You can see there is a z
+inverse in the denominator.
+
+So I made it into a z here.
+
+So you can see that if z is very
+small, if will start with z.
+
+All right?
+
+Now what happened here?
+
+I wrote this as a sum
+of geometric series.
+
+I pulled out this factor of
+z that was in the numerator,
+
+and the denominator I wrote as
+a series that starts with 0.
+
+But then there is
+this z out front.
+
+I pulled this z e to the
+minus x in front here
+
+and then it starts with 1.
+
+I could have written it--
+I can put this in here
+
+and write it as alpha
+plus 1 with alpha
+
+starting from 0, et cetera.
+
+Or I can write it [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Or, alternatively, you can
+say, let's put the eta here
+
+and eta here.
+
+And then I see that this is
+the geometric series where
+
+the first term is this z
+to the minus x [INAUDIBLE].
+
+OK?
+
+So I want to erase this
+board but keep this formula.
+
+So let me erase it
+and then rewrite it.
+
+So this I will rewrite as
+N lambda q over g, which
+
+is my degeneracy factor,
+is f 3/2 eta of z.
+
+And in the limit
+where z goes to small,
+
+I can use the expansion
+that I just derived,
+
+which is z plus eta z squared
+2 to the-- what is it--
+
+3/2 plus z cubed.
+
+3 to the 3/2 and so forth.
+
+You can see that precisely
+because as z goes to 0,
+
+this series goes to
+0, that smallness of z
+
+is the same thing or implied
+by the smallness of z.
+
+But that z is equal to d
+only at the lowest order.
+
+So what happens
+at higher orders,
+
+z-- inverting this-- is d minus
+eta z squared 2 to the 3/2 plus
+
+z cubed 3 to the
+3/2, and so forth.
+
+And we saw this when I
+was doing the calculation
+
+for the interacting gas, that
+clearly to lowest order z
+
+equals to d, if I want
+to get the next order,
+
+I substitute the result
+of the previous order
+
+into this expression.
+
+So z I substitute
+for d, I will d
+
+minus eta d squared 2 to the
+3/2 as the first contribution.
+
+And then something that
+is order of d cubed.
+
+And if I want the answer
+to the d cubed order,
+
+I take this whole thing that
+is that order of d squared
+
+and substitute in this series.
+
+And so what do I get?
+
+I will get d minus
+eta 2 to the 3/2,
+
+square of z-- which is the
+square of this quantity--
+
+square of this quantity
+is d squared minus twice
+
+the product of these two terms.
+
+So I have twice eta
+d cubed 2 to the 3/2.
+
+And then square of this term,
+but that's order of e to the 4.
+
+I don't care for that.
+
+And then I have, from here,
+plus d cubed 3 to the 3/2
+
+ignoring terms of the
+order of d to the 4th.
+
+OK?
+
+So z is--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] z equals
+d minus and the d [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Ah, great.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Minus.
+
+Minus.
+
+Good.
+
+Saves me having to go back later
+when the answer doesn't match.
+
+OK.
+
+Fine.
+
+Now let's organize terms.
+
+The lowest order I have d.
+
+At order of d
+squared I have still
+
+just this one term, minus eta
+d squared over 2 to the 3/2.
+
+We knew that was the correct
+result at order of d squared.
+
+At order of d cubed
+I have two terms.
+
+One is the product
+of these two terms.
+
+The etas disappear,
+minus 2, and this
+
+will give me 2 over
+9 which is 1/4.
+
+And from other part, I have
+1 over 3 to the 3/1 d cubed.
+
+And I haven't calculate things
+at order of d to the 4th.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine.
+
+So we have calculated
+in a power series
+
+that we can go to
+whatever order you like.
+
+This is z which is related
+to chemical potential
+
+as a function of
+this degeneracy that
+
+is simply related to density.
+
+Now, the formula for the
+pressure is up there.
+
+It is that eta P is g over
+lambda cubed f 5/2 eta of z.
+
+Right?
+
+So reorganizing
+this a little bit,
+
+the dimensionless
+form is beta P lambda
+
+cubed over g f 5/2 eta of z.
+
+f 5/2 we can make an expansion.
+
+It is z plus eta z squared
+2 to the 5/2 plus z cubed 3
+
+to the 5/2 and so forth.
+
+For z I substitute
+from the line above.
+
+So I have d minus eta d squared
+2 to the 3/2 plus 1/4 minus 1
+
+over 3 to the 3/2 d cubed.
+
+So that's the first term.
+
+The next term is eta 2
+to the 5/2 z squared.
+
+So I have to square what is
+up here and here keeping terms
+
+to order of d cubed.
+
+So what do I have?
+
+I have d squared from
+squaring this term.
+
+And a term that is twice the
+product of these two terms.
+
+That's the only term
+that is order of d cubed.
+
+So I have minus 2 eta
+2 to the 3/2 d cubed.
+
+And finally, z cubed
+over 3 to the 5/2
+
+would be d cubed
+over 3 to the 5/2.
+
+And I haven't
+calculated anything
+
+at all of d to the 4th.
+
+OK?
+
+So what do I have?
+
+I have that beta P
+lambda cubed over g.
+
+Well, you can see
+that everything
+
+is going to be proportional
+to d d squared d cubed.
+
+So let's put out the factor of d
+which is m lambda cubed over g.
+
+So this is just one factor
+of d that I have pulled out.
+
+So that then I start with 1,
+and then the next correction
+
+I have an eta d squared
+2 to the 3/2 here,
+
+eta d squared 2 to the 5/2
+here with opposite sign.
+
+So this is twice
+bigger than that.
+
+So the sum total of them would
+be minus eta divided by 2
+
+to the 5/2 times d
+squared-- one factor
+
+of d I have out front-- the
+other factor I will write here
+
+and lambda cubed over g.
+
+And then at order of d cubed,
+I have a bunch of terms.
+
+I have a 1/4 here, and from
+the product of these terms,
+
+I will have etas disappear,
+I have 2 divided by 2
+
+to the 8/2 which is 2
+to the 4th which is 16.
+
+So the product of these things
+will give me a minus 1/8.
+
+I have 1/4 minus
+1/8 I will get 1/8.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And then we have minus
+3-- 1 over 3 to the 1/2
+
+and this 3 to the 5/2.
+
+This is three times
+larger than this.
+
+This is 3 over 3 to the 5/2.
+
+Subtract one of
+them, I will be left
+
+minus 2 divided by
+3 to the 5/2 [? N ?]
+
+lambda cubed over g squared.
+
+And so forth.
+
+So you can see that the
+form that we have is beta
+
+P-- the pressure--
+starts with density.
+
+I essentially divide it
+through by lambda q over g.
+
+I start with the
+ideal gas result, n,
+
+and then I have a correction
+that is order of n squared.
+
+I can write it as B2 n squared.
+
+In view up our
+[INAUDIBLE] co-efficients.
+
+And we see that our B2 is
+minus eta times-- sorry.
+
+Minus eta 2 to the 5/2
+times n lambda cubed over g.
+
+Remember that B2s, et cetera,
+had dimensions of volume.
+
+So if the volume is
+provided by lambda cubed,
+
+it is an additional factor.
+
+For fermions it's a
+positive pressure.
+
+So the pressure goes up because
+fermions repel each other.
+
+For bosons it is negative.
+
+Bosons attract each other.
+
+And we have actually
+calculated this.
+
+We did a calculation
+of the canonical form
+
+where we had the one
+exchange corrections.
+
+And if you go back to the
+notes or if you remember,
+
+we had calculated
+precisely this.
+
+But then I said that
+if I went and tried
+
+to calculate the
+next correction using
+
+the canonical
+formulation, I would
+
+have to keep track
+of diagrams that
+
+involve three exchanges
+and all kinds of things
+
+and it was complicated.
+
+But in this way of
+looking at things,
+
+you can see that we can very
+easily compute the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+co-efficients and higher orders.
+
+In particular, the
+third [INAUDIBLE]
+
+co-efficient we compute to be
+1/8 minus 2 3 to the 5/2 lambda
+
+cubed over g squared.
+
+And you can keep
+going and calculate
+
+higher and higher
+order corrections.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if you're doing
+this expansion for the z being
+
+close to 0--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: --it appears
+that chemical potential
+
+is a large negative number.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: What
+kind of interaction
+
+does it imply between our
+grand canonical and [INAUDIBLE]
+
+and the system from
+which it takes particles?
+
+Because chemical potential
+represents energy threshold
+
+for the particle to
+move from there to--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So as you say, it corresponds
+to being large and negative.
+
+Which means that,
+essentially, I think
+
+the more kind of physical way
+of looking at it is-- this z
+
+is e to the beta mu-- is
+the likelihood of grabbing
+
+and adding one particle
+to your system.
+
+And what we have is that this
+is much, much less than 1.
+
+And the way to
+achieve that is to say
+
+that it is very hard to extract
+and bring in other particle
+
+from whatever
+reservoir you have.
+
+And because it is
+so hard that you
+
+have such low density of
+particles in the system
+
+that you have.
+
+So for example, if you are in
+vacuum and you put a surface,
+
+and some atoms from
+the surface detach
+
+and form a gas in
+your container,
+
+the energetics of
+binding those atoms
+
+to the substrate particles
+was huge and few of them
+
+managed to escape.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+But this is only one limit.
+
+And this is the limit
+that we already knew.
+
+We are really interested
+in the other limit
+
+where we are quantum dominated.
+
+And clearly we want
+to go to the limit
+
+where the argument
+here is not small.
+
+I have to include a large
+number of terms in this series.
+
+And then I have to
+figure out what happens.
+
+I mean, how do I have
+to treat the cases where
+
+I want to solve this equation
+and the left hand side, d, is
+
+a large number?
+
+So how can I make the value
+of the function large?
+
+What does that imply about
+argument of the function?
+
+OK?
+
+So different functions
+will become large
+
+for different values
+of the argument.
+
+And as we will show
+for the case of bosons,
+
+these functions become large
+where the argument becomes 1.
+
+Whereas, for fermions, they
+become large when the argument
+
+itself becomes very large.
+
+So the behavior of these
+functions is very different.
+
+When they become
+large they become
+
+large at different
+points when we
+
+are thinking about
+bosons and fermions.
+
+And because of
+that, at this stage
+
+I have to separately
+address the two problems.
+
+So up to here, the
+high temperature limit,
+
+we sort of started
+from the same point
+
+and branched off slightly by
+going into boson and fermion
+
+direction.
+
+But when I go to
+the other limit,
+
+I have to discuss the
+two cases separately.
+
+So let's start with
+the case of fermions.
+
+So degenerate-- degenerating
+a sense of d being larger
+
+than 1 rather than
+character flaws.
+
+So what do we do in this limit?
+
+So what I need to know is to
+look at one of these functions.
+
+So let's say d n lambda
+cubed over g is f 3/2 minus
+
+of z which is 1 over this
+1/2 factorial integral 0
+
+to infinity dx x to the 1/2.
+
+And here I have a
+plus because I'm
+
+looking at the fermionic
+version of these.
+
+I have z inverse e to the
+x and I can write that as e
+
+to the x minus log z.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, essentially, if I look
+at this function-- actually,
+
+let's look at the function
+that is just 1 over e
+
+to the x minus log z plus
+1 as a function of x.
+
+What does it do in the
+limit where z is large?
+
+In the limit where z is large,
+log z is also very large.
+
+And then what I
+have is something
+
+that if x is much less
+than log z-- essentially,
+
+this factor will
+be 0 and I have 1.
+
+Whereas if x is much
+greater than log z,
+
+then this is exponentially large
+quantity and I will have 0.
+
+So basically, at
+around log z, this
+
+switches from being very
+close to 0 to being 1.
+
+Indeed, that x equals
+2 log z is exactly 1/2.
+
+So here is 1/2.
+
+It is switching very rapidly.
+
+And you can see
+that, essentially,
+
+the value of the function
+depends on the combination
+
+x minus log z.
+
+So if I were to make
+log z much larger,
+
+I'm essentially transporting
+this combination
+
+without changing its shape,
+either in one direction
+
+or the other direction.
+
+OK?
+
+And if I go to the limit,
+essentially that log z is
+
+very large, I will have 1
+for a huge distance and then,
+
+at some point, I
+would switch to 0.
+
+And what I'm doing, therefore,
+is to essentially approximately
+
+integrating from 0 to
+log z x to the 1/2 dx.
+
+Which would give me x to the
+3/2-- sorry, log z to the 3/2
+
+over 3/2.
+
+And you can see
+that I can repeat
+
+this for any other
+value of m here.
+
+I would be integrating
+x to the m minus 1.
+
+So you would conclude that the
+limit as z is much, much larger
+
+than 1, of one of these
+functions fm minus of z,
+
+is obtained by integrating
+0 to log z dx x to the m.
+
+I will get another
+factor of log z.
+
+And then I will get
+log z to the power
+
+of m divided by 1
+over m multiplying
+
+by 1 over m minus 1 factorial.
+
+It will give me m factorial.
+
+Now, of course there will
+be correction to this
+
+because this function
+would be equal to this
+
+if I was integrating
+a step function.
+
+And I don't have
+a step function.
+
+I have something that
+gradually vanishes.
+
+Although, the interval
+over which it vanishes
+
+is scaling much
+smaller than log z.
+
+So what you can do, is you
+can do some manipulations
+
+and calculate corrections
+to this formula that
+
+become significant as log
+z is not exactly infinite
+
+but becomes smaller and smaller.
+
+It turns out that that will
+generate for you a series that
+
+is inverse powers of log z.
+
+And in fact, inverse
+even powers of log z.
+
+So that the next term will fall
+off as 1 over log z squared.
+
+The next term will fall off
+as 1 over z to the fourth
+
+and so forth.
+
+And the coefficient of
+the first one-- and I
+
+show you this in the notes,
+how to calculate it--
+
+is pi squared over
+6 times m m minus 1.
+
+The coefficient of
+the next term is
+
+7 pi to the fourth 360 m m
+minus 1, m minus 2, m minus 3.
+
+And there's a formula
+for subsequent terms
+
+in the series, how
+they are generated.
+
+And this thing is known as
+the Sommerfeld expansion.
+
+OK?
+
+So, essentially, if you
+plot as a function of z one
+
+of these fm minuses of
+z's, what we have according
+
+to the previous
+expansion, as you go to z
+
+equals to 0 you have
+a linear function z.
+
+And then the next correction
+is minus z squared.
+
+You start to bend
+in this direction.
+
+And then you have higher
+order corrections.
+
+What we see, that at larger
+values, it keeps growing.
+
+And the growth at
+larger values is this.
+
+So here you have z minus z
+squared 2 to the power of m.
+
+Out here you have log z
+to the m over m factorial.
+
+And then this corrections
+from the Sommerfeld expansion.
+
+OK?
+
+And so once we
+have that function,
+
+which is the right hand
+side of this equality,
+
+for a particular density we are
+asking, what is the value of z?
+
+And at low densities we are
+evaluating solutions here.
+
+At high values of
+density we are picking up
+
+solutions on this other.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's imagine that we
+are indeed in that limit.
+
+So what do we have?
+
+We have that n lambda
+cubed over g is log z
+
+to the 3/2 over 3/2 factorial.
+
+That's the leading term.
+
+Sub-leading term is 1
+plus pi squared over 6.
+
+m, in our case, is 3/2.
+
+m minus 1 would be 1/2
+divided by log z squared.
+
+I will stop at this order.
+
+That's all we will need.
+
+And so I will use this to
+calculate z as a function n.
+
+Again, same procedure as before.
+
+I can invert this
+and write this as log
+
+z being 3/2 factorial
+n lambda cubed over g.
+
+so I multiplied by this.
+
+I have to raise to the 2/3
+power-- the inverse of 3/2.
+
+I take this combination
+to the other side.
+
+So I have 1.
+
+This becomes plus pi
+squared over 8 1 over log z
+
+squared raised to
+the minus 2/3 power
+
+because I had to take
+it to the other side.
+
+OK.
+
+So at the lowest order,
+what I need to do
+
+is to calculate log z from the
+zeroed order term and then,
+
+at the next order, substitute
+that value of log z in here
+
+and get the next correction.
+
+So the lowest order correction
+will tell me that log z---
+
+which, remind you,
+is simply beta mu--
+
+is this combination
+raised to the 2/3 power.
+
+What is that communication?
+
+3/2 factorial.
+
+3/2 factorial we saw
+was 3/2 1/2 factorial--
+
+which was root pi over 2--
+so this is 3/2 factorial.
+
+I have n over g.
+
+Oh, sorry. n lambda cubed.
+
+So write it in this
+fashion. n over g.
+
+And then I have lambda cubed.
+
+Let me put this to the 2/3
+power because lambda cubed
+
+to the 2/3 power is
+simply lambda squared.
+
+And lambda squared is
+going to be h squared
+
+divided by 2 pi mkT.
+
+So this is lambda cubed.
+
+What I'm going to do
+is notice that one
+
+of these h over 2pi's is
+in fact already an h bar.
+
+I'd like to write
+the result in terms
+
+of h bar squared divided by 2m.
+
+The 1 over kT I
+can write as beta.
+
+Ultimately, it is my intention
+to cancel that beta which
+
+is the 1 over kT in the
+beta that I have out here.
+
+And I get the value for mu.
+
+OK?
+
+To go from h squared over
+2pi to h bar squared over 2m,
+
+I need a factor of 4pi squared.
+
+Those 4pi squared I will
+put out front in here.
+
+And they will change the result
+to something that is like this.
+
+It is n over g is going
+to be remaining there.
+
+I have pi by the time it
+gets in front over here
+
+becomes pi to the 3/2.
+
+Pi to the 3/2 multiplied by pi
+to the 1/2 becomes pi squared.
+
+You can convince yourself
+that the factors of 2
+
+and all of those things
+manage to give you
+
+something that is 6pi squared
+n over g to the 2/3 power.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So when [INAUDIBLE]
+chemical potential
+
+as no temperature [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+When you go to 0 temperature,
+the chemical potential
+
+of a Fermi gas
+goes to a constant
+
+that you have actually
+seen-- and I just
+
+was about to make it clear
+to you what that constant is.
+
+So we get that limit as
+essentially this T goes
+
+to 0, which is another way of
+achieving the combination n
+
+lambda cubed over
+g goes to infinity.
+
+When T goes to 0,
+lambda goes to infinity,
+
+this combination becomes large.
+
+Canceling the betas,
+the limit of mu
+
+is something that potentially
+in solid state courses
+
+you have seen as
+the fermion energy.
+
+And the fermion energy
+is h bar squared over 2m.
+
+Some Fermi momentum squared.
+
+And hopefully the
+Fermi momentum is
+
+going to come out to be 6pi
+squared n over g to the 1/3.
+
+And one way that you usually
+get your Fermi momentum is
+
+you say that, what
+I need to do is
+
+to fill up all of this state
+up to some value of kf.
+
+And the number of
+states that there are
+
+is the volume of the
+sphere- 4pi over 3k
+
+f cubed, of course times the
+volume times the degeneracy
+
+coming from spins if I have
+multiple possibilities.
+
+And this should give
+me the total number n.
+
+Ah.
+
+I made some big mistake here.
+
+Can somebody point it out to me?
+
+How do we calculate Fermi
+momentum and Fermi [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+Not coming out
+the answer I want.
+
+AUDIENCE: One [INAUDIBLE]
+is a sphere, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+It's a sphere.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you.
+
+Divide by density of state.
+
+I multiplied by the V but I
+forgot the 2pi cubed here.
+
+OK?
+
+So when you divide 4pi
+divided by 8pi cubed,
+
+you will have 2pi
+squared times 3,
+
+which will give you 6pi squared.
+
+n over V is the density.
+
+Divided by g.
+
+So you can see that we
+get the right result.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] cubed.
+
+PROFESSOR: f cubed.
+
+Yes.
+
+That's right.
+
+So kf is 1/3 of that.
+
+Let's go step by step.
+
+A is 6pi squared n
+over g to the 1/3.
+
+kf squared would be the
+2/3 power [? of g. ?] Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you said that
+this is the lowest order
+
+term for the chemical potential.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: But aren't there
+going to be maybe a second order
+
+temperature dependent term?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So when we substitute
+that formula in here,
+
+we will find the value of
+the chemical potential.
+
+So I will draw it
+for you and then
+
+recalculate the result later.
+
+So this is the
+chemical potential
+
+of the Fermi system as a
+function of its temperature.
+
+What did we establish so far?
+
+We established that
+at zero temperature
+
+it is in fact epsilon f.
+
+We had established that
+at high temperature--
+
+this was the discussion
+we had before-- it's
+
+large and negative.
+
+It is down here.
+
+So indeed the behavior
+of the chemical potential
+
+of the Fermi gas as a
+function of temperature
+
+is something like this.
+
+And so the chemical potential at
+zero temperature is epsilon f.
+
+As you go to finite temperature,
+it will get reduced by a factor
+
+that I will just calculate.
+
+OK?
+
+So if I now substitute
+this result in here
+
+to get the next
+correction, what do I have?
+
+OK.
+
+So this zero to order
+term we established
+
+is the same thing
+as beta epsilon f.
+
+And then the next order term
+will be 1 plus-- this log
+
+z is going to be small--
+minus 2/3 times this
+
+is going to give me
+minus pi squared over 6.
+
+Right?
+
+And then I have 1
+over log z squared.
+
+One over log z is simply
+1 over beta epsilon f
+
+which is the same thing as
+kT over epsilon f squared So
+
+what we see is that the
+chemical potential starts
+
+to be epsilon f and then it
+starts to go down parabolically
+
+in temperature.
+
+And the first correction is of
+the order of kT over epsilon f.
+
+Not surprisingly,
+it will go to 0
+
+at the value T that is off the
+order of epsilon f over kT.
+
+So the chemical potential
+of the Fermi gas
+
+actually changes sign.
+
+It's negative and large
+at high temperature,
+
+it goes to the
+Fermi energy which
+
+is positive at low temperatures.
+
+So once we know this behavior
+or the chemical potential,
+
+we can calculate what the
+energy and pressure on.
+
+And again, at zero
+temperature you
+
+will have some energy which
+comes from filling out
+
+this Fermi C. And then we
+will get corrections to energy
+
+and pressure that
+we can calculate
+
+using the types of
+formulas that we have that
+
+relate pressure and
+energy to f 5/2 of z.
+
+And so we can start to
+calculate the corrections
+
+that you have to
+completely Fermi sphere.
+
+And how those
+corrections give you,
+
+say, the linear heat
+capacity is something
+
+that we will derive next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/90JWoR9MfYU.txt b/90JWoR9MfYU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c80d69547a3d716fd4a231b01a3da564ce487a65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/90JWoR9MfYU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16157 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this fintech course this is for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fintech course this is for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fintech course this is for those
+who want to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to explore
+fintech how the technologies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech how the technologies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech how the technologies are
+disrupting financial services that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupting financial services that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupting financial services that's the
+core of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of it
+technology is disrupting finance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is disrupting finance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is disrupting finance and
+we'll talk a lot about this that finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a lot about this that finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a lot about this that finance
+and technology has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology has
+lived in simpatico in some relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived in simpatico in some relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived in simpatico in some relationship
+together for thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for thousands
+of years in fact money and ledgers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years in fact money and ledgers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years in fact money and ledgers were
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+financial technologies and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial technologies and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial technologies and we'll talk
+about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what
+makes something in in this faculty's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes something in in this faculty's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes something in in this faculty's
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+a financial technology that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a financial technology that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a financial technology that's really
+changing the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the world
+and then just the technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just the technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just the technology that
+existed the telephone for instance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed the telephone for instance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed the telephone for instance at
+one point not time in the 1920s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point not time in the 1920s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point not time in the 1920s
+was in essence of financial technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in essence of financial technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in essence of financial technology
+it rapidly changed the world of finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rapidly changed the world of finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rapidly changed the world of finance
+or even in the 19th century the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even in the 19th century the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even in the 19th century the
+telegraph rapidly changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph rapidly changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph rapidly changed
+parts of finance when you could send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of finance when you could send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of finance when you could send
+your first moneygram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first moneygram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first moneygram
+or in those days it was called something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in those days it was called something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in those days it was called something
+different but it was a telegram attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but it was a telegram attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but it was a telegram attached
+with money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with money
+in the 1870s and 1880s but this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1870s and 1880s but this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1870s and 1880s but this course
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+about the cutting edge and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cutting edge and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cutting edge and we're going
+to be talking about business models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about business models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about business models
+and the like around ai deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like around ai deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like around ai deep learning
+blockchain technology open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology open api
+10 and 20 years from now open api will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and 20 years from now open api will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and 20 years from now open api will
+not be taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be taught
+by my view in a fintech course but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my view in a fintech course but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my view in a fintech course but it's
+the relevant topics of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant topics of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant topics of the day
+and we'll be looking at the competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be looking at the competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be looking at the competitive
+landscape those of you that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decided to take this course on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to take this course on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to take this course on top of
+consumer finance course the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer finance course the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer finance course the half
+semester course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester course that
+was at the same time you will know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at the same time you will know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at the same time you will know that
+i usually teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i usually teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i usually teach
+in the concept of business strategy what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the concept of business strategy what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the concept of business strategy what
+is the strategy that these startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the strategy that these startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the strategy that these startups
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+big tech which incumbents are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech which incumbents are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech which incumbents are looking at
+at this point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point in time
+in this day and age in this sector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this day and age in this sector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this day and age in this sector and
+uh this course is also i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this course is also i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this course is also i should say
+being recorded it's being recorded for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being recorded it's being recorded for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being recorded it's being recorded for
+some students who can't join us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students who can't join us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students who can't join us
+uh simultaneously or what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simultaneously or what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simultaneously or what's called
+synchronous learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous learning
+and this these recordings will be posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this these recordings will be posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this these recordings will be posted
+on canvas within a day or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on canvas within a day or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on canvas within a day or two
+uh lena and romain and i just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lena and romain and i just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lena and romain and i just have to
+remember how to do that and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how to do that and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how to do that and actually
+post each of the recordings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post each of the recordings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post each of the recordings
+they also might be shared just to alert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also might be shared just to alert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also might be shared just to alert
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+in open courseware in the fall or later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in open courseware in the fall or later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in open courseware in the fall or later
+i've chosen with mit that if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've chosen with mit that if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've chosen with mit that if we're
+recording them anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording them anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording them anyway
+maybe if they come out uh being anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if they come out uh being anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if they come out uh being anywhere
+uh valuable that we would open up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh valuable that we would open up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh valuable that we would open up to the
+broader community so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader community so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader community so these
+these might be shared more broadly come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these might be shared more broadly come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these might be shared more broadly come
+the fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fall
+as well um it's also really to gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um it's also really to gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um it's also really to gain
+critical reasoning skills around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical reasoning skills around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical reasoning skills around the
+ground truths of fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truths of fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truths of fintech
+uh separating hype from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh separating hype from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh separating hype from uh
+uh reality uh every week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reality uh every week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reality uh every week
+there's a posting of of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a posting of of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a posting of of three
+or four readings i understand that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four readings i understand that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four readings i understand that even
+if we were all on campus you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were all on campus you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were all on campus you might not
+read every word of that but they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read every word of that but they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read every word of that but they really
+are sort of the the foundation and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the the foundation and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the the foundation and i
+hope that in each lecture in each class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that in each lecture in each class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that in each lecture in each class
+we can go beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go beyond that
+but this week the bank of international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this week the bank of international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this week the bank of international
+settlement working paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement working paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement working paper
+and the financial stability board are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the financial stability board are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the financial stability board are
+two papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two papers
+that a lot of people turn to the now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people turn to the now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people turn to the now the
+financial stability board is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability board is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability board is
+is a group of 20 countries the g20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a group of 20 countries the g20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a group of 20 countries the g20
+countries uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh
+uh that have banded together and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that have banded together and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that have banded together and their
+their treasury secretaries or finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their treasury secretaries or finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their treasury secretaries or finance
+ministers and central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministers and central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministers and central banks
+and securities regulators have formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and securities regulators have formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and securities regulators have formed
+this thing called the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing called the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing called the financial
+stability board and they published very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability board and they published very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability board and they published very
+good work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good work this
+paper came out in 2017. it feels a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper came out in 2017. it feels a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper came out in 2017. it feels a
+little dated right now but it still felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dated right now but it still felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dated right now but it still felt
+quite relevant and then of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite relevant and then of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite relevant and then of course the
+bank of international settlement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank of international settlement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank of international settlement is
+60 or 70 central banks that out of basel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 or 70 central banks that out of basel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 or 70 central banks that out of basel
+and they write very good work i thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they write very good work i thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they write very good work i thought
+it was also interesting to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also interesting to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also interesting to take the
+current chair of the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current chair of the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current chair of the u.s
+uh bank regulator the federal deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bank regulator the federal deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bank regulator the federal deposit
+insurance corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance corporation
+uh uh chair mcwilliams and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh chair mcwilliams and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh chair mcwilliams and and
+her view as to the future of banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her view as to the future of banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her view as to the future of banking
+what's going on right now so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on right now so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on right now so that's
+that's why i grabbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i grabbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i grabbed
+these three as an intro if you've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three as an intro if you've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three as an intro if you've not
+yet read them i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet read them i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet read them i think
+go back try to at least skim them get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back try to at least skim them get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back try to at least skim them get
+your sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sense of
+of what they are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they are and
+each class i will also list study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each class i will also list study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each class i will also list study
+questions and the goal of my listing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and the goal of my listing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and the goal of my listing
+study questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study questions
+is not just for you to think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just for you to think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just for you to think about these
+questions beforehand but you'll also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions beforehand but you'll also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions beforehand but you'll also see
+where do i want to land the class where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do i want to land the class where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do i want to land the class where
+do i think these are the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i think these are the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i think these are the central
+learning objectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning objectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning objectives
+um and this is usually in a classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is usually in a classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is usually in a classroom
+setting where i'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting where i'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting where i'll say
+let's pause here and i'll engage in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pause here and i'll engage in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pause here and i'll engage in some
+conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation
+now i do cold call in the in the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i do cold call in the in the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i do cold call in the in the regular
+classroom i don't know if anybody wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom i don't know if anybody wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom i don't know if anybody wants
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+raise their hand now and answer any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise their hand now and answer any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise their hand now and answer any one
+of these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these questions
+but it would be great to get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be great to get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be great to get a little
+bit of life and community in this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of life and community in this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of life and community in this if
+anybody can address themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can address themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can address themselves
+what are the major technological trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the major technological trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the major technological trends
+materially influencing finance right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materially influencing finance right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materially influencing finance right now
+that you think about whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think about whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think about whether it's
+in the us or anywhere around this globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the us or anywhere around this globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the us or anywhere around this globe
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and and this course will be taught from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this course will be taught from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this course will be taught from
+the perspective around the globe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective around the globe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective around the globe even
+though i'm more knowledgeable in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though i'm more knowledgeable in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though i'm more knowledgeable in the us
+we will be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be talking about
+europe latin america asia throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe latin america asia throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe latin america asia throughout
+a little bit about africa as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+romaine i'm pausing for you to do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine i'm pausing for you to do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine i'm pausing for you to do your
+we have our first volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our first volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our first volunteer
+thank you very much luke the floor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much luke the floor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much luke the floor is
+yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll ask i'll answer the first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll ask i'll answer the first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll ask i'll answer the first question
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+major technological change trend we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major technological change trend we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major technological change trend we see
+in u.s and outside the uss versus open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in u.s and outside the uss versus open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in u.s and outside the uss versus open
+banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking
+use of a lot of apis that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of a lot of apis that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of a lot of apis that can be
+applicable to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to other
+websites all right and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites all right and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites all right and we're going to
+spend a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a whole
+class on open apis in two weeks but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on open apis in two weeks but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on open apis in two weeks but this
+is an important part of marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important part of marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important part of marketing
+opening up the banks ledgers and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up the banks ledgers and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up the banks ledgers and their
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+and data as as people like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data as as people like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data as as people like to say
+sort of the new the new oil in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the new the new oil in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the new the new oil in the
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+it's very valuable of course uh anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very valuable of course uh anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very valuable of course uh anybody
+else for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else for me
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the natural language processing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the natural language processing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the natural language processing so
+that we can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can have the
+robotic advisors right so natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic advisors right so natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic advisors right so natural
+language processing is the concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing is the concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing is the concept that
+you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take
+something that's in human language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's in human language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's in human language and
+put it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into
+machine or computer language or go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine or computer language or go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine or computer language or go the
+vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa
+and it's not actually new in 2020 some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not actually new in 2020 some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not actually new in 2020 some
+form of natural language processing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of natural language processing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of natural language processing has
+been around for decades just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for decades just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for decades just
+in terms of reading reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of reading reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of reading reading
+computer code and putting it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer code and putting it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer code and putting it into
+an audio voice or going backwards or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audio voice or going backwards or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audio voice or going backwards or
+every postal service of a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every postal service of a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every postal service of a major
+country around the globe has had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country around the globe has had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country around the globe has had
+something to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to read
+our scribbled handwriting and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our scribbled handwriting and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our scribbled handwriting and trying to
+read that handwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that handwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that handwriting
+and then put it into something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put it into something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put it into something where
+they know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know which
+post box to send it to but natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post box to send it to but natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post box to send it to but natural
+language processing will spend a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing will spend a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing will spend a fair
+bit of time on in robotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time on in robotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time on in robotics
+romaine and now we have ivy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine and now we have ivy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine and now we have ivy
+raise your hand yeah so i think we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand yeah so i think we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand yeah so i think we've
+seen a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a lot of
+digitization and e-commerce space as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitization and e-commerce space as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitization and e-commerce space as
+well especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well especially
+in places like china and so and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in places like china and so and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in places like china and so and you see
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+kind of diversion between like china and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of diversion between like china and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of diversion between like china and
+say the us and the way we use mobile pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the us and the way we use mobile pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the us and the way we use mobile pay
+and the way that they really adopted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that they really adopted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that they really adopted
+like alipay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like alipay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like alipay and we
+um and we pay as well and ivy why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we pay as well and ivy why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we pay as well and ivy why do you
+think it happened so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it happened so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it happened so
+uh as you say at this divergence why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you say at this divergence why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you say at this divergence why it
+happened maybe a little faster in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened maybe a little faster in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened maybe a little faster in china
+so i think it's pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think it's pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think it's pretty interesting
+because um i think a place like china as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um i think a place like china as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um i think a place like china as
+an example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example is
+uh probably less developed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably less developed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably less developed in terms of
+even just their financial structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just their financial structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just their financial structure
+whereas the place like the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the place like the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the place like the us
+it's quite dominated and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite dominated and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite dominated and it's really
+competitive but it's also really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive but it's also really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive but it's also really
+consolidated so you see these countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidated so you see these countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidated so you see these countries
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+um i mean i think the way i think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i mean i think the way i think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i mean i think the way i think about
+it is like the subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is like the subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is like the subway
+systems in uh like china or like taiwan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in uh like china or like taiwan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in uh like china or like taiwan
+or a lot of these development countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a lot of these development countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a lot of these development countries
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+are much better because they were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much better because they were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much better because they were they
+came a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came a little bit later
+um and like i just look at that analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and like i just look at that analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and like i just look at that analogy
+similarly to kind of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly to kind of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly to kind of where
+payments are because uh you kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments are because uh you kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments are because uh you kind of go
+from like zero to 100 versus we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like zero to 100 versus we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like zero to 100 versus we were
+kind of so i think ivy's raised a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of so i think ivy's raised a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of so i think ivy's raised a good
+point there's times when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there's times when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there's times when
+a country is growing rapidly and china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a country is growing rapidly and china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a country is growing rapidly and china
+for instance had been growing at eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance had been growing at eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance had been growing at eight
+and ten percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ten percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ten percent
+gdp growth a year uh and before corona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdp growth a year uh and before corona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdp growth a year uh and before corona
+had come down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come down to
+still a robust six percent a year uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a robust six percent a year uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a robust six percent a year uh but
+within that context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that context
+many things leapfrogged incumbents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things leapfrogged incumbents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things leapfrogged incumbents
+in europe and in north america and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe and in north america and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe and in north america and in
+the payment space in particular two big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment space in particular two big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment space in particular two big
+tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech
+companies alibaba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies alibaba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies alibaba
+that really is the dominant online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really is the dominant online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really is the dominant online
+retailing company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailing company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailing company
+and tension was was the dominant online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tension was was the dominant online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tension was was the dominant online
+sort of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of social
+networking and messaging company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and messaging company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and messaging company
+leapfrog the banking system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leapfrog the banking system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leapfrog the banking system the
+traditional banking system and now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional banking system and now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional banking system and now with
+wechat pay and alipay control well over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wechat pay and alipay control well over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wechat pay and alipay control well over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of retail payments small dollar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of retail payments small dollar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of retail payments small dollar and
+small and medium-sized enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and medium-sized enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and medium-sized enterprise
+payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+they don't dominate large wholesale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't dominate large wholesale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't dominate large wholesale
+payments but but in the retail space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments but but in the retail space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments but but in the retail space
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+and i would agree with ivy they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would agree with ivy they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would agree with ivy they kind of
+leapfrogged us but even kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leapfrogged us but even kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leapfrogged us but even kenya
+leapfrogged us with m hesa a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leapfrogged us with m hesa a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leapfrogged us with m hesa a technology
+that was pushed forward by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pushed forward by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pushed forward by the
+telephone company safaricom when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone company safaricom when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone company safaricom when they
+noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that
+folks were trading mobile minutes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks were trading mobile minutes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks were trading mobile minutes as a
+form of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of money
+uh gary we have two more hands that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gary we have two more hands that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gary we have two more hands that are
+up we're gonna start with those and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we're gonna start with those and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we're gonna start with those and then
+move on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on so
+uh who who are the two people and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who who are the two people and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who who are the two people and they
+can just go in in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just go in in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just go in in turn
+so we had lyra but she just disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had lyra but she just disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had lyra but she just disappeared
+so we'll go with alida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go with alida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go with alida
+all right juan thank you um yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right juan thank you um yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right juan thank you um yeah so
+i just kind of add on to ivy's point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just kind of add on to ivy's point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just kind of add on to ivy's point is
+a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+financial institutions and emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institutions and emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institutions and emerging
+markets did not typically cater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets did not typically cater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets did not typically cater
+towards the mass market uh consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the mass market uh consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the mass market uh consumer
+population and so it really allowed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and so it really allowed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and so it really allowed very
+quickly for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly for these
+big tech companies to jump in in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech companies to jump in in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech companies to jump in in a way
+that you couldn't do so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you couldn't do so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you couldn't do so in the
+um in more developed markets where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in more developed markets where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in more developed markets where the
+financial institutions already were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institutions already were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institutions already were
+catering to the large majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catering to the large majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catering to the large majority of the
+consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+population right so it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right so it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right so it's about
+about actual financial inclusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about actual financial inclusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about actual financial inclusion and
+reaching out and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching out and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching out and so forth
+um so what i'm going to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what i'm going to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what i'm going to do today
+is try to cover in the minutes we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to cover in the minutes we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to cover in the minutes we have a
+little bit about the financial world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the financial world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the financial world
+what do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we mean
+fintech shaping the future the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech shaping the future the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech shaping the future the financial
+world what do i what do i think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world what do i what do i think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world what do i what do i think of it
+having spent my life first i was at 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having spent my life first i was at 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having spent my life first i was at 18
+years of goldman sachs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of goldman sachs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of goldman sachs
+uh then i worked in the public sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then i worked in the public sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then i worked in the public sector
+but always sort of around finance at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but always sort of around finance at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but always sort of around finance at the
+u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s
+uh treasury department with paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh treasury department with paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh treasury department with paul
+sarbanes doing sarbanes-oxley and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarbanes doing sarbanes-oxley and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarbanes doing sarbanes-oxley and then
+later running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later running a
+a market regulator the commodity futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market regulator the commodity futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market regulator the commodity futures
+trading commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading commission
+uh in the obama administration um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the obama administration um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the obama administration um
+what would what what do we mean by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what what do we mean by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what what do we mean by the
+financial world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial world
+a little touch on fintech that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little touch on fintech that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little touch on fintech that's the
+whole class of course but just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class of course but just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class of course but just a little
+touch on fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on fintech
+thirdly again just a little review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly again just a little review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly again just a little review of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+three big trends of ai open banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three big trends of ai open banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three big trends of ai open banking
+blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology
+what what do these trends mean and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do these trends mean and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do these trends mean and and
+then and then the actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then the actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then the actors
+and the actors i i think that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actors i i think that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actors i i think that some
+people will use the word fintech to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will use the word fintech to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will use the word fintech to mean
+this disruptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disruptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disruptors
+companies like toast getting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like toast getting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like toast getting into the
+payment space for restaurants or lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment space for restaurants or lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment space for restaurants or lending
+club and peer-to-peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club and peer-to-peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club and peer-to-peer
+lending or robin hood an app you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending or robin hood an app you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending or robin hood an app you can
+download and trade stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download and trade stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download and trade stocks
+a lot of people constrain the study and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people constrain the study and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people constrain the study and
+the topic of fintech just to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of fintech just to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of fintech just to the
+disruptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptors
+i think that that's too narrow i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that that's too narrow i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that that's too narrow i think
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we really need to think of the actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to think of the actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to think of the actors
+and the field more broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the field more broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the field more broadly
+about the incumbents this is sort of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the incumbents this is sort of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the incumbents this is sort of big
+finance we might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance we might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance we might say
+you know the barclays banks and the jp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the barclays banks and the jp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the barclays banks and the jp
+morgans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morgans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morgans and
+and and and so forth and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so forth and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so forth and we need to
+think of big tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of big tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of big tech
+as we just talked with ivy about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we just talked with ivy about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we just talked with ivy about uh
+alibaba and intention getting into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alibaba and intention getting into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alibaba and intention getting into this
+business but we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but we see
+apple credit card and others and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple credit card and others and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple credit card and others and
+facebook trying to stand up a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook trying to stand up a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook trying to stand up a world
+currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency
+and then it's the disrupters so i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's the disrupters so i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's the disrupters so i think
+it's a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much more
+uh robust conversation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh robust conversation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh robust conversation and
+an important conversation the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important conversation the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important conversation the strategy
+amongst these three pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst these three pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst these three pieces
+and then of course we've got to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course we've got to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course we've got to do a
+little bit on our teaching team our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on our teaching team our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on our teaching team our
+schedule and assignments and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and assignments and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and assignments and so forth
+um so what what do i think of is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what what do i think of is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what what do i think of is in the
+financial world what it is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial world what it is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial world what it is well
+finance basically stands like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance basically stands like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance basically stands like this
+hourglass in the top right hand corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass in the top right hand corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass in the top right hand corner
+stands right at the neck of an hourglass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands right at the neck of an hourglass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands right at the neck of an hourglass
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+standing between people that have money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing between people that have money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing between people that have money
+and need money people that have risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and need money people that have risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and need money people that have risk and
+want to get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of it
+lay it off and somebody that wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay it off and somebody that wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay it off and somebody that wants to
+pick it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up
+and i've for decades since i was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've for decades since i was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've for decades since i was at
+goldman sachs thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldman sachs thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldman sachs thought
+where we were we were at the neck of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were we were at the neck of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were we were at the neck of the
+hourglass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass
+and for good or for bad that's also part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for good or for bad that's also part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for good or for bad that's also part
+of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why
+finance in many countries is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance in many countries is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance in many countries is able to
+collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect
+economic rents economic rents is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents economic rents is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents economic rents is that
+classic conceptual framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic conceptual framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic conceptual framework
+of collecting profits or revenues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collecting profits or revenues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collecting profits or revenues in
+excess of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of what
+classic economics might tell you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic economics might tell you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic economics might tell you would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+a competitive supply and demand space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competitive supply and demand space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competitive supply and demand space
+but if you stand at the neck of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you stand at the neck of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you stand at the neck of an
+hourglass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass
+between trillions of dollars of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between trillions of dollars of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between trillions of dollars of money
+flowing from those who want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from those who want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from those who want it
+and those who have it and effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those who have it and effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those who have it and effectively
+trillions of dollars of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillions of dollars of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillions of dollars of risk
+between those who have risk and want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those who have risk and want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those who have risk and want to
+lay it off and others who are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay it off and others who are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay it off and others who are willing to
+hedge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge it
+if you're at that neck of the hour glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at that neck of the hour glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at that neck of the hour glass
+so to speak if you just collect a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak if you just collect a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak if you just collect a few
+grains of sand for the trillions that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grains of sand for the trillions that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grains of sand for the trillions that go
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+it can collect a lot in the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can collect a lot in the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can collect a lot in the united
+states for one for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for one for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for one for instance
+our financial sector takes about seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our financial sector takes about seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our financial sector takes about seven
+and a half percent of our gross domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half percent of our gross domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half percent of our gross domestic
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+nowhere is it written it has to in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere is it written it has to in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere is it written it has to in fact
+in the 1950s and 60s it was more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1950s and 60s it was more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1950s and 60s it was more like
+three and a half to four percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half to four percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half to four percent
+uh but persistently it's grown as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but persistently it's grown as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but persistently it's grown as a
+percentage of our economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of our economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of our economy
+standing intermediating money and risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing intermediating money and risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing intermediating money and risk
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+uh let's just see if i can get this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's just see if i can get this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's just see if i can get this to
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+uh there so the functions the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there so the functions the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there so the functions the functions
+are intermediate and credit that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intermediate and credit that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intermediate and credit that's
+lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending
+investments we all know that risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments we all know that risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments we all know that risk
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+think of any time one of us buys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of any time one of us buys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of any time one of us buys
+insurance on an automobile or a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance on an automobile or a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance on an automobile or a car
+or in our life but also risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in our life but also risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in our life but also risk
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+that investment banks do even between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that investment banks do even between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that investment banks do even between
+somebody that's issuing stock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that's issuing stock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that's issuing stock and
+somebody that's buying stock that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that's buying stock that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that's buying stock that's a
+transference of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transference of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transference of risk
+in terms of whether that startup will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of whether that startup will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of whether that startup will do
+well of course there's the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course there's the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course there's the capital
+markets and at the center of the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and at the center of the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and at the center of the capital
+markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+is to price the money and risk that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to price the money and risk that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to price the money and risk that's
+flowing through the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through the system
+and there's plenty of advice to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's plenty of advice to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's plenty of advice to go
+around now we usually think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around now we usually think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around now we usually think about it in
+sectors and every one of these sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors and every one of these sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors and every one of these sectors
+whether it's commercial banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's commercial banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's commercial banking
+asset management insurance investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset management insurance investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset management insurance investment
+banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking
+advisories we will touch upon during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisories we will touch upon during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisories we will touch upon during the
+semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+and please interrupt if you if your keen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and please interrupt if you if your keen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and please interrupt if you if your keen
+interest is about insurance companies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is about insurance companies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is about insurance companies or
+your keen interest is about investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your keen interest is about investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your keen interest is about investment
+banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks
+then pull the community into that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pull the community into that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pull the community into that in in
+these discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discussions
+but we're going to try to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to try to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to try to talk about
+multiple sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple sectors
+multiple functions as contrasted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple functions as contrasted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple functions as contrasted to the
+half semester consumer finance course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half semester consumer finance course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half semester consumer finance course
+that was really just about one slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really just about one slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really just about one slice
+household lending and largely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household lending and largely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household lending and largely the
+commercial banks and investment banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks and investment banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks and investment banks
+around that this is a much broader topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that this is a much broader topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that this is a much broader topic
+and i hope the learning objective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i hope the learning objective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i hope the learning objective is
+ultimately to understand how technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately to understand how technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately to understand how technology
+can transform finance at any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transform finance at any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transform finance at any particular
+given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time
+um romaine are there any hands up i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um romaine are there any hands up i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um romaine are there any hands up i'm
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+every once in a while looking to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while looking to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while looking to you to
+see if i keep going or pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if i keep going or pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if i keep going or pause
+no hands at the moment all right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hands at the moment all right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hands at the moment all right the
+financial world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial world
+in this i think four key things to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this i think four key things to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this i think four key things to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+and this is sort of in a framework of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of in a framework of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of in a framework of
+thinking about financial technology data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about financial technology data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about financial technology data
+of course data is the that new oil so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course data is the that new oil so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course data is the that new oil so to
+speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+for investing for market making for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for investing for market making for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for investing for market making for
+marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing
+trying to get new customers i mean how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get new customers i mean how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get new customers i mean how
+many times do we get a pop-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times do we get a pop-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times do we get a pop-up
+ad i found in teaching about student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad i found in teaching about student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad i found in teaching about student
+loans i was researching student loans so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans i was researching student loans so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans i was researching student loans so
+my god the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god the last
+six weeks i've gotten more advertisement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six weeks i've gotten more advertisement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six weeks i've gotten more advertisement
+for student loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for student loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for student loans
+even though i'm a professor at mit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though i'm a professor at mit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though i'm a professor at mit it's
+because i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i was
+researching the topic of student loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching the topic of student loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching the topic of student loans
+and all of a sudden now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden now i
+am getting a lot of uh unsolicited ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am getting a lot of uh unsolicited ads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am getting a lot of uh unsolicited ads
+and emails even on the on the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emails even on the on the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emails even on the on the topic
+uh the financial world always has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the financial world always has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the financial world always has to
+think about the management of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the management of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the management of their
+balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet
+and if you're starting a fintech company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're starting a fintech company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're starting a fintech company
+are you using your balance sheet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you using your balance sheet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you using your balance sheet or
+somebody else's balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's balance sheet
+and just as there's cloud computing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as there's cloud computing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as there's cloud computing that
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+cloud computing is dramatically shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud computing is dramatically shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud computing is dramatically shifted
+the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability
+of startups a disruptor can come into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of startups a disruptor can come into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of startups a disruptor can come into a
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+and basically the rent versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically the rent versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically the rent versus
+build decision changes i can rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build decision changes i can rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build decision changes i can rent
+somebody else's data storage capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's data storage capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's data storage capacity
+i can basically rent the cloud instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can basically rent the cloud instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can basically rent the cloud instead
+of building my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building my own
+uh data warehouse that was a big change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh data warehouse that was a big change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh data warehouse that was a big change
+about 15 years ago and it's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 years ago and it's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 years ago and it's made
+startups more viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups more viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups more viable
+in the 2020s also the ability to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 2020s also the ability to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 2020s also the ability to raise
+money in the capital markets what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the capital markets what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the capital markets what's
+called securitizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called securitizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called securitizations
+which started decades ago really took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which started decades ago really took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which started decades ago really took
+off by the 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by the 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by the 1990s
+also allows a startup like lending club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also allows a startup like lending club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also allows a startup like lending club
+and others to say i'll raise my money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others to say i'll raise my money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others to say i'll raise my money
+elsewhere i don't have to have a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere i don't have to have a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere i don't have to have a balance
+sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet
+and then there's the various risks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the various risks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the various risks that
+you have to manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to manage
+and most importantly we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most importantly we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most importantly we're going to
+spend a lot of time during this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time during this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time during this class
+from this fourth point user experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this fourth point user experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this fourth point user experience
+user interface much of what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interface much of what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interface much of what's happened
+with mobile phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mobile phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mobile phones
+with apps that you can download for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with apps that you can download for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with apps that you can download for free
+have given all of us a better user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have given all of us a better user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have given all of us a better user
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+than online banking online banking has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than online banking online banking has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than online banking online banking has
+been around for over 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for over 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for over 20 years
+most of the major banks around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the major banks around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the major banks around the globe
+had a viable platform for online banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a viable platform for online banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a viable platform for online banking
+by the knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the knots
+whether it was 2005 for summer 2008 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was 2005 for summer 2008 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was 2005 for summer 2008 or
+for others or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for others or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for others or
+so forth but by the naughts most most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but by the naughts most most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but by the naughts most most
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+online banking and yet their user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking and yet their user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking and yet their user
+experience wasn't what we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience wasn't what we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience wasn't what we all
+wanted and certainly wasn't what maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and certainly wasn't what maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and certainly wasn't what maybe
+the newer users as millennials were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newer users as millennials were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newer users as millennials were
+coming into the marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the marketplace
+to do it on your mobile phone to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it on your mobile phone to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it on your mobile phone to do it
+conveniently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently
+so the user experience and the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the user experience and the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the user experience and the user
+interface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is
+a critical competitive place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we mean by fintech i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we mean by fintech i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we mean by fintech i like
+going back to that 2017 financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to that 2017 financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to that 2017 financial
+stability board report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability board report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability board report
+it doesn't mean that they're have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean that they're have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean that they're have it
+quite right but they basically talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right but they basically talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right but they basically talk
+about that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that it's
+technology enabled innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology enabled innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology enabled innovation
+in the financial world that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the financial world that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the financial world that's going to
+some new business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new business
+and that it's material so as i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it's material so as i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it's material so as i mentioned
+earlier the telegraph in the 1830s comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the telegraph in the 1830s comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the telegraph in the 1830s comes
+along and by the 1860s and 1870s we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and by the 1860s and 1870s we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and by the 1860s and 1870s we're
+starting to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to see
+digital money the first form of digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital money the first form of digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital money the first form of digital
+money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is
+already about 140 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already about 140 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already about 140 years old
+i mean we think we're living in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we think we're living in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we think we're living in this
+digital age and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital age and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital age and we are
+and and i would note this about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i would note this about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i would note this about the
+corona crisis that we're living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona crisis that we're living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona crisis that we're living in
+the corona crisis in my opinion will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corona crisis in my opinion will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corona crisis in my opinion will
+accelerate this digitization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate this digitization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate this digitization
+we've already in the last 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already in the last 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already in the last 30 years
+significantly digitized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly digitized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly digitized
+our world and if we were all together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our world and if we were all together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our world and if we were all together in
+a classroom i would ask by a show of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classroom i would ask by a show of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classroom i would ask by a show of
+hands how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands how many
+of you have used paper money or currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have used paper money or currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have used paper money or currency
+in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last
+two or three days and maybe a quarter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three days and maybe a quarter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three days and maybe a quarter of
+you might have said you had used paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have said you had used paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have said you had used paper
+money in the last two or three days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the last two or three days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the last two or three days
+but let me ask you in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me ask you in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me ask you in the middle of the
+corona crisis and romaine you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona crisis and romaine you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona crisis and romaine you can tell
+me if any hands go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if any hands go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if any hands go up
+we'll use the blue hand anybody that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the blue hand anybody that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the blue hand anybody that's
+used paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used paper
+you know physical money in the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know physical money in the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know physical money in the last two
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you alita for volunteering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you alita for volunteering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you alita for volunteering the
+floor is yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um i have for grocery shopping and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i have for grocery shopping and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i have for grocery shopping and so
+forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so
+so you actually and then and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you actually and then and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you actually and then and there's
+they'll still take the paper money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll still take the paper money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll still take the paper money
+behind the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the counter
+uh without like wiping it down with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without like wiping it down with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without like wiping it down with some
+uh cleaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cleaner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cleaner
+uh yes and i took out a lot of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes and i took out a lot of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes and i took out a lot of cash
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+everything happened so ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything happened so ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything happened so ah
+anita i asked was that just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anita i asked was that just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anita i asked was that just sort of
+insurance managing risk as we say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance managing risk as we say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance managing risk as we say is
+part of finance were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of finance were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of finance were you
+managing the risk that the banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing the risk that the banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing the risk that the banking
+sector and the atms and things might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and the atms and things might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and the atms and things might not
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+yeah and do i see devin's hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and do i see devin's hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and do i see devin's hand
+that is correct i can only do laundry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is correct i can only do laundry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is correct i can only do laundry
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+cash i might use it for now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash i might use it for now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash i might use it for now but
+but but see how few of us of 80 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but see how few of us of 80 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but see how few of us of 80 plus
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+two people now we're in the middle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people now we're in the middle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people now we're in the middle of a
+corona crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona crisis
+i would predict that as we come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would predict that as we come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would predict that as we come out of
+this whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whether this is
+if well whether this is a matter of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if well whether this is a matter of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if well whether this is a matter of a
+couple few months or whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple few months or whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple few months or whether this is
+unfortunately as long as a couple years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately as long as a couple years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately as long as a couple years
+wherever we come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever we come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever we come out
+that the corona crisis will accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the corona crisis will accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the corona crisis will accelerate
+an already existing trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an already existing trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an already existing trend
+and that already existing trend is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that already existing trend is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that already existing trend is
+towards further and further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards further and further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards further and further
+digitalization of commerce that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitalization of commerce that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitalization of commerce that that
+laundromat that devin goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundromat that devin goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundromat that devin goes to
+will take a qr code or a swipe of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take a qr code or a swipe of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take a qr code or a swipe of a
+phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+uh more readily and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more readily and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more readily and um
+yes i think it was anita said that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i think it was anita said that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i think it was anita said that she
+took out cash before the crisis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took out cash before the crisis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took out cash before the crisis and
+that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true
+there's still still going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still still going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still still going to be some
+people that probably also went and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that probably also went and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that probably also went and
+bought gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought gold
+and and and we should respect that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and we should respect that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and we should respect that that
+that's sort of an insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of an insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of an insurance
+policy against a digital world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy against a digital world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy against a digital world
+collapsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing
+gary it seems like devon has a follow-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gary it seems like devon has a follow-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gary it seems like devon has a follow-up
+yes please you know maybe devin just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes please you know maybe devin just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes please you know maybe devin just
+left his hand off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left his hand off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left his hand off
+if after you speak you you actually then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if after you speak you you actually then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if after you speak you you actually then
+take your hand down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your hand down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your hand down
+so what are the technologies of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the technologies of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the technologies of air
+times what's sort of rolling with it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what's sort of rolling with it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what's sort of rolling with it now
+no longer the telegraph or or so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer the telegraph or or so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer the telegraph or or so forth
+well i put up my favorites and then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i put up my favorites and then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i put up my favorites and then i
+kind of think well maybe i shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of think well maybe i shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of think well maybe i shouldn't
+have put the cloud there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put the cloud there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put the cloud there
+maybe the cloud really isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the cloud really isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the cloud really isn't a
+technology that's pushing us forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that's pushing us forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that's pushing us forward
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+and yet what's interesting is finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet what's interesting is finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet what's interesting is finance
+uses the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the cloud
+less than most industries and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than most industries and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than most industries and this is
+particularly the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the case of
+incumbents country by country it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents country by country it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents country by country it doesn't
+matter whether we're in brazil whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether we're in brazil whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether we're in brazil whether
+we're in europe whether we're in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in europe whether we're in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in europe whether we're in the u.s
+big incumbents like jp morgan and bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big incumbents like jp morgan and bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big incumbents like jp morgan and bank
+of america and barclays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of america and barclays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of america and barclays
+tend to still have their own data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to still have their own data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to still have their own data
+centers now that's shifting i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers now that's shifting i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers now that's shifting i think the
+2020s will see them shift over but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020s will see them shift over but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020s will see them shift over but
+they've tended to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've tended to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've tended to want to
+sort of control their destiny i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of control their destiny i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of control their destiny i think
+they will shift because it's lower cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will shift because it's lower cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will shift because it's lower cost
+and better cyber security generally if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better cyber security generally if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better cyber security generally if
+you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it
+frankly at bay do in china or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly at bay do in china or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly at bay do in china or or
+microsoft or aws and so forth here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsoft or aws and so forth here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsoft or aws and so forth here
+but startups dramatically use the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but startups dramatically use the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but startups dramatically use the cloud
+this is this buy versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this buy versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this buy versus
+build sort of scenario why build my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build sort of scenario why build my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build sort of scenario why build my own
+data center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data center
+i can rent it i can use somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can rent it i can use somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can rent it i can use somebody else
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+all the others we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the others we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the others we're going to talk about
+and i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i should say
+that there's a little um a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a little um a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a little um a little
+sleight of hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleight of hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleight of hand
+by my list because many of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my list because many of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my list because many of these are
+actually artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually artificial intelligence
+machine learning which is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning which is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning which is part of
+artificial intelligence natural language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence natural language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence natural language
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+in essence is part of artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence is part of artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence is part of artificial
+intelligence chat bots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence chat bots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence chat bots are
+are sort of that as well and robotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of that as well and robotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of that as well and robotic
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+automation but i split them out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automation but i split them out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automation but i split them out because
+i think it's relevant that we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's relevant that we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's relevant that we kind of
+have a chance to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chance to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chance to talk about
+each of these uh as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these uh as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these uh as we go
+i'm pausing every once in a while uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pausing every once in a while uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pausing every once in a while uh
+romaine but you can let me now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um i like to think of this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i like to think of this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i like to think of this in the
+context of history maybe that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of history maybe that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of history maybe that's just
+because i've always loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i've always loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i've always loved
+studying history but what's the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying history but what's the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying history but what's the customer
+interface that we've seen all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that we've seen all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that we've seen all
+the way back from sort of pre-history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back from sort of pre-history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back from sort of pre-history
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the customer interface was in tents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer interface was in tents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer interface was in tents or
+bricks and mortar later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks and mortar later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks and mortar later
+all the way up through where where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up through where where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up through where where are
+we going credit cards invented in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going credit cards invented in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going credit cards invented in the
+1940s and 50s that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s and 50s that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s and 50s that was a
+fintech that was a new financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech that was a new financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech that was a new financial
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+visa here in the u.s was a network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visa here in the u.s was a network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visa here in the u.s was a network of
+banks started by a california bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks started by a california bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks started by a california bank
+called bank of america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called bank of america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called bank of america
+and they wanted to have a nationwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they wanted to have a nationwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they wanted to have a nationwide
+network and other banks joined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and other banks joined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and other banks joined it
+that became the visa network but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that became the visa network but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that became the visa network but but
+where are we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we now
+what what are the technologies now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the technologies now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the technologies now that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i want to make sure i'm clicking on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to make sure i'm clicking on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to make sure i'm clicking on the
+item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item
+um so the base that you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the base that you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the base that you might be
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+mobile payments the internet even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile payments the internet even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile payments the internet even
+contact list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact list
+cards i would say that was kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards i would say that was kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards i would say that was kind of the
+last phase that was the phase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last phase that was the phase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last phase that was the phase that
+really shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shifted
+finance in the north and early teens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance in the north and early teens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance in the north and early teens
+and that where we really are in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that where we really are in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that where we really are in terms of
+customer interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conversational interfaces chatbots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversational interfaces chatbots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversational interfaces chatbots and
+conversational interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversational interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversational interfaces
+that's the that's the cutting edge yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the cutting edge yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the cutting edge yes
+contactless cards are important yes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contactless cards are important yes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contactless cards are important yes of
+course we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we need
+mobile payments no doubt about it but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile payments no doubt about it but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile payments no doubt about it but if
+you're starting a new business right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting a new business right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting a new business right now
+if you're going to start a disrupter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to start a disrupter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to start a disrupter and
+say i'm going to do online banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i'm going to do online banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i'm going to do online banking
+that's yesterday you have to find a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yesterday you have to find a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yesterday you have to find a way
+to do that online banking in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that online banking in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that online banking in a way that
+has such a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has such a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has such a better
+customer interface and you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer interface and you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer interface and you might be
+using some form of open apis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some form of open apis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some form of open apis
+or robotic process automation and chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or robotic process automation and chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or robotic process automation and chat
+bots to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bots to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bots to do it
+but these all kind of build up on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these all kind of build up on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these all kind of build up on each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+then there's risk management so one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's risk management so one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's risk management so one is
+the customer side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer side
+one is the funding and risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the funding and risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the funding and risk management
+side and you can look throughout history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you can look throughout history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you can look throughout history
+and i spent a lot of my life in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i spent a lot of my life in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i spent a lot of my life in my
+career around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career around
+the capital markets i was at goldman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital markets i was at goldman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital markets i was at goldman
+sachs for 18 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sachs for 18 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sachs for 18 years and
+i had to think a lot with hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had to think a lot with hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had to think a lot with hundreds of
+other people about risk management and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people about risk management and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people about risk management and
+what we were doing and in the 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were doing and in the 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were doing and in the 1980s
+and the 1990s a big thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 1990s a big thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 1990s a big thing was
+asset-backed securitization and interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset-backed securitization and interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset-backed securitization and interest
+rate swaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate swaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate swaps
+and even yes credit default swaps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even yes credit default swaps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even yes credit default swaps that
+helped bring down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped bring down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped bring down
+several economies in 2008 but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several economies in 2008 but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several economies in 2008 but those
+innovations of the 1970s to 1990s were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations of the 1970s to 1990s were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations of the 1970s to 1990s were
+dramatically shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically shifting
+dramatically shifting what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically shifting what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically shifting what was going on
+but i would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i would say
+now it's really about machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's really about machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's really about machine learning
+machine learning is an ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is an ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is an ability to
+extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract
+correlations extract patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations extract patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations extract patterns
+from data in a way that we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data in a way that we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data in a way that we couldn't
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+and many of you have studied uh linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of you have studied uh linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of you have studied uh linear
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+uh we're blessed in this class to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're blessed in this class to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're blessed in this class to have
+remarkable science technology and math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable science technology and math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable science technology and math
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh folks uh not all of you we accept all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh folks uh not all of you we accept all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh folks uh not all of you we accept all
+the english majors and history majors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the english majors and history majors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the english majors and history majors
+as well but but i'm saying that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but but i'm saying that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but but i'm saying that you know
+that from linear algebra and basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from linear algebra and basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from linear algebra and basic
+statistics you can do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics you can do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics you can do a lot of
+regression analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression analyses
+machine learning is going a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is going a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is going a little
+beyond that and extracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that and extracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that and extracting
+patterns from that which was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns from that which was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns from that which was more
+difficult to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to extract
+when you were just doing regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were just doing regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were just doing regression
+analysis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and so
+you know there's patterns that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's patterns that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's patterns that we might
+see in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the data
+that says you're a good risk or or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says you're a good risk or or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says you're a good risk or or a
+less good risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less good risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less good risk
+that you wouldn't quite see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't quite see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't quite see in the
+traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+credit scoring systems i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit scoring systems i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit scoring systems i think that's
+where we're going right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going right now
+remain anything in the chat rooms or i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain anything in the chat rooms or i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain anything in the chat rooms or i'm
+going to pause for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing so far gary all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so far gary all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so far gary all right so
+um it's fertile ground and we talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's fertile ground and we talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's fertile ground and we talked a
+little bit about this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this before
+but the fertile ground of finance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fertile ground of finance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fertile ground of finance is
+we've basically digitized money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've basically digitized money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've basically digitized money
+securities and credit over the last 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities and credit over the last 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities and credit over the last 30
+years the corona crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the corona crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the corona crisis
+is just going to push that further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to push that further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to push that further
+faster in my opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster in my opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster in my opinion
+we have this vast amount of data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this vast amount of data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this vast amount of data and
+we're starting to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting to see
+patterns in that data that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in that data that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in that data that we didn't
+recognize before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize before
+i mentioned this uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned this uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned this uh in in
+the consumer finance course that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer finance course that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer finance course that some of
+you are with me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are with me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are with me on
+but somebody's actually studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somebody's actually studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somebody's actually studied
+something like this to say that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this to say that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this to say that if you
+charge your phone overnight every night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge your phone overnight every night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge your phone overnight every night
+if you charge your phone every night you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you charge your phone every night you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you charge your phone every night you
+apparently are a better credit than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently are a better credit than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently are a better credit than if
+you don't charge your phone every night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't charge your phone every night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't charge your phone every night
+you might think oh my gosh i better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think oh my gosh i better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think oh my gosh i better be
+charging my phone because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging my phone because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging my phone because
+apple is watching they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple is watching they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple is watching they're going to be
+watching whether i charge my phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching whether i charge my phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching whether i charge my phone
+and in china there's a whole social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in china there's a whole social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in china there's a whole social
+credit system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit system
+that takes data from many of your online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes data from many of your online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes data from many of your online
+apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps
+it's not just taking your payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just taking your payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just taking your payment
+information from alipay or wechat pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from alipay or wechat pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from alipay or wechat pay
+but that social credit system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that social credit system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that social credit system is
+checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking
+even your participation in dating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even your participation in dating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even your participation in dating
+websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites
+i kid you not i kid you not so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kid you not i kid you not so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kid you not i kid you not so that
+social credit system in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social credit system in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social credit system in china
+or the private sector's approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the private sector's approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the private sector's approach to
+collecting data in the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data in the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data in the west
+have sort of the same goal in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of the same goal in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of the same goal in mind
+to understand the customers more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the customers more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the customers more
+and to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to basically
+provide more marketing but also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide more marketing but also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide more marketing but also to
+assess risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess risk
+and by the way the corona crisis might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way the corona crisis might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way the corona crisis might
+change even the west's view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change even the west's view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change even the west's view
+of data sharing because when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data sharing because when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data sharing because when we have
+google and the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google and the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google and the us
+partnering up to say we can track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnering up to say we can track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnering up to say we can track
+everybody to see how this disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to see how this disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to see how this disease
+how this disease is propagating through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this disease is propagating through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this disease is propagating through
+society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+that we need the modern uh technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need the modern uh technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need the modern uh technology
+of our position location trackers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our position location trackers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our position location trackers
+a position location tracker is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a position location tracker is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a position location tracker is called a
+cell phone a smartphone is tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone a smartphone is tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone a smartphone is tracking
+where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we
+are if you go running with it if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if you go running with it if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if you go running with it if you go
+driving hiking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving hiking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving hiking
+all of that data but now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that data but now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that data but now here
+even in the u.s and in europe we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the u.s and in europe we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the u.s and in europe we're
+starting to say do we partner as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to say do we partner as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to say do we partner as the
+official sector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector with
+that data to keep our societies maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data to keep our societies maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data to keep our societies maybe a
+little safer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then of course the rapid expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course the rapid expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course the rapid expansion
+of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computation
+power and so forth now i think it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and so forth now i think it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and so forth now i think it will
+change something this disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something this disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something this disruptive
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+i think has a dramatic change we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think has a dramatic change we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think has a dramatic change we'll be
+talking about this slide the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this slide the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this slide the whole
+half semester but managing risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half semester but managing risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half semester but managing risks
+updating the customer user interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating the customer user interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating the customer user interfaces
+and financial inclusion are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and financial inclusion are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and financial inclusion are the three
+that i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to
+focus a lot on managing risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus a lot on managing risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus a lot on managing risk
+and ai is also about targeting products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ai is also about targeting products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ai is also about targeting products
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+i think the interesting challenge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the interesting challenge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the interesting challenge is
+near the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the bottom
+will some revenue models shift we saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will some revenue models shift we saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will some revenue models shift we saw a
+company called credit karma store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called credit karma store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called credit karma store
+here in the us credit karma started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the us credit karma started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the us credit karma started
+basically with the idea to get a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with the idea to get a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with the idea to get a free
+free is the operative word a free credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free is the operative word a free credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free is the operative word a free credit
+score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score
+the founders of credit karma couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founders of credit karma couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founders of credit karma couldn't
+get their credit score from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their credit score from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their credit score from the
+traditional companies transunion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional companies transunion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional companies transunion
+experian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experian
+and the like and so they started an app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like and so they started an app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like and so they started an app
+just in the last 10 years and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the last 10 years and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the last 10 years and in
+january they sold credit karma for seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+january they sold credit karma for seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+january they sold credit karma for seven
+billion dollars now credit karma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars now credit karma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars now credit karma is
+still a free app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a free app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a free app
+and you might say how could credit karma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might say how could credit karma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might say how could credit karma
+commercialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialize
+a free app in 2019 there was a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free app in 2019 there was a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free app in 2019 there was a billion
+dollars in revenue in credit karma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in revenue in credit karma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in revenue in credit karma
+because they basically had built files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they basically had built files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they basically had built files
+on 106 million americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 106 million americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 106 million americans
+they built data files and 106 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built data files and 106 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built data files and 106 million
+americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans
+providing a free app and by the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a free app and by the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a free app and by the way they
+do not have 106 million customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have 106 million customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have 106 million customers
+they even built credit files on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they even built credit files on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they even built credit files on people
+that weren't their customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weren't their customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weren't their customers
+and they were able to commercialize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were able to commercialize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were able to commercialize and
+build revenues around that data stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build revenues around that data stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build revenues around that data stream
+and in essence referencing they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in essence referencing they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in essence referencing they get
+referral fees when somebody then does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referral fees when somebody then does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referral fees when somebody then does
+buy a loan or takes out a loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a loan or takes out a loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a loan or takes out a loan
+through the credit karma uh platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the credit karma uh platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the credit karma uh platform
+gary we have a question from one please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gary we have a question from one please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gary we have a question from one please
+you you might need to unmute your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you might need to unmute your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you might need to unmute your your
+uh yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yourself
+we we so i am normally including yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we so i am normally including yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we so i am normally including yeah
+okay uh i'm just wondering what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh i'm just wondering what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh i'm just wondering what is the
+difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+big tech and fintech and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech and fintech and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech and fintech and why
+it is important preparing and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is important preparing and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is important preparing and learning
+the fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fintech
+now so i i understand the second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so i i understand the second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so i i understand the second part of
+the question you said the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question you said the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question you said the difference
+between what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what
+in fintech at the beginning big tap okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fintech at the beginning big tap okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fintech at the beginning big tap okay
+big tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech
+so by that i think of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by that i think of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by that i think of of of
+i use the word fintech in the broad way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i use the word fintech in the broad way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i use the word fintech in the broad way
+the financial stability board does i use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial stability board does i use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial stability board does i use
+it as is the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as is the intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as is the intersection of
+finance and technology where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and technology where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and technology where the
+technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is
+new so not the telephone not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so not the telephone not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so not the telephone not the
+internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+but it's something new like ai and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's something new like ai and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's something new like ai and
+machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning
+that may materially change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may materially change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may materially change the
+provision of finance so i use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision of finance so i use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision of finance so i use it to
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+uh the whole field why it's important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the whole field why it's important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the whole field why it's important is
+i think it's important every decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's important every decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's important every decade
+i don't think it's just important now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think it's just important now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think it's just important now
+because i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i think
+technologies will come along each half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies will come along each half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies will come along each half
+decade each decade that will materially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade each decade that will materially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade each decade that will materially
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+finance and provide the entrepreneurs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and provide the entrepreneurs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and provide the entrepreneurs in
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+an opportunity to break into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to break into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to break into the
+wide margins in the u.s seven and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide margins in the u.s seven and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide margins in the u.s seven and a half
+percent of our economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of our economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of our economy
+or one and a half trillion dollars is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one and a half trillion dollars is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one and a half trillion dollars is
+is the revenues of finance so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the revenues of finance so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the revenues of finance so if you're
+an entrepreneur you want part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entrepreneur you want part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entrepreneur you want part of that
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+half trillion you you want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half trillion you you want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half trillion you you want an
+opportunity and usually it's technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and usually it's technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and usually it's technology
+that's changing business models when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's changing business models when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's changing business models when the
+internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+came along in the 1990s that provided an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came along in the 1990s that provided an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came along in the 1990s that provided an
+opportunity for paypal to start and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for paypal to start and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for paypal to start and say
+maybe we can provide a better payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can provide a better payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can provide a better payment
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+and subsequent pay payment solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subsequent pay payment solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subsequent pay payment solutions
+like venmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like venmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like venmo
+and transferwise and square have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transferwise and square have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transferwise and square have all
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+opportunities to chip away a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to chip away a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to chip away a little bit
+i would say only in in the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say only in in the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say only in in the opportunity
+the opportunities came because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities came because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities came because
+technology was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology was
+changing the field what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the field what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the field what's the difference
+between big tech and fintech big tech to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between big tech and fintech big tech to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between big tech and fintech big tech to
+me are big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me are big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me are big
+platform companies uh in the us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform companies uh in the us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform companies uh in the us the
+facebooks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebooks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebooks and the
+amazons and the apples uh in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazons and the apples uh in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazons and the apples uh in china
+baidu alibaba attention uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baidu alibaba attention uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baidu alibaba attention uh
+in africa even if safaricom got in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in africa even if safaricom got in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in africa even if safaricom got in we
+could go country by country india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go country by country india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go country by country india
+big tech has gone into payments as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech has gone into payments as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech has gone into payments as well
+i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that
+big tech companies have dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech companies have dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech companies have dramatic
+advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages
+and then i separate what i would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i separate what i would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i separate what i would call
+fintech startups or fintech disruptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech startups or fintech disruptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech startups or fintech disruptors
+i i always put the second noun in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i always put the second noun in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i always put the second noun in there
+disruptor or startup because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptor or startup because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptor or startup because
+to me the word fintac is the whole field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me the word fintac is the whole field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me the word fintac is the whole field
+i hope that helps and we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope that helps and we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope that helps and we have another
+question from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah hi professor uh one question that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah hi professor uh one question that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah hi professor uh one question that i
+have and actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and actually one
+concern is with privacy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern is with privacy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern is with privacy uh
+like at some point do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at some point do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at some point do you think that
+we would have to give up um some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have to give up um some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have to give up um some extent
+our privacy in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our privacy in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our privacy in order to
+for me to get a credit uh from a startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to get a credit uh from a startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to get a credit uh from a startup
+or get a credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get a credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get a credit
+some well i i think you raise a dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some well i i think you raise a dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some well i i think you raise a dramatic
+issue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue for
+society at large and finance is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society at large and finance is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society at large and finance is one
+example of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of it
+but yes we have we have shared our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes we have we have shared our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes we have we have shared our
+personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal
+data much more broadly in the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data much more broadly in the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data much more broadly in the last 10
+years and certainly in the last 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and certainly in the last 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and certainly in the last 30 years
+than we did in societies before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we did in societies before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we did in societies before that
+and in terms of getting a credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of getting a credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of getting a credit card
+yes we've been sharing data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we've been sharing data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we've been sharing data for
+50 years through various credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years through various credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years through various credit
+consumer credit companies the fair isaac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer credit companies the fair isaac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer credit companies the fair isaac
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+was founded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+almost 60 years ago by two people out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 60 years ago by two people out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 60 years ago by two people out of
+stanford actually one named fair and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanford actually one named fair and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanford actually one named fair and one
+named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named
+isaac and that led to something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isaac and that led to something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isaac and that led to something called
+fico scores which are used in over 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fico scores which are used in over 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fico scores which are used in over 30
+countries around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries around the globe
+these fico scores took some personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fico scores took some personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fico scores took some personal
+data as to whether you were paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as to whether you were paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as to whether you were paying
+your bills on time but now we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bills on time but now we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bills on time but now we can go
+beyond that and capture alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that and capture alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that and capture alternative data
+we can capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can capture
+somebody's digital footprint and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's digital footprint and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's digital footprint and in
+china they are doing that with social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china they are doing that with social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china they are doing that with social
+credit scoring and alibaba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit scoring and alibaba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit scoring and alibaba
+is with alipay and wechat but amazon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with alipay and wechat but amazon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with alipay and wechat but amazon is
+capturing our data as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing our data as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing our data as well
+amazon captures any amazon prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon captures any amazon prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon captures any amazon prime
+customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer
+and i'm sure amongst the 80 of us there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm sure amongst the 80 of us there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm sure amongst the 80 of us there
+are many amazon prime customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many amazon prime customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many amazon prime customers
+that data is being captured in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data is being captured in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data is being captured in some way
+now it it leads to more financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it it leads to more financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it it leads to more financial
+inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion
+but it also raises all sorts of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also raises all sorts of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also raises all sorts of issues
+around privacy that we're grappling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around privacy that we're grappling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around privacy that we're grappling with
+the societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the societies
+in europe they pass something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe they pass something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe they pass something like
+called the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the um
+gdpr global directive of privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdpr global directive of privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdpr global directive of privacy
+regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation
+here in the u.s only california stepped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the u.s only california stepped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the u.s only california stepped
+into this and passed something that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this and passed something that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this and passed something that went
+into place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into place
+uh last year the california consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last year the california consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last year the california consumer
+protection app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection app
+so these are things that society will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are things that society will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are things that society will
+grapple with technology can enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grapple with technology can enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grapple with technology can enable
+privacy as well as take away privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy as well as take away privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy as well as take away privacy
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+actually can enable us to keep our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can enable us to keep our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can enable us to keep our
+privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy
+but but the technology companies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the technology companies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the technology companies and the
+financial companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial companies
+want our data so they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want our data so they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want our data so they're not going to
+necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+want us to keep our privacy so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want us to keep our privacy so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want us to keep our privacy so it's an
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+uh technology can enable it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technology can enable it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technology can enable it but
+technology can take it away as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology can take it away as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology can take it away as well
+so just just moving on a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just just moving on a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just just moving on a little bit the
+three big areas we're not going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three big areas we're not going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three big areas we're not going to spend
+a lot of time but artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time but artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time but artificial
+intelligence machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence machine learning
+i love to give a shout out to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love to give a shout out to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love to give a shout out to another
+mit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit or
+lex friedman who has a wonderful set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lex friedman who has a wonderful set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lex friedman who has a wonderful set of
+online courses if you wanted to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online courses if you wanted to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online courses if you wanted to take
+lex's courses this was online before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lex's courses this was online before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lex's courses this was online before
+online became such the bow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online became such the bow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online became such the bow
+now that we're all doing it but lex has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we're all doing it but lex has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we're all doing it but lex has
+this wonderful course and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wonderful course and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wonderful course and i
+i captured his one slide what is ai and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i captured his one slide what is ai and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i captured his one slide what is ai and
+machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning
+um it's extracting useful patterns from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's extracting useful patterns from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's extracting useful patterns from
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+you don't have to be a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to be a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to be a computer
+scientist but it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist but it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist but it's basically
+that's the key thing and something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key thing and something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key thing and something that
+might not be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be linear
+something that might not fit into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that might not fit into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that might not fit into that
+old statistics class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old statistics class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old statistics class and
+regression analysis or linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression analysis or linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression analysis or linear algebra
+that we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think about
+it all relies on good data cleaning up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all relies on good data cleaning up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all relies on good data cleaning up
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+and good questions but where do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good questions but where do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good questions but where do we see
+it we see the facial recognition image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we see the facial recognition image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we see the facial recognition image
+classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification
+speech recognition etc this list from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech recognition etc this list from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech recognition etc this list from
+lex's list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lex's list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lex's list
+that you can see online medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see online medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see online medical
+diagnoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses
+in the midst of the corona crisis a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midst of the corona crisis a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midst of the corona crisis a lot
+are turning to ai and machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are turning to ai and machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are turning to ai and machine learning
+to see what patterns can we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what patterns can we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what patterns can we see
+beyond the patterns you can see by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the patterns you can see by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the patterns you can see by
+classic statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic statistics
+it's going beyond that but in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going beyond that but in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going beyond that but in in this
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+in this field in finance we're seeing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field in finance we're seeing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field in finance we're seeing it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+every one of these areas and we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these areas and we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these areas and we have two
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+uh so i won't dive into it now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i won't dive into it now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i won't dive into it now but
+whether it's asset management where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's asset management where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's asset management where
+blackrock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackrock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackrock
+is literally taking and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is literally taking and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is literally taking and and
+all the news items for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the news items for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the news items for the
+top companies every quarter that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top companies every quarter that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top companies every quarter that a
+company reports its earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company reports its earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company reports its earnings
+blackrock is listening digitally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackrock is listening digitally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackrock is listening digitally to
+their shareholder meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their shareholder meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their shareholder meetings
+and their shareholder conference calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their shareholder conference calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their shareholder conference calls
+and seeing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing which
+words in there which words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in there which words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in there which words
+relate to stock markets going up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to stock markets going up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to stock markets going up or
+stock markets going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock markets going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock markets going down
+using machine learning and asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using machine learning and asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using machine learning and asset
+management we talked about cost centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management we talked about cost centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management we talked about cost centers
+and chatbots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chatbots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chatbots
+uh and so forth um i don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so forth um i don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so forth um i don't know how many
+of you are bank of america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are bank of america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are bank of america
+uh customers but bank of america has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh customers but bank of america has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh customers but bank of america has
+millions of its customers using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of its customers using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of its customers using
+erica i think the siri of banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erica i think the siri of banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erica i think the siri of banking
+i think the alexa of banking a virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the alexa of banking a virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the alexa of banking a virtual
+assistant called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant called
+erica bank america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erica bank america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erica bank america
+get it all right that was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it all right that was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it all right that was their
+marketing thing i guess you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing thing i guess you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing thing i guess you know
+um so ai and machine learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so ai and machine learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so ai and machine learning is
+dramatically shifting the question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically shifting the question in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically shifting the question in
+fintech for the big incumbents how do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech for the big incumbents how do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech for the big incumbents how do i
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+to raise my revenues lower the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise my revenues lower the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise my revenues lower the amount of
+capital that i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital that i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital that i have to
+use raise my profits the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use raise my profits the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use raise my profits the question
+for big tech is how do i do this maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for big tech is how do i do this maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for big tech is how do i do this maybe
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+into the business to leapfrog as ivy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the business to leapfrog as ivy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the business to leapfrog as ivy
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+that alibaba and wechat pay leapfrog the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alibaba and wechat pay leapfrog the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alibaba and wechat pay leapfrog the
+chinese banks and payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese banks and payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese banks and payments
+if i'm big tech can i leapfrog big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm big tech can i leapfrog big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm big tech can i leapfrog big
+finance because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance because
+frankly if i'm google i'm better at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly if i'm google i'm better at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly if i'm google i'm better at it
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+google has a comparative advantage can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google has a comparative advantage can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google has a comparative advantage can i
+maybe use my comparative advantage in ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe use my comparative advantage in ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe use my comparative advantage in ai
+and leapfrog if i'm a startup maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leapfrog if i'm a startup maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leapfrog if i'm a startup maybe i
+can give a better customer interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give a better customer interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give a better customer interface
+i can do something with this to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do something with this to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do something with this to better
+manage risk with alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage risk with alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage risk with alternative data
+so so that's how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's how uh
+to think of it open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of it open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of it open api
+i should pause romain any questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should pause romain any questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should pause romain any questions or
+hands up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands up
+yes we have one from leira please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah so i was just curious to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so i was just curious to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so i was just curious to know
+how internationally speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how internationally speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how internationally speaking
+regulation you know hampers the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation you know hampers the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation you know hampers the capacity
+of fintech companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fintech companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fintech companies
+um to expand just on an international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to expand just on an international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to expand just on an international
+level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so
+for the us is it more regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the us is it more regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the us is it more regulated
+and hence more um you know harder for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence more um you know harder for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence more um you know harder for
+fintech companies to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech companies to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech companies to expand
+than for in china great question again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for in china great question again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for in china great question again
+who who asked i just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who asked i just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who asked i just didn't
+leia all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leia all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leia all right
+lyra good to see you again i don't i i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyra good to see you again i don't i i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyra good to see you again i don't i i'm
+i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm
+uh sorry that i don't physically see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry that i don't physically see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry that i don't physically see you
+but good to see you remotely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but good to see you remotely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but good to see you remotely
+um every country is taking a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every country is taking a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every country is taking a little bit
+different approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach
+and the range of approaches here could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the range of approaches here could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the range of approaches here could
+be from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from
+you're a let's call them a startup or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a let's call them a startup or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a let's call them a startup or a
+disrupter you're starting something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupter you're starting something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupter you're starting something
+you better just come into whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better just come into whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better just come into whatever
+traditional regulatory framework if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional regulatory framework if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional regulatory framework if
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+taking deposits and offering loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking deposits and offering loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking deposits and offering loans
+you've got to be a bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to be a bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to be a bank
+if you're just doing payments you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just doing payments you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just doing payments you might
+come under a european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come under a european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come under a european
+us african e-money law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us african e-money law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us african e-money law
+and just have to do do the things around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just have to do do the things around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just have to do do the things around
+money laundering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering
+and anti-money laundering if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anti-money laundering if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anti-money laundering if you're
+like robin hood here in the u.s you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like robin hood here in the u.s you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like robin hood here in the u.s you
+would need to register as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to register as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to register as a
+broker-dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker-dealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker-dealer
+and there's been this big debate around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's been this big debate around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's been this big debate around
+cryptocurrencies are they securities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies are they securities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies are they securities or
+not and in some countries like the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and in some countries like the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and in some countries like the us
+they they generally are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they generally are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they generally are uh
+unless you're like bitcoin and ethereum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're like bitcoin and ethereum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're like bitcoin and ethereum
+um but the the debate lyra is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the the debate lyra is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the the debate lyra is really
+country by country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country by country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country by country
+is um are these startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um are these startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um are these startups
+and these uh technologies do they fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these uh technologies do they fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these uh technologies do they fit
+into the current regulatory regimes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the current regulatory regimes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the current regulatory regimes by
+and large if you take deposits and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large if you take deposits and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large if you take deposits and you
+make loans you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make loans you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make loans you're
+banked pretty much anywhere around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banked pretty much anywhere around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banked pretty much anywhere around the
+globe if you facilitate the movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe if you facilitate the movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe if you facilitate the movement of
+money you're probably in some e-money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you're probably in some e-money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you're probably in some e-money
+laws around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws around the globe
+securities if you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities if you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities if you're actually
+facilitating the raising of money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating the raising of money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating the raising of money and
+the selling of securities you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selling of securities you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selling of securities you usually
+have to register as a securities broker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to register as a securities broker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to register as a securities broker
+dealer somewhere around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer somewhere around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer somewhere around the globe
+but a lot of places also have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of places also have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of places also have this
+concept of some form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of some form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of some form
+of regulatory forbearance called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regulatory forbearance called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regulatory forbearance called
+sandboxes the idea is let's promote some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandboxes the idea is let's promote some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandboxes the idea is let's promote some
+innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation
+whether it's in hong kong whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in hong kong whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in hong kong whether it's
+in asia whether it's in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in asia whether it's in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in asia whether it's in the u.s
+promote some innovation by saying if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote some innovation by saying if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote some innovation by saying if it
+stays small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays small enough
+and it's new enough you might not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's new enough you might not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's new enough you might not have
+to comply with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to comply with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to comply with
+all of the regulatory regimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the regulatory regimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the regulatory regimes
+the other interesting challenge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other interesting challenge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other interesting challenge is
+sometimes things come along that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes things come along that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes things come along that don't
+fit in a box they don't quite fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in a box they don't quite fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in a box they don't quite fit in
+to something so the internet came along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something so the internet came along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something so the internet came along
+in the 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1990s
+it internet in the 1990s was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it internet in the 1990s was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it internet in the 1990s was
+facilitating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating a
+rapid change in finance the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid change in finance the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid change in finance the internet
+comes along and then the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and then the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and then the question is
+literally a question that the securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a question that the securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a question that the securities
+regulators around the globe had to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators around the globe had to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators around the globe had to deal
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+what if i put a bulletin board up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i put a bulletin board up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i put a bulletin board up on the
+internet that offers people to buy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet that offers people to buy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet that offers people to buy and
+sell securities on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell securities on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell securities on the internet
+it wasn't a traditional exchange it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't a traditional exchange it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't a traditional exchange it
+didn't look like the tokyo or shanghai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look like the tokyo or shanghai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look like the tokyo or shanghai
+or london
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or london
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or london
+or new york exchanges of old where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or new york exchanges of old where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or new york exchanges of old where there
+were humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were humans
+yelling and screaming on the floors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yelling and screaming on the floors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yelling and screaming on the floors of
+stock exchanges around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock exchanges around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock exchanges around the globe
+it was just a bulletin board where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just a bulletin board where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just a bulletin board where
+buyers and sellers could meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers and sellers could meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers and sellers could meet
+and usually they were insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually they were insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually they were insurance
+companies and various asset managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and various asset managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and various asset managers
+that question was a right question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question was a right question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question was a right question the
+1990s and over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s and over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s and over time
+we ended up with two tiers of regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with two tiers of regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with two tiers of regulation
+for exchanges we had fully regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exchanges we had fully regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exchanges we had fully regulated
+exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges
+and this was true in europe and the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was true in europe and the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was true in europe and the us
+at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+china sort of got got there a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china sort of got got there a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china sort of got got there a little
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+but in in europe and the us it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in in europe and the us it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in in europe and the us it was like
+all right there's going to be these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there's going to be these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there's going to be these
+fully regulated traditional exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully regulated traditional exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully regulated traditional exchanges
+and then there would be another tier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there would be another tier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there would be another tier in
+the us we call them broker dealers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us we call them broker dealers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us we call them broker dealers
+alternative trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative trading
+systems atss and in europe there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems atss and in europe there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems atss and in europe there were
+various roles that became known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various roles that became known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various roles that became known as
+mythic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythic
+um uh which now i can't remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh which now i can't remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh which now i can't remember what
+all stands for but electronic trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stands for but electronic trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stands for but electronic trading
+platforms were regulated a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms were regulated a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms were regulated a little
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+so i hope that gives you a sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i hope that gives you a sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i hope that gives you a sense and
+puts it in a historic concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it in a historic concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it in a historic concept
+i think over the 2020s ai and machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think over the 2020s ai and machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think over the 2020s ai and machine
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+will lead to tremendous challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to tremendous challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to tremendous challenges
+around regulation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around regulation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around regulation about
+if you see a pattern in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see a pattern in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see a pattern in the data
+but you can't explain why the pattern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't explain why the pattern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't explain why the pattern is
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+you you fall into some challenges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you fall into some challenges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you fall into some challenges of
+explainability and for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability and for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability and for the last
+50 years or in many countries if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years or in many countries if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years or in many countries if you
+deny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deny
+somebody credit you're supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody credit you're supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody credit you're supposed to be
+able to explain why you deny them credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to explain why you deny them credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to explain why you deny them credit
+we talked about privacy earlier it bumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about privacy earlier it bumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about privacy earlier it bumps
+up against privacy issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up against privacy issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up against privacy issues
+and a third area bumps up against is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a third area bumps up against is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a third area bumps up against is
+biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases
+what if there's a bias in the data like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if there's a bias in the data like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if there's a bias in the data like
+when apple credit card just rolled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when apple credit card just rolled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when apple credit card just rolled out
+and it seemed like husbands were getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seemed like husbands were getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seemed like husbands were getting
+more credit than wives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more credit than wives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more credit than wives
+in the same household so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same household so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same household so
+biases privacy explainability are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases privacy explainability are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases privacy explainability are the
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+sort of cutting edge what i call the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cutting edge what i call the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cutting edge what i call the big
+three public policy issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three public policy issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three public policy issues
+around ai and finance though there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around ai and finance though there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around ai and finance though there are
+other issues as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issues as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issues as well
+romaine did i see you for you yes sir we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine did i see you for you yes sir we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine did i see you for you yes sir we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+carlos who has his hand up all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlos who has his hand up all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlos who has his hand up all right and
+then i'm going to keep going because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm going to keep going because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm going to keep going because i
+want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about
+where we're going in this class as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going in this class as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going in this class as well
+carlos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlos
+hi how are you um just a comment on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi how are you um just a comment on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi how are you um just a comment on on
+regulations sort of to build up on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations sort of to build up on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations sort of to build up on that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i think ironically for example in latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think ironically for example in latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think ironically for example in latin
+america a lot of countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america a lot of countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america a lot of countries
+have an issue where the big banks have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an issue where the big banks have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an issue where the big banks have a
+massive concentration of deposits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive concentration of deposits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive concentration of deposits
+but for example if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for example if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for example if you look at the
+mexico fintech law which was fast end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexico fintech law which was fast end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexico fintech law which was fast end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually raised the barriers to entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually raised the barriers to entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually raised the barriers to entry
+for other fintechs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other fintechs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other fintechs so
+sort of ironically i'm sorry carlos it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ironically i'm sorry carlos it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ironically i'm sorry carlos it
+raised what for fintechs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised what for fintechs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised what for fintechs
+the barriers to entry bayern country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barriers to entry bayern country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barriers to entry bayern country
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i think i think uh our faculty member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i think uh our faculty member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i think uh our faculty member
+luis negari who helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luis negari who helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luis negari who helped
+work on that when he was finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that when he was finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that when he was finance
+minister of mexico we should we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister of mexico we should we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister of mexico we should we should
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+him and i'll see if i can get his answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and i'll see if i can get his answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and i'll see if i can get his answer
+for the next wednesday or next monday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next wednesday or next monday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next wednesday or next monday's
+class but keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but keep going
+okay that would be great um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that would be great um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that would be great um but the
+question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+do you think there's a risk that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think there's a risk that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think there's a risk that new
+regulations in the fintech scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations in the fintech scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations in the fintech scope
+are actually going to perpetuate some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually going to perpetuate some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually going to perpetuate some of
+the problems that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that we saw
+before with the more traditional banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with the more traditional banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with the more traditional banking
+sector uh great question can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector uh great question can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector uh great question can i
+carlos can i hold that for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlos can i hold that for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlos can i hold that for a minute
+because i'm going to do that when i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm going to do that when i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm going to do that when i do
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+actors but i think yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors but i think yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors but i think yes
+incumbents in every field and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents in every field and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents in every field and these
+would be incumbents in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be incumbents in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be incumbents in the
+pharmaceutical fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical fields
+in the in the tech fields and airlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the tech fields and airlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the tech fields and airlines
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+incumbent tend to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent tend to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent tend to be able to
+uh deal with regulation a little easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deal with regulation a little easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deal with regulation a little easier
+they're big they're they've got great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're big they're they've got great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're big they're they've got great
+resources they can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources they can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources they can build
+uh systems to comply with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh systems to comply with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh systems to comply with those
+regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations
+now they don't necessarily embrace new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they don't necessarily embrace new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they don't necessarily embrace new
+regulation but once those regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation but once those regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation but once those regulations
+are put in place by an official sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are put in place by an official sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are put in place by an official sector
+they tend to have the resources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to have the resources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to have the resources to
+embrace that and startups sometimes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace that and startups sometimes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace that and startups sometimes have
+more challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more challenges
+and thus you may be saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus you may be saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus you may be saying that
+regulations become a barrier to entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations become a barrier to entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations become a barrier to entry
+they're kind of grains in the sand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of grains in the sand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of grains in the sand of
+innovation at times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation at times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation at times
+so there's always a public policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always a public policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always a public policy
+trade-off protecting the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off protecting the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off protecting the public
+whether it's protecting the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's protecting the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's protecting the public
+against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against
+consumer fraud or investor protection or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer fraud or investor protection or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer fraud or investor protection or
+protecting the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting the public
+against systemic risk that big banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against systemic risk that big banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against systemic risk that big banks
+will fail and hurt the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fail and hurt the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fail and hurt the rest of the
+economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+also comes with some trade-offs that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also comes with some trade-offs that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also comes with some trade-offs that it
+could raise the barriers to entry you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could raise the barriers to entry you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could raise the barriers to entry you're
+absolutely right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right there
+we're going to talk a lot about open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk a lot about open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk a lot about open api
+and open banking we have a whole class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open banking we have a whole class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open banking we have a whole class
+on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+uh so i'm going to keep moving on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i'm going to keep moving on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i'm going to keep moving on just
+so that we we finish by our 10 o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we we finish by our 10 o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we we finish by our 10 o'clock
+deadline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline
+blockchain technology you've heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology you've heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology you've heard about
+it we're going to have a class on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're going to have a class on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're going to have a class on this
+about cryptocurrencies and blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cryptocurrencies and blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cryptocurrencies and blockchain
+some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you
+actually uh have were in our blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh have were in our blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh have were in our blockchain
+and money class some of you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and money class some of you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and money class some of you are in
+the crypto finance class that starts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crypto finance class that starts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crypto finance class that starts in
+about 30 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 minutes
+um but we will talk about blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we will talk about blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we will talk about blockchain
+technology i want to say and lay it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology i want to say and lay it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology i want to say and lay it out
+right from the beginning these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the beginning these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the beginning these two
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ai and machine learning and these eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai and machine learning and these eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai and machine learning and these eight
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+are dramatically more relevant and open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dramatically more relevant and open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dramatically more relevant and open
+api and open banking dramatically more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+api and open banking dramatically more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+api and open banking dramatically more
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+than blockchain technology potential use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than blockchain technology potential use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than blockchain technology potential use
+cases as of 2020.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases as of 2020.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases as of 2020.
+the interesting question is will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting question is will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting question is will that
+shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift
+is there is there an over abundance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is there an over abundance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is there an over abundance of
+investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in
+ai and machine learning and not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai and machine learning and not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai and machine learning and not enough
+in blockchain technology you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blockchain technology you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blockchain technology you get to
+decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide
+for yourselves but i'm saying as of 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourselves but i'm saying as of 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourselves but i'm saying as of 2020
+the the sort of the real potential that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of the real potential that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of the real potential that
+we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing
+and the dramatic changes around user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dramatic changes around user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dramatic changes around user
+interface and open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and open api
+and machine learning and natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and machine learning and natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and machine learning and natural
+language processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing
+are more dramatic than this space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more dramatic than this space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more dramatic than this space and
+yet cryptocurrencies are dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet cryptocurrencies are dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet cryptocurrencies are dramatically
+changing what central banks are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing what central banks are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing what central banks are doing
+and we saw facebook trying to stand up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw facebook trying to stand up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw facebook trying to stand up a
+worldwide currency last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide currency last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide currency last year
+so don't think you can adequately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't think you can adequately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't think you can adequately
+discuss and have a course on financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and have a course on financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and have a course on financial
+technology without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology without
+really having some slice on blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really having some slice on blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really having some slice on blockchain
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+and it is shifting everything that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is shifting everything that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is shifting everything that's on
+this list it is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list it is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list it is it is
+is a catalyst for change i would say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a catalyst for change i would say my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a catalyst for change i would say my
+takeaway on blockchain technology it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway on blockchain technology it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway on blockchain technology it is
+definitely pushing the financial sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely pushing the financial sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely pushing the financial sector
+in places it wouldn't be pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in places it wouldn't be pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in places it wouldn't be pushed
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess that's really saying open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess that's really saying open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess that's really saying open api
+and artificial intelligence machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and artificial intelligence machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and artificial intelligence machine
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+are so much bigger in terms of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so much bigger in terms of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so much bigger in terms of what's
+happening in 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in 2020
+um romaine unless there's a question i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um romaine unless there's a question i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um romaine unless there's a question i'm
+going to do the actors quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the actors quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the actors quickly
+we have one specific question from eu on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one specific question from eu on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one specific question from eu on
+whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a
+machine learning an ai can cause a dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning an ai can cause a dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning an ai can cause a dark
+box where creditors could deny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box where creditors could deny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box where creditors could deny and
+approve credits based on unreasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve credits based on unreasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve credits based on unreasonable
+grounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds
+absolutely it's a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely it's a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely it's a risk
+we our first big data revolution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we our first big data revolution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we our first big data revolution in the
+u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s
+and then it was about a decade later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it was about a decade later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it was about a decade later
+elsewhere was in the ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere was in the ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere was in the ninth
+late 50s and early 60s credit cards came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 50s and early 60s credit cards came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 50s and early 60s credit cards came
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+invented really in the late 1940s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented really in the late 1940s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented really in the late 1940s and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+popularized by the mid-1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularized by the mid-1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularized by the mid-1960s
+came along and then the official sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came along and then the official sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came along and then the official sector
+passed laws and two of the first laws we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed laws and two of the first laws we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed laws and two of the first laws we
+passed in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed in the u.s
+was something called the fair credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something called the fair credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something called the fair credit
+reporting act and the equal credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting act and the equal credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting act and the equal credit
+opportunity act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity act
+why i speak about those two in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i speak about those two in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i speak about those two in this
+question 50 years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 50 years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 50 years later
+is this was a question with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this was a question with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this was a question with the first
+big data analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big data analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big data analytics
+at that time and the idea was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time and the idea was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time and the idea was you
+couldn't you couldn't use data analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you couldn't use data analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you couldn't use data analytics
+to deny somebody credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deny somebody credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deny somebody credit
+because of their race because of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their race because of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their race because of their
+color because their ethnicity because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color because their ethnicity because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color because their ethnicity because of
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+gender and other protected uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender and other protected uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender and other protected uh
+uh attributes and that was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh attributes and that was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh attributes and that was called the
+equal credit opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal credit opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal credit opportunity
+that same act is important now as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same act is important now as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same act is important now as we
+move into machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into machine learning
+credit decisions fair credit reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit decisions fair credit reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit decisions fair credit reporting
+act also said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act also said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act also said
+in the u.s and europe did some similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s and europe did some similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s and europe did some similar
+things elsewhere later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things elsewhere later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things elsewhere later
+said if you deny credit you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if you deny credit you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if you deny credit you have to be
+able to explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to explain why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to explain why
+so to this question just because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to this question just because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to this question just because you
+have a black box you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a black box you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a black box you still
+need to have those basic tenets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have those basic tenets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have those basic tenets of
+explainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability
+and fairness or lack of bias and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fairness or lack of bias and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fairness or lack of bias and that's
+why i say the three big challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i say the three big challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i say the three big challenges
+are explainability bias and then privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are explainability bias and then privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are explainability bias and then privacy
+there's also challenges of robustness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also challenges of robustness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also challenges of robustness
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+but great question the actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but great question the actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but great question the actors
+i think of the actors we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think of the actors we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think of the actors we've talked about
+this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit
+and and in several buckets i think a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in several buckets i think a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in several buckets i think a big
+finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+uh i apologize i sort of borrowed this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i apologize i sort of borrowed this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i apologize i sort of borrowed this a
+little bit from the central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit from the central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit from the central bank
+governor of brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor of brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor of brazil
+i i met with him last year and he he and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i met with him last year and he he and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i met with him last year and he he and
+i were talking about brazilian banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i were talking about brazilian banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i were talking about brazilian banking
+and he said they're like fortresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said they're like fortresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said they're like fortresses
+so this was actually his kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was actually his kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was actually his kind of uh
+articulation of itu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation of itu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation of itu
+and the others in brazil and i said how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the others in brazil and i said how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the others in brazil and i said how
+do you see him as fortresses he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see him as fortresses he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see him as fortresses he says
+they all have their moats towers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have their moats towers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have their moats towers and
+they have sovereign protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have sovereign protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have sovereign protection
+and and to to him and i liked it so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and to to him and i liked it so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and to to him and i liked it so much
+i repeat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i repeat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i repeat it
+they're towers they're sort of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're towers they're sort of basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're towers they're sort of basic
+tenets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenets of
+of sort of of financial strength is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of of financial strength is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of of financial strength is
+around payments they usually control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around payments they usually control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around payments they usually control
+payments they have big balance sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments they have big balance sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments they have big balance sheets
+that they can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can use
+and balance sheets allow you to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and balance sheets allow you to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and balance sheets allow you to lower
+your risk frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your risk frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your risk frankly
+and leverage they have a lot of data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leverage they have a lot of data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leverage they have a lot of data and
+yes they have hundreds of legal entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they have hundreds of legal entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they have hundreds of legal entities
+their corporate structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their corporate structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their corporate structure
+is one of their both complexities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of their both complexities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of their both complexities but
+but benefits a company like a jp morgan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but benefits a company like a jp morgan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but benefits a company like a jp morgan
+or a goldman sachs or barclays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a goldman sachs or barclays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a goldman sachs or barclays
+at a minimum has probably a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a minimum has probably a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a minimum has probably a thousand
+legal entities it might have three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal entities it might have three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal entities it might have three or
+five thousand legal entities when i left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thousand legal entities when i left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thousand legal entities when i left
+goldman sachs which was already 22 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldman sachs which was already 22 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldman sachs which was already 22 years
+ago i was the co-head of finance with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago i was the co-head of finance with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago i was the co-head of finance with
+with david vineyard who went on to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with david vineyard who went on to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with david vineyard who went on to be
+the cfo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cfo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cfo
+we had 700 legal entities but if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 700 legal entities but if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 700 legal entities but if i
+recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall
+in that quarter of a trillion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that quarter of a trillion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that quarter of a trillion dollar
+balance sheet that we had to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet that we had to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet that we had to sort of
+help manage and fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help manage and fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help manage and fund
+only about 70 or 80 of those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 70 or 80 of those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about 70 or 80 of those were
+regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated
+companies so we had a lot you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so we had a lot you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so we had a lot you know we
+did everything legal i just want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did everything legal i just want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did everything legal i just want to say
+but we had a lot going on amongst those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we had a lot going on amongst those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we had a lot going on amongst those
+700 legal entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700 legal entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700 legal entities
+that's kind of big finance from a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of big finance from a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of big finance from a sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+central bank governor of brazil's point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank governor of brazil's point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank governor of brazil's point
+of view like fortresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view like fortresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view like fortresses
+but then big tech the bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then big tech the bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then big tech the bank of
+international settlement did a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international settlement did a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international settlement did a wonderful
+report last year and they said it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report last year and they said it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report last year and they said it's like
+dna data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna data
+networks activities and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks activities and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks activities and if you're
+alibaba or your facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alibaba or your facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alibaba or your facebook
+you want to layer another activity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to layer another activity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to layer another activity on
+your network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your network
+facebook already has two plus billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook already has two plus billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook already has two plus billion
+people in their network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in their network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in their network
+they have a lot of data already they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of data already they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of data already they are
+supposedly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly a
+free app they are free if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free app they are free if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free app they are free if you
+download it but it's data for services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download it but it's data for services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download it but it's data for services
+and if they can put another activity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they can put another activity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they can put another activity on
+top of it that means they get more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it that means they get more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it that means they get more data
+so every time they add an activity more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time they add an activity more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time they add an activity more
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+and data they can commercialize and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data they can commercialize and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data they can commercialize and so
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+dna network is why you see big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna network is why you see big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna network is why you see big
+tech trying to get in payments around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech trying to get in payments around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech trying to get in payments around
+the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the globe
+and then adding credit products on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then adding credit products on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then adding credit products on top
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+um startups startups have advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um startups startups have advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um startups startups have advantages
+don't count them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't count them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't count them
+out some people just call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some people just call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some people just call that the
+fintech but they're flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech but they're flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech but they're flexible
+they're disruptive innovators they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're disruptive innovators they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're disruptive innovators they can
+they can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sort of
+rent their data storage on the cloud in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent their data storage on the cloud in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent their data storage on the cloud in
+some circumstances they can rent their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some circumstances they can rent their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some circumstances they can rent their
+balance sheets by doing securitizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheets by doing securitizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheets by doing securitizations
+they also have some asymmetric risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have some asymmetric risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have some asymmetric risk and
+that asymmetric risk we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asymmetric risk we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asymmetric risk we'll talk about
+all half semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all half semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all half semester
+the important asymmetric symmetries they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important asymmetric symmetries they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important asymmetric symmetries they
+have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is
+one they're not protecting a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they're not protecting a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they're not protecting a business
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+so let's just talk about payments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just talk about payments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just talk about payments and
+credit cards for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards for a minute
+the big banks are protecting a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big banks are protecting a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big banks are protecting a very
+profitable credit card business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable credit card business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable credit card business and
+there's seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seven
+big banks in the u.s there's seven big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big banks in the u.s there's seven big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big banks in the u.s there's seven big
+actors in the credit card space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors in the credit card space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors in the credit card space
+bank of america and and chase and city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank of america and and chase and city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank of america and and chase and city
+of course but also american express and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course but also american express and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course but also american express and
+discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+and alike that cap one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alike that cap one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alike that cap one
+they're protecting that business model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're protecting that business model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're protecting that business model
+but then somebody comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then somebody comes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then somebody comes along
+maybe it's a small company like toast in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a small company like toast in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a small company like toast in
+the payment system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment system
+space for restaurant payments and before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for restaurant payments and before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for restaurant payments and before
+corona crisis toast was doing pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona crisis toast was doing pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona crisis toast was doing pretty
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+and they did a c or series to c or d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did a c or series to c or d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did a c or series to c or d
+round at 4.9 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round at 4.9 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round at 4.9 billion
+valuation well toast can come along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation well toast can come along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation well toast can come along and
+provide a payment product for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a payment product for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a payment product for the
+restaurant business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant business
+and they have they're not protecting any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have they're not protecting any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have they're not protecting any
+business model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model
+or even lending club that came along 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even lending club that came along 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even lending club that came along 10
+or 11 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 11 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 11 years
+ago can come into the personal loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago can come into the personal loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago can come into the personal loan
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+and say we're not protecting wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say we're not protecting wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say we're not protecting wider
+profit margins and interest rate margins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit margins and interest rate margins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit margins and interest rate margins
+in the credit card space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the credit card space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the credit card space
+you can come into the personal lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come into the personal lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come into the personal lending
+space which is growing dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is growing dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is growing dramatically
+personal lending in the us is is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal lending in the us is is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal lending in the us is is about
+170 billion dollar asset class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+170 billion dollar asset class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+170 billion dollar asset class
+credit cards is a trillion so it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards is a trillion so it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards is a trillion so it's only
+one-sixth the size but the personal loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-sixth the size but the personal loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-sixth the size but the personal loan
+space is growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is growing
+rapidly in part because those actors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly in part because those actors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly in part because those actors in
+the disruptive startup space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disruptive startup space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disruptive startup space
+are not protecting the trillion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not protecting the trillion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not protecting the trillion dollar
+asset class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset class
+which caught credit cards um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which caught credit cards um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which caught credit cards um and then
+there's the official sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the official sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the official sector
+so i think of these actors as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think of these actors as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think of these actors as
+importantly all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly all of them
+and just some pictures just for fun we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just some pictures just for fun we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just some pictures just for fun we
+don't need to stop but big finance i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to stop but big finance i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to stop but big finance i
+of course i left companies out but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course i left companies out but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course i left companies out but to
+give you a sense it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense it's an
+asset management like black rock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset management like black rock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset management like black rock and
+fidelity in vanguard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidelity in vanguard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidelity in vanguard
+it's in banking it's an investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in banking it's an investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in banking it's an investment
+banking it's global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking it's global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking it's global
+if i left your country or your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i left your country or your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i left your country or your favorite
+company out i apologize but we i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company out i apologize but we i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company out i apologize but we i could
+have put 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put 200
+500 companies on this page but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 companies on this page but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 companies on this page but then
+there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also
+big tech which i only picked six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech which i only picked six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech which i only picked six or
+seven at the top and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven at the top and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven at the top and then
+the startups and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startups and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startups and we're going to talk
+about startups in every one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about startups in every one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about startups in every one of our
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+but i think you've got to sort of bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think you've got to sort of bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think you've got to sort of bear
+with me and think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me and think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me and think about it
+more broadly as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more broadly as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more broadly as well um
+and then i'm just going to close before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm just going to close before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm just going to close before
+we talk about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about our
+actual course and so forth is where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual course and so forth is where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual course and so forth is where's
+the investments accenture puts out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investments accenture puts out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investments accenture puts out this
+wonderful report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful report
+i think on a quarterly basis as to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think on a quarterly basis as to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think on a quarterly basis as to the
+number of deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of deals
+in different sectors and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different sectors and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different sectors and then the
+funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding
+and and i don't ask you to study this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i don't ask you to study this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i don't ask you to study this on
+your screen now but think about it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your screen now but think about it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your screen now but think about it maybe
+pull up the essential report itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up the essential report itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up the essential report itself
+um but the big bulk of it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the big bulk of it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the big bulk of it is in
+payments and credit if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments and credit if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments and credit if you look at the
+kind of purplish blue boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of purplish blue boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of purplish blue boxes
+nearly 50 of the funding is in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly 50 of the funding is in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly 50 of the funding is in those
+boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes
+insurance pretty good size too but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance pretty good size too but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance pretty good size too but it
+gives you the sectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the sectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the sectors that
+actual funding is going on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual funding is going on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual funding is going on in this
+marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace
+remain questions no questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain questions no questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain questions no questions
+my god romaine where did you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god romaine where did you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god romaine where did you get this
+picture taken anyway that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture taken anyway that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture taken anyway that i
+grabbed off the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was when i was working in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was when i was working in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was when i was working in the
+middle east for bcg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle east for bcg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle east for bcg
+i see i see all right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see i see all right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see i see all right so uh
+you've met romaine you've met myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've met romaine you've met myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've met romaine you've met myself
+lena is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lena is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lena is the
+course administrator if you want to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course administrator if you want to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course administrator if you want to set
+up office hours and yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up office hours and yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up office hours and yes
+i am committed to office hours it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am committed to office hours it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am committed to office hours it's
+great to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to also
+copy lena you can probably do it with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy lena you can probably do it with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy lena you can probably do it with me
+too but lena is going to be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but lena is going to be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but lena is going to be better
+to uh sign it up uh as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh sign it up uh as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh sign it up uh as as
+well um the course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um the course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um the course so
+after this intro we're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this intro we're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this intro we're going to take the
+technologies we're going to take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies we're going to take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies we're going to take two
+two classes on artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes on artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes on artificial intelligence
+machine learning natural language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning natural language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning natural language
+processing and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and the like
+and then talk about the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then talk about the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then talk about the customer
+interface on april 8th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface on april 8th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface on april 8th
+and then blockchain and technology these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then blockchain and technology these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then blockchain and technology these
+three slices now there are other slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three slices now there are other slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three slices now there are other slices
+we could we could address as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could address as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could address as well
+so then we're going to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we're going to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we're going to go through the
+sectors we're going to talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors we're going to talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors we're going to talk about these
+sectors and what i could see is payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors and what i could see is payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors and what i could see is payment
+and credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit
+uh trading a little less on the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trading a little less on the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trading a little less on the risk
+management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+so maybe on may 4th we'll squeeze that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe on may 4th we'll squeeze that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe on may 4th we'll squeeze that
+down a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit
+uh as well um and then of course we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well um and then of course we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well um and then of course we have
+the intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intro
+i've just shows and i re revised the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just shows and i re revised the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just shows and i re revised the
+syllabus this past week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus this past week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus this past week
+i want to take the next to last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to take the next to last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to take the next to last class
+and just talk about corona crisis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just talk about corona crisis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just talk about corona crisis and
+how it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it might
+be shifting the landscape i already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shifting the landscape i already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shifting the landscape i already said
+i really do think this shifting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really do think this shifting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really do think this shifting this
+this deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deep
+trend towards uh online from bricks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend towards uh online from bricks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend towards uh online from bricks and
+mortar that was already happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar that was already happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar that was already happening
+but we've even seen in the last three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've even seen in the last three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've even seen in the last three
+weeks we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks we've seen
+winners and losers i asked each of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners and losers i asked each of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners and losers i asked each of you
+to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this
+who are the winners and losers within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the winners and losers within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the winners and losers within
+the financial sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial sector
+big tech and the financial startups i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech and the financial startups i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech and the financial startups i
+talked a little bit about toast host is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about toast host is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about toast host is
+a very successful boston company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very successful boston company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very successful boston company
+uh that is providing payment services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is providing payment services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is providing payment services
+and credit to restaurants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit to restaurants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit to restaurants
+for a moment that would have you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment that would have you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment that would have you'd have
+to say that's a company that's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that's a company that's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that's a company that's taking
+taking it on the chin so to speak not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it on the chin so to speak not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it on the chin so to speak not as
+badly as all those individuals that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly as all those individuals that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly as all those individuals that have
+health care worries that are ending up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care worries that are ending up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care worries that are ending up
+in the hospitals and the families losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hospitals and the families losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hospitals and the families losing
+loved ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved ones
+but i'm saying from an economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm saying from an economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm saying from an economic
+perspective there are some winners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective there are some winners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective there are some winners and
+losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers
+robin hood an online app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robin hood an online app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robin hood an online app
+a mobile app for trading has crashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mobile app for trading has crashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mobile app for trading has crashed
+several times in the last three weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times in the last three weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times in the last three weeks
+and there's some data out of europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some data out of europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some data out of europe
+already that online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already that online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already that online
+fintech apps as as a sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech apps as as a sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech apps as as a sector
+have seen usage up 70 and 100 and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen usage up 70 and 100 and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen usage up 70 and 100 and some
+alps apps up 700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alps apps up 700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alps apps up 700
+but not all will be winners not all will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all will be winners not all will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all will be winners not all will
+be losers and so i thought we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be losers and so i thought we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be losers and so i thought we'll take
+one class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class
+towards the end and just sort of discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end and just sort of discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end and just sort of discuss
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and and get your feelings and thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and get your feelings and thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and get your feelings and thoughts
+as well going forward how this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well going forward how this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well going forward how this might
+uh play out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh play out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh play out so
+mit chose this is pass fail so welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit chose this is pass fail so welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit chose this is pass fail so welcome
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+not only remote learning mit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only remote learning mit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only remote learning mit but
+technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically
+pass emergency no credit emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass emergency no credit emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass emergency no credit emergency
+incomplete emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete emergency
+just so that you understand what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that you understand what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that you understand what this is
+is it's almost pass fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's almost pass fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's almost pass fail
+pass emergency pe will be on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass emergency pe will be on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass emergency pe will be on your
+transcript hopefully for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript hopefully for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript hopefully for
+all of you i can't commit to it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you i can't commit to it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you i can't commit to it because
+it's up to you whether you pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you whether you pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you whether you pass
+there are assignments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are assignments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are assignments and
+no credit emergency you can think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no credit emergency you can think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no credit emergency you can think of as
+an f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an f
+but it's not going to be on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not going to be on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not going to be on your
+transcript so this is an emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript so this is an emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript so this is an emergency
+circumstance right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance right now
+there's still assignments because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still assignments because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still assignments because we
+want to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you
+the most learning experience you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most learning experience you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most learning experience you can
+have you might say wait a minute wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you might say wait a minute wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you might say wait a minute wait a
+minute i thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute i thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute i thought
+i thought assignments were just about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought assignments were just about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought assignments were just about so
+that the faculty member can decide who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the faculty member can decide who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the faculty member can decide who
+gets a's and who gets b's and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a's and who gets b's and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a's and who gets b's and the like
+i look at assignments in a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i look at assignments in a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i look at assignments in a different way
+than that i look at assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that i look at assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that i look at assignments
+really as a way to help you engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really as a way to help you engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really as a way to help you engage in
+the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject
+and so in this class and you those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this class and you those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this class and you those of
+you who know me i do this in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who know me i do this in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who know me i do this in a couple
+classes there's one individual paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes there's one individual paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes there's one individual paper
+one group paper and it's all geared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group paper and it's all geared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group paper and it's all geared to
+writing a group paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a group paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a group paper
+for either a big incumbent bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for either a big incumbent bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for either a big incumbent bank of
+america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america
+a big tech company jeff bezos and amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big tech company jeff bezos and amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big tech company jeff bezos and amazon
+or a kind of a startup company a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a kind of a startup company a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a kind of a startup company a big
+vc company andrews and horowitz that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vc company andrews and horowitz that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vc company andrews and horowitz that you
+form groups and you decide on a sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form groups and you decide on a sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form groups and you decide on a sector
+you can decide on credit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decide on credit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decide on credit or
+payment or trading you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment or trading you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment or trading you choose
+and it helps you engage in the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it helps you engage in the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it helps you engage in the subject
+and then i ask you to split if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i ask you to split if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i ask you to split if it's a
+three or four person team or even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four person team or even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four person team or even if
+it's a one person team if you choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one person team if you choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one person team if you choose to
+do that because we're all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that because we're all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that because we're all so
+uh separated then split up and write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh separated then split up and write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh separated then split up and write a
+three or four page paper 900 words or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four page paper 900 words or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four page paper 900 words or so
+on one of the topics that i lay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of the topics that i lay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of the topics that i lay out
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+the traditional competitors the startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional competitors the startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional competitors the startup
+competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors
+and so forth the technology that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth the technology that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth the technology that you're
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+why do i still do assignments when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do i still do assignments when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do i still do assignments when it's
+p-e-n-e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-e-n-e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-e-n-e
+it's to help you engage in the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to help you engage in the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to help you engage in the subject
+and romaine and i are committed even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and romaine and i are committed even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and romaine and i are committed even if
+we slap a pe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we slap a pe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we slap a pe
+on most of these hopefully all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on most of these hopefully all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on most of these hopefully all of them
+we're trying to give you feedback so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to give you feedback so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to give you feedback so you
+engage in a subject and yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in a subject and yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in a subject and yes
+i'm willing to do zoom group meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm willing to do zoom group meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm willing to do zoom group meetings
+zoom individual meetings look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom individual meetings look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom individual meetings look
+this is not an easy time for any of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an easy time for any of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an easy time for any of us
+but i want to make sure that i deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to make sure that i deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to make sure that i deliver
+as much as i can and that mit continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as i can and that mit continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as i can and that mit continues
+to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver
+for you as we're going through this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you as we're going through this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you as we're going through this this
+sort of challenging time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of challenging time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of challenging time
+um class participation uh is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um class participation uh is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um class participation uh is still
+important if you can't sign up if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you can't sign up if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you can't sign up if it's
+the time zone doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time zone doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time zone doesn't work
+or there's something going on in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's something going on in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's something going on in your
+family or it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family or it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family or it doesn't
+you're interviewing for a job god bless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interviewing for a job god bless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interviewing for a job god bless
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then listen to the recording we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then listen to the recording we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then listen to the recording we'll put
+the recordings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recordings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recordings
+on on up on canvas as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on up on canvas as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on up on canvas as well
+um and so professionalism i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so professionalism i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so professionalism i just want to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+yeah excuse me just on the assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah excuse me just on the assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah excuse me just on the assignments
+um i'm being asked whether listeners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm being asked whether listeners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm being asked whether listeners
+also have to comply with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to comply with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to comply with these
+assignments no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm trying to get rid of the poll here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to get rid of the poll here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to get rid of the poll here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um i've never been asked that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i've never been asked that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i've never been asked that question
+a little word on professionalism just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little word on professionalism just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little word on professionalism just
+for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my
+god knows 30 plus years in in business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god knows 30 plus years in in business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god knows 30 plus years in in business
+and this is just sort of my closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just sort of my closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just sort of my closing
+thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is
+my my advice for all of us is success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my advice for all of us is success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my advice for all of us is success
+goes for those prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes for those prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes for those prepared
+curious and self-starters if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious and self-starters if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious and self-starters if you read
+the assignments for this you'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignments for this you'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignments for this you'll do
+better in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in this class
+but if you go into a meeting if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go into a meeting if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go into a meeting if you go
+into a pitch you go into an interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a pitch you go into an interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a pitch you go into an interview
+if you read about the person you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read about the person you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read about the person you're
+going to learn more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn more about
+and by the way if you're curious when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way if you're curious when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way if you're curious when
+you walk into somebody's office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk into somebody's office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk into somebody's office
+whether it's a video office or a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a video office or a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a video office or a real
+office look at the walls what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office look at the walls what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office look at the walls what does it
+mean that gary kenzler has this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that gary kenzler has this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that gary kenzler has this stuff
+behind them or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them or not
+i'm not asking you to analyze me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not asking you to analyze me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not asking you to analyze me right
+now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but
+i'm telling you if you walk into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you if you walk into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you if you walk into
+somebody's office whether there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's office whether there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's office whether there's
+u.s senator the president of the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s senator the president of the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s senator the president of the united
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+some job interview a colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some job interview a colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some job interview a colleague
+and you look at their laws and you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at their laws and you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at their laws and you ask
+them about their family show some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them about their family show some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them about their family show some
+curiosity you'll do better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity you'll do better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity you'll do better off
+um as i said respect and courtesy builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as i said respect and courtesy builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as i said respect and courtesy builds
+reputation and networks and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation and networks and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation and networks and so forth
+um engage it's going to be hard with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um engage it's going to be hard with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um engage it's going to be hard with
+this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many
+students online but engage in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students online but engage in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students online but engage in this class
+you'll learn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn more
+if you engage with me also offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you engage with me also offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you engage with me also offline
+gensler mit.edu but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gensler mit.edu but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gensler mit.edu but
+also engage by setting up office time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also engage by setting up office time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also engage by setting up office time
+i also think in understanding both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also think in understanding both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also think in understanding both
+strategy and detail matter some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and detail matter some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and detail matter some people
+are really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really good
+tactical people really good detail folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical people really good detail folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical people really good detail folks
+they'll do fine in their careers but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll do fine in their careers but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll do fine in their careers but if
+you step back and understand the trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you step back and understand the trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you step back and understand the trends
+as well you'll do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well you'll do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well you'll do better
+some people are really global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are really global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are really global
+strategists and not really good at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategists and not really good at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategists and not really good at the
+details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+they'll probably do okay but i'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll probably do okay but i'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll probably do okay but i'll tell
+you my experience whether it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you my experience whether it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you my experience whether it's in
+in finance whether it's watching people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance whether it's watching people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance whether it's watching people
+at mit in the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit in the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit in the faculty
+or my time in public service the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my time in public service the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my time in public service the people
+that can merge both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can merge both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can merge both
+broad strategy and can execute on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad strategy and can execute on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad strategy and can execute on the
+details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+those folks are unstoppable often those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those folks are unstoppable often those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those folks are unstoppable often those
+are folks that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are folks that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are folks that you really
+you want them on your team that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want them on your team that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want them on your team that they can
+do do a bit of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do a bit of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do a bit of both
+so we're going to talk a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk a lot about
+strategy and the trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and the trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and the trends
+but we're going to get into the granular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to get into the granular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to get into the granular
+details as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details as well
+and then lastly it's always better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly it's always better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly it's always better to
+stay true to your values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay true to your values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay true to your values
+now i do say this it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i do say this it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i do say this it's going to be a
+little it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little it's
+we're in this past feel thing but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this past feel thing but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this past feel thing but if you
+want to know one way that romaine and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know one way that romaine and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know one way that romaine and i
+will drive this a little nutty we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will drive this a little nutty we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will drive this a little nutty we're
+going to try to put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to put your
+your papers through some plagiarism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your papers through some plagiarism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your papers through some plagiarism
+software i use grammarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software i use grammarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software i use grammarly
+i actually check yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually check yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually check yes
+and if you have one like eight or ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have one like eight or ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have one like eight or ten
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+section that you pulled off of wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section that you pulled off of wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section that you pulled off of wikipedia
+and i've had students grab the first 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've had students grab the first 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've had students grab the first 15
+words off of wikipedia and put it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words off of wikipedia and put it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words off of wikipedia and put it right
+in their paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their paper
+that's kind of a sloppy thing to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a sloppy thing to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a sloppy thing to do and
+usually if i was grading that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually if i was grading that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually if i was grading that paper
+would get like a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get like a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get like a c
+or a d and it wouldn't get an a or b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a d and it wouldn't get an a or b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a d and it wouldn't get an a or b and
+i'm not going to be a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to be a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to be a hard
+nosed guy about 10 words but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nosed guy about 10 words but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nosed guy about 10 words but if you
+extensively plagiarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively plagiarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively plagiarize
+you know a couple hundred words in a 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a couple hundred words in a 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a couple hundred words in a 900
+word paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word paper
+you're going to get an f on the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get an f on the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get an f on the paper
+now you can recover on the group paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can recover on the group paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can recover on the group paper
+but don't plagiarize on your group paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't plagiarize on your group paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't plagiarize on your group paper
+because you're also going to bring down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're also going to bring down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're also going to bring down
+your colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your colleagues
+i don't know in past fail land what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know in past fail land what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know in past fail land what i
+will do but if somebody really is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do but if somebody really is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do but if somebody really is trying
+to test the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test the limit
+you would test it by extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would test it by extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would test it by extensive
+plagiarism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plagiarism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plagiarism
+enough on that i've had it in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough on that i've had it in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough on that i've had it in the past
+occasionally so you know that's i gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally so you know that's i gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally so you know that's i gotta
+say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it
+um i would say speak up in class if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i would say speak up in class if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i would say speak up in class if you
+can keep your videos on as most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep your videos on as most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep your videos on as most of you
+have keep your audios muted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have keep your audios muted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have keep your audios muted
+but but please speak up i mean don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but please speak up i mean don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but please speak up i mean don't
+don't be hesitant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be hesitant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be hesitant
+um at all um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at all um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at all um
+and then i do have office hours and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i do have office hours and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i do have office hours and the
+crazy thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy thing was
+i set up office lunches so on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i set up office lunches so on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i set up office lunches so on those
+following tuesdays and thursdays i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following tuesdays and thursdays i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following tuesdays and thursdays i had
+there's a spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a spreadsheet
+romaine maybe we should send it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine maybe we should send it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine maybe we should send it around
+to this group we have to there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this group we have to there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this group we have to there's this
+there's a google spreadsheet if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a google spreadsheet if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a google spreadsheet if you
+wanted to sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sign up
+and right before we left before uh sip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right before we left before uh sip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right before we left before uh sip
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+uh a student said hey i'm signing up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a student said hey i'm signing up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a student said hey i'm signing up for
+the 31st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 31st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 31st
+will you still do the lunches i laughed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you still do the lunches i laughed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you still do the lunches i laughed
+i said listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said listen
+i'm willing to do it i'm willing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm willing to do it i'm willing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm willing to do it i'm willing to do
+remote lunches it's crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote lunches it's crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote lunches it's crazy
+um uh so if you want it if nobody signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so if you want it if nobody signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so if you want it if nobody signs
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+i'm fine i'll go for a ride i li i live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm fine i'll go for a ride i li i live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm fine i'll go for a ride i li i live
+in baltimore and i'm still able to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in baltimore and i'm still able to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in baltimore and i'm still able to run
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+they might shut that down too at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might shut that down too at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might shut that down too at some
+point in time but for now i'm able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time but for now i'm able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time but for now i'm able to do
+my runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my runs
+so uh i think that's it on the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh i think that's it on the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh i think that's it on the slides
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+um i think i'm supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think i'm supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think i'm supposed to
+finish this class right now i went over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this class right now i went over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this class right now i went over
+i want to thank you all what's that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to thank you all what's that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to thank you all what's that just
+one clarification because i'm getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one clarification because i'm getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one clarification because i'm getting a
+lot of questions on the group formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions on the group formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions on the group formation
+so groups will be from three to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so groups will be from three to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so groups will be from three to four
+students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and
+you're supposed to group yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to group yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to group yourselves
+right through the canvas function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through the canvas function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through the canvas function
+if that doesn't work out for you we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that doesn't work out for you we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that doesn't work out for you we're
+going to send out a link where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send out a link where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send out a link where you can
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+other team members who also are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other team members who also are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other team members who also are looking
+for for team members so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for team members so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for team members so
+do not worry about the group formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not worry about the group formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not worry about the group formation
+and i thank you all i know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thank you all i know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thank you all i know this is
+unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual
+i see you on wednesday morning 8 30 a.m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see you on wednesday morning 8 30 a.m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see you on wednesday morning 8 30 a.m
+uh and and please stay safe and be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9VJetX_EQqs.txt b/9VJetX_EQqs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..925ae190d47e1e037033aebe2a12bf2b911a4fda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9VJetX_EQqs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've seen their rocket equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen their rocket equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen their rocket equation and
+we've studied the example when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've studied the example when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've studied the example when there's
+no external forces now let's consider an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no external forces now let's consider an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no external forces now let's consider an
+example when the external force is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when the external force is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when the external force is not
+zero well one of our examples is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well one of our examples is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well one of our examples is just a
+rocket taking off in a gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket taking off in a gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket taking off in a gravitational
+field and so when we want to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so when we want to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so when we want to focus on
+the external forces let's draw our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external forces let's draw our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external forces let's draw our
+rocket at time T and now consider what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket at time T and now consider what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket at time T and now consider what
+are the force diagrams on this rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the force diagrams on this rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the force diagrams on this rocket
+well we have a gravitational force mg so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a gravitational force mg so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a gravitational force mg so
+we're going to choose J hat up so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to choose J hat up so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to choose J hat up so now
+what is our rocket equation look like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is our rocket equation look like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is our rocket equation look like we
+wrote the exhaust velocity as minus mu J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the exhaust velocity as minus mu J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the exhaust velocity as minus mu J
+hat and so if we write this now as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and so if we write this now as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and so if we write this now as a
+vector equation in the J hat component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equation in the J hat component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equation in the J hat component
+we get minus mg we have the rate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get minus mg we have the rate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get minus mg we have the rate that
+the rocket mass is changing and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket mass is changing and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket mass is changing and this is
+in R we have this is remember DM dr/dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R we have this is remember DM dr/dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R we have this is remember DM dr/dt
+is going to be negative so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be negative so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be negative so there's a
+minus and over here we have another this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and over here we have another this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and over here we have another this
+is u because U is minus u and finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u because U is minus u and finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u because U is minus u and finally we
+have M rocket DV R DT now once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M rocket DV R DT now once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M rocket DV R DT now once again
+we're going to try to integrate this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to integrate this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to integrate this is
+actually equal and we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal and we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal and we're going to try to
+integrate this equation to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this equation to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this equation to find a
+solution for the velocity as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the velocity as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the velocity as a function
+of time when all the fuel is burned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time when all the fuel is burned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time when all the fuel is burned so
+what we do is we'll multiply through by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we'll multiply through by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we'll multiply through by
+DT and we have minus DM R times u equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and we have minus DM R times u equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and we have minus DM R times u equals
+M R DB r and this is mass of the rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M R DB r and this is mass of the rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M R DB r and this is mass of the rocket
+and now let's divide through by mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's divide through by mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's divide through by mass of
+the rocket so we have minus G DT minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket so we have minus G DT minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket so we have minus G DT minus
+DM r / M R u equals DV our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM r / M R u equals DV our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM r / M R u equals DV our
+and once again we can integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once again we can integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once again we can integrate this
+equation from some initial time to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from some initial time to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from some initial time to some
+final time I'll just denote that by I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final time I'll just denote that by I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final time I'll just denote that by I
+initial and I final and what we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial and I final and what we see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial and I final and what we see here
+is we have minus G times T final minus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have minus G times T final minus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have minus G times T final minus T
+initial because we're integrating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial because we're integrating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial because we're integrating with
+respect to time here we're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time here we're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time here we're integrating
+mass so that's minus mu natural log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so that's minus mu natural log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so that's minus mu natural log and
+I'm going to write this as M our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write this as M our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write this as M our final
+over M our initial and over here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M our initial and over here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M our initial and over here we have
+be our final minus be our initial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our final minus be our initial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our final minus be our initial and
+let's just remove that time T and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just remove that time T and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just remove that time T and so now
+here is our rocket equation now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is our rocket equation now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is our rocket equation now what we
+notice here is let's look at some rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is let's look at some rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is let's look at some rocket
+taking off so suppose that at T initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking off so suppose that at T initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking off so suppose that at T initial
+equals zero we have the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero we have the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero we have the special
+condition that VR and you show equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that VR and you show equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that VR and you show equals
+zero and M our initial equals the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and M our initial equals the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and M our initial equals the mass
+of the rocket dry mass that's all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rocket dry mass that's all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rocket dry mass that's all that's
+not counting the fuel plus the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not counting the fuel plus the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not counting the fuel plus the total
+mass of the fuel and the final at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the fuel and the final at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the fuel and the final at t
+final when the engine turns off we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final when the engine turns off we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final when the engine turns off we're
+going to try to find this velocity at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to find this velocity at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to find this velocity at t
+final and our condition for the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and our condition for the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and our condition for the final
+mass is all the fuels been burned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is all the fuels been burned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is all the fuels been burned so
+this is just the dry mass of the rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the dry mass of the rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the dry mass of the rocket
+and so what we get is we get minus G T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we get is we get minus G T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we get is we get minus G T
+final now I'm going to switch the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final now I'm going to switch the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final now I'm going to switch the sign
+here so we have if I invert the log that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we have if I invert the log that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we have if I invert the log that
+will give a minus sign and I have plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give a minus sign and I have plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give a minus sign and I have plus u
+log of M R of D plus mass of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of M R of D plus mass of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of M R of D plus mass of the fuel
+that's the initial mass of the rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the initial mass of the rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the initial mass of the rocket
+divided by just the dry mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by just the dry mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by just the dry mass
+and that's equal to VR at T final so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's equal to VR at T final so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's equal to VR at T final so one
+of the interesting questions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interesting questions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interesting questions that you
+might ask is how fast should you burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask is how fast should you burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask is how fast should you burn
+the fuel and what will that have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel and what will that have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel and what will that have to do
+with the final speed so we can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the final speed so we can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the final speed so we can see from
+this expression that if you burn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression that if you burn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression that if you burn the
+fuel for a very long period of time so T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel for a very long period of time so T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel for a very long period of time so T
+final is big then this piece will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final is big then this piece will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final is big then this piece will
+diminish the final velocity so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish the final velocity so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish the final velocity so if you
+want the fastest speed after you burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the fastest speed after you burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the fastest speed after you burn
+the fuel you want to burn the fuel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel you want to burn the fuel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel you want to burn the fuel so
+that T final is as short as possible we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that T final is as short as possible we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that T final is as short as possible we
+have the shortest burn time will give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the shortest burn time will give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the shortest burn time will give us
+the largest velocity when all the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest velocity when all the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest velocity when all the fuel
+has been burned
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9kH0x7V_0Ig.txt b/9kH0x7V_0Ig.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77ffbcc447e7cb8d4ea76bce0b36d429bc0e9f93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9kH0x7V_0Ig.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3015 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at MIT.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: We've been talking
+so far about basically
+
+overviews of supply and demand
+relationships and
+
+understanding how
+markets work.
+
+Now we're going to step back and
+get behind the supply and
+
+demand curves and understand
+where those curves
+
+themselves come from.
+
+So we talked about, given that
+we have supply and demand
+
+curves, how they interact.
+
+Now we're going to get behind
+that and see where these
+
+curves actually come from.
+
+Thank you, by the way
+for coming down.
+
+I appreciate it.
+
+So what we're going to do is,
+we're going to start with the
+
+demand curve, and we're going to
+spend the next few lectures
+
+talking about consumers and how
+consumer preferences are
+
+ultimately what leads
+to the construction
+
+of the demand curve.
+
+Then after that and after the
+first exam-- that will cover
+
+what's on the first exam--
+
+after the first exam, we'll
+start talking about firms and
+
+what determines the
+firm supply curve.
+
+So today we'll talk about
+consumers and we're going to
+
+talk about where the demand
+curve comes from.
+
+And where it comes from, and
+where all consumer behavior
+
+coming from in economics is
+from utility maximization.
+
+That's where everything with
+consumers starts is with
+
+utility maximization.
+
+That's the basic building block
+of consumer behavior.
+
+And basically, utility
+maximization--
+
+that's what this lecture will
+be about, describing it.
+
+But basically, an overview
+is, we posit some type of
+
+preferences.
+
+We posit consumer preferences,
+what consumers would like.
+
+We posit some budget constraint,
+what resources
+
+consumers have to get
+what they'd like.
+
+And then we do a constrained
+maximization problem that
+
+says, given your preferences,
+given what you'd like, subject
+
+to the resources you have
+available, what
+
+choices will you make?
+
+And in particular, we're going
+to ask, the term we'll use is
+
+we'll ask what bundle of goods
+makes you the best off?
+
+Given your preference, given
+your constraints,
+
+what bundle of goods?
+
+So think about consumers
+choosing
+
+across a set of goods.
+
+Typically, we'll think about two
+goods because graphs are
+
+easier to think about two
+dimensions than more.
+
+So we'll typically think about
+trading off two goods.
+
+So think about consumers with
+preferences across two goods,
+
+some budget they can
+allocate, and how
+
+they make those choices.
+
+But this basic framework applies
+to the multiplicity of
+
+choices we all make along
+many, many dimensions.
+
+So doing two dimensions as one
+of the simplifying assumptions
+
+I'll talk about.
+
+But that's just a simplifying
+assumption.
+
+So basically what we we're going
+to do is we're going to
+
+go through this in three
+steps, not just in this
+
+lecture, but over the
+next few lectures.
+
+Step one, is we're going to talk
+about what assumptions we
+
+make about preferences.
+
+So I'll talk today about
+preference assumptions.
+
+So the axioms that underlie how
+economists model consumer
+
+preferences.
+
+We'll then talk about how we
+translate these preferences
+
+assumptions into mathematical
+tractability through the use
+
+of the utility function, which
+is basically a mathematical
+
+representation of underlying
+consumer preferences.
+
+So we'll talk about how we
+basically take these
+
+preferences and translate them
+into something that we can
+
+work with here at MIT by making
+it mathematical, by
+
+making a utility function.
+
+And then finally, we'll talk
+about budget constraints.
+
+And armed with these three
+things, we'll then be able to
+
+model how consumers
+make decisions.
+
+Now, importantly for today's
+lecture, we are not dealing
+
+with budget constraints.
+
+So this is not happening
+today.
+
+So today we're not going to
+worry about the budget
+
+constraints.
+
+Today we're in a world where
+we're just going to talk about
+
+what people want and we're going
+to put out of our mind
+
+whether or not they
+can afford it.
+
+So just talk about people want,
+and we'll put out of
+
+mind for today.
+
+We'll come back next time to
+whether they can afford it.
+
+We're just going to think
+about unconstrained
+
+preferences for today's
+lecture.
+
+So let's talk about our
+preference assumptions.
+
+So, to model consumers'
+preferences across goods,
+
+we're going to impose three
+preference assumptions.
+
+Three preference assumptions.
+
+Assumption one--
+
+now once again, let me remind
+you from the first lecture,
+
+this is getting to some of
+the harder material.
+
+I'm going to write messily and
+talk quickly, so stop me if
+
+anything is unclear.
+
+And if you don't stop me, I'll
+just go faster and faster
+
+until I explode.
+
+So basically, feel free to
+interrupt and stop me with
+
+questions and such.
+
+Three assumptions
+on preferences.
+
+The first assumption
+is completeness.
+
+The first assumption is the
+assumption of completeness.
+
+When comparing two bundles of
+goods, you prefer one or the
+
+other, but you don't
+value them equally.
+
+OK when comparing two bundles
+of goods, you prefer one or
+
+you prefer the other, but
+you're not indifferent.
+
+Completeness is the same
+as no indifference.
+
+So what we're saying is whenever
+I offer you two
+
+bundles of goods, you
+could always tell me
+
+what you like better.
+
+Now it could be infinitesimally
+better.
+
+I'm not saying you have to
+have strong preferences.
+
+But you cannot say
+I'm indifferent.
+
+You can never be purely
+indifferent.
+
+There always at least some
+slight preference for one
+
+bundle of goods over another.
+
+That's the completeness
+assumption.
+
+This is an assumption we make.
+
+Now in reality, oftentimes
+we are indifferent.
+
+Well once again, this is one
+of these simplifying
+
+assumptions that will
+make the model work.
+
+And in fact, in reality if
+forced, you can always decide
+
+whether you like one thing
+better than another, we just
+
+often follow heuristic rules
+which say we're roughly
+
+indifferent.
+
+We're just going to say, more
+precisely, you are never
+
+purely indifferent.
+
+So, I'm not sure is
+not an option.
+
+You can never say I don't know,
+I don't know which I
+
+prefer, I'm indifferent.
+
+I'm sorry, let me back up.
+
+I'm using the wrong word.
+
+Forget I said indifferent,
+because we'll want to use that
+
+word in a different
+context later.
+
+You can't say, I'm not sure.
+
+You can't say, I'm not sure.
+
+You can't say, I'm not sure,
+can't say I don't know, I
+
+don't know how I feel
+about that.
+
+Scratch what I said a few
+minutes ago, because I want to
+
+use indifference differently.
+
+Completeness is not about not
+being different, we're going
+
+to use that.
+
+What I'm saying is it's
+about not being sure.
+
+You've got to value every
+bundle of goods.
+
+You've got to be willing to
+value every bundle of goods
+
+that's given you.
+
+So you can't say that I don't
+know, I don't know how I feel
+
+about that.
+
+You've got to have some
+feeling about stuff.
+
+You can't say I'm not sure.
+
+You've got to have a complete
+set of preferences over all
+
+bundles of goods that
+are given you.
+
+OK, that's completeness.
+
+The second is transitivity.
+
+Which is something we've been
+learning since kindergarten
+
+about transitivity, right?
+
+And also, it's a different
+context.
+
+That's just if you prefer x to
+y, and y to z, you've got to
+
+prefer x to z.
+
+OK, you guys should
+do transitivity in
+
+your sleep by now.
+
+OK, so the standard transitivity
+we always assume
+
+in math class, we're going
+to assume here as well.
+
+OK, that should be pretty
+noncontroversial.
+
+OK, and then finally, and
+probably most controversial,
+
+is we're going to assume
+non-satiation.
+
+Or the famous economic
+assumption that
+
+more is always better.
+
+OK.
+
+More is always better, that is,
+you never would turn down
+
+having more.
+
+Now we're going to talk later
+today and tomorrow about why
+
+you might not like the next unit
+as much as you like the
+
+current unit.
+
+But you'll always like
+it greater than zero.
+
+You're always happy
+to have more.
+
+You never say, I've had enough,
+I literally value at
+
+zero the next unit.
+
+You may value it as epsilon, but
+you'll always value it as
+
+greater than zero.
+
+That's the non-satiation
+assumption,
+
+more is always better.
+
+Now, this is the most
+controversial.
+
+And obviously we can think
+of many contexts in
+
+which that's not true.
+
+But if we don't allow for this
+assumption, the modeling gets
+
+a lot trickier.
+
+So once again, let's put
+it out of our mind.
+
+Realistically, we know once
+we've eaten a certain amount,
+
+we literally do not
+want any more.
+
+OK, so we're going to
+put that aside.
+
+Assume we're always in a space
+where we can always eat a
+
+little bit more.
+
+OK, we'll call it the
+Jewish mother space.
+
+OK, you can always eat
+a little bit more.
+
+OK, you can always eat
+a little bit more.
+
+We're just going to assume we're
+in that space for now.
+
+OK.
+
+And so, for large ranges,
+we can see it is not an
+
+unreasonable assumption.
+
+Although, I think in extremes,
+you could see this becomes
+
+unreasonable.
+
+OK, so those are assumptions.
+
+Completeness, which once
+again, I screwed up in
+
+describing.
+
+Come back to the second way I
+described it, which means you
+
+can't say you're not sure.
+
+You always have preferences
+over things.
+
+That doesn't seem
+unreasonable.
+
+Transitivity which we've been
+living with since we were
+
+kindergartners.
+
+And non-satiation, which could
+be a little controversial, but
+
+we'll live with it for now.
+
+Now given these, we're going to
+talk about the properties
+
+of what we call indifference
+curves.
+
+This is why I screwed
+up before.
+
+Of course you can be indifferent
+between things.
+
+That's the whole point
+of economics.
+
+I don't know why I
+got that wrong.
+
+I haven't taught this course
+about six years, so I lost
+
+track of things.
+
+Properties of indifference
+curves.
+
+So indifference curves are our
+name for what you could also
+
+think of as preference maps.
+
+In economics, we like to be able
+to describe everything,
+
+as I said, three ways,
+intuitively, graphically, and
+
+mathematically.
+
+Preference maps are the
+graphical representation of
+
+people's preferences which we
+do through graphics that we
+
+call indifference curves.
+
+So now let's go to the example
+I'm going to use that I'm
+
+going to use throughout these
+next couple lectures of a
+
+decision you have to make.
+
+Now I tried to think of a cool
+way to make this example cool,
+
+and I just couldn't.
+
+So its going to be
+a boring example.
+
+It's going to be, imagine your
+parents gave you some money
+
+and you had to decide whether
+to buy pizza or see movies.
+
+I tried to make it at least a
+little bit relevant even if I
+
+couldn't make it cool.
+
+You've got to decide whether
+to buy pizza or see movies.
+
+That's your decision.
+
+That's the trade-off
+you're making.
+
+We're in a world with only two
+goods, pizza and movies.
+
+And you're deciding how to
+allocate the money your
+
+parents gave you over
+pizza and movies.
+
+Now let's say we're going to
+consider three choices of
+
+pizza and movies.
+
+So go to figure 4-1a.
+
+We're going to consider, you
+could have two pizzas and one
+
+movie, that's point A. You could
+have one pizza and two
+
+movies, that's point B. Or you
+can have two of both, that's
+
+point C. That's just three
+choices you're facing.
+
+Once again, we're ignoring
+paying for them.
+
+Budget constraints
+is next time.
+
+Now we're just saying I'm giving
+these three choices.
+
+Well how do you feel
+about them?
+
+Well let's assume that
+you're indifferent--
+
+and this is why you can
+be indifferent.
+
+What I said before,
+just strike.
+
+Let's say you're indifferent
+between two pizzas and one
+
+movie, and one pizza
+and two movies.
+
+Let's say, if you had two pizzas
+and one movie, or one
+
+pizza and two movies, you pretty
+much feel the same
+
+about them.
+
+But clearly you like two pizzas
+and two movies better
+
+than either of the first
+two combinations.
+
+Then what we can do is we
+can draw what we call
+
+indifference curves.
+
+And that's in figure 4-1b.
+
+These are maps of your
+preferences.
+
+An indifference curve is the
+curve showing all combinations
+
+of consumption along which the
+individual is indifferent.
+
+And I'll say that again,
+very important concept.
+
+An indifference curve is a curve
+showing all combinations
+
+of consumption along which an
+individual is indifferent.
+
+So you have an indifference
+curve.
+
+I said you were indifferent
+between A and B. So you have
+
+an indifference curve that runs
+between A and B. That
+
+means that all, and I'm assuming
+that all combinations
+
+along this curve, you're
+indifferent.
+
+So you're equally happy getting
+two pizzas and one
+
+movie or one pizza
+and two movies.
+
+But point C, which is two pizzas
+and two movies is on a
+
+different indifference curve.
+
+You're not indifferent between
+point C and points A and B.
+
+You're indifferent
+between A and B--
+
+I'm just assuming this, I'm
+not saying you are.
+
+But I'm just assuming, let's
+imagine you are.
+
+But you clearly like two pizzas
+and two movies better
+
+than one of one and
+two of the other.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Does that break the
+completeness rule for the--
+
+PROFESSOR: Does that break it?
+
+Why would that break it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you prefer
+pizza over movies
+
+or movies over pizza?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+Because this is my
+screw up before.
+
+Completeness just means you
+know how you feel about
+
+everything.
+
+So strike from the record
+my initial description.
+
+Completeness means you just
+know how you feel about
+
+everything.
+
+You're allowed to
+be indifferent.
+
+Completeness just means you
+can't say, I don't know, I
+
+don't know how I feel
+about pizza.
+
+You've got to have feelings
+for pizza.
+
+OK.
+
+You've got to know how
+you feel about stuff.
+
+That's what completeness is.
+
+So armed with those assumptions,
+there are four
+
+key properties of indifference
+curves that we have
+
+to keep track of.
+
+Four key properties of
+indifference curves.
+
+The first is that consumers
+prefer higher
+
+indifference curves.
+
+So you prefer higher
+indifference curves.
+
+Prefer higher indifference
+curves.
+
+What I mean by that is, the
+further out the indifference
+
+curve, the more you prefer it.
+
+And this comes naturally from
+the non-satiation assumption.
+
+Given that we've assumed
+non-satiation, you must always
+
+prefer an indifference curve
+that's further from the origin
+
+because it's more, and
+more is better.
+
+OK so given non-satiation,
+you will always prefer an
+
+indifference curves that are
+further from the origin.
+
+That follows directly
+from non-satiation.
+
+The second point is that
+indifference curves are always
+
+downward sloping.
+
+Indifference curves are always
+downward sloping.
+
+Indifference curves are always
+downward sloping.
+
+And that, once again, comes
+from non-satiation.
+
+To see this, let's look at the
+next figure, an upward sloping
+
+indifference curve.
+
+Why does an upward sloping
+indifference curve, someone
+
+tell me, violate
+non-satiation.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you're
+indifferent to getting more.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Because this would say
+you're indifferent
+
+between (1,1) and (2,2).
+
+It's not quite drawn right.
+
+We ought to just have this go
+through to point (2,2).
+
+But basically, this would say
+you're indifferent between
+
+getting one pizza and
+one movie or two
+
+pizzas and two movies.
+
+You can't be because that
+violates more is better.
+
+So indifference curves can't be
+upward sloping, they've got
+
+to be downward sloping by the
+non-satiation assumption.
+
+OK, that's the second property
+of indifference curves.
+
+The third property of
+indifference curves is
+
+indifference curves
+cannot cross.
+
+Indifference curves
+cannot cross.
+
+Why can't indifference
+curves cross?
+
+Well here I forgot to have
+Jessica do a pretty diagram,
+
+so you'll have to deal with
+my ugly handwriting here.
+
+So why can't indifferent
+curves cross?
+
+Well imagine a situation
+where you have your
+
+pizza and your movies.
+
+And imagine a situation where
+you have one indifference
+
+curve that looks like this,
+and one indifference curve
+
+that looks like this.
+
+OK, two indifference curves.
+
+And you've got, let's label
+these points A, B, and C.
+
+Now could someone give me, based
+on the properties of
+
+indifference curves that we
+talked about over here, given
+
+these three properties,
+can someone tell me
+
+why this is a violation?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because A and B are
+on the same curve, meaning
+
+you're indifferent between A and
+B. A and C are also on the
+
+same curve because you're
+indifferent between the two.
+
+But that means you're also
+indifferent between B and C
+
+which can't be true because
+more is better.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So transitivity says I must then
+be indifferent between B
+
+and C through the logic
+you just laid out.
+
+But I can't be indifferent
+between B and C because B
+
+dominates C. B has a basically
+the same number of movies, but
+
+more pizza, so I must
+like B better.
+
+So by the combination of
+transitivity and non-satiation
+
+indifference curves
+can't cross.
+
+And finally, completeness, which
+is the most awkward of
+
+these assumptions, it simply
+means you can't have more than
+
+one indifference curve
+through a point.
+
+So basically, the idea of every
+possible bundle has one
+
+indifference curve.
+
+You can't have two indifference
+curves through it
+
+sayin, I'm not sure which
+indifference curve I'm on.
+
+I'm not sure how I
+feel about this.
+
+You know how you feel.
+
+There's one indifference curve
+through every bundle.
+
+There's not two indifference
+curves through a bundle.
+
+So this is the way we think
+about preference maps which is
+
+the sort of core building
+block of utility theory.
+
+Now I was an undergrad here,
+took this course, but I never
+
+really understood indifference
+curves until I had a year off
+
+with a grad student who was
+trying to decide where to take
+
+a job and he did it through
+just showing me an
+
+indifference map.
+
+He said look, I'm trying to
+decide where to take a job,
+
+and I care about two things.
+
+I care about how good the place
+is and where it is.
+
+So he said here, he had
+location and he
+
+had academic rank.
+
+And he said look, I'm
+indifferent between Princeton
+
+which has a shitty location but
+a wonderful academic rank.
+
+I'm from New Jersey, but it's
+still a shitty location.
+
+OK, and Santa Cruz.
+
+And Santa Cruz which has not
+such a good academic
+
+reputation, but a pretty
+awesome location.
+
+And he said here's my
+indifference map.
+
+And where did he end up going?
+
+He ended up going to the IMF,
+the international monetary
+
+fund in DC which had a better
+location than Princeton--
+
+worse than Santa Cruz, but a
+better reputation than Santa
+
+Cruz and worse than Princeton.
+
+So he decided he was indifferent
+along this map,
+
+and he ended up choosing
+a point in the middle.
+
+But indifference curves are just
+a way of representing two
+
+dimensional choices.
+
+Now very few choice in life are
+really two dimensional,
+
+but that's a nice example.
+
+Question in the back?
+
+AUDIENCE: I was wondering if
+IMF, the point would be
+
+actually not on the curve,
+but further out?
+
+PROFESSOR: If it were
+further out.
+
+A great question.
+
+So imagine if IMF were here.
+
+What should he have done?
+
+Definitely go to IMF.
+
+Here he was indifferent.
+
+He could flip a coin and be
+equally happy at all three.
+
+But if IMF were out here, and
+maybe it was because that's
+
+what he chose.
+
+That's a good point.
+
+I don't know if IMF
+was here or here.
+
+The fact that he chose
+IMF, it can reveal it
+
+wasn't anywhere in here.
+
+It's a very good
+point actually.
+
+It can reveal it wasn't
+anywhere in here.
+
+That we know.
+
+But I can't tell if it
+was on the curve
+
+or outside the curve.
+
+It could have been on the
+curve because he's
+
+indifferent, so who knows, he
+could have flipped the coin.
+
+Or it could have been outside
+the curve because it's better.
+
+We can't tell that.
+
+That's a good point.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's a preference map.
+
+That's indifference curves.
+
+Now let's step from indifference
+curves, which is
+
+a building block of preferences,
+to utility.
+
+Now everything you need to
+know about preferences is
+
+represented in those
+indifference maps.
+
+The problem is they're pretty
+awkward to work with when we
+
+need to actually prove theorems
+and solve and
+
+understand how people
+make decisions.
+
+That's a lot easier if we have
+a mathematical representation
+
+of those preference maps.
+
+And that's the utility
+function
+
+So the utility function is a
+mathematical representation of
+
+preferences.
+
+That's all it is.
+
+You're going to be hearing this
+term in your nightmares
+
+for the next semester.
+
+Utility functions.
+
+But remember, it's just a
+mathematical representation of
+
+people's underlying
+preferences.
+
+Don't be scared of it.
+
+And the key thing is that we
+assume individuals have these
+
+well-defined utility functions,
+and by maximizing
+
+those utility functions we can
+tell what choices they're
+
+going to make.
+
+So for example, suppose that
+I said that your utility
+
+function over pizza and movies
+was the square root of pizza
+
+times movies.
+
+That's a utility function.
+
+I'm going to say, what the
+hell does that mean?
+
+Well, it doesn't mean anything,
+
+it's a utility function.
+
+It's your preferences.
+
+It's a mathematical
+representation of your
+
+preferences.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+What it means is--
+
+it doesn't mean anything
+inherently, but it tells us
+
+about your preferences.
+
+What it tells us is that
+your preferences can be
+
+represented.
+
+If you flip back to figure 4-1b,
+it tells us those are
+
+your preferences because you're
+indifferent between two
+
+pizzas and one movie and one
+pizza and two movies.
+
+Of course you're indifferent.
+
+They both give a utility
+square root two.
+
+But you prefer two pizzas and
+two movies because that gives
+
+a utility of two.
+
+So this is a mathematical
+representation consistent with
+
+those utility indifference
+curves.
+
+Not the only one.
+
+There's other mathematical
+representations that could be
+
+consistent with those
+indifference curves.
+
+But let's posit that this is
+your utility function.
+
+This is a mathematical
+representation of your tastes.
+
+Now what does utility mean?
+
+Utility means nothing in the
+sense that it is not a
+
+cardinal concept.
+
+It's only an ordinal concept.
+
+So if I say to you that you get
+two utils from two pizzas
+
+and two movies, that doesn't
+mean anything.
+
+It just means that you get
+more than from one
+
+pizza and one movie.
+
+And we can even get the ratio
+that you get square root of
+
+two more, than you get from
+one pizza and two movies.
+
+We can do ranking and
+ordinality, but we can't
+
+assign cardinality.
+
+I can't say how happy you are
+in some abstract absolute
+
+sense from two pizzas
+and one movie.
+
+I can't give a cardinal
+form preference.
+
+But this is an ordinal ranking
+of preferences.
+
+I can tell what you like
+better than what else.
+
+That's why utility function
+is a representation of
+
+indifference maps.
+
+They're just a mathematical tool
+for comparing bundles,
+
+they're not some inner answer
+to the value of your soul or
+
+something like that.
+
+Don't imbue these with
+too much magic.
+
+They're just mathematical ways
+of representing preferences.
+
+The key concept, the single most
+important concept, for
+
+consumer theory for
+understanding how consumers
+
+make decisions is the concept
+of marginal utility.
+
+We'll talk a lot this semester
+about marginal this and
+
+marginal that.
+
+And this is our first example.
+
+Marginal utility.
+
+That is how your utility changes
+with each additional
+
+unit of the good, or
+the derivative
+
+of the utility function.
+
+If you want to do it in calculus
+terms, marginal
+
+utility is the derivative of
+your utility function with
+
+respect to one of the inputs.
+
+But if you don't want to put it
+in calculus terms, it's as
+
+you add each unit of one of the
+elements of the utility
+
+function, how does
+utility change
+
+So to see this, let's do an
+example of marginal utility.
+
+Imagine for a moment that you
+have two pizzas, p equals two.
+
+You've got two pizzas,
+they're there.
+
+Your roommate's got
+them or something.
+
+OK, now I want to ask, how does
+your utility change as
+
+you see additional movies?
+
+And to show that, let's
+look at figure
+
+4-3 which isn't here.
+
+Whoops.
+
+There's no figure 4-3.
+
+Do you got that figure 4-3?
+
+AUDIENCE: There was never
+any figure 4-3.
+
+PROFESSOR: There was never
+any figure 4-3.
+
+So let's go to 4-5.
+
+So basically--
+
+AUDIENCE: Figure 4-4?
+
+PROFESSOR: No but--
+
+actually fine.
+
+4-4.
+
+So basically what this is
+showing, what figure 4-4 is
+
+showing, is it showing how--
+
+no actually, let's go to 4-5.
+
+They're out of order.
+
+Let's go to 4-5.
+
+What 4-5 is showing--
+
+no, that's not going to work.
+
+OK, back to 4-4.
+
+What figure 4-4 is showing, is
+it's showing how your marginal
+
+utility for movies evolves, how
+your utility evolves as
+
+you get more movies.
+
+Given that you have two pizzas,
+this is the evolution
+
+of your utility as you
+get more movies.
+
+So each additional movie
+increases your utility.
+
+The slope is positive.
+
+By more is better,
+we know that.
+
+Even if it's some date
+movie, it still
+
+improves your utility.
+
+So it still improves your
+utility, but at
+
+a diminishing rate.
+
+And that's the key
+is that we assume
+
+diminishing marginal utility.
+
+The key assumption underlies
+everything we'll do for
+
+consumers is diminishing
+marginal utility.
+
+We assume that additional movie
+increases your utility,
+
+but at an ever diminishing
+rate.
+
+So basically, we can actually
+graph your margins.
+
+And that's what figure
+4-5 is, is a graph of
+
+your marginal utility.
+
+So basically, when you have
+two pizzas and one movie,
+
+utility is square root
+of 2, right?
+
+Now what I'm saying is if you
+get one more movie, your
+
+utility is going to rise from
+square root of 2 to 2.
+
+So the marginal utility
+of that next movie --
+
+is that right?
+
+Two movies.
+
+1.4.
+
+Yeah, it's going to rise by
+the square root of 2.
+
+You're going to multiply your
+utility by the square root of
+
+two, so your marginal
+utility--
+
+you're going to go from the
+utility of square root of 2 to
+
+utility of two.
+
+So utility is going
+to increase by the
+
+square root of 2.
+
+Utility is going to increase--
+
+I'm doing this wrong, hold on.
+
+One second.
+
+From one movie.
+
+I see.
+
+I see.
+
+So, I'm sorry.
+
+This isn't the delta, this is
+the level of marginal utility.
+
+So I'm graphing the actual level
+of marginal utility.
+
+Back up.
+
+OK, so I'm graphing the actual
+level of marginal utility.
+
+So when you have two pizzas and
+one movie, your marginal
+
+utility, your actual utility--
+
+I see, that's what this is.
+
+This is the actual utility
+I'm graphing.
+
+So I told you a minute ago, we
+can't measure utility as a
+
+cardinal concept, but actually
+here I'm doing it anyway
+
+because it's to illustrate
+marginal utility.
+
+So your utility, OK.
+
+When you have one movie is
+1.4, square root of 2.
+
+That's your utility.
+
+Now when you move from one movie
+to a second movie, your
+
+utility goes up from square
+root of 2 to 2.
+
+Your utility goes up by 0.6.
+
+So the marginal utility of
+that second movie is 0.6.
+
+Utility was 1.4, was
+a square root of 2.
+
+Now it's increased to 2.
+
+So the marginal utility of
+the first movie is 0.6.
+
+Now let's say you add another
+movie, you go to three movies.
+
+What's your utility now?
+
+It's the square root of 6.
+
+So it's gone from 4,
+to the square root
+
+of 6, which is 2.45.
+
+So your marginal utility of
+the third movie is 0.45.
+
+This graph is messed up because
+the first one is an
+
+actual utility level.
+
+So the first one I say,
+for one movie, you
+
+have a utility 1.4.
+
+And then for the second movie,
+I give the marginal utility,
+
+the third movie marginal
+utility.
+
+So, this graph sort of-- yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: It shows the marginal
+utility of the very
+
+first movie.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I guess
+that's right
+
+because you're zero.
+
+You're zero movies.
+
+OK, right.
+
+You're right.
+
+OK, so the first one is the
+marginal utility of the very
+
+first movie, you're right.
+
+So the very first movie gives
+you marginal utility of 1.4
+
+because you go from 0
+to square root of 2.
+
+That's right.
+
+My bad.
+
+So you go from 0 to square root
+of 2 to get a marginal
+
+utility of 1.4 for the first
+movie From square root of 2 to
+
+2, you get 0.6 the next movie.
+
+From 2 to square root
+of 6, you get 0.45
+
+for the third movie.
+
+For square root of 6 to square
+root of 8, you only get 0.38
+
+from the fourth movie,
+and so on.
+
+So the key point is that these
+marginal utilities are ever
+
+decreasing.
+
+Each additional movie gives you
+less incremental utility.
+
+And if you stop and
+think about it,
+
+it's kind of intuitive.
+
+Just stop and think, think about
+the movies you want to
+
+see right now.
+
+The four movies you
+want to see.
+
+Presumably whichever you ranked
+first would give you
+
+more utility to see than
+whichever you ranked second.
+
+And if you think the movies
+that are out right now are
+
+pretty crappy like I do, by the
+time you get to the fourth
+
+movie, you're not getting much
+utility from it at all.
+
+Thinking about movies that are
+out now, you're getting a lot
+
+of utility from that first
+movie you see.
+
+Marginal, extra utility from
+the first movie you see.
+
+But each additional one is
+giving you less and less.
+
+And that's the idea of
+diminishing marginal utility.
+
+Likewise with pizzas, if you
+haven't eaten all day, that
+
+first pizza can give you a very
+high marginal utility.
+
+The enjoyment you get from
+eating that first pizza can be
+
+very large.
+
+But the second pizza,
+not so much.
+
+You're already pretty full.
+
+Third pizza, even less.
+
+And then fourth pizza would
+probably violate
+
+non-satiation.
+
+So that's the basic idea.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+Do we assume that the goods
+are homogeneous.
+
+Is it the same movie
+watched four times?
+
+Or different movies?
+
+PROFESSOR: Actually, that's
+a great question.
+
+And you have to specify that
+as part of the problem.
+
+I haven't specified that here.
+
+Obviously it can't be the same
+pizza eaten four times.
+
+It could be the same kind of
+pizza eaten four times.
+
+But do you see the same movie?
+
+I haven't specified that here.
+
+So there's not a general
+assumption about that.
+
+It depends on how
+I define movies.
+
+Did I define movies as--
+
+I don't know.
+
+God, I'm terrible.
+
+All I know that's out now is
+the Guardians of G'ahoole
+
+because I've got a little kid
+who is interested in it.
+
+Whatever movie's out.
+
+Do I define movies as Guardians
+of G'ahoole, or do I
+
+define movies as
+seeing a movie?
+
+And I didn't specify that.
+
+Implicit in my examples,
+I specify
+
+movies as seeing a movie.
+
+But you have to specify that to
+be more precise if you're
+
+actually trying to
+figure out--
+
+it depends what you're
+maximizing over.
+
+If you're maximizing over seeing
+any movie or maximize
+
+over seeing the same movie.
+
+And I didn't specify here.
+
+AUDIENCE: It can work
+in both cases.
+
+PROFESSOR: It would work
+in both cases.
+
+Clearly you could imagine,
+actually it's a very good
+
+point, where do you think your
+marginal utility would
+
+diminish more?
+
+Seeing the same movie.
+
+So what your example points out
+is that different goods
+
+will have different rates of
+diminishing marginal utility.
+
+OK, so marginal utility will
+always be diminishing, but at
+
+very different rates for
+different goods.
+
+So the general principle is
+that they'll be generally
+
+diminishing marginal utility.
+
+But at different rates
+for different goods.
+
+So after all my mess ups,
+let me just review.
+
+Marginal utility is diminishing
+because each good
+
+is worth less to you.
+
+It's always positive because
+of non-satiation.
+
+And this graph represents the
+marginal utility you get from
+
+each movie you see conditional
+on having eaten two pizzas.
+
+Marginal utility is
+the increment from
+
+the next unit consumed.
+
+Now let's get back
+on track here.
+
+Now let's go to thinking
+about--
+
+now that we have this concept
+of utility and marginal
+
+utility, let's now bring
+utility back
+
+to preference maps.
+
+Let's ask, given what we know
+about utility, what can this
+
+teach us about the shape
+of preference maps?
+
+What's the linkage between
+utility and preference maps?
+
+And that linkage comes through
+something we call the marginal
+
+rate of substitution.
+
+The marginal rate of
+substitution is the
+
+mathematical concept that links
+preference utility with
+
+preference maps.
+
+The marginal rate of
+substitution technically is
+
+the slope of the indifference
+curve.
+
+It's delta P over delta M. The
+slope of the indifference
+
+curve is the marginal rate
+of substitution.
+
+That's what it means
+graphically, but here's what
+
+you have to understand
+at a deeper level.
+
+What it really is, it's
+the rate which you are
+
+willing to trade off.
+
+The rate at which you are
+willing to trade off the
+
+y-axis for the x-axis.
+
+The rate at which you're
+willing to trade
+
+off pizza for movies.
+
+So that's what it means
+intuitively.
+
+The slope of the curve tells you
+that you're indifferent.
+
+Remember, you're indifferent
+between any points along with
+
+this indifference curve.
+
+You're indifferent between four
+pizzas and one movie,
+
+you're indifferent between two
+pizzas and two movies, and
+
+four movies and one pizza.
+
+You're indifferent
+along all those
+
+combinations of figure 4-6.
+
+The MRS is the slope of that
+curve telling you the rate at
+
+which you're willing to trade
+off pizza for movies.
+
+Now just a side note here,
+you're never, of course,
+
+actually trading.
+
+There's not some market
+where you bring a
+
+pizza and get a movie.
+
+So I didn't say trade, it's
+not like baseball cards.
+
+I said trade off.
+
+What I mean is ultimately you
+have some budget, and you have
+
+to allocate that budget.
+
+So if you decide to allocate
+it on pizzas, you can't
+
+allocate it on movies.
+
+Or the more you allocate on
+pizzas, the less you can
+
+allocate on movies.
+
+So there's always a trade-off.
+
+Remember, I said, economics is
+always about trade-offs.
+
+Given your limited budget,
+there's always a trade off.
+
+And the rate at which you're
+willing to trade off is your
+
+marginal rate of substitution.
+
+Given that you're going to have
+to trade off-- and we
+
+haven't got a bunch of
+constraints yet, we'll get to
+
+that next time--
+
+the rate at which you're willing
+to is your marginal
+
+rate of substitution.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that rate usually
+related to the price?
+
+PROFESSOR: Ultimately no.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+The marginal rate of
+substitution purely comes from
+
+your preferences.
+
+Ultimately to decide how much
+you actually consume, you'll
+
+need to bring in the price.
+
+So remember, I haven't talked
+about prices here, we haven't
+
+talked about that here.
+
+But this is a preference
+concept.
+
+This has nothing to
+do with prices.
+
+But you're getting
+ahead of us.
+
+We'll see next time, to decide
+how much you actually consume,
+
+you're going to relate the
+marginal rate of substitution
+
+to the prices you face
+in the market.
+
+And that will decide how
+much you consume.
+
+This is just a utility
+concept.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Did you say it was
+the y-axis or the x-axis?
+
+That would be negative?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's negative.
+
+Yes.
+
+Of course.
+
+Right, of course.
+
+The point is how many movies are
+you willing to give up to
+
+get another pizza?
+
+How many pizzas are you willing
+to give up to get
+
+another movie?
+
+MRS, it's very hard to remember
+what's on the top,
+
+what's on the bottom.
+
+Be very careful on this.
+
+But that's why I said remember
+it's the y-axis or the x-axis.
+
+It's how many pizzas you're
+willing to trade off to get
+
+another movie.
+
+Basically remember when I say
+trade off, here, this is not
+
+that you're literally trading,
+it's that ultimately you're
+
+going to have to make
+that trade-off.
+
+Ultimately when we come to the
+next lecture and face a budget
+
+constraint, you're going to have
+to decide how do I want
+
+to allocate my budget across
+pizzas and movies?
+
+The way you're going to decide
+that is by the relationship of
+
+how you feel about trading
+off one for the other.
+
+Now here's the key feature
+of the MRS which
+
+is the MRS is yeah?
+
+Question?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: That and exchange
+rates are always changing
+
+depending on how much you
+happen to be trading.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+The MRS is diminishing.
+
+Technically when you go to grad
+school, you realize that
+
+marginal utility isn't actually
+technically always
+
+diminishing.
+
+I said it is.
+
+For this course it is.
+
+But if you want to get
+mathematically correct, really
+
+what's always diminishing that
+you prove is the marginal rate
+
+of substitution is always
+diminishing.
+
+So we have diminishing marginal
+utility for the
+
+purpose of this course, but the
+really important concept
+
+is you have diminishing marginal
+rate of substitution.
+
+The rate at which you're willing
+to trade off pizza for
+
+movies is going to fall
+as you have less
+
+pizza and more movies.
+
+So to see that, look at this
+graph, and let's compute the
+
+marginal rate of substitution
+along each segment.
+
+So let's localize.
+
+Imagine the segments were
+linear, imagine we had two
+
+linear segments between
+these points.
+
+We don't.
+
+But imagine for a
+second we did.
+
+So the marginal rate of
+substitution from the first
+
+point, four pizzas and one
+movie, to the second point,
+
+two pizzas and two movies,
+the marginal rate of
+
+substitution is -2.
+
+You are willing to give up two
+pizzas to get one movie.
+
+This is the same graph,
+figure 4-6.
+
+This isn't on the graph, you
+have to write it on.
+
+So going from that first point
+to that second point, you're
+
+willing to give up two pizzas
+to get one movie.
+
+So that rate of marginal
+substitution is -2.
+
+However, when you're at two
+movies and two pizzas, and I
+
+say OK, how about giving up one
+more pizza to see movies?
+
+Now you say, wait a second.
+
+To give up one more pizza,
+I need to see two movies.
+
+My marginal rate of substitution
+on that second
+
+segment is -1/2.
+
+The marginal rate of
+substitution on the first
+
+segment is -2.
+
+The marginal rate of
+substitution on the second
+
+segment is -1/2.
+
+Once again, assuming they're not
+linear, so it's actually
+
+changing everywhere, but if they
+were linear, that's what
+
+it would be.
+
+Can someone tell me why?
+
+Why is the marginal rate of
+substitution falling?
+
+Why is the marginal rate of
+substitution lower on that
+
+second segment than
+on the first?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because marginal
+utility increases the fewer of
+
+something you have.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So go ahead, flesh it out, the
+fewer of somthing you have, so
+
+tell me in terms of the trade
+you're willing to make.
+
+AUDIENCE: You value it more, so
+you want to trade more of
+
+something else for it.
+
+PROFESSOR: The point is when I
+have four pizzas my marginal
+
+utility of that last pizza
+is not very high.
+
+And I'm fine to give
+up two pizzas--
+
+and plus I'm only seeing one
+movie, there's a second movie
+
+I really want to see.
+
+So you say to me, look,
+I've got four pizzas,
+
+I'm seeing one movie.
+
+You say hey, there's a
+second movie out I
+
+know you want to see.
+
+I know you don't really
+value four pizzas.
+
+At the end, you're
+totally full.
+
+Would you be willing to give
+up two pizzas to see the
+
+second movie?
+
+And you're like, sure why not?
+
+Well once you have two pizzas
+and you've seen two movies,
+
+you're not that interested in
+a third movie and you'll be
+
+hungry if you have less than two
+pizzas, so then you say,
+
+wait a second.
+
+If you want me to give up
+another pizza, you've got to
+
+give me two movies.
+
+Because my marginal utility of
+pizzas is rising, my marginal
+
+utility of movies is falling.
+
+And that's why the marginal
+rate of substitution
+
+diminishes along the
+indifference curve.
+
+So that allows us to write
+mathematically the definition
+
+of the marginal rate of
+substitution is the negative
+
+of the marginal utility of
+movies, or more generally
+
+what's on the x-axis, over the
+marginal utility of pizza, or
+
+more generally what's
+on the y-axis.
+
+The marginal rate of
+substitution, the first key
+
+formula you need to know for
+this course, the marginal rate
+
+of substitution is equal to the
+
+ratio of marginal utilities.
+
+Now this is tricky.
+
+Maybe you guys don't find it
+tricky, it's the kind of thing
+
+I find tricky.
+
+Which is I defined it as delta
+y-axis over delta x-axis.
+
+And yet, when I defined here
+the marginal utilities, I
+
+flipped it.
+
+I did the marginal utility of
+what's on the x-axis over the
+
+marginal utility of what's
+on the y-axis.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Can anyone tell me
+why that is?
+
+Why is it flipped
+when defined in
+
+terms of marginal utilities?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a denominator.
+
+So utility over movies--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, let me try for
+slightly more, how does
+
+marginal utility relate?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Marginal utility
+is delta P over
+
+P. So it gets flipped.
+
+Because of--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Yeah, you're giving the
+same answer, which
+
+is technically right.
+
+What I was more looking for but
+it's the intuitive version
+
+of that, marginal utility is a
+negative function of quantity.
+
+Marginal utility is a negative
+function of quantity.
+
+So the fact that it's a ratio of
+the quantity of pizza over
+
+the quantity of movies is the
+same thing as the marginal
+
+utility of movies over the
+marginal utility of pizza.
+
+Because marginal utility is a
+negative function of quantity.
+
+The more quantity you
+have, the lower is
+
+your marginal utility.
+
+And that's the key
+to understand.
+
+So it's the slope of the
+indifference curve which is
+
+the ratio of the marginal
+utilities, but it's the
+
+marginal utility of
+movies over pizza.
+
+Because what that's saying is
+that as you get more movies,
+
+you care less about each
+additional movie and ditto
+
+with pizzas.
+
+Let's just look at this for
+a minute, think about it
+
+intuitively for a minute.
+
+We've seen it graphically,
+we're seeing it
+
+mathematically, let's make
+sure we understand it
+
+intuitively.
+
+What this is saying is that
+as you get more movies--
+
+so let's relate this
+to the graph.
+
+As you get more movies and less
+pizza, as you move down
+
+that curve, more movies, less
+pizza, what's happening?
+
+What's happening to the marginal
+utility of movies as
+
+you move down that curve?
+
+What direction is it heading?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's decreasing.
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's decreasing.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's decreasing.
+
+Because you're getting more
+movies and marginal utility is
+
+a negative function
+of quantity.
+
+Likewise, the marginal utility
+of pizza is increasing because
+
+you're getting less
+pizza so you care
+
+about each pizza more.
+
+And that's why the marginal
+rate of substitution
+
+diminishes.
+
+That's why it diminishes because
+as you move down that
+
+curve, the numerator is falling,
+the denominator is
+
+increasing.
+
+And that's why we have
+everywhere diminishing
+
+marginal rates of
+substitution.
+
+So another way to think about
+this is imagine for a moment
+
+what life would be like if we
+didn't have diminishing
+
+marginal rates of
+substitution.
+
+And once again I'm going to try,
+once again Jessica, next
+
+year we'll let you
+make this pretty.
+
+But I'm going to try to
+draw it crudely here.
+
+Let's do pizzas and
+movies again.
+
+Let's do pizzas and
+movies again.
+
+Movies and pizza.
+
+And that's one, two,
+three, four.
+
+One, two, three, four.
+
+Now let's imagine that instead
+of diminishing marginal
+
+utility and instead of
+indifference curves being
+
+convex to the origin, imagine
+if indifference curves were
+
+concave to the origin, which
+is what increasing marginal
+
+rate substitution would imply.
+
+So that would be something where
+you'd be indifferent
+
+between four pizzas and one
+movie, between three pizzas
+
+and two movies, and between one
+pizza and three movies.
+
+So your indifference curve
+would look like that.
+
+Not quite to scale,
+but you get it.
+
+It would be concave to the
+origin instead of convex to
+
+the origin.
+
+In this case, marginal rates
+of substitution would be
+
+everywhere increasing.
+
+That is, basically I'd be
+willing to give up one pizza
+
+to get one movie.
+
+But to get that next movie,
+I'd give up two pizzas.
+
+But as you can see, that
+doesn't make sense.
+
+It doesn't make sense that given
+that as long as you're
+
+ranking movies, or even more in
+the example of seeing the
+
+same movie over and over
+again, it's maybe more
+
+compelling.
+
+That basically what you can see
+is that if you're willing
+
+to give up one pizza to see that
+movie a second time, why
+
+would you possibly give up two
+pizzas to see it a third time?
+
+That makes no sense at all.
+
+If you only like it so much you
+only give up one pizza to
+
+see it a second time, why would
+you possibly give up two
+
+pizzas to see it a third time?
+
+You wouldn't.
+
+It doesn't make sense.
+
+And that's why marginal rate
+of substitution has to be
+
+everywhere decreasing, it
+can't be increasing.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could it
+remain constant?
+
+PROFESSOR: It could actually
+remain constant.
+
+Yes, that's right.
+
+You can be indifferent.
+
+My indifference curves--
+
+how many of you guys have
+seen Toy Story 3?
+
+I think it's one of my 10
+favorite movies of all time.
+
+The greatest children's
+movie ever made.
+
+I've seen it three times.
+
+My indifference curve
+is virtually--
+
+I've enjoyed it the third times
+as much as the first--
+
+it's virtually flat with
+respect to Toy Story 3.
+
+I could see it 10 more times and
+feel pretty much the same.
+
+So that's certainly possible
+that it would be constant,
+
+that I'd be willing to give
+up whatever I pay--
+
+$10 a shot to see it.
+
+It's possible.
+
+So basically, almost always,
+inequalities will be greater
+
+than or equal to, or less than
+or equal to in this course.
+
+It's more fun to talk about
+the not equal to case, the
+
+non-linear case.
+
+But linear cases will
+exist as well.
+
+It's just a can't be can't
+be opposite sign.
+
+You can't have an increasing
+marginal rate of substitution.
+
+Another question over here?
+
+AUDIENCE: What about
+addictions?
+
+You could want it more
+the second time.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's interesting.
+
+So how would addiction
+work? so basically--
+
+AUDIENCE: Well it's not
+really decreasing.
+
+You need more the second
+time, right?
+
+So it has to--
+
+PROFESSOR: That's very
+interesting.
+
+I mean in some sense.
+
+So you give up one pizza for
+the first shot of heroin.
+
+And then, you're hooked, so then
+you'd be willing to give
+
+up two pizzas for the
+next shot of heroin.
+
+Yeah, I guess so.
+
+I guess that's right.
+
+I guess we're going to have to
+stay away from addiction in
+
+this course.
+
+I guess an addictive good
+could look like that.
+
+That's a very good point.
+
+Other questions, comments?
+
+So what we're doing is we're
+going to stop here,
+
+understanding that we're
+going to have--
+
+leaving this example aside--
+we're going to have
+
+diminishing marginal--
+
+yes one more question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Basically, we're
+assuming by non-satiation that
+
+ever happens.
+
+So once again, that would
+violate the non-satiation.
+
+The problem with the
+addictiveness example is the
+
+reason it wouldn't work in
+this course is eventually
+
+you'd violate your budget
+constraint because you'd want
+
+more and more and more.
+
+Maybe not.
+
+But in any case, we're going to
+ignore that example, assume
+
+diminishing marginal rate of
+substitution, and we'll come
+
+back next time as I put this
+together with a budget
+
+constraint to actually
+dictate your choices.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ANCN7vr9FVk.txt b/ANCN7vr9FVk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6d25e46d87fc02c706f60369621ff0b3bdfdeed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ANCN7vr9FVk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4153 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, in
+that case we can
+
+jump into the early universe.
+
+So on the opening slide
+here I have a picture
+
+of the Planck satellite,
+which is a satellite that
+
+was launched a few years
+ago dedicated to measuring
+
+the cosmic background radiation.
+
+Cosmic background
+radiation is really
+
+our biggest clue for the
+early history of the universe.
+
+The Planck satellite is
+actually the third satellite
+
+to go up completely dedicated to
+measuring the cosmic background
+
+radiation.
+
+The first was called COBE
+and then WMAP and now Planck.
+
+Planck is still in orbit.
+
+It actually is finished
+with its data-taking,
+
+although it's
+nowhere near finished
+
+with the analysis of that data.
+
+So they made one major
+data release last March,
+
+and there are still very
+important pieces of their data
+
+that I haven't looked at yet.
+
+And we'll be talking
+more about what exactly
+
+these satellites see.
+
+Onward.
+
+I want to begin by talking about
+the standard Big Bang, which
+
+will in fact be the main
+focus of this course.
+
+We'll probably spend about 2/3
+of the course or so talking
+
+about the standard Big
+Bang and then move on
+
+to topics like inflation.
+
+That actually is, I think,
+a very sensible balance,
+
+because as you'll see once we
+get under studying inflation,
+
+it's a fairly straightforward
+thing once you know
+
+the basic equations coming
+out of standard cosmology.
+
+So I think spending about
+2/3 of the term or so
+
+on the conventional cosmology
+before we get to inflation
+
+is very sensible, because that
+will set up all the principles
+
+that we'll be using
+later to discuss more
+
+advanced topics like inflation.
+
+The conventional Big Bang
+model is basically the theory
+
+that the universe as
+we know it began some
+
+13 to 14 billion years ago.
+
+And now we even have a
+pretty precise number
+
+to replace this 13
+to 14 billion years.
+
+This is based on
+the Planck satellite
+
+combined with a few other
+pieces of information.
+
+The number is 13.82 billion
+years, plus or minus 0.05.
+
+So it's pretty well
+pinned down now,
+
+the age of the universe
+since the Big Bang.
+
+I should add, though, I put
+in the qualifier "the universe
+
+as we know it."
+
+What that really means is
+that I want to leave it out,
+
+because we don't really
+know that the universe began
+
+with what we call the Big Bang.
+
+So we have a very good
+picture of the Big Bang,
+
+and we're very confident
+that it happened
+
+and that we understand
+what it looked like.
+
+But whether or not
+anything came before it
+
+is a much more open
+question which I think
+
+is really completely open.
+
+I think we should not act like
+we know that the universe began
+
+with the Big Bang.
+
+And in fact later at the
+very end of the course when
+
+we discuss some of the
+implications of inflation
+
+and the multiverse,
+we'll see that there are
+
+strong suggestions that the
+Big Bang was perhaps not really
+
+the beginning of
+existence, but really
+
+just the beginning of
+our local universe,
+
+often called a pocket universe.
+
+OK.
+
+In any case, what the
+Big Bang theory tells
+
+us is that at least our
+region of the universe
+
+13.82 billion years ago was an
+extremely hot, dense, uniform
+
+soup of particles, which in the
+conventional standard Big Bang
+
+model filled literally
+all of space.
+
+And now we certainly believe
+it filled essentially all
+
+the space that we have
+access to uniformly.
+
+Now I should point
+out that this is
+
+contrary to a popular cartoon
+image of the Big Bang, which
+
+is just plain wrong.
+
+The cartoon image
+of the Big Bang
+
+is the image of a small egg
+of highly dense matter that
+
+then exploded and spewed
+out into empty space.
+
+That is not the scientific
+picture of the Big Bang.
+
+And the reason is not
+because it's illogical.
+
+It's hard to know what's logical
+or illogical in this context.
+
+But simply based on
+what we see, if there
+
+was a small egg that
+exploded into empty space,
+
+you would certainly
+expect that today you
+
+would see something different
+if you were looking toward where
+
+the egg was versus looking
+the opposite direction.
+
+But we don't see any
+effect like that.
+
+When we look around
+the sky, the universal
+
+looks completely uniform, on
+average, in all directions
+
+to very high degree of accuracy.
+
+I'll talk a little bit
+more precisely later.
+
+So we don't see any sign of an
+egg having happened anywhere.
+
+Rather the Big
+Bang seems to have
+
+happened everywhere uniformly.
+
+OK.
+
+The Big Bang describes a
+number of important things,
+
+and we'll be talking about this
+more as the course goes on.
+
+It describes how the early
+universe expanded and cooled--
+
+and will be spending a fair
+amount of time understanding
+
+the details behind those words.
+
+The point is that
+the Big Bang really
+
+is a very precise model based
+on very simple assumptions.
+
+You basically assume
+that the early universe
+
+was filled by a hot gas
+in thermal equilibrium.
+
+And that this gas was
+expanding and being pulled back
+
+by gravity.
+
+And from those simple ideas
+you can really calculate--
+
+and we'll learn
+how to calculate--
+
+how fast the universe would
+have been expanding at any given
+
+instant of time, what the
+temperature would have been
+
+at any given instant of time,
+what the density of matter
+
+would have been at
+any instant of time.
+
+So all the details
+really can be calculated
+
+from some rather
+simple ideas, and we'll
+
+have fun exploring that.
+
+The Big Bang also talks
+about how the light chemical
+
+elements formed.
+
+And that actually
+is the main topic
+
+of Steve Weinberg's book
+"The First Three Minutes."
+
+Because that was more or less
+the time period during which
+
+the chemical elements formed.
+
+It turns out that most of
+the elements in the universe
+
+did not form in the Big
+Bang, but formed much later
+
+in the interior of stars.
+
+And those elements are
+then strewn out into space
+
+in supernova explosions and
+collected into later generation
+
+stars, of which our
+sun would be one.
+
+So the stuff that we're made
+out of was actually not produced
+
+in the Big Bang, but
+rather was produced
+
+in the interior of some distant
+star that exploded long ago.
+
+And maybe many
+stars, whose material
+
+collected to form
+our solar system.
+
+Nonetheless, most of the matter
+in the universe-- as opposed
+
+to most of the different
+kinds of elements--
+
+did form in the Big Bang.
+
+Most of the matter
+in the universe
+
+is just hydrogen and helium.
+
+About five different isotopes
+of hydrogen, helium, and lithium
+
+were primarily formed
+in the Big Bang,
+
+and because we do have this
+detailed picture of the Big
+
+Bang that we'll
+be learning about,
+
+it's possible to
+actually calculate
+
+the predicted abundances of
+those different isotopes.
+
+And the predictions agree very
+well with the observations.
+
+And this is certainly one
+of the major confirmations
+
+we have that this picture
+of the Big Bang is correct.
+
+We can predict what the
+abundance of helium-3
+
+should be, and we measure
+it, and it agrees.
+
+It's rather marvelous.
+
+Finally-- and this
+subject we're not
+
+going to talk about
+much because it
+
+goes beyond the
+level of complexity
+
+that the course
+is going to have--
+
+but finally the Big
+Bang does discuss
+
+how the matter ultimately
+congealed to form stars,
+
+galaxies, clusters of galaxies.
+
+We'll talk about
+that a little bit,
+
+but we won't really
+follow that very far.
+
+That is still in principle
+a work in progress.
+
+People do not understand
+everything about galaxies.
+
+But the general picture
+of that-- it started out
+
+with an almost uniform
+universe, and then
+
+the lumps congealed to form the
+galaxies and the structures--
+
+we say certainly seems
+to be a working picture.
+
+And one can understand
+a lot about the universe
+
+from this very simple picture.
+
+OK what I want to
+talk about next
+
+is what the conventional
+Big Bang theory does not
+
+talk about, where new ideas
+like inflation come in.
+
+First of all, the
+conventional Big Bang theory
+
+does not say anything about
+what caused the expansion.
+
+It really is only a theory
+of the aftermath of a bang.
+
+In the scientific
+version of the Big Bang,
+
+the universe starts with
+everything already expanding
+
+with no explanation of how
+that expansion started.
+
+That's not part of
+the Big Bang theory.
+
+So the scientific version
+of the Big Bang theory
+
+is not really a
+theory of a bang.
+
+It's really the theory of
+the aftermath of a bang.
+
+In addition, and maybe
+in a similar vein,
+
+the conventional
+Big Bang theory says
+
+nothing about where all
+the matter came from.
+
+The theory really assumes that
+for every particle that we
+
+see in the universe
+today, there was
+
+at the very beginning at
+least some precursor particle,
+
+if not the same particle,
+with no explanation of where
+
+all those particles came from.
+
+In short, what I like to say is
+that the Big Bang says nothing
+
+about what banged,
+why it banged,
+
+or what happened
+before it banged.
+
+It really has no
+bang in the Big Bang.
+
+It's a bangless theory,
+despite its name.
+
+Inflation, it turns out,
+fills in possible answers,
+
+very plausible answers, for
+many of these questions.
+
+And that's what I'll
+be talking about mainly
+
+for the rest of today.
+
+And as I said, in
+terms of the course,
+
+it's where we'll be aiming
+to get about 2/3 of the way
+
+through the semester.
+
+What is cosmic inflation?
+
+It's basically a
+minor modification,
+
+in terms of the overall
+scheme of things,
+
+of the standard Big Bang theory.
+
+And the best word to describe
+it is a word that I think
+
+was invented by
+Hollywood-- inflation
+
+is a prequel to the
+conventional Big Bang theory.
+
+It's a short description
+of what happened before,
+
+immediately before,
+the Big Bang.
+
+So inflation really
+is an explanation
+
+of the bang of the
+Big Bang in the sense
+
+that it does provide a
+theory of the propulsion that
+
+drove the universe into this
+humongous episode of expansion
+
+which we call the Big Bang.
+
+And it does it in
+terms of something
+
+that I like to think of
+as a miracle of physics.
+
+When I use the word "miracle"
+in this context-- referring
+
+to a miracle in the
+scientific sense--
+
+simply something that's
+so surprising that I think
+
+it merits being called a miracle
+even though it's something
+
+that's a part of
+the laws of physics.
+
+There are just a few features
+of the laws of physics
+
+that are actually
+crucial to inflation--
+
+I'll be talking
+about two of them--
+
+which I consider miracles
+simply because-- well,
+
+mainly because when I
+was an undergrad nobody
+
+talked about them at all.
+
+They were just not
+part of physics then,
+
+even though they really were.
+
+They just weren't
+parts of physics people
+
+noticed and talked about.
+
+So the miracle of physics
+I'm talking about here
+
+is something which
+actually is known
+
+since the time of Einstein's
+general relativity--
+
+that gravity is not
+always attractive.
+
+Gravity can act repulsively.
+
+And Einstein introduced
+this in 1916, I guess,
+
+in the form of what he called
+his cosmological constant.
+
+And the original
+motivation of modifying
+
+the equations of general
+relativity to allow this
+
+was because Einstein thought
+that the universe was static.
+
+And he realized that
+ordinary gravity
+
+would cause the universe to
+collapse if it were static.
+
+It couldn't remain static.
+
+So he introduced this
+cosmological constant term
+
+to balance the overall
+attraction of ordinary gravity
+
+to be able to build a static
+model of the universe.
+
+As you'll soon be learning,
+that's dead wrong.
+
+That's not what the
+universe looks like at all.
+
+But the fact that
+general relativity
+
+can support this
+gravitation repulsion, still
+
+being consistent with
+all the principles
+
+that general relativity
+incorporates,
+
+is the important
+thing which Einstein
+
+himself did discover
+in this context.
+
+And inflation takes advantage
+of this possibility,
+
+within the context of
+general relativity,
+
+to let gravity be the
+repulsive force that
+
+drove the universe into
+the period of expansion
+
+that we call the Big Bang.
+
+And in fact when one
+combines general relativity
+
+with conventional ideas
+now in particle physics,
+
+there really is a
+pretty clear indication,
+
+I should say-- not quite a
+prediction-- but a pretty clear
+
+indication that at very
+high energy densities,
+
+one expects to find states of
+matter which literally turn
+
+gravity on its head and cause
+gravity to become repulsive.
+
+In terms of the details which
+we'll be learning about more
+
+later, what it takes to
+produce gravitational repulsion
+
+is a negative pressure.
+
+According to general
+relativity, it turns out--
+
+and we'll be talking more about
+this later-- both pressures
+
+and energy densities can
+produce gravitational fields.
+
+Unlike Newtonian physics,
+where it's only mass densities
+
+that produce
+gravitational fields.
+
+And the positive
+pressure produces
+
+an attractive
+gravitational field,
+
+which is what you would
+probably guess if somebody just
+
+asked you to guess.
+
+Positive pressures are
+sort of normal pressures,
+
+and attractive gravity
+is normal gravity.
+
+So normal pressures
+produce normal gravity.
+
+But it is possible to
+have negative pressures,
+
+and negative pressures
+produce repulsive gravity.
+
+That's the secret of what
+makes inflation possible.
+
+So inflation proposes that
+at least a small patch
+
+of this repulsive
+gravity material
+
+existed in the early universe.
+
+We don't really
+know exactly when
+
+in the history of the
+universe inflation happened,
+
+which is another way of
+saying we don't know exactly
+
+at what energy scale
+inflation happened.
+
+But a very logical,
+plausible choice--
+
+I don't know if logical is
+the right word, but plausible
+
+is a good word--
+very plausible choice
+
+for when inflation
+might have happened,
+
+would be when the energy
+scales of the universe where
+
+at the scale of grand
+unified theories.
+
+Grand unified theories-- we'll
+talk about a little bit later--
+
+are theories which
+unify the weak, strong,
+
+and electromagnetic
+interactions into
+
+a single unified interaction.
+
+And that unification occurs at
+a typical energy of about 10
+
+to the 16 GeV, where GeV,
+in case you don't know,
+
+is about the mass--
+or the energy
+
+equivalent of the
+mass-- of a proton.
+
+So we're talking
+about energies that
+
+are about 10 to the 16 times the
+equivalent energy of a proton
+
+mass.
+
+And at those energies we
+think that these states that
+
+create repulsive gravity
+are very likely to exist.
+
+And if that happened
+at that scale,
+
+the initial patch
+would only have
+
+to be the ridiculously
+small size of about 10
+
+to the minus 28
+centimeters across
+
+to be able to lead ultimately
+to the creation of everything
+
+that we see on the vast
+scale at which we see it.
+
+The patch certainly does not
+have to be the entire universe.
+
+And it could in fact
+be incredibly rare,
+
+because one thinks that outside
+of that patch essentially
+
+nothing will happen interesting.
+
+So we expect that the
+universe that we observe today
+
+would be entirely the
+consequence of such a patch.
+
+The gravitational
+repulsion created
+
+by this small patch of
+repulsive gravity material
+
+would be then the driving
+force of the Big Bang,
+
+and it would cause the region to
+undergo exponential expansion.
+
+And by exponential expansion,
+as you probably know,
+
+it means that there's a
+certain doubling time,
+
+and if you wait the same amount
+of time it doubles again.
+
+If you wait the same amount
+of time, it doubles again.
+
+And because these doublings
+build up so dramatically,
+
+it doesn't take very much time
+to build the whole universe.
+
+In about 100 doublings,
+this tiny patch
+
+of 10 to the minus
+28 centimeters
+
+can become large enough
+not to be the universe,
+
+but to be a small marble
+size region, which will then
+
+ultimately become
+the observed universe
+
+as it continues to coast
+outward after inflation ends.
+
+So the doubling time
+would be incredibly small
+
+if this was all happening
+at the grand unified theory
+
+set of numbers-- 10 to the
+minus 37 seconds, which
+
+is pretty fast.
+
+The patch would
+expand exponentially
+
+by at least a factor of about 10
+to the 28, which as I mentioned
+
+takes only about 100
+doublings, and could
+
+expand to be much more.
+
+There's no cut off there.
+
+If there's more
+expansion than we
+
+need to produce our
+universe, it just
+
+means that the patch of
+universe that we're living in
+
+is larger than we see.
+
+But that's OK.
+
+Everything that we see looks
+uniform as far as we can see,
+
+and how much there is
+beyond that we really just
+
+have no way of knowing.
+
+So larger amounts
+of inflation are
+
+perfectly consistent
+with what we see.
+
+The amount of time it would
+take would only be about 10
+
+to the minus 35 seconds,
+which is just 100 times 10
+
+to the minus 37 if you can do
+that complicated arithmetic
+
+in your head.
+
+And the region that's destined
+to become our presently
+
+observed universe at
+the end of inflation
+
+would have been only about the
+size of a marble-- about one
+
+centimeter or so across.
+
+Now what ends
+inflation is the fact
+
+that this repulsive gravity
+material is unstable.
+
+So it decays, using the
+word decay in the same sense
+
+that a radioactive
+substance decays.
+
+It doesn't necessarily
+mean exactly
+
+that it rots like
+an apple decays,
+
+but it means that it turns
+into other kinds of material.
+
+And in particular, it
+turned into material
+
+which is no longer
+gravitationally repulsive.
+
+So the gravitational repulsion
+ends, and in fact the particles
+
+produced by this
+energy that's released
+
+at the end of inflation
+become the hot soup
+
+of the conventional Big Bang.
+
+And this is where
+the prequel ends,
+
+and the main feature begins--
+the conventional Big Bang
+
+theory.
+
+The role of inflation is just
+to set up the initial conditions
+
+for the conventional
+Big Bang theory.
+
+Now there's a
+little caveat here.
+
+Inflation ends because
+the material is unstable,
+
+but it only ends
+almost everywhere, not
+
+quite everywhere.
+
+And this is basically the
+way exponentials work.
+
+And we'll come back to this
+when we talk about the late time
+
+behavior and the idea
+of eternal inflation.
+
+This repulsive gravity
+material decays,
+
+but it decays like a radioactive
+substance-- which is also
+
+an exponential-- as a half life.
+
+But no matter how many
+half lives you wait,
+
+there's still a tiny little bit,
+a tiny fraction that remains.
+
+And that turns out to be
+important for the idea
+
+that in many cases inflation
+never completely ends.
+
+We'll come back to that.
+
+So I want to talk more
+about what goes on
+
+during this exponential
+expansion phase.
+
+There's a very peculiar
+feature of this inflation--
+
+this exponential
+expansion driven
+
+by repulsive gravity-- which
+is that while it's happening,
+
+the mass density
+or energy density
+
+of the inflating material-- this
+repulsive gravity material--
+
+does not decrease.
+
+You would think that if
+something doubled in radius,
+
+it would multiply by a
+factor of eight in volume.
+
+You would think the energy
+density would go down
+
+by a factor of eight.
+
+And that certainly happens
+for ordinary particles.
+
+It's certainly what
+would happen if you
+
+had a gas, an ordinary
+gas, that you just
+
+allowed to expand
+by a factor of two
+
+in radius-- the density would
+go down by a factor of eight
+
+with volumes of
+cubes of distances.
+
+But this peculiar repulsive
+gravity material actually
+
+expands at a constant density.
+
+Now that sounds like it must
+violate conservation of energy,
+
+because it really does mean
+that the total amount of energy
+
+inside this expanding
+volume is increasing.
+
+The energy per volume
+is remaining constant,
+
+and the volume is getting
+bigger and bigger exponentially.
+
+So the claim is that I've not
+gone crazy, that this actually
+
+is consistent with the laws
+of physics as we know them.
+
+And that it is consistent
+with conservation of energy.
+
+Conservation of energy really is
+a sacred principle of physics.
+
+We don't know of anything
+in nature that violates this
+
+principle of
+conservation of energy,
+
+that energy ultimately cannot
+be either made or destroyed,
+
+that the total amount of
+energy is basically fixed.
+
+So it sounds like there's
+a contradiction here.
+
+How do we get out of it?
+
+What's the resolution?
+
+Well, this requires my
+second miracle of physics.
+
+Energy-- it really
+is exactly conserved.
+
+I'm not going to tell you
+about any miracles which
+
+changed that.
+
+But the catch here is
+that energies are not
+
+necessarily positive.
+
+There are things that
+have negative energies.
+
+And in particular, the
+gravitational field
+
+has a negative energy.
+
+This statement by the way is
+true both in Newtonian physics
+
+and in general relativity.
+
+We'll prove it later.
+
+I might just say
+quickly if some of you
+
+have learned in an E&M course
+how to talk about and calculate
+
+the energy density of an
+electrostatic field-- probably
+
+many of you have,
+maybe all of you
+
+have-- the energy density
+of an electrostatic field
+
+is a constant times the square
+of the electric field strength.
+
+And you can prove that
+energy is exactly the energy
+
+that you need to
+put into a system
+
+to create an electric field
+of a given configuration.
+
+If you think about
+Newton's law of gravity
+
+and compare it
+with Coulomb's law,
+
+you realize that it
+really is the same law,
+
+except they have a different
+constant in front of them.
+
+They're both inverse
+square laws in proportion
+
+to the two charges, where
+in the case of gravity
+
+it's the masses that
+play the role of charges.
+
+But they have opposite signs.
+
+Two positive charges, as we
+all know we tell each other,
+
+two positive masses
+attract each other.
+
+So in fact the
+very same argument
+
+which allows you to calculate
+the energy density of a Coulomb
+
+field can allow you to
+calculate the energy
+
+density of a Newtonian
+gravitational field-- still
+
+sticking to Newtonian
+physics-- and this change
+
+in sign of the force
+just carries through.
+
+It changes the signs of all
+the work that's being done,
+
+and you get the
+negative answer that
+
+is the correct answer
+for Newtonian gravity.
+
+The energy density of a
+Newtonian gravitational field
+
+is negative.
+
+And the same is true
+in general relativity
+
+in a more subtle way.
+
+So what that means in terms
+of conservation of energy
+
+is that we can have more
+and more matter, more
+
+and more energy building up in
+the form of ordinary matter--
+
+which is what happens during
+inflation-- as long as there's
+
+a compensating amount
+of negative energy
+
+that's created in the
+gravitational field which
+
+is filling this ever
+larger region of space.
+
+And that's exactly what
+happens in inflation.
+
+The positive energy of this
+repulsive gravity material
+
+which is growing and
+growing in volume
+
+is precisely canceled
+by the negative energy
+
+of the gravitational field
+that's filling the region.
+
+So the total energy
+does remain constant,
+
+as it must, and there's
+certainly a good possibility
+
+that the total energy
+is exactly zero.
+
+Because everything
+that we know of
+
+is at least consistent
+with the possibility
+
+that these two
+numbers are exactly
+
+equal to each other or
+something very close.
+
+Schematically, the picture
+is that if one thinks
+
+about the total energy
+of the universe,
+
+it consists of a huge positive
+amount in the form of matter
+
+and radiation-- the
+stuff that we see,
+
+the stuff that we
+normally identify
+
+the energy of-- but there's
+also a huge negative amount
+
+of energy in the gravitational
+field that fills the universe.
+
+And as far as we
+can tell, the sum
+
+is at least consistent
+with being 0.
+
+In any case, what
+happens during inflation
+
+is the black bar goes up
+and the red bar goes down.
+
+And they go up and
+down by equal amounts.
+
+So certainly what happens during
+inflation conserves energy,
+
+as anything consistent with the
+laws of physics that we know of
+
+must conserve energy.
+
+I just remembered I was planning
+to turn out these blackboard
+
+lights.
+
+It probably makes it a
+little more comfortable
+
+to watch the screen.
+
+OK.
+
+So, onward.
+
+I want to talk some about
+the evidence for inflation.
+
+So far I've described
+what inflation is--
+
+and I'm sort of done describing
+what inflation is for today.
+
+As I said, we'll be coming
+back and talking about all this
+
+during the coming semester.
+
+Now let's move on to
+discuss some of the reasons
+
+why we think that our universe
+may very likely have actually
+
+undergone this process
+called inflation
+
+I was just telling you about.
+
+So there are three things
+I want to talk about.
+
+The first of which is the
+large scale uniformity
+
+of the universe.
+
+Which is related to what I
+told you at the beginning,
+
+that if you look out
+in different directions
+
+in the universe, it really looks
+the same in all directions.
+
+And the object that can
+be measured with the most
+
+precision in terms of how
+things vary with angle,
+
+is the cosmic
+background radiation--
+
+because we can measure
+it from all directions,
+
+and it's essentially
+a uniform background.
+
+And when that's been
+done, what's been found
+
+is that the radiation is uniform
+to the incredible accuracy
+
+of about one part in
+100,000-- which really
+
+is a rather spectacular
+level of uniformity.
+
+So it means the universe really
+is rather incredibly uniform.
+
+I might mention one proviso here
+just to be completely accurate.
+
+When one actually just goes
+out and measures the radiation,
+
+one finds something-- one
+finds an asymmetry that's
+
+larger than what I just said.
+
+One finds an asymmetry
+of about 1 part in 1,000,
+
+with one direction being hotter
+than the opposite direction.
+
+But that 1 part in 1,000 effect
+we interpret as our motion
+
+through the cosmic background
+radiation, which makes it
+
+look hotter in one
+direction and colder
+
+in the opposite direction.
+
+And the effect of our motion
+has a very definite angular
+
+pattern.
+
+We have no other way of
+knowing what our velocity is
+
+relative to the cosmic
+background radiation.
+
+So we just measure it
+from this asymmetry,
+
+but we're restricted.
+
+We can't let it
+account for everything.
+
+Because it has a very
+different angular form,
+
+we only get to
+determine one velocity.
+
+And once we determine that,
+that determines one asymmetry
+
+and you can subtract that out.
+
+And then the
+residual asymmetries,
+
+the asymmetries that we cannot
+account for by saying that
+
+the Earth has a certain
+velocity relative to the cosmic
+
+background radiation, those
+asymmetries are at the level
+
+of 1 part in 100,000.
+
+And this is 1 part in
+100,000 that we attribute
+
+to the universe and not to
+the motion of the earth.
+
+OK.
+
+So to understand
+the implications
+
+of this incredible
+degree of uniformity,
+
+we need to say a
+little bit about what
+
+we think the history of this
+cosmic background radiation
+
+was.
+
+And what our theories
+tell us-- and we'll
+
+be learning about
+this in detail--
+
+is that in the
+early period-- Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm sorry.
+
+I'm curious.
+
+When they released
+WMAP and stuff,
+
+did they already subtract
+out the relativistic effect?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, the answer
+is that they analyze things
+
+according to angular
+patterns and how
+
+they fit different
+angular patterns.
+
+So in fact, I think they don't
+even report it with WMAP,
+
+but it would be what
+they would call L
+
+equals 1, the dipole term.
+
+They analyze the dipole,
+quadrupole, octupole, et
+
+cetera.
+
+So it really does not
+contribute at all to anything
+
+except that L
+equals 1 term, which
+
+is one out of 1,800
+things that they measure.
+
+So basically, I
+think they don't even
+
+bother reporting
+that one number,
+
+and therefore it's
+subtracted out.
+
+OK.
+
+Do feel free to ask
+questions, by the way.
+
+I think it's certainly
+a small enough class
+
+that we can do that.
+
+OK.
+
+So what I was about to
+say is that this radiation
+
+during the early period of the
+universe, when the universe was
+
+a plasma, the radiation
+was essentially
+
+locked to the matter.
+
+The photons were moving
+at the speed of light,
+
+but in the plasma there's
+a very large cross section
+
+for the photons to scatter
+off of the free electrons
+
+in a plasma.
+
+Which basically means that the
+photons move with the matter--
+
+because when they're
+moving on their own,
+
+they just move a
+very short distance
+
+and then scatter, and then
+move in a different direction.
+
+So relative to the
+matter, the photons
+
+go nowhere during the
+first 400,000 years
+
+of the history of the universe.
+
+But then at about 400,000
+years the universe
+
+cools enough-- this
+is all according
+
+to our calculations--
+the universe cools
+
+enough so that the
+plasma neutralizes.
+
+And when the plasma neutralizes,
+it becomes a neutral gas
+
+like the air in this room.
+
+And the air in this room seems
+completely transparent to us,
+
+and it turns out
+that actually does
+
+extrapolate to the universe.
+
+The gas that filled the universe
+after it neutralized really
+
+was transparent, and it means
+that a typical photon that we
+
+see today in the cosmic
+background radiation
+
+really has been traveling on
+a straight line since about
+
+400,000 years
+after the Big Bang.
+
+Which in turn means that when
+we look at the cosmic background
+
+radiation, we're
+essentially seeing
+
+an image of what the universe
+looked like at 400,000 years
+
+after the Big Bang.
+
+Just as the light traveling
+from my face to your eyes
+
+gives you an image
+of what I look like.
+
+So that's what we're seeing--
+a picture of the universe
+
+at the age of 400,000
+years, and it's
+
+bland-- uniform to
+1 part in 100,000.
+
+So the question then
+is, can we explain
+
+how the universe
+to be so uniform?
+
+And it turns out that if you--
+Well, I should say first of all
+
+that if you're
+willing to just assume
+
+that the universe started out
+perfectly uniform to better
+
+than one part in
+100,000, that's OK.
+
+Nobody could stop
+you from doing that.
+
+But if you want to try to
+explain this uniformity
+
+without assuming that it was
+there from the beginning, then
+
+within the context of the
+conventional Big Bang theory,
+
+it's just not possible.
+
+And the reason is that within
+the evolution equations
+
+of the conventional Big Bang
+theory, you can calculate--
+
+and we will calculate
+later in the course--
+
+that in order to smooth things
+out in time for it to look
+
+smooth in the cosmic
+background radiation,
+
+you have to be able to move
+around matter and energy
+
+at about 100 times
+the speed of light.
+
+Or else you just couldn't do it.
+
+And we don't know of anything
+in physics that happens faster
+
+than the speed of light.
+
+So within physics as we know it,
+and within the conventional Big
+
+Bang theory, there's no way to
+explain this uniformity except
+
+to just assume that maybe it was
+there from the very beginning.
+
+For reasons that we
+don't know about.
+
+On the other hand, inflation
+takes care of this very nicely.
+
+What inflation does
+is it adds this spurt
+
+of exponential expansion to
+the history of the universe.
+
+And the fact that this
+exponential expansion
+
+was so humongous
+means that if you
+
+look at our picture
+of the universe
+
+before the inflation
+happened, the universe
+
+would have been vastly smaller
+than in conventional cosmology
+
+which would not have this
+exponential spurt of expansion.
+
+So in the inflationary
+model there
+
+would've been plenty of
+time for the observed
+
+part of the universe to become
+uniform before inflation
+
+started-- when it
+was incredibly tiny.
+
+And then would become uniform
+just like the air in the room
+
+here tends to spread out and
+produce a uniform distribution
+
+of air rather than having
+all the air collected
+
+in one corner.
+
+Once that uniformity
+is established
+
+on this tiny region,
+inflation would then
+
+take over and
+stretch this region
+
+to become large enough
+to include everything
+
+that we now see,
+thereby explaining
+
+why everything that we
+see looks so uniform.
+
+It's a very simple
+explanation, and it's
+
+only possible with
+inflation and not
+
+within the conventional
+Big Bang theory.
+
+So, the inflationary solution.
+
+In inflationary
+models the universe
+
+begins so small that uniformity
+is easily established.
+
+Just like the air in the
+lecture hall-- same analogy
+
+I used-- spreads uniformly
+to fill the lecture hall.
+
+Then inflation
+stretches the region
+
+to become large enough
+to include everything
+
+that we now observe.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's the first
+of my three pieces
+
+of evidence for inflation.
+
+The second one is something
+called the flatness problem.
+
+And the question is, why was
+the early universe so flat?
+
+And the first question
+maybe is, what am I
+
+talking about when I say
+the early universe was flat?
+
+One misconception
+I sometimes find
+
+people getting is that flat
+often means two dimensional.
+
+That's not what I mean.
+
+It's not flat like a
+two dimensional pancake.
+
+It's three dimensional.
+
+The flat in this context
+means Euclidean--
+
+obeying the axioms of
+Euclidean geometry-- as opposed
+
+to the non-Euclidean
+options that
+
+are offered by
+general relativity.
+
+General relativity allows three
+dimensional space to be curved.
+
+And if we only consider uniform
+curvature, which is-- we
+
+don't see any
+curvature, actually,
+
+but-- We know with
+better accuracy
+
+that the universe is uniform
+than we do that it's flat.
+
+So imagine in terms of
+discussion of cosmology
+
+three possible curvatures for
+the universe, all of which
+
+would be taken to be uniform.
+
+Three dimensional curved spaces
+are not easy to visualize,
+
+but all three of
+these are closely
+
+analogous to two dimensional
+curved spaces, which
+
+are easy to think about.
+
+One is the closed geometry
+of the surface of a sphere.
+
+Now the analogy is that the
+three dimensional universe
+
+would be analogous to
+the two dimensional
+
+surface of a sphere.
+
+The analogy changes the
+number of dimensions.
+
+But important things get capped.
+
+Like for example on the
+surface of a sphere,
+
+you can easily visualize--
+and there's even
+
+a picture to show
+you-- that if you
+
+put a triangle on the
+surface of a sphere,
+
+the sum of the three
+angles at the vertices
+
+would be more than 180 degrees.
+
+Unlike the Euclidean case,
+where it's always 180 degrees.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Is the 3D curving happening
+in a fourth dimension?
+
+Just like these 2D models
+assume another dimension?
+
+PROFESSOR: Good question.
+
+The question was,
+is the 3D curvature
+
+happening in a fourth dimension
+just like this 2D curvature
+
+is happening in a
+third dimension?
+
+The answer I guess is yes.
+
+But I should maybe clarify
+the "just like" part.
+
+The third dimension here from
+a strictly mathematical point
+
+of view allows us to visualize
+the sphere in an easy way,
+
+but the geometry of the
+sphere from the point of view
+
+of people who study differential
+geometry is a perfectly well
+
+defined two dimensional
+space without any need
+
+for the third
+dimension to be there.
+
+The third dimension is
+really just a crutch for us
+
+to visualize it.
+
+But that same crutch does work
+in going from three to four.
+
+And in fact when we study the
+three dimensional curved space
+
+of the closed universe, we will
+in fact do it exactly that way.
+
+We'll introduce the same crutch,
+imagine it in four dimensions,
+
+and it will be very closely
+analogous to the two
+
+dimensional picture
+that you're looking at.
+
+OK.
+
+So one of the possibilities
+is a closed geometry
+
+where the sum of the
+three angles of a triangle
+
+is always bigger
+than 180 degrees.
+
+Another possibility
+is something that's
+
+usually described
+as saddle shaped,
+
+or a space of
+negative curvature.
+
+And in that case the sum
+of the three angles--
+
+they get pinched, and
+the sum of the angles
+
+is less than 180 degrees.
+
+And only for the flat case is
+the sum of the three angles
+
+exactly 180 degrees, which is
+the case of Euclidean geometry.
+
+The geometries on the
+surfaces of these objects
+
+is non-Euclidean,
+even though if you
+
+think of the three dimensional
+geometry of the objects
+
+embedded in three dimensional
+space, that's still Euclidean.
+
+But the restricted geometry to
+the two dimensional surfaces
+
+are non-Euclidean there and
+there, but Euclidean there.
+
+And that's exactly the way it
+works in general relativity.
+
+There are closed universes with
+positive curvature and the sum
+
+of angles being more
+than 180 degrees.
+
+And there are open universes
+where the sum of three angles
+
+is always less than 180 degrees.
+
+And there's the
+flat case-- which
+
+is just on the
+borderline of those two--
+
+where Euclidean geometry works.
+
+And the point is
+that in our universe,
+
+Euclidean geometry
+does work very well.
+
+That's why we all learned
+it in high school.
+
+And in fact we have
+very good evidence
+
+that the early universe
+was rather extraordinarily
+
+close to this flat case
+of Euclidean geometry.
+
+And that's what we're trying
+to understand and explain.
+
+According to general relativity
+this flatness of the geometry
+
+is determined by
+the mass density.
+
+There's a certain value
+of the mass density called
+
+the critical density-- which
+depends on the expansion rate,
+
+by the way, it's not a
+universal constant of any kind.
+
+But for a given
+expansion rate one
+
+can calculate a
+critical density,
+
+and that critical
+density is the density
+
+which makes the universe flat.
+
+And cosmologists define a number
+called omega-- capital omega--
+
+which is just the ratio
+of the actual mass
+
+density to the
+critical mass density.
+
+So omega equals 1 says
+the actual density is
+
+the critical
+density, which means
+
+the universe would be flat.
+
+Omega bigger than 1 would be
+a closed universe, and omega
+
+less than 1 would
+be an open universe.
+
+What's peculiar about the
+evolution of this omega
+
+quantity is that omega
+equals 1 as the universe
+
+evolves in
+conventional cosmology
+
+behaves very much like a
+pencil balancing on its tip.
+
+It's an unstable
+equilibrium point.
+
+So in other words, if omega
+was exactly equal to 1
+
+in the early universe, it would
+remain exactly equal to 1.
+
+Just like a pencil that's
+perfectly balanced on its tip
+
+would not know which way to
+fall and would in principle stay
+
+there forever.
+
+At least with
+classical mechanics.
+
+We won't include quantum
+mechanics for our pencil.
+
+Classical pencil that we're
+using for the analogy.
+
+But if the pencil leans just
+a tiny bit in any direction,
+
+it will rapidly start to
+fall over in that direction.
+
+And similarly if omega
+in the early universe
+
+was just slightly
+greater than 1,
+
+it would rapidly rise
+towards infinity.
+
+And this is a closed universe.
+
+Infinity really means
+the universe has reached
+
+its maximum size, and it
+turns around and collapses.
+
+And if omega was
+slightly less than 1,
+
+it would rapidly
+dribble off to 0,
+
+and the universe would
+just become empty
+
+as it rapidly expands.
+
+So the only way for omega
+to be close to 1 today--
+
+and as far as we can
+tell, omega is consistent
+
+with 1 today-- the only
+way that can happen
+
+is if omega started out
+unbelievably close to 1.
+
+Unless it's this pencil
+that's been standing there
+
+for 14 billion years and
+hasn't fallen over yet.
+
+Numerically, for omega to be
+somewhere in the allowed range
+
+today, which is
+very close to 1, it
+
+means that omega at one
+second after the Big Bang
+
+had to be equal to 1 to the
+incredible accuracy of 15
+
+decimal places.
+
+Which makes the value
+of the mass density
+
+of the universe at one second
+after the Big Bang probably
+
+the most accurate number
+that we know in physics.
+
+Since we really know it
+to 15 decimal places.
+
+So if it wasn't
+in that range, it
+
+wouldn't be in the
+[? lab manuals ?] today.
+
+We have this
+amplification effect
+
+of the evolution
+of the universe.
+
+So the question is,
+how did this happen?
+
+In conventional Big Bang theory,
+the initial value of omega
+
+could have been
+anything, logically.
+
+To be consistent with
+what we now observe it
+
+has to be within this
+incredibly narrow range,
+
+but there's nothing
+in the theory which
+
+causes it to be in
+that narrow range.
+
+So the question
+is, why did omega
+
+start out so
+incredibly close to 1?
+
+Like the earlier problem
+about homogeneity,
+
+if you want to just assume
+that it started out-- exactly
+
+like, it had to be-- at omega
+equals 1, you could do that.
+
+But if you want to have any
+dynamical explanation for how
+
+it got to be that
+way, there's really
+
+nothing in conventional
+cosmology which does it.
+
+But in fact, inflation does.
+
+In the inflationary model we've
+changed the evolution of omega
+
+because we've turned gravity
+into a repulsive force instead
+
+of an attractive force, and that
+changes the way omega evolves.
+
+And it turns out that
+during inflation, omega
+
+is not driven away
+from 1-- as it
+
+is during the entire rest of
+the history of the universe--
+
+but rather during inflation
+omega is driven rapidly
+
+towards 1, exponentially
+fast, even.
+
+So with the amount
+of inflation that we
+
+talked about-- inflation by a
+factor of 10 to the 28 or so--
+
+that's enough so that the
+value of omega before inflation
+
+is not very much constrained.
+
+Omega could have started out
+before inflation not being 1,
+
+but being 2 or 10 or
+1/10 or 100 or 1/100.
+
+The further away you
+start omega from 1,
+
+the more inflation you need
+to drive it to 1 sufficiently.
+
+But you don't need
+much more inflation
+
+to make it significantly
+far away from 1
+
+because of this fact the
+inflation drives omega
+
+to 1 exponentially.
+
+Which really means it's a
+very powerful force driving
+
+omega to 1.
+
+And giving us a very
+simple, therefore,
+
+explanation for why omega
+in the early universe
+
+appears to have been
+extraordinarily close to 1.
+
+So I think that's-- Oh, I
+have a few more things to say.
+
+There's actually a prediction
+that comes out of this,
+
+because this tendency of
+inflation to drive omega to 1
+
+is so strong, that you
+expect that omega really
+
+should be 1 today.
+
+Or to within
+measurable accuracy.
+
+You could arrange
+inflationary models
+
+where it's say, 0.2--
+which is what people used
+
+to think it was-- but in order
+to do that, you have to arrange
+
+for inflation to end
+at just the right time
+
+before it makes it closer.
+
+Because every e-fold drives it
+another factor of 10 closer.
+
+So it's very rapid effect.
+
+So if you don't fine tune
+things very carefully, most
+
+any inflationary model will
+drive omega so close to 1
+
+that today we would see it as 1.
+
+That did not used to
+appear to be the case.
+
+Before 1998 astronomers
+were pretty sure
+
+that omega was only 0.2 or
+0.3, while inflation seemed
+
+to have a pretty clear
+prediction that omega should
+
+be 1.
+
+This personally I found rather
+uncomfortable, because it meant
+
+whenever I had dinner
+with astronomers,
+
+they would always sort
+of snidely talk about
+
+how inflation was
+a pretty theory,
+
+but it couldn't be right
+because omega was 0.2,
+
+and inflation was
+predicting omega is 1.
+
+And it just didn't fit.
+
+Things changed a lot in 1998,
+and now the best number we
+
+have-- which comes from the
+Planck satellite combined with
+
+a few other
+measurements, actually--
+
+is that now the observational
+number for omega is 1.0010,
+
+plus or minus 0.0065.
+
+So the 0.0065 is
+the important thing.
+
+This is very, very close
+to 1, but the error bars
+
+are bigger than this difference.
+
+So it really means to about
+a half a percent or maybe 1%,
+
+we know today that
+omega is 1, which
+
+is what inflation would predict.
+
+That it should essentially
+be exactly 1 today.
+
+The new ingredient that
+made all this possible,
+
+that drove-- changed
+the measurement of omega
+
+from 0.2 to 1 is
+a new ingredient
+
+to the energy budget of the
+universe, the discovery of what
+
+we call dark energy.
+
+And we'll be learning
+a lot about dark energy
+
+during the course of the term.
+
+The real discovery in 1998
+was that the universe is not
+
+slowing down under the
+influence of gravity
+
+as had been expected until that
+time, but rather the universe
+
+actually is accelerating.
+
+And this acceleration has to
+be attributed to something.
+
+The stuff that it's attributed
+to is called the dark energy.
+
+And even though there's
+considerable ignorance
+
+of what exactly
+this dark energy is,
+
+we can still calculate
+how much of it
+
+there's got to be in order to
+produce the acceleration that's
+
+seen.
+
+And when all that
+is put together,
+
+you get this number, which is
+so much nicer for inflation
+
+than the previous number.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, was the
+accelerating universe
+
+like the missing factor which
+they-- gave a wrong assumption
+
+which made them think
+that omega was 0.2 or 0.3?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's right.
+
+It was entirely
+because they did not
+
+know about the
+acceleration at that time.
+
+They in fact were accurately
+measuring the stuff
+
+that they were looking at.
+
+And that does only
+add up to 0.2 or 0.3.
+
+And this new ingredient,
+the dark energy,
+
+which we only know about
+through the acceleration,
+
+is what makes the difference.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: And that data
+that they were measuring
+
+is really just sort of
+the integrated stuff
+
+in the universe that we
+see through telescopes?
+
+Very straight-forward
+in that way?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+Including dark matter.
+
+So it's not everything
+that we actually see.
+
+There's also-- not
+going into it here,
+
+but we will later in the
+course-- there is also stuff
+
+called dark matter, which is
+different from dark energy.
+
+Even though matter and energy
+are supposed to be the same,
+
+they are different
+in this context.
+
+And dark matter is
+matter that we infer
+
+exists due to its
+effect on other matter.
+
+So by looking, for example,
+at how fast galaxies rotate,
+
+you can figure out
+how much matter
+
+there must be inside
+those galaxies
+
+to allow those
+orbits to be stable.
+
+And that's significantly more
+matter than we actually see.
+
+And that unseen matter is
+called the dark matter,
+
+and that was added
+into the 0.2 or 0.3.
+
+The visible matter
+is only about 0.04.
+
+OK.
+
+So, so much for the
+flatness problem.
+
+Next item I want talk about is
+the small scale nonuniformity
+
+of the universe.
+
+On the largest
+scale, the universe
+
+is incredibly uniform-- one
+part in 100,000-- but on smaller
+
+scales, the universe
+today is incredibly lumpy.
+
+The earth is a big lump
+in the mass density
+
+distribution of the universe.
+
+The earth is in fact
+about 10 to the 30 times
+
+denser than the average matter
+density in the universe.
+
+It's an unbelievably
+significant lump.
+
+And the question is, how
+did these lumps form?
+
+Where did they come from?
+
+We are confident that
+these lumps evolved
+
+from the very
+minor perturbations
+
+that we see in the
+early universe,
+
+that we see most clearly
+through the cosmic background
+
+radiation.
+
+The early universe we believe
+was uniform in its mass density
+
+to about one part in 100,000.
+
+But at the level of
+one part in 100,000,
+
+we actually see in the
+cosmic background radiation
+
+that there are nonuniformities.
+
+And things like the
+Earth form because
+
+these small nonuniformities
+in the mass density
+
+are gravitationally unstable.
+
+In regions where there's
+a slight excess of matter,
+
+that excess of matter
+produces a gravitational field
+
+pulling more matter
+into those regions,
+
+producing a still stronger
+gravitational field pulling
+
+in more matter.
+
+And the system is unstable,
+and it forms complicated lumps
+
+which are galaxies,
+stars, planets, et cetera.
+
+And that's a complicated story.
+
+But it all starts from these
+very faint nonuniformities that
+
+existed, we believe,
+shortly after the Big Bang.
+
+And we see these nonuniformities
+in the cosmic background
+
+radiation, and
+measuring them tells us
+
+a lot about the
+conditions of the universe
+
+then, and allows us
+to build theories
+
+of how the universe
+got to be that way.
+
+And that's what these satellites
+like COBE, WMAP, and Planck
+
+are all about-- measuring
+these nonuniformities
+
+to rather
+extraordinary accuracy.
+
+Inflation has an
+answer to the riddle
+
+of where the
+nonuniformities came from.
+
+In the conventional
+Big Bang theory,
+
+there was really
+just no explanation.
+
+People just assumed they were
+there and put them in by hand,
+
+but there was no theory of
+what might have created them.
+
+In the context of
+inflationary models
+
+where all the matter really is
+being created by the inflation,
+
+the nonuniformities are also
+controlled by that inflation,
+
+and where nonuniformities
+come from is quantum effects.
+
+It's a little hard to believe
+that quantum effects could
+
+be important for the large
+scale structure of the universe.
+
+The Andromeda
+galaxy doesn't look
+
+like it's something
+that should be
+
+thought of as a
+quantum fluctuation.
+
+But when one pursues this
+theory quantitatively,
+
+it actually does work very well.
+
+The theory is that
+the ripples that we
+
+see in the cosmic
+background radiation
+
+really were purely the
+consequence of quantum theory--
+
+basically the uncertainty
+principle of quantum theory,
+
+which says that it's just
+impossible to have something
+
+that's completely uniform.
+
+It's not consistent with
+the uncertainty principle.
+
+And when one puts in the basic
+ideas of quantum mechanics,
+
+we can actually calculate
+properties of these ripples.
+
+It turns out that we
+would need to know
+
+more about the physics
+of very high energy--
+
+the physics that was
+relevant during the period
+
+of inflation-- to
+be able to predict
+
+the actual amplitude
+of these ripples.
+
+So we cannot predict
+the amplitude.
+
+In principle, inflation
+would allow you
+
+to if you knew enough about the
+underlying particle physics,
+
+but we don't know that much.
+
+So in practice we cannot
+predict the amplitude.
+
+But inflationary models
+make a very clear prediction
+
+for the spectrum of
+these fluctuations.
+
+And by that I mean how
+the intensity varies
+
+with wavelength.
+
+So the spectrum really
+means the same thing
+
+as it would mean for
+sound, except you
+
+should think about wavelength
+rather than frequency
+
+because these waves
+don't really oscillate.
+
+But they do have wavelengths
+just like sound waves have
+
+wavelengths, and if you
+talk about the intensity
+
+versus wavelengths,
+this idea of a spectrum
+
+is really the same
+as what you'll
+
+be talking about with sound.
+
+And you can measure it.
+
+This is not quite the
+latest measurements,
+
+but it's the latest measurements
+that I have graphed.
+
+The red line is the
+theoretical prediction.
+
+The black dots are
+the measurements.
+
+This goes through the
+seven year WMAP data.
+
+We have a little
+Eureka guy to tell you
+
+how happy I am about this curve.
+
+And I also have graphs of what
+other ideas would predict.
+
+For a while, for example, people
+took very seriously the idea
+
+that the randomness that
+we see in the universe--
+
+these fluctuations--
+may have been caused
+
+by the random
+formation of things
+
+called cosmic strings
+that would form
+
+in phase transitions
+in the early universe.
+
+That was certainly a
+viable idea in its day,
+
+but once this
+curve got measured,
+
+the cosmic strings were
+predicting something
+
+that looked like that, which is
+nothing at all like that curve.
+
+And they have since
+been therefore excluded
+
+as being the source of density
+fluctuations in the universe.
+
+And various other
+models are shown here.
+
+I don't think I'll take the time
+to go into, because there are
+
+other things I
+want to talk about.
+
+But anyway, marvelous success.
+
+This is actually
+the latest data.
+
+This is the Planck data that
+was released last March.
+
+I don't have it plotted
+on the same scale,
+
+but again you see
+a theoretical curve
+
+based on inflation
+and dots that show
+
+the data with little
+tiny error bars.
+
+But absolutely gorgeous fit.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: What happened to
+your theory of inflation
+
+after they discovered
+dark energy?
+
+Did it change significantly?
+
+PROFESSOR: Did
+the theory change?
+
+AUDIENCE: Or like,
+in the last graph
+
+there was a different curve.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well it's plotted
+on a different scale,
+
+but this actually is pretty much
+the same curve as that curve.
+
+Although you can't tell.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+Oh, inflation without
+dark energy, for example.
+
+I think it's not so much
+that the theory of inflation
+
+changed between
+these two curves,
+
+but the curve you
+actually see today
+
+is the result of what things
+looked like immediately
+
+after inflation combined with
+the evolution that took place
+
+since then.
+
+And it's really
+the evolution that
+
+took place since then that
+makes a big difference
+
+between this inflationary curve
+and the other inflationary
+
+curve.
+
+So inflation did not have
+to change very much at all.
+
+It really did not.
+
+But of course it
+looks a lot better
+
+after dark energy was discovered
+because the mass density came
+
+out right, and gradually we
+also got more and more data
+
+about these fluctuations
+which just fit beautifully
+
+with what inflation predicts.
+
+OK.
+
+I want to now launch into
+the idea of the multiverse.
+
+And I guess I'll try to go
+through this quickly so that we
+
+can finish.
+
+We're not going try to
+understand all the details
+
+anyway, so I'll talk
+about fewer of them
+
+for the remaining 10
+minutes of the class.
+
+But I'd like to say a little
+bit about how inflation
+
+leads to the idea
+of a multiverse.
+
+Of course we'll come back to it
+at the very end of the class,
+
+and it's certainly an exciting,
+I think, aspect of inflation.
+
+The repulsive gravity material
+that drives the inflation
+
+is metastable, as we said.
+
+So it decays.
+
+And that means that if
+you sit in one place
+
+and ask where
+inflation is happening,
+
+and ask what's the probability
+that it's still happening
+
+a little bit later,
+that probability
+
+decreases exponentially--
+drops by a factor of two
+
+every doubling, every half life.
+
+But at the same time, the volume
+of any region that's inflating
+
+is also growing exponentially,
+growing due to the inflation.
+
+And in fact in any
+reasonable inflationary model
+
+the growth rate is vastly
+faster than the decay rate.
+
+So if you look at
+the volume that's
+
+inflating, if you
+wait for a half life,
+
+indeed half of that
+volume will no longer
+
+be inflating-- by the
+definition of a half life.
+
+But the half that remains
+will be vastly larger
+
+than what you started with.
+
+That's the catch.
+
+And that's a very
+peculiar situation
+
+because it doesn't
+seem to show any end.
+
+The volume that's inflating
+just gets bigger and bigger
+
+even while it's decaying,
+because the expansion is faster
+
+than the decay.
+
+And that's what leads to this
+phenomena of eternal inflation.
+
+The volume that is inflating
+increases with time,
+
+even though the inflating
+material is decaying.
+
+And that leads to what we
+call eternal inflation.
+
+The word "eternal" is
+being used slightly loosely
+
+because eternal
+really means forever.
+
+This is forever into the
+future, as far as we can tell,
+
+but it's not forever
+into the past.
+
+Inflation would still start
+at some finite time here,
+
+but then once it starts,
+it goes on forever.
+
+And whenever a piece of
+this inflating region
+
+undergoes a transition
+and becomes normal,
+
+that locally looks
+like a Big Bang.
+
+And our Big Bang would be
+one of these local events,
+
+and the universe formed by
+any one of these local events
+
+where the inflating
+region decays
+
+would be called a
+pocket universe.
+
+Pocket just to suggest
+that there are many of them
+
+in the overall scale
+of this multiverse.
+
+They are in some sense
+small, even though they'd
+
+be as big as the
+universe that we live in.
+
+And our universe would be one
+of these pocket universes.
+
+So instead of one
+universe, inflation
+
+produces an infinite
+number, which
+
+is what we call multiverse.
+
+I might just say the
+word multiverse is also
+
+used in other contexts
+and another theories,
+
+but inflation, I think, is
+probably the most plausible way
+
+of getting a
+multiverse, and it's
+
+what most cosmologists
+are talking
+
+about when they talk
+about a multiverse.
+
+OK.
+
+Now how does dark
+energy fit in here?
+
+It plays a very important
+role in our understanding.
+
+To review, in 1998
+several groups--
+
+two groups of astronomers
+discovered independently
+
+that the universe
+is now accelerating,
+
+and our understanding
+is that the universe has
+
+been accelerating for about
+the last five billion years
+
+out of the 14 billion year
+history of the universe.
+
+There was a period where
+it was decelerating
+
+until five billion years ago.
+
+An implication of this is
+that inflation actually
+
+is happening today.
+
+This acceleration of
+the universe that we see
+
+is very much like inflation,
+and we really interpret it
+
+according to similar
+kind of physics.
+
+We think it has to be
+caused by some kind
+
+of a negative pressure,
+just as inflation
+
+was caused by a
+negative pressure.
+
+And this material that
+apparently fills space and has
+
+negative pressure is
+what we call dark energy.
+
+And dark energy is
+really just by definition
+
+the stuff, whatever
+it is, that's
+
+causing this acceleration.
+
+If we ask, what is the
+dark energy, really?
+
+I think everybody agrees there's
+a definite answer to that,
+
+which is something
+like, who knows?
+
+But there's also a most
+plausible candidate,
+
+even though we don't know.
+
+The most plausible candidate--
+and other candidates
+
+are not that different,
+really, but we'll
+
+talk about the most plausible
+candidate-- which is simply
+
+that dark energy
+is vacuum energy.
+
+The energy of nothingness.
+
+Now it may be surprising that
+nothingness can have energy.
+
+But I'll talk about that, and
+it's really not so surprising.
+
+I'll come back to that question.
+
+But if dark energy is really
+just the energy of the vacuum,
+
+that's completely
+consistent with everything
+
+we know about, what we can
+measure, the expansion pattern
+
+of the universe.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is it that only
+in the last five billion years
+
+has the universe
+started accelerating?
+
+PROFESSOR: To
+start accelerating.
+
+Right.
+
+Right.
+
+OK.
+
+I'm now in a
+position to say that.
+
+I wasn't quite when I
+made the first statement,
+
+but now that I've said there's
+probably vacuum energy,
+
+I can give you an answer.
+
+Which is that vacuum
+energy, because it is just
+
+the energy of the vacuum,
+does not change with time.
+
+And that's the same as what
+I told you about the energy
+
+density during inflation.
+
+It's just a constant.
+
+At the same time,
+ordinary matter
+
+thins out as the universe
+expands, throwing off
+
+in density like one over
+the cube of the volume.
+
+So what happened was
+that the universe
+
+was dominated by ordinary
+matter until about five
+
+billion years ago, which
+produced attractive gravity
+
+and caused the universe to slow.
+
+But then about five
+billion years ago
+
+the universe thinned out enough
+so that the ordinary matter
+
+no longer dominated over
+the vacuum energy, and then
+
+the vacuum energy started
+causing repulsion.
+
+Vacuum energy was there all
+along causing repulsion,
+
+but it was overwhelmed
+by the attractive gravity
+
+of the ordinary matter until
+about five billion years ago.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Good.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So.
+
+The first thing I want
+to talk about here
+
+is why can nothing
+weigh something?
+
+Why can nothing have energy?
+
+And the answer is
+that actually this
+
+is something the physicists
+are pretty clear on these days.
+
+The quantum vacuum, unlike
+the classical vacuum,
+
+is a very complicated state.
+
+It's not really empty at all.
+
+It really is a complicated
+jumble of vacuum fluctuations.
+
+We think there's even a field
+called the Higgs field, which
+
+you've probably
+heard of, which has
+
+a nonzero value in
+the vacuum on average.
+
+Things like the photon field,
+the electromagnetic field,
+
+is constantly oscillating
+in the vacuum because
+
+of the uncertainty
+principle, basically,
+
+resulting in energy density
+in those fluctuations.
+
+So there's no reason
+for the vacuum energy
+
+to be zero, as far
+as we can tell.
+
+But that doesn't mean that
+we understand its value.
+
+The real problem from the point
+of view of fundamental physics
+
+today is not understanding
+why the vacuum might
+
+have a nonzero energy density.
+
+The problem is understanding
+basically why it's so small.
+
+And why is smallness a problem?
+
+If you look at quantum field
+theory-- which we're not
+
+going to learn in any detail--
+but quantum field theory
+
+says that, for example,
+the electromagnetic field
+
+is constantly fluctuating.
+
+Guaranteed so by the
+uncertainty principle.
+
+And these fluctuations
+can have all wavelengths.
+
+And every wavelength contributes
+to the energy density
+
+of the vacuum fluctuations.
+
+And there is no
+shortest wavelength.
+
+There's a longest
+wavelength in any size box,
+
+but there's no
+shortest wavelength.
+
+So in fact, when you try
+to calculate the energy
+
+density of the vacuum in
+the quantum field theory,
+
+it diverges on the
+short wavelength side.
+
+It becomes literally infinite
+as far as the formal calculation
+
+is concerned because all
+wavelengths contribute,
+
+and there is no
+shortest wavelength.
+
+So what does this mean
+about the real physics?
+
+We think it's not necessarily a
+problem with our understanding
+
+of quantum field theory.
+
+It really is, we think,
+just a limitation
+
+of the range of validity
+of those assumptions.
+
+They certainly-- quantum theory
+works extraordinarily well
+
+when it's tested in
+laboratory circumstances.
+
+So we think that at
+very short wavelengths,
+
+something must happen to
+cut off this infinity.
+
+And a good candidate for what
+happens at short wavelengths
+
+to cut off the
+infinity is the effects
+
+of quantum gravity, which
+we don't understand.
+
+So one way of estimating
+the true energy density
+
+as predicted by
+quantum field theory
+
+is to cut things off at the
+Planck scale, the energy scale,
+
+length scale, associated
+with quantum gravity-- which
+
+is about 10 to the
+minus 33 centimeters.
+
+And if you do that, you
+can calculate the number
+
+for the energy density of
+the electromagnetic field
+
+of the vacuum and
+get a finite number.
+
+But it's too large.
+
+And too large not by a
+little bit, but by a lot.
+
+It's too large by 120
+orders of magnitude.
+
+So we are way off in terms of
+understanding why the vacuum
+
+energy is what it is since our
+naive estimates say it should
+
+be maybe 120 orders
+of magnitude larger.
+
+Now I should add that there
+is still a way out here.
+
+The energy that
+we calculate here
+
+is one contribution to
+the total vacuum energy.
+
+There are negative
+contributions as well.
+
+If you calculate the
+fluctuations of the electron
+
+field, that turns out to be
+negative in its contribution
+
+to the energy.
+
+And it's always possible
+that these numbers cancel--
+
+or cancel almost exactly-- but
+we don't know why they should.
+
+So basically there's a big
+question mark theoretically
+
+on what we would predict for the
+energy density of the vacuum.
+
+Let's see.
+
+What should I do here?
+
+I am not going to be able
+to finish this lecture.
+
+I think it's worth
+finishing, however.
+
+So I think what I'll do is I'll
+maybe go through this slide
+
+and then we'll just stop, and
+we'll pick up again next time.
+
+There are just a few
+more slides to show.
+
+But I think it's an interesting
+story worth finishing.
+
+But to come to a good
+stopping place here--
+
+we still have a minute
+and a half, I think.
+
+I want to say a little bit about
+the landscape of string theory,
+
+which is going to be a possible
+explanation-- only possible,
+
+it's very speculative here-- but
+one possible explanation which
+
+combines inflation, the eternal
+inflation, and string theory
+
+produces a possible explanation
+for this very small vacuum
+
+energy that we observe.
+
+It's based on the idea
+that string theory does not
+
+have the unique vacuum.
+
+For many years string
+theorists sought
+
+to find the vacuum of string
+theory with no success.
+
+They just couldn't
+figure out what
+
+the vacuum of string
+theory would look like.
+
+And then a little more than 10
+years ago many string theorists
+
+began to converge
+around the idea
+
+that maybe they could not
+find a vacuum because there
+
+is no unique vacuum
+to string theory.
+
+Instead, what they now
+claim is that there's
+
+a colossal number-- they
+bandy around numbers like 10
+
+to the 500th power-- a colossal
+number of metastable states,
+
+which are long lived,
+any one of which
+
+could look like a vacuum
+for a long period of time,
+
+even though ultimately it
+might decay or tunnel into one
+
+of the other metastable states.
+
+So this is called the
+landscape of string theory.
+
+This huge set of
+vacuum like states,
+
+any one of which could be
+the vacuum that fills a given
+
+pocket universe, for example.
+
+When one combines this with
+the idea of eternal inflation,
+
+then one reaches the conclusion
+that eternal inflation
+
+would very likely
+populate all of these 10
+
+to the 500 or more vacua.
+
+That is, different
+pocket universes
+
+would have different kinds
+of vacuum inside them, which
+
+would be determined randomly as
+the pocket universes nucleate,
+
+as they break off from
+this inflating backbone.
+
+And then we would
+have a multiverse
+
+which would consist
+of many, many-- 10
+
+to the 500 or more--
+different kinds of vacua
+
+in different pocket universes.
+
+Under this assumption,
+ultimately string theory
+
+would be the assumed
+laws of physics
+
+that would govern everything.
+
+But if you were living in one
+of these pocket universes,
+
+you actually see apparent laws
+of physics that would look very
+
+different from other
+pocket universe's.
+
+The point is that the
+physics that we actually
+
+see and measure is low energy
+physics compared to the energy
+
+scales of the string theory.
+
+So what we are seeing are
+just small fluctuations
+
+in the ultimate scheme of
+things about the vacuum
+
+that we live in.
+
+So the very particle
+spectrum that we see,
+
+the fact that we see
+electrons and quarks, quarks
+
+that combine to form
+protons and neutrons--
+
+could be peculiar to
+our particular pocket.
+
+And in other pockets there could
+be completely different kinds
+
+of particles, which
+are just oscillations
+
+about different kinds of vacuum.
+
+So even though the
+laws of physics
+
+would in principle be
+the same everywhere--
+
+the laws of string
+theory-- in practice the
+
+observed laws of
+physics would be
+
+very different from
+one pocket to another.
+
+And in particular
+since there are
+
+different vacua in
+the different pockets,
+
+the vacuum energy
+density would be
+
+different in different pockets.
+
+And that variability of
+the vacuum energy density
+
+provides a possible answer to
+why we see such a small vacuum
+
+energy.
+
+And we'll talk more about
+that next time on Tuesday.
+
+See you then.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AsSQdpZdP8U.txt b/AsSQdpZdP8U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ad76bff4efed01820a77b8efd7c7ddd2f374c79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AsSQdpZdP8U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us now move from the abstract to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now move from the abstract to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now move from the abstract to the
+concrete recall the example that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete recall the example that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete recall the example that we
+discussed earlier where we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier where we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier where we have two
+roles of a tetrahedral die so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of a tetrahedral die so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of a tetrahedral die so there are
+16 possible outcomes illustrated in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 possible outcomes illustrated in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 possible outcomes illustrated in this
+diagram to continue now we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram to continue now we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram to continue now we need to
+specify a probability law some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a probability law some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a probability law some kind of
+probability assignments to keep things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability assignments to keep things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability assignments to keep things
+simple we're going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we're going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we're going to make the
+assumption that the sixteen possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the sixteen possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the sixteen possible
+outcomes are all equally likely and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are all equally likely and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are all equally likely and each
+outcome has a probability of one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome has a probability of one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome has a probability of one over
+sixteen given this assumption we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteen given this assumption we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteen given this assumption we will
+now proceed to calculate certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now proceed to calculate certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now proceed to calculate certain
+probabilities let us look first and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities let us look first and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities let us look first and the
+probability that X which stands for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X which stands for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X which stands for the
+result of the first role is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the first role is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the first role is equal to one
+the way to calculate this probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to calculate this probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to calculate this probability is
+to identify what exactly that event is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify what exactly that event is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify what exactly that event is
+in our picture of the sample space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our picture of the sample space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our picture of the sample space and
+then calculate the event that X is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then calculate the event that X is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then calculate the event that X is equal
+to one can happen in four different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one can happen in four different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one can happen in four different ways
+that correspond to these four particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to these four particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to these four particular
+outcomes each one of these outcomes has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes each one of these outcomes has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes each one of these outcomes has
+a probability of 1 over 16 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability of 1 over 16 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability of 1 over 16 the
+probability of this event is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event is the sum of
+the probabilities of the outcomes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of the outcomes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of the outcomes that
+it contains so it is 4 times 1 over 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contains so it is 4 times 1 over 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contains so it is 4 times 1 over 16
+equal to 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's now z stand for the smaller of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now z stand for the smaller of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now z stand for the smaller of the
+two numbers that came up in our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers that came up in our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers that came up in our two
+roles so for example if X is 2 and Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles so for example if X is 2 and Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles so for example if X is 2 and Y is
+equal to 3 then Z is equal to 2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 3 then Z is equal to 2 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 3 then Z is equal to 2 which is
+the smaller of the two let us try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller of the two let us try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller of the two let us try to
+calculate the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability that the
+smaller of the two outcomes is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller of the two outcomes is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller of the two outcomes is equal to
+4 now for the smaller of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 now for the smaller of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 now for the smaller of the two
+outcomes to be equal to 4 we must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes to be equal to 4 we must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes to be equal to 4 we must have
+that both x and y are equal to 4 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both x and y are equal to 4 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both x and y are equal to 4 so this
+outcome here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome here is the
+way that this particular event can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that this particular event can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that this particular event can
+happen so they're scissors only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so they're scissors only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so they're scissors only one
+outcome that makes the event happen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome that makes the event happen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome that makes the event happen the
+probability of this event is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event is the
+probability of that outcome and is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that outcome and is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that outcome and is equal
+to 1 over 16 for another example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 over 16 for another example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 over 16 for another example let's
+calculate the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability that the
+minimum is equal to 2 what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum is equal to 2 what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum is equal to 2 what does it mean
+that the minimum is equal to 2 it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minimum is equal to 2 it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minimum is equal to 2 it means
+that one of the dice resulted in a 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the dice resulted in a 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the dice resulted in a 2 and
+the other die resulted in a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other die resulted in a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other die resulted in a number
+that's 2 or larger so we could have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2 or larger so we could have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2 or larger so we could have both
+equal to 2 we could have X equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 we could have X equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 we could have X equal to 2
+but Y larger or we could have y equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Y larger or we could have y equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Y larger or we could have y equal to
+2 and X something larger this grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and X something larger this grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and X something larger this grain
+event this green set is the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event this green set is the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event this green set is the set of all
+outcomes for which the minimum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes for which the minimum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes for which the minimum of the
+two rolls is equal to 2 there's a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rolls is equal to 2 there's a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rolls is equal to 2 there's a total
+of 5 such outcomes each one of them has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5 such outcomes each one of them has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5 such outcomes each one of them has
+probability 1 over 16 and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 over 16 and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 over 16 and we have
+discussed that for finite sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that for finite sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that for finite sets the
+probability of a finite set is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a finite set is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a finite set is the sum
+of the probabilities of the elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probabilities of the elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probabilities of the elements of
+that set so we have 5 elements here each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set so we have 5 elements here each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set so we have 5 elements here each
+one with probability 1 over 16 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with probability 1 over 16 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with probability 1 over 16 and this
+is the answer to this problem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the answer to this problem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the answer to this problem this
+particular example that we saw here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example that we saw here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example that we saw here is a
+special case of what is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of what is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of what is called a
+discrete uniform law in a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete uniform law in a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete uniform law in a discrete
+uniform law we have a sample space which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform law we have a sample space which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform law we have a sample space which
+is finite and it has n elements and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite and it has n elements and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite and it has n elements and we
+assume that these n elements are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that these n elements are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that these n elements are equally
+likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely
+now since the probability of Omega the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since the probability of Omega the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since the probability of Omega the
+probability of the entire sample space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the entire sample space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the entire sample space
+is equal to 1 this means that each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 this means that each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 this means that each one
+of these elements must have probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these elements must have probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these elements must have probability
+1 over m that's the only way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over m that's the only way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over m that's the only way that the
+sum of the probabilities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the probabilities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the probabilities of the
+different outcomes would be equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcomes would be equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcomes would be equal to 1
+as required by the normalization axiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as required by the normalization axiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as required by the normalization axiom
+consider now some subset of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider now some subset of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider now some subset of the sample
+space an event a that has exactly K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space an event a that has exactly K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space an event a that has exactly K
+elements what is the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements what is the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements what is the probability of the
+set a it's the sum of the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a it's the sum of the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a it's the sum of the probabilities
+of its elements there are K elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its elements there are K elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its elements there are K elements and
+each one of them has a probability of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them has a probability of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them has a probability of 1
+over N and this way we can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N and this way we can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N and this way we can find the
+probability of the set a so when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the set a so when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the set a so when we have
+a discrete uniform probability law we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete uniform probability law we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete uniform probability law we
+can find we can calculate probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find we can calculate probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find we can calculate probabilities
+by simply counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simply counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simply counting the number of
+elements of Omega which is and finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of Omega which is and finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of Omega which is and finding
+the number N and counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number N and counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number N and counting the number of
+elements of the set a that's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the set a that's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the set a that's the reason
+why counting will turn out to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why counting will turn out to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why counting will turn out to be an
+important skill and there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important skill and there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important skill and there will be a
+whole lecture devoted to this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture devoted to this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture devoted to this particular
+topic
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BEAv82FinM0.txt b/BEAv82FinM0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d0627aea1001e96a9b0dd27a871bbd28af7410e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BEAv82FinM0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now conditional probability will let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now conditional probability will let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now conditional probability will let us
+explain a lot of the confused arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a lot of the confused arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a lot of the confused arguments
+that people brought up about monty hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people brought up about monty hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people brought up about monty hall
+and we'll see that it is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that it is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that it is a little bit
+confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing
+and where there are some correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where there are some correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where there are some correct
+sounding arguments that give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding arguments that give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding arguments that give you the
+wrong answer so let's go back and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answer so let's go back and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answer so let's go back and look
+at our uh monty hall tree that allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our uh monty hall tree that allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our uh monty hall tree that allowed
+us to derive the sample space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to derive the sample space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to derive the sample space and
+probability space for the whole process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space for the whole process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space for the whole process
+of the conte the prize being placed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conte the prize being placed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conte the prize being placed in
+the contestant picking a door and carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contestant picking a door and carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contestant picking a door and carol
+opening a door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening a door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening a door
+now this tree was way more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this tree was way more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this tree was way more complicated
+than we needed if all we were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we needed if all we were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we needed if all we were trying to
+do was figure out the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do was figure out the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do was figure out the probability of
+winning if you switch but having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning if you switch but having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning if you switch but having the
+tree will allow us to discuss a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree will allow us to discuss a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree will allow us to discuss a whole
+bunch of other events in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other events in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other events in their
+probabilities that will get us a grip on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that will get us a grip on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that will get us a grip on
+some of the arguments that gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the arguments that gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the arguments that gave the
+wrong answer so let's look at the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answer so let's look at the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answer so let's look at the event
+first of all that the goat is a two now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all that the goat is a two now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all that the goat is a two now
+this is the branch where the prize is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the branch where the prize is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the branch where the prize is at
+two and so in all the other branches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so in all the other branches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so in all the other branches the
+goat is at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat is at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat is at two
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh which means that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which means that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which means that we have
+these eight of the twelve outcomes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eight of the twelve outcomes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eight of the twelve outcomes in
+the event goat is it two now let's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event goat is it two now let's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event goat is it two now let's also
+look at the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the event
+that the prize is at one that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the prize is at one that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the prize is at one that's just
+this branch of the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branch of the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branch of the tree
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one of the arguments is that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the arguments is that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the arguments is that when the
+contestant is at the point where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant is at the point where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant is at the point where uh
+they've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've seen
+that the open door and they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the open door and they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the open door and they're trying to
+decide whether a stick it's or switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether a stick it's or switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether a stick it's or switch
+um they know that the goat is at door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they know that the goat is at door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they know that the goat is at door
+too say without loss of generality that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too say without loss of generality that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too say without loss of generality that
+that was the door that they got to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the door that they got to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the door that they got to look
+at behind with it carol opened and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at behind with it carol opened and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at behind with it carol opened and so uh
+we want to ask the probability given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to ask the probability given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to ask the probability given
+that he picked uh one what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he picked uh one what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he picked uh one what's the
+probability that the prize is at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the prize is at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the prize is at one
+given that the goat is at two that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the goat is at two that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the goat is at two that means
+that if you're at uh door one then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're at uh door one then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're at uh door one then you
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+a stick if that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stick if that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stick if that probability
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh high and otherwise you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh high and otherwise you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh high and otherwise you shouldn't
+stick so we can look at this event the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick so we can look at this event the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick so we can look at this event the
+prize at one given the go to two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize at one given the go to two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize at one given the go to two and
+what we can see is that it's taking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can see is that it's taking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can see is that it's taking up
+exactly half of the outcomes for goated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly half of the outcomes for goated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly half of the outcomes for goated
+two and at the same kind of outcomes red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and at the same kind of outcomes red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and at the same kind of outcomes red
+ones and and green ones the red ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and and green ones the red ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and and green ones the red ones are
+the worth and eighteenth and the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worth and eighteenth and the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worth and eighteenth and the green
+ones are worth a ninth in probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are worth a ninth in probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are worth a ninth in probability
+and that implies that the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that implies that the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that implies that the probability
+that the prize is at one given that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the prize is at one given that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the prize is at one given that the
+goat is a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat is a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat is a two
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a half it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a half it really is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's the argument that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's the argument that people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying they said look when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying they said look when the
+contestant sees that the goat is at door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant sees that the goat is at door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant sees that the goat is at door
+two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um
+and they're trying to decide whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're trying to decide whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're trying to decide whether the
+goat the prize is at the door is it door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat the prize is at the door is it door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat the prize is at the door is it door
+one or at the other door and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or at the other door and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or at the other door and it's
+equally likely and so it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely and so it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely and so it doesn't matter
+whether they stick or switch that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they stick or switch that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they stick or switch that's a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct argument but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct argument but it's not
+calculating the probability of the stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the probability of the stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the probability of the stick
+strategy winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy winning
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy winning
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh there's more information that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's more information that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's more information that's
+available than goat is it two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available than goat is it two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available than goat is it two
+the contestant not only knows that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contestant not only knows that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contestant not only knows that the
+goat is a two and trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat is a two and trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat is a two and trying to figure out
+the probability that the prize is at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the prize is at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the prize is at one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the contestant knows what door he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the contestant knows what door he
+picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked
+so let's suppose that the contestant did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose that the contestant did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose that the contestant did
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick door one and learned that the goat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick door one and learned that the goat
+was a door too that's a different event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a door too that's a different event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a door too that's a different event
+if the the blue one is marked off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the the blue one is marked off at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the the blue one is marked off at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places where the contestant picks
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places where the contestant picks
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+um this is where the door is picked is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is where the door is picked is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is where the door is picked is
+one and here's one and here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here's one and here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here's one and here's one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this one splits into one event this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one splits into one event this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one splits into one event this one
+splits into one event but this choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits into one event but this choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits into one event but this choice of
+one splits into two outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one splits into two outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one splits into two outcomes
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+uh when we look at the event that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we look at the event that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we look at the event that both
+the goaters are two and the contestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goaters are two and the contestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goaters are two and the contestant
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked one which is what the contestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked one which is what the contestant
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+really knows when they get to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really knows when they get to see that
+there's a go to door two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a go to door two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a go to door two
+we wind up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wind up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wind up with
+the overlap of just three outcomes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlap of just three outcomes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlap of just three outcomes two
+outcomes that have probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes that have probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes that have probability one
+eighth and one outcome that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth and one outcome that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth and one outcome that has
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+a ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ninth
+it's just those three and the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just those three and the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just those three and the result is
+that the probability that the prize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability that the prize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability that the prize is
+at one given that you picked one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one given that you picked one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one given that you picked one and the
+goat is at two yeah so this is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat is at two yeah so this is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat is at two yeah so this is uh the
+event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+goat at two and picked one these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat at two and picked one these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat at two and picked one these three
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes the prize is at one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes the prize is at one
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+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+these two outcomes which are each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two outcomes which are each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two outcomes which are each
+each worth an 18th and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each worth an 18th and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each worth an 18th and this is an
+outcome that's worth a ninth so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome that's worth a ninth so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome that's worth a ninth so the
+prize at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize at one
+outcomes amount to half of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes amount to half of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes amount to half of the total
+probability of this event go to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event go to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this event go to two
+picked at once so again the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked at once so again the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked at once so again the probability
+that the prize is at one given that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the prize is at one given that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the prize is at one given that the
+contestant picked one and saw the goat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant picked one and saw the goat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant picked one and saw the goat
+at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two
+is a half also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a half also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a half also
+that's confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's confusing
+so it seems as though the contestant may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems as though the contestant may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems as though the contestant may
+as well stick because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well stick because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well stick because
+at the point that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point that he
+has to decide whether to stick or switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to decide whether to stick or switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to decide whether to stick or switch
+and he knows where he sees where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he knows where he sees where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he knows where he sees where the
+goat is and he knows what dory's picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat is and he knows what dory's picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat is and he knows what dory's picked
+um it's 50 50 whether he should stick or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's 50 50 whether he should stick or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's 50 50 whether he should stick or
+switch the probability that the prize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the probability that the prize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the probability that the prize is
+at door one that he picked is a half uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at door one that he picked is a half uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at door one that he picked is a half uh
+so it really doesn't matter if he stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it really doesn't matter if he stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it really doesn't matter if he stays
+there if he decides to switch to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if he decides to switch to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if he decides to switch to the
+unopened door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unopened door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unopened door
+but wait a minute that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wait a minute that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wait a minute that's not
+right because the contestant not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the contestant not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the contestant not only
+knows what door he picked not only knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what door he picked not only knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what door he picked not only knows
+that there's a goat behind a given door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a goat behind a given door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a goat behind a given door
+that carol has opened but he knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carol has opened but he knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carol has opened but he knows that
+carol has opened that door that's how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carol has opened that door that's how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carol has opened that door that's how he
+got to know that the goat was there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know that the goat was there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know that the goat was there so
+let's go back and look at the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back and look at the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back and look at the tree
+what basically the previous two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what basically the previous two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what basically the previous two
+arguments are conditioning on the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments are conditioning on the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments are conditioning on the wrong
+events it's a typical mistake and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events it's a typical mistake and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events it's a typical mistake and one
+that you really have to watch out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really have to watch out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really have to watch out for
+so if you use the correct event what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you use the correct event what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you use the correct event what
+we're looking at is the contestant knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at is the contestant knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at is the contestant knows
+that they've picked door one that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've picked door one that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've picked door one that's the
+and the outcomes of pick door one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outcomes of pick door one are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outcomes of pick door one are
+marked here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked here
+in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition
+uh the contestant will get to know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the contestant will get to know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the contestant will get to know for
+example in a play of the game that carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a play of the game that carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a play of the game that carol
+has opened door to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has opened door to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has opened door to
+carol opening door two is quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carol opening door two is quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carol opening door two is quite a
+different event from the goat being at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different event from the goat being at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different event from the goat being at
+two this is a picture of the outcomes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this is a picture of the outcomes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this is a picture of the outcomes in
+carroll opening door two and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carroll opening door two and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carroll opening door two and we're
+interested in the intersection of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the intersection of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the intersection of them
+that is just this guy that's in both and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just this guy that's in both and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just this guy that's in both and
+this guy that's in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy that's in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy that's in both
+there they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are
+and so what we can do is identify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we can do is identify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we can do is identify that
+the event that you picked one and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that you picked one and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that you picked one and that
+carol opened door to consists simply of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carol opened door to consists simply of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carol opened door to consists simply of
+two outcomes one worth and eighteenth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outcomes one worth and eighteenth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outcomes one worth and eighteenth
+and one worth a ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one worth a ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one worth a ninth
+now of these two outcomes which one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of these two outcomes which one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of these two outcomes which one has
+the prize at one well only that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize at one well only that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize at one well only that one
+remember the first component here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the first component here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the first component here is
+where the prize is and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the prize is and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the prize is and so
+uh the prize at one event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the prize at one event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the prize at one event
+among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among
+the given picked one and opened two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the given picked one and opened two is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the given picked one and opened two is
+just this red outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this red outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this red outcome
+now the red outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the red outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the red outcome
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+a probability 118th and the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability 118th and the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability 118th and the green
+outcome has probability that's twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome has probability that's twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome has probability that's twice as
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+so that means that relative to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that relative to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that relative to this
+event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+the probability that the prizes at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the prizes at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the prizes at one
+given that you picked one an open two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you picked one an open two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you picked one an open two
+is actually 1 18 over 1 18 plus 1 9 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually 1 18 over 1 18 plus 1 9 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually 1 18 over 1 18 plus 1 9 or
+one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third
+so given that you picked one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given that you picked one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given that you picked one
+and you get to see what carol did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get to see what carol did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get to see what carol did the
+probability that the prize is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the prize is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the prize is at the
+door you picked is only one-third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door you picked is only one-third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door you picked is only one-third
+which means that if you stick you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that if you stick you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that if you stick you only
+have a one-third chance of winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one-third chance of winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one-third chance of winning
+you should switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should switch
+and if you do you'll have a two-thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do you'll have a two-thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do you'll have a two-thirds
+probability of winning so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of winning so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of winning so when we
+finally condition on everything that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally condition on everything that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally condition on everything that we
+know which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which is
+the contestant knows what door he picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contestant knows what door he picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contestant knows what door he picked
+and what door carol opened then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what door carol opened then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what door carol opened then we
+discover that incorrectly as we deduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that incorrectly as we deduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that incorrectly as we deduced
+previously that the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously that the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously that the probability of
+switching wins is two-thirds so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching wins is two-thirds so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching wins is two-thirds so we're
+not trying to re-derive the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to re-derive the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to re-derive the fact that
+the probability of switching wins is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of switching wins is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of switching wins is
+two-thirds we're trying to illustrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds we're trying to illustrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds we're trying to illustrate a
+very basic blunder that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic blunder that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic blunder that you have to
+watch out for which is when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for which is when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for which is when you're
+trying to reason about some situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to reason about some situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to reason about some situation
+and you condition on some event that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you condition on some event that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you condition on some event that you
+think summarizes what's going on if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think summarizes what's going on if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think summarizes what's going on if you
+don't get the conditioning event right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the conditioning event right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the conditioning event right
+you're going to get the wrong answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the wrong answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the wrong answer
+so it's easy to see how many people got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy to see how many people got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy to see how many people got
+confused uh and in fact finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused uh and in fact finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused uh and in fact finding the
+right event can be tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right event can be tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right event can be tricky
+when in doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in doubt
+the false the four-step method with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false the four-step method with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false the four-step method with
+constructing the tree where you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the tree where you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the tree where you're not
+even thinking about probably uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thinking about probably uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thinking about probably uh
+conditional probabilities but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities but you're
+just examining the individual outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just examining the individual outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just examining the individual outcomes
+is a good fallback to avoid these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good fallback to avoid these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good fallback to avoid these kinds
+of confusing situations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BEs4K6LSGzo.txt b/BEs4K6LSGzo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2396a466a553632970f030634dd210b80246274
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BEs4K6LSGzo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today's lecture is one where it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is one where it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is one where it's a
+lecture I've never given before and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I've never given before and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I've never given before and it's
+very much related to the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much related to the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much related to the experiments
+we're doing right now in my research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing right now in my research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing right now in my research
+group and so basically we have a chirped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and so basically we have a chirped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and so basically we have a chirped
+pulse of microwave radiation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse of microwave radiation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse of microwave radiation which is
+propagating through a sample it causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating through a sample it causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating through a sample it causes
+all of the molecules in the sample to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the molecules in the sample to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the molecules in the sample to be
+to be prepared in some way we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be prepared in some way we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be prepared in some way we call it
+polarized and this polarization relaxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized and this polarization relaxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized and this polarization relaxes
+by what we call free induction decay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we call free induction decay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we call free induction decay and
+they produce a signal which so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they produce a signal which so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they produce a signal which so we have a
+pulse of radiation that propagates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse of radiation that propagates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse of radiation that propagates
+through the sample it the the two-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the sample it the the two-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the sample it the the two-level
+systems in the sample all yet polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the sample all yet polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the sample all yet polarized
+which we'll talk about today and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about today and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about today and they
+radiate radiates that polarization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate radiates that polarization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate radiates that polarization and
+we collected in a detector here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collected in a detector here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collected in a detector here and so
+the two important things are this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two important things are this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two important things are this is a
+time-dependent experiment and that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent experiment and that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent experiment and that we
+have a whole bunch of molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole bunch of molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole bunch of molecules and
+they're interacting with the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interacting with the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interacting with the radiation
+in a way which is complicated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way which is complicated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way which is complicated because
+this is not each one of them has quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not each one of them has quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not each one of them has quantum
+states but all of the particles in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but all of the particles in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but all of the particles in this
+sample are somehow interacting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample are somehow interacting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample are somehow interacting with the
+radiation field in a way which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation field in a way which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation field in a way which is
+uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated
+so we we're not you know we can say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we're not you know we can say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we're not you know we can say all
+of these particles are either bosons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these particles are either bosons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these particles are either bosons or
+fermions but we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermions but we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermions but we're not going to
+symmetrize or anti symmetries the each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrize or anti symmetries the each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrize or anti symmetries the each
+of these particles is independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these particles is independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these particles is independent and
+and we need a way of describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need a way of describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need a way of describing the
+quantum mechanics for an ensemble of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics for an ensemble of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics for an ensemble of
+independent particles so it's a big step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent particles so it's a big step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent particles so it's a big step
+towards useful quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards useful quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards useful quantum mechanics
+and I'm not going to be able to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to be able to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to be able to finish
+the lecture as I planned it so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture as I planned it so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture as I planned it so you
+should know where I'm going and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know where I'm going and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know where I'm going and I'm
+going to be introducing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be introducing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be introducing a lot of
+interesting concepts okay the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting concepts okay the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting concepts okay the the the
+first third two-thirds of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first third two-thirds of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first third two-thirds of the lecture
+notes are typed and you could have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are typed and you could have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes are typed and you could have seen
+them and the rest of them will be typed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the rest of them will be typed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the rest of them will be typed
+later today this is based on a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later today this is based on a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later today this is based on a material
+in Mike fares book which is referenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mike fares book which is referenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mike fares book which is referenced
+in your notes the this book is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your notes the this book is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your notes the this book is really
+accessible it's not nearly as elegant as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible it's not nearly as elegant as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible it's not nearly as elegant as
+some of the other treatments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other treatments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other treatments of
+interaction of radiation with two-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of radiation with two-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of radiation with two-level
+systems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay
+now I talked about interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I talked about interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I talked about interaction of
+radiation with two-level systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation with two-level systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation with two-level systems in
+lecture number 19 and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture number 19 and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture number 19 and this is a
+completely different topic from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different topic from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different topic from that
+because in that we were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in that we were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in that we were interested in
+many transitions let me just say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many transitions let me just say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many transitions let me just say the
+radiation field that interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation field that interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation field that interact with the
+molecule is weak it interacts with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is weak it interacts with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is weak it interacts with all
+the molecules and the theory is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules and the theory is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules and the theory is for a
+weak pulse and and the important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak pulse and and the important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak pulse and and the important point
+in lecture 19 was resonance and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture 19 was resonance and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture 19 was resonance and so we
+made the dipole approximation and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the dipole approximation and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the dipole approximation and each
+two-level system is separately resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level system is separately resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level system is separately resonant
+and is weakly interaction interacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is weakly interaction interacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is weakly interaction interacted
+with and does something to the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and does something to the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and does something to the radiation
+field now here we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field now here we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field now here we're going to be talking
+about a two-level system only two levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a two-level system only two levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a two-level system only two levels
+and the radiation field is really strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the radiation field is really strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the radiation field is really strong
+or is as strong as you want and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is as strong as you want and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is as strong as you want and it it
+does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something
+the two-level system which results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-level system which results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-level system which results in a
+signal and because a radiation field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and because a radiation field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and because a radiation field is
+strong it's not just a matter of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong it's not just a matter of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong it's not just a matter of taking
+two levels and mixing them the mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels and mixing them the mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels and mixing them the mixing
+coefficients are not small it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are not small it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are not small it's not
+linear response the the mixing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear response the the mixing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear response the the mixing is
+sinusoidal the stronger the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal the stronger the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal the stronger the radiation
+field the the mixing changes and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the the mixing changes and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the the mixing changes and all
+sorts of interesting things happen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of interesting things happen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of interesting things happen okay
+so this is a much harder problem than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a much harder problem than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a much harder problem than
+what was discussed in lecture number 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was discussed in lecture number 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was discussed in lecture number 19
+and in order to discuss it I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to discuss it I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to discuss it I'm going to
+use some important tricks and refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some important tricks and refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some important tricks and refer to
+something called the density matrix okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the density matrix okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the density matrix okay
+the first trick is we have this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first trick is we have this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first trick is we have this equation
+which can easily be derived and most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can easily be derived and most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can easily be derived and most of
+this lecture I'm going to be skipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture I'm going to be skipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture I'm going to be skipping
+derivation some of the derivations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation some of the derivations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation some of the derivations are
+going to be in the notes but so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in the notes but so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in the notes but so we have
+some operator and we want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operator and we want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operator and we want to know the
+time dependence of the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence of the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence of the expectation value
+of that operator it's possible to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that operator it's possible to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that operator it's possible to show
+that that the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the expectation value of the
+operator a is given by the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator a is given by the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator a is given by the expectation
+value of the commutator of a with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the commutator of a with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the commutator of a with the
+Hamiltonian plus the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian plus the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian plus the expectation value
+the partial derivative of the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of the operator
+in okay so that this is a general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so that this is a general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so that this is a general and
+useful equation for the time dependant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful equation for the time dependant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful equation for the time dependant
+of anything and it's derived simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything and it's derived simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything and it's derived simply by
+taking the applying the chain rule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the applying the chain rule to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the applying the chain rule to
+this sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have three terms and when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have three terms and when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have three terms and when you do
+that you end up getting this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you end up getting this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you end up getting this equation
+okay so this is just the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just the sort of
+equation and anyway so that this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and anyway so that this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and anyway so that this is what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I believe this so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I believe this so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I believe this so we're going to
+have some notation here we have a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some notation here we have a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some notation here we have a wave
+function and this is a capital of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this is a capital of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this is a capital of size
+so this is a wave function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a wave function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a wave function a
+time-dependent wave function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent wave function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent wave function this
+satisfies their time dependence your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies their time dependence your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies their time dependence your
+integration and we're going to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and we're going to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and we're going to replace
+that by just something called little T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by just something called little T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by just something called little T
+and we can write this thing Phi of X T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write this thing Phi of X T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write this thing Phi of X T
+as the sum over n CN sine and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum over n CN sine and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum over n CN sine and and this
+becomes in in a bracket notation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes in in a bracket notation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes in in a bracket notation because
+CN and so we have a complete orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN and so we have a complete orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN and so we have a complete orthonormal
+set of functions and in this thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of functions and in this thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of functions and in this thing it
+just normalized to one okay and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just normalized to one okay and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just normalized to one okay and now I'm
+going to introduce this thing called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce this thing called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce this thing called the
+density matrix okay this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density matrix okay this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density matrix okay this is a very
+useful quantum mechanical quantity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful quantum mechanical quantity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful quantum mechanical quantity which
+replaces the wave function it repackages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces the wave function it repackages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces the wave function it repackages
+everything we know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we know from the
+time-dependent schrodinger equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent schrodinger equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent schrodinger equation and
+the sort of your picture of a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of your picture of a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of your picture of a wave
+function it's the equivalent it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's the equivalent it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's the equivalent it's just
+arranging it in a different way and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging it in a different way and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging it in a different way and this
+different way is extremely powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way is extremely powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way is extremely powerful and
+because what it does is it gets rid of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it does is it gets rid of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it does is it gets rid of a
+lot of complexity I mean when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of complexity I mean when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of complexity I mean when you have
+the time-dependent wave functions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time-dependent wave functions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time-dependent wave functions you
+have this e to the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this e to the minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this e to the minus I
+T over H bar always kicking around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over H bar always kicking around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over H bar always kicking around and
+we get rid of that for most of the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get rid of that for most of the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get rid of that for most of the for
+most everything and it also enables us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most everything and it also enables us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most everything and it also enables us
+to do really really beautiful simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do really really beautiful simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do really really beautiful simple
+calculations of the time dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations of the time dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations of the time dependence of
+expectation values it's also a quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values it's also a quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values it's also a quantity
+where if you have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you have a whole bunch of
+different molecules in the system each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different molecules in the system each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different molecules in the system each
+one of them has a density matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them has a density matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them has a density matrix and
+those density matrices add and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those density matrices add and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those density matrices add and you have
+the density matrix for an ensemble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density matrix for an ensemble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density matrix for an ensemble and
+so if the populations of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the populations of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the populations of different
+levels are different the the weights for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are different the the weights for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are different the the weights for
+each of the levels or each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the levels or each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the levels or each of the
+systems is taking care of it we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is taking care of it we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is taking care of it we don't
+worry about coherences between particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about coherences between particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about coherences between particles
+unless we create coherences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we create coherences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we create coherences between
+particles so this is a really powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so this is a really powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so this is a really powerful
+thing and it's but unlike the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's but unlike the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's but unlike the wave
+function it's observable because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's observable because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's observable because the
+diagonal elements of this matrix matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements of this matrix matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements of this matrix matrix
+are populations and the off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are populations and the off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are populations and the off diagonal
+elements which we call coherences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements which we call coherences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements which we call coherences are
+also observable and if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also observable and if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also observable and if you look at the
+Fourier transform of the emission from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of the emission from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of the emission from
+this system it will consist of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system it will consist of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system it will consist of several
+frequencies and those frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and those frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and those frequencies are
+the off diagonal elements with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off diagonal elements with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off diagonal elements with the
+amplitude the relative weights of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude the relative weights of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude the relative weights of those
+frequencies and so one can determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and so one can determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and so one can determine
+everything in the density matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the density matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the density matrix
+experimentally now it's really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally now it's really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally now it's really it's
+still indirect because you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still indirect because you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still indirect because you're making
+experimental measurements but we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental measurements but we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental measurements but we think
+about this thing in a way we don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing in a way we don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing in a way we don't think
+about the wave function it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wave function it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wave function it's really
+important and this is the gateway to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and this is the gateway to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and this is the gateway to
+almost all of modern quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of modern quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of modern quantum mechanics
+and statistical mechanics quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statistical mechanics quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statistical mechanics quantum
+statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+mechanics and so this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and so this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and so this is a really
+important concept and we've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept and we've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept and we've I've
+protected you from it until now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected you from it until now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected you from it until now and
+since this is the last lecture both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is the last lecture both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is the last lecture both in
+this course and in my teaching of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and in my teaching of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and in my teaching of this
+course forever I want to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course forever I want to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course forever I want to talk about this
+gateway phenomena okay so what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we denote it by this the strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we denote it by this the strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we denote it by this the strange
+notation I mean you're used to this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I mean you're used to this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I mean you're used to this kind
+of notation where we have the overlap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation where we have the overlap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation where we have the overlap of
+a bra with a cat and or abroad with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bra with a cat and or abroad with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bra with a cat and or abroad with
+itself but this is different you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but this is different you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but this is different you know
+this is a number and this is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if we have a two-level system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we can say that T is equal to C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can say that T is equal to C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can say that T is equal to C 1
+of T G c2 so state 1 state 2 and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T G c2 so state 1 state 2 and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T G c2 so state 1 state 2 and we have
+time dependence now this could be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence now this could be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence now this could be all
+you know there's lots of stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's lots of stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's lots of stuff that
+could be in here and this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in here and this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in here and this is going to be
+a solution of the time-dependent origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution of the time-dependent origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution of the time-dependent origin
+so since it's an unfamiliar topic I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since it's an unfamiliar topic I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since it's an unfamiliar topic I'm
+going to spend more time talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend more time talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend more time talking about
+the mechanics then what how you use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanics then what how you use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanics then what how you use that
+to solve this problem but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem but let's just
+look at it ok so we have for a two-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it ok so we have for a two-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it ok so we have for a two-level
+system we have it's a matrix a11 a12 a21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have it's a matrix a11 a12 a21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have it's a matrix a11 a12 a21
+and a.22 element and so we want the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a.22 element and so we want the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a.22 element and so we want the row
+1 1 matrix only so it's going to be a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 matrix only so it's going to be a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 matrix only so it's going to be a 1
+year and we're going to have a 1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and we're going to have a 1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and we're going to have a 1 here
+and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see 1 1 plus C 2 2 then we have C 1 star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 let's see 2 star - okay and so have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 let's see 2 star - okay and so have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 let's see 2 star - okay and so have I
+got am i doing it right now okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got am i doing it right now okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got am i doing it right now okay and so
+the the first thing we we do is we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first thing we we do is we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first thing we we do is we look
+at this inside part and we have C 1 C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this inside part and we have C 1 C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this inside part and we have C 1 C 1
+star and we have 1 1 and we have C 2 C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and we have 1 1 and we have C 2 C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and we have 1 1 and we have C 2 C 2
+star now I'm getting in trouble I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I want this to come out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want this to come out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want this to come out to be
+only C 1 C 1 star so what am I doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only C 1 C 1 star so what am I doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only C 1 C 1 star so what am I doing
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the left side you have one-on-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the left side you have one-on-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the left side you have one-on-one
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yeah okay so yeah and that's C 2 C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so yeah and that's C 2 C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so yeah and that's C 2 C 1
+star but that's 0 and so anyway I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star but that's 0 and so anyway I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star but that's 0 and so anyway I'm not
+going to say more but the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say more but the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say more but the this
+combination is 1 this combination is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is 1 this combination is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is 1 this combination is 0
+this combination is 0 this combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this combination is 0 this combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this combination is 0 this combination
+is 1 and we end up getting and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 and we end up getting and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 and we end up getting and and then
+we end up just getting this ok Row 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up just getting this ok Row 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up just getting this ok Row 1 2
+is equal to C 1 C 2 star no 2 1 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to C 1 C 2 star no 2 1 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to C 1 C 2 star no 2 1 is equal
+to C 2 C 1 star and Rho 2 2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C 2 C 1 star and Rho 2 2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C 2 C 1 star and Rho 2 2 is equal to
+C 1 C 2 C 2 star so we have the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 C 2 C 2 star so we have the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 C 2 C 2 star so we have the elements
+of this matrix and they are expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this matrix and they are expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this matrix and they are expressed in
+terms of these mixing coefficients for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of these mixing coefficients for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of these mixing coefficients for
+states 1 2 ok now if we look at this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states 1 2 ok now if we look at this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states 1 2 ok now if we look at this we
+can see that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 1 + 0 2 2 is equal to C 1 C 1 star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 + 0 2 2 is equal to C 1 C 1 star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 + 0 2 2 is equal to C 1 C 1 star
+plus C 2 C 2 star and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C 2 C 2 star and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C 2 C 2 star and that's the
+normalization integral that's 1 and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization integral that's 1 and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization integral that's 1 and and
+we have 1 1 1 2 is equal to 2 1 star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 1 1 1 2 is equal to 2 1 star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 1 1 1 2 is equal to 2 1 star and
+so H the row is information so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H the row is information so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H the row is information so the
+density matrix is normalized to 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density matrix is normalized to 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density matrix is normalized to 1 and
+it's a hermitian matrix and we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hermitian matrix and we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hermitian matrix and we can use
+all sorts of tricks for hermitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of tricks for hermitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of tricks for hermitian
+matrices ok now we're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices ok now we're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices ok now we're interested in the
+time dependence of a row and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence of a row and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence of a row and so we're
+going to use this wonderful equation up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this wonderful equation up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this wonderful equation up
+here in order to get the time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in order to get the time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in order to get the time dependence
+of row because row like a is a hermitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of row because row like a is a hermitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of row because row like a is a hermitian
+operator and so we can do that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and so we can do that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and so we can do that and so
+the time dependence of Row is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time dependence of Row is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time dependence of Row is going to
+be equal to the time dependence of t t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the time dependence of t t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the time dependence of t t
+we operating first here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when we do this what we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do this what we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do this what we end up
+getting well we so we have a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting well we so we have a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting well we so we have a time
+dependence of a wavefunction so we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of a wavefunction so we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of a wavefunction so we use
+the time to finish order equation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to finish order equation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to finish order equation and we
+insert that and using the time to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert that and using the time to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert that and using the time to finish
+order equation we we have things like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation we we have things like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation we we have things like so
+every time we take the the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we take the the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we take the the wave function
+the derivative of a function we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a function we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a function we get a
+Hamiltonian and and so on and so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and and so on and so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and and so on and so what we
+can express this time dependence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express this time dependence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express this time dependence of the
+density matrix by just using the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density matrix by just using the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density matrix by just using the time
+inserting the time dependent Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting the time dependent Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting the time dependent Schrodinger
+equation repeatedly this is why I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation repeatedly this is why I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation repeatedly this is why I say
+this is repackaging the time to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is repackaging the time to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is repackaging the time to do the
+the Schrodinger picture repackaging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger picture repackaging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger picture repackaging the
+wave function and writing everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and writing everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and writing everything in
+terms of these matrices so so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of these matrices so so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of these matrices so so that's the
+first that's what happens here I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that's what happens here I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that's what happens here I'm sorry
+that's what happens here and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happens here and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happens here and then we
+write this one and we we get plus 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this one and we we get plus 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this one and we we get plus 1 over
+minus IH bar T H ok and you recognize we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus IH bar T H ok and you recognize we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus IH bar T H ok and you recognize we
+recognize that that is just 1 over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that that is just 1 over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that that is just 1 over I
+h-bar times H row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the time dependence of the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the time dependence of the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the time dependence of the density
+matrix is given by this commutator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+commutator czar kind of neat because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator czar kind of neat because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator czar kind of neat because
+usually what happens is these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what happens is these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what happens is these two things
+have very different structures and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very different structures and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very different structures and you
+get rid of something you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of something you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of something you don't want to
+deal with anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with anymore
+okay and so now we actually evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now we actually evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now we actually evaluate
+these things and we we do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and we we do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and we we do a lot of
+algebra and we get these equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and we get these equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and we get these equations of
+motion for the elements of the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for the elements of the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for the elements of the density
+matrix and so we find the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and so we find the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and so we find the time
+dependence of the diagonal element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the diagonal element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the diagonal element
+towards the state one its opposite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the state one its opposite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the state one its opposite that
+for state - in other words population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for state - in other words population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for state - in other words population
+from state one is being transferred into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from state one is being transferred into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from state one is being transferred into
+state 2 and that is equal to minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 2 and that is equal to minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 2 and that is equal to minus I
+over H bar times H 1 2 Rho 2 1 minus H 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar times H 1 2 Rho 2 1 minus H 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar times H 1 2 Rho 2 1 minus H 2
+1 Rho 1 2 and we have Rho 1 2 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Rho 1 2 and we have Rho 1 2 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Rho 1 2 and we have Rho 1 2 time
+dependence is equal to Rho 2 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence is equal to Rho 2 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence is equal to Rho 2 1 to
+infinite star and that comes out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite star and that comes out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite star and that comes out to be
+minus IH bar minus I over H bar H 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus IH bar minus I over H bar H 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus IH bar minus I over H bar H 1 1
+that minus H 2 2 Row 1 to Row 2 to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus H 2 2 Row 1 to Row 2 to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus H 2 2 Row 1 to Row 2 to minus
+Rho 1 1 times H 1 2 ok this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho 1 1 times H 1 2 ok this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho 1 1 times H 1 2 ok this is very
+interesting but now we have coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but now we have coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but now we have coupled
+differential equations and we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and we can solve
+them and but we want to do a trick where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and but we want to do a trick where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and but we want to do a trick where
+we write the Hamiltonian as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the Hamiltonian as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the Hamiltonian as a sum
+of two terms this is the time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two terms this is the time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two terms this is the time to
+independent part and this is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent part and this is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent part and this is the time
+dependent part this is the part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent part this is the part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent part this is the part that
+gives us trouble this is the part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us trouble this is the part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us trouble this is the part that
+takes us into territory that I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us into territory that I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us into territory that I haven't
+talked about in in time independent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in in time independent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in in time independent but
+it's still its perturbation theory this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still its perturbation theory this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still its perturbation theory this
+is supposed to be something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be something that is
+different from and usually smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from and usually smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from and usually smaller than
+h0 and so we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 and so we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 and so we do this
+so h0 operating on any function gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h0 operating on any function gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h0 operating on any function gives
+the M times pen and so we could call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M times pen and so we could call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M times pen and so we could call
+these easy rows but we don't need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these easy rows but we don't need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these easy rows but we don't need to do
+that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we do a lot of algebra we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we do a lot of algebra we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we do a lot of algebra we
+discover that the time dependence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the time dependence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the time dependence of the
+density matrix is given by minus I over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density matrix is given by minus I over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density matrix is given by minus I over
+H bar times H 1 of T so this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar times H 1 of T so this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar times H 1 of T so this is very
+much like what we did before but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like what we did before but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like what we did before but now we
+have that the time dependence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the time dependence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the time dependence is
+entirely due to the time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely due to the time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely due to the time dependent
+Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so everything associated with H 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so everything associated with H 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so everything associated with H 0
+is gone from this equation of motion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone from this equation of motion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone from this equation of motion so
+now let's just be specific so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just be specific so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just be specific so here's a
+two-level system this is state 1 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level system this is state 1 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level system this is state 1 this is
+state to this difference is Delta e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to this difference is Delta e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to this difference is Delta e and
+we're going to call that H power Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call that H power Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call that H power Omega 0
+so this is this is the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is the frequency
+difference between levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between levels
+1 & 2 thanks 0 is equal to minus H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 & 2 thanks 0 is equal to minus H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 & 2 thanks 0 is equal to minus H bar
+Omega over 2 H bar Omega over 2 0 0 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over 2 H bar Omega over 2 0 0 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over 2 H bar Omega over 2 0 0 we
+like that right that's the I go H 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right that's the I go H 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right that's the I go H 1 is
+where all the trouble comes and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the trouble comes and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the trouble comes and we're
+gonna call that H bar times e X 1 to e 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call that H bar times e X 1 to e 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call that H bar times e X 1 to e 0
+cosine Omega T ok this is not an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T ok this is not an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T ok this is not an energy
+this is an electric field so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an electric field so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an electric field so this is the
+strength of the perturbation and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the perturbation and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the perturbation and this is
+the dipole matrix element between levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole matrix element between levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole matrix element between levels
+1 & 2 so we have a dipole moment times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 & 2 so we have a dipole moment times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 & 2 so we have a dipole moment times
+an electric field multiplied by H bar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric field multiplied by H bar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric field multiplied by H bar so
+this quantity here has units of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here has units of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here has units of angular
+frequency and we call it Omega 1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and we call it Omega 1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and we call it Omega 1 which
+is the Rabi frequency it gets a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Rabi frequency it gets a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Rabi frequency it gets a special
+name because Robbie was special and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name because Robbie was special and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name because Robbie was special and and
+so we're going to be and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be and this is
+expresses the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses the strength of the
+interaction so we have a molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so we have a molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so we have a molecular
+antenna mu 1 2 and we have the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna mu 1 2 and we have the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna mu 1 2 and we have the external
+field and they're interacting with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and they're interacting with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and they're interacting with each
+other and so this is the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and so this is the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and so this is the strength of the
+badness except it's goodness because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badness except it's goodness because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badness except it's goodness because we
+want to see transitions and ok so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see transitions and ok so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see transitions and ok so now we
+do a little bit of playing with notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of playing with notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of playing with notation
+because there's just a lot of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's just a lot of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's just a lot of stuff
+that's going on and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on and we have to
+understand it so we're going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it so we're going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it so we're going to call
+state we're going to separate the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we're going to separate the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we're going to separate the time
+dependent the time independent part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent the time independent part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent the time independent part of
+the wave function from the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function from the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function from the time
+dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+so state 1 this is the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so state 1 this is the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so state 1 this is the full
+time-dependent wave function and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent wave function and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent wave function and it's
+going to be - I make Omega 0 T Oh / - in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be - I make Omega 0 T Oh / - in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be - I make Omega 0 T Oh / - in
+other words I should have had zeros here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times 1 right so this is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 right so this is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 right so this is the time
+independent part and this is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent part and this is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent part and this is the time
+dependent part and 2 is e to the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent part and 2 is e to the minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent part and 2 is e to the minus I
+Omega 0 T / - 2 prime notice these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T / - 2 prime notice these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T / - 2 prime notice these two
+guys have the same sign this bothers me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have the same sign this bothers me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have the same sign this bothers me
+a lot but it's true because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot but it's true because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot but it's true because we have
+opposite signs here and we have a bra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite signs here and we have a bra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite signs here and we have a bra
+and a cat and n that they end up having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cat and n that they end up having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cat and n that they end up having
+the same signs so that means that H 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same signs so that means that H 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same signs so that means that H 1
+looks like this 0 0 Omega 1 cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this 0 0 Omega 1 cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this 0 0 Omega 1 cosine Omega
+T e to the minus I Omega 0 T and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T e to the minus I Omega 0 T and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T e to the minus I Omega 0 T and here we
+have Omega 1 cosine Omega T e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Omega 1 cosine Omega T e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Omega 1 cosine Omega T e to the I
+Omega 0 T so this is a 2 by 2 matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T so this is a 2 by 2 matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T so this is a 2 by 2 matrix
+diagonal elements are 0 off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements are 0 off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements are 0 off diagonal
+elements are this Omega the strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are this Omega the strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are this Omega the strength of
+the interaction times the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction times the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction times the frequency of
+the applied radiation now I'm see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applied radiation now I'm see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applied radiation now I'm see
+isolated factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we go back and we calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we go back and we calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we go back and we calculate the
+equation of motion bringing in the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion bringing in the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion bringing in the this
+H 1 term because and we and and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H 1 term because and we and and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H 1 term because and we and and so we
+have minus I over H bar H 1 and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus I over H bar H 1 and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus I over H bar H 1 and we get
+some complicated equations of motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some complicated equations of motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some complicated equations of motions
+and I don't really want to write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't really want to write them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't really want to write them
+out because it takes a while and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because it takes a while and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because it takes a while and and
+there in your notes and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in your notes and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in your notes and I'm going to
+make the crucial approximation there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the crucial approximation there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the crucial approximation there a
+rotating wave approximation notice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating wave approximation notice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating wave approximation notice we
+have a cosine Omega T we can write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cosine Omega T we can write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cosine Omega T we can write that
+as e to the I Omega T plus e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as e to the I Omega T plus e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as e to the I Omega T plus e to the
+minus I Omega T and so basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I Omega T and so basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I Omega T and so basically what
+we're doing is we're going to do a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is we're going to do a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is we're going to do a trick
+we have the Hamiltonian and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the Hamiltonian and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the Hamiltonian and we're going
+to go to a rotating coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a rotating coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a rotating coordinate system
+and if we choose the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we choose the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we choose the rotational
+coordinate the rotation frequency right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate the rotation frequency right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate the rotation frequency right
+we can almost exactly cancel Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can almost exactly cancel Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can almost exactly cancel Omega 0
+terms and so we have two terms one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and so we have two terms one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and so we have two terms one
+rotating like this which is cancelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating like this which is cancelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating like this which is cancelling
+or trying to cancel Omega zero and wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trying to cancel Omega zero and wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trying to cancel Omega zero and wrote
+one rotating like this which is adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one rotating like this which is adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one rotating like this which is adding
+to Omega 0 and so what we end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Omega 0 and so what we end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Omega 0 and so what we end up getting
+is a slowly oscillating term which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a slowly oscillating term which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a slowly oscillating term which we
+like in a rapidly oscillating term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a rapidly oscillating term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a rapidly oscillating term which
+we can throw away that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can throw away that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can throw away that's the
+approximation and this is commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and this is commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and this is commonly used
+and I can write this in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can write this in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can write this in terms of
+transformations and although we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations and although we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations and although we think
+about going to a rotating coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about going to a rotating coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about going to a rotating coordinate
+system for each for each two-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for each for each two-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for each for each two-level
+system we can rotate at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we can rotate at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we can rotate at a different
+frequency to cancel or make make nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to cancel or make make nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to cancel or make make nearly
+canceling the off dial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling the off dial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling the off dial
+so although the molecule doesn't doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although the molecule doesn't doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although the molecule doesn't doesn't
+rotate at different frequencies our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate at different frequencies our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate at different frequencies our
+transformation attacks the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation attacks the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation attacks the coupling
+between States individually and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between States individually and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between States individually and you can
+apply as many rotating wave core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply as many rotating wave core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply as many rotating wave core
+transformations as you want but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations as you want but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations as you want but we have
+a two-level system so we only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so we do this and we skip a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we do this and we skip a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we do this and we skip a lot
+of steps because it's complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps because it's complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps because it's complicated and
+because we don't have a lot of time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have a lot of time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have a lot of time we
+now have the time dependence of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have the time dependence of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have the time dependence of the one
+one element and it's expressed as Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element and it's expressed as Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element and it's expressed as Omega
+one I've skipped a lot of steps but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I've skipped a lot of steps but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I've skipped a lot of steps but you
+could you can do those steps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you can do those steps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you can do those steps the
+important thing is what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is what we're going to
+see here we have e to the I Omega zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here we have e to the I Omega zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here we have e to the I Omega zero
+minus Omega T go one two and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T go one two and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T go one two and we have a
+minus e to the minus I Omega minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus I Omega minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus I Omega minus Omega
+T and Rho 2 1 and we have Rho 2 2 dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Rho 2 1 and we have Rho 2 2 dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Rho 2 1 and we have Rho 2 2 dot is
+equal to minus Rho 1 1 dot and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus Rho 1 1 dot and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus Rho 1 1 dot and we have
+Rho 1 2 dot this is the important guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho 1 2 dot this is the important guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho 1 2 dot this is the important guy is
+equal to I Omega 1 over 2 e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I Omega 1 over 2 e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I Omega 1 over 2 e to the minus
+I Omega zero minus Omega T Rho 1 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega zero minus Omega T Rho 1 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega zero minus Omega T Rho 1 1 minus
+Rho 2 2 so we have a whole bunch of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho 2 2 so we have a whole bunch of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho 2 2 so we have a whole bunch of a
+couple differential equations but each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple differential equations but each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple differential equations but each
+of them have these factors here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have these factors here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have these factors here where
+you have Omega 0 minus Omega I've thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Omega 0 minus Omega I've thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Omega 0 minus Omega I've thrown
+away the Omega 0 plus Omega terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the Omega 0 plus Omega terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the Omega 0 plus Omega terms and
+now it really starts to look good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it really starts to look good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it really starts to look good
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+we can make these so when we we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make these so when we we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make these so when we we make
+Omega equal to Omega zero well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equal to Omega zero well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equal to Omega zero well this is
+just one everything is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one everything is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one everything is simple
+we're on resonance and so what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on resonance and so what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on resonance and so what we do is
+we create another symbol Delta Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create another symbol Delta Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create another symbol Delta Omega
+which is omega zero minus Omega so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is omega zero minus Omega so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is omega zero minus Omega so this
+is the oscillating frequency applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the oscillating frequency applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the oscillating frequency applied
+this is the intrinsic level spacing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the intrinsic level spacing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the intrinsic level spacing in
+the molecule and so we can now write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule and so we can now write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule and so we can now write the
+solution to this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this differential equation
+for each of the elements of the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of the elements of the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of the elements of the density
+matrix and we're going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we're going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we're going to actually
+define another symbol we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define another symbol we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define another symbol we're going to
+have the symbol Omega sub e this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the symbol Omega sub e this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the symbol Omega sub e this is not
+the vibrational frequency this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational frequency this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational frequency this is just a
+symbol that is used a lot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol that is used a lot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol that is used a lot in the
+literature and that it comes out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and that it comes out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and that it comes out to be
+Delta Omega squared plus Omega 1 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Omega squared plus Omega 1 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Omega squared plus Omega 1 squared
+right so in solving the density matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in solving the density matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in solving the density matrix
+equation it turns out we we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it turns out we we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it turns out we we care about
+this extra extra frequency if Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra extra frequency if Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra extra frequency if Delta
+Omega is zero well then there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is zero well then there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is zero well then there's nothing
+surprising Omega e is just Omega 1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising Omega e is just Omega 1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising Omega e is just Omega 1 but
+this allows for there to be an effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows for there to be an effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows for there to be an effect of
+the detuning so basically what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detuning so basically what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detuning so basically what you're
+doing is when you go to the rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is when you go to the rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is when you go to the rotating
+coordinate system you have a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system you have a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system you have a an
+intrinsic frequency separation and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic frequency separation and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic frequency separation and so in
+the rotating coordinate system you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotating coordinate system you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotating coordinate system you have
+two levels that are different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels that are different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels that are different and
+there's a stark effect between them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a stark effect between them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a stark effect between them and
+you diagonalize the stark effect using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you diagonalize the stark effect using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you diagonalize the stark effect using
+second-order perturbation Theory or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order perturbation Theory or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order perturbation Theory or or
+just diagonalizing the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just diagonalizing the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just diagonalizing the matrix
+and and so that gives rise to this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so that gives rise to this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so that gives rise to this extra
+term here because you have a a the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here because you have a a the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here because you have a a the the
+oscillation frequency and the Rabi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation frequency and the Rabi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation frequency and the Rabi
+frequency and anyway when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and anyway when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and anyway when you do the
+transformation you you get these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you you get these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you you get these terms
+and so here is the now the solution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here is the now the solution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here is the now the solution in
+the rotating wave approximation Rho 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotating wave approximation Rho 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotating wave approximation Rho 1 1
+is equal to 1 minus Omega 1 squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 minus Omega 1 squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 minus Omega 1 squared over
+Omega e squared sine squared Omega 0 v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega e squared sine squared Omega 0 v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega e squared sine squared Omega 0 v
+over 2 we have Rho 2 2 this equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 we have Rho 2 2 this equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 we have Rho 2 2 this equal to
+just Omega 1 squared over a squared sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Omega 1 squared over a squared sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Omega 1 squared over a squared sine
+squared T over 2 we have Omega 1 - OH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared T over 2 we have Omega 1 - OH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared T over 2 we have Omega 1 - OH
+Rho 1 2 which is equal to something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho 1 2 which is equal to something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho 1 2 which is equal to something more
+complicated looking Omega 1 over I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated looking Omega 1 over I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated looking Omega 1 over I'll
+make it e squared times I Omega 0 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it e squared times I Omega 0 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it e squared times I Omega 0 Omega
+e sorry over 2 sine Omega t minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e sorry over 2 sine Omega t minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e sorry over 2 sine Omega t minus Delta
+Omega sine squared Omega et / - I'm each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega sine squared Omega et / - I'm each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega sine squared Omega et / - I'm each
+the minus I Omega T it looks complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus I Omega T it looks complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus I Omega T it looks complicated
+and we get a similar term for Rho 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a similar term for Rho 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a similar term for Rho 2 1
+it's just equal to Rho 1 2 complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just equal to Rho 1 2 complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just equal to Rho 1 2 complex
+conjugate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what we see is these populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we see is these populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we see is these populations
+are oscillating not at it's an e zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oscillating not at it's an e zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oscillating not at it's an e zero
+they're operating their oscillating at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're operating their oscillating at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're operating their oscillating at a
+slightly shifted frequency but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly shifted frequency but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly shifted frequency but they're
+oscillating sinusoidally and we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating sinusoidally and we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating sinusoidally and we have an
+amplitude term which is Omega 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude term which is Omega 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude term which is Omega 1 over
+Omega e quantity squared Omega e is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega e quantity squared Omega e is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega e quantity squared Omega e is a
+little bigger than Omega 1 and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bigger than Omega 1 and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bigger than Omega 1 and so this
+is less than 1 so it's just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 1 so it's just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 1 so it's just like the
+situation in the absence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in the absence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in the absence of this
+oscillating field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating field
+you just get a slightly a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get a slightly a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get a slightly a slightly
+shifted oscillation frequency and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted oscillation frequency and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted oscillation frequency and a
+slightly reduced Co factor the coherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly reduced Co factor the coherence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly reduced Co factor the coherence
+terms these so these are populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms these so these are populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms these so these are populations
+populations going back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations going back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations going back and forth between
+1 and 2 and a slightly shifted frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 2 and a slightly shifted frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 2 and a slightly shifted frequency
+and then we have this which looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have this which looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have this which looks
+horrible okay and now for some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible okay and now for some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible okay and now for some more
+insights if we make Omega 1 much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights if we make Omega 1 much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights if we make Omega 1 much larger
+than Delta Omega in other words the Rabi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Delta Omega in other words the Rabi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Delta Omega in other words the Rabi
+frequency much larger than the detuning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency much larger than the detuning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency much larger than the detuning
+it might as well not be detuned we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might as well not be detuned we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might as well not be detuned we get
+back the simple picture we get Rho 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the simple picture we get Rho 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the simple picture we get Rho 1 is
+equal to cosine squared Omega 1 over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to cosine squared Omega 1 over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to cosine squared Omega 1 over T
+over 2 etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have what we call free procession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the each of the elements of the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each of the elements of the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each of the elements of the density
+the density matrix is telling you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density matrix is telling you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density matrix is telling you that
+the system is going back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is going back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is going back and forth
+sinusoidal e or cosine you suddenly goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal e or cosine you suddenly goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal e or cosine you suddenly goes
+that squared and what happens to level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squared and what happens to level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squared and what happens to level
+one is the opposite of what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the opposite of what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the opposite of what happens to
+level two and everything is simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two and everything is simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two and everything is simple and
+the system just oscillates okay suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we apply radiation or delta T a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply radiation or delta T a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply radiation or delta T a sort of
+short time and so what we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time and so what we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time and so what we're interested
+in here is T equals zero this is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here is T equals zero this is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here is T equals zero this is time
+and this is T equals zero and before T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is T equals zero and before T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is T equals zero and before T
+equals zero we do something we apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero we do something we apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero we do something we apply the
+radiation and we apply the radiation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and we apply the radiation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and we apply the radiation for
+a time which gives rise to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time which gives rise to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time which gives rise to a certain
+flip angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what we choose delta T is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we choose delta T is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we choose delta T is equal
+to theta over Omega 1 or theta is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theta over Omega 1 or theta is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theta over Omega 1 or theta is equal
+to delta T Omega 1 the Rabi frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delta T Omega 1 the Rabi frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delta T Omega 1 the Rabi frequency
+and so if we choose a flip angle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we choose a flip angle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we choose a flip angle which
+we call say a PI pulse theta is PI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call say a PI pulse theta is PI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call say a PI pulse theta is PI and
+what ends up happening is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening is that we
+transfer population entirely from level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer population entirely from level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer population entirely from level
+one to level two and when we do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to level two and when we do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to level two and when we do that we
+get no off diagonal elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get no off diagonal elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get no off diagonal elements of the
+density matrix there zero so if at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density matrix there zero so if at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density matrix there zero so if at T
+equals zero we have everything in level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero we have everything in level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero we have everything in level
+one and we have applied this zero pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we have applied this zero pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we have applied this zero pulse
+or a PI pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a PI pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a PI pulse
+we have no coherence if we have a PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no coherence if we have a PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no coherence if we have a PI
+over 2 pulse well then we've equalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pulse well then we've equalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pulse well then we've equalized
+the two populations and we created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two populations and we created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two populations and we created a
+maximum coherence and this guy radiates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum coherence and this guy radiates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum coherence and this guy radiates
+so now we have an oscillating dipole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have an oscillating dipole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have an oscillating dipole and
+it's broadcasting radiation and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's broadcasting radiation and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's broadcasting radiation and so it
+all of the two-level systems if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the two-level systems if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the two-level systems if you use
+a flip angle of PI over 2 you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flip angle of PI over 2 you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flip angle of PI over 2 you get
+maximum polarization there radiating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum polarization there radiating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum polarization there radiating to
+my detector which is up there and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my detector which is up there and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my detector which is up there and I'm
+happy I detect their their resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy I detect their their resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy I detect their their resonance
+frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and
+how the experiments work so we're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the experiments work so we're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the experiments work so we're pretty
+much done so I mean what we what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much done so I mean what we what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much done so I mean what we what we are
+doing is we're creating a time-dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we're creating a time-dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we're creating a time-dependent
+dipole and that dipole radiates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole and that dipole radiates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole and that dipole radiates
+something which we call if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which we call if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which we call if we have a
+sample like this that sample all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample like this that sample all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample like this that sample all of the
+molecules in the sample are contributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the sample are contributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the sample are contributing
+to the radiation of this this dipole but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the radiation of this this dipole but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the radiation of this this dipole but
+they all have slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have slightly different
+frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+because the field that polarized them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the field that polarized them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the field that polarized them
+wasn't uniform in a perfect experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't uniform in a perfect experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't uniform in a perfect experiment
+it would be and so they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be and so they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be and so they have different
+frequencies and they get out of phase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and they get out of phase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and they get out of phase or
+conservation of energy as the two-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy as the two-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy as the two-level
+system radiates from the situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system radiates from the situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system radiates from the situation where
+you have equal populations to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have equal populations to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have equal populations to everybody
+in the lowest state there is a decay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lowest state there is a decay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lowest state there is a decay so
+there's there's decays that causes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's decays that causes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's decays that causes the
+the the the signal which we call free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the signal which we call free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the signal which we call free
+induction decay to deface or decay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction decay to deface or decay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction decay to deface or decay but
+the important thing is you observe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is you observe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is you observe this
+signal and it tells you what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and it tells you what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and it tells you what you want to
+know about the level system to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the level system to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the level system to the
+two-level system or the end level system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level system or the end level system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level system or the end level system
+and it's a very powerful way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a very powerful way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a very powerful way of
+understanding the interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the interaction of
+radiation with matter because it focuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation with matter because it focuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation with matter because it focuses
+on near resonance and near residents for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on near resonance and near residents for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on near resonance and near residents for
+one two-level system is is not near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two-level system is is not near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two-level system is is not near
+resonance for another and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance for another and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance for another and so you're
+picking out one and you get really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out one and you get really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out one and you get really good
+signals and you can actually do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and you can actually do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and you can actually do by
+chirping the pulse you can have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirping the pulse you can have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirping the pulse you can have one
+two-level system and a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level system and a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level system and a little bit later
+another two-level system they already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two-level system they already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two-level system they already
+they all get polarized they all radiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all get polarized they all radiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all get polarized they all radiate
+at their own frequency and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their own frequency and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their own frequency and you can
+detect the the signal in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the the signal in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the the signal in the
+domaine and get everything you want in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domaine and get everything you want in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domaine and get everything you want in a
+simple experiment this experiment has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple experiment this experiment has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple experiment this experiment has
+enabled us to do spectroscopy a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled us to do spectroscopy a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled us to do spectroscopy a million
+times faster than was possible before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times faster than was possible before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times faster than was possible before
+million is a big number and and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million is a big number and and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million is a big number and and so I
+think it's important and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important and I think that
+this sort of theory is germane not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of theory is germane not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of theory is germane not just
+for high-resolution frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high-resolution frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high-resolution frequency domain
+experiments in fact it's it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in fact it's it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in fact it's it's basically
+a time to an experiment you're detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time to an experiment you're detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time to an experiment you're detecting
+something in the time domain and Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the time domain and Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the time domain and Fourier
+transforming back to the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming back to the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming back to the frequency
+domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+so there are ultra-fast experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are ultra-fast experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are ultra-fast experiments
+where you create polarizations and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you create polarizations and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you create polarizations and they
+it is what is modern experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what is modern experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what is modern experimental
+physical chemistry and the notes that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemistry and the notes that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemistry and the notes that I
+will produce will be far clearer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will produce will be far clearer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will produce will be far clearer than
+these lectures this lecture but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures this lecture but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures this lecture but it
+really is a gateway and I hope that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a gateway and I hope that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a gateway and I hope that some
+of you will walk through that gateway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will walk through that gateway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will walk through that gateway
+and it's been a pleasure for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been a pleasure for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been a pleasure for me
+lecturing to you for the last time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing to you for the last time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing to you for the last time in
+561 I really enjoyed doing this Thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I gotta take the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BOx8LRyr8mU.txt b/BOx8LRyr8mU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1e079ad48b5c7a98ac28a3cefcdda0069410957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BOx8LRyr8mU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7960 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi standing here waiting for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi standing here waiting for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi standing here waiting for today's
+lesson to begin I was thinking of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson to begin I was thinking of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson to begin I was thinking of a
+story that came to mind and it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that came to mind and it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that came to mind and it was the
+story of the foreman yelling down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of the foreman yelling down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of the foreman yelling down into
+an excavation how many of you men down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excavation how many of you men down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excavation how many of you men down
+there and the reply came back three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the reply came back three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the reply came back three and
+he said okay half of you come on up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said okay half of you come on up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said okay half of you come on up now
+with that funny story I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that funny story I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that funny story I would like to
+launch today's lesson which could be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch today's lesson which could be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch today's lesson which could be I
+guess sub called or whatever would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess sub called or whatever would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess sub called or whatever would that
+you'd like to pick realness is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to pick realness is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to pick realness is in the
+eyes of the beholder the question being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes of the beholder the question being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes of the beholder the question being
+of course that when you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that when you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that when you talk about
+taking one half of three people well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking one half of three people well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking one half of three people well
+let's put it this way I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it this way I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it this way I was going to
+saying you can't do it let's say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you can't do it let's say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you can't do it let's say if you
+could do it you wouldn't like to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it you wouldn't like to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it you wouldn't like to see the
+answer on the other hand to take three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer on the other hand to take three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer on the other hand to take three
+inches and say let's divide that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches and say let's divide that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches and say let's divide that into
+two equal parts there's a case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equal parts there's a case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equal parts there's a case where the
+answer does happen to make sense now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer does happen to make sense now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer does happen to make sense now
+today you see we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you see we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you see we're going to talk about
+a new phase of our course called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new phase of our course called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new phase of our course called the
+complex numbers the complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers the complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers the complex numbers
+happen to be a delightful topic from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be a delightful topic from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be a delightful topic from the
+point of view that on the one hand they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that on the one hand they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that on the one hand they
+offer a great deal of enrichment in pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer a great deal of enrichment in pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer a great deal of enrichment in pure
+mathematics and on the other hand they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and on the other hand they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and on the other hand they
+contribute a great deal to our physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute a great deal to our physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute a great deal to our physical
+understanding of reality now to launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of reality now to launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of reality now to launch
+into this let's get right into the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this let's get right into the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this let's get right into the topic
+I call today's lesson the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call today's lesson the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call today's lesson the complex
+numbers and going back to my opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and going back to my opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and going back to my opening
+hilarious story what we're saying is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious story what we're saying is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious story what we're saying is if
+the only numbers that we knew were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only numbers that we knew were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only numbers that we knew were the
+integers and we were given the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and we were given the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and we were given the equation
+2x equals 3 and notice that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x equals 3 and notice that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x equals 3 and notice that in terms of
+integers the equation makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers the equation makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers the equation makes sense
+because 2 & 3 happened to be integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 2 & 3 happened to be integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 2 & 3 happened to be integers
+we're looking for to solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for to solve this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for to solve this equation
+and the question is does this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is does this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is does this equation
+have a solution the answer is it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution the answer is it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution the answer is it only
+has a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a solution
+provided that you want to invent numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that you want to invent numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that you want to invent numbers
+which are not integers in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not integers in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not integers in other words
+this does not have a solution if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not have a solution if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not have a solution if we
+insist that the answer be an integer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist that the answer be an integer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist that the answer be an integer but
+if we're willing to invent a new batch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're willing to invent a new batch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're willing to invent a new batch
+of numbers called the fractions or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers called the fractions or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers called the fractions or the
+rational numbers then this equation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers then this equation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers then this equation will
+have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution
+we want this to have solutions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want this to have solutions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want this to have solutions well
+sometimes there are meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there are meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there are meaningful
+situations in which it's meaningful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in which it's meaningful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in which it's meaningful to
+solve this equation other times when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation other times when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation other times when it
+isn't again the story of going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't again the story of going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't again the story of going into the
+bank and into the post office nesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and into the post office nesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and into the post office nesting
+for three cents worth of 2 cent stamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three cents worth of 2 cent stamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three cents worth of 2 cent stamps
+and we can think of all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think of all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think of all sorts of
+hilarious ways of embellishing the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious ways of embellishing the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious ways of embellishing the story
+going on further though let's take what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on further though let's take what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on further though let's take what
+ultimately became known as the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately became known as the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately became known as the real
+numbers and I'm going to put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I'm going to put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I'm going to put this in
+quotation marks because even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation marks because even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotation marks because even though
+these are genuinely called the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are genuinely called the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are genuinely called the real
+numbers they are no more real than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they are no more real than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they are no more real than the
+integers were real by definition a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers were real by definition a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers were real by definition a real
+number is simply any number whose square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is simply any number whose square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is simply any number whose square
+is non-negative assuming that to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-negative assuming that to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-negative assuming that to be the
+definition of real numbers we come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of real numbers we come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of real numbers we come to
+the equation x squared equals minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation x squared equals minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation x squared equals minus 1
+and we say does this equation have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say does this equation have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say does this equation have a
+solution and the answer is if we insist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and the answer is if we insist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and the answer is if we insist
+that the solution have to be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solution have to be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solution have to be a real
+number the answer obviously is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the answer obviously is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the answer obviously is that this
+does not have a solution because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a solution because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a solution because the
+definition of a real number is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a real number is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a real number is that a
+square can not be negative and this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square can not be negative and this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square can not be negative and this says
+that x squared is minus 1 so either we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x squared is minus 1 so either we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x squared is minus 1 so either we
+must say that this equation does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must say that this equation does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must say that this equation does not
+have solutions or if we wanted to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have solutions or if we wanted to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have solutions or if we wanted to have
+solutions we must invent an extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we must invent an extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we must invent an extension of
+the number system we must extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number system we must extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number system we must extend the
+real numbers in the same way that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers in the same way that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers in the same way that if we
+wanted this equation to have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this equation to have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this equation to have a solution
+we had to extend the integers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to extend the integers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to extend the integers the
+extension of the integers that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the integers that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the integers that was
+necessary to solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to solve this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to solve this equation
+happened to be called the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be called the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be called the rational
+numbers let's talk about first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers let's talk about first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers let's talk about first of all
+whether we want an extension of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we want an extension of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we want an extension of the real
+numbers and secondly if we do what shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and secondly if we do what shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and secondly if we do what shall
+we call it and what property shall it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it and what property shall it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it and what property shall it
+have to motivate why we would like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to motivate why we would like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to motivate why we would like the
+equation x squared plus 1 equals 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x squared plus 1 equals 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x squared plus 1 equals 0 to
+have solutions and that of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have solutions and that of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have solutions and that of course is
+just equivalent to x squared equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equivalent to x squared equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equivalent to x squared equals
+minus 1 let's go back to an example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 let's go back to an example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 let's go back to an example that
+we used when we first introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used when we first introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used when we first introduced
+exponents in part 1 of our course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents in part 1 of our course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents in part 1 of our course we
+observed that one of the properties of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that one of the properties of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that one of the properties of a
+equation like y equals e to the RX where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like y equals e to the RX where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like y equals e to the RX where
+R is a constant is that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is a constant is that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is a constant is that if we
+differentiate this with respect to X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this with respect to X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this with respect to X the
+R comes down but the fact that e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R comes down but the fact that e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R comes down but the fact that e to the
+rx remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rx remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rx remains
+what this told us was that in taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this told us was that in taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this told us was that in taking
+derivatives we would get powers of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives we would get powers of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives we would get powers of our
+but easy rx would remain and we use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but easy rx would remain and we use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but easy rx would remain and we use that
+technique for solving certain types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for solving certain types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for solving certain types of
+second while differential equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second while differential equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second while differential equations for
+example looking at the equation y double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example looking at the equation y double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example looking at the equation y double
+prime plus y equals zero one technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus y equals zero one technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus y equals zero one technique
+would be to replace Y by e to the rx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to replace Y by e to the rx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to replace Y by e to the rx
+when I differentiate twice I have an I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I differentiate twice I have an I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I differentiate twice I have an I
+squared e to the rx here here is an e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared e to the rx here here is an e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared e to the rx here here is an e to
+the rx the e to the rx cancels out and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rx the e to the rx cancels out and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rx the e to the rx cancels out and I
+wind up with a polynomial equation for R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with a polynomial equation for R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with a polynomial equation for R
+and we then solve for the values of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we then solve for the values of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we then solve for the values of our
+such that this would be a solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this would be a solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this would be a solution of
+this now back in part one because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now back in part one because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now back in part one because we
+didn't know non real numbers we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know non real numbers we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know non real numbers we always
+fixed it up so that the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it up so that the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it up so that the resulting
+equation that we got here would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we got here would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we got here would have
+real numbers for values of R by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers for values of R by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers for values of R by the way
+I have chosen this particular equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have chosen this particular equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have chosen this particular equation
+because for two reasons one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for two reasons one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for two reasons one is the
+values of our can't be real when I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of our can't be real when I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of our can't be real when I get
+through here the other is I already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here the other is I already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here the other is I already know
+an answer to this problem remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer to this problem remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer to this problem remember that
+if you differentiate sine twice you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you differentiate sine twice you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you differentiate sine twice you get
+minus sine if you differentiate cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine if you differentiate cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine if you differentiate cosine
+twice you get minus cosine consequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice you get minus cosine consequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice you get minus cosine consequently
+the second derivative of sine X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of sine X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of sine X plus
+sine X is zero second derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine X is zero second derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine X is zero second derivative of
+cosine cosine X plus cosine X is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine cosine X plus cosine X is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine cosine X plus cosine X is zero so
+I know at least two solutions to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know at least two solutions to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know at least two solutions to this
+equation two real solutions in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation two real solutions in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation two real solutions in this
+equation this equation has physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this equation has physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this equation has physical
+meaning because it essentially says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning because it essentially says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning because it essentially says if
+you think of the parameter as being time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the parameter as being time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the parameter as being time
+here look at the second derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here look at the second derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here look at the second derivative is
+equal to minus the function itself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus the function itself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus the function itself that
+says that the acceleration is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the acceleration is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the acceleration is equal to
+minus the displacement and that's a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the displacement and that's a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the displacement and that's a form
+of simple harmonic motion you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple harmonic motion you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple harmonic motion you see what
+I'm trying to establish here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to establish here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to establish here is that
+this does have a real solution and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does have a real solution and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does have a real solution and the
+problem itself has real physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem itself has real physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem itself has real physical
+significance at any rate if we now try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance at any rate if we now try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance at any rate if we now try
+to solve this problem using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem using this
+technique and remember again I can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and remember again I can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and remember again I can give
+you problems where we won't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you problems where we won't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you problems where we won't know the
+answer intuitively and the values of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer intuitively and the values of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer intuitively and the values of R
+will still come out to be imaginary I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still come out to be imaginary I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still come out to be imaginary I
+simply chose this problem so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply chose this problem so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply chose this problem so that we
+could correlate a so called imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could correlate a so called imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could correlate a so called imaginary
+answer with a real answer the idea again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with a real answer the idea again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with a real answer the idea again
+is I differentiate e to the rx twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I differentiate e to the rx twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I differentiate e to the rx twice
+I get this so y double prime plus y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get this so y double prime plus y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get this so y double prime plus y is
+this I factor out the e to the RX which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I factor out the e to the RX which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I factor out the e to the RX which
+can't be 0 therefore it must be that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be 0 therefore it must be that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be 0 therefore it must be that R
+squared plus 1 is 0 or R is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus 1 is 0 or R is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus 1 is 0 or R is equal to
+plus or minus the square root of minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus the square root of minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus the square root of minus 1
+now you see so far I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see so far I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see so far I don't know what
+this thing means because there certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing means because there certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing means because there certainly
+is no real number which has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no real number which has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no real number which has this
+property because the square of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property because the square of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property because the square of real
+numbers have to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers have to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers have to be positive
+they can't be minus 1 let me for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't be minus 1 let me for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't be minus 1 let me for the
+sake of argument invent a number which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of argument invent a number which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of argument invent a number which
+is equal to the square root of -1 I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the square root of -1 I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the square root of -1 I'll
+call that number I so R is equal to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that number I so R is equal to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that number I so R is equal to plus
+or minus I and if I now remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus I and if I now remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus I and if I now remember what
+equation I'm solving it was y equals e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I'm solving it was y equals e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I'm solving it was y equals e
+to the RX I can replace our by either I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the RX I can replace our by either I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the RX I can replace our by either I
+or minus I so the two solutions that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus I so the two solutions that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus I so the two solutions that I
+would get would be y equals e to the i-x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get would be y equals e to the i-x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get would be y equals e to the i-x
+or y equals e to the minus X but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or y equals e to the minus X but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or y equals e to the minus X but this is
+bothering me because I really have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering me because I really have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering me because I really have no
+real feeling for what I means right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real feeling for what I means right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real feeling for what I means right now
+what I do know however is this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do know however is this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do know however is this that
+mechanically this is a solution to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically this is a solution to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically this is a solution to a
+real problem y double prime plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem y double prime plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem y double prime plus y
+equals 0 was a real problem not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 was a real problem not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 was a real problem not an
+imaginary one and by the way notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary one and by the way notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary one and by the way notice
+mechanically here taking I to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically here taking I to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically here taking I to be a
+constant if we still assume that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if we still assume that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if we still assume that a
+derivative of e to the rx is our e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of e to the rx is our e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of e to the rx is our e to
+the rx even when our happens to be non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rx even when our happens to be non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rx even when our happens to be non
+real notice that if I differentiate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real notice that if I differentiate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real notice that if I differentiate this
+thing twice the first time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing twice the first time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing twice the first time I
+differentiate I bring down an eye the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate I bring down an eye the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate I bring down an eye the
+second time I differentiate I bring down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time I differentiate I bring down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time I differentiate I bring down
+an eye that gives me I squared which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye that gives me I squared which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye that gives me I squared which is
+minus 1 this is going to be minus e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 this is going to be minus e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 this is going to be minus e to
+the i-x and if I add on e to the i-x I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i-x and if I add on e to the i-x I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i-x and if I add on e to the i-x I
+really do get zero notice also now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do get zero notice also now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do get zero notice also now that
+I do know that a real solution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do know that a real solution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do know that a real solution of this
+equation is y equals cosine X or also y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is y equals cosine X or also y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is y equals cosine X or also y
+equals sine X so that somehow or other I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals sine X so that somehow or other I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals sine X so that somehow or other I
+get the feeling that I should exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the feeling that I should exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the feeling that I should exist and
+more to the point that this expression e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the point that this expression e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the point that this expression e
+to the i-x should somehow be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the i-x should somehow be related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the i-x should somehow be related to
+sine X and cosine X in other words if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine X and cosine X in other words if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine X and cosine X in other words if I
+had never been lucky enough to invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been lucky enough to invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been lucky enough to invent
+the trigonometric functions and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigonometric functions and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigonometric functions and I want
+to solve the problem y double prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the problem y double prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the problem y double prime plus
+y equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals 0
+wound up with this then my feeling is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up with this then my feeling is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up with this then my feeling is I
+must find a real interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must find a real interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must find a real interpretation
+physically real interpretation for e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically real interpretation for e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically real interpretation for e to
+the i-x because I sense that my problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i-x because I sense that my problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i-x because I sense that my problem
+has a solution again I can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a solution again I can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a solution again I can take the
+coward's way out I can say if it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coward's way out I can say if it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coward's way out I can say if it's going
+to be this much work I don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this much work I don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this much work I don't want the
+problem to have a solution but once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to have a solution but once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to have a solution but once I
+want the problem to have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the problem to have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the problem to have a solution
+I must extend the number system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must extend the number system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must extend the number system and the
+upshot of that whole thing is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upshot of that whole thing is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upshot of that whole thing is that we
+now invent something called the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now invent something called the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now invent something called the complex
+number system first of all the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number system first of all the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number system first of all the complex
+numbers are defined to be the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are defined to be the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are defined to be the set of all
+symbols such as column symbols for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols such as column symbols for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols such as column symbols for the
+time being all symbols of the form X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being all symbols of the form X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being all symbols of the form X
+plus iy where x and y are real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus iy where x and y are real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus iy where x and y are real numbers
+and just to refresh our memories here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to refresh our memories here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to refresh our memories here
+I is the symbol which numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is the symbol which numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is the symbol which numerically
+represents the square root of -1 ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the square root of -1 ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the square root of -1 ok
+notice that the X and the y are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the X and the y are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the X and the y are real
+numbers though whereby real we mean what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers though whereby real we mean what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers though whereby real we mean what
+they're squares are non-negative now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're squares are non-negative now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're squares are non-negative now you
+will recall that in any mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will recall that in any mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will recall that in any mathematical
+system the thing that you're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the thing that you're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the thing that you're dealing
+with is more than a set of numbers it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is more than a set of numbers it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is more than a set of numbers it's
+a set of numbers or a set of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of numbers or a set of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of numbers or a set of objects
+together with a structure certain rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with a structure certain rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with a structure certain rules
+that tell us how to work with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell us how to work with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell us how to work with these
+elements that make up the set remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that make up the set remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that make up the set remember
+the difference between a set and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a set and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a set and a
+system is a set is just a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a set is just a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a set is just a collection of
+objects the system is the collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects the system is the collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects the system is the collection of
+objects together with how we combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects together with how we combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects together with how we combine
+these objects to form similar objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects to form similar objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects to form similar objects
+etc and what is the structure in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and what is the structure in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and what is the structure in this
+case given the two complex numbers X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case given the two complex numbers X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case given the two complex numbers X 1
+plus iy 1 and X 2 plus iy 2 we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus iy 1 and X 2 plus iy 2 we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus iy 1 and X 2 plus iy 2 we define
+equality to be sort of component by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality to be sort of component by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality to be sort of component by
+component the real parts X 1 and X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the real parts X 1 and X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the real parts X 1 and X 2
+must be equal and the imaginary parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal and the imaginary parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal and the imaginary parts
+and by the way just a word of caution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way just a word of caution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way just a word of caution
+here the imaginary part of the of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the imaginary part of the of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the imaginary part of the of a
+complex number is by definition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number is by definition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number is by definition the
+coefficient of I notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of I notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of I notice that the
+imaginary part is itself a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part is itself a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part is itself a real number
+the coefficient of I is the real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of I is the real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of I is the real number
+y 1 what we're saying is we define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 1 what we're saying is we define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 1 what we're saying is we define the
+definition of equality for complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of equality for complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of equality for complex
+numbers to be that two complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to be that two complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to be that two complex numbers
+are equal if and only if they're real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal if and only if they're real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal if and only if they're real
+parts are equal and their imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are equal and their imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are equal and their imaginary
+parts are equal secondly we agree to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are equal secondly we agree to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are equal secondly we agree to add
+two complex numbers component by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two complex numbers component by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two complex numbers component by
+component so to speak in other words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so to speak in other words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so to speak in other words to
+add two complex numbers we add the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add two complex numbers we add the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add two complex numbers we add the two
+real parts and we add the two imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real parts and we add the two imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real parts and we add the two imaginary
+parts okay that's all this says and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts okay that's all this says and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts okay that's all this says and
+thirdly to multiply a complex number by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly to multiply a complex number by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly to multiply a complex number by
+a real number we multiply the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real number we multiply the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real number we multiply the real part
+by the given real number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the given real number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the given real number and the
+imaginary part by the given real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part by the given real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part by the given real number
+which is what this third rule says and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what this third rule says and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what this third rule says and
+all I want you to see from this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want you to see from this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want you to see from this is that
+by the very definition of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the very definition of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the very definition of these three
+structural properties we have made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural properties we have made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural properties we have made the
+complex numbers a two-dimensional vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers a two-dimensional vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers a two-dimensional vector
+space in other words it means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in other words it means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in other words it means that we
+can now visualize the complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now visualize the complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now visualize the complex numbers
+geometrically in the same way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically in the same way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically in the same way that we
+could visualize the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could visualize the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could visualize the real numbers
+geometrically remember geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically remember geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically remember geometrically
+when we define the real numbers to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we define the real numbers to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we define the real numbers to be
+those numbers whose squares are non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers whose squares are non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers whose squares are non
+negatives we do not need any picture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives we do not need any picture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives we do not need any picture to
+visualize that it just happens that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize that it just happens that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize that it just happens that the
+number line the x-axis is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number line the x-axis is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number line the x-axis is a very
+convenient way of visualizing real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way of visualizing real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way of visualizing real
+numbers pictorially what we're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers pictorially what we're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers pictorially what we're saying is
+is that since complex numbers seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that since complex numbers seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that since complex numbers seem to
+indicate a two dimensional vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate a two dimensional vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate a two dimensional vector space
+namely real and imaginary parts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely real and imaginary parts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely real and imaginary parts which
+are independent it would appear that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent it would appear that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent it would appear that the
+analog for visualizing complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog for visualizing complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog for visualizing complex numbers
+pictorially would be to use the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially would be to use the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially would be to use the plane
+and that's exactly what we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what we do the
+diagram is called the Argand diagram the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is called the Argand diagram the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is called the Argand diagram the
+idea is this given the complex number X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is this given the complex number X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is this given the complex number X
+plus iy which we'll call Z we visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus iy which we'll call Z we visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus iy which we'll call Z we visualize
+Z as either the point X comma Y in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as either the point X comma Y in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as either the point X comma Y in the
+XY plane in other words notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane in other words notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane in other words notice that the
+x axis is the real axis meaning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x axis is the real axis meaning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x axis is the real axis meaning it
+denotes the real part of the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes the real part of the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes the real part of the complex
+number the y axis is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the y axis is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the y axis is called the
+imaginary axis because it denotes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis because it denotes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis because it denotes the
+coefficient of I the imaginary part okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of I the imaginary part okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of I the imaginary part okay
+and what we're saying is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're saying is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're saying is we can
+visualize the complex number X plus iy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the complex number X plus iy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the complex number X plus iy
+to be the point X comma Y or for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the point X comma Y or for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the point X comma Y or for that
+matter the vector that goes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the vector that goes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the vector that goes from the
+origin to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to the point
+whose components are X and Y meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose components are X and Y meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose components are X and Y meaning
+what X plus iy the components are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what X plus iy the components are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what X plus iy the components are the
+real and imaginary parts here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and imaginary parts here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and imaginary parts here we can
+translate this into polar coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this into polar coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this into polar coordinates
+meaning that we can measure the point Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that we can measure the point Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that we can measure the point Z
+by its our value and its data value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its our value and its data value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its our value and its data value but
+one important thing to remember is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important thing to remember is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important thing to remember is that
+in polar coordinates it's always assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polar coordinates it's always assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polar coordinates it's always assumed
+that R is positive unlike the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R is positive unlike the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R is positive unlike the usual
+polar coordinates with the split where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates with the split where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates with the split where I
+could be either positive or negative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be either positive or negative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be either positive or negative the
+idea is that we would like to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that we would like to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that we would like to identify
+the absolute value of a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of a complex number
+with being its distance from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being its distance from the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being its distance from the origin
+since we want absolute value to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we want absolute value to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we want absolute value to be
+non-negative we simply say that R is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative we simply say that R is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative we simply say that R is the
+positive square root of x squared plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive square root of x squared plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive square root of x squared plus y
+squared and that names the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and that names the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and that names the magnitude of
+the complex number the angle theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex number the angle theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex number the angle theta is
+called the argument abbreviated Arg not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the argument abbreviated Arg not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the argument abbreviated Arg not
+to be confused with this funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be confused with this funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be confused with this funny
+coincidence of argon diagram this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence of argon diagram this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence of argon diagram this comes
+from the word argument are you meant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the word argument are you meant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the word argument are you meant the
+angle is called the argument all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is called the argument all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is called the argument all right
+and if you elect to write the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you elect to write the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you elect to write the complex
+number X plus iy as R comma theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number X plus iy as R comma theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number X plus iy as R comma theta
+because of the connection between polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the connection between polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the connection between polar
+and Cartesian coordinates R see X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cartesian coordinates R see X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cartesian coordinates R see X is
+what X is our cosine theta Y is our sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what X is our cosine theta Y is our sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what X is our cosine theta Y is our sine
+theta so the complex number is R cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so the complex number is R cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so the complex number is R cosine
+theta plus I R sine theta that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus I R sine theta that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus I R sine theta that's what
+our comma theta denotes now using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our comma theta denotes now using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our comma theta denotes now using this
+as background so we now have what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as background so we now have what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as background so we now have what we've
+invented at least abstractly a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented at least abstractly a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented at least abstractly a system of
+numbers called the complex numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers called the complex numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers called the complex numbers and
+by the way let me point out here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way let me point out here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way let me point out here that
+don't use the word imaginary too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use the word imaginary too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use the word imaginary too
+strongly there is certainly nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly there is certainly nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly there is certainly nothing
+imaginary about this geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary about this geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary about this geometric
+interpretation what may be imaginary as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation what may be imaginary as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation what may be imaginary as
+I may not have a place where I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may not have a place where I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may not have a place where I want to
+use these kind of numbers but believe me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these kind of numbers but believe me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these kind of numbers but believe me
+we wouldn't have made a whole block of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't have made a whole block of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't have made a whole block of
+material about these numbers if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material about these numbers if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material about these numbers if there
+weren't real interpretations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't real interpretations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't real interpretations of the
+so-called complex numbers this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called complex numbers this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called complex numbers this is a
+perfectly real geometric interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly real geometric interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly real geometric interpretation
+so far we have established the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we have established the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we have established the fact that
+this interpretation gives us a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interpretation gives us a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interpretation gives us a vector
+space but the complex numbers have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but the complex numbers have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but the complex numbers have an
+additional structure as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional structure as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional structure as well
+namely if I saw the two complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely if I saw the two complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely if I saw the two complex numbers
+a plus bi times and c plus di and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus bi times and c plus di and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus bi times and c plus di and I
+multiplied them remember now ABC and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied them remember now ABC and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied them remember now ABC and D
+are real I would like to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real I would like to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real I would like to believe that
+the rules of ordinary algebra is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of ordinary algebra is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of ordinary algebra is still
+applied here to like that to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied here to like that to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied here to like that to multiply
+this I would want this times this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I would want this times this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I would want this times this this
+times this this times this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this this times this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this this times this and this
+times this notice that a times C is AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this notice that a times C is AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this notice that a times C is AC
+bi times di should be BD times I squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi times di should be BD times I squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi times di should be BD times I squared
+if the ordinary rules of arithmetic are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the ordinary rules of arithmetic are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the ordinary rules of arithmetic are
+to apply since I squared is minus 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply since I squared is minus 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply since I squared is minus 1 this
+term becomes minus BD since ACB and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term becomes minus BD since ACB and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term becomes minus BD since ACB and D
+are real numbers this is a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real numbers this is a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real numbers this is a real number
+right correspondingly the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right correspondingly the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right correspondingly the coefficients
+about the multiplier revive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the multiplier revive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the multiplier revive the
+coefficient of I is what BC plus ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of I is what BC plus ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of I is what BC plus ad
+which is also a real number so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a real number so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a real number so if we
+make up this definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up this definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up this definition of
+multiplication for complex numbers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication for complex numbers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication for complex numbers we
+have made sure that the rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made sure that the rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made sure that the rules of
+arithmetic for complex numbers parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic for complex numbers parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic for complex numbers parallel
+the rules for real numbers and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules for real numbers and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules for real numbers and by the
+way it's very important here to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's very important here to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's very important here to make the
+aside that this is a crucial result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside that this is a crucial result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside that this is a crucial result
+notice that among the complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that among the complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that among the complex numbers
+the real numbers are included namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers are included namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers are included namely
+thinking of it geometrically if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of it geometrically if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of it geometrically if you look
+at the plain the real numbers are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the plain the real numbers are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the plain the real numbers are those
+points in the plane which lie along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the plane which lie along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the plane which lie along the
+x axis it's the same as saying that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x axis it's the same as saying that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x axis it's the same as saying that when
+you extended the integers to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extended the integers to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extended the integers to form the
+rational numbers the rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers the rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers the rational numbers
+included the integers in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included the integers in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included the integers in other words if
+I look at the number 3 I can think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the number 3 I can think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the number 3 I can think of it
+as the integer 3 I could also think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the integer 3 I could also think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the integer 3 I could also think of
+it as the ratio 3 divided by 1 you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as the ratio 3 divided by 1 you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as the ratio 3 divided by 1 you see
+and therefore I would like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I would like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I would like whatever
+rules I have for the complex numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I have for the complex numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I have for the complex numbers to
+remain valid if the complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain valid if the complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain valid if the complex numbers
+happen to be real it would be terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be real it would be terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be real it would be terrible
+to have two different rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have two different rules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have two different rules for
+multiplication one for real numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication one for real numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication one for real numbers and
+one for complex numbers and then given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for complex numbers and then given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for complex numbers and then given
+two real numbers when I multiply them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two real numbers when I multiply them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two real numbers when I multiply them I
+get one answer if I think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one answer if I think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one answer if I think of them as
+being real and another answer if I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being real and another answer if I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being real and another answer if I think
+of them as being complex at any rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them as being complex at any rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them as being complex at any rate the
+important point is with this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point is with this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point is with this as
+motivation I have a way of defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation I have a way of defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation I have a way of defining the
+product of two complex numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two complex numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two complex numbers to
+a complex number I don't mean that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex number I don't mean that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex number I don't mean that these
+things that equal ours here simply stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that equal ours here simply stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that equal ours here simply stand
+for real this is real plus I times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real this is real plus I times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real this is real plus I times a
+real which is a complex number a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real which is a complex number a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real which is a complex number a very
+special case occurs when you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case occurs when you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case occurs when you take the
+complex number A plus bi and multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number A plus bi and multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number A plus bi and multiply it
+by a minus bi the same number only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a minus bi the same number only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a minus bi the same number only
+changing the plus to a minus notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the plus to a minus notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the plus to a minus notice that
+we would get what the sum and difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would get what the sum and difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would get what the sum and difference
+here gives us the summin difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here gives us the summin difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here gives us the summin difference of
+two squares it's going to be what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two squares it's going to be what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two squares it's going to be what a
+squared minus B squared I squared but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus B squared I squared but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus B squared I squared but
+since I squared is minus one minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I squared is minus one minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I squared is minus one minus B
+squared I squared is minus B squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared I squared is minus B squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared I squared is minus B squared
+times minus one which is plus B squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times minus one which is plus B squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times minus one which is plus B squared
+and notice therefore if you multiply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice therefore if you multiply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice therefore if you multiply a
+plus bi which is a complex number by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus bi which is a complex number by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus bi which is a complex number by
+this other complex number a minus bi you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other complex number a minus bi you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other complex number a minus bi you
+get a squared plus B squared which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a squared plus B squared which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a squared plus B squared which is a
+non-negative real number in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative real number in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative real number in particular
+if you think back to the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think back to the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think back to the geometric
+interpretation of this the point a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this the point a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this the point a plus
+bi in the plane is a comma B and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi in the plane is a comma B and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi in the plane is a comma B and the
+distance of a comma B from the origin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of a comma B from the origin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of a comma B from the origin is
+the square root of a squared plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of a squared plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of a squared plus B
+squared so this product is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so this product is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so this product is actually the
+square of the magnitude the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the magnitude the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the magnitude the absolute
+value of a plus bi this little gizmo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a plus bi this little gizmo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a plus bi this little gizmo is
+so important that it's given a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important that it's given a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important that it's given a special
+name by definition given any complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name by definition given any complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name by definition given any complex
+number Z written in the form X plus iy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Z written in the form X plus iy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Z written in the form X plus iy
+the complex conjugate of Z called Z bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate of Z called Z bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate of Z called Z bar
+not to be confused with a Z with a bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be confused with a Z with a bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be confused with a Z with a bar
+underneath that we were using to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath that we were using to denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath that we were using to denote
+vectors but the complex conjugate Z bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors but the complex conjugate Z bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors but the complex conjugate Z bar
+is what you get by just changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you get by just changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you get by just changing the
+plus sign here to a minus in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sign here to a minus in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sign here to a minus in other words
+the complex conjugate of X plus iy is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate of X plus iy is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate of X plus iy is X
+minus iy and geometrically all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus iy and geometrically all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus iy and geometrically all this
+means is you see when you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is you see when you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is you see when you change the
+sign of the imaginary part that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the imaginary part that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the imaginary part that means
+remember the imaginary part is the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the imaginary part is the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the imaginary part is the y
+axis you're just reflecting the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you're just reflecting the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you're just reflecting the number
+symmetrically with respect to the x axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically with respect to the x axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically with respect to the x axis
+you're leaving the x coordinate alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're leaving the x coordinate alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're leaving the x coordinate alone
+and you're changing the y coordinate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're changing the y coordinate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're changing the y coordinate to
+minus y in polar coordinates what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y in polar coordinates what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y in polar coordinates what you're
+saying is a complex number and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is a complex number and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is a complex number and its
+conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+are the same distance from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same distance from the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same distance from the origin
+but in one case the angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in one case the angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in one case the angle is
+and in the other case the angle is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the other case the angle is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the other case the angle is minus
+theta one of the many applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta one of the many applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta one of the many applications of
+complex conjugates I'll give you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugates I'll give you some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugates I'll give you some of
+these other applications in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other applications in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other applications in the
+exercises but for now what I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises but for now what I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises but for now what I think is
+important is this simple one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is this simple one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is this simple one that
+essentially shows us how we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially shows us how we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially shows us how we find the
+quotient of two complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient of two complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient of two complex numbers
+quite simply sparing you the details if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simply sparing you the details if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simply sparing you the details if
+i have c plus di divided by a plus bi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have c plus di divided by a plus bi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have c plus di divided by a plus bi I
+simply multiply numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply multiply numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply multiply numerator and
+denominator by the complex conjugate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator by the complex conjugate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator by the complex conjugate of
+the denominator okay what will that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator okay what will that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator okay what will that do
+for me well when I multiply the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me well when I multiply the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me well when I multiply the two
+factors in the numerator I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors in the numerator I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors in the numerator I'm going to
+get a real part namely AC plus BD in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a real part namely AC plus BD in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a real part namely AC plus BD in
+other words it's minus BD I squared but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's minus BD I squared but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's minus BD I squared but
+I squared is minus 1 so I'm going at AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I squared is minus 1 so I'm going at AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I squared is minus 1 so I'm going at AC
+plus BD I'm going to get an imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus BD I'm going to get an imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus BD I'm going to get an imaginary
+part which is ad minus BC but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is ad minus BC but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is ad minus BC but the
+denominator will just be a squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator will just be a squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator will just be a squared plus
+B squared which is a real number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B squared which is a real number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B squared which is a real number in
+other words what this tells me is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what this tells me is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what this tells me is I can
+now write the quotient of two complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now write the quotient of two complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now write the quotient of two complex
+numbers in the form what a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in the form what a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in the form what a real number
+plus I times a real number in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I times a real number in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I times a real number in fact the
+only time I can't do this have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time I can't do this have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time I can't do this have to be
+careful A or B must be unequal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful A or B must be unequal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful A or B must be unequal to 0
+because if both a and B are 0 this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if both a and B are 0 this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if both a and B are 0 this is a
+0 denominator which I don't allow myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 denominator which I don't allow myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 denominator which I don't allow myself
+to divide by and the only way both a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide by and the only way both a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide by and the only way both a and
+B can be 0 is if the complex number is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B can be 0 is if the complex number is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B can be 0 is if the complex number is 0
+plus 0 I which is the number 0 so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 I which is the number 0 so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 I which is the number 0 so I'm
+saying again just like in the real case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying again just like in the real case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying again just like in the real case
+I still can't divide by 0 any rate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still can't divide by 0 any rate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still can't divide by 0 any rate to
+give you a more practical illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a more practical illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a more practical illustration
+to see this with numbers not practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this with numbers not practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this with numbers not practical
+but at least concrete 3 plus 2i divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least concrete 3 plus 2i divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least concrete 3 plus 2i divided
+by 4 plus I I simply multiply numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 4 plus I I simply multiply numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 4 plus I I simply multiply numerator
+and denominator by 4 minus I you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denominator by 4 minus I you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denominator by 4 minus I you see
+what that does is downstairs I get 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that does is downstairs I get 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that does is downstairs I get 4
+squared which is 16 minus I squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is 16 minus I squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is 16 minus I squared
+which is plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is plus 1
+16 plus 1 and 17 the real part is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 plus 1 and 17 the real part is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 plus 1 and 17 the real part is going
+to be what his 12 to I times minus I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be what his 12 to I times minus I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be what his 12 to I times minus I is
+plus 2 is 14 8 I minus 3 is 5 I so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 is 14 8 I minus 3 is 5 I so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 is 14 8 I minus 3 is 5 I so this
+quotient 3 plus 2i times 4 plus I is 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient 3 plus 2i times 4 plus I is 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient 3 plus 2i times 4 plus I is 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus 5:17 sigh and by the way as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus 5:17 sigh and by the way as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus 5:17 sigh and by the way as a
+trivial check and you can do this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial check and you can do this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial check and you can do this if you
+wish for an exercise simply take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish for an exercise simply take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish for an exercise simply take the
+answer that we got here multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that we got here multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that we got here multiply it by
+the not the denominator 4 plus I here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not the denominator 4 plus I here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not the denominator 4 plus I here
+and actually check that that trailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually check that that trailer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually check that that trailer
+comes out to be 3 plus 2 I at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to be 3 plus 2 I at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to be 3 plus 2 I at any rate
+this use of complex conjugates shows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this use of complex conjugates shows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this use of complex conjugates shows us
+that when you divide two complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you divide two complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you divide two complex numbers
+the result will be a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result will be a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result will be a complex number
+except for division by zero you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for division by zero you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for division by zero you see
+that's what went wrong with our integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what went wrong with our integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what went wrong with our integer
+problem two x equals three the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem two x equals three the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem two x equals three the reason
+that we couldn't solve it is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we couldn't solve it is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we couldn't solve it is that the
+solve 2x equals three require that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve 2x equals three require that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve 2x equals three require that the
+process of taking the quotient of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of taking the quotient of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of taking the quotient of two
+integers and the quotient of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and the quotient of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and the quotient of two
+integers did not have to be an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers did not have to be an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers did not have to be an integer
+notice on the other hand that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice on the other hand that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice on the other hand that the
+quotient of two real numbers is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient of two real numbers is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient of two real numbers is a real
+number as long as the denominator is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as long as the denominator is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as long as the denominator is not
+zero and the quotient of two complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the quotient of two complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the quotient of two complex
+numbers is a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is a complex number
+except for division by zero while we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for division by zero while we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for division by zero while we're
+talking about multiplication a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about multiplication a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about multiplication a very
+enlightening thing happens if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightening thing happens if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightening thing happens if we think
+of multiplication in terms of polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiplication in terms of polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiplication in terms of polar
+coordinates namely take the two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates namely take the two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates namely take the two numbers
+which in polar coordinates are R 1 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in polar coordinates are R 1 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in polar coordinates are R 1 comma
+theta 1 and R 2 comma theta 2 now again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta 1 and R 2 comma theta 2 now again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta 1 and R 2 comma theta 2 now again
+remember from our argon diagram what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from our argon diagram what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from our argon diagram what it
+means to say that the complex number has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to say that the complex number has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to say that the complex number has
+polar coordinates R 1 comma theta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates R 1 comma theta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates R 1 comma theta 1
+remember the complex number is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the complex number is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the complex number is written
+in the form X plus iy the x coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form X plus iy the x coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form X plus iy the x coordinate
+is R 1 cosine theta 1 the y coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R 1 cosine theta 1 the y coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R 1 cosine theta 1 the y coordinate
+is R 1 sine theta 1 at any rate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R 1 sine theta 1 at any rate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R 1 sine theta 1 at any rate this
+product in terms of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in terms of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in terms of the standard
+notation the X plus iy form says we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation the X plus iy form says we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation the X plus iy form says we're
+multiplying these two numbers together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying these two numbers together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying these two numbers together
+and using our rule for multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using our rule for multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using our rule for multiplication
+multiplying term by term and remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying term by term and remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying term by term and remembering
+that I squared is minus 1 observe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I squared is minus 1 observe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I squared is minus 1 observe that
+if we collect the terms here and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we collect the terms here and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we collect the terms here and I'll
+leave the details for you to verify at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the details for you to verify at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the details for you to verify at
+you Lygia we wind up with R 1 R 2 being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Lygia we wind up with R 1 R 2 being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Lygia we wind up with R 1 R 2 being
+a common factor the real part is r 1 r 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common factor the real part is r 1 r 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common factor the real part is r 1 r 2
+times cosine theta one cosine theta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cosine theta one cosine theta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cosine theta one cosine theta 2
+minus sine theta 1 sine theta 2 the -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine theta 1 sine theta 2 the -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine theta 1 sine theta 2 the -
+coming because I squared is minus 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming because I squared is minus 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming because I squared is minus 1 the
+imaginary part is R 1 R 2 sine theta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part is R 1 R 2 sine theta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part is R 1 R 2 sine theta 1
+cosine theta 2 sine theta 2 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta 2 sine theta 2 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta 2 sine theta 2 cosine
+theta one if we now remember failure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta one if we now remember failure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta one if we now remember failure is
+a real number if we recall our geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real number if we recall our geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real number if we recall our geometric
+trigonometric definitions cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric definitions cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric definitions cosine theta
+one cosine theta two minus sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cosine theta two minus sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cosine theta two minus sine theta
+one sine theta two is cosine theta one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sine theta two is cosine theta one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sine theta two is cosine theta one
+plus theta two this expression is sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus theta two this expression is sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus theta two this expression is sine
+theta one plus theta two and remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta one plus theta two and remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta one plus theta two and remembering
+now that in polar form what we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that in polar form what we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that in polar form what we're saying
+is what this is the complex number whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what this is the complex number whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what this is the complex number whose
+magnitude is R 1 R 2 and whose argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is R 1 R 2 and whose argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is R 1 R 2 and whose argument
+is theta 1 plus theta 2 and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theta 1 plus theta 2 and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theta 1 plus theta 2 and putting
+these two steps together what it says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two steps together what it says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two steps together what it says is
+that to multiply two complex numbers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to multiply two complex numbers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to multiply two complex numbers the
+same definition of multiplication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same definition of multiplication that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same definition of multiplication that
+we were using before if we interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were using before if we interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were using before if we interpret
+this in terms of polar coordinate says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of polar coordinate says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of polar coordinate says
+look at two multiply two complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at two multiply two complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at two multiply two complex numbers
+viewed as lengths you simply do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as lengths you simply do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as lengths you simply do what
+multiply the two lengths to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the two lengths to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the two lengths to get the
+resulting length of the product and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting length of the product and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting length of the product and add
+the two arguments the two angles that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two arguments the two angles that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two arguments the two angles that's
+a rather interesting result you see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rather interesting result you see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rather interesting result you see for
+example if we now want to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we now want to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we now want to think of the
+complex numbers as being vectors this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers as being vectors this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers as being vectors this
+gives us a third vector product that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a third vector product that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a third vector product that we
+had never talked about before and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never talked about before and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never talked about before and which
+I'll reinforce in the learning exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll reinforce in the learning exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll reinforce in the learning exercises
+the idea is that using this as a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that using this as a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that using this as a model
+and here's another real application why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's another real application why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's another real application why
+not define a new product of two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not define a new product of two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not define a new product of two vectors
+obtained by multiplying the two lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by multiplying the two lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by multiplying the two lengths
+and adding the two angles and the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding the two angles and the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding the two angles and the point
+was that in our physical examples there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that in our physical examples there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that in our physical examples there
+was really no motivation to invent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really no motivation to invent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really no motivation to invent this
+vector definition in the same way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector definition in the same way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector definition in the same way that
+we could define the dot product and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could define the dot product and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could define the dot product and the
+cross product for complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product for complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product for complex numbers
+because after all they are viewed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after all they are viewed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after all they are viewed as
+vectors in the plane but again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the plane but again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the plane but again we have
+no great practical application for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no great practical application for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no great practical application for this
+so we don't bother doing it by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't bother doing it by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't bother doing it by the way
+just for kicks here I thought you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for kicks here I thought you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for kicks here I thought you might
+enjoy the aside that this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the aside that this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the aside that this little
+interesting result explains why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting result explains why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting result explains why the
+product of two negative numbers happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two negative numbers happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two negative numbers happen
+to be positive remember a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive remember a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive remember a negative
+number if R has to see a negative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if R has to see a negative number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if R has to see a negative number
+lies on the real axis and if our has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies on the real axis and if our has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies on the real axis and if our has to
+be positive that means you're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive that means you're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive that means you're measuring
+in the direction of the negative x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction of the negative x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction of the negative x-axis
+which means that the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the pole
+angle is 180 degrees if you multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is 180 degrees if you multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is 180 degrees if you multiply two
+numbers whose angles are 180 degrees if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers whose angles are 180 degrees if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers whose angles are 180 degrees if
+you add the two angles you get what 360
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add the two angles you get what 360
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add the two angles you get what 360
+degrees you see what I'm driving at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees you see what I'm driving at here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees you see what I'm driving at here
+in other words if I multiply two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if I multiply two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if I multiply two numbers
+in polar form each of whose angles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polar form each of whose angles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polar form each of whose angles is
+180 the product will have the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 the product will have the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 the product will have the angle
+equal to 360 you see and that puts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 360 you see and that puts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 360 you see and that puts you
+back on the positive real axis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the positive real axis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the positive real axis and so
+you have such real interpretations as Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have such real interpretations as Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have such real interpretations as Y
+in terms of complex numbers we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of complex numbers we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of complex numbers we can
+explain very nicely what it means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain very nicely what it means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain very nicely what it means for
+the product of two negatives to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of two negatives to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of two negatives to be a
+positive by the way we can carry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive by the way we can carry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive by the way we can carry this
+result further if we had n factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result further if we had n factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result further if we had n factors
+written in polar form than to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in polar form than to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in polar form than to multiply
+these n factors we would simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n factors we would simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n factors we would simply by
+induction so to speak multiply the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction so to speak multiply the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction so to speak multiply the N
+magnitudes together and add the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes together and add the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes together and add the end
+goals and a very interesting special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals and a very interesting special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals and a very interesting special
+case is if all the factors happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is if all the factors happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is if all the factors happen to be
+equal in other words if we want to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal in other words if we want to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal in other words if we want to raise
+the complex number written in polar form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex number written in polar form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex number written in polar form
+as R comma theta to the nth power a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as R comma theta to the nth power a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as R comma theta to the nth power a very
+interesting thing is is that our comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is is that our comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is is that our comma
+theta to the nth power is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta to the nth power is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta to the nth power is what you
+multiply the magnitude so the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the magnitude so the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the magnitude so the magnitude
+of the product will be R to the N you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product will be R to the N you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product will be R to the N you
+add the angles so the angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the angles so the angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the angles so the angle of the
+product the argument will be n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the argument will be n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the argument will be n times
+theta a special case of the special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta a special case of the special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta a special case of the special case
+is if R equals 1 and if R equals 1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if R equals 1 and if R equals 1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if R equals 1 and if R equals 1 that
+says that the complex number whose polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the complex number whose polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the complex number whose polar
+form is 1 comma theta when raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is 1 comma theta when raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is 1 comma theta when raised to the
+nth power is that complex number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth power is that complex number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth power is that complex number in
+polar form 1 comma and theta and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar form 1 comma and theta and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar form 1 comma and theta and by the
+way again remember what this thing means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way again remember what this thing means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way again remember what this thing means
+to say at the complex number is 1 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say at the complex number is 1 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say at the complex number is 1 comma
+theta means what that the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta means what that the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta means what that the distance from
+the origin is 1 and the angle is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin is 1 and the angle is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin is 1 and the angle is Theta
+see that was what we mean by 1 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that was what we mean by 1 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that was what we mean by 1 comma
+theta over here and notice that in pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta over here and notice that in pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta over here and notice that in pole
+in Cartesian form that makes this length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cartesian form that makes this length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cartesian form that makes this length
+cosine theta and this length sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta and this length sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta and this length sine theta
+so I comma theta is cosine theta plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I comma theta is cosine theta plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I comma theta is cosine theta plus I
+sine theta at any rate translating both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta at any rate translating both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta at any rate translating both
+of these into Cartesian form we wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these into Cartesian form we wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these into Cartesian form we wind up
+with a very famous result called D moths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very famous result called D moths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very famous result called D moths
+theorem in my high school was called de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in my high school was called de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in my high school was called de
+Moira's theorem but it's the mob's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moira's theorem but it's the mob's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moira's theorem but it's the mob's
+theorem and it simply says that cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and it simply says that cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and it simply says that cosine
+theta plus I sine theta to the N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus I sine theta to the N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus I sine theta to the N is
+cosine n theta plus I sine n theta that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine n theta plus I sine n theta that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine n theta plus I sine n theta that
+result may not seem that remarkable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result may not seem that remarkable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result may not seem that remarkable to
+you but let me give you another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but let me give you another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but let me give you another example
+using this result that shows how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this result that shows how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this result that shows how we can
+get real results using imaginary numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get real results using imaginary numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get real results using imaginary numbers
+let me take the special case N equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take the special case N equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take the special case N equals 2
+just for the sake of argument if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the sake of argument if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the sake of argument if I take
+N equals 2 this gives me cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals 2 this gives me cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals 2 this gives me cosine theta
+plus I sine theta squared equals cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I sine theta squared equals cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I sine theta squared equals cosine
+2 theta plus I sine 2 theta this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 theta plus I sine 2 theta this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 theta plus I sine 2 theta this says
+what the real part of this is cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the real part of this is cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the real part of this is cosine
+squared theta minus sine squared theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared theta minus sine squared theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared theta minus sine squared theta
+again it's I squared sine squared theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's I squared sine squared theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's I squared sine squared theta
+which is minus sine squared theta the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is minus sine squared theta the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is minus sine squared theta the
+imaginary part is 2 sine theta cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part is 2 sine theta cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part is 2 sine theta cosine
+theta so if I square this I get cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so if I square this I get cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so if I square this I get cosine
+squared theta minus sine squared theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared theta minus sine squared theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared theta minus sine squared theta
+plus I 2 sine theta cosine theta by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I 2 sine theta cosine theta by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I 2 sine theta cosine theta by the
+mob sturm that equals cosine 2 theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mob sturm that equals cosine 2 theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mob sturm that equals cosine 2 theta
+plus I sine 2 theta we saw that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I sine 2 theta we saw that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I sine 2 theta we saw that the only
+way that two complex numbers can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that two complex numbers can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that two complex numbers can be
+equal is if the real parts are equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal is if the real parts are equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal is if the real parts are equal and
+if the imaginary parts are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the imaginary parts are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the imaginary parts are equal
+comparing the real parts and comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the real parts and comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the real parts and comparing
+the imaginary parts we get that sine 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary parts we get that sine 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary parts we get that sine 2
+theta equals 2 sine theta cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals 2 sine theta cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals 2 sine theta cosine theta
+cosine 2 theta is cosine squared theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 2 theta is cosine squared theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 2 theta is cosine squared theta
+minus sine squared theta notice by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine squared theta notice by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine squared theta notice by the
+way that these are real results and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that these are real results and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that these are real results and also
+notice by the way that even though these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice by the way that even though these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice by the way that even though these
+may look like old hat to you I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may look like old hat to you I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may look like old hat to you I could
+just as easily for example I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as easily for example I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as easily for example I could have
+picked m to be 5 here or 6 and in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked m to be 5 here or 6 and in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked m to be 5 here or 6 and in fact I
+will do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that
+in the learning exercises the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the learning exercises the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the learning exercises the point
+being that what I can raise this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that what I can raise this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that what I can raise this to the
+fifth power compare this with cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth power compare this with cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth power compare this with cosine
+five theta plus I sine 5 theta and wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five theta plus I sine 5 theta and wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five theta plus I sine 5 theta and wind
+up with real identities in fact for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with real identities in fact for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with real identities in fact for what
+sine and theta and cosine n theta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine and theta and cosine n theta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine and theta and cosine n theta for
+any whole number value event see I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any whole number value event see I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any whole number value event see I'm
+trying to hammer home the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to hammer home the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to hammer home the fact that
+we're doing the complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing the complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing the complex number
+arithmetic don't forget that this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic don't forget that this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic don't forget that this stuff
+does have real applications and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have real applications and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have real applications and we
+haven't even started to scratch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even started to scratch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even started to scratch the
+surface yet this is just our baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface yet this is just our baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface yet this is just our baby
+lecture introducing the arithmetic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture introducing the arithmetic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture introducing the arithmetic of
+complex numbers we haven't even got too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers we haven't even got too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers we haven't even got too
+anything like algebra or calculus yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like algebra or calculus yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like algebra or calculus yet
+wait till that happens and you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait till that happens and you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait till that happens and you're really
+going to see some nice applications at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see some nice applications at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see some nice applications at
+any rate by the way the polar form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate by the way the polar form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate by the way the polar form of
+multiplication leads to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication leads to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication leads to a very
+interesting way of extracting roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way of extracting roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way of extracting roots of
+complex numbers for example suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers for example suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers for example suppose I
+want to find the sixth root of AI in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the sixth root of AI in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the sixth root of AI in
+other words what complex number raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what complex number raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what complex number raised
+to the sixth power gives I in fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sixth power gives I in fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sixth power gives I in fact is
+there such a complex number you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there such a complex number you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there such a complex number you know
+after all we could raise real numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all we could raise real numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all we could raise real numbers to
+powers but one of the reasons that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers but one of the reasons that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers but one of the reasons that we
+had to invent the complex numbers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to invent the complex numbers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to invent the complex numbers is
+that we couldn't extract the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we couldn't extract the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we couldn't extract the square root
+of -1 there was no real number whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of -1 there was no real number whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of -1 there was no real number whose
+square was -1 the question now is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square was -1 the question now is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square was -1 the question now is is
+there a complex number which when raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a complex number which when raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a complex number which when raised
+to the sixth power equals I one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sixth power equals I one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sixth power equals I one way of
+doing this is to say ok let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is to say ok let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is to say ok let's assume
+there is a complex number call it X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a complex number call it X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a complex number call it X plus
+iy which when raised to the sixth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy which when raised to the sixth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy which when raised to the sixth power
+equals I in other words the sixth root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals I in other words the sixth root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals I in other words the sixth root
+of I is X plus iy and let's see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I is X plus iy and let's see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I is X plus iy and let's see if we
+can solve for x and y one way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for x and y one way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for x and y one way of doing
+this is to raise both sides here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to raise both sides here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to raise both sides here to the
+sixth power in which case we see that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth power in which case we see that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth power in which case we see that I
+has to be X plus I Y to the sixth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be X plus I Y to the sixth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be X plus I Y to the sixth power
+on the other hand I is written as zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand I is written as zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand I is written as zero
+plus one I if I raise this to the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one I if I raise this to the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one I if I raise this to the sixth
+power I don't know if you've noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I don't know if you've noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I don't know if you've noticed
+this every time I raise I to an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this every time I raise I to an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this every time I raise I to an even
+power I get a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I get a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power I get a real number
+why because I squared is -1 therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because I squared is -1 therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because I squared is -1 therefore I
+to the fourth is I squared squared which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth is I squared squared which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth is I squared squared which
+is minus 1 squared which is 1 I to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 1 squared which is 1 I to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 1 squared which is 1 I to the
+sixth is I to the fourth times I squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth is I to the fourth times I squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth is I to the fourth times I squared
+which is 1 times I squared which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 times I squared which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 times I squared which is
+minus 1 and in the same way if I take I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and in the same way if I take I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and in the same way if I take I
+cubed that's what I squared times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed that's what I squared times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed that's what I squared times I
+which is minus I in other words the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is minus I in other words the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is minus I in other words the even
+powers of I are real the odd powers of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of I are real the odd powers of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of I are real the odd powers of I
+give me back plus or minus I so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me back plus or minus I so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me back plus or minus I so if I
+raise this to the sixth power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise this to the sixth power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise this to the sixth power and
+collect terms I'll get a certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect terms I'll get a certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect terms I'll get a certain number
+of real terms and a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real terms and a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real terms and a certain number of
+purely imaginary terms in fact using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely imaginary terms in fact using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely imaginary terms in fact using the
+binomial theorem and raising this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem and raising this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial theorem and raising this to the
+sixth power and separating the terms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth power and separating the terms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth power and separating the terms for
+you in advance I wind up with what X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in advance I wind up with what X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in advance I wind up with what X to
+the sixth plus 6 X to the fifth iy plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sixth plus 6 X to the fifth iy plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sixth plus 6 X to the fifth iy plus
+15 X to the fourth I Y squared plus 20x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 X to the fourth I Y squared plus 20x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 X to the fourth I Y squared plus 20x
+cubed iyq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed iyq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed iyq
+gube plus 15 x squared I Y to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gube plus 15 x squared I Y to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gube plus 15 x squared I Y to the fourth
+plus six X I Y to the fifth plus I Y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus six X I Y to the fifth plus I Y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus six X I Y to the fifth plus I Y to
+the sixth I went through that rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sixth I went through that rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sixth I went through that rapidly
+it's just using the binomial theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just using the binomial theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just using the binomial theorem
+noticing that all of these terms will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing that all of these terms will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing that all of these terms will
+turn out to be real all of these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be real all of these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be real all of these terms
+will be purely imaginary in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be purely imaginary in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be purely imaginary in other words
+getting rid of the eyes to the best of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of the eyes to the best of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of the eyes to the best of
+my ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ability
+she's squaring over here this is a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's squaring over here this is a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's squaring over here this is a minus
+y squared term this is just Y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y squared term this is just Y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y squared term this is just Y to the
+fourth this is I to the sixth which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth this is I to the sixth which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth this is I to the sixth which is
+the same as I squared because I of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as I squared because I of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as I squared because I of the
+fourth is one I have the six is I fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth is one I have the six is I fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth is one I have the six is I fourth
+times I squared which is I squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I squared which is I squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I squared which is I squared so
+this just comes out as minus 1 etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just comes out as minus 1 etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just comes out as minus 1 etc and
+making these translations we wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these translations we wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these translations we wind up
+with the complicated algebraic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the complicated algebraic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the complicated algebraic system
+that to find x and y we must be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to find x and y we must be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to find x and y we must be able to
+solve this system of equations in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system of equations in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system of equations in other
+words the real part must be 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the real part must be 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the real part must be 0 the
+imaginary part must be 1 all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part must be 1 all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part must be 1 all right now
+at this stage of the game not only may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage of the game not only may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage of the game not only may
+it seem difficult to solve this but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seem difficult to solve this but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seem difficult to solve this but it
+may be that there are no real values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that there are no real values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that there are no real values of
+x and y which solve this and if I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y which solve this and if I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y which solve this and if I can't
+find x and y if there are no values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find x and y if there are no values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find x and y if there are no values for
+x and y it means that X plus iy doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y it means that X plus iy doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y it means that X plus iy doesn't
+exist well here's where I wanted to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist well here's where I wanted to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist well here's where I wanted to show
+you the tremendous power of cut of polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the tremendous power of cut of polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the tremendous power of cut of polar
+coordinates you see in polar coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you see in polar coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you see in polar coordinates
+how would I write I I is what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I write I I is what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I write I I is what its
+magnitude is 1 see it's the point 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is 1 see it's the point 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is 1 see it's the point 0
+comma 1 and the argon diagram its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 1 and the argon diagram its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 1 and the argon diagram its
+magnitude is 1 and it's argument is PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is 1 and it's argument is PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is 1 and it's argument is PI
+over 2 by the way again I'm in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 by the way again I'm in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 by the way again I'm in this
+trouble with multiple angles you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with multiple angles you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with multiple angles you see
+it's not only PI over 2 it could be 5 PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only PI over 2 it could be 5 PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only PI over 2 it could be 5 PI
+over 2 9 PI over 2 etc these are every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 9 PI over 2 etc these are every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 9 PI over 2 etc these are every
+time I go through 2 pi I come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I go through 2 pi I come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I go through 2 pi I come back to
+the same point I'm going to mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point I'm going to mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point I'm going to mention that
+in a moment but the idea is look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment but the idea is look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment but the idea is look at this
+is what I want this is I and I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I want this is I and I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I want this is I and I want the
+sixth root of I let's assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth root of I let's assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth root of I let's assume that the
+answer can be written in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer can be written in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer can be written in polar
+coordinates if I write in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates if I write in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates if I write in polar
+coordinates the answer is r comma theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the answer is r comma theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the answer is r comma theta
+oliver do now is solve for R and theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oliver do now is solve for R and theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oliver do now is solve for R and theta
+and I claim believe it or not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim believe it or not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim believe it or not that
+that's trivial namely given this I raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's trivial namely given this I raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's trivial namely given this I raise
+both sides to the sixth power if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides to the sixth power if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides to the sixth power if I do
+that I wind up here with I which just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wind up here with I which just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wind up here with I which just to
+get this all on one line I just repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this all on one line I just repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this all on one line I just repeat
+this this is 1 comma PI over 2 in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is 1 comma PI over 2 in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is 1 comma PI over 2 in polar
+and this is our karma theta to the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our karma theta to the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our karma theta to the sixth
+power but the beauty of multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but the beauty of multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but the beauty of multiplication
+and polar coordinates is that our karma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polar coordinates is that our karma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polar coordinates is that our karma
+theta to the sixth power is R to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta to the sixth power is R to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta to the sixth power is R to the
+sixth comma six data the magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth comma six data the magnitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth comma six data the magnitude is
+this in other words you multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in other words you multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in other words you multiply the
+magnitudes and you add the angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes and you add the angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes and you add the angles
+therefore what this tells me is remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what this tells me is remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what this tells me is remember
+our must be real there is only one real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our must be real there is only one real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our must be real there is only one real
+number which when raised to the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which when raised to the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which when raised to the sixth
+power is one and that's one itself see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is one and that's one itself see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is one and that's one itself see
+the enth root see the nth root of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enth root see the nth root of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enth root see the nth root of any
+positive number has exactly one real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number has exactly one real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number has exactly one real
+solution that's why we can always find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that's why we can always find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that's why we can always find
+the R in this case I picked a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R in this case I picked a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R in this case I picked a simple
+example where R turns out to be 1 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where R turns out to be 1 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where R turns out to be 1 C
+minus 1 also raised to the 6th power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 also raised to the 6th power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 also raised to the 6th power is
+1 but that doesn't count because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 but that doesn't count because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 but that doesn't count because we
+agree that our had to be positive I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that our had to be positive I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that our had to be positive I was
+measuring the magnitude of the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the magnitude of the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the magnitude of the complex
+number so our must be 1 by virtue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so our must be 1 by virtue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so our must be 1 by virtue of the
+fact that our is greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that our is greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that our is greater than or equal
+to 0 that eliminates minus 1 now 6 theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 that eliminates minus 1 now 6 theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 that eliminates minus 1 now 6 theta
+can either be PI over 2 or 5 PI over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either be PI over 2 or 5 PI over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either be PI over 2 or 5 PI over 2
+etc the important point being that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc the important point being that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc the important point being that we
+now take on the 2 pi K because notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take on the 2 pi K because notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take on the 2 pi K because notice
+that as this changes by 360 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as this changes by 360 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as this changes by 360 degrees
+theta only changes by 60 degrees because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta only changes by 60 degrees because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta only changes by 60 degrees because
+6 theta is changing by 360 therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 theta is changing by 360 therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 theta is changing by 360 therefore you
+see we're going to get a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we're going to get a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we're going to get a whole bunch of
+theta values that work this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta values that work this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta values that work this way and
+again I'll explain this in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'll explain this in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'll explain this in more detail
+as we go through the exercises on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go through the exercises on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go through the exercises on this
+unit but the idea is what if I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit but the idea is what if I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit but the idea is what if I keep
+tacking on multiples of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacking on multiples of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacking on multiples of 2 pi
+what I'm saying is R must be 1 and theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is R must be 1 and theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is R must be 1 and theta
+is what it's PI over 12 plus 1/2 pi K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it's PI over 12 plus 1/2 pi K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it's PI over 12 plus 1/2 pi K
+over 6 PI over 3 K 62 like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 6 PI over 3 K 62 like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 6 PI over 3 K 62 like essentially
+in terms of angles tack-on 60 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of angles tack-on 60 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of angles tack-on 60 degree
+increments here to make a long story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments here to make a long story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments here to make a long story
+short are must be 1 but theta could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short are must be 1 but theta could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short are must be 1 but theta could
+either be PI over 12 5 PI over 12 9 PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be PI over 12 5 PI over 12 9 PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be PI over 12 5 PI over 12 9 PI
+over 12 13 PI over 12 see I'm adding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 12 13 PI over 12 see I'm adding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 12 13 PI over 12 see I'm adding on
+4 PI over 12 each time PI over 3 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 PI over 12 each time PI over 3 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 PI over 12 each time PI over 3 60
+degrees in degree measure 17 PI over 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in degree measure 17 PI over 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in degree measure 17 PI over 12
+21 PI over 12 the next one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 PI over 12 the next one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 PI over 12 the next one would be
+25 PI over 12 but I hope you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 PI over 12 but I hope you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 PI over 12 but I hope you can see
+that that's the same as position wise 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the same as position wise 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the same as position wise 1
+comma PI over 12 gives me the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma PI over 12 gives me the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma PI over 12 gives me the same thing
+as 1 comma 25 PI over 12 but all 6 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 comma 25 PI over 12 but all 6 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 comma 25 PI over 12 but all 6 of
+these angles give me different positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angles give me different positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angles give me different positions
+just by way of illustration PI over 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by way of illustration PI over 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by way of illustration PI over 12
+turns out to be 15 degrees what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be 15 degrees what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be 15 degrees what this
+says is that one of the six roots of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that one of the six roots of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that one of the six roots of I
+geometrically is what it's that complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically is what it's that complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically is what it's that complex
+number which is one unit from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is one unit from the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is one unit from the origin
+that means it's on the circle of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's on the circle of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's on the circle of radius
+one centered at the origin and the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one centered at the origin and the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one centered at the origin and the angle
+must be 15 degrees the argument is 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be 15 degrees the argument is 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be 15 degrees the argument is 15
+degrees and by the way just to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and by the way just to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and by the way just to check
+this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+that this really is that one comma PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this really is that one comma PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this really is that one comma PI
+over 12 really is an answer here how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 12 really is an answer here how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 12 really is an answer here how do
+you raise a complex number to a power if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise a complex number to a power if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise a complex number to a power if
+we view it as a length you to raise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we view it as a length you to raise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we view it as a length you to raise this
+to the sixth power we must raise one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sixth power we must raise one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sixth power we must raise one to
+the sixth power that will still be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sixth power that will still be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sixth power that will still be one
+so I'm still going to be on the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm still going to be on the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm still going to be on the circle
+when I multiply I add angles so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply I add angles so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply I add angles so when I
+raise this to the sixth power I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise this to the sixth power I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise this to the sixth power I'm taking
+what 15 degrees six times is 90 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 15 degrees six times is 90 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 15 degrees six times is 90 degrees
+and that puts me right up where I are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that puts me right up where I are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that puts me right up where I are
+supposed to be in other words to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be in other words to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be in other words to do this
+thing backwards so to speak I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing backwards so to speak I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing backwards so to speak I know
+that's that six times the angle I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that six times the angle I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that six times the angle I'm
+looking for must be 90 so the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for must be 90 so the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for must be 90 so the angle
+itself must be 15 for example if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself must be 15 for example if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself must be 15 for example if I was
+looking for the eighth root of I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the eighth root of I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the eighth root of I I would
+do what I would know that when I add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what I would know that when I add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what I would know that when I add the
+angle to itself eight times I want 90 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle to itself eight times I want 90 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle to itself eight times I want 90 so
+the angle would have had to been 90 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle would have had to been 90 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle would have had to been 90 over
+eight and again I leave this for you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and again I leave this for you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and again I leave this for you as
+exercise as the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise as the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise as the point is that
+geometrically the sixth roots of I are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically the sixth roots of I are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically the sixth roots of I are
+all equally spaced points the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equally spaced points the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equally spaced points the first one
+is the point 1 comma PI over 12 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the point 1 comma PI over 12 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the point 1 comma PI over 12 and the
+rest are spaced equally along the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest are spaced equally along the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest are spaced equally along the circle
+at 60 degree intervals you see it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 60 degree intervals you see it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 60 degree intervals you see it breaks
+the circle up into six equal parts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle up into six equal parts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle up into six equal parts I
+come back to here notice that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to here notice that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to here notice that for
+example if I take this one which is 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I take this one which is 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I take this one which is 75
+degrees if I take 75 degrees six times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees if I take 75 degrees six times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees if I take 75 degrees six times
+notice that I come back what 75 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I come back what 75 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I come back what 75 times
+six is 450 it means I go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six is 450 it means I go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six is 450 it means I go all
+around and come back to I when I raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and come back to I when I raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and come back to I when I raise
+this to the sixth power to help you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the sixth power to help you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the sixth power to help you see
+this geometrically I'll pick of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this geometrically I'll pick of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this geometrically I'll pick of these
+six one of these happens to be very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six one of these happens to be very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six one of these happens to be very easy
+at least to me nine PI over twelve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least to me nine PI over twelve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least to me nine PI over twelve is
+three PI over four which happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three PI over four which happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three PI over four which happens to be
+135 degrees and I 1 comma 3 PI over 4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+135 degrees and I 1 comma 3 PI over 4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+135 degrees and I 1 comma 3 PI over 4 is
+cosine 3 PI over 4 plus I sine 3 PI over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3 PI over 4 plus I sine 3 PI over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3 PI over 4 plus I sine 3 PI over
+4 the cosine of 3 PI over 4 is minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 the cosine of 3 PI over 4 is minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 the cosine of 3 PI over 4 is minus 1
+over square root of 2 the sign is plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 2 the sign is plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 2 the sign is plus 1
+over square root of 2 so in typical X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 2 so in typical X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 2 so in typical X
+plus iy form one of the roots is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus iy form one of the roots is 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus iy form one of the roots is 1 over
+the square root of 2 times minus 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 2 times minus 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 2 times minus 1 plus
+I in other words the real part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in other words the real part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in other words the real part of this
+complex number is minus 1 over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number is minus 1 over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number is minus 1 over the
+square root of 2 the imaginary part is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 the imaginary part is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 the imaginary part is 1
+over the square root of 2 and I leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the square root of 2 and I leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the square root of 2 and I leave it
+again as a voluntary exercise for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a voluntary exercise for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a voluntary exercise for you to
+do to actually raise this to the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to actually raise this to the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to actually raise this to the sixth
+power and find amazingly enough that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and find amazingly enough that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and find amazingly enough that you
+do get 1 for an answer I for an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get 1 for an answer I for an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get 1 for an answer I for an answer
+now you see I just picked one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see I just picked one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see I just picked one particular
+example but this would have worked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but this would have worked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but this would have worked for
+any roots that I wanted to extract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any roots that I wanted to extract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any roots that I wanted to extract and
+this is very important from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important from a
+mathematical point of view the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical point of view the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical point of view the complex
+numbers are closed with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are closed with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are closed with respect to
+extracting roots and let me summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting roots and let me summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting roots and let me summarize
+that for a part of today's lesson over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a part of today's lesson over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a part of today's lesson over
+here the idea is that one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the idea is that one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the idea is that one of the reasons
+that we had to invent the fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to invent the fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to invent the fractions
+after we knew the integers was the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we knew the integers was the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we knew the integers was the fact
+that the integers were not closed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integers were not closed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integers were not closed with
+respect to the vision that the quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the vision that the quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the vision that the quotient
+of two integers didn't have to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two integers didn't have to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two integers didn't have to be an
+integer one of the reasons that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer one of the reasons that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer one of the reasons that we had
+to invent the complex numbers after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invent the complex numbers after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invent the complex numbers after we
+had the real numbers was that the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the real numbers was that the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the real numbers was that the real
+numbers will not close with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers will not close with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers will not close with respect to
+extracting roots what I've just shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting roots what I've just shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting roots what I've just shown
+you in terms of a particular example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in terms of a particular example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in terms of a particular example is
+that the complex numbers are closed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the complex numbers are closed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the complex numbers are closed with
+respect to extracting roots this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to extracting roots this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to extracting roots this means
+that in particular the basic operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in particular the basic operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in particular the basic operations
+that are involved in solving polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved in solving polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved in solving polynomial
+equations in other words what they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in other words what they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in other words what they have
+to do to solve a polynomial equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to solve a polynomial equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to solve a polynomial equation
+nothing more than the basic operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than the basic operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than the basic operations
+of adding subtracting multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adding subtracting multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adding subtracting multiplying
+dividing raising the powers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing raising the powers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing raising the powers and
+extracting roots all of these operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting roots all of these operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting roots all of these operations
+are closed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closed with
+respect to the complex numbers and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the complex numbers and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the complex numbers and what
+this means is if you wanted to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is if you wanted to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is if you wanted to write a
+polynomial equation which had complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial equation which had complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial equation which had complex
+numbers as coefficients you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as coefficients you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as coefficients you would not
+have to invent any more complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invent any more complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invent any more complex numbers
+you would not have to invent a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not have to invent a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not have to invent a new
+number system to solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number system to solve this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number system to solve this equation
+namely any polynomial with complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely any polynomial with complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely any polynomial with complex
+coefficients has complex roots and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients has complex roots and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients has complex roots and I
+think that's enough for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's enough for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's enough for today
+I want you to drill now on the exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to drill now on the exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to drill now on the exercises
+next time we will talk about functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we will talk about functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we will talk about functions
+using complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using complex numbers
+at any rate until next time goodbye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funding for the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for the public
+of this video was provided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this video was provided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this video was provided by the
+Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum foundation
+help ocw continue to provide free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help ocw continue to provide free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help ocw continue to provide free and
+open access to MIT courses by making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open access to MIT courses by making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open access to MIT courses by making a
+donation at ocw.mit.edu/donate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B_eVgSQhFqI.txt b/B_eVgSQhFqI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11b37f2bd01166d702dc6f66c34f5049384714ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B_eVgSQhFqI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14424 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd like to start since today it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to start since today it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to start since today it's it's
+March
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March
+8th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8th
+2024 I don't know if it is politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2024 I don't know if it is politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2024 I don't know if it is politically
+correct so maybe MIT uh open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so maybe MIT uh open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so maybe MIT uh open course
+whereare will cut this part but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare will cut this part but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare will cut this part but uh I
+like to dedicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to dedicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to dedicate
+this um to one special woman for me who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um to one special woman for me who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um to one special woman for me who
+is my mother who would have been 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my mother who would have been 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my mother who would have been 100
+today so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that's kind of
+a u dedication personal dedication any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u dedication personal dedication any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u dedication personal dedication any
+anyway okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay so we
+are talking about uh exelis and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about uh exelis and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about uh exelis and today
+we'll hopefully finish this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hopefully finish this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hopefully finish this uh this
+part uh remember last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part uh remember last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part uh remember last time
+we um talked about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um talked about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um talked about what
+the the exergy associ associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the exergy associ associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the exergy associ associated with
+the bulk flow uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state which uh is this um linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which uh is this um linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which uh is this um linear
+combination of enthalpy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of enthalpy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of enthalpy and
+entropy and which represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and which represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and which represents the
+maximum work you can extract from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum work you can extract from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum work you can extract from that
+Bulow uh state in this situation but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulow uh state in this situation but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulow uh state in this situation but it
+also represents the minimum work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also represents the minimum work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also represents the minimum work to
+produce from environmental condition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce from environmental condition uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce from environmental condition uh
+that same bulk Flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means that if you combine those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that if you combine those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that if you combine those
+two ideas and you consider a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ideas and you consider a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ideas and you consider a a
+flow that you want to change from a bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that you want to change from a bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that you want to change from a bulk
+Flow State one to another state two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending
+on uh what how these states are uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh what how these states are uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh what how these states are uh how
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+compare you may um be able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare you may um be able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare you may um be able to do that
+while extracting some work or you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while extracting some work or you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while extracting some work or you may be
+uh needing to spend some work to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh needing to spend some work to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh needing to spend some work to do that
+change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of
+state and the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the work
+involved always in a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved always in a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved always in a machine
+I mean you you can picture it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you you can picture it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you you can picture it in terms
+of a Machinery that uh always has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Machinery that uh always has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Machinery that uh always has to
+interact with the environment so as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the environment so as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the environment so as to
+uh perform the entropy exchanges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perform the entropy exchanges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perform the entropy exchanges that
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+needed so that uh the changes here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed so that uh the changes here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed so that uh the changes here are
+not accomplished by entropy production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not accomplished by entropy production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not accomplished by entropy production
+by reversibility which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reversibility which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reversibility which would
+be loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be loss of
+efficiency uh but uh the entropy changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency uh but uh the entropy changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency uh but uh the entropy changes
+are provided through the Machinery by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are provided through the Machinery by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are provided through the Machinery by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment uh so the maximum work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment uh so the maximum work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment uh so the maximum work you
+can extract or the minimum work you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extract or the minimum work you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extract or the minimum work you need
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+spend uh is equal to the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend uh is equal to the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend uh is equal to the difference in
+the uh exergies between the uh input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh exergies between the uh input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh exergies between the uh input and
+the output or the output and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+input and as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and as you see
+here I've rearranged this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've rearranged this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've rearranged this uh
+expression collecting um the m dot Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression collecting um the m dot Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression collecting um the m dot Delta
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+outside and so this uh see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and so this uh see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and so this uh see this
+represents uh the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents uh the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents uh the energy
+change of of your bulk flow um and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of of your bulk flow um and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of of your bulk flow um and uh so
+you could you could even call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat it's not really a heat interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it's not really a heat interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it's not really a heat interaction
+because the bulk flow typically changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the bulk flow typically changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the bulk flow typically changes
+in temperature along the pipe or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in temperature along the pipe or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in temperature along the pipe or uh
+whatever um pieces of equipment it flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um pieces of equipment it flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um pieces of equipment it flows
+through uh so it it as it changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh so it it as it changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh so it it as it changes in
+temperature if it experiences heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature if it experiences heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature if it experiences heat
+interactions there are going to be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions there are going to be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions there are going to be many
+different heat interactions at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different heat interactions at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different heat interactions at different
+temperatures but you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures but you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures but you could also
+represent this as an overall uh or say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this as an overall uh or say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this as an overall uh or say
+an equivalent heat interaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent heat interaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent heat interaction that
+would transfer the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy and so you get this quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so you get this quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so you get this quote
+heat multiplied by something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat multiplied by something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat multiplied by something that looks
+like a carau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a carau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a carau
+coefficient if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient if you
+interpret Delta H over Delta S as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret Delta H over Delta S as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret Delta H over Delta S as an
+equivalent heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent heat
+temperature uh then this becomes a Kel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh then this becomes a Kel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh then this becomes a Kel
+coefficient I'm mentioning that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient I'm mentioning that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient I'm mentioning that because
+often people like to um Trace back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often people like to um Trace back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often people like to um Trace back to
+the to find caral coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to find caral coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to find caral coefficient
+in all situations and right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all situations and right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all situations and right so this is
+the correct Carno coefficient in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so for
+example this would be a heat pump set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this would be a heat pump set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this would be a heat pump set up
+and then you want so you uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want so you uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want so you uh you can
+define a first flow efficiency which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a first flow efficiency which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a first flow efficiency which is
+the ratio of the heating of your uh flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the heating of your uh flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the heating of your uh flow
+um to the the work you spent that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the the work you spent that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the the work you spent that's the
+cop you can also call call it first flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop you can also call call it first flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop you can also call call it first flow
+efficiency but it can be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency but it can be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency but it can be greater than
+one and you can define a second LW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you can define a second LW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you can define a second LW
+efficiency as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency as the
+ratio of the exergy associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the exergy associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the exergy associated with the
+useful effect which is in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful effect which is in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful effect which is in this case is
+heating up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating up this
+flow so this this is x 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so this this is x 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so this this is x 2 minus
+X1 on the numerator divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 on the numerator divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 on the numerator divided by the
+exergy of the resource that youve used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy of the resource that youve used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy of the resource that youve used
+in this case uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case uh the
+work and um again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and um again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and um again you can
+represent this changing enthalpy uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this changing enthalpy uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this changing enthalpy uh as a
+as a heat you can call it heat and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a heat you can call it heat and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a heat you can call it heat and then
+that heat gets multiplied uh by a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat gets multiplied uh by a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat gets multiplied uh by a a
+Carno coefficient that transforms it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carno coefficient that transforms it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carno coefficient that transforms it to
+the associated exergy as we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associated exergy as we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associated exergy as we have
+seen now it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen now it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen now it turns out that this
+temperature so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so it's the
+equivalent temperature uh of a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent temperature uh of a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent temperature uh of a heat
+source that would provide the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source that would provide the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source that would provide the same
+amount of energy and the Chang in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy and the Chang in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy and the Chang in
+enthalpy and the same amount of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and the same amount of entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and the same amount of entropy
+to the to the flow and the ratio of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the flow and the ratio of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the flow and the ratio of that
+energy over entropy provided to the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy over entropy provided to the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy over entropy provided to the flow
+is dimensions of temperature and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dimensions of temperature and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dimensions of temperature and we'll
+see in a moment that it corresponds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a moment that it corresponds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a moment that it corresponds in
+several um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several um
+cases to the logarithmic mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases to the logarithmic mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases to the logarithmic mean
+temperature between the two um the inlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature between the two um the inlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature between the two um the inlet
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Outlet uh before I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlet uh before I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlet uh before I go to
+that let me take up a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me take up a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me take up a very simple
+example but which is any any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but which is any any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but which is any any way
+interesting it's uh the exergy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it's uh the exergy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it's uh the exergy of a
+waterfall of a hydraul hydraulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jump as you know um wherever there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump as you know um wherever there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump as you know um wherever there is
+such an opportunity people have invested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an opportunity people have invested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an opportunity people have invested
+and uh uh it's very hard to find a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh it's very hard to find a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh it's very hard to find a a
+hydraulic jump that has not been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformed in a renewable energy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Source this waterfall is the highest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source this waterfall is the highest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source this waterfall is the highest in
+Europe among uh it's not the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe among uh it's not the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe among uh it's not the highest
+waterfall but it's the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfall but it's the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfall but it's the highest
+artificial one it was made up by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial one it was made up by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial one it was made up by the
+Romans uh not for energy reasons that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans uh not for energy reasons that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans uh not for energy reasons that I
+think they only needed to avoid some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they only needed to avoid some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they only needed to avoid some
+floods related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floods related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floods related to
+Lake that was above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lake that was above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lake that was above
+there but as soon as it was possible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but as soon as it was possible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but as soon as it was possible uh
+probably at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at the end of
+U I think the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I think the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I think the 19th
+century um they they started exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century um they they started exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century um they they started exploiting
+it now uh it is um used almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now uh it is um used almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now uh it is um used almost every
+hour of the day except when the groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of the day except when the groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of the day except when the groups
+of tourists are there then they uh stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tourists are there then they uh stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tourists are there then they uh stop
+they let the water fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they let the water fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they let the water fall
+so just to to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to to show
+it because it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it is an
+attraction okay so how do we you anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction okay so how do we you anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction okay so how do we you anal
+analyze something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze something like
+that in in in an example like that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in in an example like that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in in an example like that the
+bulk flow state is characterized not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk flow state is characterized not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk flow state is characterized not
+only by the thermal aspect so is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by the thermal aspect so is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by the thermal aspect so is not
+only a change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a change in the
+enthalpy uh but you also have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy uh but you also have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy uh but you also have to take
+remember that the bulk Flow State also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the bulk Flow State also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the bulk Flow State also
+has a the kinetic energy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a the kinetic energy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a the kinetic energy and the
+potential energy in this case what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy in this case what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy in this case what's
+important is the potential energy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is the potential energy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is the potential energy which
+of course changes from this elevation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course changes from this elevation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course changes from this elevation to
+the elevation at the bottom where then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevation at the bottom where then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevation at the bottom where then
+the water goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away you can neglect instead uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you can neglect instead uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you can neglect instead uh the
+kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+energy so the energy balance reads like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so the energy balance reads like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so the energy balance reads like
+this presumably this is when you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this presumably this is when you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this presumably this is when you um
+don't just let it go as a waterfall but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just let it go as a waterfall but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just let it go as a waterfall but
+you pass it through a a proper turbine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass it through a a proper turbine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass it through a a proper turbine
+hydraulic turbine to uh to use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic turbine to uh to use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic turbine to uh to use to
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+the uh this energy into work mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this energy into work mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this energy into work mechanical
+work also if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work also if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work also if you recall
+our formulas for the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our formulas for the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our formulas for the um
+ideal um fluid ideal um Inc compressible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal um fluid ideal um Inc compressible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal um fluid ideal um Inc compressible
+fluid the change in uh the enthalpy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid the change in uh the enthalpy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid the change in uh the enthalpy is
+equal to the specific heat times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the specific heat times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the specific heat times the
+change in temperature there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in temperature there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in temperature there would be
+also an additional term which is a spe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an additional term which is a spe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an additional term which is a spe
+plus the specific volume times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the specific volume times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the specific volume times the
+change in pressure but here um the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in pressure but here um the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in pressure but here um the water
+up and down is that same atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down is that same atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down is that same atmospheric
+pressure so that doesn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so that doesn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so that doesn't uh
+contribute so this is what we are left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with so the change in elevation or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so the change in elevation or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so the change in elevation or the
+change in potential energy can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in potential energy can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in potential energy can be
+transformed in either in work if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed in either in work if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed in either in work if you're
+using it or it in in an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it or it in in an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it or it in in an increase in
+temperature so if you uh do not exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so if you uh do not exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so if you uh do not exploit
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um this thing and this energy and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this thing and this energy and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this thing and this energy and you
+just let it run as a waterfall there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let it run as a waterfall there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let it run as a waterfall there is
+no work so this and that become equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no work so this and that become equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no work so this and that become equal
+and if you put them equal you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you put them equal you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you put them equal you find that
+the there is an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there is an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there is an increase in
+temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+which per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which per unit
+of uh jump or change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh jump or change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh jump or change in
+elevation is given by G the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation is given by G the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation is given by G the
+gravitational constant divided by C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational constant divided by C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational constant divided by C the
+specific heat of water which is 4.2 KJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat of water which is 4.2 KJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat of water which is 4.2 KJ
+per kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per kilogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per kilogram
+K and that if you change if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and that if you change if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and that if you change if you
+represent it in the the fancy units like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it in the the fancy units like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it in the the fancy units like
+degrees Celsius over per meter it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius over per meter it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius over per meter it says
+that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a
+waterfall uh higher than this one 430 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfall uh higher than this one 430 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfall uh higher than this one 430 M
+the the temperature increase uh below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the temperature increase uh below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the temperature increase uh below
+will be 1°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 1°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 1°
+c not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c not
+much uh then you can compute of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh then you can compute of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh then you can compute of course
+the entropy produced by irreversibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy produced by irreversibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy produced by irreversibility
+because that's the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the entropy
+balance and uh and again you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and uh and again you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and uh and again you remember
+what uh for the in compressible fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh for the in compressible fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh for the in compressible fluid
+model uh the entropy goes as c times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh the entropy goes as c times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh the entropy goes as c times the
+logarithm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperatures so you can rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so you can rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so you can rewrite this
+this way and since the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and since the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and since the temperature
+increase is small just one degree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase is small just one degree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase is small just one degree is
+small with respect to say the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small with respect to say the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small with respect to say the absolute
+temperature we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we
+which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like
+300K so one over 300 is small with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300K so one over 300 is small with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300K so one over 300 is small with
+respect to one so you can approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to one so you can approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to one so you can approximate
+the logarithm of one plus X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logarithm of one plus X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logarithm of one plus X as
+X all right and so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right and so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right and so here is
+the the approximation and you find you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the approximation and you find you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the approximation and you find you
+can compute how much entrop is produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute how much entrop is produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute how much entrop is produced
+by irreversibility if this uh work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by irreversibility if this uh work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by irreversibility if this uh work is
+zero if this formula is also valid also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if this formula is also valid also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if this formula is also valid also
+if you get some work but not the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get some work but not the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get some work but not the entire
+maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum
+the maximum you get of course when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum you get of course when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum you get of course when uh
+there is no entropy produced by IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no entropy produced by IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no entropy produced by IR
+reversibility so so if in as far as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility so so if in as far as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility so so if in as far as this
+is a good formula for the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good formula for the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good formula for the entropy
+production it is set to zero when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production it is set to zero when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production it is set to zero when the
+work is equal to the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is you can it's like per unit uh so per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can it's like per unit uh so per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can it's like per unit uh so per
+per unit mass of uh water that falls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit mass of uh water that falls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit mass of uh water that falls and
+per unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit of
+height it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height it's equal to
+G and G can be written as of course 9.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and G can be written as of course 9.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and G can be written as of course 9.8
+M seconds squared but it can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M seconds squared but it can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M seconds squared but it can also be
+written in these other fancy units is 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in these other fancy units is 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in these other fancy units is 42
+megga per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megga per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megga per
+ton over 4.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kilomet now 4.3 kilomet is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilomet now 4.3 kilomet is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilomet now 4.3 kilomet is about the
+height of the tallest mountain in Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the tallest mountain in Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the tallest mountain in Europe
+mon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mon
+Blanc so this means that if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blanc so this means that if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blanc so this means that if you take a
+ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of
+water and uh have it pull it down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and uh have it pull it down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and uh have it pull it down by
+from the top of bom blank to ca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top of bom blank to ca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top of bom blank to ca
+level you get 42 Mega and 42 megga is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you get 42 Mega and 42 megga is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you get 42 Mega and 42 megga is is
+an interesting number because it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting number because it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting number because it is the
+heating power of 1 kilogram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating power of 1 kilogram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating power of 1 kilogram of
+oil okay so that gives you the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil okay so that gives you the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil okay so that gives you the order of
+magnitude of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this kind
+of things so you need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things so you need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things so you need one
+ton uh and the entire height of Monon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton uh and the entire height of Monon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton uh and the entire height of Monon
+Blanc to match what you can do with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blanc to match what you can do with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blanc to match what you can do with one
+kilogram of oil that shows you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram of oil that shows you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram of oil that shows you the
+density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of
+uh available power that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrocarbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can do the
+same in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in uh
+cooling so uh I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling so uh I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling so uh I won't
+go much over the details of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go much over the details of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go much over the details of this uh
+slide you find the same ratio here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U
+again you when you do when you analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you when you do when you analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you when you do when you analyze
+problems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like
+this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for
+example you could have a situation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you could have a situation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you could have a situation in
+which you your Machinery not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you your Machinery not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you your Machinery not
+only processes a flow of material but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only processes a flow of material but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only processes a flow of material but
+maybe it also uses uh heat from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it also uses uh heat from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it also uses uh heat from some
+Source given temperature and then uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source given temperature and then uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source given temperature and then uses
+work or produces work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or produces work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or produces work
+so this uh would require that you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh would require that you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh would require that you make
+an energy balance like this so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy balance like this so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy balance like this so you have
+two working I mean two heat interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two working I mean two heat interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two working I mean two heat interactions
+one with the heat Source at temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the heat Source at temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the heat Source at temperature
+T Q and the other uh with the uh heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Q and the other uh with the uh heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Q and the other uh with the uh heat
+Source uh the environment which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source uh the environment which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source uh the environment which is
+always there to match to balance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy and then you have your entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and then you have your entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and then you have your entropy
+balance and then as you have seen we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and then as you have seen we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and then as you have seen we've
+seen it several times now if you combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it several times now if you combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it several times now if you combine
+these two balances by taking the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two balances by taking the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two balances by taking the entropy
+balance multiplied by the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance multiplied by the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance multiplied by the environmental
+temperature and subtracting it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and subtracting it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and subtracting it from the
+energy balance you get the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance you get the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance you get the so-called
+xergy balance where you have the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xergy balance where you have the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xergy balance where you have the various
+um Heats multiplied by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Heats multiplied by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Heats multiplied by their
+own Carno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Carno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Carno
+coefficient fact the caral coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient fact the caral coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient fact the caral coefficient
+of the environmental temperature is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the environmental temperature is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the environmental temperature is zero
+here so there's no involved with the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's no involved with the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's no involved with the um
+um with with this uh heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with with this uh heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with with this uh heat
+interaction this is the Caro coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction this is the Caro coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction this is the Caro coefficient
+that we just talked about associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just talked about associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just talked about associated
+with bulk flow changes and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bulk flow changes and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bulk flow changes and this is the
+exergy loss or destroyed due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy loss or destroyed due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy loss or destroyed due to the
+entropy production by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversibility now when you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility now when you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility now when you compute the
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+in uh exergy for a bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh exergy for a bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh exergy for a bulk
+flow and you compute it for particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and you compute it for particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and you compute it for particular
+substances then you have to substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances then you have to substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances then you have to substitute
+the constitutive relations for that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constitutive relations for that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constitutive relations for that for
+those substances those relations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those substances those relations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those substances those relations that
+relate uh the enthalpy and the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate uh the enthalpy and the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate uh the enthalpy and the entropy
+to the temperature and the pressure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the temperature and the pressure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the temperature and the pressure for
+example if we are using a liquid so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we are using a liquid so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we are using a liquid so this
+SL slide is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid uh as I said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid uh as I said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid uh as I said the
+enthalpy change is equal to C specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy change is equal to C specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy change is equal to C specific
+it times the temperature change times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it times the temperature change times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it times the temperature change times
+the specific volume you can also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific volume you can also write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific volume you can also write
+that as one over the density times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as one over the density times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as one over the density times the
+uh pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pressure
+change and the entropy is c times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the entropy is c times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the entropy is c times the
+log of the ratio of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperatures now if you okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures now if you okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures now if you okay so you can
+substitute collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U yeah collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U yeah collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U yeah collect
+the the heat part so that you may you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heat part so that you may you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heat part so that you may you
+put in evidence this carol coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in evidence this carol coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in evidence this carol coefficient
+looking like uh term and then there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like uh term and then there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like uh term and then there is a
+term here which is connected with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here which is connected with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here which is connected with the
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+drops pressure drop uh as the flow goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops pressure drop uh as the flow goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops pressure drop uh as the flow goes
+there now if you can neglect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now if you can neglect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now if you can neglect this
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+drop at least neglect these with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop at least neglect these with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop at least neglect these with respect
+to the thermal as part of this changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thermal as part of this changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thermal as part of this changing
+exergy then you you get that the your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy then you you get that the your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy then you you get that the your
+changing ex exg is equal to the the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing ex exg is equal to the the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing ex exg is equal to the the heat
+times the kernal coefficient and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the kernal coefficient and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the kernal coefficient and this
+temperature equivalent TQ is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature equivalent TQ is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature equivalent TQ is given by
+this logarithmic mean temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this logarithmic mean temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this logarithmic mean temperature of the
+inlet Outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inlet Outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inlet Outlet
+temperatures I do the same for ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas so for the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so for the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so for the ideal
+gas things change a bit because now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas things change a bit because now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas things change a bit because now the
+enthalpy is a function only of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy is a function only of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy is a function only of
+temperature and the Chang in enthalpy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the Chang in enthalpy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the Chang in enthalpy is
+the specific he at constant pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific he at constant pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific he at constant pressure
+times the changeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the changeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the changeing
+temperature and it's now the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it's now the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it's now the entropy
+that uh depends on pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh depends on pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh depends on pressure and
+temperature so it's CP log of the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so it's CP log of the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so it's CP log of the ratio
+of the T minus r log of the ratios of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the T minus r log of the ratios of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the T minus r log of the ratios of
+the p ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p ratio of the
+pressures so you get uh you can put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures so you get uh you can put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures so you get uh you can put it
+in exactly the C same formal relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly the C same formal relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly the C same formal relation
+except that here you have a c CP instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that here you have a c CP instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that here you have a c CP instead
+of c and here you have the log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c and here you have the log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c and here you have the log of the
+rati the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rati the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rati the
+pressures this is again related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures this is again related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures this is again related to the
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+namely the work you need to spend in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the work you need to spend in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the work you need to spend in
+order to overcome the friction forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to overcome the friction forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to overcome the friction forces
+over along the the pipe in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over along the the pipe in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over along the the pipe in order to make
+the flow uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow uh um
+overcome those but if you can neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome those but if you can neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome those but if you can neglect
+those then we get again this formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those then we get again this formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those then we get again this formula and
+again TQ is the log mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again TQ is the log mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again TQ is the log mean
+temperature and there is a third case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and there is a third case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and there is a third case in
+which you have a similar situation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have a similar situation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have a similar situation which
+is whenever you are changing phase your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whenever you are changing phase your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whenever you are changing phase your
+flow is maybe boiling or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensing
+um then the change in alpy is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then the change in alpy is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then the change in alpy is equal to
+the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the
+quality of the so the The Vapor fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the so the The Vapor fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the so the The Vapor fraction
+that we defined last time it's a so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we defined last time it's a so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we defined last time it's a so the
+changing quality times the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing quality times the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing quality times the enthalpy
+vaporization for H2 minus H1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporization for H2 minus H1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporization for H2 minus H1
+or the change in quality times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the change in quality times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the change in quality times the
+entropy of vaporization for the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of vaporization for the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of vaporization for the change
+in entropy so you can also do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in entropy so you can also do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in entropy so you can also do the same
+thing put out outside uh the the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing put out outside uh the the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing put out outside uh the the energy
+change of your flow call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of your flow call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of your flow call it
+q and what's left as a form of a Caro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and what's left as a form of a Caro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and what's left as a form of a Caro
+ratio where the TQ is the ratio between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio where the TQ is the ratio between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio where the TQ is the ratio between
+the enthalpy and the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy and the entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy and the entropy of
+vaporization which is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporization which is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporization which is exactly the
+temperature at which uh the boiling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which uh the boiling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which uh the boiling and
+or condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs
+so for example let's compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's compute
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number uh for the case of heating water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh for the case of heating water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh for the case of heating water
+which is useful for for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is useful for for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is useful for for example
+industrial uh applications you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial uh applications you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial uh applications you often
+need uh steam or hot water to for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh steam or hot water to for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh steam or hot water to for many
+processes or Residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes or Residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes or Residential
+Heating to heat up your homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so if so what we what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if so what we what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if so what we what I want
+to compute is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute is the this
+carau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient which you see is therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which you see is therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which you see is therefore
+the ratio between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio between the
+exergy over the heat that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+provided so it's it's the exergy content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided so it's it's the exergy content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided so it's it's the exergy content
+of your heated water after you heat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your heated water after you heat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your heated water after you heat it
+that's the exoy and the exoy remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the exoy and the exoy remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the exoy and the exoy remember is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+minimum work required to do that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum work required to do that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum work required to do that uh
+job so this ratio exergy change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job so this ratio exergy change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job so this ratio exergy change over
+heat represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat represents the
+minimum work per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum work per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum work per unit
+energy of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heating and uh so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and uh so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and uh so that is
+useful so it's it's the best you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do so if you compute it for these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so if you compute it for these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so if you compute it for these uh
+temperatures from say heating water from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures from say heating water from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures from say heating water from
+60 Dees to 120 which corresponds to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 Dees to 120 which corresponds to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 Dees to 120 which corresponds to an
+industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+and assume an environment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assume an environment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assume an environment at
+300K at 27° C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the number you you compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the number you you compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the number you you compute that
+number you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+17.2% If instead you you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17.2% If instead you you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17.2% If instead you you're you're
+needing water from 20 to 60 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needing water from 20 to 60 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needing water from 20 to 60 degrees
+Celsius in the same environment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius in the same environment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius in the same environment that
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+4%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is interesting because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is interesting because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is interesting because for
+example let me ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me ask you
+with this number can you tell me what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this number can you tell me what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this number can you tell me what is
+the second LW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second LW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second LW
+efficiency of doing for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of doing for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of doing for example this
+heating uh this heating with an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating uh this heating with an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating uh this heating with an electric
+boiler an electric boiler uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler an electric boiler uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler an electric boiler uses
+electricity electricity is pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity electricity is pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity electricity is pure
+exergy all right so how do you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy all right so how do you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy all right so how do you define
+the second law efficiency it's AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is equal to the
+exergy of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy of your
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+result useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result useful
+effects times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects times the
+xergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consumed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so in this case you're using work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case you're using work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case you're using work
+the the xergy consumed is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the xergy consumed is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the xergy consumed is equal to the
+work that you're using in your electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boiler and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exergy up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy up
+there is Q * 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is Q * 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is Q * 1 -
+ta/ TQ where TQ is the logarithmic mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature so it's precisely what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so it's precisely what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so it's precisely what we
+have computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now in an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now in an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now in an electric
+boiler your work is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler your work is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler your work is completely
+transformed into heat by Jewel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into heat by Jewel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into heat by Jewel
+effect so even if if your boiler were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so even if if your boiler were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so even if if your boiler were
+100% efficient very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% efficient very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% efficient very well
+insulated you get that Q is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulated you get that Q is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulated you get that Q is equal to
+W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W
+okay so we are left that the second low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we are left that the second low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we are left that the second low
+efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is
+equal in this case to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4% so 4% and this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% so 4% and this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% so 4% and this is the kind of
+efficiency that signals how much room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency that signals how much room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency that signals how much room
+for improvement is there so there is 96%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for improvement is there so there is 96%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for improvement is there so there is 96%
+room for improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nevertheless we do use electric boilers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless we do use electric boilers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless we do use electric boilers
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+where you use them where uh you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you use them where uh you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you use them where uh you don't
+need to this to heat water all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to this to heat water all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to this to heat water all the all
+the time for example in the south of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time for example in the south of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time for example in the south of
+Italy uh where I have a small house with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy uh where I have a small house with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy uh where I have a small house with
+olive trees and I go there just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olive trees and I go there just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olive trees and I go there just for the
+summer I have electric boilers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer I have electric boilers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer I have electric boilers
+because I use them maybe one month per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I use them maybe one month per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I use them maybe one month per
+year so the cost uh the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so the cost uh the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so the cost uh the investment
+cost uh doesn't uh uh wouldn't pay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh doesn't uh uh wouldn't pay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh doesn't uh uh wouldn't pay if I
+buy a more efficient equipment like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a more efficient equipment like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a more efficient equipment like
+would be a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pump or even a gas which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump or even a gas which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump or even a gas which is sort of
+intermediate because the more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate because the more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate because the more efficient
+is the equipment the high higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equipment the high higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equipment the high higher the
+more complicated is the Machinery so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated is the Machinery so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated is the Machinery so the
+higher the cost and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the cost and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the cost and so the
+uh if I use it for only few months a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I use it for only few months a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I use it for only few months a
+year I uh it doesn't pay to invest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I uh it doesn't pay to invest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I uh it doesn't pay to invest that
+much so but still you have to keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so but still you have to keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so but still you have to keep that
+in mind that this is the idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that this is the idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that this is the idea and
+maybe I could have uh uh invested in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could have uh uh invested in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could have uh uh invested in uh
+solar thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar thermal
+heating okay which would even save me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating okay which would even save me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating okay which would even save me
+the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of
+electricity at the expense of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity at the expense of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity at the expense of uh
+investment cost for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equipment but also that as a problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment but also that as a problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment but also that as a problem in
+in some uh countries and especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some uh countries and especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some uh countries and especially in
+the countryside where uh these equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countryside where uh these equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countryside where uh these equipment
+is left outside with nobody watching uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left outside with nobody watching uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left outside with nobody watching uh
+it's it is easily stolen so uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is easily stolen so uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is easily stolen so uh that's
+another uh issue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+security all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security all
+right so we talked we we let me say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we talked we we let me say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we talked we we let me say a
+little more about uh fuels because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about uh fuels because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about uh fuels because we
+will u in the second part of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will u in the second part of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will u in the second part of the course
+we will uh uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um systems with chemical reactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um systems with chemical reactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um systems with chemical reactions and
+uh so we will return to this in in much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we will return to this in in much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we will return to this in in much
+more detail but for the moment let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail but for the moment let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail but for the moment let me
+just say that if I were to heat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that if I were to heat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that if I were to heat up
+something uh or water with with a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh or water with with a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh or water with with a gas
+boiler I would need to put here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler I would need to put here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler I would need to put here the
+exergy of the fuel that I have consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy of the fuel that I have consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy of the fuel that I have consumed
+so how do you compute exergy for a fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you compute exergy for a fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you compute exergy for a fuel
+right the the the idea is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the the idea is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the the idea is the following
+you take your fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at environmental conditions and in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at environmental conditions and in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at environmental conditions and in uh
+the and you mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and you mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and you mix
+it or keep it separate uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or keep it separate uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or keep it separate uh with
+um the sufficient just sufficient air so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sufficient just sufficient air so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sufficient just sufficient air so
+the stochiometric amount of air that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochiometric amount of air that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochiometric amount of air that is
+needed to oxidize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to oxidize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to oxidize that
+fuel and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and then you have
+a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of
+equipment which um you try to make as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment which um you try to make as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment which um you try to make as
+close to reversible as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible and while this equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and while this equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and while this equipment
+produces the combustion or the oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the combustion or the oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the combustion or the oxidation
+of your fuels and therefore produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your fuels and therefore produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your fuels and therefore produces
+products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combustion it produces also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work it needs as usual an interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it needs as usual an interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it needs as usual an interaction
+with the environment so as to exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the environment so as to exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the environment so as to exchange
+the entropy that is needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy that is needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy that is needed
+to perform uh to to balance the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform uh to to balance the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform uh to to balance the entropy
+without the need of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversibility and uh so this result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility and uh so this result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility and uh so this result is
+the exergy of your fuel the maximum work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exergy of your fuel the maximum work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exergy of your fuel the maximum work
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+extract while your products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract while your products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract while your products of
+combustion notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion notice
+are down in mutual equilibrium with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are down in mutual equilibrium with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are down in mutual equilibrium with the
+environment so are again at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so are again at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so are again at
+environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental
+conditions so typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the exergy of the fuel will be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the exergy of the fuel will be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the exergy of the fuel will be given
+by this expression we will define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this expression we will define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this expression we will define an
+enthalpy of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of of the
+combustion reaction and an entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion reaction and an entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion reaction and an entropy of
+combustion so this will be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion so this will be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion so this will be this
+combination is the Gibs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is the Gibs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is the Gibs free energy
+of the combustion at standard conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the combustion at standard conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the combustion at standard conditions
+of pressure and temperature that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pressure and temperature that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pressure and temperature that's the
+meaning of the not up there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the not up there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the not up there the
+superscript and with a minus in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript and with a minus in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript and with a minus in front
+that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+be uh um the most the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh um the most the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh um the most the most important
+contribution to the exergy of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the exergy of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the exergy of the fuel
+there will be some term related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be some term related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be some term related to
+mixing that we will see later uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing that we will see later uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing that we will see later uh
+regarding the heat of the heating Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the heat of the heating Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the heat of the heating Val
+value the heating value if I go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the heating value if I go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the heating value if I go back to
+this previous slide now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this previous slide now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this previous slide now
+suppose I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I don't have
+any uh work extraction here and all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh work extraction here and all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh work extraction here and all I
+have is a an interaction with the en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a an interaction with the en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a an interaction with the en
+environment and uh and so I burn my fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and uh and so I burn my fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and uh and so I burn my fuel
+and then exit the products so cool down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then exit the products so cool down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then exit the products so cool down
+the products at uh of combustion at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products at uh of combustion at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products at uh of combustion at an
+environmental temperature in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental temperature in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental temperature in order to
+cool uh that doing that cool cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh that doing that cool cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh that doing that cool cooling
+down I need to extract heat that heat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I need to extract heat that heat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I need to extract heat that heat is
+the heating value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heating value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heating value of the
+fuel again we'll return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel again we'll return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel again we'll return to
+those the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the message
+here for practical uh applications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for practical uh applications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for practical uh applications in
+which you need to to compute exergy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you need to to compute exergy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you need to to compute exergy of a
+fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+the the rule of f is that U turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rule of f is that U turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rule of f is that U turns out
+that for all hydrocarbons we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all hydrocarbons we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all hydrocarbons we'll see the
+the detail the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detail the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detail the
+list the ratio of this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the ratio of this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the ratio of this part of the
+contribution to that part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to that part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to that part is
+small plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small plus or minus
+2.5% so if you accept that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5% so if you accept that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5% so if you accept that kind of
+approximation and typically in exg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and typically in exg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and typically in exg
+computations you can you can afford that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations you can you can afford that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations you can you can afford that
+kind of precision uh you can simply see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of precision uh you can simply see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of precision uh you can simply see
+can neglect this part and so see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can neglect this part and so see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can neglect this part and so see that
+the xgy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xgy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xgy and the
+heating value are approximately equal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating value are approximately equal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating value are approximately equal so
+you can say that the exergy of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that the exergy of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that the exergy of the fuel
+is approximately equal to the heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately equal to the heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately equal to the heating
+Val to to the yeah to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val to to the yeah to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val to to the yeah to
+the yes to the heating value of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yes to the heating value of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yes to the heating value of the fuel
+which is all in turn approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all in turn approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all in turn approximately equal
+to the lower uh heating value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you know there is a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know there is a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know there is a distinction
+between lower heating value and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between lower heating value and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between lower heating value and higher
+heating value which has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating value which has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating value which has to do with the
+fact that in the products of combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that in the products of combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that in the products of combustion
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+water and if you do the cooling of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and if you do the cooling of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and if you do the cooling of that
+water uh of that um stream of produ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh of that um stream of produ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh of that um stream of produ
+combustion down to environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion down to environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion down to environmental
+conditions some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions some of the
+water will condense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and U and that uh and so the condensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U and that uh and so the condensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U and that uh and so the condensing
+of the water releases the enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water releases the enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water releases the enthalpy of
+vaporization and that is additional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporization and that is additional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporization and that is additional uh
+energy that you can in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that you can in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that you can in principle
+extract so the the difference so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract so the the difference so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract so the the difference so they
+you call lower heating value when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call lower heating value when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call lower heating value when
+you uh we you you pretend that water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh we you you pretend that water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh we you you pretend that water
+doesn't doesn't condense even even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't condense even even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't condense even even if
+you're going down to 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going down to 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going down to 25
+Celsius and the higher heating value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius and the higher heating value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius and the higher heating value is
+the opposite case you pretend that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite case you pretend that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite case you pretend that it
+all condenses even though uh in part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all condenses even though uh in part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all condenses even though uh in part of
+the water remains is a form of vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water remains is a form of vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water remains is a form of vapor
+mixed with the products of combustion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed with the products of combustion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed with the products of combustion so
+these are two extremes and for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methane has a lower heating value of 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane has a lower heating value of 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane has a lower heating value of 50
+megga per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megga per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megga per
+kilogram and a higher heating value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram and a higher heating value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram and a higher heating value of
+55 so it's it's not an an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 so it's it's not an an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 so it's it's not an an important
+effect it's like 10% the contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it's like 10% the contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it's like 10% the contribution
+the difference so the contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in this table I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+listed some heating values of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed some heating values of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed some heating values of some
+typical fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes there are still technical units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there are still technical units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there are still technical units
+around in Europe it's like kilo Cals per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in Europe it's like kilo Cals per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in Europe it's like kilo Cals per
+kilogram here you get still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram here you get still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram here you get still
+BTUs per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTUs per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTUs per
+pound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um International System of Units is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um International System of Units is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um International System of Units is more
+like Jews this is Mega per kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Jews this is Mega per kilogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Jews this is Mega per kilogram
+and you see that more or less when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that more or less when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that more or less when you
+present uh in terms of these units per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present uh in terms of these units per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present uh in terms of these units per
+kilogram the fuels have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram the fuels have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram the fuels have different
+definitely heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely heating
+values but they are within a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but they are within a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but they are within a limited
+range they're all around 40 42 is crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oil I mean a typical value because crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil I mean a typical value because crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil I mean a typical value because crude
+oil is varies a lot from place to place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil is varies a lot from place to place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil is varies a lot from place to place
+but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+uh the the the canonical standard is 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the canonical standard is 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the canonical standard is 42
+megga that number that we've uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megga that number that we've uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megga that number that we've uh
+corresponds as we've seen in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds as we've seen in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds as we've seen in this
+waterfall example to lifting one ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfall example to lifting one ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfall example to lifting one ton of
+water up to the top of mon Blanc from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water up to the top of mon Blanc from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water up to the top of mon Blanc from
+sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level the same energy is what is needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the same energy is what is needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the same energy is what is needed
+to heat up one ton of water by 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to heat up one ton of water by 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to heat up one ton of water by 10
+degrees Celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or to evaporate not one ton but 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to evaporate not one ton but 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to evaporate not one ton but 18
+kilograms of water at atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure so that's also oxidizing 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so that's also oxidizing 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so that's also oxidizing 1
+kilogram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram of
+oil so that's the heating value of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil so that's the heating value of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil so that's the heating value of 1
+kilogram if you compare it to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram if you compare it to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram if you compare it to the power
+density in some other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in some other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in some other uh
+uh natural I mean resource for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh natural I mean resource for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh natural I mean resource for
+a for primary energy fish of uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for primary energy fish of uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for primary energy fish of uranium
+isotope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope to
+233 a half milligram of that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 a half milligram of that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 a half milligram of that will give
+you that same amount so you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that same amount so you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that same amount so you see how
+different U uh concentrations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different U uh concentrations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different U uh concentrations of
+energies we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for reasons that we will see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for reasons that we will see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for reasons that we will see later
+but also just for fun you can plot on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also just for fun you can plot on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also just for fun you can plot on a
+uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this
+graph uh the history of efficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh the history of efficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh the history of efficiencies
+second low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second low
+efficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies
+of technologies that man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technologies that man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technologies that man
+mankind has developed uh over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mankind has developed uh over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mankind has developed uh over the years
+uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to
+convert uh fuel exergy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert uh fuel exergy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert uh fuel exergy into
+work starting from the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work starting from the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work starting from the early
+um the beginning of the Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the beginning of the Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the beginning of the Industrial
+Revolution in in in England where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution in in in England where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution in in in England where you
+would use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use a
+vapor uh to extract uh to pump water out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor uh to extract uh to pump water out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor uh to extract uh to pump water out
+of the coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coal
+mines and then you see recognize here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mines and then you see recognize here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mines and then you see recognize here
+some names see this were efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some names see this were efficiency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some names see this were efficiency of
+the order of this number is um okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of this number is um okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of this number is um okay I'm
+sorry the efficiency are on this side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the efficiency are on this side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the efficiency are on this side of
+the graph it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph it's like
+1% today you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% today you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% today you go
+up we are of the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we are of the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we are of the order of
+60 65 almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 65 almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 65 almost
+65% the best available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology is of is is reaching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is of is is reaching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is of is is reaching this
+much um the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um the the the
+diagram is made a straight line by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is made a straight line by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is made a straight line by
+plotting not the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting not the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting not the in
+linear you see this scale is not linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear you see this scale is not linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear you see this scale is not linear
+in the second low efficiency it's linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second low efficiency it's linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second low efficiency it's linear
+in the efficiency over the one minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the efficiency over the one minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the efficiency over the one minus the
+efficiency so the the efficiency divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so the the efficiency divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so the the efficiency divided
+by the room for improvement this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the room for improvement this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the room for improvement this ratio
+is called the logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the logistic
+scale uh you could plot the same diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale uh you could plot the same diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale uh you could plot the same diagram
+on a linear scale for for and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a linear scale for for and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a linear scale for for and you you
+would get a typical s shaped curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a typical s shaped curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a typical s shaped curve
+typical of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of any
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process and in fact fact you see and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and in fact fact you see and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and in fact fact you see and you
+can even write the the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even write the the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even write the the differential
+equation for this uh to obtain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for this uh to obtain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for this uh to obtain this
+formula from which it is interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula from which it is interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula from which it is interesting to
+that you extract the time constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you extract the time constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you extract the time constant the
+characteristic time of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic time of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic time of this
+learning and this time constant is 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+right uh I think it you can prove that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I think it you can prove that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I think it you can prove that U
+it's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to
+this slope here the maximum height so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slope here the maximum height so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slope here the maximum height so in
+other words it took us 300 years to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it took us 300 years to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it took us 300 years to go
+from 1% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1% to
+65% and we are not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65% and we are not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65% and we are not done
+yet H because you you know this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet H because you you know this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet H because you you know this is the
+second low efficiency the upper limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second low efficiency the upper limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second low efficiency the upper limit is
+one so that means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that means that we
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+continue so at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so at the end of this
+Century if we if our learning process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century if we if our learning process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century if we if our learning process
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+on uh we will be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+85% and still it will go at least this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85% and still it will go at least this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85% and still it will go at least this
+is what history uh tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what history uh tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what history uh tells
+us but since the remarkable cor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but since the remarkable cor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but since the remarkable cor
+correlation is very remarkable here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is very remarkable here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is very remarkable here it's
+very likely that we we do uh since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely that we we do uh since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely that we we do uh since this
+is typical of any human there are uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typical of any human there are uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typical of any human there are uh um
+there is an entire section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an entire section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an entire section of the
+literature about the studies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature about the studies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature about the studies of the
+history of technologies that represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of technologies that represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of technologies that represent
+many uh other Technologies uh of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh other Technologies uh of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh other Technologies uh of on
+these logistic graphs and they all show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these logistic graphs and they all show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these logistic graphs and they all show
+similar Behavior you could also plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar Behavior you could also plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar Behavior you could also plot
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um the number of words of that a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the number of words of that a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the number of words of that a child
+learns uh during his um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns uh during his um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns uh during his um
+from when it doesn't speak to when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when it doesn't speak to when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when it doesn't speak to when it
+starts speaking and it follows the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+okay and here also for fun I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh put the arrows on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put the arrows on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put the arrows on the
+timeline where the various names that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline where the various names that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline where the various names that
+are associated with thermodynamics see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with thermodynamics see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with thermodynamics see
+ranking balsman and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking balsman and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking balsman and so on
+um are placed with respect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph somewhere I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph somewhere I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph somewhere I
+think somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here or is it there yeah no probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or is it there yeah no probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or is it there yeah no probably
+here um that name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um that name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um that name
+moer um who gave the name of uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moer um who gave the name of uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moer um who gave the name of uh to the
+to the graph the to the to the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the graph the to the to the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the graph the to the to the enthalpy
+versus entropy graph that I discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus entropy graph that I discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus entropy graph that I discussed
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+day uh he's here and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh he's here and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh he's here and he
+um he's also important because his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's also important because his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's also important because his
+student was nelt nelt is another name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student was nelt nelt is another name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student was nelt nelt is another name
+you might have heard from he transfer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have heard from he transfer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have heard from he transfer so
+he was a student of moer and actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a student of moer and actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a student of moer and actually I
+think it's we pronounce it moer think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's we pronounce it moer think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's we pronounce it moer think
+that it is French but he was German so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is French but he was German so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is French but he was German so I
+don't know how the German pronounced M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how the German pronounced M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how the German pronounced M
+but I'll let you figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll let you figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll let you figure it
+out in any case if you like I also put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in any case if you like I also put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in any case if you like I also put
+this slide because I wanted to advertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide because I wanted to advertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide because I wanted to advertise
+uh if you click here you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you click here you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you click here you go to the
+proceedings of a conference that we held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceedings of a conference that we held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceedings of a conference that we held
+uh U 2008 uh in memory of Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U 2008 uh in memory of Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U 2008 uh in memory of Professor
+Kenan and uh uh so we Ed at this volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenan and uh uh so we Ed at this volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenan and uh uh so we Ed at this volume
+and there are contributions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are contributions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are contributions about the
+this the state of thermodynamics at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the state of thermodynamics at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the state of thermodynamics at that
+time which is not very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is not very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is not very different from
+the current one with big names including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current one with big names including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current one with big names including
+uh Sten Chu Max Tark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Sten Chu Max Tark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Sten Chu Max Tark
+and many others that U are considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many others that U are considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many others that U are considered
+big uh big names in in the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh big names in in the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh big names in in the field of
+thermodynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and
+energy all all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all all right
+so why am I talking about that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why am I talking about that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why am I talking about that all right
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+because we've seen the history tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've seen the history tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've seen the history tells us
+that we are going to to to go to 85%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are going to to to go to 85%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are going to to to go to 85%
+efficient by the end of the century now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient by the end of the century now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient by the end of the century now
+how can we do that because currently we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we do that because currently we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we do that because currently we
+the point of this slide is that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this slide is that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this slide is that uh we
+cannot do it with current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do it with current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do it with current
+technology at least not with the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology at least not with the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology at least not with the current
+technology that uses the fuel to burn uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that uses the fuel to burn uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that uses the fuel to burn uh
+to to in a flame in a combustion process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to in a flame in a combustion process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to in a flame in a combustion process
+the reason is because this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is because this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is because this is the the
+philosophy of of our uh traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of of our uh traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of of our uh traditional
+power plants flame based is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants flame based is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants flame based is that you
+burn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn the
+fuel and with the hot products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and with the hot products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and with the hot products of
+combustion you hit some working fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion you hit some working fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion you hit some working fluid
+and you put it somewhere and you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put it somewhere and you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put it somewhere and you make it
+work in a thermal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the thermal
+cycle for example in a combined gas uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle for example in a combined gas uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle for example in a combined gas uh
+turbine and U gas turbine and steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine and U gas turbine and steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine and U gas turbine and steam
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+cycle has an efficiency of about 85% so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle has an efficiency of about 85% so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle has an efficiency of about 85% so
+it means that your irreversibility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that your irreversibility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that your irreversibility in
+your power plant waste only 15% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your power plant waste only 15% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your power plant waste only 15% of the
+exit that that thermal part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit that that thermal part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit that that thermal part of your
+power plant receives from the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant receives from the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant receives from the hot
+product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combustion and then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion and then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion and then you have the
+flame the flame per se by itself without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame the flame per se by itself without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame the flame per se by itself without
+losing one uh BTU of energy um wastes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing one uh BTU of energy um wastes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing one uh BTU of energy um wastes
+because because it's an IR reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because it's an IR reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because it's an IR reversible
+process wastes 25% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process wastes 25% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process wastes 25% of the
+exergy so if you multiply the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy so if you multiply the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy so if you multiply the two
+efficiencies here 75 * 85 you get about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies here 75 * 85 you get about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies here 75 * 85 you get about
+64 and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and that's the
+explanation of why so 64 it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of why so 64 it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of why so 64 it means that
+we are wasting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+36% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36% of the
+exy and where is where is that wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exy and where is where is that wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exy and where is where is that wasted
+okay 25 here and another 15 or or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 25 here and another 15 or or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 25 here and another 15 or or more
+or less here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how so you see in order to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how so you see in order to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how so you see in order to get to
+85% we must we must get rid of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85% we must we must get rid of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85% we must we must get rid of the uh
+ways that we have in combustion we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we have in combustion we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we have in combustion we must
+use the fuel not by burning it but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fuel not by burning it but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fuel not by burning it but in
+some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other
+way as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as we
+go uh um and as we will treat combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh um and as we will treat combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh um and as we will treat combustion
+in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few
+weeks we will end up drawing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks we will end up drawing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks we will end up drawing this
+diagram in which you have the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in which you have the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in which you have the enthalpy
+versus entropy looks like an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus entropy looks like an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus entropy looks like an energy
+versus entropy diagram you have the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus entropy diagram you have the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus entropy diagram you have the fuel
+air mixture here and the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air mixture here and the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air mixture here and the product of
+combustion there and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion there and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion there and it turns out that
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+you burn your fuel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you burn your fuel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you burn your fuel in the
+flame what you do is to move from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame what you do is to move from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame what you do is to move from this
+to that and you produce entropy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility
+whereas before burning it your fuel had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before burning it your fuel had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before burning it your fuel had
+an exergy which is represented by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and
+uh you have now here it has an exy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have now here it has an exy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have now here it has an exy that
+is represented by this much so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is represented by this much so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is represented by this much so you've
+wasted this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted this much
+because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversibility so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the Flames are the bottleneck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Flames are the bottleneck of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Flames are the bottleneck of
+efficiency in uh fuel U usage to power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conversion and this is why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion and this is why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion and this is why people
+realized that of course and uh they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that of course and uh they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that of course and uh they've
+worked they are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked they are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked they are working
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing
+alternatives to uh this way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to uh this way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to uh this way of
+burning instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning instead of the
+flame for example with the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame for example with the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame for example with the fuel
+cells you oxidize your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you oxidize your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you oxidize your your
+fuel while you are also extracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel while you are also extracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel while you are also extracting
+electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy because you see in order to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because you see in order to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because you see in order to avoid
+the irreversibilities in uh you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the irreversibilities in uh you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the irreversibilities in uh you need to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+quick um for example in an internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick um for example in an internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick um for example in an internal
+combustion engine when you engine when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion engine when you engine when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion engine when you engine when
+you light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you light the
+spark uh at the top that Center and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark uh at the top that Center and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark uh at the top that Center and the
+the the fueler mixture starts to burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fueler mixture starts to burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fueler mixture starts to burn
+there is a flame which propagates so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a flame which propagates so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a flame which propagates so you
+you can view it in slow motion it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can view it in slow motion it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can view it in slow motion it takes
+a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while
+to uh and Trin the entire combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh and Trin the entire combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh and Trin the entire combustion
+chamber but in reality that happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber but in reality that happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber but in reality that happens in
+milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds
+so you have to be quicker than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be quicker than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be quicker than
+that if you want to do it at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want to do it at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want to do it at that
+level or you have to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or you have to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or you have to develop
+alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives
+to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to
+Flame for example you can determine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flame for example you can determine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flame for example you can determine a
+different path to of oxid the fuel with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different path to of oxid the fuel with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different path to of oxid the fuel with
+intermediate steps so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps so that you can
+control the intermediate steps uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the intermediate steps uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the intermediate steps uh and uh
+in and use them more avoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and use them more avoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and use them more avoid the
+reversibilities or you can use the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibilities or you can use the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibilities or you can use the fuel
+cell which does it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell which does it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell which does it with
+electrochemistry and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry and then you can
+integrate your uh fuel cell in a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate your uh fuel cell in a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate your uh fuel cell in a thermal
+cycle that uses the thermal the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that uses the thermal the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that uses the thermal the thermal
+energy that is released so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is released so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is released so the the
+entropy that needs to be taken away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that needs to be taken away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that needs to be taken away from
+the fuel cell is going to be used by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel cell is going to be used by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel cell is going to be used by a
+bottoming uh thermal cycle and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottoming uh thermal cycle and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottoming uh thermal cycle and just
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+that uh on paper you can you you I least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh on paper you can you you I least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh on paper you can you you I least
+here some efficiencies that can already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some efficiencies that can already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some efficiencies that can already
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+reached which go beyond uh the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached which go beyond uh the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached which go beyond uh the limit of
+flames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this takes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this takes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this takes me
+to this last topic of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this last topic of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this last topic of the first
+part which is also going to be the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is also going to be the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is also going to be the topic
+of the uh homework that I will put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh homework that I will put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh homework that I will put out
+today regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today regarding
+that I'm going to put a deadline uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to put a deadline uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to put a deadline uh uh
+uh which is just before uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is just before uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is just before uh the the
+spring break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break
+but just I did that because I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just I did that because I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just I did that because I want you
+to be free for the spring break but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be free for the spring break but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be free for the spring break but if
+you need to take more time feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to take more time feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to take more time feel free to
+do it uh but I don't want to spoil your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it uh but I don't want to spoil your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it uh but I don't want to spoil your
+your your your spring break but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your spring break but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your spring break but if you
+even if you want an extra 10 days do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you want an extra 10 days do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you want an extra 10 days do
+take them I don't really care it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them I don't really care it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them I don't really care it's your
+choice so there is an official deadline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice so there is an official deadline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice so there is an official deadline
+but it's not it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+broken all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken all
+right so allocation why do we need why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so allocation why do we need why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so allocation why do we need why
+is uh this problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting okay the question what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay the question what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay the question what's the
+question that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that it
+answers what fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers what fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers what fraction of the
+fuel consumed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel consumed in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel consumed in a
+co-generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-generation
+facility should be allocated to the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+produced you now in a cogeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+facility we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuel and it produces not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and it produces not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and it produces not only
+electricity but it also produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity but it also produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity but it also produces
+heat which can be used for industrial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat which can be used for industrial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat which can be used for industrial or
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+residential uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential uh
+uses okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that heat that is produced this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that heat that is produced this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that heat that is produced this way
+goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the
+homes and it is important to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes and it is important to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes and it is important to know how
+much primary energy was used to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much primary energy was used to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much primary energy was used to produce
+it why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why is it
+important because of real estate uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because of real estate uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because of real estate uh and
+efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+regulations now almost all countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations now almost all countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations now almost all countries and
+I listed hear the names of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I listed hear the names of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I listed hear the names of
+uh these regulations in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these regulations in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these regulations in various
+countries see it it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries see it it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries see it it goes from
+Europe uh uh almost anywhere including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe uh uh almost anywhere including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe uh uh almost anywhere including
+of course the US Energy performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the US Energy performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the US Energy performance
+certificate of building or energy score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate of building or energy score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate of building or energy score
+home energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home energy
+score it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score it
+essentially tells you of your house what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tells you of your house what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tells you of your house what
+the level of efficiency and that level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of efficiency and that level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of efficiency and that level
+of efficiency determines the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of efficiency determines the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of efficiency determines the value of
+your house if I go by by a house I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house if I go by by a house I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house if I go by by a house I care
+about how much it consumes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much it consumes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much it consumes because
+that's the bills I will receive to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bills I will receive to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bills I will receive to heat
+it up uh and so if it is a an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up uh and so if it is a an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up uh and so if it is a an efficient
+house it's it's more uh has more value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house it's it's more uh has more value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house it's it's more uh has more value
+than in inefficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this problem in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this problem in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this problem in fact
+uh it's very since in order to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very since in order to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very since in order to compute
+this energy score you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy score you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy score you need to
+know uh among the various parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh among the various parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh among the various parameters
+it's not only how good are the windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only how good are the windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only how good are the windows
+and uh the walls and so on but uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the walls and so on but uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the walls and so on but uh the
+roof but it's also how efficient is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof but it's also how efficient is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof but it's also how efficient is the
+equipment that you're are using in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment that you're are using in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment that you're are using in order
+to produce the heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce the heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce the heating
+and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if
+you live in a city like braa or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live in a city like braa or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live in a city like braa or if you
+live at MIT now I I know that also here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live at MIT now I I know that also here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live at MIT now I I know that also here
+we have the same problem that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the same problem that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the same problem that you have a
+a a co-generation facility which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a co-generation facility which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a co-generation facility which is not
+in your house but it's somewhere else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your house but it's somewhere else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your house but it's somewhere else in
+town and then through pipes they send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and then through pipes they send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and then through pipes they send
+heat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat to
+you in order to do that calculation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in order to do that calculation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in order to do that calculation of
+the home energy score you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home energy score you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home energy score you need to know
+how much energy was consumed was is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy was consumed was is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy was consumed was is
+behind that heat that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that heat that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that heat that you are
+using which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using which
+substitutes your local uh um boiler or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes your local uh um boiler or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes your local uh um boiler or
+gas boiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas boiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas boiler
+that you you have in standard so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you have in standard so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you have in standard so so in
+my condominium I still have a the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my condominium I still have a the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my condominium I still have a the gas
+boiler so the the question is easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler so the the question is easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler so the the question is easily
+answered I look up how much heat I has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered I look up how much heat I has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered I look up how much heat I has
+been produced over one year how much gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been produced over one year how much gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been produced over one year how much gas
+I I I paid and that's that tells me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I paid and that's that tells me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I paid and that's that tells me how
+much energy is behind my uh BTU of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy is behind my uh BTU of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy is behind my uh BTU of heat
+produced but if it is co-produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced but if it is co-produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced but if it is co-produced
+cogenerated in a um heat and power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogenerated in a um heat and power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogenerated in a um heat and power
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+facility combined hit and power CHP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility combined hit and power CHP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility combined hit and power CHP
+facility then uh the question is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility then uh the question is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility then uh the question is not
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so here's the
+scheme here's the the facility which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme here's the the facility which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme here's the the facility which
+produces work and heat and uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuel now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel now
+normally that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally that
+work would be produced in a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work would be produced in a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work would be produced in a separate
+production facility that uses just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production facility that uses just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production facility that uses just some
+fuel uh and produces only work and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh and produces only work and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh and produces only work and that
+heat would be produced like in my gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat would be produced like in my gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat would be produced like in my gas
+burner by a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burner by a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burner by a separate
+production uh equipment that uses some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production uh equipment that uses some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production uh equipment that uses some
+fuel and produces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and produces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and produces that
+heat so the question is how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so the question is how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so the question is how do we
+compare this separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this separate
+production uh scenario with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production uh scenario with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production uh scenario with a
+cogeneration uh facility and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration uh facility and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration uh facility and how
+uh you see the the the reason is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see the the the reason is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see the the the reason is that we
+know before we start I mean without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before we start I mean without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before we start I mean without any
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+additional discussion we we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional discussion we we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional discussion we we can
+compute how much fuel we saved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute how much fuel we saved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute how much fuel we saved with
+respect to the separate production that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the separate production that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the separate production that
+is called primary Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+savings it is defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings it is defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings it is defined as
+the the ratio of the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ratio of the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ratio of the difference between
+what I would consume in a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would consume in a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would consume in a separate
+production what I actually consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production what I actually consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production what I actually consume
+in my co generation facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my co generation facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my co generation facility
+divided uh with by the what I consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided uh with by the what I consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided uh with by the what I consumed
+with the reference production so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the reference production so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the reference production so that's
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ratio and we know that in um typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and we know that in um typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and we know that in um typical
+cogeneration facilities allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration facilities allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration facilities allow you to
+save between 20 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save between 20 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save between 20 and
+40% so we're talking about large amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% so we're talking about large amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% so we're talking about large amounts
+that's why it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it is
+uh it is pursued and done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we know how much uh that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know how much uh that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know how much uh that's the
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+savings but the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings but the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings but the problem is
+that in order to uh do that calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to uh do that calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to uh do that calculation
+for the home um energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um uh parameter uh is you need to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh parameter uh is you need to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh parameter uh is you need to you
+need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another
+number you need essentially the cop for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you need essentially the cop for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you need essentially the cop for
+the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the
+heat it's how much uh the efficiency it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it's how much uh the efficiency it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it's how much uh the efficiency it
+says see you need you need this to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says see you need you need this to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says see you need you need this to know
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+denominator how much of the fuel which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator how much of the fuel which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator how much of the fuel which
+has been used in the cogeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been used in the cogeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been used in the cogeneration
+facility has to be assigned to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility has to be assigned to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility has to be assigned to the
+production of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there is some arbitrariness into how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is some arbitrariness into how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is some arbitrariness into how
+we Define this it there's no yeah some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define this it there's no yeah some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define this it there's no yeah some
+people claim there is a thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people claim there is a thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people claim there is a thermodynamic
+we'll see that exergy some the exergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that exergy some the exergy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that exergy some the exergy
+people will will claim that that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will will claim that that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will will claim that that's uh
+the method that you should use but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method that you should use but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method that you should use but in
+our discussion we we show that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion we we show that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion we we show that that's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+appropriate not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so we need
+to uh Define allocation factors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh Define allocation factors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh Define allocation factors so
+suppose we have these allocation factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have these allocation factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have these allocation factors
+Alpha they add up to one so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha they add up to one so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha they add up to one so essentially
+it's the percentage of fuel that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the percentage of fuel that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the percentage of fuel that we
+think uh is been used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh is been used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh is been used
+for uh say Alpha W for the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh say Alpha W for the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh say Alpha W for the work
+production line and for the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production line and for the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production line and for the heat
+production line so you think of your Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production line so you think of your Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production line so you think of your Co
+generation facility as an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation facility as an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation facility as an equivalent
+separate production facility in which or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate production facility in which or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate production facility in which or
+or has having two internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines if in fact if your combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines if in fact if your combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines if in fact if your combined
+production was simply that you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production was simply that you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production was simply that you have two
+separate lines then you would easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate lines then you would easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate lines then you would easily
+find what the alpha is you just uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what the alpha is you just uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what the alpha is you just uh use
+whatever goes on one line and whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever goes on one line and whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever goes on one line and whatever
+fuel goes on the other line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel goes on the other line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel goes on the other line
+but uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the
+combined heat and power uh is best when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined heat and power uh is best when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined heat and power uh is best when
+you don't have separate you but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have separate you but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have separate you but it
+is using the various levels of uh of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using the various levels of uh of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using the various levels of uh of of
+temperature at which your working fluids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which your working fluids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which your working fluids
+are to do what is appropriate to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to do what is appropriate to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to do what is appropriate to to
+reduce the irreversibilities and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the irreversibilities and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the irreversibilities and so you
+have a lot of equipment here in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of equipment here in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of equipment here in which
+which which play the game and uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which play the game and uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which play the game and uh and uh
+uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of
+both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh
+they are both on the side of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are both on the side of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are both on the side of the work
+production and of the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and of the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and of the heat
+production but in any case suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production but in any case suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production but in any case suppose we
+have these alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these alphas
+and okay then for example we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay then for example we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay then for example we could
+Define the separate efficiency so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the separate efficiency so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the separate efficiency so the
+partial efficiencies partial efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial efficiencies partial efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial efficiencies partial efficiency
+of work production would be the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work production would be the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work production would be the work
+divided by the amount of fuel only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the amount of fuel only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the amount of fuel only the
+part that I have associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that I have associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that I have associated with the
+production and and the cop for heat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and and the cop for heat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and and the cop for heat is
+the heat divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat divided
+by the complt to add so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the complt to add so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the complt to add so that's the
+that's the energ the the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the energ the the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the energ the the fuel
+energy uh associated with the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh associated with the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh associated with the heat
+production and of course you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and of course you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and of course you can also
+compute partial primary Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute partial primary Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute partial primary Energy
+savings by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings by
+comparing what the amount of fuel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing what the amount of fuel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing what the amount of fuel that
+was that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that is
+um that the amount of fuel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the amount of fuel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the amount of fuel that
+is used in separate production you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in separate production you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in separate production you
+subtract what you actually uh consume in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract what you actually uh consume in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract what you actually uh consume in
+your cogeneration facility so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cogeneration facility so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cogeneration facility so that's the
+numerator and compare it to the separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and compare it to the separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and compare it to the separate
+production so that gives you the savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so that gives you the savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so that gives you the savings
+of the cogenerate on con Co generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cogenerate on con Co generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cogenerate on con Co generation
+with respect to partial to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to partial to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to partial to the
+production of of of electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of of of electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of of of electricity
+and the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat okay and if you have that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat okay and if you have that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat okay and if you have that number
+Alpha q that number Alpha Q is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha q that number Alpha Q is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha q that number Alpha Q is what is
+needed for the home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for the home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for the home
+index efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index efficiency
+index so in the beginning of cenation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index so in the beginning of cenation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index so in the beginning of cenation
+people reasoned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reasoned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reasoned
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined uh these allocation factors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined uh these allocation factors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined uh these allocation factors in
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they we call this uh method the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they we call this uh method the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they we call this uh method the
+incremental electricity centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+allocation it basically says all right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation it basically says all right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation it basically says all right I
+in my cogeneration facility I produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my cogeneration facility I produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my cogeneration facility I produced
+this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work if I produced it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if I produced it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if I produced it in the
+reference separate production facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference separate production facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference separate production facility
+I would have with this reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have with this reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have with this reference
+efficiency I would have consumed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency I would have consumed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency I would have consumed this
+much fuel W over the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiency okay so that in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency okay so that in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency okay so that in my
+cogeneration plant I produce more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration plant I produce more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration plant I produce more than
+that I I'm sorry I consume more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I'm sorry I consume more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I'm sorry I consume more than
+that fuel I consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fuel I consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fuel I consume
+F so if I subtract what I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so if I subtract what I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so if I subtract what I would have
+consumed in the for the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed in the for the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed in the for the production of
+the of that work it means that the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of that work it means that the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of that work it means that the extra
+fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+I'm consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm consuming
+is attributed to the heat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is attributed to the heat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is attributed to the heat that
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+producing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore you would put a denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you would put a denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you would put a denominator
+here you would assign to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would assign to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would assign to that
+heat this extra fuel with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat this extra fuel with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat this extra fuel with respect to the
+separate production of the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate production of the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate production of the electricity
+that You' have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that You' have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that You' have
+done but this of course course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair
+because it assigns all the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it assigns all the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it assigns all the primary
+Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy
+savings to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings to the
+Heat and zero to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat and zero to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat and zero to the
+work if it is true that microgeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if it is true that microgeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if it is true that microgeneration
+facility saves 40% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility saves 40% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility saves 40% of the
+fuel uh the benefit it means that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh the benefit it means that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh the benefit it means that there
+is a benefit of cogeneration and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a benefit of cogeneration and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a benefit of cogeneration and that
+benefit is it really all due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit is it really all due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit is it really all due to the
+production of heat or is it should be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of heat or is it should be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of heat or is it should be be
+distributed between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so uh
+another more balanced way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another more balanced way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another more balanced way of
+reasoning which to cover later is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning which to cover later is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning which to cover later is
+um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to
+Define maybe some uh local or state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define maybe some uh local or state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define maybe some uh local or state
+Authority Energy Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority Energy Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority Energy Authority
+defines or states in some standards uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines or states in some standards uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines or states in some standards uh
+reference values for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference values for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference values for the
+efficiencies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies of
+uh separate production of heat of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh separate production of heat of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh separate production of heat of heat
+and work okay so they Define some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work okay so they Define some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work okay so they Define some
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+values and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then they
+say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right
+use as a location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as a location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as a location
+factors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors the
+weighted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted uh
+fraction of what you would have consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of what you would have consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of what you would have consumed
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+producing the same W and same Q in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the same W and same Q in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the same W and same Q in
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+facilities so this defines because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities so this defines because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities so this defines because this
+W over ATF is the fuel you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W over ATF is the fuel you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W over ATF is the fuel you would have
+consumed if you produced this amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed if you produced this amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed if you produced this amount of
+electricity in separate production and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in separate production and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in separate production and Q
+over Coop reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Coop reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Coop reference
+is uh the fuel that you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the fuel that you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the fuel that you would have
+consumed if you have produced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed if you have produced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed if you have produced that
+amount of Q the same as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Q the same as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Q the same as your
+cogeneration facility in a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration facility in a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration facility in a separate
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+okay the the good thing about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the good thing about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the good thing about these
+allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation
+factors is that it distributes equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is that it distributes equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is that it distributes equally
+the primary Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary Energy
+savings to the Heat and the water work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings to the Heat and the water work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings to the Heat and the water work
+so so that the primary average the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that the primary average the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that the primary average the
+the the partial primary Energy savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the partial primary Energy savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the partial primary Energy savings
+for work is equal to the partial energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work is equal to the partial energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work is equal to the partial energy
+saving for heat and it's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving for heat and it's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving for heat and it's equal to the
+overall partial Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+savings the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings the question
+is what reference values should the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what reference values should the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what reference values should the the
+the authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authority
+select okay one method is to Simply uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select okay one method is to Simply uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select okay one method is to Simply uh
+do it arbitrarily or maybe do it by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it arbitrarily or maybe do it by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it arbitrarily or maybe do it by some
+logic you publish it and it stays there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic you publish it and it stays there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic you publish it and it stays there
+for some years then maybe you update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some years then maybe you update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some years then maybe you update
+that uh those reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh those reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh those reference
+values The Other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values The Other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values The Other
+Extreme is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme is you
+select uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy
+reasoning so you say well let's use as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning so you say well let's use as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning so you say well let's use as
+reference values the best you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference values the best you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference values the best you could
+do namely the reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do namely the reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do namely the reversible
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes earlier didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reques efficieny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of proding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh yes at the beginning uh certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh yes at the beginning uh certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh yes at the beginning uh certainly
+it was an easy way of reasoning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an easy way of reasoning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an easy way of reasoning it
+didn't require an authority to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't require an authority to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't require an authority to Define
+and also you didn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you didn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you didn't have the
+motivation the motivation came and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation the motivation came and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation the motivation came and this
+is how we came with this uh question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we came with this uh question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we came with this uh question and
+this is how U uh I'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how U uh I'll give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how U uh I'll give you the
+reference to a paper with with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to a paper with with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to a paper with with your
+advisor Professor gonan we worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor Professor gonan we worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor Professor gonan we worked
+together on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on this
+problem because uh the utility which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because uh the utility which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because uh the utility which
+produces District Heating in braia came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces District Heating in braia came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces District Heating in braia came
+uh to us and asked okay we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to us and asked okay we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to us and asked okay we have a
+problem now because we are giving these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now because we are giving these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now because we are giving these
+numbers but with these numbers uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but with these numbers uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but with these numbers uh uh
+every apartment uh goes into the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every apartment uh goes into the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every apartment uh goes into the top
+class we are signing so low uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we are signing so low uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we are signing so low uh um
+consumption of of fuel to the heat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of of fuel to the heat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of of fuel to the heat that
+we are providing them that they are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are providing them that they are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are providing them that they are so
+happy they they are in class A Plus even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy they they are in class A Plus even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy they they are in class A Plus even
+with the windows open no so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the windows open no so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the windows open no so it doesn't
+make sense that's why they came and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that's why they came and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that's why they came and so I
+said we need something more and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we need something more and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we need something more and so they
+also after these discussions they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also after these discussions they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also after these discussions they also
+went to the European community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the European community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the European community and
+change the and have them change the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the and have them change the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the and have them change the uh
+regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um so the exergy the exergy uh idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so the exergy the exergy uh idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so the exergy the exergy uh idea
+is let's take as reference the best we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's take as reference the best we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's take as reference the best we
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+do and the best we could do is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and the best we could do is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and the best we could do is the
+reversible uh the reversible case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible uh the reversible case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible uh the reversible case
+so so what is the the best we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what is the the best we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what is the the best we could
+do in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in terms of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+efficiency for work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency for work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency for work
+production so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so if I
+have uh to produce this much work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh to produce this much work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh to produce this much work
+and I'm using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm using a
+fuel with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel with an
+xergy that is this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X well if there are no irreversibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well if there are no irreversibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well if there are no irreversibilities
+in my Machinery so it's irreversible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my Machinery so it's irreversible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my Machinery so it's irreversible the
+exergy gets all transformed there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy gets all transformed there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy gets all transformed there is no
+loss of exergy so the exergy of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of exergy so the exergy of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of exergy so the exergy of the fuel
+goes all into exergy of the product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all into exergy of the product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all into exergy of the product so
+it's one to one so w Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one to one so w Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one to one so w Max
+or let say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let say
+rev is equal to the exergy of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rev is equal to the exergy of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rev is equal to the exergy of the fuel
+but the exergy of the fuel we said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the exergy of the fuel we said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the exergy of the fuel we said is
+approximately equal to the heating value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to the heating value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to the heating value
+let's call it qf to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simplify so that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify so that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify so that means that this
+Machinery uh reversible Machinery that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery uh reversible Machinery that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery uh reversible Machinery that
+would do that has a first low efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that has a first low efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that has a first low efficiency
+which is what we call AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we call AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we call AA
+W ref
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W ref
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W ref
+which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+produced uh first law so it's uh divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced uh first law so it's uh divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced uh first law so it's uh divided
+by the the heat the heating value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the the heat the heating value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the the heat the heating value of the
+fuel the energy that has been consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel the energy that has been consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel the energy that has been consumed
+but this is also approximately equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is also approximately equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is also approximately equal to
+uh to the exy of the fuel and as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the exy of the fuel and as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the exy of the fuel and as you see
+here this is approxim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+whereas the same story if I use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuel and I want to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and I want to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and I want to produce
+heat uh at the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TQ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TQ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TQ the
+exergy of that heat is this and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy of that heat is this and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy of that heat is this and if I
+have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no
+reversibility all that goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility all that goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility all that goes into
+this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AA um let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cop would be the would be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q divided by the
+energy of the fuel because cop is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the fuel because cop is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the fuel because cop is a
+first law idea so uh the energy of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law idea so uh the energy of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law idea so uh the energy of of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+fuel and the energy of the fuel is um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qf but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qf but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qf but
+qf again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qf again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qf again is
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+x f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+Q divided by the the ex the exit gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q divided by the the ex the exit gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q divided by the the ex the exit gets
+all transformed in that so here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all transformed in that so here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all transformed in that so here in the
+denominator I put q1 minus t over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TQ okay so the cop is one of the over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TQ okay so the cop is one of the over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TQ okay so the cop is one of the over
+the caral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient calculated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient calculated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient calculated at the
+temperature of our uh production heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of our uh production heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of our uh production heat
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you certainly can do that so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you certainly can do that so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you certainly can do that so I'll
+give you a numerical example for this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a numerical example for this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a numerical example for this in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment so here is uh here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paper with Professor Gan and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper with Professor Gan and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper with Professor Gan and another
+colleague of mine in bracia Pao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of mine in bracia Pao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of mine in bracia Pao
+yora with which we sort of addressed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yora with which we sort of addressed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yora with which we sort of addressed the
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+and acknowledge that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acknowledge that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acknowledge that there is
+no correct way to do it you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no correct way to do it you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no correct way to do it you have to
+uh uh it's hand waving and it's um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it's hand waving and it's um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it's hand waving and it's um it's
+arbitrary in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary in some
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh the idea that we introduced was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the idea that we introduced was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the idea that we introduced was this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay suppose even suppose this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose even suppose this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose even suppose this this this
+Lo local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo local
+Authority uh has to decide what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority uh has to decide what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority uh has to decide what uh
+efficiencies to reference efficiency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies to reference efficiency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies to reference efficiency to
+to to set uh what what Criterion should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to set uh what what Criterion should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to set uh what what Criterion should
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+use well they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use well they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use well they would
+look at their local area and by local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their local area and by local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their local area and by local
+area it could be a small District it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it could be a small District it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it could be a small District it
+could be a town uh it could be State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a town uh it could be State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a town uh it could be State
+could be a nation it could be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a nation it could be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a nation it could be uh
+uh Europe no it could it could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Europe no it could it could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Europe no it could it could do this
+at various levels because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at various levels because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at various levels because there are
+standards local standards and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards local standards and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards local standards and so
+on in in the homework I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in in the homework I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in in the homework I'll give you
+reference to a an European Standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to a an European Standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to a an European Standard
+which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was
+2007 uh which had the the the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 uh which had the the the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 uh which had the the the issue
+so I frankly I didn't follow up but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I frankly I didn't follow up but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I frankly I didn't follow up but I'm
+sure that they've improved a lot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they've improved a lot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they've improved a lot with
+recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+standards so that means that the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards so that means that the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards so that means that the problem
+is of Interest also at the European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of Interest also at the European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of Interest also at the European
+level which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which is
+congregation the community of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nations okay so you you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take take the data that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take take the data that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take take the data that come from
+various facilities in your local area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various facilities in your local area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various facilities in your local area
+every facility is always um um obliged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every facility is always um um obliged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every facility is always um um obliged
+to uh communicate to to some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh communicate to to some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh communicate to to some energy
+Authority their consumptions and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority their consumptions and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority their consumptions and their
+Productions yearly at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yearly and and so take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly and and so take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly and and so take those
+data and look at your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and look at your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and look at your um
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+system as a cogeneration system because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as a cogeneration system because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as a cogeneration system because
+after all it produces work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and therefore
+and you know how much fuel has been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I okay so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so if I have a
+assigned a value for the allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned a value for the allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned a value for the allocation
+factors like Alpha W and Alpha Q so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors like Alpha W and Alpha Q so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors like Alpha W and Alpha Q so if
+I'm the authority I decided these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the authority I decided these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the authority I decided these
+numbers with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers with these
+numbers those who have combined heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers those who have combined heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers those who have combined heat and
+power facilities have used them in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power facilities have used them in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power facilities have used them in order
+to to compute their own um partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to compute their own um partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to compute their own um partial
+efficiencies so they will tell me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies so they will tell me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies so they will tell me how
+much fuel they have used or his behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much fuel they have used or his behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much fuel they have used or his behind
+this work and how much is behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat so I compute the overall uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so I compute the overall uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so I compute the overall uh
+efficiency for the heat production and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency for the heat production and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency for the heat production and
+for the work production for the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the work production for the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the work production for the local
+facility I mean for the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area but then I can also apply my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but then I can also apply my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but then I can also apply my
+same uh rules or or allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh rules or or allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh rules or or allocation
+coefficients allocation fractions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients allocation fractions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients allocation fractions to the
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+viewed overall as an overall com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed overall as an overall com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed overall as an overall com
+combined heaten power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined heaten power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined heaten power
+facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility
+and if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have
+given the correct values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the correct values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the correct values of
+alpha I should get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number whether I look at it locally with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number whether I look at it locally with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number whether I look at it locally with
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+facilities or the overall facility or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities or the overall facility or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities or the overall facility or
+overall local area system okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall local area system okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall local area system okay so that
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh that was the method that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that was the method that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that was the method that we
+have provided and here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have provided and here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have provided and here's an
+example with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers so suppose we have a local area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so suppose we have a local area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so suppose we have a local area
+and suppose that we have a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that we have a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that we have a separate
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+facilities that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+52% efficiency for energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52% efficiency for energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52% efficiency for energy for
+electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+and 90% so 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 90% so 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 90% so 0.9
+cop for the production of heat like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop for the production of heat like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop for the production of heat like
+industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boilers and here is a the combined heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boilers and here is a the combined heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boilers and here is a the combined heat
+and power plant is a is a combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and power plant is a is a combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and power plant is a is a combined
+cycle this is also a back back um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle this is also a back back um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle this is also a back back um
+pressure steam turbine data but I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure steam turbine data but I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure steam turbine data but I'm I'm
+going to discuss only this one and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss only this one and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss only this one and these
+are two parameters that characterize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two parameters that characterize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two parameters that characterize a
+combined cycle so it's the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle so it's the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined cycle so it's the ratio of the
+work to the heat that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to the heat that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to the heat that is
+produced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first LW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiency so 778
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose
+that the reference volumes are taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reference volumes are taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reference volumes are taken
+uh as the values of the uh separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the values of the uh separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the values of the uh separate
+Productions in my local area 52 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Productions in my local area 52 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Productions in my local area 52 and
+90 here are the numbers that so look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 here are the numbers that so look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 here are the numbers that so look at
+just the first line here are the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first line here are the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first line here are the numbers
+that come out with the three methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out with the three methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out with the three methods
+that we discussed so far so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed so far so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed so far so the
+electricity centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gives H keeps uh essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives H keeps uh essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives H keeps uh essentially the same
+efficiency for the electricity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency for the electricity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency for the electricity as
+separate production because and it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate production because and it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate production because and it gives
+all the advantage to the heat so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the advantage to the heat so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the advantage to the heat so it
+would make it appear that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it appear that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it appear that you are
+producing heat with a cop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing heat with a cop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing heat with a cop of
+354 that created that problem that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+354 that created that problem that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+354 that created that problem that uh I
+told you of um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you of um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you of um and um
+unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+unacceptable to much advantage to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat in a sense if you kept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat in a sense if you kept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat in a sense if you kept that
+everybody would want the district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would want the district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would want the district
+heating so it will be a fight uh to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating so it will be a fight uh to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating so it will be a fight uh to have
+the your houses to be District
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your houses to be District
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your houses to be District
+heated if you do the exergy which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated if you do the exergy which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated if you do the exergy which is the
+Other Extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method okay the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay the electricity
+efficiency goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency goes
+down and the cop is still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the cop is still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the cop is still very
+high if you use this the separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high if you use this the separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high if you use this the separate
+production method with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production method with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production method with these
+references this gets more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasonable what's reasonable is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable what's reasonable is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable what's reasonable is that um
+there is an increment in the separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an increment in the separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an increment in the separate
+production I mean in the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production I mean in the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production I mean in the partial
+efficiency for work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency for work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency for work and
+also the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the same
+increment uh for heat so if you if going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment uh for heat so if you if going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment uh for heat so if you if going
+from 52 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 52 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 52 to
+63 uh is say an increment of um maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 uh is say an increment of um maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 uh is say an increment of um maybe
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+20% uh well also going from 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% uh well also going from 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% uh well also going from 90
+to 10 109 109 is 20% so you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 109 109 is 20% so you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 109 109 is 20% so you have uh
+evenly distributed youve treated equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed youve treated equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed youve treated equally
+work and heat so you gave to both work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and heat so you gave to both work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and heat so you gave to both work
+and heat the same um weight or the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heat the same um weight or the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heat the same um weight or the same
+advantage of U the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generation but the problem what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation but the problem what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation but the problem what the
+problem yeah a problem is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah a problem is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah a problem is that when you
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+compute for your local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute for your local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute for your local
+area uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh
+the uh local average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiencies you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values for in this example here suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for in this example here suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for in this example here suppose
+you have uh so you have to Define uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh so you have to Define uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh so you have to Define uh how
+important is cogeneration is in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is cogeneration is in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is cogeneration is in your
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+area and so you you have to Define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and so you you have to Define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and so you you have to Define an
+electric index which is 50% in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric index which is 50% in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric index which is 50% in this
+case that means that heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that means that heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that means that heat
+is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the
+work and also that your cogeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and also that your cogeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and also that your cogeneration
+facilities cover 40% of the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities cover 40% of the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities cover 40% of the heat
+production in the local area okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in the local area okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in the local area okay with
+these numbers you you can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers you you can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers you you can compute the
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+averages and uh these local average are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages and uh these local average are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages and uh these local average are
+62 for work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62 for work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62 for work and
+96.8 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat for work it's not too far but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat for work it's not too far but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat for work it's not too far but for
+heat it's far because 109 is very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it's far because 109 is very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it's far because 109 is very far
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we proposed is simply to say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we proposed is simply to say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we proposed is simply to say all
+right let's use the local areas numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's use the local areas numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's use the local areas numbers
+and use them as reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use them as reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use them as reference
+so if I use them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I use them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I use them as
+reference I get uh of course numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change and the local numbers get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the local numbers get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the local numbers get
+closer but not yet I have to keep doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer but not yet I have to keep doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer but not yet I have to keep doing
+so if I iterate at a certain stage I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I iterate at a certain stage I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I iterate at a certain stage I get
+oops I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops I get
+to a place in which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah in principle I should get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in principle I should get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in principle I should get that
+these these two numbers become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these two numbers become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these two numbers become
+equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also so there's no more Improvement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so there's no more Improvement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so there's no more Improvement and
+so the the local area so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the local area so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the local area so the
+the yeah the local areas and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah the local areas and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah the local areas and I'm not
+sure um these numbers are really correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um these numbers are really correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um these numbers are really correct
+because this 90.8 is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this 90.8 is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this 90.8 is is
+92 uh so there may be something wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 uh so there may be something wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 uh so there may be something wrong in
+this uh numbers because the idea was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh numbers because the idea was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh numbers because the idea was I
+believe but I may be wrong now so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe but I may be wrong now so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe but I may be wrong now so you
+check it check check on me because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it check check on me because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it check check on me because uh
+that this should become almost equal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this should become almost equal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this should become almost equal in
+the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long
+run all right so that's that's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run all right so that's that's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run all right so that's that's the uh
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+uh but story is not finished because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but story is not finished because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but story is not finished because now
+this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh issue of allocation comes up also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh issue of allocation comes up also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh issue of allocation comes up also
+when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a
+hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid
+uh facilities hybrid power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh facilities hybrid power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh facilities hybrid power
+plants for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants for
+example you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know that
+um we could use solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could use solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could use solar
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh for heating water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for heating water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for heating water
+and one way of course so you have solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way of course so you have solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way of course so you have solar
+energy and suppose you have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those parabolic mirrors that uh Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parabolic mirrors that uh Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parabolic mirrors that uh Focus
+the solar energy onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pipe and in this pipe you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe and in this pipe you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe and in this pipe you run
+um water or you r run a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um water or you r run a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um water or you r run a mixture of
+molten Souls so that you can go higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten Souls so that you can go higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten Souls so that you can go higher
+temperatures or you got you run dimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures or you got you run dimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures or you got you run dimal
+oil so that it doesn't boil so you R run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil so that it doesn't boil so you R run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil so that it doesn't boil so you R run
+a fluid that takes up that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fluid that takes up that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fluid that takes up that that
+heat depending on what fluid you use you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat depending on what fluid you use you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat depending on what fluid you use you
+can reach different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperatures for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures for example
+with air and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with air and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with air and
+water uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh
+you can you can go uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can go uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can go uh
+maybe if you pressurize it you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you pressurize it you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you pressurize it you can go
+120 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 degrees
+C maybe higher but you have to go higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C maybe higher but you have to go higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C maybe higher but you have to go higher
+pressures with dimal oils you can go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures with dimal oils you can go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures with dimal oils you can go up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+300 350 because then the at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 350 because then the at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 350 because then the at higher
+temperatures the oil disg gregates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the oil disg gregates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the oil disg gregates and
+so you reach some technological limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you reach some technological limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you reach some technological limits
+there molten Souls you can can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there molten Souls you can can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there molten Souls you can can reach
+maybe 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 500
+550 so people have built uh power plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+550 so people have built uh power plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+550 so people have built uh power plants
+with this idea of concentrating solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this idea of concentrating solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this idea of concentrating solar
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+these mirrors follow the Sun so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mirrors follow the Sun so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mirrors follow the Sun so that you
+use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it
+efficiently there are other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently there are other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently there are other um
+architectures of similar ideas like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures of similar ideas like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures of similar ideas like you
+have lots of uh mirrors on on your field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of uh mirrors on on your field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of uh mirrors on on your field
+and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a
+tower and your pipe is there so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sunlight with the mirrors hits this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight with the mirrors hits this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight with the mirrors hits this uh
+hits up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits up this
+um this pipe that is up there and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this pipe that is up there and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this pipe that is up there and there
+way that way you concentrate and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that way you concentrate and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that way you concentrate and you get
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+temperatures and then the rest one once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and then the rest one once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and then the rest one once
+you have these high temperatures you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these high temperatures you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these high temperatures you can
+use your standard thermal cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your standard thermal cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your standard thermal cycle and
+convert thermal energy into mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert thermal energy into mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert thermal energy into mechanical
+and then electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work so no problem about that uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so no problem about that uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so no problem about that uh this
+belongs to the realm of renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the realm of renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the realm of renewable
+facilities that uh obtain important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities that uh obtain important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities that uh obtain important
+incentives from States governments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives from States governments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives from States governments and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so
+uh those are very important because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are very important because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are very important because they
+allow you to pay for the uh equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to pay for the uh equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to pay for the uh equipment
+and some some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some some of
+these uh helps are in for example here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh helps are in for example here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh helps are in for example here I
+gave examples of tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave examples of tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave examples of tax
+credits uh cash grants loan programs all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits uh cash grants loan programs all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits uh cash grants loan programs all
+sorts of different uh things and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of different uh things and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of different uh things and this is
+just only uh something in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just only uh something in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just only uh something in the United
+States all every country has his own way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States all every country has his own way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States all every country has his own way
+of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+similar to what you do for photovoltaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what you do for photovoltaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what you do for photovoltaic
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um so the photovolatic is is a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the photovolatic is is a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the photovolatic is is a direct
+conversion of solar energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of solar energy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of solar energy into
+electricity this is a less less direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity this is a less less direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity this is a less less direct
+it goes through heat uh and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through heat uh and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through heat uh and then you
+have a power plant and in the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a power plant and in the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a power plant and in the end you
+also produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also produce
+electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+okay so what is the uh uh what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is the uh uh what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is the uh uh what is the
+problem the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem is that
+sometimes when you do these um power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you do these um power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you do these um power
+plants it is also uh useful to hybridize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants it is also uh useful to hybridize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants it is also uh useful to hybridize
+it in other words uh use this heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in other words uh use this heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in other words uh use this heat
+yes in your facility but you use also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes in your facility but you use also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes in your facility but you use also
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+fuel use that heat but use also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel use that heat but use also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel use that heat but use also some
+fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because that allows you to use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that allows you to use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that allows you to use the the
+facility more hours per year for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility more hours per year for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility more hours per year for example
+or maybe it allows you to increment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it allows you to increment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it allows you to increment the
+temperatures and improve on the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and improve on the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and improve on the overall
+efficiency or and so uh it's either that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency or and so uh it's either that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency or and so uh it's either that
+you start from a solar facility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start from a solar facility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start from a solar facility and
+hybridized using fuel or sometimes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized using fuel or sometimes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized using fuel or sometimes which
+also happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happen
+very often uh you start from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often uh you start from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often uh you start from a
+traditional facility fuel based and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional facility fuel based and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional facility fuel based and you
+hybridize it by putting a solar field on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize it by putting a solar field on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize it by putting a solar field on
+the side to for example provide the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side to for example provide the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side to for example provide the low
+temperature heating that the fuel does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature heating that the fuel does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature heating that the fuel does
+in a less efficient way or do some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a less efficient way or do some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a less efficient way or do some other
+kind of integration okay so in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of integration okay so in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of integration okay so in all these
+hybrid uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh the
+important aspect is that the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspect is that the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspect is that the important
+question is all right I I produced work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is all right I I produced work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is all right I I produced work
+electricity the question is how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity the question is how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity the question is how much of
+that electricity that I produce can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electricity that I produce can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electricity that I produce can be
+said to be renewable and how much is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be renewable and how much is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be renewable and how much is not
+because the renewable fraction gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the renewable fraction gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the renewable fraction gets the
+incentives the other not doesn't so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives the other not doesn't so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives the other not doesn't so even
+here we have a problem which is entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a problem which is entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a problem which is entirely
+dual to the one that we have discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual to the one that we have discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual to the one that we have discussed
+and that's that's why I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's why I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's why I'm going to go
+fast on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast on
+this but uh I will ask you uh in your U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but uh I will ask you uh in your U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but uh I will ask you uh in your U
+homework which by the way this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework which by the way this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework which by the way this is a a
+heavier homework so is more is also more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier homework so is more is also more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier homework so is more is also more
+work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's so it will have two parts two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's so it will have two parts two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's so it will have two parts two
+videos one with a with a problem on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos one with a with a problem on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos one with a with a problem on
+cogeneration and the other is uh put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration and the other is uh put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogeneration and the other is uh put
+words in these slides about uh uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in these slides about uh uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in these slides about uh uh this
+part of the hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the hybrid
+facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities
+so uh in any case the The Duality stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in any case the The Duality stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in any case the The Duality stands
+on the fact that in the previous problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fact that in the previous problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fact that in the previous problem
+we had the alphas on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the alphas on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the alphas on the left hand side
+here we have the betas on the uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the betas on the uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the betas on the uh right
+hand side which which so beta R is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side which which so beta R is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side which which so beta R is the
+renewable fraction of electricity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable fraction of electricity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable fraction of electricity so
+beta R is the key is the number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta R is the key is the number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta R is the key is the number that
+will give you access to these economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you access to these economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you access to these economic
+incentives uh also here you can uh talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives uh also here you can uh talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives uh also here you can uh talk
+about primary energy uh savings and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about primary energy uh savings and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about primary energy uh savings and also
+talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+about um partial efficiencies where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um partial efficiencies where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um partial efficiencies where you
+put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up
+there um you see f is the fuel is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um you see f is the fuel is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um you see f is the fuel is the
+it's the hydrocarbon that you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the hydrocarbon that you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the hydrocarbon that you're using
+and R is the solar energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R is the solar energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R is the solar energy
+okay so um you again you you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um you again you you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um you again you you sort of
+think once you have this betas you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think once you have this betas you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think once you have this betas you can
+think that your um hybrid facility has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that your um hybrid facility has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that your um hybrid facility has
+two lines one is the one that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines one is the one that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines one is the one that produces
+electricity starting from the fuel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity starting from the fuel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity starting from the fuel and
+the other that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other that
+starts produces other electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts produces other electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts produces other electricity
+starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from
+solar and you want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar and you want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar and you want to do this
+splitting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting so
+uh you can Define the primary Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can Define the primary Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can Define the primary Energy
+savings with respect to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings with respect to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings with respect to separate
+production so separate production would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so separate production would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so separate production would
+be I only have one solar facility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I only have one solar facility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I only have one solar facility and
+one fossil fuel facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fossil fuel facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fossil fuel facility
+separate apparently they it is better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate apparently they it is better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate apparently they it is better if
+you combine them you get higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine them you get higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine them you get higher
+efficiencies um I don't have experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies um I don't have experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies um I don't have experience
+so I don't have the numbers of uh if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have the numbers of uh if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have the numbers of uh if it
+is of the same order maybe 40% is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the same order maybe 40% is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the same order maybe 40% is is is
+too much but uh uh for sure there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much but uh uh for sure there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much but uh uh for sure there is a
+some improvement in some uh in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some improvement in some uh in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some improvement in some uh in in the
+overall efficiency also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall efficiency also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall efficiency also
+here uh again at the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh again at the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh again at the beginning and
+perhaps even still now because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even still now because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even still now because I don't
+know if this problem is evolved uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this problem is evolved uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this problem is evolved uh
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+um there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is
+a there is one way uh that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there is one way uh that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there is one way uh that we call
+incremental fossil Center where you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental fossil Center where you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental fossil Center where you give
+priority to uh to the renewable and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority to uh to the renewable and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority to uh to the renewable and so
+you said all right I use that fuel with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said all right I use that fuel with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said all right I use that fuel with
+that fuel I usually produce this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fuel I usually produce this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fuel I usually produce this much
+electricity fine so the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity fine so the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity fine so the extra
+electricity is attributed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solar but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar but that's
+unfair because it gives a it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair because it gives a it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair because it gives a it doesn't
+distribute evenly the the primary Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute evenly the the primary Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute evenly the the primary Energy
+savings so again you can use a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings so again you can use a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings so again you can use a a
+separate production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate production
+um method like uh like we did for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um method like uh like we did for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um method like uh like we did for the
+other case and again you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exy here only one point I need to uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exy here only one point I need to uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exy here only one point I need to uh um
+to to explain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to explain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to explain is
+that I use uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exergy of solar energy that's a chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy of solar energy that's a chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy of solar energy that's a chapter
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+itself uh but if you You could argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh but if you You could argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh but if you You could argue
+that there are some papers I can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some papers I can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some papers I can give
+you references to those papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you references to those papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you references to those papers
+um we also contributed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we also contributed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we also contributed some
+um a good number is this of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a good number is this of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a good number is this of course there
+there are formulas that get you to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and meaning that you know energy coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meaning that you know energy coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meaning that you know energy coming
+from the Sun comes from a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Sun comes from a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Sun comes from a very high
+temperature Source the order of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this many k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many k
+Kelvin that so the photons that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin that so the photons that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin that so the photons that come
+from the Sun carry not only energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Sun carry not only energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Sun carry not only energy but
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy but then uh there is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy but then uh there is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy but then uh there is a problem
+that you it gets to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you it gets to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you it gets to the
+atmosphere and you get to the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and you get to the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and you get to the surface of
+the Earth you get some direct lights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth you get some direct lights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth you get some direct lights and
+some rays and some indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rays and some indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rays and some indirect
+through def fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through def fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through def fraction
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+yeah so so from the sky uh the sky has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so from the sky uh the sky has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so from the sky uh the sky has a
+certain temperature so there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain temperature so there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain temperature so there are lots of
+of reasoning that go behind the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasoning that go behind the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasoning that go behind the number
+like this and so again this is a chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and so again this is a chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and so again this is a chapter
+in itself but in any case the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself but in any case the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself but in any case the the
+problem here is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H with the exergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H with the exergy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H with the exergy
+method yeah uh you're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method yeah uh you're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method yeah uh you're using the
+reversible uh you're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible uh you're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible uh you're using the
+reversible heat engine as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible heat engine as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible heat engine as a as a
+reference and that is uh not feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and that is uh not feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and that is uh not feasible
+actually I see that the time is over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I see that the time is over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I see that the time is over so
+maybe we'll return just with few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'll return just with few words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'll return just with few words
+at the beginning of next lecture about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of next lecture about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of next lecture about
+this because I there's still something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I there's still something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I there's still something I
+want to say that I didn't and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that I didn't and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that I didn't and it is
+important also so hold on don't do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important also so hold on don't do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important also so hold on don't do the
+homework yet okay all right so I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework yet okay all right so I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework yet okay all right so I'll see
+you next time see you Tuesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BefxsWy1HqY.txt b/BefxsWy1HqY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a791b1e67c96dee558e79535fd909d134806457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BefxsWy1HqY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+you've been learning about Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about Computing
+double integrals and about changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integrals and about changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integrals and about changing the
+order of integration and how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of integration and how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of integration and how you can
+look at a given region and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a given region and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a given region and you can
+integrate over it by integrating dxdy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over it by integrating dxdy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over it by integrating dxdy or
+by integrating dydx so here I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating dydx so here I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating dydx so here I have uh
+some examples I have two regions um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples I have two regions um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples I have two regions um so
+one region is the triangle whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one region is the triangle whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one region is the triangle whose
+vertices are the origin the point 02 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are the origin the point 02 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are the origin the point 02 and
+the point minus1 2 and the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point minus1 2 and the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point minus1 2 and the other one is
+a sector of a circle so the circle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sector of a circle so the circle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sector of a circle so the circle has
+radius 2 and is centered at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius 2 and is centered at the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius 2 and is centered at the origin
+and I want the part of that Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want the part of that Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want the part of that Circle
+that's above the x axis and below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's above the x axis and below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's above the x axis and below the
+line yal X so what I'd like you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line yal X so what I'd like you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line yal X so what I'd like you to do is
+I'd like you to write down what a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to write down what a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to write down what a double
+integral over these regions looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over these regions looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over these regions looks like
+but I I'd like you to do it two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I'd like you to do it two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I'd like you to do it two
+different ways I'd like you to do it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways I'd like you to do it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways I'd like you to do it as
+an iterated integral in the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iterated integral in the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iterated integral in the order
+dxdy and I'd also like you to do it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy and I'd also like you to do it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy and I'd also like you to do it as
+an iterated integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iterated integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iterated integral
+in in the order dydx so I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the order dydx so I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the order dydx so I'd like you to
+express the integrals over these regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the integrals over these regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the integrals over these regions
+in terms of iterated integrals in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of iterated integrals in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of iterated integrals in both
+possible orders so why don't you pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible orders so why don't you pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible orders so why don't you pause
+the video have a go at that come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video have a go at that come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video have a go at that come back
+and we can work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together so the first thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so the first thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so the first thing to do
+whenever you're given a problem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're given a problem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're given a problem like
+this and in fact almost any time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and in fact almost any time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and in fact almost any time you
+have to do a double integral um is to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a double integral um is to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a double integral um is to is
+to try and understand the the region in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and understand the the region in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and understand the the region in
+question it's always a good idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's always a good idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's always a good idea to
+understand the region in question and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the region in question and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the region in question and by
+understand the region in question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the region in question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the region in question the
+the really the first thing that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really the first thing that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really the first thing that I mean
+is draw a picture all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is draw a picture all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is draw a picture all right so let's
+let's do part a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do part a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do part a
+first so in part A you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so in part A you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so in part A you have a
+triangle it has vertices at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle it has vertices at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle it has vertices at the
+origin at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin at the point
+02 and at the point minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this
+triangle is our region in question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is our region in question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is our region in question
+so now that we've got a picture of it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we've got a picture of it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we've got a picture of it we
+can talk and we can say what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk and we can say what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk and we can say what are the
+boundaries of this of this region right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of this of this region right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of this of this region right
+we want to know what its boundaries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know what its boundaries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know what its boundaries are
+so the top boundary is the line Y = 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the top boundary is the line Y = 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the top boundary is the line Y = 2
+the right boundary is the line x = 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right boundary is the line x = 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right boundary is the line x = 0 and
+the this sort of lower left boundary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this sort of lower left boundary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this sort of lower left boundary the
+slanted line is the line Y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slanted line is the line Y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slanted line is the line Y =
+-2x okay so those are those are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2x okay so those are those are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2x okay so those are those are the the
+bound boundary edges of of this triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound boundary edges of of this triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound boundary edges of of this triangle
+and so now um what we want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now um what we want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now um what we want to figure out
+is we want to figure out okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to figure out okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to figure out okay so if
+you're integrating this with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrating this with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrating this with respect to
+X and then y or if you're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then y or if you're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then y or if you're integrating
+this with respect to Y and then x what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to Y and then x what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to Y and then x what
+does what does that integral look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what does that integral look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what does that integral look like
+when you set it up as a double integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you set it up as a double integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you set it up as a double integral
+so let's so let's do it with uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's so let's do it with uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's so let's do it with uh let's
+start on one of them it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on one of them it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on one of them it doesn't matter
+which one so let's let's try and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one so let's let's try and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one so let's let's try and write
+the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double
+integral uh over R over this region R in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh over R over this region R in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh over R over this region R in
+the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order
+dxdy okay so we have inside bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+Dy um so okay so so we need to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy um so okay so so we need to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy um so okay so so we need to find the
+bounds on X first and those bounds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on X first and those bounds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on X first and those bounds are
+going to be in terms of Y um so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in terms of Y um so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in terms of Y um so okay so
+the bounds on X so that means when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds on X so that means when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds on X so that means when we
+look at this region what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this region what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this region what we want to
+figure out is we want to figure out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out is we want to figure out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out is we want to figure out you
+know at a given for a given in term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at a given for a given in term for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at a given for a given in term for
+a given value y you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given value y you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given value y you know what is the
+leftmost point and what is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost point and what is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost point and what is the right
+most point what are what are the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most point what are what are the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most point what are what are the bounds
+on X so at a given value y x is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X so at a given value y x is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X so at a given value y x is going to
+go between well it's its largest value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go between well it's its largest value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go between well it's its largest value
+that X is going to take is along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is going to take is along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is going to take is along this
+line x equals 0 right the rightmost when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line x equals 0 right the rightmost when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line x equals 0 right the rightmost when
+you fix some value of y the rightmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix some value of y the rightmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix some value of y the rightmost
+point that X can reach in this region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that X can reach in this region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that X can reach in this region is
+is is at this line uh xal 0 so X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is at this line uh xal 0 so X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is at this line uh xal 0 so X is
+going to go up to zero that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go up to zero that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go up to zero that's going to
+be its upper bound uh the the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be its upper bound uh the the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be its upper bound uh the the lower
+bound is is going to be the left edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is is going to be the left edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is is going to be the left edge of
+our region so that's so we need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our region so that's so we need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our region so that's so we need to find
+what you know for a given value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know for a given value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know for a given value of y
+what is that leftmost boundary value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that leftmost boundary value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that leftmost boundary value so
+so we what we want to do is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we what we want to do is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we what we want to do is we want to
+take that that equation for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that that equation for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that that equation for that
+boundary and we want to solve it for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and we want to solve it for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and we want to solve it for uh
+X in terms of Y so that's not hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in terms of Y so that's not hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in terms of Y so that's not hard to do
+in this case the the line Y = -2x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the the line Y = -2x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the the line Y = -2x is
+also the line xal - one2 y so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the line xal - one2 y so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the line xal - one2 y so that's
+that left boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that left boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that left boundary
+min-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2
+y okay so then our outer bounds are Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so then our outer bounds are Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so then our outer bounds are Dy
+so we want to find the absolute uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to find the absolute uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to find the absolute uh
+bounds on y what's the smallest value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on y what's the smallest value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on y what's the smallest value
+that y takes and what's the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y takes and what's the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y takes and what's the largest
+value that y takes so that means what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that y takes so that means what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that y takes so that means what's
+the the lowest point of this region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lowest point of this region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lowest point of this region and
+what's the highest and so the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the highest and so the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the highest and so the lowest
+point here is the origin so that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is the origin so that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is the origin so that's when
+y takes a value of zero and the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y takes a value of zero and the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y takes a value of zero and the highest
+point the very top of this region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the very top of this region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the very top of this region is
+when y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when y equals
+2 okay so this is what that that double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so this is what that that double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so this is what that that double
+integral is going to become um when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is going to become um when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is going to become um when we
+evaluate it in the order dxdy so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it in the order dxdy so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it in the order dxdy so now
+let's talk about evaluating it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about evaluating it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about evaluating it in the
+opposite order so let's switch our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order so let's switch our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order so let's switch our
+bounds for we want to do it uh Dy DX so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds for we want to do it uh Dy DX so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds for we want to do it uh Dy DX so
+we want the double integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the double integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the double integral over
+R Dy DX okay so this is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Dy DX okay so this is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Dy DX okay so this is going to be an
+iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated
+integral and this time the inner bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and this time the inner bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and this time the inner bounds
+are going to be for y in terms of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be for y in terms of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be for y in terms of X and
+the outer bounds are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer bounds are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer bounds are going to be
+absolute bounds on X so for y in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute bounds on X so for y in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute bounds on X so for y in terms
+of X that means when we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X that means when we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X that means when we look at this
+region we want to know for a fixed value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region we want to know for a fixed value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region we want to know for a fixed value
+of x what's the what's the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x what's the what's the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x what's the what's the bottom
+boundary of this region and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of this region and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of this region and what's the
+top boundary so here it's easy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top boundary so here it's easy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top boundary so here it's easy to see
+that the bottom boundary is this line Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bottom boundary is this line Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bottom boundary is this line Y
+= -2x and the top boundary is this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= -2x and the top boundary is this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= -2x and the top boundary is this line
+Y = 2 so Y is going from Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y = 2 so Y is going from Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y = 2 so Y is going from Min
+-2X to 2 yeah so as in for a fixed value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2X to 2 yeah so as in for a fixed value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2X to 2 yeah so as in for a fixed value
+of x the the part the the values of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x the the part the the values of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x the the part the the values of Y
+that give you a point in this region are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you a point in this region are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you a point in this region are
+the values such that y is at least minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values such that y is at least minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values such that y is at least minus
+2X and at most two so okay um and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and at most two so okay um and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and at most two so okay um and now we
+need the outer bound so the outer bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the outer bound so the outer bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the outer bound so the outer bounds
+have to be just some real numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be just some real numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be just some real numbers so
+those are the absolute bounds on X so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the absolute bounds on X so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the absolute bounds on X so we
+need to know what's the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what's the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what's the absolute
+leftmost point and the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost point and the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost point and the absolute
+rightmost point in this region and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost point in this region and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost point in this region and so
+the absolute leftmost point is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute leftmost point is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute leftmost point is this
+point uh -12 so that has an x value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh -12 so that has an x value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh -12 so that has an x value of
+minus one and the absolute rightmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and the absolute rightmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and the absolute rightmost
+Point uh is is along this right Edge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh is is along this right Edge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh is is along this right Edge so
+that's at x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at x equals
+z okay so here are the uh here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z okay so here are the uh here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z okay so here are the uh here are the
+the two integrals um the the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two integrals um the the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two integrals um the the double
+integral with respect to X then Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with respect to X then Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with respect to X then Y and
+the the double integral with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the double integral with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the double integral with respect to
+Y with respect to Y and then X okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y with respect to Y and then X okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y with respect to Y and then X okay so
+that's the answer to part A let's go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer to part A let's go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer to part A let's go on
+to Part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Part
+B so for Part B our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so for Part B our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so for Part B our
+region is we take a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is we take a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is we take a a
+circle of radius 2 and we take the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius 2 and we take the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius 2 and we take the line
+Y = X and we take the line that's the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y = X and we take the line that's the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y = X and we take the line that's the X
+AIS and so we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and so we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and so we want a
+circle and we want the sector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and we want the sector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and we want the sector of the
+circle in here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle in here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle in here so
+this this region inside the circle below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this region inside the circle below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this region inside the circle below
+the line yals X and above the xaxis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line yals X and above the xaxis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line yals X and above the xaxis so
+this sector this wedge of the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sector this wedge of the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sector this wedge of the circle
+let's see this value is is at x = 2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see this value is is at x = 2 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see this value is is at x = 2 this
+is the origin and this is the point squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the origin and this is the point squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the origin and this is the point squ
+< TK of 2 comma < T 2 the common point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of 2 comma < T 2 the common point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of 2 comma < T 2 the common point
+of of the line Y = X on the circle x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the line Y = X on the circle x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the line Y = X on the circle x^2 +
+Y2 = 4 yeah that's what this boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 = 4 yeah that's what this boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 = 4 yeah that's what this boundary
+curve is x^2 + y^2 = 4 and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is x^2 + y^2 = 4 and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is x^2 + y^2 = 4 and of course
+this boundary curve is the line Y = X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boundary curve is the line Y = X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boundary curve is the line Y = X
+and this uh boundary line is the x- axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh boundary line is the x- axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh boundary line is the x- axis
+which has equation y equals z so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has equation y equals z so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has equation y equals z so those
+are our boundary curves for our region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our boundary curves for our region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our boundary curves for our region
+we've got this nice picture so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this nice picture so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this nice picture so now we
+can talk about evaluating it or rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about evaluating it or rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about evaluating it or rather
+not evaluating it but but write uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evaluating it but but write uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evaluating it but but write uh
+expressing it as an iterated integral in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing it as an iterated integral in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing it as an iterated integral in
+in two different orders so let's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different orders so let's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different orders so let's again
+we can start off with this uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start off with this uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start off with this uh with
+respect to X first and then with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X first and then with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X first and then with respect
+to Y so we want the double integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y so we want the double integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y so we want the double integral over
+R DX Dy so this should be an iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R DX Dy so this should be an iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R DX Dy so this should be an iterated
+integral something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral something
+DX and then Dy so okay so we need bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and then Dy so okay so we need bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and then Dy so okay so we need bounds
+on X which means for a fixed value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X which means for a fixed value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X which means for a fixed value of y
+we need to know what's the leftmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know what's the leftmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know what's the leftmost
+boundary and what's the rightmost bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and what's the rightmost bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and what's the rightmost bound
+so so for a fixed value of y we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for a fixed value of y we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for a fixed value of y we want to
+know what the left Edge is and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the left Edge is and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the left Edge is and the right
+Edge is and it's easy to see because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge is and it's easy to see because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge is and it's easy to see because
+we've drawn this picture right drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've drawn this picture right drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've drawn this picture right drawing
+the picture makes makes this a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture makes makes this a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture makes makes this a much
+easier process that that the left Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier process that that the left Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier process that that the left Edge
+is this line yals X and the right Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this line yals X and the right Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this line yals X and the right Edge
+is our actual Circle yeah so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our actual Circle yeah so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our actual Circle yeah so those are
+those are the left and right boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the left and right boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the left and right boundaries
+so that so so what we put here are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so so what we put here are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so so what we put here are just
+the equations of that left Edge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of that left Edge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of that left Edge and the
+equation of that right Edge so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of that right Edge so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of that right Edge so uh so
+here um but we want their equations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um but we want their equations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um but we want their equations we
+don't we want their equations we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we want their equations we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we want their equations we want
+them in the form x equals something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the form x equals something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the form x equals something and
+that's the something that we put there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the something that we put there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the something that we put there
+so for this left Edge is the is the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this left Edge is the is the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this left Edge is the is the line
+x equals y so so the left bound on is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals y so so the left bound on is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals y so so the left bound on is is
+y there X is in this region X is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y there X is in this region X is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y there X is in this region X is at
+least Y um and the upper bound here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least Y um and the upper bound here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least Y um and the upper bound here
+which is going to be the rightmost bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be the rightmost bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be the rightmost bound
+the largest value that X takes is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest value that X takes is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest value that X takes is when
+x^2 + y^2 = 4 so when X is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y^2 = 4 so when X is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y^2 = 4 so when X is equal to the
+square < TK of 4 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y^2 now you might say to me why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 now you might say to me why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 now you might say to me why do I
+know that it's the square the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's the square the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's the square the positive
+square root here and not the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root here and not the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root here and not the negative
+square root and if you said that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root and if you said that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root and if you said that to
+yourself that's a that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that's a that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that's a that's a great
+question and the answer is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the answer is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the answer is that it's
+this this part of the circle is the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this part of the circle is the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this part of the circle is the top
+half of the circle and it's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the circle and it's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the circle and it's also the
+right half of the circle so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half of the circle so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half of the circle so here we have
+positive values of X so it's the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive values of X so it's the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive values of X so it's the it's
+the right half of the circle we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half of the circle we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half of the circle we want the
+positive square root positive values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive square root positive values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive square root positive values of
+X so we want the positive square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we want the positive square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we want the positive square root
+okay um good and so now we need that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um good and so now we need that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um good and so now we need that so
+those are the bounds on X now we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the bounds on X now we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the bounds on X now we need
+the bounds on y so the bounds on y well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds on y so the bounds on y well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds on y so the bounds on y well
+are they well we want the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they well we want the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they well we want the absolute
+bounds on y y is the outermost uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on y y is the outermost uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on y y is the outermost uh
+variable that we're integrating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we're integrating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we're integrating with
+respect to so we want we want the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to so we want we want the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to so we want we want the the
+absolute bounds the absolute lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute bounds the absolute lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute bounds the absolute lowest
+value that y takes in this region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that y takes in this region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that y takes in this region and
+the absolute largest value that y takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute largest value that y takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute largest value that y takes
+so the smallest value that y takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the smallest value that y takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the smallest value that y takes in
+this region that's the lowest point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region that's the lowest point um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region that's the lowest point um
+that's along this line and that's when y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's along this line and that's when y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's along this line and that's when y
+equals z and the the largest value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and the the largest value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and the the largest value that
+y takes that's when Y is as large as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y takes that's when Y is as large as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y takes that's when Y is as large as
+possible that it can get in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that it can get in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that it can get in this region
+so that's up at this point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's up at this point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's up at this point of
+intersection there so that's when Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection there so that's when Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection there so that's when Y is
+equal to the < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the < TK of
+two okay 3/4s done yeah so now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay 3/4s done yeah so now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay 3/4s done yeah so now this is
+this that iterated integral so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that iterated integral so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that iterated integral so now we
+want to do the same thing R the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the same thing R the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the same thing R the integral
+over this region R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dydx okay so we're going to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx okay so we're going to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx okay so we're going to look at this
+region and we want to say so Dy is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and we want to say so Dy is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and we want to say so Dy is going
+to be on the inside so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on the inside so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on the inside so we're going to
+say okay so we need to know for a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay so we need to know for a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay so we need to know for a fixed
+value of x what's the lowest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x what's the lowest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x what's the lowest the
+smallest value that y can take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value that y can take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value that y can take and
+what's the largest value that y can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the largest value that y can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the largest value that y can take
+so what's the bottom boundary and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the bottom boundary and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the bottom boundary and what's
+the top boundary but if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top boundary but if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top boundary but if you look at this
+region right life is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right life is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right life is a little
+complicated here because if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated here because if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated here because if you're in
+the left half of this region where what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left half of this region where what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left half of this region where what
+do I mean by left half I mean if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by left half I mean if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by left half I mean if you're
+to the left of this this point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left of this this point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left of this this point of
+intersection if you're the left of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection if you're the left of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection if you're the left of this
+line X = < TK of two when you're over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line X = < TK of two when you're over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line X = < TK of two when you're over
+there Y is going from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Y is going from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Y is going from zero to
+X but if you're over here if you're over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but if you're over here if you're over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but if you're over here if you're over
+in the in the right part of this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the right part of this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the right part of this region
+there's a different upper boundary right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different upper boundary right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different upper boundary right
+this this is just it's a different curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is just it's a different curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is just it's a different curve
+that it came from it has a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it came from it has a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it came from it has a different
+equation um so over here Y is going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um so over here Y is going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um so over here Y is going from
+from the x- axis up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the x- axis up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the x- axis up to the
+circle all right so this is complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle all right so this is complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle all right so this is complicated
+and this means what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this means what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this means what does this
+complication mean well it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication mean well it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication mean well it means that
+it's not easy to write this as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easy to write this as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easy to write this as a single
+iterated integral if you want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated integral if you want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated integral if you want to do this
+this way you have to break the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you have to break the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you have to break the region
+into two pieces and write this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces and write this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces and write this this
+double integral as a sum of two iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral as a sum of two iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral as a sum of two iterated
+interg interal okay so one itrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interg interal okay so one itrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interg interal okay so one itrated
+integral will take care of the left part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will take care of the left part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will take care of the left part
+and one will take care of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one will take care of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one will take care of the right
+part so let's do the left part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so let's do the left part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so let's do the left part
+first so here we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so here we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so here we're going to have
+a iterated integral with Y um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a iterated integral with Y um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a iterated integral with Y um
+integrating with respect to Y first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating with respect to Y first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating with respect to Y first so
+at a fixed value of x we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fixed value of x we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fixed value of x we want to know
+what the what the bounds on y are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what the bounds on y are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what the bounds on y are and
+well we can see from this picture when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can see from this picture when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can see from this picture when
+you're in this in this triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this in this triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this in this triangle
+that Y is going from the xaxis up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y is going from the xaxis up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y is going from the xaxis up to the
+line yal X so that means the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line yal X so that means the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line yal X so that means the smallest
+value that y can take is zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that y can take is zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that y can take is zero and the
+largest value that y can take is X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest value that y can take is X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest value that y can take is X so
+here it's from zero to X and when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's from zero to X and when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's from zero to X and when you're
+in this triangle we need to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this triangle we need to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this triangle we need to know what
+the bounds on X are then we need to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds on X are then we need to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds on X are then we need to to
+know the outer bounds so we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the outer bounds so we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the outer bounds so we need to know
+the absolute largest and smallest values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute largest and smallest values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute largest and smallest values
+that X can take well what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X can take well what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X can take well what does that mean
+we need to know the absolute leftmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know the absolute leftmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know the absolute leftmost
+and absolute rightmost points so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and absolute rightmost points so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and absolute rightmost points so the
+absolute leftmost point is the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute leftmost point is the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute leftmost point is the origin
+the rightmost is this vertical line X =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rightmost is this vertical line X =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rightmost is this vertical line X =
+< TK of two so here over here the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of two so here over here the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of two so here over here the value
+of x is zero and at the rightmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is zero and at the rightmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is zero and at the rightmost
+boundary of this triangle the value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of this triangle the value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of this triangle the value of x
+is the sare < TK of two okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sare < TK of two okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sare < TK of two okay so that's
+going to give us the double integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us the double integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us the double integral
+just over this triangular part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just over this triangular part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just over this triangular part of the
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+yeah so now we need to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so now we need to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so now we need to add to
+this but I'm going to put it down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I'm going to put it down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I'm going to put it down on
+this this next line we need to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this next line we need to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this next line we need to add to
+this the part of the integral over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the part of the integral over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the part of the integral over this
+uh this little segment of the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this little segment of the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this little segment of the circle
+here yeah the part the remainder of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah the part the remainder of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah the part the remainder of the
+region that's not in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that's not in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that's not in that
+triangle um so for that again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle um so for that again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle um so for that again we're
+going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write
+down two integrals and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down two integrals and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down two integrals and it's going to be
+Dy DX we're nearly done right so Dy DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy DX we're nearly done right so Dy DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy DX we're nearly done right so Dy DX
+so y uh so Y is inside so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so y uh so Y is inside so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so y uh so Y is inside so we need to
+know what the what the bounds on y R for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the what the bounds on y R for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the what the bounds on y R for
+a given value of x so we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given value of x so we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given value of x so we need to know
+for a given value of x you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given value of x you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given value of x you know what's
+the what's the bottom and the topmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the bottom and the topmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the bottom and the topmost
+point of this region um so for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this region um so for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this region um so for a given
+value of x that means that Y is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x that means that Y is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x that means that Y is going
+here between the x axis and between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here between the x axis and between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here between the x axis and between this
+circle um so the xaxis is y equals z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle um so the xaxis is y equals z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle um so the xaxis is y equals z so
+that's the lower bound so the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the lower bound so the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the lower bound so the upper
+bound we need this we need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound we need this we need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound we need this we need to know the
+circle what is y on this circle well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle what is y on this circle well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle what is y on this circle well the
+equation of the circle is X2 + y^2 = 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the circle is X2 + y^2 = 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the circle is X2 + y^2 = 4
+so Y is equal to sare root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Y is equal to sare root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Y is equal to sare root of the
+quantity 4 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2 where again here we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 where again here we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 where again here we take the
+positive square root because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive square root because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive square root because this is a
+part of the circle where Y is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the circle where Y is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the circle where Y is positive
+yeah if we were If We Were Somehow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if we were If We Were Somehow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if we were If We Were Somehow on
+the bottom part of a circle then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom part of a circle then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom part of a circle then we
+would have to take a negative square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to take a negative square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to take a negative square
+root there but because we're on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root there but because we're on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root there but because we're on the top
+part of the circle where Y is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the circle where Y is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the circle where Y is positive
+we take a positive square root okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a positive square root okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a positive square root okay good
+so those are the bounds on Y and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the bounds on Y and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the bounds on Y and now we
+need to know the absolute bounds on x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the absolute bounds on x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the absolute bounds on x
+yeah so those are the bounds on Y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so those are the bounds on Y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so those are the bounds on Y in
+terms of X and and now because X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X and and now because X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X and and now because X is the
+outer thing we're integrating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer thing we're integrating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer thing we're integrating with
+respect to we need we need the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to we need we need the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to we need we need the absolute
+bounds on X and you can see that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on X and you can see that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on X and you can see that in this
+in this uh circular I don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh circular I don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh circular I don't really know
+what the name for a shape like that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the name for a shape like that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the name for a shape like that is
+but whatever that thing is we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever that thing is we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever that thing is we need to
+know what its you know leftmost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what its you know leftmost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what its you know leftmost and
+rightmost points are we need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost points are we need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost points are we need to know the
+the smallest and largest values that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest and largest values that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest and largest values that X
+can take and so its leftmost Edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take and so its leftmost Edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take and so its leftmost Edge is
+this um is this line xal < TK of two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um is this line xal < TK of two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um is this line xal < TK of two and
+its rightmost Edge is that rightmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its rightmost Edge is that rightmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its rightmost Edge is that rightmost
+point on the circle there where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the circle there where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the circle there where the
+circle hits the x- axis and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle hits the x- axis and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle hits the x- axis and that's the
+value when x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 okay so there you go there's uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so there you go there's uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so there you go there's uh this
+last integral written in the dydx order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last integral written in the dydx order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last integral written in the dydx order
+but we can't write it as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't write it as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't write it as a single
+iterated integral we need to write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated integral we need to write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated integral we need to write it as
+a sum of two iterated integrals because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of two iterated integrals because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of two iterated integrals because
+of the shape of this region all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shape of this region all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shape of this region all right so
+um to let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to let me
+just make one quick summary comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make one quick summary comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make one quick summary comment
+which is that if you're doing this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that if you're doing this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that if you're doing this one
+thing you can that you should always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can that you should always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can that you should always be
+true is that these integrals when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is that these integrals when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is that these integrals when you
+evaluate them so here I haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them so here I haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them so here I haven't been
+writing a an integrand I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a an integrand I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a an integrand I guess the
+integrand has always been one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand has always been one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand has always been one or
+something but for any integrand um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but for any integrand um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but for any integrand um the
+nature of of this process is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of of this process is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of of this process is that it
+shouldn't matter uh whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't matter uh whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't matter uh whether you have
+which order you integrate with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which order you integrate with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which order you integrate with respect
+to it doesn't you should get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it doesn't you should get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it doesn't you should get the same
+answer if you integrate DX Dy or Dy y DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if you integrate DX Dy or Dy y DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if you integrate DX Dy or Dy y DX
+so one very lowlevel check that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one very lowlevel check that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one very lowlevel check that you can
+make that you haven't done anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that you haven't done anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that you haven't done anything
+horribly egregiously wrong when changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly egregiously wrong when changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly egregiously wrong when changing
+the bounds of integration is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds of integration is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds of integration is that you
+can check that actually uh these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check that actually uh these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check that actually uh these things
+evaluate the same yeah where where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the same yeah where where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the same yeah where where you
+can you know choose any function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know choose any function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know choose any function that
+you happen to want to put in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to want to put in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to want to put in there
+function of X and Y and evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y and evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y and evaluate this
+integral and choose any function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and choose any function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and choose any function that
+you happen to want to put in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to want to put in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to want to put in there and
+evaluate those integrals and see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate those integrals and see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate those integrals and see that
+you actually get the same thing on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get the same thing on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get the same thing on both
+sides now I mean one simple example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides now I mean one simple example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides now I mean one simple example is
+that you can just evaluate the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just evaluate the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just evaluate the integral
+as written with with a one written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as written with with a one written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as written with with a one written in
+there um and so in both cases what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and so in both cases what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and so in both cases what you
+should get is the area of the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get is the area of the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get is the area of the region
+when you when you evaluate an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you evaluate an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you evaluate an integral
+like that um but you could also check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um but you could also check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um but you could also check
+with any other function if you wanted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any other function if you wanted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any other function if you wanted so
+that'll give you uh a perhaps quick way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give you uh a perhaps quick way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give you uh a perhaps quick way
+of of confirming well it'll it it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of confirming well it'll it it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of confirming well it'll it it won't
+it won't show that what you've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't show that what you've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't show that what you've done is
+right but it will show that if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it will show that if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it will show that if you if
+you've done something wrong that method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done something wrong that method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done something wrong that method
+will sometimes pick it out right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sometimes pick it out right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sometimes pick it out right because
+you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll
+integrate because you'll actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate because you'll actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate because you'll actually be
+integrating over two different regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over two different regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over two different regions
+and there's no region you should get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no region you should get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no region you should get the
+same answer um so if you were to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer um so if you were to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer um so if you were to compute
+these integrals and get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals and get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals and get different
+numbers then you would know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers then you would know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers then you would know that there
+was something had gone wrong at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something had gone wrong at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something had gone wrong at some
+point for sure and you'd have to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for sure and you'd have to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for sure and you'd have to go and
+figure out where it was uh I think I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where it was uh I think I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where it was uh I think I'll
+end there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CG9E8P41LL0.txt b/CG9E8P41LL0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa86bfda5a1dbd767305e852d9a1af1a66504cd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CG9E8P41LL0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu yeah that's an exciting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu yeah that's an exciting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu yeah that's an exciting time
+in graduate school you finished with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graduate school you finished with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graduate school you finished with
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look I don't want to wait for others to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I don't want to wait for others to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I don't want to wait for others to
+show up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up because
+we as it is we're probably short one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as it is we're probably short one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as it is we're probably short one
+class and going through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and going through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and going through all the
+neocortex very carefully I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex very carefully I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex very carefully I just want to
+point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out
+major things that I think you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major things that I think you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major things that I think you need to
+know uh when we talk about radial faical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh when we talk about radial faical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh when we talk about radial faical
+in the neocortex we just mean these you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neocortex we just mean these you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neocortex we just mean these you
+see in the previous picture here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the previous picture here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the previous picture here these
+are the slides from last time we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the slides from last time we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the slides from last time we started
+last time here these are the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time here these are the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time here these are the radial
+picles these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picles these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picles these are
+transverse uh groups of axons so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse uh groups of axons so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse uh groups of axons so what
+kind of axon has to be in there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of axon has to be in there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of axon has to be in there that's
+what I'm asking you and if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm asking you and if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm asking you and if you've
+learned a bit about neuro Anatomy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a bit about neuro Anatomy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a bit about neuro Anatomy you
+shouldn't have to even look at the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have to even look at the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have to even look at the book
+you know they've got to be the phal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they've got to be the phal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they've got to be the phal
+cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical
+they're terminating in all the layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're terminating in all the layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're terminating in all the layers
+but especially in layer four and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but especially in layer four and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but especially in layer four and you see
+the layers numbered out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layers numbered out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layers numbered out
+here all right and what else do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right and what else do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right and what else do they
+include well the various outputs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include well the various outputs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include well the various outputs they
+there are outputs to the brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are outputs to the brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are outputs to the brain stem
+they're coming from layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming from layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming from layer
+five uh there outputs to the thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five uh there outputs to the thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five uh there outputs to the thalamus
+coming from layer six and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from layer six and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from layer six and there's
+outputs to other areas of Cortex coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs to other areas of Cortex coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs to other areas of Cortex coming
+from layer 2 and three okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from layer 2 and three okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from layer 2 and three okay so that's
+what makes up those radial facies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes up those radial facies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes up those radial facies in
+fact there's also some intra columnar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's also some intra columnar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's also some intra columnar
+axons but most of those are probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons but most of those are probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons but most of those are probably not
+in the radial fices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the radial fices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the radial fices
+but axons that have so little myin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but axons that have so little myin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but axons that have so little myin that
+you don't really see them in this myON
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really see them in this myON
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really see them in this myON
+St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St
+okay so I just summarize that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just summarize that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just summarize that in the
+following slides here and I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following slides here and I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following slides here and I mentioned
+the line of janari it it's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line of janari it it's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line of janari it it's a sort of
+historical point but it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical point but it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical point but it's an interesting
+one because it refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it refers
+to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of
+these this one this transverse group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this one this transverse group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this one this transverse group of
+axons we can see here on the picture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons we can see here on the picture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons we can see here on the picture uh
+from Rodell and there's a similar one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Rodell and there's a similar one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Rodell and there's a similar one in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+book okay so just mention what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book okay so just mention what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book okay so just mention what that is
+there if you look at the you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you look at the you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you look at the you can
+actually see it in a dissection if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it in a dissection if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it in a dissection if you
+make a slice through the visual CeX you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a slice through the visual CeX you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a slice through the visual CeX you
+see this light air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this light air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this light air
+area and I'll mark it here this is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and I'll mark it here this is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and I'll mark it here this is in a
+young human brain it's actually a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young human brain it's actually a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young human brain it's actually a little
+clear the the purpose of these slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the the purpose of these slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the the purpose of these slides
+was to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distinct nature of the cytoarchitecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct nature of the cytoarchitecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct nature of the cytoarchitecture
+of these different regions and one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different regions and one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different regions and one the
+clearest boundary in all the cortex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearest boundary in all the cortex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearest boundary in all the cortex is
+the boundary between area 17 and 18 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary between area 17 and 18 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary between area 17 and 18 17
+on the left here 18 on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left here 18 on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left here 18 on the right
+this is in a milein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in a milein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in a milein
+stain where you see again big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain where you see again big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain where you see again big difference
+uh in the left side which is area 17 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the left side which is area 17 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the left side which is area 17 the
+right side which is Area 18 and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side which is Area 18 and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side which is Area 18 and in the
+middle of 17 you have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of 17 you have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of 17 you have all these
+axons so they have to be mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons so they have to be mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons so they have to be mostly
+transverse accents short Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse accents short Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse accents short Association
+accents and perhaps some longer ones go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents and perhaps some longer ones go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents and perhaps some longer ones go
+from one part of the area 17 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one part of the area 17 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one part of the area 17 to
+others and this is from the adult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and this is from the adult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and this is from the adult and
+here I've numbered in the nissle stain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've numbered in the nissle stain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've numbered in the nissle stain
+the layers for you you see that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layers for you you see that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layers for you you see that here
+this is Jar's line here so the the axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Jar's line here so the the axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Jar's line here so the the axons
+in the middle of layer four so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of layer four so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of layer four so there's a
+lot of granular cells on either side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of granular cells on either side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of granular cells on either side of
+it and there you see this these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there you see this these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there you see this these are
+corresponding pictures this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding pictures this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding pictures this is the
+milein where you see those that stripe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milein where you see those that stripe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milein where you see those that stripe
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+jari named after the medical student who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jari named after the medical student who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jari named after the medical student who
+first know noticed it called attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first know noticed it called attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first know noticed it called attention
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+it okay so now let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so now let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so now let's talk about the
+specialized cortical CS we used to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized cortical CS we used to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized cortical CS we used to think
+they were mainly you know places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were mainly you know places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were mainly you know places like
+visual cortex where the the two eyes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex where the the two eyes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex where the the two eyes are
+represented in adjacent Stripes Columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in adjacent Stripes Columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in adjacent Stripes Columns
+of Cortex so how was that visualized do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cortex so how was that visualized do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cortex so how was that visualized do
+you remember they injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember they injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember they injected
+a a tracer right into the eyeball it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a tracer right into the eyeball it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a tracer right into the eyeball it's
+taken up by the retinal gangl cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken up by the retinal gangl cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken up by the retinal gangl cells and
+then it's they use a tracer like Proline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's they use a tracer like Proline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's they use a tracer like Proline
+that's trans that's will go trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's trans that's will go trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's trans that's will go trans
+neuronally so it reaches the geniculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuronally so it reaches the geniculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuronally so it reaches the geniculate
+body it gets taken up by the cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it gets taken up by the cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it gets taken up by the cells in
+the geniculate which then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geniculate which then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geniculate which then it's
+transferred up to the transported up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred up to the transported up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred up to the transported up to
+the visual cortex and if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex and if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual cortex and if you do a
+tangential sections of the cortex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential sections of the cortex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential sections of the cortex and
+put together different sections you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together different sections you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together different sections you can
+get a picture like this that shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a picture like this that shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a picture like this that shows that
+zebra stripe pattern the light Stripes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra stripe pattern the light Stripes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra stripe pattern the light Stripes
+here are the labeled ones from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the labeled ones from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the labeled ones from one
+eye and if you had labeled both eyes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and if you had labeled both eyes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and if you had labeled both eyes it
+would be totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be totally
+white but there the other eye projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white but there the other eye projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white but there the other eye projects
+to the in between stripes there okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the in between stripes there okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the in between stripes there okay but
+it turns out that columnar types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that columnar types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that columnar types of
+termination of axons is very common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination of axons is very common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination of axons is very common in
+the cortex NAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex NAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex NAA
+in this is he worked with Pat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is he worked with Pat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is he worked with Pat
+Goldman she came up here to his left lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldman she came up here to his left lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldman she came up here to his left lab
+and learn some of the techniques for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn some of the techniques for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn some of the techniques for
+tracing and this is from a study they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing and this is from a study they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing and this is from a study they
+did together where they were tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did together where they were tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did together where they were tracing
+prefrontal Association area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal Association area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal Association area
+projections to more posterior parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections to more posterior parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections to more posterior parts of
+the cortex and they trace them here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex and they trace them here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex and they trace them here to
+the retrosplenial area of Cortex and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retrosplenial area of Cortex and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retrosplenial area of Cortex and you
+see this termination in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this termination in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this termination in
+Stripes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stripes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stripes
+okay and I just point out here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I just point out here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I just point out here at the
+top I I wrote this this morning calinar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top I I wrote this this morning calinar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top I I wrote this this morning calinar
+patterns of X and termination are common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of X and termination are common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of X and termination are common
+feature of many inputs to neocortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of many inputs to neocortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of many inputs to neocortical
+areas many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas many of the
+transcortical uh projections are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcortical uh projections are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcortical uh projections are like
+this where you have more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you have more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you have more than one
+transcortical input coming in to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcortical input coming in to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcortical input coming in to the
+same area and some some of them are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same area and some some of them are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same area and some some of them are also
+the Colossal projections also terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Colossal projections also terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Colossal projections also terminate
+in this manner indicating some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this manner indicating some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this manner indicating some kind of
+integration of these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of these two different
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+okay now we've talked a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we've talked a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we've talked a number of
+different different times about major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different times about major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different times about major
+types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+Cortex and first of all the major types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex and first of all the major types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex and first of all the major types
+are neocortex and the other cortex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are neocortex and the other cortex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are neocortex and the other cortex and
+the in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in between
+ones paralympic Ares are often sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones paralympic Ares are often sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones paralympic Ares are often sometimes
+people call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call them
+neocortex um most people just call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex um most people just call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex um most people just call them
+uh jux Alo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh jux Alo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh jux Alo
+cortex you know or you know transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex you know or you know transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex you know or you know transitional
+areas between neocortex and limix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas between neocortex and limix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas between neocortex and limix is
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+so those are the three major types but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the three major types but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the three major types but
+within those types now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within those types now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within those types now there are
+different regions we know about brocka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions we know about brocka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions we know about brocka
+areas they are all different areas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas they are all different areas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas they are all different areas in
+the neocortex and he did it by cyto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex and he did it by cyto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex and he did it by cyto
+architecture with missile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture with missile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture with missile
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+um you can also use major connections as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can also use major connections as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can also use major connections as
+we grouping them so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we grouping them so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we grouping them so let's look at
+examples of that if you just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that if you just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that if you just use
+connections as mesum was doing when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections as mesum was doing when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections as mesum was doing when he
+grouped the paralympic areas you see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped the paralympic areas you see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped the paralympic areas you see one
+group I probably showed this before one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I probably showed this before one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I probably showed this before one
+group that projects to pair hippocampal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that projects to pair hippocampal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that projects to pair hippocampal
+areas so it's sending information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas so it's sending information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas so it's sending information
+towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the
+hippocampus and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and the other
+group and together they constitute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and together they constitute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and together they constitute the
+entire limic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire limic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire limic
+lobe the other area is darker in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe the other area is darker in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe the other area is darker in his
+picture here I they use different colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here I they use different colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here I they use different colors
+in the book but I I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book but I I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book but I I used to
+I base my figure on mesim picture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I base my figure on mesim picture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I base my figure on mesim picture the
+mesim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesim
+picture uh are the we he calls them olao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh are the we he calls them olao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh are the we he calls them olao
+Centric you know there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric you know there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric you know there would be
+different ways to name it but they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to name it but they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to name it but they tend
+to project to areas that are closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to project to areas that are closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to project to areas that are closely
+related to old factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to old factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to old factory
+system to the amygdala to the basil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to the amygdala to the basil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to the amygdala to the basil
+forbrain all right and they project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain all right and they project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain all right and they project to
+areas involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the you could say the limic tags the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you could say the limic tags the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you could say the limic tags the the
+the way we uh the emotions associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we uh the emotions associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we uh the emotions associate
+with objects it's always concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with objects it's always concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with objects it's always concerned with
+object information whereas the hippocamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object information whereas the hippocamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object information whereas the hippocamp
+Centric is more concerned with Place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric is more concerned with Place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric is more concerned with Place
+information so that's a way to group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so that's a way to group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so that's a way to group
+cortical regions on the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical regions on the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical regions on the basis of
+connections and and it's convenient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and and it's convenient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and and it's convenient to
+group the paralympic areas that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the paralympic areas that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the paralympic areas that way
+those transitional areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transitional areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transitional areas
+these are areas that get a lot of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are areas that get a lot of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are areas that get a lot of inputs
+from association areas of neocortex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from association areas of neocortex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from association areas of neocortex and
+they're all connected to deeper Ling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all connected to deeper Ling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all connected to deeper Ling
+lindic system structures like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lindic system structures like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lindic system structures like the
+amigdala and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amigdala and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amigdala and the
+hippocampus okay so whereas within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus okay so whereas within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus okay so whereas within the
+neocortex now we see structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex now we see structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex now we see structural
+differences the extremes are shown at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences the extremes are shown at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences the extremes are shown at
+the two ends in this picture based on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two ends in this picture based on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two ends in this picture based on uh
+tono um who like broadman did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tono um who like broadman did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tono um who like broadman did a lot of
+Psych cytoarchitectural work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psych cytoarchitectural work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psych cytoarchitectural work on the
+human brain as well as other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain as well as other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain as well as other
+animals and he's showing primary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and he's showing primary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and he's showing primary sensory
+at this end and so just look at layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this end and so just look at layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this end and so just look at layer
+four here where you see the granular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four here where you see the granular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four here where you see the granular
+cells and then look at the other extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and then look at the other extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and then look at the other extreme
+primary motor cortex it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary motor cortex it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary motor cortex it's a
+granular when you get to the layer 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granular when you get to the layer 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granular when you get to the layer 4
+region it doesn't really look much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it doesn't really look much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it doesn't really look much
+different from the layers above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the layers above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the layers above and
+below it because there are many paramal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it because there are many paramal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it because there are many paramal
+cells and not so many granual cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and not so many granual cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and not so many granual cells so
+it doesn't form a distinct layer so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't form a distinct layer so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't form a distinct layer so but
+that's only in a granular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only in a granular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only in a granular
+cortex the motor areas okay and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex the motor areas okay and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex the motor areas okay and then you
+have other areas uh prefrontal types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other areas uh prefrontal types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other areas uh prefrontal types of
+Cortex parietal types and the polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex parietal types and the polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex parietal types and the polar
+types frontal pole temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types frontal pole temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types frontal pole temporal
+pole which are a little different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole which are a little different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole which are a little different but
+they still have it's always possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still have it's always possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still have it's always possible to
+name the six layers the only place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name the six layers the only place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name the six layers the only place that
+would be difficult is in the motor C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be difficult is in the motor C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be difficult is in the motor C
+motor cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor cortical
+areas okay so let's say a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay so let's say a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay so let's say a little more
+about these layer 4 extremes uh biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these layer 4 extremes uh biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these layer 4 extremes uh biggest
+differences are between the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are between the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are between the primary
+visual cortex and the primary motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex and the primary motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex and the primary motor
+cortex where uh so that's the lay what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex where uh so that's the lay what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex where uh so that's the lay what I
+was just talking about the layer four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just talking about the layer four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just talking about the layer four
+differences and we saw area 177 earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and we saw area 177 earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and we saw area 177 earlier
+you see how prominent even more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how prominent even more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how prominent even more more
+than in the phonal picture here more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the phonal picture here more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the phonal picture here more
+extremely prominent layer four is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely prominent layer four is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely prominent layer four is and
+it's it can be subdivided it's normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it can be subdivided it's normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it can be subdivided it's normally
+subdivided in primates into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivided in primates into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivided in primates into three
+sublayers and then in addition it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublayers and then in addition it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublayers and then in addition it has
+those that L those transverse fibers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that L those transverse fibers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that L those transverse fibers the
+line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of
+genar all right and we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genar all right and we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genar all right and we've talked about
+connectional differences in this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectional differences in this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectional differences in this diagram
+I take the cell bodies in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the cell bodies in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the cell bodies in these
+different layers and show how the axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers and show how the axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers and show how the axon
+from those cell bodies The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those cell bodies The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those cell bodies The
+prominent direction of axon outlow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent direction of axon outlow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent direction of axon outlow from
+those layers it's based on this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those layers it's based on this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those layers it's based on this picture
+which we saw earlier which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we saw earlier which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we saw earlier which
+shows sort of a expanded view a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows sort of a expanded view a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows sort of a expanded view a slightly
+expanded view of major connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded view of major connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded view of major connections
+within one cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one cortical
+column it shows the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column it shows the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column it shows the different
+Association types of axons as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association types of axons as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association types of axons as well as
+projection axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection axons
+okay so it's useful to know these uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's useful to know these uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's useful to know these uh you
+can these are represent the phal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can these are represent the phal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can these are represent the phal
+cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical
+axons uh like to a sensory area coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons uh like to a sensory area coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons uh like to a sensory area coming
+primarily to layer four but also layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily to layer four but also layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily to layer four but also layers
+1 and six and a little bit less to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and six and a little bit less to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and six and a little bit less to the
+other layers okay it does go to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other layers okay it does go to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other layers okay it does go to all the
+layers but but these are the dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers but but these are the dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers but but these are the dense
+projections in that densest projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections in that densest projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections in that densest projection
+to layer four you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to layer four you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to layer four you can see the
+information goes from layer four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information goes from layer four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information goes from layer four
+primarily up by means of the excitatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily up by means of the excitatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily up by means of the excitatory
+interneurons the little stellate cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneurons the little stellate cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneurons the little stellate cells
+that have axons that just project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have axons that just project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have axons that just project
+towards the peel surface and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the peel surface and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the peel surface and they
+terminate in layers 2 and three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate in layers 2 and three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate in layers 2 and three and
+those layers project heavily to layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those layers project heavily to layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those layers project heavily to layer
+five in addition to having Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five in addition to having Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five in addition to having Association
+connections to other cortical areas I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to other cortical areas I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to other cortical areas I'm
+not showing those I'm just showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not showing those I'm just showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not showing those I'm just showing the
+intra colar connections here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra colar connections here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra colar connections here and and
+five projects to six and six and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five projects to six and six and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five projects to six and six and five
+both have some feedback connections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have some feedback connections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have some feedback connections to
+the more superficial layers okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more superficial layers okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more superficial layers okay and
+this we used this one before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we used this one before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we used this one before this
+picture of a cortical column to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a cortical column to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a cortical column to talk
+about the different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different types
+of transverse Connections in the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transverse Connections in the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transverse Connections in the cortex
+within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the
+layers in layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers in layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers in layer
+one in layer four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in layer four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in layer four
+primarily and then transc cortically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily and then transc cortically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily and then transc cortically by
+U fibers to other areas I show one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U fibers to other areas I show one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U fibers to other areas I show one here
+coming from layer two layer three cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from layer two layer three cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from layer two layer three cells
+would have many connections like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have many connections like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have many connections like that
+also and then layers five and six going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and then layers five and six going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and then layers five and six going
+going to subcortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to subcortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to subcortical
+areas Corpus trium phalus brain stem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas Corpus trium phalus brain stem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas Corpus trium phalus brain stem the
+ones to phalus come from layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to phalus come from layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to phalus come from layer
+six all right another way to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six all right another way to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six all right another way to look at
+those layer four extremes is is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those layer four extremes is is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those layer four extremes is is an
+interesting one of comparison made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one of comparison made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one of comparison made by
+Brian Craig in the electron microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian Craig in the electron microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian Craig in the electron microscope
+studies just looked at total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies just looked at total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies just looked at total number of
+synapses per cell just take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses per cell just take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses per cell just take a little
+column of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of
+Cortex uh do the same for visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex uh do the same for visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex uh do the same for visual cortex
+and motor cortex he did it for for rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motor cortex he did it for for rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motor cortex he did it for for rats
+and for monkeys this is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for monkeys this is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for monkeys this is for the
+monkey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey and
+uh he uh counted the synapses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he uh counted the synapses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he uh counted the synapses and
+counted the cell bodies the the neuronal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted the cell bodies the the neuronal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted the cell bodies the the neuronal
+cell bodies he found about 4,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell bodies he found about 4,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell bodies he found about 4,000
+synapses per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses per
+neuron in the primary visual cortex but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron in the primary visual cortex but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron in the primary visual cortex but
+in area 4 the primary motor cortex he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in area 4 the primary motor cortex he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in area 4 the primary motor cortex he
+found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found
+60,000 what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60,000 what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60,000 what does that
+indicate a lot of con much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate a lot of con much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate a lot of con much more
+convergence in the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in the motor
+cortex coming from various sources into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex coming from various sources into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex coming from various sources into
+those neurons in in the motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I mentioned the different kind where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mentioned the different kind where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mentioned the different kind where
+those synapses the kind of Acts on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those synapses the kind of Acts on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those synapses the kind of Acts on that
+is synapsing on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is synapsing on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is synapsing on those
+cells I asked here what are probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells I asked here what are probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells I asked here what are probably the
+dominant ones in area 17 we always think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant ones in area 17 we always think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant ones in area 17 we always think
+of the phal cortical for area 17 and yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phal cortical for area 17 and yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phal cortical for area 17 and yes
+many synapses are like that but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many synapses are like that but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many synapses are like that but I think
+you have to ask about those synapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to ask about those synapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to ask about those synapses
+formed by the axons in the line of J the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by the axons in the line of J the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by the axons in the line of J the
+transverse exent they probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse exent they probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse exent they probably
+contribute large numbers of that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute large numbers of that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute large numbers of that of
+terminals as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals as
+well all right let's look briefly at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right let's look briefly at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right let's look briefly at the
+functional types and talk about broadman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional types and talk about broadman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional types and talk about broadman
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+uh first of all about functional types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first of all about functional types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first of all about functional types
+we usually talk about primary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually talk about primary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually talk about primary sensory
+primary motor Association in limic areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary motor Association in limic areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary motor Association in limic areas
+I like mim's view which is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like mim's view which is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like mim's view which is very similar
+but he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he talks
+about the uh idiotypic cortex as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh idiotypic cortex as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh idiotypic cortex as the
+most specialized that's primary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most specialized that's primary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most specialized that's primary sensory
+and primary motor they're the areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and primary motor they're the areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and primary motor they're the areas that
+are most different from other areas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are most different from other areas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are most different from other areas so
+that's one type in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one type in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one type in his
+nomenclature primary sensory or motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature primary sensory or motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature primary sensory or motor
+and then he divides Association cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he divides Association cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he divides Association cortex
+into unimodal or primarily unimodal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into unimodal or primarily unimodal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into unimodal or primarily unimodal and
+the multimodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multimodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multimodal
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+and then finally you have the limic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally you have the limic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally you have the limic
+areas now broadman used nissle methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas now broadman used nissle methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas now broadman used nissle methods
+to divide up all of the neocortex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide up all of the neocortex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide up all of the neocortex and
+this this is the map and what I did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the map and what I did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the map and what I did here
+you'd have to enlarge this quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to enlarge this quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to enlarge this quite a bit
+to actually see his numbers what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually see his numbers what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually see his numbers what I've
+done is I've put red dots by the areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is I've put red dots by the areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is I've put red dots by the areas
+that basically all anatomists know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically all anatomists know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically all anatomists know
+okay uh the others we often just talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the others we often just talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the others we often just talk
+about the region like the various Temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the region like the various Temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the region like the various Temple
+regions prefrontal regions the areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions prefrontal regions the areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions prefrontal regions the areas of
+locus cortex here and inferior uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus cortex here and inferior uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus cortex here and inferior uh
+prefrontal cortex and premot cortex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal cortex and premot cortex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal cortex and premot cortex so
+what are these areas I've marked well 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these areas I've marked well 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these areas I've marked well 17
+18 and 19 in the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 and 19 in the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 and 19 in the visual
+areas that is the primary visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that is the primary visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that is the primary visual cortex
+17 18 and 19 which are uni modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 18 and 19 which are uni modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 18 and 19 which are uni modal
+association areas of the visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas of the visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas of the visual system
+okay there are additional ones but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are additional ones but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are additional ones but
+uh because the visual system in primat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the visual system in primat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because the visual system in primat
+has expanded so much into the temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has expanded so much into the temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has expanded so much into the temporal
+Lo and then here in CA sensory primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo and then here in CA sensory primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo and then here in CA sensory primary
+CA sensory areas 3 1 and two those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA sensory areas 3 1 and two those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA sensory areas 3 1 and two those are
+the broadening numbers and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broadening numbers and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broadening numbers and then in the
+motor cortex area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor cortex area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor cortex area
+four is the primary motor cortex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is the primary motor cortex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is the primary motor cortex and
+right in front of it area six that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in front of it area six that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in front of it area six that's the
+preo cortex these are the areas that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preo cortex these are the areas that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preo cortex these are the areas that get
+the projections from V ventrolateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projections from V ventrolateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projections from V ventrolateral
+nuclear in the ventral anterior increas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear in the ventral anterior increas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear in the ventral anterior increas
+area four and area six okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area four and area six okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area four and area six okay and then
+people usually know what area eight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people usually know what area eight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people usually know what area eight is
+it's the frontal ey Fields gets input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the frontal ey Fields gets input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the frontal ey Fields gets input
+from visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from visual
+system sight of the uh working memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sight of the uh working memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sight of the uh working memory
+for positions in the egocentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positions in the egocentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positions in the egocentric
+positions around our head we retain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions around our head we retain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions around our head we retain the
+information at least briefly it's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at least briefly it's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at least briefly it's used
+in making decisions about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in making decisions about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in making decisions about where
+to move our eyes make cine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move our eyes make cine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move our eyes make cine
+the voluntary movements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eyes probably not the involuntary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes probably not the involuntary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes probably not the involuntary but
+voluntary ones all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so when we come to functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when we come to functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when we come to functional
+differences what are the methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences what are the methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences what are the methods that
+people have used just summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have used just summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have used just summarize
+them what do you remember what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what do you remember what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what do you remember what have
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+done we're talking about function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we're talking about function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we're talking about function
+they've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry stimulation and recording the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry stimulation and recording the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry stimulation and recording the
+electrophysiological methods those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiological methods those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiological methods those are
+major methods that have been used a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major methods that have been used a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major methods that have been used a long
+long time in Neuroscience to specify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in Neuroscience to specify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in Neuroscience to specify the
+function it does the best for sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it does the best for sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it does the best for sensory
+areas and motor areas they've used more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and motor areas they've used more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and motor areas they've used more
+electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+stimulation okay uh what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method lesions exactly ablation results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method lesions exactly ablation results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method lesions exactly ablation results
+we make them in animals under we we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make them in animals under we we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make them in animals under we we know
+where the different areas are in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the different areas are in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the different areas are in an
+animal and we specifically try to ablate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and we specifically try to ablate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and we specifically try to ablate
+very specific areas to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific areas to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific areas to work out
+functional differences in humans it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional differences in humans it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional differences in humans it's
+people that have had Strokes or gunshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that have had Strokes or gunshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that have had Strokes or gunshot
+wounds or other traumatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wounds or other traumatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wounds or other traumatic
+injury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury
+uh to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the uh
+cortex and that is all contribute all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and that is all contribute all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and that is all contribute all of
+those methods have contributed a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those methods have contributed a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those methods have contributed a lot to
+our knowing and functional differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our knowing and functional differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our knowing and functional differences
+and what's the newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the newer
+method the functional Imaging methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the functional Imaging methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the functional Imaging methods
+okay pet scanning and magnetic resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pet scanning and magnetic resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pet scanning and magnetic resonance
+imaging primarily magnetic resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging primarily magnetic resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging primarily magnetic resonance
+imaging and now of course also Magneto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging and now of course also Magneto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging and now of course also Magneto
+and craphy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and craphy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and craphy is
+used these are all techniques you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used these are all techniques you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used these are all techniques you can
+use in live people as well as live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in live people as well as live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in live people as well as live
+animals all right so this is just I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals all right so this is just I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals all right so this is just I want
+to review temporalization briefly show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to review temporalization briefly show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to review temporalization briefly show
+you one more thing and then accents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one more thing and then accents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one more thing and then accents to
+and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from
+neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex
+U we' talked about the big neocortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U we' talked about the big neocortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U we' talked about the big neocortical
+expansion we that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion we that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion we that we call
+temporalization if you take a rodent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporalization if you take a rodent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporalization if you take a rodent
+brain here and compare it to these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain here and compare it to these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain here and compare it to these other
+three brains you see the enormous amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three brains you see the enormous amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three brains you see the enormous amount
+of Cortex in the tempal lobe here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cortex in the tempal lobe here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cortex in the tempal lobe here
+because this area here has expanded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this area here has expanded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this area here has expanded so
+much it's just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it's just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it's just you
+know it's done that so what I did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's done that so what I did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's done that so what I did here
+is I've shown positions of 17 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+18 the oldest visual areas and then can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 the oldest visual areas and then can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 the oldest visual areas and then can
+you see my yeah looks like it's a yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see my yeah looks like it's a yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see my yeah looks like it's a yellow
+there I show this huge expansion visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I show this huge expansion visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I show this huge expansion visual
+CeX there into the temple lobe going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CeX there into the temple lobe going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CeX there into the temple lobe going all
+the way down there and going going it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down there and going going it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down there and going going it
+here into the parietal cortex posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into the parietal cortex posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into the parietal cortex posterior
+parietal down into the this is the infr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal down into the this is the infr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal down into the this is the infr
+tempal gyus INR temporal cortex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempal gyus INR temporal cortex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempal gyus INR temporal cortex the
+equivalent areas in the rat some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent areas in the rat some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent areas in the rat some of them
+have been found only fairly recently so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been found only fairly recently so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been found only fairly recently so
+here's 17 this they call 18a in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 17 this they call 18a in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 17 this they call 18a in the in
+the rat or mouse or hamster it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat or mouse or hamster it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat or mouse or hamster it's
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+several several different areas so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several several different areas so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several several different areas so there
+it's actually not a single area so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not a single area so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not a single area so it's
+not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally
+equivalent even though it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent even though it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent even though it's always
+pictured that way it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured that way it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured that way it's really not
+equivalent to Area 18 in the primates or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to Area 18 in the primates or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to Area 18 in the primates or
+in the cat because it's multiple areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cat because it's multiple areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cat because it's multiple areas
+all with separate representations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all with separate representations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all with separate representations of the
+virual field not a single one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virual field not a single one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virual field not a single one okay so
+that's one difference the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one difference the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one difference the other thing is
+the area here I've put the the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area here I've put the the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area here I've put the the orange
+line around or yellow orange line is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line around or yellow orange line is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line around or yellow orange line is the
+area the only area that we know of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the only area that we know of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the only area that we know of in
+the rodent that's equivalent to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rodent that's equivalent to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rodent that's equivalent to this
+expanded area in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded area in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded area in the
+primates it can contains the post rinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates it can contains the post rinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates it can contains the post rinal
+cortex an area that's really par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex an area that's really par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex an area that's really par
+hippocampal projects pretty directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal projects pretty directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal projects pretty directly
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+hippocampus and the perinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and the perinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and the perinal
+cortex right next to the O Factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex right next to the O Factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex right next to the O Factory
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+okay those are all areas that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are all areas that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are all areas that you do
+find in these larger brains as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in these larger brains as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in these larger brains as as
+well okay now let's just review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay now let's just review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay now let's just review
+something I I talk I want to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I I talk I want to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I I talk I want to know about
+axons coming from centry and motor areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons coming from centry and motor areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons coming from centry and motor areas
+they go all the way to the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go all the way to the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go all the way to the spinal cord
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+these These are the longest accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these These are the longest accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these These are the longest accents
+coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of
+neocortex even in animals like are a rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex even in animals like are a rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex even in animals like are a rat
+or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a
+mouse uh you should be able to name name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse uh you should be able to name name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse uh you should be able to name name
+them we've done this before the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we've done this before the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we've done this before the midterm
+you should still remember this U this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should still remember this U this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should still remember this U this is
+the picture we showed earlier and I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture we showed earlier and I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture we showed earlier and I show
+accents coming out of the cortex going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents coming out of the cortex going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents coming out of the cortex going
+through the internal capsule and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the internal capsule and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the internal capsule and they
+become the cereal peduncle along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the cereal peduncle along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the cereal peduncle along the
+sides of the dianon in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the dianon in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the dianon in this
+region and then they become the paramal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then they become the paramal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then they become the paramal
+tract after passing through the ponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract after passing through the ponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract after passing through the ponds
+and then they're just called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're just called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're just called
+corticospinal tract axons in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal tract axons in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal tract axons in which
+they're inside the surface clal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're inside the surface clal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're inside the surface clal cord
+okay and some we also use this name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and some we also use this name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and some we also use this name
+Corona radiata so here when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corona radiata so here when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corona radiata so here when they're
+coming out of the cortex and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the cortex and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the cortex and they have
+this in a dissection you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a dissection you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a dissection you can see this
+radiating pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating pattern of
+accents that's the white in the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents that's the white in the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents that's the white in the white
+matter thick white matter of the cerebal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter thick white matter of the cerebal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter thick white matter of the cerebal
+hemispheres they're called the corona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres they're called the corona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres they're called the corona
+radio and those funnel into the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio and those funnel into the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio and those funnel into the internal
+capsule which is what the axons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsule which is what the axons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsule which is what the axons are
+called when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called when
+they're within the Corpus Statum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're within the Corpus Statum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're within the Corpus Statum or
+going through the Corpus Statum they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the Corpus Statum they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the Corpus Statum they're
+called the internal capsule okay they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the internal capsule okay they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the internal capsule okay they're
+encapsulated by carpet Statum and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated by carpet Statum and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated by carpet Statum and then
+they become same accents they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become same accents they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become same accents they come
+become cereal peduncle when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become cereal peduncle when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become cereal peduncle when they're
+further down going alongside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down going alongside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down going alongside the
+dlon and then they become they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlon and then they become they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlon and then they become they they're
+can we can keep calling them pet unle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can keep calling them pet unle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can keep calling them pet unle
+when they're at the base of the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're at the base of the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're at the base of the midbrain
+and then we change the name after they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we change the name after they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we change the name after they
+go through the pots so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the pots so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the pots so what's the
+difference in the axons of the cereal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the axons of the cereal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the axons of the cereal
+peduncle and the axons of the paramal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peduncle and the axons of the paramal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peduncle and the axons of the paramal
+track what's missing when you get coddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track what's missing when you get coddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track what's missing when you get coddle
+to The Ponds well all the cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to The Ponds well all the cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to The Ponds well all the cortical
+pontine fibers have terminated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pontine fibers have terminated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pontine fibers have terminated and
+there's huge numbers of them so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's huge numbers of them so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's huge numbers of them so it's a
+lot smaller now okay you could ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot smaller now okay you could ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot smaller now okay you could ask the
+same question about internal capsule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question about internal capsule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question about internal capsule
+versus the peduncle at the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the peduncle at the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the peduncle at the base of the
+midbrain well all the fibers terminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain well all the fibers terminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain well all the fibers terminating
+in the Twin brain are gone now unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Twin brain are gone now unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Twin brain are gone now unless
+they're branches okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're branches okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're branches okay all
+right so that's all just one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's all just one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's all just one of the
+major axon bundles leading into an into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major axon bundles leading into an into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major axon bundles leading into an into
+and out of the Maman forbrain what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of the Maman forbrain what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of the Maman forbrain what is
+the other one this is all lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one this is all lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one this is all lateral
+forbrain bundle the other one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain bundle the other one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain bundle the other one is the
+medial forbrain bundle and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial forbrain bundle and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial forbrain bundle and these are the
+pictures we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures we had
+so all of those accents we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of those accents we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of those accents we were just
+talking about are here are lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about are here are lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about are here are lateral
+forbrain bundle accents they do include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain bundle accents they do include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain bundle accents they do include
+some accents from the Corpus trium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some accents from the Corpus trium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some accents from the Corpus trium that
+don't go anywhere near as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go anywhere near as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go anywhere near as far as the
+ones from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones from
+cortex the Corpus trium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex the Corpus trium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex the Corpus trium
+fibers reach the longest ones get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers reach the longest ones get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers reach the longest ones get to the
+coddle mid brain okay that midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coddle mid brain okay that midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coddle mid brain okay that midbrain
+locomotor region the midbrain extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotor region the midbrain extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotor region the midbrain extra
+paramal region codling the mid brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramal region codling the mid brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramal region codling the mid brain and
+the we take it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we take it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we take it for
+all right so those are the these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so those are the these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so those are the these are
+those pictures that show those two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pictures that show those two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pictures that show those two major
+bundles and I name the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay that I open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so let's talk more about F cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's talk more about F cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's talk more about F cortical
+organization and transcortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and transcortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and transcortical
+connections Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections Association
+cortex and then at the end about pamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and then at the end about pamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and then at the end about pamic
+Evolution which we might not get to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution which we might not get to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution which we might not get to in
+class but it just summarizes for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but it just summarizes for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but it just summarizes for you
+things that I talk about in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I talk about in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I talk about in the book
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so first of all if you look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all if you look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all if you look at these
+hemispheres of a rodent a cat or a dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres of a rodent a cat or a dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres of a rodent a cat or a dog
+this is a cat and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cat and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cat and and a
+human what is the rhinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human what is the rhinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human what is the rhinal
+sulcus in the Ren it's the one sulkus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulcus in the Ren it's the one sulkus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulcus in the Ren it's the one sulkus
+you can see from the lateral side that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from the lateral side that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from the lateral side that
+sulcus it simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulcus it simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulcus it simply
+separates the neocortex on one side from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates the neocortex on one side from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates the neocortex on one side from
+the olda cortex on the other two areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the olda cortex on the other two areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the olda cortex on the other two areas
+that have very different inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have very different inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have very different inputs and
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+functions you see it in the cat here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you see it in the cat here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you see it in the cat here as
+well you can follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can follow
+it even into the temperal Lo and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it even into the temperal Lo and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it even into the temperal Lo and the
+human it's there all right but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human it's there all right but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human it's there all right but you don't
+see it in the lateral view because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in the lateral view because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in the lateral view because you
+would have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to look
+from underneath to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from underneath to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from underneath to see
+it and in these simplified drawings here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in these simplified drawings here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in these simplified drawings here
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+hemisphere uh look at the lower one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere uh look at the lower one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere uh look at the lower one here
+there's the rhinal sulcus there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the rhinal sulcus there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the rhinal sulcus there is one
+other sulcus but it's on the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sulcus but it's on the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sulcus but it's on the medial
+sides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides the
+hippocampal um where the infolding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal um where the infolding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal um where the infolding of
+the hippocampus forms a little sulcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippocampus forms a little sulcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippocampus forms a little sulcus
+there okay I'm showing it here sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay I'm showing it here sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay I'm showing it here sort of
+the very rostal hippocampus in an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very rostal hippocampus in an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very rostal hippocampus in an animal
+like an aosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay other mammals have it there too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other mammals have it there too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other mammals have it there too but
+it's much tinier it's only large CA all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much tinier it's only large CA all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much tinier it's only large CA all
+right what does this name mean Ola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what does this name mean Ola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what does this name mean Ola
+peduncle you know you go to medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peduncle you know you go to medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peduncle you know you go to medical
+school and these terms come up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and these terms come up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and these terms come up and you
+say well why didn't I learn that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well why didn't I learn that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well why didn't I learn that well
+look here's a ventral view of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here's a ventral view of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here's a ventral view of the human
+brain and this is the old factory bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and this is the old factory bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and this is the old factory bulb
+and in the darker Orange there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the darker Orange there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the darker Orange there is the
+actual bulb but if you insert a spatel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual bulb but if you insert a spatel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual bulb but if you insert a spatel
+under and we did this for the Sheep too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under and we did this for the Sheep too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under and we did this for the Sheep too
+you can actually lift that whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually lift that whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually lift that whole thing
+up it's not just the bulb you're lifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's not just the bulb you're lifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's not just the bulb you're lifting
+up it's the connections to the olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's the connections to the olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's the connections to the olfactory
+cortex in fact there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex in fact there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex in fact there's a little bit of
+olaer Cortex right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olaer Cortex right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olaer Cortex right in the
+petle okay so this all lifts up about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petle okay so this all lifts up about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petle okay so this all lifts up about
+back to here and then the axons continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to here and then the axons continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to here and then the axons continue
+codly and they go here into the olda old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codly and they go here into the olda old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codly and they go here into the olda old
+factory tub in the basil cor brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory tub in the basil cor brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory tub in the basil cor brain and
+then to the various parts of thefactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to the various parts of thefactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to the various parts of thefactory
+Cortex you can look back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex you can look back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex you can look back at the
+olfactory system chapters and see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory system chapters and see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory system chapters and see these
+pictures so that's what the olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so that's what the olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so that's what the olfactory
+Tule is uh and many animals have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tule is uh and many animals have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tule is uh and many animals have that
+many fish have the olfactory bulbs way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fish have the olfactory bulbs way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fish have the olfactory bulbs way
+way out in the snout and the brain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out in the snout and the brain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out in the snout and the brain's
+much further back so you have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much further back so you have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much further back so you have the the
+pet uncle connecting the bulb uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet uncle connecting the bulb uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet uncle connecting the bulb uh to the
+rest of the brain it's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the brain it's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the brain it's mostly
+accents all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we know that those axons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that those axons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that those axons of the
+peduncle are going to olfactory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peduncle are going to olfactory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peduncle are going to olfactory cortex
+but they also olfactory information does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also olfactory information does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also olfactory information does
+reach the neocortex how does it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the neocortex how does it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the neocortex how does it get
+there it it doesn't go directly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it it doesn't go directly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it it doesn't go directly that's
+the first answer it doesn't go from o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first answer it doesn't go from o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first answer it doesn't go from o
+Factory bulb to any area of neocortex it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory bulb to any area of neocortex it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory bulb to any area of neocortex it
+goes to a factory cortex and Clos y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to a factory cortex and Clos y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to a factory cortex and Clos y
+related structures like the amydala and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related structures like the amydala and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related structures like the amydala and
+the olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tubic and there's several parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubic and there's several parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubic and there's several parts of the
+omegal that get such direct projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegal that get such direct projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegal that get such direct projections
+we're not actually sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not actually sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not actually sure
+about the ameg projections in humans but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ameg projections in humans but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ameg projections in humans but
+it appears that it's similar in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears that it's similar in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears that it's similar in human
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Hammer uh has a nice picture of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hammer uh has a nice picture of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hammer uh has a nice picture of that and
+I based the picture in chapter 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I based the picture in chapter 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I based the picture in chapter 19
+picture of human old factory projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of human old factory projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of human old factory projections
+on the H summary of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work all right so how does then it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work all right so how does then it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work all right so how does then it get
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neocortex it gets there mainly by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex it gets there mainly by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex it gets there mainly by way of
+the phalus just like all the other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phalus just like all the other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phalus just like all the other other
+sensory Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory Pathways
+do most of the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do most of the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do most of the sensory
+information goes through the thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information goes through the thalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information goes through the thalamic
+relay so what is the the factory nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay so what is the the factory nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay so what is the the factory nucleus
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+thalamus well there's the medial part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus well there's the medial part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus well there's the medial part of
+the medial dorsal nucleus which projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial dorsal nucleus which projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial dorsal nucleus which projects
+to the orbital frontal cortex is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the orbital frontal cortex is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the orbital frontal cortex is you can
+consider sort of the limic part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider sort of the limic part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider sort of the limic part of the
+Fus carries lyic system information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fus carries lyic system information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fus carries lyic system information to
+the orbital frontal cortex and that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbital frontal cortex and that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbital frontal cortex and that does
+get information from mfactory cortex as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get information from mfactory cortex as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get information from mfactory cortex as
+well as other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as other
+areas all right like it gets input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas all right like it gets input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas all right like it gets input from
+the h Thalamus as well and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h Thalamus as well and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h Thalamus as well and from the
+amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala
+okay but there are other Pathways I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there are other Pathways I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there are other Pathways I
+probably should have mentioned them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should have mentioned them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should have mentioned them in
+the book but it's uh they're not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book but it's uh they're not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book but it's uh they're not as
+prominent most of these areas go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent most of these areas go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent most of these areas go through
+the mediodorsal nucleus to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mediodorsal nucleus to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mediodorsal nucleus to get to the
+orbital frontal cortex but the amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital frontal cortex but the amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital frontal cortex but the amydala
+itself gets old factory input and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself gets old factory input and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself gets old factory input and the
+amydala has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala has
+projections to that to the prefrontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections to that to the prefrontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections to that to the prefrontal
+cortex as well and those parts that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex as well and those parts that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex as well and those parts that get
+all Factory input have projections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Factory input have projections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Factory input have projections to
+the orbit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbit in
+front Okay and then there are some basil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front Okay and then there are some basil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front Okay and then there are some basil
+forbrain projections that are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain projections that are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain projections that are getting
+old factory input that have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old factory input that have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old factory input that have some
+projections that reach that same area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections that reach that same area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections that reach that same area
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so let's just summarize now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's just summarize now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's just summarize now these
+major phal cortical projections here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major phal cortical projections here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major phal cortical projections here's a
+verbal description of the major areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal description of the major areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal description of the major areas of
+palus the geniculate bodies the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palus the geniculate bodies the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palus the geniculate bodies the lateral
+palus the ventral palus both the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palus the ventral palus both the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palus the ventral palus both the sensory
+sensory part and the motor part and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory part and the motor part and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory part and the motor part and then
+the media dorsal nucleus the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media dorsal nucleus the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media dorsal nucleus the anterior
+nuclei and finally the older parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and finally the older parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and finally the older parts of
+the tness the intral laminer and midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tness the intral laminer and midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tness the intral laminer and midline
+and these are the pictures I used so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the pictures I used so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the pictures I used so
+I've used a color code here and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used a color code here and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used a color code here and I've
+outlined in different colors the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined in different colors the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined in different colors the major
+regions so what is in blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so what is in blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so what is in blue
+here the areas that project to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the areas that project to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the areas that project to what we
+call Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Central
+cordex Central means seat sensory motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordex Central means seat sensory motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordex Central means seat sensory motor
+and premotor or just sensory and samat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and premotor or just sensory and samat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and premotor or just sensory and samat
+sensory and samatam motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory and samatam motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory and samatam motor
+okay probably Alla Century to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay probably Alla Century to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay probably Alla Century to begin with
+originally okay so these are the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally okay so these are the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally okay so these are the central
+areas they're the areas that give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas they're the areas that give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas they're the areas that give rise
+to the longest axons that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the longest axons that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the longest axons that we talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+earlier some many of which go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier some many of which go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier some many of which go to the
+spinal cord from all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord from all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord from all of these
+areas okay so I show in the darkest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay so I show in the darkest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay so I show in the darkest
+color there the primary CA sensory areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color there the primary CA sensory areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color there the primary CA sensory areas
+Rodman's areas 31 and two and this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rodman's areas 31 and two and this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rodman's areas 31 and two and this would
+be area four and this would be area six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be area four and this would be area six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be area four and this would be area six
+preot perect those get their inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preot perect those get their inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preot perect those get their inputs
+primarily from these cell groups in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily from these cell groups in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily from these cell groups in
+thealis of the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleus it's hard to to see the way I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it's hard to to see the way I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it's hard to to see the way I've
+drawn it here that this are all more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn it here that this are all more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn it here that this are all more
+ventral actually the VA does get quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral actually the VA does get quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral actually the VA does get quite
+dorsal when you go that's in the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal when you go that's in the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal when you go that's in the more
+anterior Thalamus it reaches the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior Thalamus it reaches the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior Thalamus it reaches the dorsal
+surface right next to the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right next to the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right next to the anterior
+nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+okay so the ventral basil the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the ventral basil the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the ventral basil the most
+coddle and most vental part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coddle and most vental part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coddle and most vental part of that
+those that group of nuclei getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that group of nuclei getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that group of nuclei getting the
+direct sensory input from spinothalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct sensory input from spinothalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct sensory input from spinothalamic
+tract medal liscus and so for these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract medal liscus and so for these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract medal liscus and so for these are
+the ones that go to motor cortex primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that go to motor cortex primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that go to motor cortex primary
+motor mainly from the L which is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor mainly from the L which is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor mainly from the L which is getting
+heavy inputs from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy inputs from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy inputs from the
+cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+okay some from the Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some from the Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some from the Corpus
+gum globous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gum globous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gum globous
+palus and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palus and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palus and then the
+VA which gets heavy input from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA which gets heavy input from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA which gets heavy input from the
+globous paladis the stotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globous paladis the stotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globous paladis the stotle
+outputs and that's going going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and that's going going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and that's going going to the
+premotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premotor
+area all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area all
+right and remember the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and remember the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and remember the difference in
+function between these two areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function between these two areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function between these two areas
+premotor areas says more involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premotor areas says more involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premotor areas says more involved in
+actual Behavior because they always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Behavior because they always get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Behavior because they always get
+patterns of behavior when you stimulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of behavior when you stimulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of behavior when you stimulate
+there you stimulate the motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you stimulate the motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you stimulate the motor cortex
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+getting individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting individual
+components single digits single muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components single digits single muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components single digits single muscle
+groups all right there's been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups all right there's been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups all right there's been a lot of
+argument about what exactly what repres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about what exactly what repres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about what exactly what repres
+presented there but it's always a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented there but it's always a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented there but it's always a small
+piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body all right anterior nuclei are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body all right anterior nuclei are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body all right anterior nuclei are going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+that that cortex just above in front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that cortex just above in front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that cortex just above in front and
+behind the clus colum singulate cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the clus colum singulate cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the clus colum singulate cortex
+and retrosplenial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cortex and that I've outlined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and that I've outlined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and that I've outlined in the
+pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+uh so now what's left start start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now what's left start start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now what's left start start with
+the geniculate bodies lateral and medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geniculate bodies lateral and medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geniculate bodies lateral and medial
+geniculate bodies primary Visual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate bodies primary Visual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate bodies primary Visual and
+primary auditory areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary auditory areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary auditory areas
+okay and depending on how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and depending on how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and depending on how much you
+include in the medial geniculate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include in the medial geniculate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include in the medial geniculate you
+would include some of the areas around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include some of the areas around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include some of the areas around
+primary auditory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then what's
+left other than the intral laminer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left other than the intral laminer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left other than the intral laminer which
+I don't show here which project quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't show here which project quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't show here which project quite
+widely to the cortex okay you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely to the cortex okay you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely to the cortex okay you have two
+major structures the MD the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major structures the MD the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major structures the MD the medial
+dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal
+nucleus and the lateral palus which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and the lateral palus which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and the lateral palus which has
+several components but some people call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several components but some people call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several components but some people call
+in primates call the whole thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in primates call the whole thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in primates call the whole thing the
+pulvinar except perhaps for the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulvinar except perhaps for the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulvinar except perhaps for the anterior
+areas other people like to keep the lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas other people like to keep the lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas other people like to keep the lp
+LD here LP and pulen are separate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LD here LP and pulen are separate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LD here LP and pulen are separate but
+it's all thater alus so I've grouped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all thater alus so I've grouped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all thater alus so I've grouped it
+all together and I've shown that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together and I've shown that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together and I've shown that that
+projects to this this entire huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to this this entire huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to this this entire huge
+expanse in primates not so big in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanse in primates not so big in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanse in primates not so big in other
+animals okay like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals okay like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals okay like the
+rodent the posterior Association cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent the posterior Association cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent the posterior Association cortex
+both unimodal and multimodal or heter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both unimodal and multimodal or heter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both unimodal and multimodal or heter
+modal all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal all
+right and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the the
+MD same kinds of projections but now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MD same kinds of projections but now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MD same kinds of projections but now for
+the prefrontal areas the areas in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prefrontal areas the areas in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prefrontal areas the areas in front
+of the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motor
+areas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas right
+and I do show here you see that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do show here you see that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do show here you see that I've
+mixed here with the the model pink for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed here with the the model pink for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed here with the the model pink for
+the M projections I mix some orange you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M projections I mix some orange you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M projections I mix some orange you
+see it ventrally here you see it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it ventrally here you see it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it ventrally here you see it here
+and then I'd mix some of the model pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'd mix some of the model pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'd mix some of the model pink
+there with in the tempal pole that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with in the tempal pole that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with in the tempal pole that's
+quite simply because these areas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simply because these areas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simply because these areas the
+medial part of the medial dorsal nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial part of the medial dorsal nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial part of the medial dorsal nucleus
+and the medial part of the pen d project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the medial part of the pen d project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the medial part of the pen d project
+do have overlapping projections to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have overlapping projections to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have overlapping projections to those
+areas okay in fact that's it continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay in fact that's it continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay in fact that's it continues
+into parts of the singular here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into parts of the singular here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into parts of the singular here as
+well all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right
+so those are the major territories okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the major territories okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the major territories okay
+obviously there's many different regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's many different regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's many different regions
+that get input from various parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get input from various parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get input from various parts of the
+lateral pamus same is true for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral pamus same is true for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral pamus same is true for the
+mediodorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleus now if you you take a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus now if you you take a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus now if you you take a section
+from an embryonic human it looks just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an embryonic human it looks just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an embryonic human it looks just
+like a rat or a hamster or a mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rat or a hamster or a mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rat or a hamster or a mouse
+there's the geniculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the geniculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the geniculate
+body that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body that's where
+the you call it lateral posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you call it lateral posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you call it lateral posterior
+nucleus in a rodent but that's what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in a rodent but that's what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in a rodent but that's what will
+become the pulvinar as the human grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the pulvinar as the human grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the pulvinar as the human grows
+up this is an embryonic human this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this is an embryonic human this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this is an embryonic human this is a
+picture of a cross-section of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a cross-section of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a cross-section of the very
+coddle pulvinar so you you would make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coddle pulvinar so you you would make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coddle pulvinar so you you would make a
+section here that this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section here that this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section here that this would be a
+transverse section it would go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse section it would go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse section it would go right
+through the two geniculate bodies into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the two geniculate bodies into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the two geniculate bodies into
+the coddle end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coddle end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coddle end of the
+pulvinar and that's what you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulvinar and that's what you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulvinar and that's what you're seeing
+here this isn't even the biggest part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this isn't even the biggest part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this isn't even the biggest part of
+the pulvinar but you see it's grown so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulvinar but you see it's grown so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulvinar but you see it's grown so
+much it's pushed the genicular body over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it's pushed the genicular body over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it's pushed the genicular body over
+so you have that horseshoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shape the medial geniculate is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape the medial geniculate is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape the medial geniculate is now
+medial to the lateral geniculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and here's the rodent where I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here's the rodent where I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here's the rodent where I've used
+the same color scheme to indicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same color scheme to indicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same color scheme to indicate the
+same kinds of things you'll note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kinds of things you'll note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kinds of things you'll note here
+that the premotor and the prefrontal are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the premotor and the prefrontal are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the premotor and the prefrontal are
+not as sharply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as sharply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as sharply
+distinguishable though they by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable though they by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable though they by
+projections uh you can indicate where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections uh you can indicate where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections uh you can indicate where
+the main prontal nucleus is just by MD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main prontal nucleus is just by MD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main prontal nucleus is just by MD
+projections goes right to the frontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections goes right to the frontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections goes right to the frontal
+pole and then on the medial side covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and then on the medial side covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and then on the medial side covers
+this whole region colors maybe didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole region colors maybe didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole region colors maybe didn't
+show that too well but it also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rostal it's rostral singulate area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostal it's rostral singulate area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostal it's rostral singulate area and
+people vary in how they name those could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people vary in how they name those could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people vary in how they name those could
+just be called prefrontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cortex okay and parel Factory region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex okay and parel Factory region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex okay and parel Factory region
+down here but anyway those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here but anyway those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here but anyway those are the
+equivalent areas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent areas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent areas in the
+load and you'll note that the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load and you'll note that the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load and you'll note that the size of
+the prefrontal areas and the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prefrontal areas and the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prefrontal areas and the size of
+the associate posterior associations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associate posterior associations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associate posterior associations are
+nowhere near the size in in large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near the size in in large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near the size in in large
+primates especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates especially in
+humans so NAA used to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so NAA used to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so NAA used to say that the
+association areas are what's left when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas are what's left when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas are what's left when
+you specified the sensory functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you specified the sensory functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you specified the sensory functions of
+the prim of the of the neocortex but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prim of the of the neocortex but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prim of the of the neocortex but
+we've learned a lot since that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned a lot since that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned a lot since that time
+by functional studies now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by functional studies now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by functional studies now we've
+expanded the the size of the it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded the the size of the it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded the the size of the it's been
+quite surprising um how many unimodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite surprising um how many unimodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite surprising um how many unimodal
+visual areas there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual areas there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual areas there
+are they include a lot of a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they include a lot of a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they include a lot of a lot of this
+cortex so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex so let's
+just show that here the best definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show that here the best definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show that here the best definition
+now of association areas is in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of association areas is in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of association areas is in terms of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+anatomy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy um
+many psychologists used to think it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many psychologists used to think it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many psychologists used to think it what
+should be for that's where we Farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be for that's where we Farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be for that's where we Farm
+associations between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations between different
+modalities in between sensory and motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities in between sensory and motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities in between sensory and motor
+but in fact it's defined anatomically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's defined anatomically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's defined anatomically by
+the long transcortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long transcortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long transcortical
+connections it is the multimodal areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections it is the multimodal areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections it is the multimodal areas
+that have the longest connections you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the longest connections you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the longest connections you
+can see a lot of them in a brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a lot of them in a brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a lot of them in a brain
+dissection this is a now a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection this is a now a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection this is a now a picture of
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+major uh fiber bundles that you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major uh fiber bundles that you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major uh fiber bundles that you can make
+out in a dissection and they were given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a dissection and they were given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a dissection and they were given
+names just on the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names just on the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names just on the basis of the
+dissection this unate or the hook shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection this unate or the hook shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection this unate or the hook shaped
+bundle from anterior temporal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle from anterior temporal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle from anterior temporal to the
+orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+prefrontal then the AR it these fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal then the AR it these fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal then the AR it these fibers
+Arc around from temp the posterior parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc around from temp the posterior parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc around from temp the posterior parts
+of the temporal lobe all the way into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the temporal lobe all the way into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the temporal lobe all the way into
+frontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal
+lobe and then long longitudinal bundles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe and then long longitudinal bundles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe and then long longitudinal bundles
+Superior long of piculus superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior long of piculus superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior long of piculus superior
+occipital front of piculus now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occipital front of piculus now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occipital front of piculus now these
+have been traced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been traced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been traced
+experimentally U not in humans of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally U not in humans of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally U not in humans of course
+although there are better and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there are better and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there are better and better
+methods for seeing these now in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for seeing these now in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for seeing these now in humans
+but this is a summary that I made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a summary that I made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a summary that I made up
+from the various studies that vak pandia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the various studies that vak pandia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the various studies that vak pandia
+and his associates had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his associates had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his associates had
+found and Kathy Rockin who is in been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and Kathy Rockin who is in been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and Kathy Rockin who is in been
+working in the uh with the Tona group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the uh with the Tona group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the uh with the Tona group
+for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while
+uh participated in some of these studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh participated in some of these studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh participated in some of these studies
+but this just shows the these major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this just shows the these major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this just shows the these major
+transcortical fiber bundles they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcortical fiber bundles they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcortical fiber bundles they're
+coming from those association areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from those association areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from those association areas
+primarily the multimodal areas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily the multimodal areas but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily the multimodal areas but
+also uni modal here especially for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uni modal here especially for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uni modal here especially for the
+visual system you see these many long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system you see these many long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system you see these many long
+fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber
+bundles so then I just said um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles so then I just said um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles so then I just said um
+how can you verify these for the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you verify these for the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you verify these for the human
+brain other than the use of postmodern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain other than the use of postmodern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain other than the use of postmodern
+dissection what is the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called it uses diffusion of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it uses diffusion of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it uses diffusion of water
+molecules in the primary Direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the primary Direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the primary Direction so
+diffusion tensor Imaging is a common way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion tensor Imaging is a common way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion tensor Imaging is a common way
+name for it it's it has a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for it it's it has a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for it it's it has a couple of
+other terms that are used and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms that are used and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms that are used and you'll
+find if you just search under diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find if you just search under diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find if you just search under diffusion
+tensor Imaging you'll find many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor Imaging you'll find many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor Imaging you'll find many of these
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+uh I asked some of the limitations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I asked some of the limitations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I asked some of the limitations of
+the method main one is resolution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method main one is resolution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method main one is resolution you
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+can't you never are you're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you never are you're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you never are you're never
+anywhere near the level of cells as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near the level of cells as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near the level of cells as you
+are when you do experimental tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when you do experimental tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when you do experimental tracing
+work all right and another limitation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work all right and another limitation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work all right and another limitation is
+it depends on the computer algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the computer algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the computer algorithm
+that you're using to do the tracing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're using to do the tracing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're using to do the tracing so
+the picture I put in the book If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture I put in the book If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture I put in the book If you
+look carefully I believe it shows fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look carefully I believe it shows fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look carefully I believe it shows fibers
+going from cortex up to the Bellum do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from cortex up to the Bellum do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from cortex up to the Bellum do
+any fibers do that in any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fibers do that in any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fibers do that in any of the
+experimental studies no but they cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental studies no but they cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental studies no but they cross
+they come right next to fibers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come right next to fibers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come right next to fibers of the
+Ponto cerebella projection so depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ponto cerebella projection so depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ponto cerebella projection so depending
+on how your algorithm is set you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how your algorithm is set you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how your algorithm is set you might
+get some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some of these
+fibers you'll cross from one major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers you'll cross from one major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers you'll cross from one major
+bundle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle to
+another so it's very dependent on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so it's very dependent on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so it's very dependent on the on
+the math and and on the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math and and on the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math and and on the computational
+methods you're using but people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods you're using but people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods you're using but people are
+they're getting better and better at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting better and better at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting better and better at it
+but you always have that limitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you always have that limitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you always have that limitation of
+resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+okay this just shows some the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this just shows some the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this just shows some the diffusion
+tensor Imaging picture I I think I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor Imaging picture I I think I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor Imaging picture I I think I put
+this one in the book it was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in the book it was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in the book it was interesting
+because it showed a developmental change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it showed a developmental change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it showed a developmental change
+in fibers that come into the brokas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fibers that come into the brokas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fibers that come into the brokas
+region of the frontal Lo areas we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the frontal Lo areas we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the frontal Lo areas we know
+are important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important for
+speaking and you see in the newborn they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and you see in the newborn they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and you see in the newborn they
+showed two major Roots a third root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed two major Roots a third root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed two major Roots a third root
+appeared later so in the adults you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared later so in the adults you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared later so in the adults you see
+three major groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major groups of
+fibers you only see two in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers you only see two in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers you only see two in the in the
+babies so that's kind of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies so that's kind of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies so that's kind of information
+that we didn't have just on basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't have just on basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't have just on basis of the
+sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections
+these you to study things related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you to study things related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you to study things related to
+brokas are of course you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokas are of course you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokas are of course you have to use
+human brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want you to understand those mesum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to understand those mesum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to understand those mesum
+types which uh we mentioned briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types which uh we mentioned briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types which uh we mentioned briefly
+earlier uh and you should know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier uh and you should know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier uh and you should know what the
+association layers of neocortex are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association layers of neocortex are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association layers of neocortex are you
+can guess what they are when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guess what they are when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guess what they are when we talk
+about Association layers which layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Association layers which layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Association layers which layers
+give rise to the m the main layers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to the m the main layers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to the m the main layers that
+give rise to transcortical projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to transcortical projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to transcortical projections
+and colossal fibers too area layers two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colossal fibers too area layers two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colossal fibers too area layers two
+and three of above remember Neo when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three of above remember Neo when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three of above remember Neo when
+neocortex appeared these new layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex appeared these new layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex appeared these new layers
+appeared they were superficial layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared they were superficial layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared they were superficial layers
+layers 2 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers 2 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers 2 3 and
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+okay the older cortex the dorsal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the older cortex the dorsal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the older cortex the dorsal cortex
+of non-mammals they had the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-mammals they had the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-mammals they had the equivalent
+of the deeper two layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deeper two layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deeper two layers
+okay the association layer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the association layer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the association layer the
+association fibers transcortical come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association fibers transcortical come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association fibers transcortical come
+from those superficial layers two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those superficial layers two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those superficial layers two and
+three so they're done some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so they're done some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so they're done some special
+studies now of those two layers and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies now of those two layers and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies now of those two layers and uh
+first of all I just summarize for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I just summarize for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I just summarize for you
+the mesum types I show you this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mesum types I show you this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mesum types I show you this picture
+which doesn't show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't show the
+transcortical if you look here under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcortical if you look here under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcortical if you look here under
+higher order heteromodal association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order heteromodal association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order heteromodal association
+areas what it's not showing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas what it's not showing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas what it's not showing is that
+these areas inter connect with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas inter connect with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas inter connect with each
+other the posterior association areas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the posterior association areas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the posterior association areas in
+can inter connect with the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inter connect with the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inter connect with the anterior
+association areas okay I'm just showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas okay I'm just showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas okay I'm just showing
+the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections
+between these areas and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these areas and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these areas and the
+adjoining unimodal areas and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoining unimodal areas and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoining unimodal areas and on the
+other side the paralympic areas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side the paralympic areas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side the paralympic areas the
+major route to par to paralympic areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major route to par to paralympic areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major route to par to paralympic areas
+is from those multimodal association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from those multimodal association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from those multimodal association
+areas all right and this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas all right and this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas all right and this is a very
+useful picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful picture of
+mesum a beautiful color picture that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesum a beautiful color picture that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesum a beautiful color picture that I
+use to base the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to base the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to base the
+functional uh picture that I drew up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional uh picture that I drew up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional uh picture that I drew up for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+book showing these major types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book showing these major types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book showing these major types of
+function sensory and perceptual motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sensory and perceptual motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sensory and perceptual motor
+Behavior meaning pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior meaning pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior meaning pattern
+movements and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and then
+motivation and it's based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and it's based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and it's based
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+the mesum depiction of the various types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mesum depiction of the various types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mesum depiction of the various types
+of Cortex he shows in this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you blow it up you'll see the Bro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you blow it up you'll see the Bro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you blow it up you'll see the Bro
+the uh the broadman numbers listed he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the broadman numbers listed he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the broadman numbers listed he's
+used what what do his letters mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used what what do his letters mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used what what do his letters mean this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+M1 what does ma mean it means motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 what does ma mean it means motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 what does ma mean it means motor
+Association that's what he calls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association that's what he calls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association that's what he calls the
+premotor areas okay so it's uni modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premotor areas okay so it's uni modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premotor areas okay so it's uni modal
+still motor but it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still motor but it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still motor but it's getting
+you know many connections from it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many connections from it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many connections from it's
+primary he doesn't mean it doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary he doesn't mean it doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary he doesn't mean it doesn't get
+any phic input it does but it also gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any phic input it does but it also gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any phic input it does but it also gets
+a lot more transcortical input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more transcortical input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more transcortical input and
+then prefrontal CeX we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then prefrontal CeX we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then prefrontal CeX we
+see so similarly here the uni modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so similarly here the uni modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so similarly here the uni modal
+Association for vision but look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association for vision but look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association for vision but look at the
+two heteromodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two heteromodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two heteromodal
+areas I've left those areas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas I've left those areas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas I've left those areas the
+multimodal are are is white here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal are are is white here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal are are is white here so I
+talk about what are the two heteromodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what are the two heteromodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what are the two heteromodal
+Fields or multimodal fields in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields or multimodal fields in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields or multimodal fields in the
+primate brain which is larger and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primate brain which is larger and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primate brain which is larger and what
+are the thalamic nuclei that connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the thalamic nuclei that connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the thalamic nuclei that connect
+with them well you can see them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them well you can see them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them well you can see them right
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+here the prefrontal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the prefrontal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the prefrontal area
+anterior and posteriorly it's posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior and posteriorly it's posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior and posteriorly it's posterior
+parietal and temporal and much of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal and temporal and much of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal and temporal and much of it is
+varied in the sulcus here those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied in the sulcus here those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied in the sulcus here those are
+where the main multimodal areas are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the main multimodal areas are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the main multimodal areas are and
+it looks like prefrontal is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like prefrontal is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like prefrontal is bigger
+though there has been arguing and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there has been arguing and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there has been arguing and one
+reason is that the primarily unimodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that the primarily unimodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that the primarily unimodal
+visual areas occupy so much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual areas occupy so much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual areas occupy so much the
+association cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+posteri here you see them from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteri here you see them from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteri here you see them from the
+medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial
+side and what are the phic nuclei well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and what are the phic nuclei well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and what are the phic nuclei well
+the lateral nuclei and the medial dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral nuclei and the medial dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral nuclei and the medial dorsal
+nucleus here it is an erodent and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus here it is an erodent and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus here it is an erodent and here
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+in an embryonic human and an adult human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an embryonic human and an adult human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an embryonic human and an adult human
+where you just see the pulvinar there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you just see the pulvinar there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you just see the pulvinar there
+maybe a dorsal would still look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a dorsal would still look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a dorsal would still look
+similar and there you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and there you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and there you see the
+colors showing the relative size uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors showing the relative size uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors showing the relative size uh in
+Roden and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roden and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roden and then in
+human and I won't spend time on mim's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and I won't spend time on mim's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and I won't spend time on mim's
+different way of dividing up major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of dividing up major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of dividing up major
+divisions of Cortex it's rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions of Cortex it's rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions of Cortex it's rather
+interesting but much more difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but much more difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but much more difficult to
+to to get your head around and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get your head around and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get your head around and this is
+the one that would be more useful to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that would be more useful to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that would be more useful to you
+anyway in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in the future
+so what we will do next time I'll say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we will do next time I'll say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we will do next time I'll say a
+little bit about poov and his the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about poov and his the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about poov and his the study
+presented done in Moscow of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented done in Moscow of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented done in Moscow of the
+association layers and the work done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association layers and the work done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association layers and the work done in
+the west that relates to it most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west that relates to it most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west that relates to it most
+interesting fact there is that in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact there is that in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact there is that in those
+Association layers layers two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association layers layers two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association layers layers two and three
+are where when you look at individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where when you look at individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where when you look at individual
+cells and hold them in imaging over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and hold them in imaging over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and hold them in imaging over a
+long enough time you see the cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough time you see the cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough time you see the cells are
+changing there they're plastic the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing there they're plastic the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing there they're plastic the the
+gabic interneurons appear to be plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabic interneurons appear to be plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabic interneurons appear to be plastic
+cells of the cortex and that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of the cortex and that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of the cortex and that's probably
+holds true throughout the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds true throughout the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds true throughout the entire
+cortical mantle and more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical mantle and more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical mantle and more and more
+physiological studies are supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological studies are supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological studies are supporting
+that but we had data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we had data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we had data from
+morphology even before those the studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology even before those the studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology even before those the studies
+I just mentioned which were done here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just mentioned which were done here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just mentioned which were done here at
+MIT by Ellie thei working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT by Ellie thei working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT by Ellie thei working with
+Engineers uh we knew that that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers uh we knew that that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers uh we knew that that's where
+the growth Associated protein remained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth Associated protein remained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth Associated protein remained
+it's always present in developing axones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always present in developing axones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always present in developing axones
+but it remains in the cortex primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it remains in the cortex primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it remains in the cortex primarily
+in those Association layers and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those Association layers and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those Association layers and also in
+association areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas of
+devance I was involved in only a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devance I was involved in only a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devance I was involved in only a few of
+those studies with Larry benowitz he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those studies with Larry benowitz he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those studies with Larry benowitz he did
+most of it um Rachel Navy who's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it um Rachel Navy who's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it um Rachel Navy who's working
+in upstairs on the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in upstairs on the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in upstairs on the sixth
+floor was also involved in those studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor was also involved in those studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor was also involved in those studies
+all right so we'll come back to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we'll come back to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we'll come back to that and
+say a little more about neocortex in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little more about neocortex in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little more about neocortex in the
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/C_W1adH-NVE.txt b/C_W1adH-NVE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb35ca681a80c46721c2416a6c39badfe3b9aec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/C_W1adH-NVE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14957 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu of our limiting distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu of our limiting distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu of our limiting distribution
+which happen to be GA but if the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happen to be GA but if the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happen to be GA but if the central
+limit theorem told us that the limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem told us that the limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem told us that the limiting
+distribution of some average was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of some average was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of some average was
+something that looked like like Aon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looked like like Aon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looked like like Aon or
+an exponential then we would just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential then we would just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential then we would just have
+in the same way taking the quantal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way taking the quantal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way taking the quantal of
+the exponential distribution so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential distribution so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential distribution so let's go
+back to uh what we had so generically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to uh what we had so generically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to uh what we had so generically if
+you have a um a set of observations X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a um a set of observations X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a um a set of observations X1
+to xn so remember for the kiss example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to xn so remember for the kiss example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to xn so remember for the kiss example
+they were uh denoted by R1 to RN because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were uh denoted by R1 to RN because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were uh denoted by R1 to RN because
+they were uh turning the head to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were uh turning the head to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were uh turning the head to the
+right but let's just go back you see X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but let's just go back you see X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but let's just go back you see X1
+to xn and in this Cas I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to xn and in this Cas I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to xn and in this Cas I'm going to
+assume their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume their
+IID and I'm going to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IID and I'm going to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IID and I'm going to make them
+burnly with parameter p and p is unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what did we do from here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what did we do from here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what did we do from here well
+we said p is the expectation of XI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said p is the expectation of XI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said p is the expectation of XI and
+actually we didn't even think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we didn't even think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we didn't even think about it
+too much we said well if I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much we said well if I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much we said well if I need to
+estimate the proportion of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the proportion of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the proportion of people who
+turn their head to the right when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn their head to the right when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn their head to the right when they
+kiss I just basically I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiss I just basically I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiss I just basically I'm going to
+compute the average right so our P hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the average right so our P hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the average right so our P hat
+was just xn bar which was just one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just xn bar which was just one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just xn bar which was just one over
+n sum from I = 1 to n of thex I right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sum from I = 1 to n of thex I right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sum from I = 1 to n of thex I right
+the average of the observations was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of the observations was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of the observations was our
+estimate and now we wanted to build some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate and now we wanted to build some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate and now we wanted to build some
+some confidence intervals around this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some confidence intervals around this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some confidence intervals around this so
+what we wanted to understand is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to understand is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to understand is how much
+that this P hat fluctuates right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this P hat fluctuates right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this P hat fluctuates right this is
+a random variable it's an average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable it's an average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable it's an average of
+random variables it's a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables it's a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables it's a random variable
+so we want to know what a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to know what a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to know what a distribution
+is and if we know what the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and if we know what the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and if we know what the distribution
+is then we actually know well where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then we actually know well where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then we actually know well where it
+fluctuates what the expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates what the expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates what the expectation is
+around which value it tends to fluctuate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around which value it tends to fluctuate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around which value it tends to fluctuate
+Etc and so what the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and so what the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and so what the central limit
+theorem told us was if I take s of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem told us was if I take s of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem told us was if I take s of n
+time xn bar minus P which is its average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time xn bar minus P which is its average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time xn bar minus P which is its average
+and then I divide it by the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deviation then this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation then this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation then this thing here
+converges as n goes to infinity and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges as n goes to infinity and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges as n goes to infinity and we
+will say a little bit more about what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say a little bit more about what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say a little bit more about what it
+means in distribution to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in distribution to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in distribution to some
+standard normal random variable right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal random variable right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal random variable right so
+that was the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the central limit
+there so what it means is that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what it means is that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what it means is that when I
+think of this as a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when n is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is large
+enough it's going to look like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it's going to look like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it's going to look like this and
+so I understand perfectly its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I understand perfectly its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I understand perfectly its
+fluctuations I know that this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations I know that this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations I know that this thing here
+has I know the probability of being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has I know the probability of being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has I know the probability of being in
+this Zone I know that this number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Zone I know that this number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Zone I know that this number here
+is zero I know a bunch of things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero I know a bunch of things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero I know a bunch of things right
+and then in particular what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in particular what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in particular what I was
+interested in was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in was that the
+probability that the absolute value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the absolute value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the absolute value of a
+gaan random variable exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaan random variable exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaan random variable exceeds
+Q Alpha over two Q Alpha over two we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q Alpha over two Q Alpha over two we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q Alpha over two Q Alpha over two we
+said that this was equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+anybody what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody what was
+that Alpha right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alpha right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alpha right so that's the
+probability that my random variable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that my random variable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that my random variable so
+this is by definition Q Alpha over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by definition Q Alpha over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by definition Q Alpha over two
+is the number such that to the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number such that to the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number such that to the right of
+it is Alpha over two and this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is Alpha over two and this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is Alpha over two and this this is
+negative Q Alpha over two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Q Alpha over two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Q Alpha over two by
+Symmetry and so the probability that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and so the probability that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and so the probability that I
+exceeds well it's not very symmetric but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds well it's not very symmetric but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds well it's not very symmetric but
+the probability that I exceeds uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that I exceeds uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that I exceeds uh this
+value Q Alpha over two is just the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Q Alpha over two is just the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Q Alpha over two is just the sum
+of the two uh uh uh gray areas all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two uh uh uh gray areas all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two uh uh uh gray areas all right
+so now I said that this thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I said that this thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I said that this thing was
+approximately equal due to the central M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal due to the central M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal due to the central M
+theorem to the probability that square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to the probability that square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to the probability that square
+of n xn minus P /un P1 minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh was uh well absolute value was larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was uh well absolute value was larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was uh well absolute value was larger
+than Q Alpha over2 well then this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Q Alpha over2 well then this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Q Alpha over2 well then this thing
+by default is actually approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by default is actually approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by default is actually approximately
+equal to Alpha just because of virtue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Alpha just because of virtue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Alpha just because of virtue of
+the central mid theorem and then we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central mid theorem and then we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central mid theorem and then we just
+said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now solve for
+p has anyone attempted to solve the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p has anyone attempted to solve the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p has anyone attempted to solve the the
+degree 2 equation for p in the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 2 equation for p in the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 2 equation for p in the homework
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+try okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try okay so
+um so essentially this is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so essentially this is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so essentially this is going to be an
+equation in P sometimes we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in P sometimes we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in P sometimes we don't want to
+solve it some of the P's we replace by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it some of the P's we replace by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it some of the P's we replace by
+their worst possible value for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their worst possible value for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their worst possible value for example
+we said one of the tricks we had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said one of the tricks we had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said one of the tricks we had was
+that this value here square root of P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this value here square root of P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this value here square root of P1
+minus P was always less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P was always less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P was always less than
+12 so we could actually get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so we could actually get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so we could actually get this
+confidence interval that was larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval that was larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval that was larger than
+all possible confidence intervals for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible confidence intervals for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible confidence intervals for
+all possible values of P but we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible values of P but we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible values of P but we could
+solve for p we agree on the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for p we agree on the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for p we agree on the principle of
+what we did so that's how you buil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did so that's how you buil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did so that's how you buil
+confence intervals now let's step back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confence intervals now let's step back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confence intervals now let's step back
+for a second and see what was important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second and see what was important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second and see what was important
+in the building of this conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the building of this conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the building of this conference
+interval the really key thing is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the really key thing is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the really key thing is that I
+didn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell you
+why I formed this thing right we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I formed this thing right we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I formed this thing right we started
+from xar and then I took some weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from xar and then I took some weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from xar and then I took some weird
+function of xar that depended on P and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of xar that depended on P and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of xar that depended on P and n
+and the reason is because when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is because when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is because when I take
+this function the central limit theorum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function the central limit theorum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function the central limit theorum
+tells me that it conver converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that it conver converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that it conver converges to
+something that I know but the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I know but the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I know but the very
+important thing about something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about something that I
+know is that it does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that it does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that it does not depend on
+anything that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I don't
+know right for example if I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right for example if I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right for example if I forgot to
+divide by square root of P1 minus P then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by square root of P1 minus P then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by square root of P1 minus P then
+this thing would have had a variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing would have had a variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing would have had a variance
+which is P1 minus P if I didn't remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is P1 minus P if I didn't remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is P1 minus P if I didn't remove
+this P here the mean here would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P here the mean here would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P here the mean here would have
+been affected by P and there's no table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been affected by P and there's no table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been affected by P and there's no table
+for normal P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes oh so the square root of n terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh so the square root of n terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh so the square root of n terms
+come from so really you should View this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from so really you should View this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from so really you should View this
+so here I'm so you know there's a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I'm so you know there's a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I'm so you know there's a rule
+in in in sort of Qui rule in math that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in sort of Qui rule in math that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in sort of Qui rule in math that
+you don't write a divid b over C right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't write a divid b over C right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't write a divid b over C right
+you write C * a/ B because it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write C * a/ B because it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write C * a/ B because it looks
+nicer but the way you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer but the way you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer but the way you want to think
+about this is that this is xar minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that this is xar minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that this is xar minus
+P ID sare root of P1 minus P /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P ID sare root of P1 minus P /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P ID sare root of P1 minus P /
+n and the reason is because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the reason is because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the reason is because this is
+actually the standard deviation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the standard deviation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the standard deviation of this
+sorry xar n this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry xar n this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry xar n this is actually the
+devation of this guy and this the SC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devation of this guy and this the SC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devation of this guy and this the SC
+event comes from the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event comes from the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event comes from the average
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the key thing was that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key thing was that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key thing was that this thing
+this limiting distribution did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limiting distribution did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limiting distribution did not
+depend on anything I don't know and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on anything I don't know and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on anything I don't know and this
+is actually called a pivotal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually called a pivotal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually called a pivotal
+distribution it's pivotal I can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's pivotal I can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's pivotal I can you know
+I don't need anything I don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need anything I don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need anything I don't need to
+know anything and I can read it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything and I can read it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything and I can read it in a
+table sometimes there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table sometimes there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table sometimes there's going to be
+complicated things but now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things but now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things but now we have
+computers the beauty about gaussians is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers the beauty about gaussians is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers the beauty about gaussians is
+that people have studied them to death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have studied them to death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have studied them to death
+and you can open any textbook and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can open any textbook and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can open any textbook and you
+will see a table at the end that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see a table at the end that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see a table at the end that will
+tell you for each value of alpha you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you for each value of alpha you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you for each value of alpha you're
+interested in will tell you what Q Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in will tell you what Q Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in will tell you what Q Alpha
+over two is but the the there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two is but the the there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two is but the the there might be
+some crazy distributions but as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crazy distributions but as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crazy distributions but as long as
+they don't depend on anything we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't depend on anything we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't depend on anything we might
+actually be able to simulate from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be able to simulate from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be able to simulate from them
+and in particular compute what 2 Alp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular compute what 2 Alp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular compute what 2 Alp
+over two is for any possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two is for any possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two is for any possible
+value and so that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and so that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and so that's what we're going to
+be trying to do finding pivotal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be trying to do finding pivotal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be trying to do finding pivotal
+distributions how do we take this xn bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions how do we take this xn bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions how do we take this xn bar
+which is a good estimate and turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a good estimate and turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a good estimate and turn it
+into something which maybe exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something which maybe exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something which maybe exactly
+orally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orally
+does not depend on any unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not depend on any unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not depend on any unknown
+parameter so here's uh one way we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so here's uh one way we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so here's uh one way we can
+actually so that's what we did for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so that's what we did for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so that's what we did for the
+kiss example right and here I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiss example right and here I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiss example right and here I mentioned
+for example in the extreme case when n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the extreme case when n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the extreme case when n
+was equal to three we would get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to three we would get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to three we would get a
+different thing but here the CLT would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing but here the CLT would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing but here the CLT would
+not be valid and what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be valid and what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be valid and what that means is that
+my pivotal distribution is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pivotal distribution is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pivotal distribution is actually not
+the normal distribution but it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution but it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution but it might be
+something else and I said we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and I said we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and I said we can make
+exact computations well let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact computations well let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact computations well let's see what
+it is right if I have three observ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is right if I have three observ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is right if I have three observ
+so I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to have
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+X2 X3 okay so now I take the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 X3 okay so now I take the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 X3 okay so now I take the average of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys okay so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys okay so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys okay so that's my
+estimate how many values can this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counting four values how did you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number okay so each of these guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so each of these guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so each of these guys can
+take value zero one right so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take value zero one right so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take value zero one right so the number
+of values that it can take I mean it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values that it can take I mean it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values that it can take I mean it's a
+little annoying because then I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little annoying because then I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little annoying because then I have to
+sum them right so basically I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them right so basically I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them right so basically I have to
+count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of
+ones right so how many uh ones can I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones right so how many uh ones can I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones right so how many uh ones can I get
+right uh sorry I have to yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh sorry I have to yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh sorry I have to yeah so this is
+the number of ones that I okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ones that I okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ones that I okay so let's
+look at them so we get Z z0 0 one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them so we get Z z0 0 one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them so we get Z z0 0 one and
+then I get basically three of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get basically three of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get basically three of them that
+have just a one in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a one in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a one in there
+right okay so there's three of them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so there's three of them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so there's three of them how
+many of them have exactly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them have exactly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them have exactly two
+ones two uh sorry three right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones two uh sorry three right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones two uh sorry three right so it's
+just this guy where I repl the zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this guy where I repl the zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this guy where I repl the zeros and
+the one okay so now I get uh so so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one okay so now I get uh so so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one okay so now I get uh so so here
+I get three that take the value one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get three that take the value one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get three that take the value one one
+that get the value zero and then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get the value zero and then I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get the value zero and then I get
+three that take the value two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that take the value two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that take the value two and then
+one that Tak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that Tak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that Tak the
+value the value all ones right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the value all ones right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the value all ones right okay so
+the everybody knows what I'm missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everybody knows what I'm missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everybody knows what I'm missing
+here it's just the ones here where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's just the ones here where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's just the ones here where I
+place the zeros by ones okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the zeros by ones okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the zeros by ones okay so the
+number of values that this thing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of values that this thing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of values that this thing can
+take is one two three four okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is one two three four okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is one two three four okay so
+someone's cing much faster than me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's cing much faster than me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's cing much faster than me and
+uh and so those numbers you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so those numbers you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so those numbers you've probably
+seen them before right 1 three3 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen them before right 1 three3 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen them before right 1 three3 one
+remember and so uh essentially those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and so uh essentially those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and so uh essentially those
+guys it takes only uh three values which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys it takes only uh three values which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys it takes only uh three values which
+are either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either
+1/3 one sorry uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 one sorry uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 one sorry uh uh
+one3 oh okay so it's zero sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 oh okay so it's zero sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 oh okay so it's zero sorry
+one3 23 and one okay those are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 23 and one okay those are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 23 and one okay those are the the
+four possible values we can take and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four possible values we can take and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four possible values we can take and so
+now which is probably much easier uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which is probably much easier uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which is probably much easier uh to
+count like that and so now all I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count like that and so now all I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count like that and so now all I have to
+tell you if I want to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you if I want to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you if I want to describe the
+distribution of this probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this probability of this
+random variable is just the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is just the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is just the probability
+that it takes each of these values so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes each of these values so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes each of these values so
+xar three takes the value zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar three takes the value zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar three takes the value zero
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+that xar 3 takes the value 1/3 Etc if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that xar 3 takes the value 1/3 Etc if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that xar 3 takes the value 1/3 Etc if I
+give you each of these possible values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you each of these possible values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you each of these possible values
+then you will be able to know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will be able to know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will be able to know exactly
+what the distribution is and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the distribution is and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the distribution is and hopefully
+maybe to you know turn it into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to you know turn it into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to you know turn it into something
+you can compute now the thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute now the thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute now the thing is that
+those values will actually depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values will actually depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values will actually depend on the
+unknown P right what is the unknown P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown P right what is the unknown P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown P right what is the unknown P
+here what is the probability that xar 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what is the probability that xar 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what is the probability that xar 3
+is equal to zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero for
+example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm
+sorry yeah okay so let's write it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah okay so let's write it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah okay so let's write it uh
+without making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without making the
+computation so 1 18 is probably not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so 1 18 is probably not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so 1 18 is probably not the
+right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer
+right for example if p is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for example if p is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for example if p is equal to zero
+what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability one if p is one what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one if p is one what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one if p is one what is this
+probability zero so it will depend on P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability zero so it will depend on P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability zero so it will depend on P
+so the probability that this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the probability that this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the probability that this thing is
+equal to zero is just the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero is just the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero is just the probability
+that all three of those guys are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all three of those guys are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all three of those guys are equal
+to zero the probability that X1 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero the probability that X1 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero the probability that X1 is equal
+to zero n X2 is equal to Z nx3 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero n X2 is equal to Z nx3 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero n X2 is equal to Z nx3 is equal
+to zero now my things are independent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero now my things are independent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero now my things are independent so
+I do what I actually want to do which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do what I actually want to do which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do what I actually want to do which
+say the probility of section is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the probility of section is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the probility of section is the
+product of the probabilities right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the probabilities right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the probabilities right so
+it's just the probability that each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the probability that each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the probability that each of
+them is equal to zero to the power three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is equal to zero to the power three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is equal to zero to the power three
+and the probability each of them or say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability each of them or say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability each of them or say
+one of them is equal to zero is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is equal to zero is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is equal to zero is just
+oneus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P okay and then for this guy I just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay and then for this guy I just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay and then for this guy I just get
+you know the pro well it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the pro well it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the pro well it's more
+complicated because I have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because I have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because I have to decide
+which one it is but those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one it is but those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one it is but those things are
+just the probability of some binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the probability of some binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the probability of some binomial
+random variables right this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables right this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables right this is just a
+binomial xar 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial xar 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial xar 3
+so if I look at xar three and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I look at xar three and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I look at xar three and then I
+multiply it by three it's just the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by three it's just the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by three it's just the sum
+of independent burn with parameter P so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent burn with parameter P so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent burn with parameter P so
+this is actually a binomial with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a binomial with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a binomial with
+parameter 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter 3 and
+P okay and there's tables for binomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay and there's tables for binomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay and there's tables for binomials
+and they tell you all this okay now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tell you all this okay now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tell you all this okay now the
+thing is I want to invert this guy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is I want to invert this guy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is I want to invert this guy right
+somehow I don't I this thing depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I don't I this thing depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I don't I this thing depends on
+P I don't like it so I'm gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P I don't like it so I'm gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P I don't like it so I'm gonna have to
+find ways to get these things depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to get these things depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to get these things depending
+on P and I could make all these nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on P and I could make all these nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on P and I could make all these nasty
+computations and spend hours doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations and spend hours doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations and spend hours doing this
+but there's tricks to go around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's tricks to go around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's tricks to go around this
+there's upper bounds just like we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's upper bounds just like we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's upper bounds just like we just
+said well maybe I don't want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well maybe I don't want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well maybe I don't want to solve
+the second degree equation in in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second degree equation in in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second degree equation in in P
+because it's just going to capture maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just going to capture maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just going to capture maybe
+smaller order terms right things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller order terms right things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller order terms right things that
+maybe won't make a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe won't make a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe won't make a huge difference
+numerically you can check that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically you can check that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically you can check that in your
+uh in your problem set one does it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in your problem set one does it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in your problem set one does it make
+a huge different numerically to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge different numerically to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge different numerically to solve
+the second degree equation or to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second degree equation or to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second degree equation or to just
+use the brutal bound P1 minus P or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the brutal bound P1 minus P or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the brutal bound P1 minus P or even
+to plug in P hat instead of P those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in P hat instead of P those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in P hat instead of P those are
+going to be you know the problem set one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you know the problem set one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you know the problem set one
+is to you know sure that you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to you know sure that you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to you know sure that you see what
+kind of what magnitude of changes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what magnitude of changes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what magnitude of changes you
+get by changing from one method to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by changing from one method to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by changing from one method to the
+other so what I wanted to uh to go to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh something where uh we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something where uh we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something where uh we can use
+something which is just a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is just a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is just a little more
+Brute Force so the probability that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brute Force so the probability that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brute Force so the probability that so
+here's this Hub thingss inequality we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this Hub thingss inequality we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this Hub thingss inequality we
+saw that that's what we finished on last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that that's what we finished on last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that that's what we finished on last
+time so H thingss inequality is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so H thingss inequality is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so H thingss inequality is actually
+one of the most useful inequalities if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most useful inequalities if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most useful inequalities if
+anybody if any one of you is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody if any one of you is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody if any one of you is doing
+anything related to algorithms you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything related to algorithms you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything related to algorithms you've
+seen that inequality before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that inequality before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that inequality before it's
+extremely convenient and it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely convenient and it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely convenient and it tells you
+something about bounded random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about bounded random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about bounded random variables
+and if you do algorithms typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do algorithms typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do algorithms typically
+things bounded and that's the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things bounded and that's the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things bounded and that's the case of
+burnly random variables right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burnly random variables right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burnly random variables right they're
+bounded between zero and one and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded between zero and one and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded between zero and one and so when
+I do this thing when I do have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this thing when I do have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this thing when I do have things
+inequality what this thing is telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality what this thing is telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality what this thing is telling me
+is for any given Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for any given Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for any given Epsilon
+here for any given Epsilon what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for any given Epsilon what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for any given Epsilon what is the
+probability that xn bar goes away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that xn bar goes away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that xn bar goes away from
+its uh its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh its
+expectation right then we that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation right then we that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation right then we that it
+decreases somewhat similarly to the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases somewhat similarly to the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases somewhat similarly to the way
+a gan would look like so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gan would look like so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gan would look like so essentially
+what things inequality is telling me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things inequality is telling me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things inequality is telling me is
+that I see I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I see I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I see I have this
+picture when I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture when I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture when I have a
+Galan with mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galan with mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galan with mean
+mu I know it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu I know it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu I know it looks like this
+right what H things inequality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what H things inequality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what H things inequality is
+telling me is that if I actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me is that if I actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me is that if I actually take
+the average of some bounded random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of some bounded random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of some bounded random
+variables then their probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables then their probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables then their probability
+distribution function or maybe Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function or maybe Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function or maybe Mass
+function this thing might not even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this thing might not even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this thing might not even have
+density but let's think of it as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density but let's think of it as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density but let's think of it as being a
+density just for Simplicity it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density just for Simplicity it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density just for Simplicity it's going
+to be something that's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something that's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something that's going to look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this it's going to be somewhat well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's going to be somewhat well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's going to be somewhat well
+sometimes it's going to have to escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's going to have to escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's going to have to escape
+just for the sake of having integral one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the sake of having integral one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the sake of having integral one
+but it's essentially telling me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's essentially telling me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's essentially telling me that
+those guys stay below those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys stay below those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys stay below those
+guys right the probability that xn bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys right the probability that xn bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys right the probability that xn bar
+exceeds mu is bounded by something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds mu is bounded by something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds mu is bounded by something that
+decays like the tail of GA so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays like the tail of GA so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays like the tail of GA so really
+that's the picture you should have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the picture you should have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the picture you should have in
+mind when I average bounded random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind when I average bounded random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind when I average bounded random
+variables I'm actually have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I'm actually have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I'm actually have something
+that might be really rugged I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be really rugged I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be really rugged I mean it
+might not be smooth like a gaan but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be smooth like a gaan but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be smooth like a gaan but I
+know that it's always bounded by a gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's always bounded by a gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's always bounded by a gan
+and what's nice about it is that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's nice about it is that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's nice about it is that when I
+actually start Computing probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start Computing probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start Computing probability
+that I exceed some number say Alpha over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I exceed some number say Alpha over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I exceed some number say Alpha over
+two then I know that this probabil this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then I know that this probabil this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then I know that this probabil this
+I can actually uh get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can actually uh get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can actually uh get a
+number which is just uh uh sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is just uh uh sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is just uh uh sorry the
+probability exceeds uh yeah so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability exceeds uh yeah so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability exceeds uh yeah so this
+number that I get here is actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that I get here is actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that I get here is actually going
+to be somewhat smaller right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhat smaller right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhat smaller right so that's
+going to be the Q Alpha over two for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the Q Alpha over two for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the Q Alpha over two for the
+Gan and that's going to be the I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan and that's going to be the I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan and that's going to be the I don't
+know R Alpha two for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know R Alpha two for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know R Alpha two for
+this Q prime or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Q prime or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Q prime or
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+so I can actually do this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can actually do this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can actually do this without
+actually taking any limits right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taking any limits right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taking any limits right this is
+valid for any N I don't need to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for any N I don't need to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for any N I don't need to actually
+go to Infinity now this seems a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Infinity now this seems a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Infinity now this seems a bit
+magical right I mean like I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical right I mean like I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical right I mean like I just said
+need to n to be we discussed that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to n to be we discussed that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to n to be we discussed that we
+wanted n to be larger than 30 last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted n to be larger than 30 last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted n to be larger than 30 last time
+for the central mium to kick in and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the central mium to kick in and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the central mium to kick in and this
+one seems to tell me I can do it for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one seems to tell me I can do it for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one seems to tell me I can do it for any
+end now there will be a price to pay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end now there will be a price to pay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end now there will be a price to pay is
+that I pick up this two over beta B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I pick up this two over beta B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I pick up this two over beta B
+minus Alpha squ so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha squ so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha squ so that's the
+variance of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the of
+the gum that I have right sort of that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gum that I have right sort of that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gum that I have right sort of that's
+telling me what the variance should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me what the variance should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me what the variance should be
+and this is actually not as nice I I pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually not as nice I I pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually not as nice I I pay
+factor four compared to the gon that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor four compared to the gon that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor four compared to the gon that I
+would get right so let's try to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get right so let's try to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get right so let's try to solve it
+for uh for our case right so I just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for our case right so I just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for our case right so I just told
+you uh try anybody try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh try anybody try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh try anybody try to do
+it right so we started from this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so we started from this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so we started from this last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+right so what I'm and and the reason was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm and and the reason was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm and and the reason was
+that we could say that the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could say that the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could say that the probability
+that this thing exceeds Q Alpha over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing exceeds Q Alpha over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing exceeds Q Alpha over two
+was Alpha right so let's just so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Alpha right so let's just so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Alpha right so let's just so that
+was using CLT so let's just SK it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using CLT so let's just SK it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using CLT so let's just SK it here
+and see what we would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently what hubing tells me is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently what hubing tells me is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently what hubing tells me is that
+the probability that xn bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that xn bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that xn bar
+minus well what is Mu in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus well what is Mu in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus well what is Mu in this
+case it's p right it's just notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's p right it's just notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's p right it's just notation
+here mu was the average but we call it P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mu was the average but we call it P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mu was the average but we call it P
+in the case of Vernal exceeds let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of Vernal exceeds let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of Vernal exceeds let's just
+keep let's just call it Epsilon for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep let's just call it Epsilon for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep let's just call it Epsilon for a
+second so we said that this was bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so we said that this was bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so we said that this was bounded
+by what so Hing tells me that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what so Hing tells me that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what so Hing tells me that this is
+bounded by two times exponential minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by two times exponential minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by two times exponential minus
+two now the nice thing is that I pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now the nice thing is that I pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now the nice thing is that I pick up
+a factor n here Epsilon squ and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor n here Epsilon squ and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor n here Epsilon squ and what is
+B minus a squ for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B minus a squ for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B minus a squ for the
+Burnes one okay so I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burnes one okay so I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burnes one okay so I don't have a
+denominator here and I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator here and I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator here and I'm going to do
+exactly what I did here I'm G to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I did here I'm G to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I did here I'm G to set
+this guy to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy to be equal to
+Alpha right so that if I get Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha right so that if I get Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha right so that if I get Alpha
+here then that means that uh uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then that means that uh uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then that means that uh uh just
+solving for Epsilon I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for Epsilon I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for Epsilon I'm going to have
+some number which will play the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number which will play the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number which will play the role of
+Q Alpha over two and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q Alpha over two and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q Alpha over two and then I'm going to
+be able to just say that P is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to just say that P is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to just say that P is between
+xar andus Epsilon and xar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar andus Epsilon and xar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar andus Epsilon and xar and
+plus okay so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so we have to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+to exponential minus 2 N Epsilon 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exponential minus 2 N Epsilon 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exponential minus 2 N Epsilon 2
+equals Alpha which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Alpha which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Alpha which means
+that so here I'm going to get there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here I'm going to get there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here I'm going to get there's a
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+right so that means that I get Alp over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that means that I get Alp over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that means that I get Alp over
+two here then I take the logs on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here then I take the logs on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here then I take the logs on both
+sides so now let me just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and then I want to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then I want to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then I want to solve for
+Epsilon so that means that Epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so that means that Epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so that means that Epsilon is
+equal to square root log Q Alpha divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to square root log Q Alpha divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to square root log Q Alpha divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+okay it's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just uh
+yes why is B minus A1 so what is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes why is B minus A1 so what is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes why is B minus A1 so what is well
+let's just look right so X lives in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look right so X lives in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look right so X lives in the
+interval B minus a so I can take B to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval B minus a so I can take B to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval B minus a so I can take B to be
+25 and a to be 40 42 but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 and a to be 40 42 but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 and a to be 40 42 but I'm going to
+try to be as sharp as I can right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be as sharp as I can right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be as sharp as I can right so
+what is the smallest value you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the smallest value you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the smallest value you can think
+of such that a burnly random variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such that a burnly random variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such that a burnly random variable is
+larger larger than or equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value what values does a burnly random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value what values does a burnly random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value what values does a burnly random
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+take zero and one so it takes values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take zero and one so it takes values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take zero and one so it takes values
+between Z and one okay just it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Z and one okay just it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Z and one okay just it just
+Maxes the value at the edge actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxes the value at the edge actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxes the value at the edge actually
+this is the best this is the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best this is the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best this is the worst
+possible case for the for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible case for the for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible case for the for the for the
+hunting inequality right so now I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting inequality right so now I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting inequality right so now I I just
+get this one and so now it tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this one and so now it tells me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this one and so now it tells me that
+I have this thing so when I solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this thing so when I solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this thing so when I solve this
+guy over there so combining this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy over there so combining this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy over there so combining this thing
+and this thing implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing implies that the
+probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that
+P lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P lives
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+xnar minus < TK log 2 Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xnar minus < TK log 2 Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xnar minus < TK log 2 Alpha
+by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2
+N and xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and xar
+plusun log 2 over Alpha /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusun log 2 over Alpha /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusun log 2 over Alpha /
+2N is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to I mean is at least what is it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I mean is at least what is it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I mean is at least what is it at
+least equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to here this controls the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here this controls the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here this controls the probability
+that I'm outside of this interval right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm outside of this interval right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm outside of this interval right
+it tells me the probability that xn bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells me the probability that xn bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells me the probability that xn bar
+is far from P by more than Epsilon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is far from P by more than Epsilon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is far from P by more than Epsilon so
+there the probability that I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the probability that I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the probability that I'm actually
+outside of the interval that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the interval that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the interval that I just
+wrote so it's one minus the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote so it's one minus the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote so it's one minus the probability
+of being in the interval so this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being in the interval so this is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being in the interval so this is at
+least one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one minus
+Alpha okay so I just use the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha okay so I just use the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha okay so I just use the fact that
+the probability of the complement is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the complement is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the complement is one
+minus the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the probability of
+the and since I have an upper bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and since I have an upper bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and since I have an upper bound on
+the probability of the set I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the set I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of the set I have a
+lower bound on the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on the probability of the
+comp okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp okay
+so now it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's a bit
+different before we actually wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different before we actually wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different before we actually wrote
+something that was um so let me get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was um so let me get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was um so let me get it
+back so if we go back to the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so if we go back to the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so if we go back to the example
+where we took the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we took the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we took the super
+P we got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P we got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P we got this
+guy Q Alpha over square root of over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Q Alpha over square root of over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Q Alpha over square root of over two
+square root n right so we had xn bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root n right so we had xn bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root n right so we had xn bar
+plusus Q Alpha Over 2un N actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusus Q Alpha Over 2un N actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusus Q Alpha Over 2un N actually that
+was Q Alpha over two I'm sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Q Alpha over two I'm sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Q Alpha over two I'm sorry about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um and so now we have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so now we have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so now we have something that
+replaces this Q Alpha and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces this Q Alpha and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces this Q Alpha and it's
+essentially square root of two log 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially square root of two log 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially square root of two log 2
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+Alpha right because if I replace Q Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha right because if I replace Q Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha right because if I replace Q Alpha
+by square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by square root of
+two log 2 over Alpha I actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two log 2 over Alpha I actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two log 2 over Alpha I actually get
+exactly this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so the question
+is what would you guess is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what would you guess is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what would you guess is this
+number this margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this margin
+square root of log 2 over Alpha ID 2N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of log 2 over Alpha ID 2N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of log 2 over Alpha ID 2N is
+it smaller or larger than this guy Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it smaller or larger than this guy Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it smaller or larger than this guy Q
+Alpha over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha over
+two yes larger everybody agrees with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yes larger everybody agrees with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yes larger everybody agrees with
+this just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just you know
+qualitatively right because we just made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively right because we just made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively right because we just made
+a very conservative statement we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very conservative statement we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very conservative statement we do not
+use anything this is true always so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use anything this is true always so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use anything this is true always so it
+can only be better the the reason in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be better the the reason in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be better the the reason in
+statistics where you use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics where you use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics where you use those
+assumptions that n is large enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that n is large enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that n is large enough that
+you have this Independence that you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this Independence that you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this Independence that you like
+so much so you can actually have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much so you can actually have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much so you can actually have the
+central limit theorum kick in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorum kick in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorum kick in all these
+things are for you to have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are for you to have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are for you to have enough
+assumptions so that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions so that you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions so that you can actually
+make sharper and sharper decisions more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sharper and sharper decisions more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sharper and sharper decisions more
+and more confident statement right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more confident statement right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more confident statement right and
+that's why there's all this junk science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's all this junk science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's all this junk science
+out there because people make too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there because people make too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there because people make too much
+assumptions for their own good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions for their own good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions for their own good right
+they're saying well let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying well let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying well let's assume that
+everything is the way I love it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the way I love it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the way I love it so that
+I can for sure the any Maj any minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can for sure the any Maj any minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can for sure the any Maj any minor
+change I will be able to say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I will be able to say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I will be able to say that's
+because I made an important scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I made an important scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I made an important scientific
+discovery rather than well that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery rather than well that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery rather than well that was just
+noising my experence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now here's the fun moment and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now here's the fun moment and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now here's the fun moment and uh
+actually let me tell you why we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me tell you why we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me tell you why we look at
+this thing so there's actually who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing so there's actually who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing so there's actually who who
+has seen different types of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seen different types of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seen different types of convergence
+in in in the probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the probabilistic
+class okay graduate students and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay graduate students and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay graduate students and uh and
+so there's different types of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's different types of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's different types of you know
+in in in the real numbers you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the real numbers you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the real numbers you know
+there's very simple there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very simple there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very simple there's one
+convergence xn tends to X thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence xn tends to X thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence xn tends to X thinking about
+functions well maybe you have uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions well maybe you have uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions well maybe you have uniform
+convergence you have point-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence you have point-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence you have point-wise
+convergence if you've done some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence if you've done some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence if you've done some real
+analysis you know there's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you know there's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you know there's different
+types of convergence you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of convergence you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of convergence you can think of
+and in in in the convergence of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in in the convergence of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in in the convergence of random
+variables there's also different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there's also different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there's also different types
+but for different reasons it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for different reasons it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for different reasons it's just
+because the question is what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the question is what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the question is what do you do
+with the randomness when you say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the randomness when you say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the randomness when you say that
+something converges to something it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something converges to something it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something converges to something it
+probably means that well you're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably means that well you're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably means that well you're willing
+to tolerate low probability things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tolerate low probability things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tolerate low probability things
+happening where it doesn't happen and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening where it doesn't happen and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening where it doesn't happen and on
+how you handle those creates different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you handle those creates different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you handle those creates different
+types of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of convergence
+so to be fair in statistics the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to be fair in statistics the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to be fair in statistics the only
+conversion we care about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion we care about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion we care about is the
+conversion in distribution that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion in distribution that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion in distribution that's this
+one the one that comes from the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the one that comes from the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the one that comes from the central
+limit theorem that's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem that's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem that's actually the
+weakest possible you could make which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakest possible you could make which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakest possible you could make which is
+good because that means it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because that means it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because that means it's going to
+happen more often and so why do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen more often and so why do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen more often and so why do we need
+this thing because the only thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing because the only thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing because the only thing we
+really need to do is to say that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to do is to say that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to do is to say that when I
+start Computing probabilities on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start Computing probabilities on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start Computing probabilities on this
+random variable they're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable they're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable they're going to look
+like probabilities on that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like probabilities on that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like probabilities on that random
+variable all right so for for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable all right so for for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable all right so for for example
+think of the following two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the following two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the following two random
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and minus X okay so this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and minus X okay so this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and minus X okay so this is the same
+Rand variable and this one is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rand variable and this one is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rand variable and this one is negative
+okay when I look at those two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when I look at those two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when I look at those two random
+variables think of them as a sequence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables think of them as a sequence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables think of them as a sequence a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+sequence these two constant sequences do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence these two constant sequences do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence these two constant sequences do
+not go to the same number right one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go to the same number right one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go to the same number right one is
+plus some one is X the other one isus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some one is X the other one isus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some one is X the other one isus X
+so unless X is the random varable always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unless X is the random varable always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unless X is the random varable always
+equal to zero those two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero those two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero those two things are
+different however when I compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different however when I compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different however when I compute
+probabilities on this guy and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on this guy and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on this guy and when I
+comput probabilities on that guy they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comput probabilities on that guy they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comput probabilities on that guy they're
+the same because X and minus X have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because X and minus X have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because X and minus X have the
+same distribution just by symmetry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distribution just by symmetry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distribution just by symmetry of
+the of the G variable and so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the G variable and so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the G variable and so you can see
+this is very weak I'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very weak I'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very weak I'm not saying
+anything about the two random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the two random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the two random variables
+being close to each other every time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being close to each other every time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being close to each other every time I'm
+gonna flip my coin right maybe I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna flip my coin right maybe I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna flip my coin right maybe I'm going
+to I'm going to press my computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm going to press my computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm going to press my computer and
+say what is X well it's 1.2 Negative X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what is X well it's 1.2 Negative X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what is X well it's 1.2 Negative X
+is going to be negative 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be negative 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be negative 1.2
+those things are far apart and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are far apart and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are far apart and it
+doesn't matter because in average those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because in average those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because in average those
+things are going to have same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to have same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to have same
+probabilities of happening and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of happening and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of happening and that's
+all we care about in statistics you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we care about in statistics you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we care about in statistics you need
+to realize that this is what's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that this is what's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that this is what's important
+and why you need to know because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why you need to know because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why you need to know because you
+have it really good if you're a prist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it really good if you're a prist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it really good if you're a prist
+you really care more about convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really care more about convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really care more about convergence
+almost surely which is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost surely which is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost surely which is probably the
+strongest you can be so what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest you can be so what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest you can be so what we're going
+to do is talk about different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is talk about different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is talk about different types of
+convergence not to just you know reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence not to just you know reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence not to just you know reflect
+on the fact on how our life is good it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fact on how our life is good it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fact on how our life is good it's
+just that the problem is that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that the problem is that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that the problem is that when the
+rent the convergence and distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent the convergence and distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent the convergence and distribution is
+so weak that I cannot do anything I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so weak that I cannot do anything I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so weak that I cannot do anything I want
+with it in particular I cannot say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in particular I cannot say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in particular I cannot say that
+if x converges xn converges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x converges xn converges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x converges xn converges in
+distribution and YN converges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and YN converges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and YN converges in
+distribution then xn plus YN converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then xn plus YN converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then xn plus YN converges
+in distribution to the sum of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in distribution to the sum of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in distribution to the sum of their
+limits I cannot do that it's just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits I cannot do that it's just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits I cannot do that it's just too
+weak right think of this example it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak right think of this example it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak right think of this example it's
+preventing you to do quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing you to do quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing you to do quite a lot of
+things right in particular right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right in particular right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right in particular right
+so this is converion distribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is converion distribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is converion distribution to
+some n01 this is converion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some n01 this is converion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some n01 this is converion and
+distribution to some n01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to some n01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to some n01
+but their sum is zero and it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their sum is zero and it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their sum is zero and it's certainly
+not doesn't look like the sum of two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doesn't look like the sum of two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doesn't look like the sum of two uh
+independent gin random variables right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent gin random variables right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent gin random variables right
+and so what we need is to have stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we need is to have stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we need is to have stronger
+conditions here and there so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions here and there so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions here and there so that we can
+actually put things together and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put things together and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put things together and we're
+going to have more complicated formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have more complicated formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have more complicated formulas
+one of the formulas for example is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the formulas for example is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the formulas for example is if I
+replace P by P hat in this denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace P by P hat in this denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace P by P hat in this denominator
+right we mentioned doing this at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we mentioned doing this at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we mentioned doing this at some
+point so I would need that P hat goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I would need that P hat goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I would need that P hat goes to
+P but I need stronger than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P but I need stronger than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P but I need stronger than in
+distribution so that this happens I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so that this happens I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so that this happens I
+actually need this to happen uh in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need this to happen uh in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need this to happen uh in a in
+a stronger sense right so here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stronger sense right so here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stronger sense right so here are the
+first two strongest sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two strongest sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two strongest sense in which
+random variables can converge the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables can converge the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables can converge the first
+one is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is almost
+surely so everybody any who has already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely so everybody any who has already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely so everybody any who has already
+seen this notation little Omega when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this notation little Omega when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this notation little Omega when
+they're talking about random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about random
+variables all right so very few so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables all right so very few so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables all right so very few so this
+little Omega is so what is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Omega is so what is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Omega is so what is a random
+variable a random variable is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable a random variable is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable a random variable is something
+that you measure on something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you measure on something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you measure on something that's
+random so the example I like to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so the example I like to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so the example I like to think of
+is if you take a ball of uh snow and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you take a ball of uh snow and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you take a ball of uh snow and put
+it in the sun for some time you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the sun for some time you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the sun for some time you come
+back it's going to have a random shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it's going to have a random shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it's going to have a random shape
+right it's going to be a random blurb of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to be a random blurb of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to be a random blurb of
+something but there's still a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but there's still a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but there's still a bunch of
+things you can measure on it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can measure on it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can measure on it you can
+measure its volume you can measure its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure its volume you can measure its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure its volume you can measure its
+inner temperature you can measure its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner temperature you can measure its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner temperature you can measure its
+surface area all these things are random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area all these things are random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area all these things are random
+variables but the ball itself is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but the ball itself is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but the ball itself is Omega
+that's the thing on which you make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing on which you make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing on which you make your
+measurements and so a random varable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and so a random varable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and so a random varable is
+just the function of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the function of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the function of those
+omegas now why do we make all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas now why do we make all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas now why do we make all these
+things fancy because you cannot take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things fancy because you cannot take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things fancy because you cannot take any
+function this function has to be what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this function has to be what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this function has to be what's
+called measurable and there's entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called measurable and there's entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called measurable and there's entire
+courses on measure Theory and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on measure Theory and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses on measure Theory and not
+everything is measurable and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is measurable and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is measurable and so that's
+why you have to be a little careful why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have to be a little careful why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have to be a little careful why
+not everything's measurable because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everything's measurable because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everything's measurable because you
+need some sort of nice properties right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some sort of nice properties right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some sort of nice properties right
+such that the measure of something the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the measure of something the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the measure of something the
+Union of two things is less than the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union of two things is less than the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union of two things is less than the sum
+of the measures things like that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the measures things like that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the measures things like that and so
+almost surely is telling you that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost surely is telling you that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost surely is telling you that for
+most most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most of the
+balls right for most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls right for most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls right for most of the
+omegas that's the right hand side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas that's the right hand side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas that's the right hand side the
+probability of omegas such that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of omegas such that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of omegas such that those
+things converge to each other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things converge to each other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things converge to each other is
+actually equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to
+one okay so it tells me that for almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so it tells me that for almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so it tells me that for almost
+all omegas all the omegas if I put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all omegas all the omegas if I put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all omegas all the omegas if I put them
+together I get something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I get something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I get something that has
+probability one it might be that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one it might be that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one it might be that there's
+other ones that have probability zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones that have probability zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones that have probability zero
+but what it's telling me is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it's telling me is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it's telling me is that this
+thing happens for all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens for all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens for all possible
+realization of the underlying thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of the underlying thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of the underlying thing
+that's very strong it essentially says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very strong it essentially says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very strong it essentially says
+Randomness does not matter because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness does not matter because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness does not matter because it's
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+always okay now conversions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always okay now conversions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always okay now conversions in
+probability allows you to squeeze a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability allows you to squeeze a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability allows you to squeeze a
+little bit of probability on the rug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of probability on the rug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of probability on the rug it
+tells you I want the convergence to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you I want the convergence to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you I want the convergence to hold
+but I'm willing to let go of some little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm willing to let go of some little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm willing to let go of some little
+Epsilon where so I'm willing to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon where so I'm willing to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon where so I'm willing to allow
+TN to be less than Epsilon TN minus t to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN to be less than Epsilon TN minus t to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN to be less than Epsilon TN minus t to
+be sorry to be larger than Epsilon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sorry to be larger than Epsilon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sorry to be larger than Epsilon but
+the problem is that want this to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that want this to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that want this to go to
+zero as well as n goes to Infinity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as well as n goes to Infinity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as well as n goes to Infinity but
+for each n this thing does not have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each n this thing does not have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each n this thing does not have to
+be zero which is different from right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero which is different from right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero which is different from right so
+so this probability here is fine so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this probability here is fine so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this probability here is fine so it's
+a little weaker but it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little weaker but it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little weaker but it's a it's a
+slightly different one I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different one I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different one I'm not going to
+ask you to learn and show that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to learn and show that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to learn and show that one is
+weaker than the other one but just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker than the other one but just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker than the other one but just know
+that these are two different types this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are two different types this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are two different types this
+one is actually much easier to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is actually much easier to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is actually much easier to check
+than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this
+one okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there's something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's something called
+convergence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in
+LP so this one is the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LP so this one is the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LP so this one is the fact that it
+embodies the following fact if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies the following fact if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies the following fact if I give
+you a random variable with mean zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a random variable with mean zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a random variable with mean zero and
+I tell you that its variance is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you that its variance is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you that its variance is going to
+zero right you have a sequence of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right you have a sequence of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right you have a sequence of random
+variables their mean is zero their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables their mean is zero their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables their mean is zero their
+expectation is zero but their variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is zero but their variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is zero but their variance
+is going to zero right so think of GA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to zero right so think of GA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to zero right so think of GA
+and random variables with uh mean zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and random variables with uh mean zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and random variables with uh mean zero
+and a a variance that shrinks to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a a variance that shrinks to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a a variance that shrinks to zero
+then this random variable converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this random variable converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this random variable converges to
+Spike at zero so it converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike at zero so it converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike at zero so it converges to zero
+right and so what I mean by that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what I mean by that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what I mean by that is that
+to to to have this convergence all I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to have this convergence all I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to have this convergence all I had
+to tell you was that the variance was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you was that the variance was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you was that the variance was
+going to zero and so in L2 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero and so in L2 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero and so in L2 this is
+really what it's telling you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what it's telling you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what it's telling you it's
+telling you well if the variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you well if the variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you well if the variance is
+going to zero well it's for any random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero well it's for any random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero well it's for any random
+variable T so here what I described was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T so here what I described was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T so here what I described was
+for deterministic T So TN goes to random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deterministic T So TN goes to random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deterministic T So TN goes to random
+variable T if you look at the square the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T if you look at the square the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T if you look at the square the
+expectation of the square distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the square distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the square distance and
+it goes to zero but you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to zero but you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to zero but you don't have to
+limmit yourself to the square you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limmit yourself to the square you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limmit yourself to the square you can
+take power of three you can take power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take power of three you can take power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take power of three you can take power
+67.6 uh Power 9 pi you take whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67.6 uh Power 9 pi you take whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67.6 uh Power 9 pi you take whatever
+power you want can be fractional it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you want can be fractional it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you want can be fractional it has
+to be lower than one and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be lower than one and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be lower than one and that's the
+convergence in LP okay but we mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in LP okay but we mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in LP okay but we mostly
+care about uh integer pce and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about uh integer pce and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about uh integer pce and then
+here's our star the convergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our star the convergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our star the convergence and
+distribution and that's just the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and that's just the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and that's just the one
+that tells you that when I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that when I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that when I start
+Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing
+probabilities on the TN I actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on the TN I actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on the TN I actually uh
+they're going to look very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to look very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to look very close to the
+probabilities on the T okay so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on the T okay so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on the T okay so that was
+our TN was this guy for example and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our TN was this guy for example and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our TN was this guy for example and T
+was the standard gaon distribution now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the standard gaon distribution now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the standard gaon distribution now
+here this is not any probability this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is not any probability this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is not any probability this is
+just the probability that I'm less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the probability that I'm less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the probability that I'm less than
+or equal to X but if you remember your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to X but if you remember your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to X but if you remember your
+probability class if you can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability class if you can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability class if you can compute
+those probabilities you can compute any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those probabilities you can compute any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those probabilities you can compute any
+probability just by subtracting and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability just by subtracting and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability just by subtracting and just
+building things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building things together
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+so uh well I need this for all X's so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh well I need this for all X's so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh well I need this for all X's so I
+want this draw each X so you fix X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this draw each X so you fix X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this draw each X so you fix X and
+then you make the limit go to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make the limit go to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make the limit go to Infinity
+you make n Go to infinity and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make n Go to infinity and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make n Go to infinity and I want
+this uh for the point x is at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for the point x is at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for the point x is at which the
+cumulative distribution function of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative distribution function of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative distribution function of T is
+continuous there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous there might be
+jumps and uh and uh that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps and uh and uh that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps and uh and uh that I don't
+actually care for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care for
+those all right so here I mentioned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all right so here I mentioned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all right so here I mentioned it
+for random variables if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for random variables if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for random variables if you're
+interested there's also random vectors A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested there's also random vectors A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested there's also random vectors A
+random Vector is just a table of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Vector is just a table of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Vector is just a table of random
+variables you can talk about random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you can talk about random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you can talk about random
+matrices you can talk about random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices you can talk about random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices you can talk about random
+whatever you want every time you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want every time you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want every time you have
+object that's just collecting real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that's just collecting real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that's just collecting real
+numbers you can just plug random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you can just plug random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you can just plug random
+variables in there and so uh uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in there and so uh uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in there and so uh uh so
+there's all these definitions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these definitions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these definitions that
+extend so where I see you see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend so where I see you see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend so where I see you see an
+absolute value you will see a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value you will see a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value you will see a norm
+things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this
+okay so I'm sure this might look scary a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm sure this might look scary a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm sure this might look scary a
+little bit but really what we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but really what we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but really what we are going
+to use is only the last one which as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is only the last one which as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is only the last one which as you
+can see is just telling you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is just telling you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is just telling you that the
+probabilities convert to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities convert to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities convert to the
+probabilities but I'm going to need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but I'm going to need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but I'm going to need the
+other ones every once in a while and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones every once in a while and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones every once in a while and the
+reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is
+uh um well okay so here I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um well okay so here I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um well okay so here I'm actually
+going to uh uh the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh uh the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh uh the important
+characterizations of the convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizations of the convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizations of the convergence
+distribution which is our convergence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is our convergence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is our convergence uh
+style so I converge in distribution if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style so I converge in distribution if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style so I converge in distribution if
+and only if for any function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if for any function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if for any function that's
+continuous and bounded when I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and bounded when I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and bounded when I look at
+the expectation of f of TN this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of f of TN this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of f of TN this
+converges to the expectation of f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the expectation of f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the expectation of f of
+t Okay so this is just those two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so this is just those two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so this is just those two things
+are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equivalent sometimes it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent sometimes it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent sometimes it's easier to
+check one easier to check the other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check one easier to check the other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check one easier to check the other in
+this class you won't have to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class you won't have to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class you won't have to prove that
+something converges in distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something converges in distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something converges in distribution
+other than just combining our existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than just combining our existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than just combining our existing
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+results uh and then the last one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh and then the last one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh and then the last one which
+is equivalent to the above two is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to the above two is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to the above two is what
+anybody knows what the name of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knows what the name of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knows what the name of this
+quantity is this expectation here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is this expectation here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is this expectation here what
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+called the characteristic function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the characteristic function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the characteristic function right
+and so this I is the complex I and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this I is the complex I and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this I is the complex I and it's
+a complex number and so it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex number and so it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex number and so it's essentially
+telling me that well rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me that well rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me that well rather than
+actually looking at all bounded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking at all bounded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking at all bounded and
+continuous real functions I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous real functions I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous real functions I can actually
+look at one specific family of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one specific family of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one specific family of uh uh
+complex functions which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex functions which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex functions which are the
+functions to that Maps T to e to the ixt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to that Maps T to e to the ixt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to that Maps T to e to the ixt
+for X in R that's much smaller family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X in R that's much smaller family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X in R that's much smaller family of
+functions right all possible continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions right all possible continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions right all possible continuous
+and baled functions is many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and baled functions is many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and baled functions is many more
+elements than just the the real elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements than just the the real elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements than just the the real elements
+and so now I can show that if I limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now I can show that if I limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now I can show that if I limit
+myself to those it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to those it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to those it's actually
+sufficient okay so you know those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient okay so you know those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient okay so you know those three
+things are used all over the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are used all over the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are used all over the literature
+just to show things in particular if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show things in particular if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show things in particular if you
+look at uh uh if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh uh if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh uh if you're interested in
+deep digging a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep digging a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep digging a little more
+mathematically the central theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically the central theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically the central theorem is
+going to be so important maybe you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so important maybe you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so important maybe you want
+to read about how to prove it we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read about how to prove it we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read about how to prove it we're not
+going to prove it in this class there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove it in this class there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove it in this class there's
+actually u i mean there's probably five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually u i mean there's probably five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually u i mean there's probably five
+at least five different ways of proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least five different ways of proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least five different ways of proving
+it but the most canonical one the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the most canonical one the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the most canonical one the one
+that you find in textbooks is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find in textbooks is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find in textbooks is the one
+that actually uses the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually uses the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually uses the third
+element okay so you just look at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element okay so you just look at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element okay so you just look at the uh
+characteristic function of square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of square root
+of n xnar minus say mu and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n xnar minus say mu and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n xnar minus say mu and you just
+expand the thing and this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the thing and this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the thing and this is what you
+and you will see that in the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see that in the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see that in the end you
+will get the moment generating fun the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get the moment generating fun the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get the moment generating fun the
+the characteristic function of a gaum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic function of a gaum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic function of a gaum
+why a gon why does it kick in well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why a gon why does it kick in well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why a gon why does it kick in well
+because what is the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what is the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what is the characteristic
+function of a gon does anybody remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a gon does anybody remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a gon does anybody remember
+the characteristic function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic function of a
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+gin yeah well I mean there's two pies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gin yeah well I mean there's two pies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gin yeah well I mean there's two pies
+and stuff that goes away right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff that goes away right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff that goes away right so the
+characteristic function a gausson is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function a gausson is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function a gausson is a
+random variable a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable a characteristic
+function is a function so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a function so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a function so it's not
+really itself it looks like itself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really itself it looks like itself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really itself it looks like itself uh
+anybody knows what the actual formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knows what the actual formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knows what the actual formula is
+yeah e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah e to the
+minus exactly e to the minus X squ over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus exactly e to the minus X squ over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus exactly e to the minus X squ over
+two but this x s over two is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but this x s over two is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but this x s over two is actually
+just a second order expansion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second order expansion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second order expansion in the
+tailor expansion and that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor expansion and that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor expansion and that's why the
+gapon is so important it's just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gapon is so important it's just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gapon is so important it's just a second
+order T expansion okay and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order T expansion okay and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order T expansion okay and so you can
+check it out I think Terry tow has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it out I think Terry tow has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it out I think Terry tow has some
+stuff on his blog there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on his blog there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on his blog there's a bunch of
+different proofs but you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proofs but you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proofs but you know if you
+want to prove conversions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove conversions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove conversions in
+distribution very likely you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution very likely you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution very likely you're going to
+use one of those three criteria all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of those three criteria all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of those three criteria all
+right okay so let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's move
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+um this is when I said that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is when I said that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is when I said that this
+convergence is is weaker than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is is weaker than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is is weaker than that
+convergence this is what I meant if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence this is what I meant if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence this is what I meant if you
+have convergence in one style it implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have convergence in one style it implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have convergence in one style it implies
+convergence in other style so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in other style so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in other style so the first
+style is that if TN converges almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style is that if TN converges almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style is that if TN converges almost
+surely this a do s do means almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely this a do s do means almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely this a do s do means almost
+surely then it also converges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely then it also converges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely then it also converges in
+probability and actually the two limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and actually the two limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and actually the two limits
+which are this random variable T are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are this random variable T are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are this random variable T are
+equal almost surely meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal almost surely meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal almost surely meaning that
+basically what it means is that whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what it means is that whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what it means is that whatever
+you measure on one is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure on one is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure on one is going to be the
+same that you measure on the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that you measure on the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that you measure on the other one
+right so that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's very
+strong so then uh so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong so then uh so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong so then uh so that means that
+convergence almost surely is stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence almost surely is stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence almost surely is stronger
+than convergence in probability if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than convergence in probability if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than convergence in probability if you
+converge in LP then you also converge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge in LP then you also converge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge in LP then you also converge in
+lq for some Q less than P so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lq for some Q less than P so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lq for some Q less than P so if you
+converge in L2 you also converge in L1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge in L2 you also converge in L1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge in L2 you also converge in L1
+if you converge in l67 you converge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you converge in l67 you converge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you converge in l67 you converge in
+L2 if you converge in L Infinity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 if you converge in L Infinity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 if you converge in L Infinity you
+converge in LP for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge in LP for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge in LP for
+any okay and so again limits are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any okay and so again limits are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any okay and so again limits are equal
+and then when you conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you conversion
+distribution when you converge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution when you converge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution when you converge in
+probability you also converge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you also converge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you also converge in
+distribution okay so almost surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so almost surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so almost surely
+implies probability LP implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies probability LP implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies probability LP implies
+probability probability implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability probability implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability probability implies
+distribution and here that I did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and here that I did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and here that I did not
+write and the limits are equal almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and the limits are equal almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and the limits are equal almost
+surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why because the convergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because the convergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because the convergence and
+distribution is actually not telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is actually not telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is actually not telling you
+that your random variable is converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your random variable is converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your random variable is converging
+to another random variable it's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another random variable it's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another random variable it's telling
+you that the distribution of your random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the distribution of your random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the distribution of your random
+variable is converging to a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is converging to a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is converging to a distribution
+and think of this guys X and minus X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think of this guys X and minus X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think of this guys X and minus X the
+central limit theorem tells me that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem tells me that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem tells me that I'm
+converging to some standard Gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to some standard Gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to some standard Gan
+distribution but am I converging to X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but am I converging to X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but am I converging to X or
+am I converging to minus X it's not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I converging to minus X it's not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I converging to minus X it's not well
+identified it's any dist any random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified it's any dist any random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified it's any dist any random
+varable that has this distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varable that has this distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varable that has this distribution so
+there's no way the distrib the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way the distrib the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way the distrib the limits
+are equal their distributions are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal their distributions are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal their distributions are going
+to be the same but they're not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same but they're not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same but they're not the same
+limit is that clear for everyone so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is that clear for everyone so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is that clear for everyone so in a
+way conversion and distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way conversion and distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way conversion and distribution is
+really not a convergence of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not a convergence of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not a convergence of a random
+variable towards another random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable towards another random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable towards another random variable
+it's just telling you the limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just telling you the limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just telling you the limiting
+distribution of your random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of your random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of your random variable
+what it is which is enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is which is enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is which is enough for
+us okay and one thing that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay and one thing that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay and one thing that's actually
+really nice is this uh continuous uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice is this uh continuous uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice is this uh continuous uh uh
+continuous m theorem which essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous m theorem which essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous m theorem which essentially
+tells you that so this is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that so this is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that so this is one of those
+theorems that we like because they tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that we like because they tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that we like because they tell
+us you can do what you feel like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us you can do what you feel like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us you can do what you feel like you
+want to do right so if I have TN that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do right so if I have TN that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do right so if I have TN that
+goes to T F of TN goes to F of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to T F of TN goes to F of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to T F of TN goes to F of T and
+this is true for any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for any of those
+convergence except for um LP and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence except for um LP and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence except for um LP and uh and
+uh but I have F to have I have to have F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I have F to have I have to have F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I have F to have I have to have F
+which is continuous otherwise we stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is continuous otherwise we stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is continuous otherwise we stuff
+can happen all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen all
+right so this is going to be convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is going to be convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is going to be convenient
+because here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here
+I don't have xn minus P I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have xn minus P I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have xn minus P I have a
+continuous function it's even a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function it's even a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function it's even a linear
+function of xn minus P but I could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of xn minus P but I could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of xn minus P but I could think
+of like even crazier stuff to do and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like even crazier stuff to do and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like even crazier stuff to do and it
+would still be true if I took the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still be true if I took the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still be true if I took the square
+it would converge to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would converge to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would converge to something that
+looks like whose distribution is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like whose distribution is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like whose distribution is the
+same as the distribution of a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the distribution of a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the distribution of a square
+C okay so this is a mouthful this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay so this is a mouthful this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay so this is a mouthful this two
+slides actually this particular slide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides actually this particular slide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides actually this particular slide is
+a mouthful what I have in my head since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mouthful what I have in my head since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mouthful what I have in my head since
+I was pretty much sitting where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was pretty much sitting where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was pretty much sitting where you're
+sitting is this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting is this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting is this diagram
+okay so what it tells me so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what it tells me so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what it tells me so it's
+actually voluntarily cropped so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually voluntarily cropped so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually voluntarily cropped so you can
+start from any lq you want large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from any lq you want large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from any lq you want large and
+then as you decrease the index you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as you decrease the index you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as you decrease the index you're
+actually implying implying implying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implying implying implying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implying implying implying
+until you imply conversions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you imply conversions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you imply conversions and
+probability conversions almost surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability conversions almost surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability conversions almost surely
+implies convergence and probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies convergence and probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies convergence and probability and
+everything goes to the sync that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes to the sync that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes to the sync that is
+Convergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convergence and
+distribution okay so everything implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so everything implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so everything implies
+conversion distribution that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion distribution that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion distribution that's basically
+rather than remembering this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than remembering this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than remembering this is really
+the diagram you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+okay all right so why do we bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so why do we bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so why do we bother
+learning about those things it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about those things it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about those things it's because
+of this limits and operations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this limits and operations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this limits and operations right
+operations and limits if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and limits if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and limits if I have a
+sequence of real numbers and I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of real numbers and I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of real numbers and I know that
+xn converges to X and YN converges to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn converges to X and YN converges to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn converges to X and YN converges to Y
+then I can start doing all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can start doing all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can start doing all my
+manipulations and things are happy I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations and things are happy I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations and things are happy I can
+add stuff I can multiply stuff but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add stuff I can multiply stuff but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add stuff I can multiply stuff but it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+true uh always for uh conversion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh always for uh conversion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh always for uh conversion and
+distribution but it is what's nice it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but it is what's nice it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but it is what's nice it's
+actually true for convergence almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually true for convergence almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually true for convergence almost
+surely convergence almost surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely convergence almost surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely convergence almost surely
+everything is like it's just impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is like it's just impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is like it's just impossible
+to make it fa all right but convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it fa all right but convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it fa all right but convergence
+in probability is not always everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in probability is not always everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in probability is not always everything
+but at least you can actually add stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least you can actually add stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least you can actually add stuff
+and multiply stuff and it will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply stuff and it will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply stuff and it will still
+give you the sum at the end and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the sum at the end and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the sum at the end and the
+product at the end okay and if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product at the end okay and if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product at the end okay and if you can
+even take the ratio if uh if uh V is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even take the ratio if uh if uh V is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even take the ratio if uh if uh V is uh
+is uh not zero of course the limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh not zero of course the limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh not zero of course the limit is
+not zero actually the end to be not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero actually the end to be not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero actually the end to be not zero
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well okay you can actually prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay you can actually prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay you can actually prove this
+last statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last statement
+right because it's a combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's a combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's a combination of the
+first statement of the second one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first statement of the second one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first statement of the second one and
+the continuous mapping theorem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous mapping theorem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous mapping theorem right
+because the function uh that Maps X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the function uh that Maps X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the function uh that Maps X to
+one /x on everything but zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one /x on everything but zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one /x on everything but zero is
+continuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and
+so V one over VN converges to one over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so V one over VN converges to one over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so V one over VN converges to one over V
+and then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can
+multiply okay so you knew that one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply okay so you knew that one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply okay so you knew that one but
+really this is not what matters because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is not what matters because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is not what matters because
+this is something that you will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that you will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that you will do
+whatever happens right if I don't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens right if I don't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens right if I don't tell
+you you cannot do it well you will do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you cannot do it well you will do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you cannot do it well you will do it
+but in general those things don't apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general those things don't apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general those things don't apply
+to conversions and distribution unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conversions and distribution unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conversions and distribution unless
+the pair itself is known to conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair itself is known to conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair itself is known to conversion
+distribution remember when I said these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution remember when I said these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution remember when I said these
+things apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things apply to
+vectors then you need to actually say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors then you need to actually say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors then you need to actually say
+that the vector converges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector converges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector converges in
+distribution to the limiting Vector now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to the limiting Vector now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to the limiting Vector now
+this tells you in particular since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you in particular since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you in particular since the
+cumulative distribution function is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative distribution function is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative distribution function is not
+defined for vectors I would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for vectors I would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for vectors I would have to
+actually use one of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use one of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use one of the other
+distributions which which one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions which which one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions which which one of the
+other criteria which is Convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other criteria which is Convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other criteria which is Convergence of
+uh characteristic functions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh characteristic functions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh characteristic functions or
+convergence of a function of uh bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of a function of uh bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of a function of uh bounded
+continuous function of the r variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function of the r variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function of the r variable
+right Point 2 or point3 but point one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Point 2 or point3 but point one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Point 2 or point3 but point one is
+not going to get you anywhere okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get you anywhere okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get you anywhere okay but
+it this is something that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is something that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is something that's going to be
+too hard for us to deal with so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard for us to deal with so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard for us to deal with so we're
+actually going to rely on the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to rely on the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to rely on the fact that
+we have something that's even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something that's even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something that's even better
+this something that is waiting for us at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this something that is waiting for us at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this something that is waiting for us at
+the end of this which is called that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this which is called that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this which is called that
+says that if V in this case converges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if V in this case converges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if V in this case converges in
+probability then actually and but youu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability then actually and but youu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability then actually and but youu
+converges in distribution I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in distribution I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in distribution I can actually
+still do that I actually don't need both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do that I actually don't need both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do that I actually don't need both
+of them to converion probability I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them to converion probability I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them to converion probability I
+actually need only one of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need only one of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need only one of them to
+converion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converion
+probability but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but to
+something okay so let's go to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay so let's go to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay so let's go to another
+example right so I just want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right so I just want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right so I just want to make
+sure that we keep on doing statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we keep on doing statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we keep on doing statistics
+and every time we're going to just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time we're going to just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time we're going to just do a
+little bit too much probability I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too much probability I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too much probability I'm
+going to reset the pressure and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reset the pressure and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reset the pressure and again
+all right so assume you observe the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so assume you observe the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so assume you observe the uh
+times the inter arrival time of the te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the inter arrival time of the te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the inter arrival time of the te
+at Kendall okay so this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Kendall okay so this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Kendall okay so this is not the
+arrival time it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival time it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival time it's not like
+7:56 8:15 no it's uh it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7:56 8:15 no it's uh it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7:56 8:15 no it's uh it's really the
+inter arrival time right so say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival time right so say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival time right so say you know
+the next te is arriving in six minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next te is arriving in six minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next te is arriving in six minutes
+uh so let a you know uh L wife found and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let a you know uh L wife found and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let a you know uh L wife found and
+uh so you have this interal time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you have this interal time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you have this interal time so
+those are numbers say three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are numbers say three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are numbers say three four five
+four three ET so I have the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three ET so I have the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three ET so I have the sequence of
+numbers okay so I'm going to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay so I'm going to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay so I'm going to observe
+this and I'm going to try to infer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'm going to try to infer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'm going to try to infer uh
+what is the rate of T going out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the rate of T going out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the rate of T going out of the
+station uh from this okay so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station uh from this okay so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station uh from this okay so I'm going
+to assume that this times are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that this times are mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that this times are mutually
+independent all right that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent all right that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent all right that's probably
+not completely true again it just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely true again it just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely true again it just means
+that what it would mean is that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what it would mean is that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what it would mean is that two
+consecutive interal times are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive interal times are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive interal times are
+independent I mean you can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent I mean you can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent I mean you can make it
+independent if you want but again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if you want but again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if you want but again this
+independent assumption is for us to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent assumption is for us to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent assumption is for us to be
+happy and safe okay unless someone comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and safe okay unless someone comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and safe okay unless someone comes
+overwhelming proof that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming proof that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming proof that it's not
+independent and far from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and far from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and far from being
+independent then yes you have a you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then yes you have a you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then yes you have a you have
+a problem but it might be the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem but it might be the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem but it might be the fact that
+it's actually you know if you have a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually you know if you have a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually you know if you have a t
+that's one hour late that the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one hour late that the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one hour late that the interval
+time is one hour then the other T either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is one hour then the other T either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is one hour then the other T either
+they fixed it and it's going to be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fixed it and it's going to be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fixed it and it's going to be just
+30 seconds behind or it's G they haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds behind or it's G they haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds behind or it's G they haven't
+fixed it and it's going to be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it and it's going to be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it and it's going to be another
+hour behind right so they're not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour behind right so they're not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour behind right so they're not exactly
+independent but they are when things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but they are when things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but they are when things
+work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well
+in okay and so now I need to Model A R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay and so now I need to Model A R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay and so now I need to Model A R
+able that's positive maybe not upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able that's positive maybe not upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able that's positive maybe not upper
+bounded I mean people complain enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded I mean people complain enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded I mean people complain enough
+that the thing can be really large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thing can be really large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thing can be really large and
+so one thing that people like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing that people like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing that people like for
+interal times is exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interal times is exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interal times is exponential
+distribution okay so that's a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so that's a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so that's a positive
+random variable looks like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable looks like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable looks like an
+exponential on the right hand side on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential on the right hand side on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential on the right hand side on
+the positive line and so it decays very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive line and so it decays very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive line and so it decays very
+fast towards zero the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast towards zero the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast towards zero the probability that
+you have very large value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very large value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very large value is
+exponentially small and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially small and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially small and there's a
+parameter Lambda that controls how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Lambda that controls how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Lambda that controls how
+exponentially small exponential minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially small exponential minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially small exponential minus
+Lambda time something and so uh uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda time something and so uh uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda time something and so uh uh we
+want we are going to assume that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we are going to assume that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we are going to assume that they
+have the same dist the same R so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same dist the same R so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same dist the same R so they
+IID because they're independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IID because they're independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IID because they're independent and
+they're identically distributed they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're identically distributed they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're identically distributed they all
+have this exponential parameter Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this exponential parameter Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this exponential parameter Lambda
+and I'm going to try to learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to try to learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to try to learn something
+about Lambda what is the estimated value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Lambda what is the estimated value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Lambda what is the estimated value
+of Lambda and can I build the compon for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lambda and can I build the compon for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lambda and can I build the compon for
+L okay so we observ and arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay so we observ and arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay so we observ and arrival
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+so uh as I said the mutual Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh as I said the mutual Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh as I said the mutual Independence
+uh is plausible but not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is plausible but not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is plausible but not completely
+Justified uh the fact that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justified uh the fact that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justified uh the fact that they're
+exponential is actually something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is actually something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is actually something that
+people like all this what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like all this what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like all this what's called
+queuing Theory so exponentials are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queuing Theory so exponentials are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queuing Theory so exponentials are right
+a lot when you talk about inter arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot when you talk about inter arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot when you talk about inter arrival
+times it's not about the bus but where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it's not about the bus but where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it's not about the bus but where
+it's very important is call centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important is call centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important is call centers
+service um you know uh servers uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service um you know uh servers uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service um you know uh servers uh where
+uh you know tasks come and people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know tasks come and people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know tasks come and people want
+to know how long it's going to take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how long it's going to take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how long it's going to take to
+serve a task right so when I call at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve a task right so when I call at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve a task right so when I call at a
+center it's not nobody knows how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center it's not nobody knows how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center it's not nobody knows how long
+I'm going to stay on the phone with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to stay on the phone with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to stay on the phone with this
+person but it turns out that empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but it turns out that empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but it turns out that empirically
+exponential distributions have been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distributions have been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distributions have been very
+good at modeling this and what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at modeling this and what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at modeling this and what it means
+is that they're actually they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're actually they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're actually they have this
+memoryless property it's kind of crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoryless property it's kind of crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoryless property it's kind of crazy
+if you think about it what does IT thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it what does IT thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it what does IT thing
+say let's parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's parse
+it that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's the
+probability so this is condition on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so this is condition on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so this is condition on the
+fact that T1 is larger than T right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that T1 is larger than T right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that T1 is larger than T right so
+T1 is just say the first arrival time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 is just say the first arrival time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 is just say the first arrival time
+that means that conditionally on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that conditionally on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that conditionally on the
+fact that I've been waiting for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I've been waiting for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I've been waiting for the
+first T well the first uh you know M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first T well the first uh you know M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first T well the first uh you know M
+BT uh for more I should probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT uh for more I should probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT uh for more I should probably the
+first Subway for more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Subway for more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Subway for more than
+conditionally so I've been there t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionally so I've been there t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionally so I've been there t
+minutes already then the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes already then the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes already then the probability
+that I wait for S more minutes right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wait for S more minutes right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wait for S more minutes right so
+that's the probability that T1 is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability that T1 is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability that T1 is lower
+than the time I've already waited plus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the time I've already waited plus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the time I've already waited plus s
+this the probability that given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the probability that given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the probability that given that
+I've been waiting for T minutes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been waiting for T minutes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been waiting for T minutes the
+probity I wait for S more minutes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probity I wait for S more minutes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probity I wait for S more minutes is
+actually the probability I wait for S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the probability I wait for S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the probability I wait for S
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+total which mean it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total which mean it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total which mean it's completely
+memorized it doesn't remember how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized it doesn't remember how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized it doesn't remember how long
+you've been waiting the probability does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been waiting the probability does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been waiting the probability does
+not change you can have waited for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change you can have waited for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change you can have waited for two
+hours the probability that it come it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours the probability that it come it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours the probability that it come it
+takes another 10 minutes is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes another 10 minutes is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes another 10 minutes is going to be
+the same you waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you waiting for
+zero okay and that's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and that's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and that's something that's
+actually part of your problem set very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually part of your problem set very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually part of your problem set very
+easy to compute this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to compute this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to compute this is just an
+analytical property and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical property and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical property and you just
+manipulate functions and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate functions and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate functions and you see that
+this thing just happens to be true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing just happens to be true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing just happens to be true and
+that's something that people like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that people like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that people like to
+because that's also something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's also something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's also something that
+been okay and also what we like is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been okay and also what we like is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been okay and also what we like is that
+this thing is positive almost surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is positive almost surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is positive almost surely
+which is good when you model rival times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good when you model rival times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good when you model rival times
+to be fair we're not going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fair we're not going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fair we're not going to be that
+careful because sometimes we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because sometimes we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because sometimes we're just
+going to assume that something follows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that something follows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that something follows a
+normal distribution and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution and in
+particular I mean I don't know if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I mean I don't know if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I mean I don't know if we're
+going to go into that details but a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into that details but a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into that details but a good
+thing that you can model with a gon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can model with a gon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can model with a gon
+distribution or Heights of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or Heights of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or Heights of
+students but technically with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students but technically with positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students but technically with positive
+probability you can have a negative gon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you can have a negative gon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you can have a negative gon
+random variable right and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable right and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable right and uh the
+probability being you know it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability being you know it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability being you know it's probably
+you know 10 to the minus 25 but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 to the minus 25 but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 to the minus 25 but it's
+positive but it's good enough for us for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but it's good enough for us for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but it's good enough for us for
+our modeling so this thing is nice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our modeling so this thing is nice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our modeling so this thing is nice but
+this is not going to be required when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not going to be required when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not going to be required when
+you're modeling positive rable you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're modeling positive rable you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're modeling positive rable you don't
+always have to use positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to use positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to use positive
+distributions that are supported on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that are supported on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that are supported on
+positive number you can use distribs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number you can use distribs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number you can use distribs
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+okay so now this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this exponential
+distribution T of T1 TN they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution T of T1 TN they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution T of T1 TN they have the
+same parameter and that means that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same parameter and that means that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same parameter and that means that in
+average I have the same ENT arrival time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I have the same ENT arrival time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I have the same ENT arrival time
+so this Lambda is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Lambda is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Lambda is actually the
+expectation and uh what I'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and uh what I'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and uh what I'm just saying
+is that they're identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're identically distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're identically distributed
+means that you know I'm in some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you know I'm in some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you know I'm in some sort of
+a stationary regime and it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stationary regime and it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stationary regime and it's not always
+true I have to look at a shorter period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I have to look at a shorter period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I have to look at a shorter period
+of time because rush hour and 11:00 p.m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time because rush hour and 11:00 p.m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time because rush hour and 11:00 p.m.
+clearly those inter average interal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly those inter average interal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly those inter average interal
+times are going to be different okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times are going to be different okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times are going to be different okay so
+it means that I'm really focusing maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that I'm really focusing maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that I'm really focusing maybe
+on rush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rush
+out okay sorry I said it's Lambda it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay sorry I said it's Lambda it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay sorry I said it's Lambda it's
+actually one over Lambda I always mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one over Lambda I always mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one over Lambda I always mix
+the two uh all right so you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two uh all right so you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two uh all right so you have the
+density of T1 so F of T is this so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of T1 so F of T is this so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of T1 so F of T is this so it's
+on the positive real line the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the positive real line the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the positive real line the fact that
+I have strictly positive or or larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have strictly positive or or larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have strictly positive or or larger
+than or equal to zero doesn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero doesn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero doesn't make any
+difference so this is the density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so this is the density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so this is the density so
+it's Lambda e to the Lambda T the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Lambda e to the Lambda T the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Lambda e to the Lambda T the Lambda
+in front just ensures that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front just ensures that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front just ensures that when I
+integrate this function between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this function between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this function between zero and
+infinity I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity I get
+one and you can see I mean it decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you can see I mean it decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you can see I mean it decays
+like exponential minus Lambda T So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exponential minus Lambda T So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exponential minus Lambda T So if I
+were to draw it it would just look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so at zero what value does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so at zero what value does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so at zero what value does it
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+Lambda and then I DEC like exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and then I DEC like exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and then I DEC like exponential
+minus Lambda okay so this is zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Lambda okay so this is zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Lambda okay so this is zero this
+is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so very small probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so very small probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so very small probability of being
+very large of course it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large of course it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large of course it depends on
+Lambda now the expectation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda now the expectation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda now the expectation you can
+compute the expectation of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the expectation of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the expectation of this thing
+right so you integrate ttimes F of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you integrate ttimes F of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you integrate ttimes F of T
+this is part of the little sheet that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of the little sheet that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of the little sheet that I
+gave you last time this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you last time this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you last time this is one of the
+things you should be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you should be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you should be able to do
+blindfolded and uh then you get that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindfolded and uh then you get that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindfolded and uh then you get that the
+expectation of T1 is one over L that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of T1 is one over L that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of T1 is one over L that's
+what comes out so as I actually tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out so as I actually tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out so as I actually tell
+many of my students you know9 % of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of my students you know9 % of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of my students you know9 % of
+Statistics is replacing Expectations by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics is replacing Expectations by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics is replacing Expectations by
+averages and so what you're tempted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages and so what you're tempted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages and so what you're tempted to
+do is to say well if an average I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to say well if an average I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to say well if an average I'm
+supposed to see one over Lambda I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to see one over Lambda I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to see one over Lambda I have
+15 observations I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 observations I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 observations I'm just going to
+average those observations and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average those observations and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average those observations and I'm going
+to see something that should be close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see something that should be close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see something that should be close to
+one of L right so statistics is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of L right so statistics is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of L right so statistics is about
+replacing averages expectations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing averages expectations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing averages expectations with
+averages and that's what we okay so T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages and that's what we okay so T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages and that's what we okay so T
+and bar here which is the average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bar here which is the average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bar here which is the average of the
+ti is a pretty good estimator for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ti is a pretty good estimator for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ti is a pretty good estimator for one
+over Lambda so if I want an estimate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda so if I want an estimate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda so if I want an estimate for
+Lambda then I need to take one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda then I need to take one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda then I need to take one over
+T okay so here's one estimator I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so here's one estimator I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so here's one estimator I you
+know did it without much principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know did it without much principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know did it without much principle
+except that I just want to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that I just want to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that I just want to replace
+Expectations by averages and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expectations by averages and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expectations by averages and then I
+fixed the problem that I was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the problem that I was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the problem that I was actually
+estimating one over Lambda by Lambda but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating one over Lambda by Lambda but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating one over Lambda by Lambda but
+you could come up with other estimators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could come up with other estimators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could come up with other estimators
+right but let's say this is my way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but let's say this is my way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but let's say this is my way of
+getting to that estimator right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to that estimator right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to that estimator right just
+like I didn't give you any principled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I didn't give you any principled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I didn't give you any principled
+way of getting P hat which is xn bar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of getting P hat which is xn bar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of getting P hat which is xn bar in
+the kiss example but that's a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kiss example but that's a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kiss example but that's a natural
+way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it
+all right everybody's completely shocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everybody's completely shocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everybody's completely shocked
+by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+approach all right so let's do this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach all right so let's do this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach all right so let's do this so
+what can I say about the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I say about the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I say about the properties of
+this estimator Lambda hat well I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimator Lambda hat well I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimator Lambda hat well I know
+that TN bar is going to one over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that TN bar is going to one over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that TN bar is going to one over Lambda
+by the law of large numbers it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the law of large numbers it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the law of large numbers it's an
+average it converges to the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it converges to the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it converges to the expectation
+both almost surely and in probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both almost surely and in probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both almost surely and in probability
+right so the first one is the strong low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the first one is the strong low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the first one is the strong low
+of large number the second one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of large number the second one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of large number the second one is the
+weak low of large number I can apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak low of large number I can apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak low of large number I can apply the
+strong one I have enough conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong one I have enough conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong one I have enough conditions and
+hence how what do I apply so that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence how what do I apply so that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence how what do I apply so that one
+over TN bar actually goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over TN bar actually goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over TN bar actually goes to
+Lambda so I said hence what is hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so I said hence what is hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so I said hence what is hence
+what is it based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on yeah continuous mapping theorem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yeah continuous mapping theorem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yeah continuous mapping theorem right
+so I have this function one overx I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have this function one overx I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have this function one overx I just
+apply this function so if I it was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this function so if I it was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this function so if I it was one
+over Lambda squ I would have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda squ I would have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda squ I would have the same
+thing that would happen just because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that would happen just because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that would happen just because the
+function one /x is continuous away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one /x is continuous away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one /x is continuous away from
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+and now the central limit theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the central limit theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the central limit theorem is
+also telling me something about Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also telling me something about Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also telling me something about Lambda
+about TN bar right it's telling me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about TN bar right it's telling me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about TN bar right it's telling me that
+if I look at my average I remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at my average I remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at my average I remove the
+expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+here right so if I do TN bar minus my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so if I do TN bar minus my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so if I do TN bar minus my
+expectation rescale by this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation rescale by this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation rescale by this guy here
+then this thing is going to converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing is going to converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing is going to converge to
+some gal random variable but here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gal random variable but here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gal random variable but here I have
+this Lambda to the negative one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda to the negative one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda to the negative one that
+show to the2 here and that's because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show to the2 here and that's because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show to the2 here and that's because I
+did not tell you that if you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not tell you that if you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not tell you that if you compute the
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+erence so from this you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extract so if I have X that follows some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract so if I have X that follows some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract so if I have X that follows some
+exponential distribution with parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution with parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution with parameter
+Lambda well let's call it t so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda well let's call it t so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda well let's call it t so we know
+that t in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t in
+expectation the expectation of T is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation the expectation of T is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation the expectation of T is one
+over Lambda what is the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T you you should be able to read it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you you should be able to read it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you you should be able to read it from
+from the the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here one over LDA Square that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one over LDA Square that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one over LDA Square that's what
+you're actually reading the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually reading the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually reading the variance
+because the central theorem is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the central theorem is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the central theorem is really
+telling you the distribution goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you the distribution goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you the distribution goes to
+This n but this numbers and this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This n but this numbers and this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This n but this numbers and this number
+you can read right if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read right if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read right if you look at the
+expectation of this guy it's of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this guy it's of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this guy it's of this guy
+comes out this is 1 Lambda minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out this is 1 Lambda minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out this is 1 Lambda minus 1
+Lambda that's why you WR the zero and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda that's why you WR the zero and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda that's why you WR the zero and if
+you look at the variance of this guy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the variance of this guy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the variance of this guy you
+get n times the variance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n times the variance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n times the variance of this
+average variance of the of the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average variance of the of the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average variance of the of the average
+is picking up a factor one over n so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is picking up a factor one over n so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is picking up a factor one over n so the
+N cancel and then I'm left with only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N cancel and then I'm left with only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N cancel and then I'm left with only one
+of the variances which is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variances which is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variances which is one over
+Lambda squ okay so we're not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda squ okay so we're not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda squ okay so we're not going to do
+that in details but uh because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in details but uh because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in details but uh because again
+this is just a pure calculus exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a pure calculus exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a pure calculus exercise
+but this is if you compute integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is if you compute integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is if you compute integral of
+Lambda eus T Lambda time t^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda eus T Lambda time t^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda eus T Lambda time t^
+2 actually T minus 1 Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 actually T minus 1 Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 actually T minus 1 Lambda
+2 DT between Z and infinity you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DT between Z and infinity you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DT between Z and infinity you will see
+that this thing is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing is one over
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how would I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+integration You Know It uh all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration You Know It uh all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration You Know It uh all right so
+this is what the central liit theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the central liit theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the central liit theorem
+tells me so this gives me if I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me so this gives me if I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me so this gives me if I solve
+this and I plug in so I can multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I plug in so I can multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I plug in so I can multiply by
+Lambda and solve and it would give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and solve and it would give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and solve and it would give me
+somewhat a confidence interval for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat a confidence interval for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat a confidence interval for uh
+one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+Lambda right if we just think of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda right if we just think of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda right if we just think of one
+over Lambda as being the P that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda as being the P that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda as being the P that I had
+before this would give me a central liit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this would give me a central liit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this would give me a central liit
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+for uh for sorry a confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for sorry a confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for sorry a confidence interval
+for one over Lambda so I'm hiding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one over Lambda so I'm hiding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one over Lambda so I'm hiding a
+little bit under the rug fact that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit under the rug fact that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit under the rug fact that I
+have to still Define let's just actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to still Define let's just actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to still Define let's just actually
+go through this let's see some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this let's see some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this let's see some of you
+are uncomfortable with this so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uncomfortable with this so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uncomfortable with this so let's
+just do it okay so what we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it okay so what we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it okay so what we've just
+proved by the central theorem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved by the central theorem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved by the central theorem is that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+probability that square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that square root of
+n tnus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+exceeds Q Alpha 2 is approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds Q Alpha 2 is approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds Q Alpha 2 is approximately equal
+to Alpha right that's just the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alpha right that's just the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alpha right that's just the statement
+of the central theorem and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the central theorem and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the central theorem and by
+approximately equal I mean as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal I mean as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal I mean as n goes to
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+okay so sorry uh I did not write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sorry uh I did not write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sorry uh I did not write it
+correctly I still have to divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly I still have to divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly I still have to divide by
+square root of one over Lambda Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of one over Lambda Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of one over Lambda Square
+which is the standard deviation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the standard deviation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the standard deviation right
+and we said that this is a bit ugly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said that this is a bit ugly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said that this is a bit ugly so
+let's just uh do it the way it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just uh do it the way it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just uh do it the way it should be
+so multiply all these things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so multiply all these things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so multiply all these things by
+Lambda okay so that means now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay so that means now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay so that means now
+that uh the absolute value so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the absolute value so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the absolute value so with
+probility 1us Alpha ASM totically I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probility 1us Alpha ASM totically I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probility 1us Alpha ASM totically I have
+that n * Lambda tnus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is less than or equal to 2 Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is less than or equal to 2 Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is less than or equal to 2 Al
+2 okay so what it means is that um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so what it means is that um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so what it means is that um well
+I have negative Q Alpha over 2 less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have negative Q Alpha over 2 less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have negative Q Alpha over 2 less than
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+n let me divide by of n here Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n let me divide by of n here Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n let me divide by of n here Lambda
+tnus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Q
+2 and so now what I have is that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so now what I have is that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so now what I have is that I get
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is
+between TN bar is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between TN bar is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between TN bar is between
+one plus Q Alpha over 2 divided by root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus Q Alpha over 2 divided by root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus Q Alpha over 2 divided by root
+n uh and the whole thing is divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh and the whole thing is divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh and the whole thing is divided by
+TN bar R and same thing on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN bar R and same thing on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN bar R and same thing on the other
+side except I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus Q alha over 2/ root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Q alha over 2/ root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Q alha over 2/ root
+nid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nid
+TN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN
+okay so it's get a a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's get a a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's get a a weird
+shape but it's still of the form one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape but it's still of the form one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape but it's still of the form one
+over TN bar plus or minus something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over TN bar plus or minus something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over TN bar plus or minus something but
+the something depends on TN bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the something depends on TN bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the something depends on TN bar
+itself okay and that's actually normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay and that's actually normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay and that's actually normal
+because TN bar is not only giving me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because TN bar is not only giving me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because TN bar is not only giving me
+information about the mean but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the mean but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the mean but it's also
+giving me information about the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me information about the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me information about the variance
+so it should definitely come in the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should definitely come in the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should definitely come in the size
+of my of my aor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my of my aor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my of my aor
+bars okay and that's the it comes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars okay and that's the it comes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars okay and that's the it comes in a
+fairly natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly natural
+way everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way everybody
+agrees so now I've actually built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees so now I've actually built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees so now I've actually built a
+confidence interval but what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval but what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval but what I want to
+show you with this example is can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you with this example is can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you with this example is can I
+translate this in the central ethereum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this in the central ethereum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this in the central ethereum
+for something that converges to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something that converges to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something that converges to l
+right I know that TN bar converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I know that TN bar converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I know that TN bar converges to
+one Lambda but I also know that one/ TN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Lambda but I also know that one/ TN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Lambda but I also know that one/ TN
+bar converges to Lambda so do I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar converges to Lambda so do I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar converges to Lambda so do I have a
+central limit theorem for one over T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem for one over T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem for one over T and
+bar technically no right Central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar technically no right Central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar technically no right Central limit
+theorems are about averages and one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems are about averages and one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems are about averages and one over
+an average is not an average but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average is not an average but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average is not an average but there's
+something that uh statisticians like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that uh statisticians like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that uh statisticians like a
+lot it's called the Delta method the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot it's called the Delta method the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot it's called the Delta method the
+Delta method is really something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta method is really something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta method is really something that's
+telling you that you can actually take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that you can actually take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that you can actually take a
+function of an average and let it go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of an average and let it go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of an average and let it go to
+the function of the limit and you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the limit and you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the limit and you still
+have a central limit theorem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a central limit theorem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a central limit theorem and the
+factor the price to pay for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor the price to pay for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor the price to pay for this is
+something which depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which depends on the
+derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the
+function okay and so let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and so let's just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and so let's just go
+through this and it's again just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and it's again just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and it's again just like
+the proof of the central limit theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of the central limit theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of the central limit theorem
+and actually in many of those ASM totic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually in many of those ASM totic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually in many of those ASM totic
+statistics results this is actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics results this is actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics results this is actually just
+a tailor expansion and here it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tailor expansion and here it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tailor expansion and here it's not
+even at the second order it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the second order it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the second order it's actually
+at the first order all right so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first order all right so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first order all right so I'm just
+going to do linear approximation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do linear approximation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do linear approximation of this
+function so let's do it okay so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+g of TN bar actually let's use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of TN bar actually let's use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of TN bar actually let's use the
+notation of this slide which is ZN and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation of this slide which is ZN and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation of this slide which is ZN and
+Theta okay so what I know is that ZN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so what I know is that ZN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so what I know is that ZN
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+Theta Ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Ro
+n goes to some gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G standard no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G standard no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G standard no not
+standard okay so that's the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard okay so that's the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard okay so that's the assumptions
+but what I want to show is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want to show is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want to show is some
+convergence of G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ZN to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZN to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZN to G
+of theta all right so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta all right so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta all right so I'm not going to
+multiply by root n just yet so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by root n just yet so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by root n just yet so I'm going
+to do a taor first order taor expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a taor first order taor expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a taor first order taor expansion
+okay so what it's telling me is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what it's telling me is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what it's telling me is that
+this is equal to ZN minus Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to ZN minus Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to ZN minus Theta
+times G Prime of let's call it Theta bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times G Prime of let's call it Theta bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times G Prime of let's call it Theta bar
+where Theta bar is somewhere between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Theta bar is somewhere between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Theta bar is somewhere between uh
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ZN and uh Theta okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some okay so if Theta is less than ZN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some okay so if Theta is less than ZN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some okay so if Theta is less than ZN
+you just permute those okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just permute those okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just permute those okay so that's
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+the first order tailor expansion tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order tailor expansion tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first order tailor expansion tells
+me there exists a Theta bar that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me there exists a Theta bar that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me there exists a Theta bar that's
+between the two values at which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two values at which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two values at which I'm
+expanding so those two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding so those two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding so those two things are
+equal okay everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay everybody
+shocked that's standard um uh T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked that's standard um uh T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked that's standard um uh T
+expansion now I'm going to multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion now I'm going to multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion now I'm going to multiply by
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and so that's going to be what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so that's going to be what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so that's going to be what that's
+going to be root n ZN minus Theta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be root n ZN minus Theta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be root n ZN minus Theta H
+that's something I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something I like
+times G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times G Prime
+of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta
+bar okay now the central limit theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay now the central limit theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay now the central limit theorem
+tells me that this goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what well this goes to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well this goes to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well this goes to some
+n0 Sigma squ right that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n0 Sigma squ right that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n0 Sigma squ right that was the first
+line over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line over
+there this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this guy
+here well it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well it's not clear
+right actually it is let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually it is let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually it is let's start with
+this guy what does Theta bar go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy what does Theta bar go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy what does Theta bar go
+to well I know that ZN is going to Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well I know that ZN is going to Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well I know that ZN is going to Theta
+right just because well that's my La of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just because well that's my La of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just because well that's my La of
+large numbers Z is going to Theta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers Z is going to Theta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers Z is going to Theta which
+means that Theta bar is sandwich between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that Theta bar is sandwich between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that Theta bar is sandwich between
+two values that converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values that converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values that converge to
+Theta so that means that Theta bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so that means that Theta bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so that means that Theta bar
+converges to Theta itself as then goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to Theta itself as then goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to Theta itself as then goes
+to Infinity that's just the LA of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity that's just the LA of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity that's just the LA of
+large okay everybody agre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay everybody agre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay everybody agre
+just because it's sandwich right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it's sandwich right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it's sandwich right so I
+have ZN I have Theta and Theta bar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ZN I have Theta and Theta bar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ZN I have Theta and Theta bar is
+somewhere here if the picture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here if the picture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here if the picture the
+picture might be reverse it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture might be reverse it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture might be reverse it might be
+that ZN is larger than Theta but the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ZN is larger than Theta but the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ZN is larger than Theta but the law
+of large number tells me that this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of large number tells me that this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of large number tells me that this guy
+is not moving but this guy is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not moving but this guy is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not moving but this guy is moving
+that way so you know when n is long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so you know when n is long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so you know when n is long
+enough there's very little wiggle room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough there's very little wiggle room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough there's very little wiggle room
+for Theta bar and it can only get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Theta bar and it can only get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Theta bar and it can only get two
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+okay you might call this a sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you might call this a sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you might call this a sandwich
+theorem or you know find your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem or you know find your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem or you know find your favorite
+food in there and uh all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food in there and uh all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food in there and uh all right so this
+guy goes to Theta and now I need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy goes to Theta and now I need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy goes to Theta and now I need to make
+an extra assumption which is the G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra assumption which is the G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra assumption which is the G Prime
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous and if G Prime is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and if G Prime is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and if G Prime is continuous
+then G Prime of theta bar goes to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then G Prime of theta bar goes to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then G Prime of theta bar goes to G
+Prime of theta so this thing goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of theta so this thing goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of theta so this thing goes
+to G Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G Prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G Prime of
+theta okay but I have an issue here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay but I have an issue here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay but I have an issue here is
+that now I have something something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I have something something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I have something something that
+converges the distribution and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges the distribution and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges the distribution and something
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+converges uh in say I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges uh in say I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges uh in say I mean this
+converges almost surely or saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges almost surely or saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges almost surely or saying
+probability just to be safe okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability just to be safe okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability just to be safe okay and
+this one converges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one converges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one converges in
+distribution and I want to combine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and I want to combine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and I want to combine them
+but I don't have a slide that tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't have a slide that tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't have a slide that tells me
+I'm allowed to take the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to take the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to take the product of
+something that converges to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that converges to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that converges to in
+distribution and something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and something that
+converges in probability this did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in probability this did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in probability this did not
+exist actually if anything it told me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist actually if anything it told me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist actually if anything it told me do
+not do anything with things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do anything with things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do anything with things that
+converion distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converion distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converion distribution
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so that gets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gets us
+to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our
+uh uh okay so I'll come back to this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh okay so I'll come back to this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh okay so I'll come back to this in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+second and that gets us to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that gets us to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that gets us to something
+called SL theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called SL theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called SL theorem and
+Theorem tells us that in very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theorem tells us that in very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theorem tells us that in very specific
+cases you can do just that so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you can do just that so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you can do just that so you have
+two sequences of random variables x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sequences of random variables x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sequences of random variables x n
+Bar let's say xn that converges to X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar let's say xn that converges to X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar let's say xn that converges to X and
+Y and that converges to Y but Y is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and that converges to Y but Y is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and that converges to Y but Y is not
+anything why is not any random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything why is not any random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything why is not any random variable
+so X converges in distribution sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X converges in distribution sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X converges in distribution sorry I
+forgot to mention this is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to mention this is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to mention this is very important
+xn converges to in distribution y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn converges to in distribution y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn converges to in distribution y
+converges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in
+probability and we know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and we know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and we know that in
+generality we cannot combine those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality we cannot combine those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality we cannot combine those two
+things but slki tells us that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but slki tells us that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but slki tells us that if the
+limit of Y is a constant meaning it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of Y is a constant meaning it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of Y is a constant meaning it's
+not a random variable but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a random variable but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a random variable but it's a
+deterministic number too just a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic number too just a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic number too just a fixed
+number it's not a random variable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's not a random variable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's not a random variable then
+you can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can combine
+them then you can sum them and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then you can sum them and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then you can sum them and then you
+can multiply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I mean actually you can do whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean actually you can do whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean actually you can do whatever
+combination you want because it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination you want because it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination you want because it actually
+implies that X the vector X and Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that X the vector X and Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that X the vector X and Y and
+converges to the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the vector
+XC okay so here I just took two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XC okay so here I just took two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XC okay so here I just took two
+combinations are very convenient for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations are very convenient for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations are very convenient for us
+the sum and the product but I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and the product but I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and the product but I could do
+other stuff like the ratio if C is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff like the ratio if C is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff like the ratio if C is not
+zero things like that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero things like that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero things like that all
+right so that's what slatki does for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what slatki does for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what slatki does for us
+so you're going to have to write a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to have to write a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to have to write a lot
+in your homework in your midterms Bice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your homework in your midterms Bice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your homework in your midterms Bice
+letki I know some people are very uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letki I know some people are very uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letki I know some people are very uh you
+know generous with their B letki I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know generous with their B letki I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know generous with their B letki I mean
+they just do a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just do a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just do a numerical
+applications and mu is equal to six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and mu is equal to six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and mu is equal to six and
+therefore by SL mu sare is equal to 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore by SL mu sare is equal to 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore by SL mu sare is equal to 36
+right so don't do that just use right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so don't do that just use right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so don't do that just use right
+select key when you're actually using SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select key when you're actually using SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select key when you're actually using SL
+key all right so but this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key all right so but this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key all right so but this is something
+that's very important for us and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important for us and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important for us and it
+turns out that you're going to feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you're going to feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you're going to feel like
+you can write B let Sky all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write B let Sky all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write B let Sky all the time
+because that's going to work for us all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's going to work for us all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's going to work for us all
+the time everything we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time everything we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time everything we're going to see
+is actually going to be where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually going to be where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually going to be where we're
+going to have to combine stuff since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to combine stuff since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to combine stuff since we
+only rely on conversion and distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only rely on conversion and distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only rely on conversion and distribution
+arising from the central Li theorum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arising from the central Li theorum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arising from the central Li theorum
+we're actually going to have to rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to have to rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to have to rely on
+something that allows us to combine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that allows us to combine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that allows us to combine them
+and the only thing we know is sledy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing we know is sledy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing we know is sledy so
+we better hope that this thing works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better hope that this thing works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better hope that this thing works so
+why sledy works for us can somebody tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why sledy works for us can somebody tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why sledy works for us can somebody tell
+me why sledy works to combine those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why sledy works to combine those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why sledy works to combine those two
+guys so this one is converging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so this one is converging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so this one is converging in
+distribution this one is converging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this one is converging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this one is converging in
+probability but to a dist terministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but to a dist terministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but to a dist terministic
+number G Prime of Theta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number G Prime of Theta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number G Prime of Theta is a
+deterministic number I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic number I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic number I don't know what
+Theta is but it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deterministic all right so I can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic all right so I can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic all right so I can combine
+them multiply them so that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them multiply them so that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them multiply them so that's just the
+second line of the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second line of the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second line of the in
+particular all right everybody's with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular all right everybody's with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular all right everybody's with
+me okay so now I'm allowed to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so now I'm allowed to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so now I'm allowed to do this
+you can actually you will see some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually you will see some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually you will see some like
+counter example questions in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter example questions in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter example questions in your
+problem set just so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set just so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set just so that you can
+convince yourself it's always a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself it's always a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself it's always a good
+thing I don't like to give them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I don't like to give them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I don't like to give them because
+I think it's much better for you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's much better for you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's much better for you if you
+actually come to the counter examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come to the counter examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come to the counter examples
+yourself right like what can go wrong if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself right like what can go wrong if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself right like what can go wrong if
+Y is not a uh is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is not a uh is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is not a uh is not a
+um uh a random uh sorry if Y is not a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a random uh sorry if Y is not a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a random uh sorry if Y is not a uh
+sorry if C is not a constant but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if C is not a constant but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if C is not a constant but it's a
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+variable okay can figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay can figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay can figure that
+out all right so let's go back so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right so let's go back so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right so let's go back so we had
+now this Delta method that tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this Delta method that tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this Delta method that tells us that
+now I have a central limit theorem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a central limit theorem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a central limit theorem for
+functions of averages and not just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of averages and not just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of averages and not just for
+averages okay so the only price to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages okay so the only price to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages okay so the only price to pay
+is this derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this derivative
+there okay so for example if G is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so for example if G is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so for example if G is just
+um linear function then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um linear function then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um linear function then I'm going to
+have a constant multiplication if G is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant multiplication if G is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant multiplication if G is a
+a quadratic function then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic function then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic function then I'm going to
+have Theta Theta squ that shows up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Theta Theta squ that shows up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Theta Theta squ that shows up there
+things like that okay so just think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that okay so just think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that okay so just think of
+what kind of applications you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of applications you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of applications you could have
+for this here the function we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this here the function we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this here the function we're
+interested in is X maps to one overx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is X maps to one overx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is X maps to one overx
+what is the derivative of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the derivative of
+1xa 1x2 right so that's the thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1xa 1x2 right so that's the thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1xa 1x2 right so that's the thing we're
+going to have to put in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to put in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to put in there and
+so uh this is what we get so now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is what we get so now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is what we get so now what
+I'm actually G to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so this is uh so if I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is uh so if I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is uh so if I want to show
+square root of n Lambda hat minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n Lambda hat minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n Lambda hat minus Lambda
+that's my application right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my application right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my application right this is
+actually one over TN and this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one over TN and this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one over TN and this is one
+over one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one over
+Lambda right so the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda right so the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda right so the function
+G of X is one overx in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of X is one overx in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of X is one overx in this
+case so now I have this thing so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so now I have this thing so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so now I have this thing so I know
+that by the Delta method oh and I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the Delta method oh and I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the Delta method oh and I knew
+that TN remember square root of TN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that TN remember square root of TN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that TN remember square root of TN
+minus one over Lambda was going to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over Lambda was going to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over Lambda was going to some
+normal with means zero and variance one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with means zero and variance one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with means zero and variance one
+over Lambda square right so the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda square right so the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda square right so the sigma
+Square over there is one over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square over there is one over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square over there is one over Lambda
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+okay so now this thing goes to what some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this thing goes to what some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this thing goes to what some
+normal what is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal what is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal what is going to be the
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+zero and what is the variance so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and what is the variance so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and what is the variance so the
+variance is gonna I'm gonna pick up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is gonna I'm gonna pick up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is gonna I'm gonna pick up this
+guy one over Lambda square and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy one over Lambda square and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy one over Lambda square and then I'm
+gonna have to take G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to take G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to take G
+Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of
+what of one over Lambda right the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what of one over Lambda right the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what of one over Lambda right the that's
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta right so I have G of theta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta right so I have G of theta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta right so I have G of theta which
+is one over Theta so I'm going to have G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over Theta so I'm going to have G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over Theta so I'm going to have G
+Prime of one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of one over
+Lambda and what is g Prime of one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda it's so we said that g Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda it's so we said that g Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda it's so we said that g Prime is
+one over negative 1 over x^2 so it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over negative 1 over x^2 so it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over negative 1 over x^2 so it's one
+over one over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ and uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared which is nice because G can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is nice because G can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is nice because G can be
+decreasing so that would be annoy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing so that would be annoy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing so that would be annoy to
+variance and uh so G Prime is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and uh so G Prime is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and uh so G Prime is negative
+one and so what I get eventually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so what I get eventually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so what I get eventually is
+Lambda squared up here but then I Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda squared up here but then I Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda squared up here but then I Square
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+again okay so this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so this whole thing
+here becomes what can somebody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here becomes what can somebody tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here becomes what can somebody tell me
+what the final result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is Lambda square right so it's Lambda 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lambda square right so it's Lambda 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lambda square right so it's Lambda 4
+divid by Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and now I can uh just do my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now I can uh just do my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now I can uh just do my uh
+good old uh computation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I can do a good computation for a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can do a good computation for a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can do a good computation for a um
+confidence interal right so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interal right so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interal right so let's just
+go to from the second line right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to from the second line right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to from the second line right so we
+know that Lambda hat minus Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that Lambda hat minus Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that Lambda hat minus Lambda is
+less than we've done that several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than we've done that several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than we've done that several times
+already so it's Q Alpha over sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so it's Q Alpha over sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so it's Q Alpha over sorry I
+should put Alpha over two over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put Alpha over two over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put Alpha over two over this
+things right so that's really the Quant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so that's really the Quant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so that's really the Quant
+Alp 2 time Lambda divid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alp 2 time Lambda divid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alp 2 time Lambda divid
+n all right and so that means that my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n all right and so that means that my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n all right and so that means that my uh
+confence interval should be this Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confence interval should be this Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confence interval should be this Lambda
+hat Lambda belongs to Lambda plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Lambda belongs to Lambda plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Lambda belongs to Lambda plus or
+minus Q Alpha over 2 Lambda ided by root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Q Alpha over 2 Lambda ided by root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Q Alpha over 2 Lambda ided by root
+n right that's my confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right that's my confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right that's my confidence
+inol but again it doesn't uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inol but again it doesn't uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inol but again it doesn't uh it's not
+very suitable because sorry that's slamb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very suitable because sorry that's slamb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very suitable because sorry that's slamb
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Hat because I don't know how to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat because I don't know how to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat because I don't know how to compute
+it so now I'm going to request from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so now I'm going to request from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so now I'm going to request from the
+audience some remedies for this what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience some remedies for this what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience some remedies for this what do
+you suggest we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do what is the laziest thing I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anybody
+yeah replace Lambda by Lambda hat what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah replace Lambda by Lambda hat what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah replace Lambda by Lambda hat what
+justifies for me to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and tells me I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and tells me I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and tells me I can actually
+do it because tells me where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it because tells me where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it because tells me where does
+this Lambda come from right this Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda come from right this Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda come from right this Lambda
+comes from here that's the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from here that's the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from here that's the one that's
+here right so actually I could rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so actually I could rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so actually I could rewrite
+this entire thing is sare root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire thing is sare root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire thing is sare root of n
+Lambda hat minus Lambda divided Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda hat minus Lambda divided Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda hat minus Lambda divided Lambda
+converges to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to some
+n01 okay now if I replace this by Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 okay now if I replace this by Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 okay now if I replace this by Lambda
+hat what I have have is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat what I have have is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat what I have have is that this is
+actually really the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really the original
+one times Lambda ID Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times Lambda ID Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times Lambda ID Lambda
+hat and this converges to n Z1 right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and this converges to n Z1 right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and this converges to n Z1 right and
+now what you're telling me is well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you're telling me is well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you're telling me is well this
+guy I know is converges to n01 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I know is converges to n01 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I know is converges to n01 and this
+guy is converging to one by the low of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is converging to one by the low of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is converging to one by the low of
+large number but this one is converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number but this one is converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number but this one is converging
+to one which happens to be a constant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one which happens to be a constant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one which happens to be a constant it
+converges in probability so by sledy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in probability so by sledy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in probability so by sledy I
+can actually take the product and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually take the product and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually take the product and still
+maintain my converion to distribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain my converion to distribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain my converion to distribution to
+a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard
+G so you can always do this every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so you can always do this every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so you can always do this every time
+you replace some P by P hat as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace some P by P hat as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace some P by P hat as long as
+the ratio goes to one which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio goes to one which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio goes to one which is going to
+be guaranteed by the low of large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be guaranteed by the low of large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be guaranteed by the low of large number
+you're actually going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually going to be
+fine and that's where we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and that's where we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and that's where we're going to use
+ a lot when we do plugin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ a lot when we do plugin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ a lot when we do plugin is
+going to be our friend okay so we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our friend okay so we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our friend okay so we can do
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+um and that's one way and another way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's one way and another way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's one way and another way is
+to just solve for Lambda like we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just solve for Lambda like we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just solve for Lambda like we did
+before okay so the first one we got is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so the first one we got is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so the first one we got is
+actually I don't know if I still have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't know if I still have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't know if I still have it
+somewhere yeah that was the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere yeah that was the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere yeah that was the one
+right so we had one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we had one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we had one/
+TN q and that's exactly the same that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN q and that's exactly the same that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN q and that's exactly the same that we
+have here so your solution is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so your solution is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so your solution is actually
+giving us exactly this guy when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us exactly this guy when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us exactly this guy when we
+actually so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda okay so this is what we get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay so this is what we get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay so this is what we get uh
+Lambda hat we replace Lambda by Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda hat we replace Lambda by Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda hat we replace Lambda by Lambda
+hat and we have our how converence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and we have our how converence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and we have our how converence uh
+theorem okay and that's exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay and that's exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay and that's exactly what we
+did in slk's theorem now we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in slk's theorem now we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in slk's theorem now we're getting
+to it at this point is just telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it at this point is just telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it at this point is just telling us
+that we can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can actually do
+this are there any questions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are there any questions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are there any questions about what
+we did here so this this derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did here so this this derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did here so this this derivation
+right here is exactly what I did on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is exactly what I did on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is exactly what I did on the
+board I showed you so let's let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I showed you so let's let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I showed you so let's let me just
+show you with with a little more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you with with a little more space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you with with a little more space
+just so that we all understand right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that we all understand right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that we all understand right so
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know that root of n Lambda hat minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that root of n Lambda hat minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that root of n Lambda hat minus
+Lambda / Lambda the true Lambda this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda / Lambda the true Lambda this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda / Lambda the true Lambda this
+time converges to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time converges to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time converges to some
+n01 right so that was CLT plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method okay applying those two we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay applying those two we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay applying those two we got to
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and we know that Lambda hat converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that Lambda hat converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that Lambda hat converges to
+Lambda in probability and almost surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda in probability and almost surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda in probability and almost surely
+and that's what that was low of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what that was low of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what that was low of large
+number plus continu mapping theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number plus continu mapping theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number plus continu mapping theorem
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+because we only knew that one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we only knew that one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we only knew that one over
+Lambda had converges to one over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda had converges to one over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda had converges to one over Lambda
+so we had to flip those things around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had to flip those things around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had to flip those things around
+and now what I said is that I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what I said is that I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what I said is that I apply
+sledy so I write square root of n Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sledy so I write square root of n Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sledy so I write square root of n Lambda
+hat minus Lambda divided by Lambda hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat minus Lambda divided by Lambda hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat minus Lambda divided by Lambda hat
+which is the suggestion that was made to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the suggestion that was made to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the suggestion that was made to
+me right they said I want this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right they said I want this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right they said I want this but I
+would want to show that it converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to show that it converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to show that it converges to
+some n01 so I can legitimately use Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some n01 so I can legitimately use Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some n01 so I can legitimately use Q
+Alpha over two in this formula and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha over two in this formula and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha over two in this formula and the
+way we said is like well this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we said is like well this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we said is like well this thing is
+actually really Q divided by Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really Q divided by Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really Q divided by Lambda
+times Lambda divid Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Lambda divid Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Lambda divid Lambda
+hat right so this thing that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat right so this thing that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat right so this thing that was
+proposed to me I can decompose it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed to me I can decompose it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed to me I can decompose it in the
+product of those two random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of those two random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of those two random variables
+the first one here converges to the gaan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one here converges to the gaan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one here converges to the gaan
+from the central mid theum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the central mid theum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the central mid theum and the
+second one converges to one from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one converges to one from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one converges to one from this
+guy but in probability this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time okay that was the ratio of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay that was the ratio of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay that was the ratio of two
+things in probability we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in probability we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in probability we can actually
+get it and so now I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slki and slki tells me that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slki and slki tells me that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slki and slki tells me that I can
+actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do
+this that when I take the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that when I take the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that when I take the product of
+this thing that converges to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that converges to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that converges to some
+standard gaan and and this thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard gaan and and this thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard gaan and and this thing that
+converges in probability to one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in probability to one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in probability to one then
+their product actually converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product actually converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product actually converges to
+still the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh
+uh well that's exactly what's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well that's exactly what's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well that's exactly what's done
+here and I think I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I think I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I think I'm getting
+there yeah so in our case uh okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah so in our case uh okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah so in our case uh okay so
+just a remark for sledy theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a remark for sledy theorem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a remark for sledy theorem so
+that's the last slide so in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the last slide so in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the last slide so in the first
+example we used a problem dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we used a problem dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we used a problem dependent
+trick which was to say Well turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick which was to say Well turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick which was to say Well turns out
+that we know that P is between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know that P is between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know that P is between zero and
+one so we had this P1 minus P that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we had this P1 minus P that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we had this P1 minus P that was
+annoying to us we just said let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying to us we just said let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying to us we just said let's just
+bound it by one quarter because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it by one quarter because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it by one quarter because that's
+going to be true for any value of P but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be true for any value of P but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be true for any value of P but
+here Lambda takes value between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Lambda takes value between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Lambda takes value between zero and
+infinity so we didn't have such a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so we didn't have such a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so we didn't have such a trick
+it's not like we could say that Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like we could say that Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like we could say that Lambda
+was less than something maybe we know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less than something maybe we know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less than something maybe we know it
+in which case we could use that but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we could use that but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we could use that but then
+uh in this case we could actually also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this case we could actually also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this case we could actually also
+have used TK theorem by doing plugin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used TK theorem by doing plugin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used TK theorem by doing plugin
+right so here this is my P1 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here this is my P1 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here this is my P1 minus P
+that's replaced by P hat one minus P hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's replaced by P hat one minus P hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's replaced by P hat one minus P hat
+and justifies so we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and justifies so we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and justifies so we did that
+without really thinking last time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without really thinking last time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without really thinking last time but
+ actually justifies the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ actually justifies the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ actually justifies the fact that
+this is valid and still allows me to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is valid and still allows me to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is valid and still allows me to use
+this Q Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so that's the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that's the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that's the end of this
+lecture uh tonight I will post the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh tonight I will post the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh tonight I will post the next
+set of slides chapter two and uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of slides chapter two and uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of slides chapter two and uh well
+hopefully the video I'm not sure when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the video I'm not sure when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the video I'm not sure when
+it's going to come out
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ey_eWZhG8vI.txt b/Ey_eWZhG8vI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..109f489dee1e59d8b30a97c45b2666e953dd75bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ey_eWZhG8vI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay um just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay um just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay um just a few
+announcements before we get into lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements before we get into lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements before we get into lecture
+today so structure for today our lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so structure for today our lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so structure for today our lecture
+two hours work in your in your groups um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours work in your in your groups um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours work in your in your groups um
+we have um unfortunately um L the grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um unfortunately um L the grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um unfortunately um L the grad
+student is working with the Heatwave um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student is working with the Heatwave um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student is working with the Heatwave um
+who' be using a heatwave game um is sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who' be using a heatwave game um is sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who' be using a heatwave game um is sick
+today so she won't be able to come in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so she won't be able to come in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so she won't be able to come in um
+but I'm I'm working on rescheduling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm I'm working on rescheduling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm I'm working on rescheduling a
+time for her to come in um what I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for her to come in um what I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for her to come in um what I'd like
+love to do is if we can get her a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to do is if we can get her a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to do is if we can get her a um a
+web link of the Heatwave game that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web link of the Heatwave game that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web link of the Heatwave game that she
+can then give you feedback on um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then give you feedback on um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then give you feedback on um that
+might be good uh for you guys for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be good uh for you guys for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be good uh for you guys for you
+all um for the rest of the class we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um for the rest of the class we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um for the rest of the class we've
+got Pablo in today um he talked to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got Pablo in today um he talked to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got Pablo in today um he talked to the
+snap team already is he going to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap team already is he going to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap team already is he going to talk to
+you again today or are you guys all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again today or are you guys all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again today or are you guys all on
+the right page with him it be nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right page with him it be nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right page with him it be nice to
+show him game okay oh you didn't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show him game okay oh you didn't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show him game okay oh you didn't show
+him the game then okay cool cool um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him the game then okay cool cool um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him the game then okay cool cool um so
+he's gonna take a look at what I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's gonna take a look at what I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's gonna take a look at what I'd like
+him to do is talk take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to do is talk take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to do is talk take a look
+at the forecast based future game um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the forecast based future game um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the forecast based future game um
+today if if you can I'm at two o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if if you can I'm at two o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if if you can I'm at two o'clock
+I'm just show him a build get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just show him a build get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just show him a build get some
+feedback from him um and then he'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from him um and then he'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from him um and then he'll take
+a look at the snap game and then if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the snap game and then if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the snap game and then if he's
+got time the two color games um he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got time the two color games um he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got time the two color games um he can
+take a look at those um and again if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at those um and again if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at those um and again if you
+want to give him uh web links to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give him uh web links to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give him uh web links to the to
+playable versions of the games just send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playable versions of the games just send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playable versions of the games just send
+him to the video game bosses list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to the video game bosses list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to the video game bosses list and
+I'll forward them on um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll forward them on um other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll forward them on um other
+announcements um we have so this Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements um we have so this Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements um we have so this Friday
+and I'm going to email this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to email this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to email this to the
+announcements list later today this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements list later today this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements list later today this
+Friday there is a free um conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday there is a free um conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday there is a free um conference
+Workshop thing going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workshop thing going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workshop thing going on
+at a hotel I think in Boston but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a hotel I think in Boston but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a hotel I think in Boston but it's
+being run by epic games uh about unreal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being run by epic games uh about unreal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being run by epic games uh about unreal
+so they're going to do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to do a bunch of
+different workshops from about 2 to 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different workshops from about 2 to 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different workshops from about 2 to 5
+and end the day with a networking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end the day with a networking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end the day with a networking um
+party uh so if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party uh so if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party uh so if you're interested in
+using the Unreal Engine and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the Unreal Engine and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the Unreal Engine and all the
+different new things about that engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different new things about that engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different new things about that engine
+um they'll be running that they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they'll be running that they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they'll be running that they're also
+going to be on campus Tuesday at 5:00 pm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on campus Tuesday at 5:00 pm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on campus Tuesday at 5:00 pm
+so Tuesday November 18th that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Tuesday November 18th that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Tuesday November 18th that can be
+found at the gam Lab website um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found at the gam Lab website um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found at the gam Lab website um and
+they'll be talking about um uh blueprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be talking about um uh blueprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be talking about um uh blueprint
+the a way to do um scripting in unreal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a way to do um scripting in unreal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a way to do um scripting in unreal
+that's kind of similar to some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of similar to some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of similar to some things
+I've seen in for Unity but it's baked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen in for Unity but it's baked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen in for Unity but it's baked
+into unreal and if you use previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into unreal and if you use previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into unreal and if you use previous
+versions of unreal I think it's related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of unreal I think it's related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of unreal I think it's related
+to Kismet if you used that tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Kismet if you used that tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Kismet if you used that tool
+before um otherwise um upcoming guests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um otherwise um upcoming guests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um otherwise um upcoming guests
+we have the class that are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the class that are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the class that are different
+from the syllabus um on Monday we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the syllabus um on Monday we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the syllabus um on Monday we're
+going to have two writers in talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two writers in talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two writers in talking
+with Drew um doing a little panel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Drew um doing a little panel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Drew um doing a little panel and
+then a Q&A with y'all um talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a Q&A with y'all um talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a Q&A with y'all um talking about
+different as different ways of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different as different ways of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different as different ways of looking
+at writing for games um that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at writing for games um that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at writing for games um that I think
+could be very directly related to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very directly related to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very directly related to at
+least two of the games that I've seen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two of the games that I've seen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two of the games that I've seen uh
+because Years Years very dialogue driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Years Years very dialogue driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Years Years very dialogue driven
+game yeah and then the Animal Crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game yeah and then the Animal Crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game yeah and then the Animal Crossing
+kind of game um I imagine be it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of game um I imagine be it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of game um I imagine be it'd be
+really useful for you all probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful for you all probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful for you all probably
+useful for the other two two as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for the other two two as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for the other two two as well but
+those are the ones that I first came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones that I first came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones that I first came to
+my mind when I was um scheduling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind when I was um scheduling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind when I was um scheduling that
+one um and then on the 19th right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um and then on the 19th right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um and then on the 19th right we
+have blizzard coming in right think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have blizzard coming in right think yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have blizzard coming in right think yeah
+yeah so Wednesday 19th um Blizzard's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so Wednesday 19th um Blizzard's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so Wednesday 19th um Blizzard's
+gonna come in and it's teams from Heroes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come in and it's teams from Heroes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come in and it's teams from Heroes
+of the Storm I think so but but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Storm I think so but but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Storm I think so but but yeah
+we're not quite sure exactly who's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not quite sure exactly who's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not quite sure exactly who's going
+to is going to be there for that um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is going to be there for that um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is going to be there for that um but
+we talked to them and we requested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked to them and we requested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked to them and we requested
+either Heroes of the Storm or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Heroes of the Storm or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Heroes of the Storm or um
+Hearthstone so one of those one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearthstone so one of those one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearthstone so one of those one of those
+groups we be to talk about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups we be to talk about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups we be to talk about their
+production process and you can ask some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production process and you can ask some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production process and you can ask some
+things about what it's like to work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about what it's like to work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about what it's like to work at
+blizzard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blizzard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blizzard
+um that's everything I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's everything I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's everything I've
+got yeah so I'm going to bring it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got yeah so I'm going to bring it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got yeah so I'm going to bring it over
+to to near wired cool great so uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to near wired cool great so uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to near wired cool great so uh when
+uh I went over to GDC next uh just last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I went over to GDC next uh just last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I went over to GDC next uh just last
+week uh I met Richard uh actually he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh I met Richard uh actually he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh I met Richard uh actually he's
+been to our lab before and uh he gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to our lab before and uh he gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to our lab before and uh he gave
+this talk on game audio and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this talk on game audio and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this talk on game audio and then I
+remember wait a minute there's a talk on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember wait a minute there's a talk on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember wait a minute there's a talk on
+game audio that's coming up in class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game audio that's coming up in class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game audio that's coming up in class and
+I was just going to fake it uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just going to fake it uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just going to fake it uh and then
+uh I heard his talk and realized maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I heard his talk and realized maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I heard his talk and realized maybe
+he should be the one talking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he should be the one talking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he should be the one talking to you
+instead so I invited him and Andy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so I invited him and Andy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so I invited him and Andy
+fosberg uh who his partner at hex audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fosberg uh who his partner at hex audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fosberg uh who his partner at hex audio
+uh let's see you you you'll see the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see you you you'll see the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see you you you'll see the name
+of the company come up uh in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the company come up uh in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the company come up uh in the next
+slide and uh they are they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and uh they are they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and uh they are they do
+professional sound design and audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional sound design and audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional sound design and audio
+design and music you know that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and music you know that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and music you know that includes
+things like sound effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like sound effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like sound effects
+uh as well as scoring and also advising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well as scoring and also advising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well as scoring and also advising
+companies on things like the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies on things like the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies on things like the technology
+that they using and he's going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they using and he's going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they using and he's going to talk a
+little bit about uh how to do good audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about uh how to do good audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about uh how to do good audio
+on a budget uh as well as just things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a budget uh as well as just things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a budget uh as well as just things to
+think about in your audio design of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in your audio design of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in your audio design of your
+own games so I'm going to head it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own games so I'm going to head it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own games so I'm going to head it over
+to you and thank you very much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and thank you very much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and thank you very much for
+speaking today yeah well thanks so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking today yeah well thanks so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking today yeah well thanks so much
+happy to be here just curious so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to be here just curious so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to be here just curious so the
+class I'm wondering what what level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I'm wondering what what level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I'm wondering what what level is
+it is it more introductory Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it more introductory Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it more introductory Advanced
+what's the uh the focus intermediate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the uh the focus intermediate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the uh the focus intermediate uh
+so they're making um video games but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're making um video games but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're making um video games but uh
+it's a class that actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a class that actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a class that actually has
+prerequisites so they needed to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites so they needed to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites so they needed to take
+other classes either in game design or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes either in game design or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes either in game design or
+in programming before they came okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in programming before they came okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in programming before they came okay
+cool cool so I'm just curious like show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool cool so I'm just curious like show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool cool so I'm just curious like show
+of hands how many people like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands how many people like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands how many people like are
+planning to go out into the world after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to go out into the world after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to go out into the world after
+you graduate and become game designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you graduate and become game designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you graduate and become game designers
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+developers anyone anyone okay cool cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers anyone anyone okay cool cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers anyone anyone okay cool cool
+nice that's cool sweet no very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice that's cool sweet no very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice that's cool sweet no very nice
+great so yeah um we're gonna you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so yeah um we're gonna you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so yeah um we're gonna you know
+talk to you about music and sound in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about music and sound in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about music and sound in
+games and then uh give a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and then uh give a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and then uh give a little bit of
+very practical advice about working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very practical advice about working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very practical advice about working with
+composers and working with sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers and working with sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers and working with sound
+designers since that's the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers since that's the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers since that's the um the
+situation most of you will probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation most of you will probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation most of you will probably be
+in so we'll give you a little overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we'll give you a little overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we'll give you a little overview
+of ourselves in a second but if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ourselves in a second but if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ourselves in a second but if you want
+to go on to the next slide you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on to the next slide you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on to the next slide you know
+we're going to talk about three key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about three key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about three key
+areas um yeah we're just gonna tag team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas um yeah we're just gonna tag team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas um yeah we're just gonna tag team
+this you know like we're we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know like we're we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know like we're we're we're
+just gonna like so the three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna like so the three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna like so the three things
+we're going to talk about are uh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about are uh number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about are uh number
+one interactivity um so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interactivity um so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interactivity um so we're going to
+talk to you about what makes game audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about what makes game audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about what makes game audio
+different than film audio and why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than film audio and why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than film audio and why you
+should care about it and then uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should care about it and then uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should care about it and then uh in
+agreements we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements we're going to talk about
+contracts you know and what that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts you know and what that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts you know and what that looks
+like for uh you hiring a composer or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for uh you hiring a composer or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for uh you hiring a composer or a
+sound designer which is really most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound designer which is really most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound designer which is really most
+often the case with n game and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the case with n game and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the case with n game and then
+lastly we'll talk about money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly we'll talk about money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly we'll talk about money and
+budgets you know and and how much hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgets you know and and how much hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgets you know and and how much hiring
+uh one of us or uh you know audio guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of us or uh you know audio guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of us or uh you know audio guys
+takes so um yeah yeah a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes so um yeah yeah a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes so um yeah yeah a little bit about
+us um I'm Richard llo again and I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um I'm Richard llo again and I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um I'm Richard llo again and I'm the
+audio director at our company and Andy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio director at our company and Andy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio director at our company and Andy
+is the uh the music director yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh the music director yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh the music director yeah and
+both went to school in Boston actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both went to school in Boston actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both went to school in Boston actually
+yeah just across the river over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just across the river over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just across the river over at
+Berkeley and um did their game audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley and um did their game audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley and um did their game audio
+thing and uh now we we started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and uh now we we started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and uh now we we started the
+company hex new audio and um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company hex new audio and um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company hex new audio and um basically
+music sound and dialogue as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music sound and dialogue as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music sound and dialogue as well as
+implementation services are what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation services are what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation services are what we do
+with our clients so and we're based in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our clients so and we're based in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our clients so and we're based in
+Los Angeles obviously yeah based in LA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Los Angeles obviously yeah based in LA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Los Angeles obviously yeah based in LA
+and um we have a you know uh experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we have a you know uh experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we have a you know uh experience
+working on you know larger AAA console
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on you know larger AAA console
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on you know larger AAA console
+games lots of mobile Indie things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games lots of mobile Indie things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games lots of mobile Indie things so
+really wide range and we do film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wide range and we do film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wide range and we do film and
+Commercial media as well but our Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial media as well but our Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial media as well but our Focus
+really is on games and interactivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is on games and interactivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is on games and interactivity and
+the technology that drives that so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology that drives that so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology that drives that so um
+yeah without further Ado you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah without further Ado you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah without further Ado you know if you
+want to to jump ahead to uh the basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to to jump ahead to uh the basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to to jump ahead to uh the basics
+so uh yeah yeah absolutely so um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah yeah absolutely so um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah yeah absolutely so um you
+know music and games is all about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know music and games is all about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know music and games is all about um
+Dynamic the dynamic experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic the dynamic experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic the dynamic experience and
+player input in the game and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player input in the game and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player input in the game and how the
+music and sound effects adapt around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and sound effects adapt around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and sound effects adapt around
+that obviously it's much different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obviously it's much different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obviously it's much different than
+linear media such as film TV Etc when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear media such as film TV Etc when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear media such as film TV Etc when
+you watch a film that same explosion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch a film that same explosion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch a film that same explosion is
+going to happen in the same point every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in the same point every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in the same point every
+time so obviously with games we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so obviously with games we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so obviously with games we have to
+change that um because games are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that um because games are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that um because games are
+different we have to make it adaptive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different we have to make it adaptive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different we have to make it adaptive to
+what's going on so there's four major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so there's four major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so there's four major
+parts to audio in a game usually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to audio in a game usually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to audio in a game usually um
+there's the music there's the sound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the music there's the sound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the music there's the sound and
+the dialogue but the major part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue but the major part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue but the major part of this
+again is the implementation into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is the implementation into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is the implementation into the
+game if we write amazing music or sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game if we write amazing music or sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game if we write amazing music or sound
+effects or we have the coolest voiceover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects or we have the coolest voiceover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects or we have the coolest voiceover
+artists in the world and we get them do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists in the world and we get them do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists in the world and we get them do
+that stuff for our game if we implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff for our game if we implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff for our game if we implement
+it incorrectly or the developer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it incorrectly or the developer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it incorrectly or the developer um
+doesn't do such a great job because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do such a great job because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do such a great job because
+there wasn't a dialogue between us then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't a dialogue between us then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't a dialogue between us then
+um all the stuff on the left side those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all the stuff on the left side those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all the stuff on the left side those
+three things almost don't even matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things almost don't even matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things almost don't even matter
+you know so it's all about that how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so it's all about that how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so it's all about that how it
+gets put in the game as well as how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets put in the game as well as how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets put in the game as well as how it's
+crafted so and we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafted so and we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafted so and we're going to talk about
+that in the interactivity section if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the interactivity section if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the interactivity section if
+you're like you know what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you know what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you know what is this
+implementation witchcraft we speak of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation witchcraft we speak of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation witchcraft we speak of
+exactly anyway next slide yeah so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly anyway next slide yeah so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly anyway next slide yeah so uh the
+importance of audio you know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of audio you know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of audio you know really
+talking about why you guys should care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about why you guys should care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about why you guys should care
+about audio because you know so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about audio because you know so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about audio because you know so often
+you know you think okay I've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you think okay I've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you think okay I've got this
+mobile game I'm going to shut off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile game I'm going to shut off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile game I'm going to shut off the
+audio who cares about it but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio who cares about it but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio who cares about it but you know
+there the the depth that it adds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the the depth that it adds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the the depth that it adds is
+really important and you know we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and you know we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and you know we just
+like to touch on three key areas of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to touch on three key areas of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to touch on three key areas of why
+Music and Sound is so important in games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Music and Sound is so important in games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Music and Sound is so important in games
+if you want yeah the first being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want yeah the first being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want yeah the first being
+obviously the emotional factor and um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the emotional factor and um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the emotional factor and um I
+mean you can't get around that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can't get around that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can't get around that basically
+you know with everything else basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with everything else basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with everything else basically
+audio goes straight to the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio goes straight to the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio goes straight to the center of
+your brain that controls that stuff it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain that controls that stuff it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain that controls that stuff it
+it just skips everything else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just skips everything else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just skips everything else and
+stimulates that um so obviously um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulates that um so obviously um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulates that um so obviously um I
+mean if when we were kids you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if when we were kids you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if when we were kids you know we
+turn we turn the music off of a game or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn we turn the music off of a game or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn we turn the music off of a game or
+turn the music off of a film and we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the music off of a film and we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the music off of a film and we'd
+realize that we weren't having those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that we weren't having those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that we weren't having those
+emotional responses that we did um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional responses that we did um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional responses that we did um when
+it was on so obviously emotion is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was on so obviously emotion is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was on so obviously emotion is a huge
+part of what we do yeah and that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what we do yeah and that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what we do yeah and that that's
+you know that's like a chemical response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's like a chemical response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's like a chemical response
+like like Andy said you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like Andy said you know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like Andy said you know it's like
+actually eliciting just to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually eliciting just to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually eliciting just to emphasize
+again like a chemical response visuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like a chemical response visuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like a chemical response visuals
+do not trigger these emotional procing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not trigger these emotional procing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not trigger these emotional procing
+Cent it's like Sound and Music That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cent it's like Sound and Music That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cent it's like Sound and Music That's
+stimulating parts of your brain that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating parts of your brain that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating parts of your brain that are
+like different and actually creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different and actually creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different and actually creating the
+emotion it's pretty amazing at least we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion it's pretty amazing at least we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion it's pretty amazing at least we
+like to think so anyway uh cool so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think so anyway uh cool so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think so anyway uh cool so the
+next one is like function you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is like function you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is like function you know uh
+and this isn't a great term but uh audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this isn't a great term but uh audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this isn't a great term but uh audio
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+supports the the ability for the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports the the ability for the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports the the ability for the player
+to really absorb a lot of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really absorb a lot of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really absorb a lot of the game
+information so when I say function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so when I say function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so when I say function you
+know it it it has the function giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it it it has the function giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it it it has the function giving
+you information and also the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you information and also the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you information and also the function of
+telling you you know what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you you know what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you you know what's going on
+with regards to your actions so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regards to your actions so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regards to your actions so for
+example you're walking down a hallway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're walking down a hallway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're walking down a hallway
+and you've got um uh you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got um uh you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got um uh you're you're
+there's a guy up ahead that you hear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guy up ahead that you hear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guy up ahead that you hear you
+know maybe walking and you know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe walking and you know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe walking and you know okay
+there's a guard up ahead and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guard up ahead and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guard up ahead and then maybe
+your oxygen tank is running low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your oxygen tank is running low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your oxygen tank is running low and
+you've got a little beep and your health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a little beep and your health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a little beep and your health
+is you know maybe at 50% maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know maybe at 50% maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know maybe at 50% maybe there's
+an alarm going off in a building you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alarm going off in a building you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alarm going off in a building you
+hear a guy in the Next Room uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a guy in the Next Room uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a guy in the Next Room uh you know
+you're uh you're you hear all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh you're you hear all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh you're you hear all these
+different things and all of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and all of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and all of that is
+information that's being processed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's being processed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's being processed and
+sent to you and you're able to absorb it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to you and you're able to absorb it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to you and you're able to absorb it
+all instantly without needing to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all instantly without needing to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all instantly without needing to think
+and see like text on the screen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see like text on the screen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see like text on the screen that
+says okay I'm like a 50% oxygen there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay I'm like a 50% oxygen there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay I'm like a 50% oxygen there's
+three enemies nearby uh you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three enemies nearby uh you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three enemies nearby uh you know it's
+it's getting dark out uh because I hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting dark out uh because I hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting dark out uh because I hear
+the Crickets this is just stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crickets this is just stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crickets this is just stuff that
+your brain like subconsciously absorbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain like subconsciously absorbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain like subconsciously absorbs
+so it's functional and that it provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's functional and that it provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's functional and that it provides
+that information for players in in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information for players in in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information for players in in an
+entirely new dimension that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely new dimension that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely new dimension that is
+subconscious to them so you can convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subconscious to them so you can convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subconscious to them so you can convey
+lots of uh subconscious information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of uh subconscious information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of uh subconscious information
+exactly and then also it's that Feelgood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and then also it's that Feelgood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and then also it's that Feelgood
+factor for games so you know you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for games so you know you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for games so you know you you you
+you punch a guy and uh oh well hold up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you punch a guy and uh oh well hold up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you punch a guy and uh oh well hold up
+on that maybe but you punch a yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that maybe but you punch a yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that maybe but you punch a yeah you
+punch a guy and um uh it feels like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punch a guy and um uh it feels like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punch a guy and um uh it feels like you
+know it feels good in the game you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it feels good in the game you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it feels good in the game you know
+and that that is because of that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that is because of that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that is because of that uh that
+trigger you know the the the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger you know the the the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger you know the the the sound
+meshing with the uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshing with the uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshing with the uh you know the
+psychological anyway so the sounds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological anyway so the sounds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological anyway so the sounds you
+know we were talking about that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we were talking about that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we were talking about that are
+memorable I know you just played what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorable I know you just played what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorable I know you just played what
+was that like the Zelda sound or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that like the Zelda sound or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that like the Zelda sound or
+something um yeah I couldn't quite hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um yeah I couldn't quite hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um yeah I couldn't quite hear
+obviously yeah it obviously has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously yeah it obviously has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously yeah it obviously has to be
+memorable game audio as well and um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorable game audio as well and um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorable game audio as well and um like
+yeah you played the Zelda one you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you played the Zelda one you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you played the Zelda one you think
+of the the countdown for Mario Kart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the countdown for Mario Kart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the countdown for Mario Kart
+where makes you want to hit a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where makes you want to hit a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where makes you want to hit a really
+fast and beat everyone obviously um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and beat everyone obviously um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and beat everyone obviously um but
+there's there's countless examples um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's countless examples um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's countless examples um we
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+have you can just play them all just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you can just play them all just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you can just play them all just
+play them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play them
+all let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let's
+see I'm not sure if you've played them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm not sure if you've played them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm not sure if you've played them
+but I'll just talk about anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I mean these These are really iconic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean these These are really iconic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean these These are really iconic
+sounds and I think the Mario coin sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds and I think the Mario coin sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds and I think the Mario coin sound
+is next let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is next let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is next let's
+see maybe yeah so you know like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see maybe yeah so you know like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see maybe yeah so you know like that
+sound defined an entire generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound defined an entire generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound defined an entire generation of
+games and and you know the Zelda sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and and you know the Zelda sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and and you know the Zelda sound
+like when you hear that that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you hear that that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you hear that that's like
+extremely rewarding for the player it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely rewarding for the player it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely rewarding for the player it's
+extremely memorable sound is like burned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely memorable sound is like burned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely memorable sound is like burned
+into a player's conscience you know in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a player's conscience you know in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a player's conscience you know in a
+way that is that that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that is that that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that is that that doesn't
+necessarily happen with visuals like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily happen with visuals like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily happen with visuals like you
+hear that and you hear the achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that and you hear the achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that and you hear the achievement
+sound that we played and it's like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound that we played and it's like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound that we played and it's like oh
+I've unlocked that there's like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've unlocked that there's like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've unlocked that there's like this
+this you know stimulating reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know stimulating reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know stimulating reward
+response it's and so good sound and bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response it's and so good sound and bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response it's and so good sound and bad
+sound is going to stick with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is going to stick with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is going to stick with your
+players and and it can really help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players and and it can really help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players and and it can really help you
+know set that game apart so that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know set that game apart so that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know set that game apart so that later
+on you know you're uh the players are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know you're uh the players are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know you're uh the players are
+remembering your game in a very unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering your game in a very unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering your game in a very unique
+way yeah anyway next SL we'll move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeah anyway next SL we'll move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeah anyway next SL we'll move on to
+the real stuff now so interactivity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real stuff now so interactivity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real stuff now so interactivity you
+know that was kind of the preface so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that was kind of the preface so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that was kind of the preface so the
+first section that we talk about is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first section that we talk about is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first section that we talk about is you
+know that implementation and how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that implementation and how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that implementation and how that
+works in games and uh interactivity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in games and uh interactivity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in games and uh interactivity is a
+huge part of that so if you want to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge part of that so if you want to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge part of that so if you want to jump
+ahead to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to the next
+slide um yeah so on the music side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide um yeah so on the music side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide um yeah so on the music side of
+things obviously we want music that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things obviously we want music that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things obviously we want music that
+changes dynamically based on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes dynamically based on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes dynamically based on what the
+player is doing whether he's walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is doing whether he's walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is doing whether he's walking
+into a field and staying there for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a field and staying there for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a field and staying there for five
+hours because he left it on to go make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours because he left it on to go make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours because he left it on to go make a
+sandwich or because he's walking in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich or because he's walking in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich or because he's walking in to
+buy something from a shopkeeper um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy something from a shopkeeper um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy something from a shopkeeper um so
+how do we do that there's several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that there's several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that there's several
+different things we can do um whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things we can do um whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things we can do um whether
+players going into battle Etc um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players going into battle Etc um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players going into battle Etc um we can
+use one system called layering which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one system called layering which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one system called layering which um
+Richard's going to talk about in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard's going to talk about in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard's going to talk about in another
+slide um we're going to talk about cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide um we're going to talk about cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide um we're going to talk about cross
+fading um and then you're going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fading um and then you're going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fading um and then you're going to give
+an example of branching as well um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of branching as well um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of branching as well um and
+then there's also generative and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's also generative and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's also generative and these
+are just a few there's so many there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a few there's so many there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a few there's so many there's
+so many options that we can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many options that we can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many options that we can use to
+implement um music in a cool interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement um music in a cool interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement um music in a cool interactive
+way so yeah so uh let's jump over to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so yeah so uh let's jump over to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so yeah so uh let's jump over to one
+of the examples and go ahead and throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the examples and go ahead and throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the examples and go ahead and throw
+that up don't hit the uh play button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up don't hit the uh play button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up don't hit the uh play button
+quite yet so uh you can you can hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite yet so uh you can you can hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite yet so uh you can you can hit the
+next slide and it'll pop up the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide and it'll pop up the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide and it'll pop up the graph
+great so um what you're seeing here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so um what you're seeing here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so um what you're seeing here is a
+the idea of a layered score so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of a layered score so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of a layered score so in this
+one I this was a piece of music I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I this was a piece of music I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I this was a piece of music I read
+for a game where there's three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a game where there's three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a game where there's three different
+intensity layers and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity layers and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity layers and you're going to
+hear a first one that's very uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a first one that's very uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a first one that's very uh you know
+low intensity and then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low intensity and then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low intensity and then you're going to
+hear these other layers come in on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear these other layers come in on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear these other layers come in on top
+as uh maybe the player you know starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh maybe the player you know starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh maybe the player you know starts
+to go into an area with enemies and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into an area with enemies and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into an area with enemies and then
+they go into an area where they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go into an area where they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go into an area where they're in
+battle and you'll hear the music kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle and you'll hear the music kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle and you'll hear the music kind of
+stack in a very Dynamic way anyway go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack in a very Dynamic way anyway go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack in a very Dynamic way anyway go
+ahead and hit play let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that players done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there a second come in on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you're all three layers still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+though back to just the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though back to just the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though back to just the first
+two and then just the first one so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then just the first one so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then just the first one so you
+can see this was like you could hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this was like you could hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this was like you could hear the
+layers fading out in and between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers fading out in and between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers fading out in and between one
+another but it was a very Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but it was a very Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but it was a very Dynamic
+experience so this is where we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so this is where we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so this is where we'd like
+take the music and we'd specific craft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the music and we'd specific craft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the music and we'd specific craft
+it and write it so that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and write it so that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and write it so that these things
+could stack and be triggered dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stack and be triggered dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stack and be triggered dynamically
+based on whatever the player is doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on whatever the player is doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on whatever the player is doing so
+let's Jump Ahead to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's Jump Ahead to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's Jump Ahead to the next
+slide so this is one more example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so this is one more example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so this is one more example and
+this is the last one we'll show you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last one we'll show you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last one we'll show you for
+music um that deals with uh the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um that deals with uh the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um that deals with uh the way that
+music can move dynamically between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music can move dynamically between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music can move dynamically between
+states again so yeah so we've got the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states again so yeah so we've got the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states again so yeah so we've got the uh
+the low medium high but this time we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low medium high but this time we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low medium high but this time we've
+broken it out into smaller little chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken it out into smaller little chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken it out into smaller little chunks
+so the player will do something and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the player will do something and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the player will do something and the
+music will actually wait until musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music will actually wait until musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music will actually wait until musical
+Point like the next bar or beat and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point like the next bar or beat and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point like the next bar or beat and then
+it will begin a transitional segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will begin a transitional segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will begin a transitional segment
+into the next level intensity and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the next level intensity and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the next level intensity and this
+is going to be a much more Dynamic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a much more Dynamic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a much more Dynamic and
+fluid experience than the layering so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid experience than the layering so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid experience than the layering so uh
+go ahead and uh hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+play low intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so player's going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so player's going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so player's going to do something
+and it's going to come in with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to come in with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to come in with the
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition now we're going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition now we're going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition now we're going to go into
+medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+medium player's going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium player's going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium player's going to do something
+music's going to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition now we go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+high wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back to
+low cool so you saw the music move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cool so you saw the music move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cool so you saw the music move
+through one two 3 four six different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one two 3 four six different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one two 3 four six different
+pieces there oh but it sounded like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces there oh but it sounded like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces there oh but it sounded like the
+experience was being scored so again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience was being scored so again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience was being scored so again the
+idea here is you know we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is you know we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is you know we're trying to
+you know again with a film you watch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again with a film you watch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again with a film you watch it
+it goes by you know what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes by you know what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes by you know what's going to
+happen we don't know what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen we don't know what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen we don't know what's going to
+happen with the game so we write music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with the game so we write music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with the game so we write music
+that can change and adapt adapt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can change and adapt adapt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can change and adapt adapt like
+that in a in a very film likee way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a in a very film likee way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a in a very film likee way to
+score the player experience so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score the player experience so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score the player experience so you know
+why do we do this so obviously it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we do this so obviously it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we do this so obviously it
+creates a more immersive and dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a more immersive and dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a more immersive and dynamic
+player experience uh anytime we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player experience uh anytime we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player experience uh anytime we are
+taking you guys out of that Escapist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you guys out of that Escapist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you guys out of that Escapist
+experience like we're not doing our job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience like we're not doing our job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience like we're not doing our job
+um it extends track longevity which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it extends track longevity which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it extends track longevity which um
+we'll explain later with budgets why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explain later with budgets why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explain later with budgets why
+that's nice as well um but you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice as well um but you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice as well um but you get
+better replay value out of it um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better replay value out of it um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better replay value out of it um and um
+it's the greatest value from each indiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the greatest value from each indiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the greatest value from each indiv
+minute of music so instead of having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute of music so instead of having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute of music so instead of having to
+write you know hire someone to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write you know hire someone to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write you know hire someone to write
+three different pieces of music if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different pieces of music if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different pieces of music if
+you're on a budget you can say we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a budget you can say we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a budget you can say we'll do
+one piece of music and we'll make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece of music and we'll make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece of music and we'll make it
+layered and it'll be one better piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered and it'll be one better piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered and it'll be one better piece of
+music exactly cuz like something like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music exactly cuz like something like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music exactly cuz like something like if
+um if a movie is 90 minutes long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if a movie is 90 minutes long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if a movie is 90 minutes long and
+they want 60 Minutes of music you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want 60 Minutes of music you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want 60 Minutes of music you write
+60 Minutes of music One Small mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 Minutes of music One Small mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 Minutes of music One Small mobile
+game could have 15 minutes of music or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game could have 15 minutes of music or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game could have 15 minutes of music or
+it could have one minute of music or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have one minute of music or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have one minute of music or
+three minutes of music so it all depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minutes of music so it all depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minutes of music so it all depends
+yeah and that you know that goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that you know that goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that you know that goes into
+we'll talk about with budgets how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about with budgets how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about with budgets how that
+affects that but um you know so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects that but um you know so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects that but um you know so yeah
+jumping on to the next slide you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping on to the next slide you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping on to the next slide you know
+how do we do these these interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do these these interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do these these interactive
+systems we build them with what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we build them with what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we build them with what we call
+Audio middleware and uh two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audio middleware and uh two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audio middleware and uh two of the
+commercial ones are fod that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial ones are fod that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial ones are fod that you see
+here and if you want to jump ahead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you want to jump ahead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you want to jump ahead to
+the next one y's and um these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one y's and um these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one y's and um these are just
+screenshots and essentially these allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenshots and essentially these allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenshots and essentially these allow
+us to interface with programmers um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to interface with programmers um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to interface with programmers um and
+set up these musical triggers and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up these musical triggers and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up these musical triggers and these
+points of you know musical change based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of you know musical change based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of you know musical change based
+on different parameters like number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different parameters like number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different parameters like number of
+enemies around or game state or health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemies around or game state or health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemies around or game state or health
+and let us set up these musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let us set up these musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let us set up these musical
+Transitions and things like that so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and things like that so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and things like that so um
+yeah we can jump on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we can jump on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we can jump on to the next
+section um agreements yeah so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section um agreements yeah so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section um agreements yeah so you know
+you you've you've uh you've learned all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've you've uh you've learned all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've you've uh you've learned all
+about interactivity and you're like yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about interactivity and you're like yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about interactivity and you're like yes
+this is awesome I'm going to hire a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is awesome I'm going to hire a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is awesome I'm going to hire a game
+composer so that they can do this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer so that they can do this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer so that they can do this stuff
+and then uh you know the with music they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh you know the with music they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh you know the with music they
+it's a very you know it's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very you know it's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very you know it's obviously
+creative piece of content so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative piece of content so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative piece of content so the
+agreements look a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements look a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements look a little different
+sometimes than other agreements and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes than other agreements and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes than other agreements and uh
+so we're going to show you three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to show you three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to show you three
+different kinds yeah so the purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds yeah so the purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds yeah so the purposes of
+these contracts are obviously to see who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these contracts are obviously to see who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these contracts are obviously to see who
+owns it obviously first and foremost um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns it obviously first and foremost um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns it obviously first and foremost um
+what we're going to be delivering to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be delivering to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be delivering to you
+um what the delivery Milestones are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the delivery Milestones are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the delivery Milestones are in
+the game just as there's development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game just as there's development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game just as there's development
+milestones um how much you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones um how much you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones um how much you guys are
+paying which is super important for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying which is super important for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying which is super important for you
+and us and um you know what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and us and um you know what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and us and um you know what's your
+rights as a developer where can you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights as a developer where can you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights as a developer where can you use
+it can you go around and license it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can you go around and license it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can you go around and license it to
+use it in all the things involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in all the things involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in all the things involved with
+your project or no um and what are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project or no um and what are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project or no um and what are our
+uses usage rights can we use it in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses usage rights can we use it in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses usage rights can we use it in our
+portfolio on our Facebook page can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio on our Facebook page can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio on our Facebook page can we do
+that sort of thing so um so we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing so um so we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing so um so we're just
+going to go through a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through a few of the
+contract types here so yeah and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract types here so yeah and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract types here so yeah and it's
+it's really important to spell out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important to spell out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important to spell out all
+those things so yeah let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things so yeah let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things so yeah let's look at the
+first one um work for hire you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one um work for hire you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one um work for hire you know this
+is the most common type of agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most common type of agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most common type of agreement
+that you run into with composers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you run into with composers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you run into with composers and
+it's essentially where I'm the composer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially where I'm the composer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially where I'm the composer
+I've written music and I am selling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written music and I am selling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written music and I am selling you
+my music or Sound you're buying it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my music or Sound you're buying it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my music or Sound you're buying it from
+me and you're taking all the rights for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and you're taking all the rights for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and you're taking all the rights for
+it as a developer you become the owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a developer you become the owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a developer you become the owners
+of the music and sound and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the music and sound and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the music and sound and uh you know
+this is the most uh and so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most uh and so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most uh and so you've got
+the rights to associated with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights to associated with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights to associated with it and
+because you have the rights the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have the rights the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have the rights the
+developer then can usually use the audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer then can usually use the audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer then can usually use the audio
+however they want in the project because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however they want in the project because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however they want in the project because
+you own it um you've also got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you own it um you've also got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you own it um you've also got the
+exclusive right to use the audio meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right to use the audio meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right to use the audio meaning
+you're the only ones that can use it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the only ones that can use it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the only ones that can use it I
+can't go around and turn around and sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go around and turn around and sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go around and turn around and sell
+it to Bob or Joe over there you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to Bob or Joe over there you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to Bob or Joe over there you've
+bought it it's yours and then lastly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought it it's yours and then lastly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought it it's yours and then lastly you
+know this is uh the disadvantage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is uh the disadvantage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is uh the disadvantage for
+developers is that this is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers is that this is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers is that this is a more
+expensive agreement because you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive agreement because you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive agreement because you are
+buying out all of our rights um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying out all of our rights um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying out all of our rights um and and
+I'm going to show in detail in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show in detail in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show in detail in a few
+slides some important Clauses to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides some important Clauses to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides some important Clauses to be
+aware of in these contracts um but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of in these contracts um but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of in these contracts um but yeah
+so let's talk about you know on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about you know on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about you know on the
+other end of the spectrum we we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the spectrum we we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the spectrum we we've got
+work for hire where you I me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for hire where you I me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for hire where you I me the
+composer selling the developer my rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer selling the developer my rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer selling the developer my rights
+and then on the other end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the other end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the other end of the
+spectrum we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum we've got
+licenses great so we have two sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licenses great so we have two sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licenses great so we have two sorts of
+licenses the first we'll talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licenses the first we'll talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licenses the first we'll talk about is
+the non-exclusive so this means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-exclusive so this means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-exclusive so this means that we
+are retaining the rights of the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are retaining the rights of the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are retaining the rights of the music
+sound effects anything we do for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound effects anything we do for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound effects anything we do for your
+project we could go around and turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we could go around and turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we could go around and turn it
+to another game Etc however don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another game Etc however don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another game Etc however don't be
+afraid of these um we're riding the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of these um we're riding the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of these um we're riding the same
+custom music for your game which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom music for your game which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom music for your game which is
+super important to remember um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super important to remember um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super important to remember um you're
+getting the same exact product um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the same exact product um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the same exact product um it's
+obviously a lot cheaper and it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a lot cheaper and it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a lot cheaper and it's a great
+way to save your guys you yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to save your guys you yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to save your guys you yourselves
+some money when working with people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money when working with people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money when working with people like
+us um and again you can still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um and again you can still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um and again you can still have
+unrestricted use of the audio in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted use of the audio in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted use of the audio in your
+project and things involved with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and things involved with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and things involved with that
+usually um but you know again we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually um but you know again we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually um but you know again we could
+turn around and use this for whatever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around and use this for whatever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around and use this for whatever we
+would like to use it for um so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to use it for um so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to use it for um so yeah
+those are the main we use negotiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the main we use negotiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the main we use negotiating
+with uh with developers all the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with developers all the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with developers all the time you
+know so if they don't want to buy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so if they don't want to buy out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so if they don't want to buy out
+all of our rights and pay that full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our rights and pay that full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our rights and pay that full
+price we'll say okay well we'll retain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we'll say okay well we'll retain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we'll say okay well we'll retain
+the right to go sell it to Bob and Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to go sell it to Bob and Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to go sell it to Bob and Joe
+and still give you the same music yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still give you the same music yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still give you the same music yeah
+so but um yeah and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but um yeah and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but um yeah and then we have
+obviously the exclusive license um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the exclusive license um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the exclusive license um which
+is we're going to well you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to well you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to well you're going to
+retain all of the rights but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain all of the rights but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain all of the rights but it's
+usually for a certain amount of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for a certain amount of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for a certain amount of time and
+then those rights transfer back to us um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those rights transfer back to us um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those rights transfer back to us um
+and sometimes it's industry specific so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's industry specific so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's industry specific so
+we might be able to use that audio in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might be able to use that audio in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might be able to use that audio in a
+trailer or a film or something however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer or a film or something however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer or a film or something however
+pertaining to the game or anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertaining to the game or anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertaining to the game or anything in
+the game World we're not going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game World we're not going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game World we're not going to turn
+around and license that to someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and license that to someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and license that to someone else
+usually this lasts about one to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually this lasts about one to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually this lasts about one to five
+years um we like to call this the happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um we like to call this the happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um we like to call this the happy
+medium you know between the work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium you know between the work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium you know between the work for
+hire and the excl and the excl the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire and the excl and the excl the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire and the excl and the excl the
+non-exclusive license um and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-exclusive license um and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-exclusive license um and it really
+is a healthy balance of price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a healthy balance of price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a healthy balance of price and
+control because it's right in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control because it's right in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control because it's right in the middle
+as far as price is concerned and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as price is concerned and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as price is concerned and um
+everyone's kind of happy you guys could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's kind of happy you guys could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's kind of happy you guys could
+use it for what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for what you need
+um but then we also get those rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then we also get those rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then we also get those rights
+back eventually so yeah so work for hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back eventually so yeah so work for hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back eventually so yeah so work for hire
+I make the music I'm the composer I sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make the music I'm the composer I sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make the music I'm the composer I sell
+it to you you get all the rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you you get all the rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you you get all the rights
+non-exclusive I'm the composer I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-exclusive I'm the composer I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-exclusive I'm the composer I make
+the music I retain all the rights and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music I retain all the rights and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music I retain all the rights and I
+can sell it to other people exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sell it to other people exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sell it to other people exclusive
+I'm the composer I make the music I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the composer I make the music I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the composer I make the music I
+retain the rights but I give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain the rights but I give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain the rights but I give you the
+exclusive right to it so I can't sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right to it so I can't sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right to it so I can't sell it
+to anyone else and then it usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyone else and then it usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyone else and then it usually
+reverts back to us after a per time yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverts back to us after a per time yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverts back to us after a per time yeah
+or uh yeah as discuss so most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh yeah as discuss so most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh yeah as discuss so most common
+though is the work for hire and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is the work for hire and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is the work for hire and you're
+like seeing that contract and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seeing that contract and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seeing that contract and you're
+like oh my God this is awful I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh my God this is awful I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh my God this is awful I don't
+want to see this but anyway uh so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see this but anyway uh so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see this but anyway uh so yeah
+let's jump through that really quick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's jump through that really quick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's jump through that really quick uh
+just a few key points that really uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few key points that really uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few key points that really uh you
+know go to developers helping protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know go to developers helping protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know go to developers helping protect
+themselves and I'm going to I got to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and I'm going to I got to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and I'm going to I got to hit
+play over here on my keynote so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play over here on my keynote so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play over here on my keynote so that I
+can see all the different slide changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all the different slide changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all the different slide changes
+one second um Okay cool so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second um Okay cool so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second um Okay cool so the first
+thing you know Services it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know Services it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know Services it's like you
+know what are you paying for at music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are you paying for at music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are you paying for at music
+sound dialogue what are you buying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound dialogue what are you buying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound dialogue what are you buying this
+will be really quick jumping on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be really quick jumping on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be really quick jumping on to the
+next some so payment for services what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next some so payment for services what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next some so payment for services what
+are you getting paid you want to spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you getting paid you want to spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you getting paid you want to spell
+out exactly how much you're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly how much you're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly how much you're going to uh
+charge and how much uh you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and how much uh you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and how much uh you're going to
+pay for the Music and Sound next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the Music and Sound next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the Music and Sound next
+contract and this is or next point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and this is or next point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and this is or next point and
+this is the independent contractor Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the independent contractor Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the independent contractor Point
+that's important for you as a developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important for you as a developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important for you as a developer
+because this essentially says uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this essentially says uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this essentially says uh that
+the composer or sound designer you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composer or sound designer you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composer or sound designer you're
+hiring is not uh on salary and does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring is not uh on salary and does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring is not uh on salary and does not
+need benefits they have to you know take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need benefits they have to you know take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need benefits they have to you know take
+care of their own taxes it just protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of their own taxes it just protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of their own taxes it just protect
+the developers so they're a little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developers so they're a little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developers so they're a little uh
+make everything clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make everything clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make everything clear
+there uh next warranties these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh next warranties these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh next warranties these are
+things again that protect you as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things again that protect you as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things again that protect you as the
+developer so this says okay the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer so this says okay the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer so this says okay the music
+we're writing it's original we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're writing it's original we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're writing it's original we're not
+stealing John Williams music as I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing John Williams music as I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing John Williams music as I always
+say score game yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say score game yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say score game yes
+right but then uh if we do steal it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then uh if we do steal it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then uh if we do steal it uh
+you know and we're not going to steal it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and we're not going to steal it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and we're not going to steal it
+and there's some other warranties as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some other warranties as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some other warranties as
+well but we'll jump on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but we'll jump on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but we'll jump on to the
+indemnification uh so then it usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indemnification uh so then it usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indemnification uh so then it usually
+says if we do steal John Williams music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if we do steal John Williams music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if we do steal John Williams music
+you guys are protected and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are protected and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are protected and there's
+different levels of indemnification but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of indemnification but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of indemnification but
+the indemnification just says it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indemnification just says it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indemnification just says it falls
+on us if we screw things up next there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on us if we screw things up next there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on us if we screw things up next there's
+usually a little Pro uh confidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a little Pro uh confidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a little Pro uh confidential
+information Clause a little NDA clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Clause a little NDA clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Clause a little NDA clause
+about not you know disclosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not you know disclosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not you know disclosing
+things um and then some specific legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um and then some specific legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um and then some specific legal
+language about the ownership and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language about the ownership and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language about the ownership and
+assignment of Rights uh specific to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment of Rights uh specific to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment of Rights uh specific to work
+for higher legal mumbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for higher legal mumbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for higher legal mumbo
+jumbo um we'll skip the subcontracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbo um we'll skip the subcontracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbo um we'll skip the subcontracting
+and then there's some rights that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some rights that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some rights that are
+specific to us as the content creators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to us as the content creators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to us as the content creators
+so if you remember we talked about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember we talked about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember we talked about uh
+composer specific rights things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer specific rights things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer specific rights things like the
+ability for us to post our work on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability for us to post our work on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability for us to post our work on our
+website is something that we like in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website is something that we like in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website is something that we like in our
+contracts so that we can advertise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts so that we can advertise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts so that we can advertise you
+know the music to other people to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the music to other people to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the music to other people to get
+them to hire us similarly we often spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to hire us similarly we often spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to hire us similarly we often spell
+out how we're going to be credited and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how we're going to be credited and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how we're going to be credited and
+uh the credit is a great way you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the credit is a great way you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the credit is a great way you know as
+well to negotiate with your composer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to negotiate with your composer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to negotiate with your composer if
+you're on a budget you know maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a budget you know maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a budget you know maybe you
+say okay I'll put your name at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I'll put your name at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I'll put your name at the
+cinematic instead of you know just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematic instead of you know just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematic instead of you know just in
+the back you know because to to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back you know because to to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back you know because to to help
+compensate for our lack of budget we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for our lack of budget we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for our lack of budget we get
+you a little more exposure things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little more exposure things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little more exposure things like
+that so you spell out how you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you spell out how you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you spell out how you want to be
+credited uh that that's really uh it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credited uh that that's really uh it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credited uh that that's really uh it for
+the uh the contract I don't want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the contract I don't want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the contract I don't want to go
+too detailed there but you know some key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too detailed there but you know some key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too detailed there but you know some key
+points to be thinking about if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to be thinking about if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to be thinking about if you guys
+ever hire a composer or sound designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever hire a composer or sound designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever hire a composer or sound designer
+y let's talk about money um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y let's talk about money um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y let's talk about money um you know
+this is the question most most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the question most most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the question most most people
+have you know what and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know what and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know what and you know I
+whenever I'm meet a developer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I'm meet a developer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I'm meet a developer like
+without fail within like 10 minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without fail within like 10 minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without fail within like 10 minutes of
+the conversation they're like ah what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation they're like ah what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation they're like ah what do
+you charge what's what's like general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you charge what's what's like general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you charge what's what's like general
+what do you charge for game it's funny I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you charge for game it's funny I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you charge for game it's funny I
+I gave and I gave this talk at GDC next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave and I gave this talk at GDC next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave and I gave this talk at GDC next
+and you'll see by the end of it why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see by the end of it why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see by the end of it why I'm
+like that's not a question I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's not a question I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's not a question I can just
+answer but and then I got like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but and then I got like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but and then I got like three
+emails from people who attended the talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails from people who attended the talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails from people who attended the talk
+after and who were like can you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and who were like can you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and who were like can you just
+give me a range for like an indie budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a range for like an indie budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a range for like an indie budget
+anyway but you'll see why that's funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but you'll see why that's funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but you'll see why that's funny
+in a minute because my response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute because my response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute because my response is
+always to them you know when they ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to them you know when they ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to them you know when they ask
+how much do you charge my response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do you charge my response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do you charge my response is
+always what's your budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always what's your budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always what's your budget
+and uh the reason being because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the reason being because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the reason being because there
+are so many factors um yeah know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so many factors um yeah know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so many factors um yeah know what
+the deadline is uh musical style whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deadline is uh musical style whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deadline is uh musical style whether
+or not you know we're talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not you know we're talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not you know we're talking about a
+solo piano piece versus epic orchestral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo piano piece versus epic orchestral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo piano piece versus epic orchestral
+piece are we going to get Live players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece are we going to get Live players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece are we going to get Live players
+to play that orchestral those orchestral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play that orchestral those orchestral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play that orchestral those orchestral
+pieces or a piano player to play that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces or a piano player to play that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces or a piano player to play that
+you can throw up the bullet points if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can throw up the bullet points if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can throw up the bullet points if
+you want just FYI we're uh we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want just FYI we're uh we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want just FYI we're uh we're just
+going through them anyway and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through them anyway and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through them anyway and uh you
+know what's the release platform is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the release platform is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the release platform is this
+a AAA console or is it a Facebook game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a AAA console or is it a Facebook game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a AAA console or is it a Facebook game
+for the American Cancer Society again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the American Cancer Society again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the American Cancer Society again
+are we going to use a work for hire or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to use a work for hire or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to use a work for hire or
+one of the LIC deals right you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the LIC deals right you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the LIC deals right you know I
+mean like we just talked about buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like we just talked about buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like we just talked about buying
+out the rights or us keeping the rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the rights or us keeping the rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the rights or us keeping the rights
+really big effect on the price there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big effect on the price there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big effect on the price there um
+how much are you buying you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much are you buying you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much are you buying you know we're
+like Costco I more and safe but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Costco I more and safe but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Costco I more and safe but if
+you're gonna buy 100 S effects it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna buy 100 S effects it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna buy 100 S effects it's
+obviously going to be different than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously going to be different than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously going to be different than if
+you need five sound effects or 50 sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need five sound effects or 50 sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need five sound effects or 50 sound
+effects yeah we give bulk discounts all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects yeah we give bulk discounts all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects yeah we give bulk discounts all
+the time exactly and that goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time exactly and that goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time exactly and that goes into
+obviously the depth of audio experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the depth of audio experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the depth of audio experience
+as well which is you know how crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well which is you know how crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well which is you know how crazy
+we're going to get with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get with
+interactivity um if we're going going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactivity um if we're going going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactivity um if we're going going to
+be using middleware um like Andy said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using middleware um like Andy said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using middleware um like Andy said
+with the mobile game you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mobile game you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mobile game you know you could
+put one minute three minutes 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put one minute three minutes 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put one minute three minutes 10 minutes
+20 minutes all in the same game it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 minutes all in the same game it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 minutes all in the same game it's
+going to be a better game if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a better game if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a better game if you've got
+you know maybe you don't need 20 but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe you don't need 20 but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe you don't need 20 but if
+you've got more than one looping track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got more than one looping track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got more than one looping track
+it's going to be a better game but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a better game but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a better game but the
+game can still exist with a single piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game can still exist with a single piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game can still exist with a single piece
+of music so saying how much do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music so saying how much do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music so saying how much do you
+charge is a very very difficult question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is a very very difficult question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is a very very difficult question
+to answer without knowing more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer without knowing more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer without knowing more about
+your game yeah one of one of our clients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game yeah one of one of our clients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game yeah one of one of our clients
+um that we we work with on their page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we we work with on their page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we we work with on their page
+where where you go to contact them it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where you go to contact them it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where you go to contact them it
+says when do you need your project done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says when do you need your project done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says when do you need your project done
+by one of the options is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one of the options is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one of the options is
+yesterday yeah and deadlines are are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday yeah and deadlines are are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday yeah and deadlines are are a
+huge part of that you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge part of that you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge part of that you know like
+sometimes we get calls where it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we get calls where it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we get calls where it's like
+we need this in two days or in a day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need this in two days or in a day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need this in two days or in a day and
+you know we'll do it because but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll do it because but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll do it because but it's
+going to cost more than if you need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost more than if you need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost more than if you need it
+in a year yeah um so you know contacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a year yeah um so you know contacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a year yeah um so you know contacting
+guys early is is uh is important totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys early is is uh is important totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys early is is uh is important totally
+anyway let's jump on to payment models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway let's jump on to payment models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway let's jump on to payment models
+and you can hit all these bullet points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can hit all these bullet points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can hit all these bullet points
+again yeah yeah you know just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah yeah you know just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah yeah you know just basically
+talking about how composers and sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how composers and sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how composers and sound
+designers uh charge uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers uh charge uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers uh charge uh you know
+typically with music it's a permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically with music it's a permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically with music it's a permanent
+music so not per minute that're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music so not per minute that're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music so not per minute that're working
+but yeah and then sound effects yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah and then sound effects yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah and then sound effects yeah
+unforunately and then sound effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforunately and then sound effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforunately and then sound effects are
+usually for asset so um you know yeah or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for asset so um you know yeah or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for asset so um you know yeah or
+sometimes a flat fee that's also common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a flat fee that's also common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a flat fee that's also common
+too you might quote a project and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too you might quote a project and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too you might quote a project and say
+okay I'll do your whole project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll do your whole project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll do your whole project
+regardless of how many sound effects for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of how many sound effects for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of how many sound effects for
+you know $20,000 I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know $20,000 I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know $20,000 I don't know what
+sometimes hourly rate we usually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes hourly rate we usually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes hourly rate we usually don't
+do this is a really hard one to gaug um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is a really hard one to gaug um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is a really hard one to gaug um
+usually it's a valid thing people do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's a valid thing people do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's a valid thing people do it
+we don't we don't but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we don't but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we don't but um
+yeah um some like weird thing happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um some like weird thing happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um some like weird thing happening
+below us sorry um and then um usually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below us sorry um and then um usually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below us sorry um and then um usually uh
+we really like to um try to get backend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really like to um try to get backend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really like to um try to get backend
+profit sharing you know if we we if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit sharing you know if we we if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit sharing you know if we we if the
+budget isn't there yeah that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget isn't there yeah that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget isn't there yeah that's a big
+thing um with with audio to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um with with audio to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um with with audio to think about
+um at the end of the day is um is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the end of the day is um is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the end of the day is um is it
+really going to cost you that much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to cost you that much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to cost you that much to
+give 05% of back end um when you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give 05% of back end um when you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give 05% of back end um when you can't
+give anything up front because we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give anything up front because we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give anything up front because we always
+have passion projects you know we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have passion projects you know we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have passion projects you know we make
+money on some of our projects but we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on some of our projects but we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on some of our projects but we we
+really like to believe in games that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to believe in games that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to believe in games that are
+really cool and sometimes the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool and sometimes the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool and sometimes the best way
+to do that is just to share the game the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that is just to share the game the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that is just to share the game the
+Indie scene you know like they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indie scene you know like they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indie scene you know like they often
+can't afford um because they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford um because they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford um because they don't have
+that upfront money and so we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that upfront money and so we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that upfront money and so we'll talk
+about a backend profit sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a backend profit sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a backend profit sharing
+percentage and you know if you talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage and you know if you talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage and you know if you talk to
+people who have been doing this like 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have been doing this like 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have been doing this like 30
+years that didn't exist like 10 20 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that didn't exist like 10 20 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that didn't exist like 10 20 30
+years ago like audio guys did not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago like audio guys did not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago like audio guys did not get
+back in profit sharing usually because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in profit sharing usually because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in profit sharing usually because
+they were just paid up front but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just paid up front but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just paid up front but that's
+kind of Gone Away uh you know and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Gone Away uh you know and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Gone Away uh you know and I
+guess that kind of is probably true of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that kind of is probably true of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that kind of is probably true of a
+lot of of all Industries but but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of of all Industries but but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of of all Industries but but you
+know that that you know so thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that you know so thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that you know so thinking
+about that is a very you know valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is a very you know valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is a very you know valid
+thing and um you know you it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and um you know you it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and um you know you it's usually
+accompanied by some upfront fee uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by some upfront fee uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by some upfront fee uh it's
+usually a reduced amount but uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a reduced amount but uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a reduced amount but uh you know
+the backend thing is definitely valid we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backend thing is definitely valid we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backend thing is definitely valid we
+want you know new developers to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you know new developers to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you know new developers to be you
+know less afraid of that and more open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know less afraid of that and more open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know less afraid of that and more open
+to it yeah absolutely um and then any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it yeah absolutely um and then any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it yeah absolutely um and then any
+combination of the above too cool anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the above too cool anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the above too cool anyway
+um so so how does this just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so how does this just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so how does this just kind of
+break down and you can throw all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down and you can throw all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down and you can throw all these
+up here you know just showing you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here you know just showing you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here you know just showing you uh
+music sound and dialogue you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music sound and dialogue you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music sound and dialogue you know
+there's a lot of components here so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of components here so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of components here so when
+we're talking about what we're charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about what we're charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about what we're charging
+we charge different prices for themes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we charge different prices for themes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we charge different prices for themes in
+the music so uh might write a musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music so uh might write a musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music so uh might write a musical
+theme that has you know its its setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme that has you know its its setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme that has you know its its setting
+and we charge one price for that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we charge one price for that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we charge one price for that but
+then we might put an arrangement of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we might put an arrangement of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we might put an arrangement of that
+in an underwater level a desert level a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an underwater level a desert level a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an underwater level a desert level a
+jungle level the same theme but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jungle level the same theme but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jungle level the same theme but
+different arrangements for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrangements for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrangements for different
+levels and we charge less for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and we charge less for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and we charge less for those
+Arrangements those little transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements those little transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements those little transitional
+segments you heard in that in that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments you heard in that in that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments you heard in that in that uh
+demo I play those are transitions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo I play those are transitions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo I play those are transitions we
+charge less for those and and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge less for those and and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge less for those and and even
+different price for things like Stingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different price for things like Stingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different price for things like Stingers
+like a coin pickup or an end game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a coin pickup or an end game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a coin pickup or an end game
+like sound like that when you die um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sound like that when you die um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sound like that when you die um
+with sound effects we break things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sound effects we break things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sound effects we break things out
+into primary sound effects like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into primary sound effects like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into primary sound effects like if you
+think about a creature having an attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a creature having an attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a creature having an attack
+sound and then it's like die sound idle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and then it's like die sound idle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and then it's like die sound idle
+sound those are all kind of primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound those are all kind of primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound those are all kind of primary
+sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+iterations might be like attack1 attack2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations might be like attack1 attack2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations might be like attack1 attack2
+attack3 do1 do2 and we charge less for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack3 do1 do2 and we charge less for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack3 do1 do2 and we charge less for
+iterations UI and ambiences different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations UI and ambiences different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations UI and ambiences different
+prices there and then dialogue there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices there and then dialogue there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices there and then dialogue there's
+just a whole slew of components like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a whole slew of components like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a whole slew of components like
+casting different you know usually hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casting different you know usually hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casting different you know usually hire
+someone to cast all the actors getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to cast all the actors getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to cast all the actors getting
+Kevin spy for the next Call of Duty game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin spy for the next Call of Duty game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin spy for the next Call of Duty game
+or Kevin spy for the next who doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Kevin spy for the next who doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Kevin spy for the next who doesn't
+want to use Kevin spacy but you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use Kevin spacy but you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use Kevin spacy but you're right
+and then you know so they charge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know so they charge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know so they charge you
+know a few hundred a few thousand an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a few hundred a few thousand an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a few hundred a few thousand an
+hour depending on the actor usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour depending on the actor usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour depending on the actor usually
+there's someone directing them while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's someone directing them while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's someone directing them while
+they're being recorded someone recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being recorded someone recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being recorded someone recording
+them editing them processing there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them editing them processing there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them editing them processing there's a
+lot you know just throwing this up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot you know just throwing this up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot you know just throwing this up here
+so you know all the different components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know all the different components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know all the different components
+of music sound that are out there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music sound that are out there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music sound that are out there so
+again asking what do you charge what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again asking what do you charge what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again asking what do you charge what
+does your game Need is a you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does your game Need is a you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does your game Need is a you know very
+uh we need to know what your game needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we need to know what your game needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we need to know what your game needs
+before we can say cool next slide anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we can say cool next slide anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we can say cool next slide anyway
+yeah so we're getting close to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're getting close to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're getting close to the end
+here and we can do some questions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we can do some questions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we can do some questions but
+talking about like a theoretical project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about like a theoretical project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about like a theoretical project
+say you've got a lowbudget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you've got a lowbudget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you've got a lowbudget
+$160,000 Kickstarter project you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$160,000 Kickstarter project you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$160,000 Kickstarter project you know
+like uh and and remember uh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh and and remember uh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh and and remember uh so so
+talking about music sound we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about music sound we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about music sound we're
+typically looking at like five to 15% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically looking at like five to 15% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically looking at like five to 15% of
+the budget being allocated to audio 5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the budget being allocated to audio 5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the budget being allocated to audio 5 to
+15 usually hovering around 10 15 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 usually hovering around 10 15 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 usually hovering around 10 15 20
+25 very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 very
+good no but seriously um and so a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good no but seriously um and so a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good no but seriously um and so a common
+problem with this though is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this though is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this though is that your
+game to be awesome needs like this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to be awesome needs like this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to be awesome needs like this much
+music but your budget is only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music but your budget is only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music but your budget is only going to
+allow for this much music so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for this much music so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for this much music so let's say
+we've got a hypothetical game here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a hypothetical game here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a hypothetical game here that
+where a project might need 18 minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a project might need 18 minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a project might need 18 minutes of
+music and 300 sound effects so say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and 300 sound effects so say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and 300 sound effects so say we
+were going to charge you know like 750 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to charge you know like 750 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to charge you know like 750 a
+minute for themes and 500 a minute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute for themes and 500 a minute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute for themes and 500 a minute for
+Arrangements which are you know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements which are you know kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements which are you know kind of
+Indie prices um you know we uh charge up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indie prices um you know we uh charge up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indie prices um you know we uh charge up
+to like a we do different scale because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like a we do different scale because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like a we do different scale because
+of all the different uh factors involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the different uh factors involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the different uh factors involved
+but you know up to like $1,000 a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know up to like $1,000 a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know up to like $1,000 a minute
+is um is pretty typical you know the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is pretty typical you know the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is pretty typical you know the big
+guys on AAA will be charging you 2500 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys on AAA will be charging you 2500 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys on AAA will be charging you 2500 a
+minute but you know up to a th000 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but you know up to a th000 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but you know up to a th000 a
+minute of music is uh pretty typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute of music is uh pretty typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute of music is uh pretty typical
+between 500,000 and um and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 500,000 and um and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 500,000 and um and then maybe
+you know sound effects maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sound effects maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sound effects maybe a
+combination of all those kind of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all those kind of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all those kind of total
+12,500 let's say this game to be awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,500 let's say this game to be awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,500 let's say this game to be awesome
+again needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again needs
+$23,500 for the audio and you're like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$23,500 for the audio and you're like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$23,500 for the audio and you're like oh
+my God that's a lot of money um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God that's a lot of money um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God that's a lot of money um and
+let's say the developer has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the developer has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the developer has only
+allocated 11,000 to audio right so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated 11,000 to audio right so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated 11,000 to audio right so some
+things we can do to reduce the cost are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can do to reduce the cost are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can do to reduce the cost are
+um we can reduce the original music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can reduce the original music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can reduce the original music
+themes and increase the arrangements um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes and increase the arrangements um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes and increase the arrangements um
+so we can just do a lot of iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just do a lot of iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just do a lot of iterations
+things which is actually a very feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which is actually a very feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which is actually a very feasible
+option because as composers we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option because as composers we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option because as composers we're
+trained to do that um we can reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to do that um we can reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to do that um we can reduce the
+number of sound effects iterations just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sound effects iterations just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sound effects iterations just
+have more of those primaries only attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more of those primaries only attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more of those primaries only attack
+01 instead of 02304 exactly um we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 instead of 02304 exactly um we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 instead of 02304 exactly um we can do
+backend profit sharing we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backend profit sharing we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backend profit sharing we mentioned
+before so maybe add 3% on that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so maybe add 3% on that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so maybe add 3% on that and then
+we could use a license agreement instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use a license agreement instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use a license agreement instead
+of say you're using work for higher so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say you're using work for higher so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say you're using work for higher so
+so yeah just some common things you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah just some common things you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah just some common things you know
+to think about in that negotiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about in that negotiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about in that negotiating
+process about how can we work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process about how can we work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process about how can we work with the
+audio guy to reduce the cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio guy to reduce the cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio guy to reduce the cost to
+something we're both comfortable with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're both comfortable with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're both comfortable with um
+yeah so let let's just wrap up really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let let's just wrap up really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let let's just wrap up really
+quick um you know what we talk about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick um you know what we talk about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick um you know what we talk about um
+interactivity it's music it's sound it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactivity it's music it's sound it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactivity it's music it's sound it's
+responding dynamically to player input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding dynamically to player input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding dynamically to player input
+the player does something music the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player does something music the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player does something music the
+sound it changes it reacts I it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound it changes it reacts I it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound it changes it reacts I it's going
+to create a deeper player experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a deeper player experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a deeper player experience
+it's going to reduce the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to reduce the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to reduce the cost
+if you do it right and we're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it right and we're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it right and we're doing this
+with fod y's fabric different audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fod y's fabric different audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fod y's fabric different audio
+middleware um and then for budgets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleware um and then for budgets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleware um and then for budgets you
+know we're trying to look at 5 to 15% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're trying to look at 5 to 15% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're trying to look at 5 to 15% of
+the total budget of your game allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total budget of your game allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total budget of your game allocated
+to audio um remember to consider backend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to audio um remember to consider backend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to audio um remember to consider backend
+payments we really think that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments we really think that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments we really think that's going to
+be part of the future of how audio Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of the future of how audio Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of the future of how audio Works
+within especially the Indie market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within especially the Indie market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within especially the Indie market and
+um just be willing to negotiate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just be willing to negotiate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just be willing to negotiate and
+figure things out you know um your cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure things out you know um your cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure things out you know um your cost
+fluctuate our cost fluctuat so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate our cost fluctuat so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate our cost fluctuat so it's just
+needs to be a negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be a negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be a negotiation
+we can usually figure something out any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can usually figure something out any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can usually figure something out any
+audio person can yeah oh and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio person can yeah oh and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio person can yeah oh and then we
+jumped over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped over
+agreements it's all good no um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements it's all good no um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements it's all good no um and
+agreements again you know we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements again you know we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements again you know we're talking
+about work for hire I'm the composer I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about work for hire I'm the composer I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about work for hire I'm the composer I'm
+writing the music you as the developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the music you as the developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the music you as the developer
+are buying it licenses I'm the composer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are buying it licenses I'm the composer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are buying it licenses I'm the composer
+I write music I retain the rights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write music I retain the rights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write music I retain the rights and
+then I give you some type of License to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I give you some type of License to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I give you some type of License to
+use the music but um you know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the music but um you know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the music but um you know that that
+kind of wraps up I think you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wraps up I think you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wraps up I think you know the
+core points we were going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core points we were going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core points we were going to talk about
+um I don't if you guys have specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't if you guys have specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't if you guys have specific
+questions we're happy to answer them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we're happy to answer them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we're happy to answer them or
+Philip you have any uh additional you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip you have any uh additional you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip you have any uh additional you
+know points you want to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on thanks I think for questions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thanks I think for questions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thanks I think for questions if
+anyone has any questions I'll I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone has any questions I'll I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone has any questions I'll I'll I'll
+repeat it so that I'm since I'm a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it so that I'm since I'm a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it so that I'm since I'm a little
+bit closer to the mic although maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit closer to the mic although maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit closer to the mic although maybe the
+mic might pick you up if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic might pick you up if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic might pick you up if you're in the
+back out the room we'll give it a shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out the room we'll give it a shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out the room we'll give it a shot
+it doesn't need to be a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't need to be a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't need to be a question about
+what we talked about too you know any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about too you know any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about too you know any
+audio related thing favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio related thing favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio related thing favorite
+color yeah as loud as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can do you me a cash I think so so was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do you me a cash I think so so was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do you me a cash I think so so was
+the the gist of it basically being folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the gist of it basically being folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the gist of it basically being folks
+using music and sound and then getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using music and sound and then getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using music and sound and then getting
+takedown notices is that what you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takedown notices is that what you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takedown notices is that what you said
+yeah take down notices on services like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah take down notices on services like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah take down notices on services like
+YouTube or twitch yeah absolutely so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube or twitch yeah absolutely so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube or twitch yeah absolutely so the
+whole takeown notice thing has really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole takeown notice thing has really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole takeown notice thing has really
+come about because you know people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come about because you know people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come about because you know people are
+just using the music or just using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using the music or just using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using the music or just using the
+sound without asking for permission it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound without asking for permission it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound without asking for permission it
+for it now in an actual gameplay video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it now in an actual gameplay video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it now in an actual gameplay video
+if you're streaming twitch like that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're streaming twitch like that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're streaming twitch like that is
+really a very developer specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very developer specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very developer specific
+question and that's not something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and that's not something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and that's not something that
+we as the composers and sound designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as the composers and sound designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as the composers and sound designers
+really even have control over yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really even have control over yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really even have control over yeah you
+know if it's for a game and if it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's for a game and if it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's for a game and if it's in a
+game you know if we're working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you know if we're working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you know if we're working on a
+Nintendo game and it goes out to them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo game and it goes out to them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo game and it goes out to them uh
+then that is owned by Nintendo and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that is owned by Nintendo and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that is owned by Nintendo and if
+it's not owned by Nintendo they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not owned by Nintendo they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not owned by Nintendo they've got
+the license for it so it's all on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the license for it so it's all on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the license for it so it's all on them
+with regards to that you know so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regards to that you know so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regards to that you know so some
+developers are totally cool letting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers are totally cool letting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers are totally cool letting it
+slide some developers are not but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide some developers are not but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide some developers are not but that's
+really you know uh it's a shifting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know uh it's a shifting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know uh it's a shifting it's
+all being figured out and usually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all being figured out and usually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all being figured out and usually that
+happens obviously in the bigger game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens obviously in the bigger game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens obviously in the bigger game
+world I mean you're not looking at I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean you're not looking at I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean you're not looking at I
+mean that might happen like the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that might happen like the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that might happen like the biggest
+game that would probably happen within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that would probably happen within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that would probably happen within
+Indie world would be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indie world would be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indie world would be something like
+Journey or something like that but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey or something like that but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey or something like that but and
+you know most often at least now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know most often at least now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know most often at least now
+developers are you know pretty cool with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers are you know pretty cool with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers are you know pretty cool with
+it but I know they're you know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I know they're you know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I know they're you know that it's
+it's all being figured out right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all being figured out right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all being figured out right now
+that's a very shifting landscape it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very shifting landscape it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very shifting landscape it has
+to do with royalties and music and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with royalties and music and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with royalties and music and
+that's another thing there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing there's like
+there's easy like collections have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's easy like collections have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's easy like collections have been
+set up for film and TV for eons now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up for film and TV for eons now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up for film and TV for eons now and
+there's a system in place for that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a system in place for that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a system in place for that but
+there's really no landscape for games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really no landscape for games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really no landscape for games
+it's a little different with YouTube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little different with YouTube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little different with YouTube and
+then twitch as well you know like we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then twitch as well you know like we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then twitch as well you know like we get
+paid 0.001 cents every time someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid 0.001 cents every time someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid 0.001 cents every time someone
+watch something YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch something YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch something YouTube
+so in in five years hopefully that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in five years hopefully that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in five years hopefully that will
+all be figured out but sorry I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be figured out but sorry I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be figured out but sorry I don't
+have a better answer it's not our fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better answer it's not our fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better answer it's not our fault
+it's the developer just Ju Just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the developer just Ju Just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the developer just Ju Just a
+follow-up question on that it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up question on that it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up question on that it seems like
+in order for all these services to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for all these services to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for all these services to
+actually detect that they're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually detect that they're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually detect that they're using the
+music they need to cross check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music they need to cross check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music they need to cross check it
+against some sort of audio database so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against some sort of audio database so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against some sort of audio database so
+is that something that you as composers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that something that you as composers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that something that you as composers
+usually end up submitting or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually end up submitting or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually end up submitting or is it
+something that the game companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the game companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the game companies
+usually end up doing or does it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually end up doing or does it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually end up doing or does it really
+depend on the license agreement that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the license agreement that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the license agreement that you
+had with the uh with the company It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had with the uh with the company It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had with the uh with the company It's
+usually the game it's usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the game it's usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the game it's usually the
+developer yeah yeah so I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer yeah yeah so I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer yeah yeah so I mean there's
+there's a there's a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a couple different
+ways we have friends who work for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we have friends who work for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we have friends who work for for
+PlayStation and they were just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PlayStation and they were just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PlayStation and they were just talking
+about how they posted things on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they posted things on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they posted things on their
+PlayStation America North America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PlayStation America North America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PlayStation America North America
+account and they got taken down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and they got taken down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and they got taken down by
+PlayStation like Japan or something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PlayStation like Japan or something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PlayStation like Japan or something so
+own their own companies aren't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own their own companies aren't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own their own companies aren't even
+really able to quite mesh this together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really able to quite mesh this together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really able to quite mesh this together
+yet but you know there's there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but you know there's there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but you know there's there's the
+databases are sometimes internal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases are sometimes internal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases are sometimes internal to
+publishers but they're also uh sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishers but they're also uh sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishers but they're also uh sometimes
+you know there's scanning services that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's scanning services that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's scanning services that
+uh that these royalty agencies like BMI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that these royalty agencies like BMI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that these royalty agencies like BMI
+and ASCAP actually have and they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ASCAP actually have and they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ASCAP actually have and they've got
+these automatic scanning that are set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these automatic scanning that are set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these automatic scanning that are set up
+and that sometimes comes about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sometimes comes about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sometimes comes about because
+we submit our music to these uh royalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we submit our music to these uh royalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we submit our music to these uh royalty
+agencies like as Captain BMI in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies like as Captain BMI in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies like as Captain BMI in order to
+be able to get paid but then they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get paid but then they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get paid but then they use
+them to find out how many times things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to find out how many times things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to find out how many times things
+are getting played they don't use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting played they don't use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting played they don't use them
+to figure out like what should be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out like what should be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out like what should be taken
+down so I think exactly yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so I think exactly yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so I think exactly yeah I think
+like especially like in in on the Indie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like especially like in in on the Indie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like especially like in in on the Indie
+level like if the only way we would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like if the only way we would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like if the only way we would be
+able to detect something is if we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to detect something is if we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to detect something is if we went
+watched YouTube video our music was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched YouTube video our music was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched YouTube video our music was in
+it and we were like oh crap that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we were like oh crap that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we were like oh crap that's my
+music we don't have like these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music we don't have like these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music we don't have like these these
+engines going you know those are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines going you know those are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines going you know those are like
+the Publishers have like teams of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Publishers have like teams of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Publishers have like teams of people
+doing takedowns on their content so 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing takedowns on their content so 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing takedowns on their content so 18
+yeah and I don't know all the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I don't know all the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I don't know all the details
+behind that but uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but sorry the the ASCAP stands for oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sorry the the ASCAP stands for oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sorry the the ASCAP stands for oh
+American Society of composers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Society of composers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Society of composers um
+Publishers I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say I think I'm publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I think I'm publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I think I'm publish
+we're we just get the BMI is broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we just get the BMI is broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we just get the BMI is broadcast
+music Incorporated right yeah so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music Incorporated right yeah so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music Incorporated right yeah so you can
+take a look at it they're called P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at it they're called P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at it they're called P
+composers authors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Publishers yes other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions last class they talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions last class they talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions last class they talked about
+an artist test to see the is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artist test to see the is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artist test to see the is for the
+game equalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game equalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game equalent
+for yeah absolutely yeah we do those all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah absolutely yeah we do those all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah absolutely yeah we do those all
+the time and that's a totally legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and that's a totally legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and that's a totally legitimate
+thing you know if you aren't sure asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know if you aren't sure asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know if you aren't sure asking
+them to do like a one minute demo or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do like a one minute demo or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do like a one minute demo or
+like a 30 second demo one minute it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 30 second demo one minute it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 30 second demo one minute it can
+be like you know but I'd say like a 30C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like you know but I'd say like a 30C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like you know but I'd say like a 30C
+demo is totally legitimate um yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo is totally legitimate um yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo is totally legitimate um yeah and
+usually the best way to do that guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the best way to do that guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the best way to do that guys
+just so you know take some gameplay be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you know take some gameplay be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you know take some gameplay be
+it from your game a different game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from your game a different game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from your game a different game
+concept art for your game get take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept art for your game get take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept art for your game get take some
+visuals as a video send it to them yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals as a video send it to them yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals as a video send it to them yeah
+um or just concept art send it to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or just concept art send it to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or just concept art send it to them
+and let them work with that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let them work with that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let them work with that you know
+then we can even we could even do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can even we could even do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can even we could even do an
+interactive demo for it at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive demo for it at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive demo for it at that point
+the you know the big thing again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the big thing again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the big thing again is
+there's a difference between being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between being able
+to write good music and having a core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write good music and having a core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write good music and having a core
+concept for a game from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for a game from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for a game from the beginning
+and thinking about interactivity when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about interactivity when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about interactivity when
+you're composing um and doing sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're composing um and doing sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're composing um and doing sound
+effects because it's a whole whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects because it's a whole whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects because it's a whole whole
+different animal yeah but the tests the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different animal yeah but the tests the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different animal yeah but the tests the
+the demos are totally legitimate we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demos are totally legitimate we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demos are totally legitimate we do
+them all the time but uh sending some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all the time but uh sending some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all the time but uh sending some
+visuals along is like very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals along is like very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals along is like very important for
+to making sure you get what you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to making sure you get what you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to making sure you get what you want and
+then we're able to kind of see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're able to kind of see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're able to kind of see what the
+game is going to look like and then make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is going to look like and then make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is going to look like and then make
+that decision otherwise we might write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision otherwise we might write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision otherwise we might write
+something that we uh that you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we uh that you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we uh that you might not
+have the vision for because we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the vision for because we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the vision for because we haven't
+seen the art and maybe we could easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the art and maybe we could easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the art and maybe we could easily
+do what you wanted but we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what you wanted but we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what you wanted but we just
+misinterpreted it and went a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misinterpreted it and went a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misinterpreted it and went a different
+direction so but yeah test legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so but yeah test legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so but yeah test legitimate
+absolutely questions Y how much are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely questions Y how much are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely questions Y how much are they
+paid for the music test H will you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for the music test H will you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for the music test H will you be
+paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid
+for audio test or a art guys say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curious I mean we we have not found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious I mean we we have not found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious I mean we we have not found that
+to be extremely common with what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be extremely common with what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be extremely common with what we do
+we'd like it to be more common it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like it to be more common it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like it to be more common it used
+to be a thing us used to be for like fil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a thing us used to be for like fil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a thing us used to be for like fil
+or for for commercials it was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for for commercials it was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for for commercials it was a big
+thing you get paid for doing a demo I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you get paid for doing a demo I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you get paid for doing a demo I
+think it's definitely more common in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's definitely more common in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's definitely more common in the
+game World in the film and TV world it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game World in the film and TV world it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game World in the film and TV world it's
+so saturated with composers and sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so saturated with composers and sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so saturated with composers and sound
+designers right now that they don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers right now that they don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers right now that they don't need
+to because so many people want the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because so many people want the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because so many people want the work
+um but um you know it's it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um you know it's it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um you know it's it is a
+respectful thing to do I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectful thing to do I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectful thing to do I think you know
+as if it's a longer demo if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it's a longer demo if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it's a longer demo if it's a
+shorter demo then it's like long I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter demo then it's like long I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter demo then it's like long I mean
+like we're going to keep the rights to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're going to keep the rights to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're going to keep the rights to
+that anyway so you could say like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway so you could say like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway so you could say like you
+know a couple hundred bucks maybe but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a couple hundred bucks maybe but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a couple hundred bucks maybe but I
+mean like it's if you're you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like it's if you're you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like it's if you're you know it's
+not a required thing if we want the gig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a required thing if we want the gig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a required thing if we want the gig
+you know we're happy to do a 30se second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're happy to do a 30se second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're happy to do a 30se second
+demo to try and get it often um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo to try and get it often um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo to try and get it often um it's
+nice to throw a couple hundred bucks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to throw a couple hundred bucks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to throw a couple hundred bucks but
+it's like at that point it's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like at that point it's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like at that point it's a couple
+hundred bucks it's not like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bucks it's not like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bucks it's not like you know
+yeah it's like it's you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's like it's you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's like it's you know it's
+pennies in the grand scheme of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies in the grand scheme of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies in the grand scheme of things
+yeah if the project is larger so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if the project is larger so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if the project is larger so yeah
+anyway hopefully that do you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway hopefully that do you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway hopefully that do you find that
+any of your job is convincing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of your job is convincing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of your job is convincing people
+that audio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that audio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that audio is
+important oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important oh
+yeah that's a big part of it you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a big part of it you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a big part of it you know uh
+yeah um we used the three things emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um we used the three things emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um we used the three things emotion
+function yeah I think I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah I think I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah I think I think the
+biggest argument in that is probably in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest argument in that is probably in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest argument in that is probably in
+the mobile scene know it's like someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobile scene know it's like someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobile scene know it's like someone
+sits on like in class like someone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on like in class like someone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on like in class like someone was
+probably playing a mobile game during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably playing a mobile game during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably playing a mobile game during
+our talk today and just kidding um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our talk today and just kidding um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our talk today and just kidding um but
+um you know it's like a big thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's like a big thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's like a big thing it's
+like well do they just mute that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well do they just mute that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well do they just mute that and
+then it's like yeah you could say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's like yeah you could say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's like yeah you could say that
+but like some people do listen to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like some people do listen to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like some people do listen to it
+when they do listen to it they listen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do listen to it they listen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do listen to it they listen on
+headphones and we were at a talk at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones and we were at a talk at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones and we were at a talk at a
+conference this year called game sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference this year called game sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference this year called game sound
+um with a composer named guy Whitmore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a composer named guy Whitmore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a composer named guy Whitmore
+who did the music for pegle and pegle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did the music for pegle and pegle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did the music for pegle and pegle to
+and he was talking about there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was talking about there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was talking about there's not a
+more intimate experience for audio than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intimate experience for audio than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intimate experience for audio than
+in headphones you know or um in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in headphones you know or um in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in headphones you know or um in that
+Arena but I think you know in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arena but I think you know in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arena but I think you know in in in
+general I I mean it is undeniably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I I mean it is undeniably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I I mean it is undeniably
+important you can put out a game it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you can put out a game it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you can put out a game it can
+do well with you know a mobile game can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well with you know a mobile game can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well with you know a mobile game can
+do okay with you know bad audio we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay with you know bad audio we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay with you know bad audio we're
+not going to lie that'll like that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to lie that'll like that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to lie that'll like that's a
+thing like Flappy Bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like Flappy Bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like Flappy Bird
+but believe me I love Flappy Bird like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but believe me I love Flappy Bird like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but believe me I love Flappy Bird like I
+have like triple digit score on Flappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like triple digit score on Flappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like triple digit score on Flappy
+Bird so but but uh but you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bird so but but uh but you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bird so but but uh but you know if you
+want to set your game apart you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set your game apart you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set your game apart you know
+like people look at that polished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people look at that polished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people look at that polished
+experience they look at they look at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience they look at they look at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience they look at they look at you
+know if we're talking about indie games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we're talking about indie games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we're talking about indie games
+they look at something like Journey or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at something like Journey or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at something like Journey or
+mobile games you know something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile games you know something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile games you know something like
+pegle 2 they look at that and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegle 2 they look at that and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegle 2 they look at that and they're
+like wow this entire experience is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wow this entire experience is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wow this entire experience is super
+polished it's super it's a great and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished it's super it's a great and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished it's super it's a great and
+it's broken down into three parts really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's broken down into three parts really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's broken down into three parts really
+right it's the it's the functional it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the it's the functional it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the it's the functional it's
+the like the mechanic of the game it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the mechanic of the game it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the mechanic of the game it's
+the visual and um it's the audio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual and um it's the audio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual and um it's the audio and
+those are all a third of of of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all a third of of of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all a third of of of the game
+and if you take out one of those it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you take out one of those it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you take out one of those it's
+like you can still have a game if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can still have a game if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can still have a game if you
+take out if you don't have great art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out if you don't have great art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out if you don't have great art
+that's fine there's a lot of great games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine there's a lot of great games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine there's a lot of great games
+that don't have great if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't have great if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't have great if you don't have
+a great mechanics okay maybe it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great mechanics okay maybe it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great mechanics okay maybe it's pretty
+and sounds nice like that'll still sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sounds nice like that'll still sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sounds nice like that'll still sell
+if that was a pie and you had people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that was a pie and you had people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that was a pie and you had people
+over for a party would you hand them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over for a party would you hand them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over for a party would you hand them
+only two-thirds of the pie they'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two-thirds of the pie they'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two-thirds of the pie they'd be
+like this crazy is selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so he says that because I eat like a pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he says that because I eat like a pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he says that because I eat like a pie
+I have thing I I eat a pie a week anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have thing I I eat a pie a week anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have thing I I eat a pie a week anyway
+a whole another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole another
+whole but no seriously so your your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole but no seriously so your your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole but no seriously so your your game
+can function without one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can function without one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can function without one of these things
+being great but like it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being great but like it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being great but like it's not going to
+be as great an experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so no then I want to thank you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no then I want to thank you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no then I want to thank you again
+very much for us for speaking to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much for us for speaking to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much for us for speaking to our
+students and uh for having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us yeah and you know uh I don't know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us yeah and you know uh I don't know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us yeah and you know uh I don't know you
+feel free to put up our email addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to put up our email addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to put up our email addresses
+um mine is r llo and his is a forsberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mine is r llo and his is a forsberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mine is r llo and his is a forsberg
+if you if you wantan to okay hex oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you wantan to okay hex oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you wantan to okay hex oh yeah
+perfect cool and um yeah feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect cool and um yeah feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect cool and um yeah feel free to
+shoot us an email you know I mean uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot us an email you know I mean uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot us an email you know I mean uh if
+you have any questions we're happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any questions we're happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any questions we're happy to
+you know we're happy to to support audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're happy to to support audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're happy to to support audio
+with the new generation of developers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the new generation of developers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the new generation of developers so
+uh yeah and there's a lot of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah and there's a lot of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah and there's a lot of great
+people over at Berkeley too you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over at Berkeley too you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over at Berkeley too you know
+like if you're looking for composers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're looking for composers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're looking for composers and
+sound designers to collaborate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound designers to collaborate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound designers to collaborate with
+other students there's a lot of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other students there's a lot of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other students there's a lot of great
+people over there there's the video game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over there there's the video game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over there there's the video game
+music Club don't be afraid to cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music Club don't be afraid to cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music Club don't be afraid to cross the
+bridge yes the video game music Club um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge yes the video game music Club um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge yes the video game music Club um
+they do a lot of there's always like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do a lot of there's always like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do a lot of there's always like if
+you shoot them an email you'll get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shoot them an email you'll get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shoot them an email you'll get like
+10 responses from people who are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 responses from people who are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 responses from people who are like
+yes let me like help you work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes let me like help you work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes let me like help you work on this
+game game like you're not getting paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game game like you're not getting paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game game like you're not getting paid
+I'm not getting paid they might be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not getting paid they might be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not getting paid they might be like
+okay with that yeah and I mean you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that yeah and I mean you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that yeah and I mean you guys
+have the facilities for what you do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the facilities for what you do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the facilities for what you do and
+Berkeley has the facilities for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley has the facilities for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley has the facilities for what
+they do anyway but then you can call us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do anyway but then you can call us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do anyway but then you can call us
+when you got paid yet you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you got paid yet you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you got paid yet you know
+yeah all right anyway well thanks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right anyway well thanks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right anyway well thanks so
+much uh really appreciate you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh really appreciate you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh really appreciate you guys
+caring about audio really honestly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about audio really honestly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about audio really honestly
+really we really appreciate people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we really appreciate people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we really appreciate people
+caring about music and sound a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about music and sound a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about music and sound a little
+bit so um thanks so much good luck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so um thanks so much good luck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so um thanks so much good luck with
+the rest of your semester absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of your semester absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of your semester absolutely
+thanks see you guys around cheers guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks see you guys around cheers guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks see you guys around cheers guys
+adios by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right um so yeah so on that note um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so yeah so on that note um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so yeah so on that note um
+if you are taking CMS 617 next semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are taking CMS 617 next semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are taking CMS 617 next semester
+um the advanced game Studio CMS 610 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the advanced game Studio CMS 610 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the advanced game Studio CMS 610 the
+media arts um Industries blah class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media arts um Industries blah class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media arts um Industries blah class um
+both of those are making a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are making a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are making a a good
+polished experience for the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished experience for the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished experience for the end of the
+for the end of the semester um with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the end of the semester um with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the end of the semester um with the
+idea of either showing it to publishers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of either showing it to publishers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of either showing it to publishers
+or submitting it to a festival so audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or submitting it to a festival so audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or submitting it to a festival so audio
+is really really important in those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really important in those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really important in those two
+classes and going to Berkeley for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and going to Berkeley for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and going to Berkeley for for
+that kind of support is is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of support is is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of support is is highly
+recommended um also recommend in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended um also recommend in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended um also recommend in this
+class if you've if you've got the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if you've if you've got the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if you've if you've got the time
+as well um and let us know if you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um and let us know if you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um and let us know if you'd like
+uh more information about connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more information about connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more information about connecting
+with Berkeley folks Yeah we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Berkeley folks Yeah we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Berkeley folks Yeah we actually
+know the instructors and even some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the instructors and even some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the instructors and even some um
+some alums uh but the alums know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some alums uh but the alums know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some alums uh but the alums know the
+people who are still in college just EMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are still in college just EMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are still in college just EMA
+video game bosses if you if you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game bosses if you if you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game bosses if you if you'd like
+that contact info otherwise you got five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contact info otherwise you got five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contact info otherwise you got five
+minutes to take a break um meet back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to take a break um meet back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to take a break um meet back up
+with your team teams and probably be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your team teams and probably be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your team teams and probably be in
+at 2:00 to play three games
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/F0sz463hx3U.txt b/F0sz463hx3U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9828bed1effcc773335d938f5b93f550de4f4226
--- /dev/null
+++ b/F0sz463hx3U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3944 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in the majority of cases of indoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the majority of cases of indoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the majority of cases of indoor
+spreading that occur over the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading that occur over the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading that occur over the space of
+hours or even a few days the wells riley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours or even a few days the wells riley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours or even a few days the wells riley
+model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of
+slow incubation where the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow incubation where the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow incubation where the number of
+infectors is held constant at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectors is held constant at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectors is held constant at the
+initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value
+is a reasonable approximation for covet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reasonable approximation for covet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reasonable approximation for covet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incubation period is estimated to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incubation period is estimated to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incubation period is estimated to be
+on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of
+several days with a for example a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several days with a for example a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several days with a for example a number
+of 5.5 days is often quoted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5.5 days is often quoted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5.5 days is often quoted as
+an estimated mean incubation period on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimated mean incubation period on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimated mean incubation period on
+the other hand in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand in some cases
+there are spreading events that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are spreading events that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are spreading events that involve
+people interacting over much longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people interacting over much longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people interacting over much longer
+periods of time than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time than that
+a famous example which is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a famous example which is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a famous example which is a little bit
+longer than the time of incubation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the time of incubation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the time of incubation
+is the case of the diamond princess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case of the diamond princess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case of the diamond princess
+cruise ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruise ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruise ship
+which was quarantined in yokohama port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was quarantined in yokohama port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was quarantined in yokohama port
+japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japan
+in early 2020 when it was detected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in early 2020 when it was detected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in early 2020 when it was detected
+that there were a number of cases on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were a number of cases on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were a number of cases on
+board the exact number wasn't known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board the exact number wasn't known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board the exact number wasn't known
+because they hadn't tested the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they hadn't tested the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they hadn't tested the entire
+population but there were several cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but there were several cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but there were several cases
+and so they decided to quarantine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they decided to quarantine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they decided to quarantine the
+ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship
+for 12 days and if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 12 days and if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 12 days and if you look at the
+number of infections versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of infections versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of infections versus time
+once they started testing and felt they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they started testing and felt they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they started testing and felt they
+had a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a good
+sense of the numbers you can see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the numbers you can see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the numbers you can see that it
+rose from value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose from value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose from value
+which we may estimate to be on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we may estimate to be on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we may estimate to be on the order
+of 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20
+possible cases initially and it rises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible cases initially and it rises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible cases initially and it rises
+but in a very non-linear fashion in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a very non-linear fashion in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a very non-linear fashion in fact
+it starts to accelerate and go steeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to accelerate and go steeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to accelerate and go steeper
+and steeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and steeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and steeper
+now recall the wells rally model cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now recall the wells rally model cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now recall the wells rally model cannot
+possibly predict this behavior because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly predict this behavior because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly predict this behavior because
+if you have a fixed number in factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a fixed number in factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a fixed number in factors
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+at first you have a certain rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first you have a certain rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first you have a certain rate of
+transmission but it always has to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission but it always has to slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission but it always has to slow
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+because if there's no new infectors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there's no new infectors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there's no new infectors the
+same infectors are running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same infectors are running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same infectors are running out of
+susceptible people to infect the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible people to infect the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible people to infect the number
+of susceptibles is going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of susceptibles is going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of susceptibles is going down
+and so you kind of slowly saturate until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you kind of slowly saturate until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you kind of slowly saturate until
+eventually you've infected everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you've infected everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you've infected everybody
+when it's just one person or a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's just one person or a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's just one person or a fixed
+number of people who are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who are basically
+uh you know transmitting at a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know transmitting at a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know transmitting at a constant
+rate of infection quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of infection quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of infection quanta
+uh to to everybody else but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to everybody else but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to everybody else but that's not
+what happened in fact it's a very steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in fact it's a very steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in fact it's a very steep
+rise it went just in the last few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise it went just in the last few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise it went just in the last few days
+it jumped by several hundred people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it jumped by several hundred people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it jumped by several hundred people
+and in fact if they hadn't stopped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if they hadn't stopped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if they hadn't stopped the
+quarantine in 12 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantine in 12 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantine in 12 days
+there were 4 000 people on that ship i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 4 000 people on that ship i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 4 000 people on that ship i
+think 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 3
+711 i'll just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+711 i'll just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+711 i'll just mention
+i think that was the number so way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that was the number so way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that was the number so way
+higher and you see how this accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and you see how this accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and you see how this accelerating
+if they had gone with the quarantine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had gone with the quarantine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had gone with the quarantine a
+couple more days they might have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more days they might have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more days they might have had
+thousands of people infected so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people infected so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people infected so in fact
+this is an interesting warning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting warning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting warning for
+quarantines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantines
+that just cooping up some people for 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just cooping up some people for 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just cooping up some people for 14
+days doesn't make everybody safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days doesn't make everybody safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days doesn't make everybody safe
+if many of those people are susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if many of those people are susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if many of those people are susceptible
+and are not yet infected they can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are not yet infected they can become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are not yet infected they can become
+infected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected and
+many interesting things about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interesting things about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interesting things about this
+incident is that the people were not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident is that the people were not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident is that the people were not in
+direct contact obviously thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct contact obviously thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct contact obviously thousands of
+people were not six feet apart from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were not six feet apart from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were not six feet apart from each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+they were often in different rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were often in different rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were often in different rooms
+different floors of the ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different floors of the ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different floors of the ship
+and yet very large numbers became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet very large numbers became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet very large numbers became
+infected in a short time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected in a short time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected in a short time
+so the important thing i'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the important thing i'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the important thing i'd like to
+emphasize now coming back to our sei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize now coming back to our sei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize now coming back to our sei
+model is that this sort of non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is that this sort of non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is that this sort of non-linear
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+can only be explained if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be explained if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be explained if you have some
+accelerated spreading due to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated spreading due to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated spreading due to new
+infected people and it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people and it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people and it makes sense
+after about five days and we also don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after about five days and we also don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after about five days and we also don't
+know when people got infected so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when people got infected so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when people got infected so as
+initially infected people may have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially infected people may have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially infected people may have been
+infected five days earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected five days earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected five days earlier
+so there may have been already an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may have been already an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may have been already an
+increase in the number of infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the number of infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the number of infected
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+already at time equals zero of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already at time equals zero of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already at time equals zero of the
+quarantine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantine
+and so we should now account also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we should now account also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we should now account also for
+the exposed people those are people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposed people those are people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposed people those are people that
+may not be showing symptoms yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be showing symptoms yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be showing symptoms yet
+but have been exposed enough that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have been exposed enough that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have been exposed enough that they
+can then pass it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then pass it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then pass it on
+and so the rate of an exposed person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the rate of an exposed person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the rate of an exposed person
+becoming an infectious person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming an infectious person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming an infectious person
+is alpha and inverse of alpha is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is alpha and inverse of alpha is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is alpha and inverse of alpha is that
+5.5 days so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.5 days so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.5 days so that's
+the incubation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incubation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incubation time
+and this might be something like 5.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this might be something like 5.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this might be something like 5.5
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+for covet 19 but of course it can vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for covet 19 but of course it can vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for covet 19 but of course it can vary
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but it's roughly on that order and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's roughly on that order and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's roughly on that order and so it
+makes sense to look at the diamond corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to look at the diamond corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to look at the diamond corn
+diamond princess and consider what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond princess and consider what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond princess and consider what would
+be the effect of accounting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the effect of accounting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the effect of accounting for
+incubation so these are nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation so these are nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation so these are nonlinear
+equations that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that don't
+have a simple solution to the full model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple solution to the full model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple solution to the full model
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+in the same way the wells rally model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way the wells rally model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way the wells rally model is
+the limit of slow incubation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of slow incubation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of slow incubation
+where basically e stays zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically e stays zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically e stays zero and
+basically you convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you convert
+very uh you basically you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh you basically you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh you basically you only have
+infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people
+now we can consider the opposite limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can consider the opposite limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can consider the opposite limit
+of fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fast
+incubation so let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation so let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation so let's consider
+the opposite limit of fast incubation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this would be alpha t much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be alpha t much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be alpha t much greater
+than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one
+so basically we want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we want to make sure that
+the t is much bigger than the incubation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t is much bigger than the incubation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t is much bigger than the incubation
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and as i said the incubation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i said the incubation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i said the incubation time
+doesn't necessarily start at time zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily start at time zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily start at time zero
+the infected people in this case may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infected people in this case may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infected people in this case may
+have already been affected five days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already been affected five days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already been affected five days
+earlier in fact the cruise ship had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in fact the cruise ship had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in fact the cruise ship had been
+going for actually weeks before that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for actually weeks before that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for actually weeks before that so
+no one knows exactly when the infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one knows exactly when the infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one knows exactly when the infection
+began so it may be even likely that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began so it may be even likely that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began so it may be even likely that that
+was happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening
+so let's consider this the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider this the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider this the fast
+incubation limit so what this then tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation limit so what this then tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation limit so what this then tells
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+is that now the exposed portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that now the exposed portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that now the exposed portion
+is roughly zero so if alpha is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly zero so if alpha is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly zero so if alpha is very
+quick then you pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick then you pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick then you pretty much
+quickly go through the expose and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go through the expose and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go through the expose and you
+end immediately being infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end immediately being infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end immediately being infected
+and so this is actually a much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is actually a much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is actually a much simpler
+model where the number of susceptibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where the number of susceptibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where the number of susceptibles
+is just n minus i so there's no exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just n minus i so there's no exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just n minus i so there's no exposed
+compartment anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment anymore
+so the wells riley model in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the wells riley model in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the wells riley model in some sense
+is the se model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the se model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the se model
+where there are only exposed people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are only exposed people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are only exposed people and
+susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible
+but the number of infectors doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the number of infectors doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the number of infectors doesn't
+change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this
+is really the s i model where we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the s i model where we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the s i model where we don't
+worry about the exposed compartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the exposed compartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the exposed compartment
+okay so the equation we want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the equation we want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the equation we want to solve
+then if we realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we realize that
+s is our n minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is our n minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is our n minus i
+is that d s d t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that d s d t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that d s d t
+is minus beta of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus beta of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus beta of t
+s i so that's the same equation i wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s i so that's the same equation i wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s i so that's the same equation i wrote
+down earlier but now let's substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down earlier but now let's substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down earlier but now let's substitute
+let's derive an equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's derive an equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's derive an equation for
+the number of infected so that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of infected so that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of infected so that will be
+from here d i dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will be beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be beta
+of t times i and then s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t times i and then s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t times i and then s
+is n minus i because again if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n minus i because again if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n minus i because again if the
+if we go straight through the exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go straight through the exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go straight through the exposed
+fraction then basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction then basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction then basically this
+rate of losing susceptibles is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of losing susceptibles is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of losing susceptibles is equal to
+the rate of creating new infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of creating new infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of creating new infected people
+again because n is fixed the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because n is fixed the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because n is fixed the number of
+people is fixed so ds dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is fixed so ds dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is fixed so ds dt
+is minus didt so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus didt so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus didt so
+this is the equation now that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation now that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation now that we can
+solve for this limit of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this limit of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this limit of the model
+and fortunately this is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fortunately this is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fortunately this is a simple
+equation to solve it's a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to solve it's a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to solve it's a first order
+separable differential equation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable differential equation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable differential equation so we
+can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this
+as d i over i times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as d i over i times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as d i over i times
+n minus i is equal to beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus i is equal to beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus i is equal to beta
+of t dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t dt
+on this side i can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side i can write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side i can write this as
+i can factor out a 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can factor out a 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can factor out a 1 over n
+and write this as 1 over i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write this as 1 over i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write this as 1 over i
+plus 1 over n minus i so when i combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over n minus i so when i combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over n minus i so when i combine
+these two i get i n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two i get i n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two i get i n minus
+the denominator and the numerator i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator and the numerator i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator and the numerator i get
+n minus i plus i so i just get n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus i plus i so i just get n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus i plus i so i just get n
+but then it divides by that end so i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it divides by that end so i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it divides by that end so i do
+come back to what i started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to what i started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to what i started with
+and this times d i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this times d i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this times d i
+and so now i can integrate both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now i can integrate both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now i can integrate both sides of
+this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+taking into account the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into account the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into account the initial
+condition is that at t equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that at t equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that at t equals zero
+the number of vectors is i zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vectors is i zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vectors is i zero so
+basically i can integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically i can integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically i can integrate
+by going from zero to time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going from zero to time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going from zero to time t
+and on this side in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this side in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this side in terms of the
+effectors i'm going from i zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectors i'm going from i zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectors i'm going from i zero
+to the current number of infectors i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the current number of infectors i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the current number of infectors i
+okay so now we're ready to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're ready to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're ready to integrate
+this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+so let's multiply the n to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's multiply the n to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's multiply the n to the other
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+and do the integral so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the integral so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the integral so basically the
+integral of one over i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of one over i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of one over i
+is log i so we have log i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log i so we have log i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log i so we have log i
+minus log of n minus i and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log of n minus i and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log of n minus i and that's
+because there's a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a minus
+i there so that leads to minus sign out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i there so that leads to minus sign out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i there so that leads to minus sign out
+front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+on the other side if i multiply through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side if i multiply through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side if i multiply through
+by n i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n i have
+n integral from zero to t of beta of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n integral from zero to t of beta of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n integral from zero to t of beta of t
+dt plus a constant of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt plus a constant of integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt plus a constant of integration
+the boundary condition that i need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition that i need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition that i need is
+that i of zero is i zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i of zero is i zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i of zero is i zero
+so at t equals zero this term vanishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at t equals zero this term vanishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at t equals zero this term vanishes
+and this expression must be evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this expression must be evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this expression must be evaluated
+with i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with i
+equal to i zero so therefore there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to i zero so therefore there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to i zero so therefore there must
+be on this side of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on this side of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on this side of the equation
+some constants log of i zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constants log of i zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constants log of i zero
+minus log of n minus i zero so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log of n minus i zero so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log of n minus i zero so now we
+satisfy the boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the boundary condition
+or the initial condition at t equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the initial condition at t equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the initial condition at t equals
+zero now i can also write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now i can also write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now i can also write this
+in terms of the quanta emission rate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the quanta emission rate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the quanta emission rate for
+the initial infectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial infectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial infectors
+which we defined earlier so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we defined earlier so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we defined earlier so for the
+wells rally model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells rally model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells rally model
+we talked about writing q of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about writing q of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about writing q of t
+is the number of quanta emitted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of quanta emitted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of quanta emitted by the
+initial in factors so if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial in factors so if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial in factors so if we just
+define it as i zero times the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it as i zero times the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it as i zero times the integral
+over time of beta of t dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time of beta of t dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time of beta of t dt
+this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infection quanta emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the i zero initial in vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the i zero initial in vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the i zero initial in vectors
+so if we take that here here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take that here here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take that here here we can
+express the solution in a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the solution in a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the solution in a somewhat
+different way if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way if i take
+an exponential of both sides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential of both sides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential of both sides the
+difference of two logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of two logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of two logs
+is the log of the ratio and when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the log of the ratio and when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the log of the ratio and when i
+exponentiate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate it
+expansion i get rid of the log so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion i get rid of the log so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion i get rid of the log so this
+side turns into i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side turns into i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side turns into i
+over n minus i and the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n minus i and the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n minus i and the other side
+we have from the similar expression i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have from the similar expression i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have from the similar expression i
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+over n minus i zero but times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n minus i zero but times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n minus i zero but times
+now the exponential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the exponential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the exponential of
+well if we want to express it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we want to express it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we want to express it in terms
+of q zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q zero
+it would be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be n
+and then this d beta d t is is has a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this d beta d t is is has a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this d beta d t is is has a one
+over i zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over i zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over i zero
+q of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the solution um in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the solution um in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the solution um in this case
+now if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we look at
+early times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so then that would be sort of less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that would be sort of less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that would be sort of less
+than the incubation time so if basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the incubation time so if basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the incubation time so if basically
+our alpha t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our alpha t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our alpha t
+is much less than one so not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less than one so not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less than one so not much
+incubation has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation has occurred
+and basically during that time i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically during that time i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically during that time i is
+approximately still equal to i zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately still equal to i zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately still equal to i zero so
+that would be kind of in the early early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be kind of in the early early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be kind of in the early early
+stages here of this dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we could write that i of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could write that i of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could write that i of t
+is um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um well
+from this we could write it as n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this we could write it as n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this we could write it as n minus
+i zero and then i zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i zero and then i zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i zero and then i zero
+times the time integral of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or or n n minus zero times q or it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or n n minus zero times q or it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or n n minus zero times q or it's the
+number of susceptibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of susceptibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of susceptibles
+times q of t so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times q of t so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times q of t so
+this is a result that can come you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a result that can come you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a result that can come you know
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+directly from analyzing this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from analyzing this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from analyzing this expression
+we can also see it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also see it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also see it here
+that if i is not changing then we have i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i is not changing then we have i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i is not changing then we have i
+n minus i and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus i and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus i and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we can also see this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also see this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also see this expression here
+where we just integrate both sides in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we just integrate both sides in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we just integrate both sides in
+time to get to this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get to this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get to this equation here
+so it's basically the same same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically the same same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically the same same as the
+wells rylate in early time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells rylate in early time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells rylate in early time
+and that's an interesting observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an interesting observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an interesting observation
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+that there is a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um sort of small transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of small transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of small transmission
+limit in both of these both limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit in both of these both limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit in both of these both limits of
+this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what that is if we take this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that is if we take this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that is if we take this sort of
+at least for the s this sei model if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for the s this sei model if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for the s this sei model if we
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+how many exposed plus infected relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many exposed plus infected relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many exposed plus infected relative
+to the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the initial
+number of infectors okay so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of infectors okay so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of infectors okay so that is
+telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us
+sort of how many transmissions there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how many transmissions there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how many transmissions there are
+either to make someone expose or to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to make someone expose or to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to make someone expose or to make
+them infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them infectious
+from the initial number of factors um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial number of factors um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial number of factors um
+that at early times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at early times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at early times
+we get this uh same result that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this uh same result that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this uh same result that we had
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+because we got the same thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got the same thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got the same thing for the
+wells riley model for e here it's for i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells riley model for e here it's for i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells riley model for e here it's for i
+and we find that this is this what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that this is this what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that this is this what we
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+rn the indoor transition number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rn the indoor transition number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rn the indoor transition number
+which is the initial number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the initial number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the initial number of
+susceptibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibles
+times the number of quanta uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of quanta uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of quanta uh
+transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred
+and in the case where if s0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the case where if s0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the case where if s0
+were equal to n minus 1 and i 0 or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equal to n minus 1 and i 0 or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equal to n minus 1 and i 0 or equal
+to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1
+this would be n minus 1 integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be n minus 1 integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be n minus 1 integral
+over t of beta dt just that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t of beta dt just that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t of beta dt just that would be
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that case that we talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case that we talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case that we talked about before
+for the indoor transmission number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the indoor transmission number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the indoor transmission number
+but more generally it would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more generally it would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more generally it would look like
+this so the idea is at early times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the idea is at early times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the idea is at early times
+before many transmissions have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before many transmissions have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before many transmissions have happened
+it really doesn't matter what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really doesn't matter what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really doesn't matter what's the
+details of the model in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the model in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the model in terms of
+the nonlinear response so even if after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear response so even if after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear response so even if after
+a longer amount of time more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer amount of time more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer amount of time more and more
+people get infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get infected
+the initial moments are kind of always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial moments are kind of always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial moments are kind of always
+universal and are really just governed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal and are really just governed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal and are really just governed
+by this transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this transmission rate
+beta and the number of susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and the number of susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and the number of susceptible
+people and number of infectious people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and number of infectious people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and number of infectious people
+initially in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially in the room
+so it's kind of independent of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of independent of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of independent of all these
+details here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details here
+and so then to kind of summarize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then to kind of summarize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then to kind of summarize that
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+we could plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could plot
+versus time here what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time here what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time here what happens
+in terms of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the uh
+so so we have we have a rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have we have a rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have we have a rate of
+transmission where if i look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission where if i look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission where if i look at the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+um the total number of exposed plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the total number of exposed plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the total number of exposed plus
+infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people
+okay and then here's the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then here's the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then here's the total number of
+people in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room
+so in the wells rally model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the wells rally model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the wells rally model
+there is no expo there's everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no expo there's everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no expo there's everyone's
+exposed but nobody becomes infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed but nobody becomes infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed but nobody becomes infectious
+and we know that we get this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that we get this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that we get this kind of
+exponential relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential relaxation
+as we eventually run out of susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we eventually run out of susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we eventually run out of susceptible
+people and the time scale for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and the time scale for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and the time scale for that
+is beta inverse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that gives you the
+transmission time for just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission time for just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission time for just a
+fixed number of factors to slowly infect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number of factors to slowly infect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number of factors to slowly infect
+everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else
+but in the case like we described here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the case like we described here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the case like we described here
+where we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have some
+nonlinear acceleration then it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear acceleration then it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear acceleration then it has to
+start out the same that's what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out the same that's what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out the same that's what i'm
+trying to say here is the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say here is the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say here is the initial
+transmission rate doesn't matter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate doesn't matter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission rate doesn't matter if
+there's an incubation rate until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an incubation rate until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an incubation rate until you
+reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach
+the incubation time so there's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incubation time so there's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incubation time so there's kind of
+an alpha inverse here which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha inverse here which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha inverse here which is the
+incubation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one here is the transmission time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here is the transmission time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here is the transmission time
+and of course at this time scale you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course at this time scale you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course at this time scale you
+start to get an exponential increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to get an exponential increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to get an exponential increase
+until it it set it saturates you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it it set it saturates you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it it set it saturates you know
+basically once all the transmission has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically once all the transmission has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically once all the transmission has
+occurred because now there's more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred because now there's more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred because now there's more and
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+infectious people and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast incubation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast incubation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast incubation and
+slow incubation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this one is the wells riley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is the wells riley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is the wells riley
+model which is widely used but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is widely used but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is widely used but if you're
+fitting spreading data where there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting spreading data where there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting spreading data where there may
+actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be
+some incubation going on and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some incubation going on and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some incubation going on and also
+potentially removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially removal
+we could have add another equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have add another equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have add another equation for
+the removal people we need to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the removal people we need to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the removal people we need to be careful
+in how we fit data in order to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how we fit data in order to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how we fit data in order to extract
+information about the transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the transmission rate
+which is what we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're interested in
+when we're trying to interpret the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're trying to interpret the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're trying to interpret the data
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so the import can maybe an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the import can maybe an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the import can maybe an important
+conclusion from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion from this
+is that infection quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that infection quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that infection quanta
+this notion or the infection quantum i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion or the infection quantum i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion or the infection quantum i
+guess you could say one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you could say one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you could say one of them
+which is a quantity that was introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a quantity that was introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a quantity that was introduced
+by wells really based on this wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by wells really based on this wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by wells really based on this wells
+rally model is basically think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rally model is basically think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rally model is basically think of this
+exponential relaxation and saying when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential relaxation and saying when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential relaxation and saying when
+you know let's say 63 percent of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's say 63 percent of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's say 63 percent of people
+become infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become infected
+that's what you say is one infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you say is one infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you say is one infection
+quantum has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum has been
+transmitted to each of those people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted to each of those people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted to each of those people uh
+then really it's better to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then really it's better to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then really it's better to find
+i'll just right here it's defined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just right here it's defined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just right here it's defined by the
+transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and not by the number of people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not by the number of people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not by the number of people that
+actually get affected so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get affected so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get affected so if you look at
+some data like the diamond princess or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data like the diamond princess or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data like the diamond princess or
+other data that we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data that we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data that we're going to look at
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+you are seeing spreading happening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are seeing spreading happening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are seeing spreading happening and
+there could be lots of contributions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be lots of contributions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be lots of contributions to
+the number of people that actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of people that actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of people that actually get
+sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick
+for example there could be incubation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there could be incubation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there could be incubation
+going on so what's sometimes called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so what's sometimes called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so what's sometimes called the
+secondary attack rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary attack rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary attack rate
+is e plus i divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e plus i divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e plus i divided by
+s0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 so
+the secondary attack rate is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary attack rate is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary attack rate is sort of the
+fraction of people that are susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of people that are susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of people that are susceptible
+that got infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got infected
+and the wells rally would say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wells rally would say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wells rally would say when
+that's 63 then you know you've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 63 then you know you've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 63 then you know you've sort of
+transmitted a quantum to each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted a quantum to each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted a quantum to each of those
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+whereas as we see in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas as we see in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas as we see in the case of the
+fast incubation model that's not how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast incubation model that's not how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast incubation model that's not how you
+would interpret that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would interpret that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would interpret that data
+but on the other hand beta is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other hand beta is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other hand beta is well
+defined if you're just each person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined if you're just each person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined if you're just each person is
+transferring quanta at a certain rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring quanta at a certain rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring quanta at a certain rate
+and has the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has the potential
+to infect other people now i don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infect other people now i don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infect other people now i don't want
+to over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to over
+state the relevance of this model for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the relevance of this model for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the relevance of this model for a
+particular case like the diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case like the diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case like the diamond
+princess cruise ship we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princess cruise ship we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princess cruise ship we'll come back to
+this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later
+but just simply to illustrate that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just simply to illustrate that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just simply to illustrate that it
+has this kind of non-linear feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this kind of non-linear feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this kind of non-linear feature
+which is suggestive of incubation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is suggestive of incubation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is suggestive of incubation
+occurring and an increase in the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring and an increase in the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring and an increase in the number
+of infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infected people
+and just to point out that this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to point out that this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to point out that this sort of
+simple modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple modeling
+leads us to kind of a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to kind of a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to kind of a universal
+expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the
+initial transmission from the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial transmission from the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial transmission from the initial
+infectors for each of them to transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectors for each of them to transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectors for each of them to transfer
+to sort of you know one other which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of you know one other which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of you know one other which is
+this indoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indoor
+reproductive number and that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive number and that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive number and that's really
+what's valid at the early times here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's valid at the early times here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's valid at the early times here
+and that's where we have kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we have kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we have kind of a
+universal behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal behavior
+and that's useful in formulating safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's useful in formulating safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's useful in formulating safety
+guidelines which we will do next
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/F3N5EkMX_ks.txt b/F3N5EkMX_ks.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da27db06436f197149ce04d3510e52917063b1d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/F3N5EkMX_ks.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to physics 801 mi t--'s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to physics 801 mi t--'s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to physics 801 mi t--'s
+introductory course in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course in classical
+mechanics for first-year undergraduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics for first-year undergraduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics for first-year undergraduates
+I'm deep toe Chakrabarti and I'm Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm deep toe Chakrabarti and I'm Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm deep toe Chakrabarti and I'm Peter
+dorm Ashkan we're the faculty members in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorm Ashkan we're the faculty members in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorm Ashkan we're the faculty members in
+charge of this course the science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of this course the science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of this course the science of
+classical mechanics establishes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics establishes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics establishes an
+important principle of cause and effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important principle of cause and effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important principle of cause and effect
+wherein the changes in a body's motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherein the changes in a body's motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherein the changes in a body's motion
+arise from the application of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise from the application of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise from the application of physical
+forces Newton's laws of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces Newton's laws of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces Newton's laws of motion
+established a scientific principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established a scientific principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established a scientific principle of
+analyzing observed phenomenon through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing observed phenomenon through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing observed phenomenon through
+the use of clearly articulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of clearly articulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of clearly articulated
+mathematical models rather than through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical models rather than through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical models rather than through
+intuition these concepts are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition these concepts are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition these concepts are so
+important to the modern branches of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the modern branches of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the modern branches of
+science and engineering that we require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering that we require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering that we require
+all of our undergraduates at MIT to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our undergraduates at MIT to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our undergraduates at MIT to take
+classical mechanics regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics regardless of
+whatever course they intend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever course they intend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever course they intend to
+specialize it in many high school level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize it in many high school level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize it in many high school level
+physics courses mechanics is taught as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics courses mechanics is taught as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics courses mechanics is taught as a
+set of formulas to memorize for a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of formulas to memorize for a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of formulas to memorize for a series
+of standard situations our course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standard situations our course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standard situations our course is
+different here you will learn a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different here you will learn a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different here you will learn a set of
+fundamental principles that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental principles that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental principles that you can use
+to apply to unfamiliar situations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply to unfamiliar situations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply to unfamiliar situations and
+analyze them rather than just situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze them rather than just situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze them rather than just situations
+that you studied previously 801 assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you studied previously 801 assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you studied previously 801 assumes
+a strong background in high school level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong background in high school level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong background in high school level
+physics and mathematics we introduce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and mathematics we introduce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and mathematics we introduce and
+make extensive use of calculus as needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make extensive use of calculus as needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make extensive use of calculus as needed
+so a previous course in calculus is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a previous course in calculus is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a previous course in calculus is not
+a prerequisite however it is a rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prerequisite however it is a rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prerequisite however it is a rigorous
+and technically challenging course aimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technically challenging course aimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technically challenging course aimed
+at MIT undergraduates ADA ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT undergraduates ADA ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT undergraduates ADA ones
+OpenCourseWare site contains a coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare site contains a coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare site contains a coherent
+set of lessons that will take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of lessons that will take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of lessons that will take you
+through all the basic concepts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the basic concepts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the basic concepts of
+classical mechanics as well as a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics as well as a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics as well as a set of
+advanced topics including mass flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced topics including mass flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced topics including mass flow
+simple harmonic motion and processional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple harmonic motion and processional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple harmonic motion and processional
+motion in each of these lessons you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in each of these lessons you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in each of these lessons you will
+find a series of short lightboard videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a series of short lightboard videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a series of short lightboard videos
+that will help you understand concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help you understand concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help you understand concepts
+mathematical derivations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical derivations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical derivations and
+problem-solving techniques in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem-solving techniques in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem-solving techniques in addition
+you will find many other useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find many other useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find many other useful
+resources including an online textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources including an online textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources including an online textbook
+many worked example problems and MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many worked example problems and MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many worked example problems and MIT
+level problem sets developing a command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level problem sets developing a command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level problem sets developing a command
+of mechanics is a powerful tool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanics is a powerful tool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanics is a powerful tool for
+understanding the world around us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the world around us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the world around us
+welcome data one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome data one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome data one
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FXRRP-PB4Bk.txt b/FXRRP-PB4Bk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed2aab9c76ff3e98418e9fbc728fc5adcfbd2849
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FXRRP-PB4Bk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a couple of lectures we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a couple of lectures we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a couple of lectures we're gonna be
+discussing now the hydrogen atom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing now the hydrogen atom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing now the hydrogen atom so
+you've seen the hydrogen atom before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the hydrogen atom before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the hydrogen atom before
+you've seen it in 804 you've seen it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it in 804 you've seen it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it in 804 you've seen it in
+805 why do we see it again in 806 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+805 why do we see it again in 806 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+805 why do we see it again in 806 well
+the hydrogen atom is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom is a fairly
+sophisticated example it's the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated example it's the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated example it's the harmonic
+oscillator of atomic physics if some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator of atomic physics if some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator of atomic physics if some of
+you are going to be doing atomic physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to be doing atomic physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to be doing atomic physics
+eventually you have to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you have to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you have to understand the
+atom perfectly well the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom perfectly well the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom perfectly well the energy levels
+the degeneracies why are they how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degeneracies why are they how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degeneracies why are they how do you
+separate the levels how do you split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the levels how do you split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the levels how do you split the
+degeneracies it's a fantastically good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracies it's a fantastically good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracies it's a fantastically good
+example of perturbation theory our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of perturbation theory our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of perturbation theory our
+degenerate perturbation Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate perturbation Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate perturbation Theory
+non-degenerate perturbation theory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-degenerate perturbation theory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-degenerate perturbation theory in
+some cases but overall it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases but overall it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases but overall it's a very
+important physical system that affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important physical system that affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important physical system that affects
+many areas of physics astrophysics with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many areas of physics astrophysics with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many areas of physics astrophysics with
+hyperfine splitting all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperfine splitting all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperfine splitting all kinds of
+processes in atomic physics and lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in atomic physics and lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in atomic physics and lasers
+and things like that so it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that so it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that so it's something
+we really want to understand well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to understand well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to understand well and
+this time in 806 it's the right time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time in 806 it's the right time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time in 806 it's the right time for
+you to understand the fine structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to understand the fine structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to understand the fine structure of
+this atom bits and pieces of this have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom bits and pieces of this have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom bits and pieces of this have
+been done before but now we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done before but now we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done before but now we're gonna do
+it in detail so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in detail so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in detail so let's start with
+hydrogen atom fine structure hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom fine structure hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom fine structure hydrogen
+atom fine structure that is the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom fine structure that is the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom fine structure that is the main
+topic for a couple of lectures so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for a couple of lectures so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for a couple of lectures so in
+terms of Hamiltonians we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Hamiltonians we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Hamiltonians we've been talking
+of an unperturbed Hamiltonian and H zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an unperturbed Hamiltonian and H zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an unperturbed Hamiltonian and H zero
+this Hamiltonian is known it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Hamiltonian is known it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Hamiltonian is known it's the
+momentum squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum squared over
+- M - e squared over R here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- M - e squared over R here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- M - e squared over R here this is the
+momentum in three dimensions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in three dimensions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in three dimensions the
+three-dimensional system of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional system of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional system of course this
+M is the mass of the electron that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M is the mass of the electron that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M is the mass of the electron that's the
+mass of the proton divided by the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the proton divided by the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the proton divided by the mass
+of the electron plus the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron plus the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron plus the mass of the
+proton and that's the reduced mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and that's the reduced mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and that's the reduced mass of
+the system but it's approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system but it's approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system but it's approximately equal
+to the mass of the electron so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mass of the electron so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mass of the electron so we will
+never write M it will be the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never write M it will be the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never write M it will be the mass of the
+electron now if you happen to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now if you happen to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now if you happen to have a
+nucleus with Z protons what you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus with Z protons what you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus with Z protons what you have to
+do is replace this e squared by Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is replace this e squared by Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is replace this e squared by Z is
+squirt and this is because the factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squirt and this is because the factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squirt and this is because the factor of
+e squared comes from the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e squared comes from the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e squared comes from the product of the
+charge of the electron times the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of the electron times the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of the electron times the charge
+of the nucleus so if the charge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleus so if the charge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleus so if the charge of the
+nucleus becomes Z times bigger this e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus becomes Z times bigger this e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus becomes Z times bigger this e
+squared is replaced by this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what important length scales exist here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what important length scales exist here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what important length scales exist here
+is the Bohr radius is the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Bohr radius is the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Bohr radius is the most important
+length scale and it's constructed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale and it's constructed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale and it's constructed with
+the quantities that appear in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantities that appear in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantities that appear in this
+Hamiltonian and h-bar so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and h-bar so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and h-bar so in particular
+doesn't involve the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve the speed of light
+there's nothing in this system that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing in this system that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing in this system that is
+relativistic so this quantity is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic so this quantity is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic so this quantity is H
+squared over m e squared and this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over m e squared and this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over m e squared and this that
+this has units of length is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has units of length is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has units of length is something
+that you should be able to derive from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be able to derive from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be able to derive from
+here in a few instants please make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a few instants please make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a few instants please make sure
+you know how to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to derive
+without having to count mass length time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to count mass length time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to count mass length time
+units here this is something you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units here this is something you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units here this is something you should
+be able to do very quickly one piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do very quickly one piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do very quickly one piece of
+intuition of course is that the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of course is that the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of course is that the e
+appears in the denominator which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the denominator which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the denominator which is the
+intuition that as the strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that as the strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that as the strength of
+electromagnetism is made smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism is made smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism is made smaller and
+smaller by letting egos to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller by letting egos to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller by letting egos to zero the
+orbit of the electron would be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit of the electron would be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit of the electron would be bigger
+and bigger so this is about 53 Pico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger so this is about 53 Pico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger so this is about 53 Pico
+meters where a Pico meter is 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters where a Pico meter is 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters where a Pico meter is 10 to the
+minus 12 meters it's a nice unit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 meters it's a nice unit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 meters it's a nice unit it's
+half an angstrom roughly but Pico meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an angstrom roughly but Pico meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an angstrom roughly but Pico meters
+is the right unit for people that think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right unit for people that think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right unit for people that think
+of atoms then the energy levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms then the energy levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms then the energy levels are
+given by minus e squared over 2 a 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by minus e squared over 2 a 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by minus e squared over 2 a 0 1
+over m squared this is a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m squared this is a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m squared this is a beautiful
+formula in terms of quantities that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in terms of quantities that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in terms of quantities that you
+understand first the energy just depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand first the energy just depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand first the energy just depends
+on N and is 1 over N squared and n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on N and is 1 over N squared and n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on N and is 1 over N squared and n is
+called the principal quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the principal quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the principal quantum number
+principle quantum number and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle quantum number and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle quantum number and it goes
+from 1 up to infinity this has units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 up to infinity this has units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 up to infinity this has units of
+energy and that's why this is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that's why this is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that's why this is nice
+because e squared over R is the units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because e squared over R is the units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because e squared over R is the units of
+potential energy in electromagnetism so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy in electromagnetism so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy in electromagnetism so
+when you see this you know that this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see this you know that this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see this you know that this has
+the right units of energy and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right units of energy and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right units of energy and for the
+ground state of hydrogen an equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state of hydrogen an equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state of hydrogen an equal one
+that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy
+is about - 13.6 Eevee now in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about - 13.6 Eevee now in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about - 13.6 Eevee now in terms of
+thinking ahead for perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking ahead for perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking ahead for perturbation theory
+some of the perturbation theory here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the perturbation theory here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the perturbation theory here
+will reflect the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reflect the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reflect the fact that
+electromagnetism is weak and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism is weak and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism is weak and the other
+fact will reflect that the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact will reflect that the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact will reflect that the electron is
+actually moving with slow velocities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving with slow velocities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving with slow velocities so
+let's see these two things first we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see these two things first we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see these two things first we can
+write the energy or in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the energy or in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the energy or in terms of the
+fine-structure constant so alpha which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-structure constant so alpha which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-structure constant so alpha which
+is the fine-structure constant this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fine-structure constant this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fine-structure constant this a
+squared over H see if the units were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over H see if the units were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over H see if the units were
+working with and it's about 137 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with and it's about 137 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with and it's about 137 so
+whenever you see a squared over a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see a squared over a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see a squared over a zero
+which is a unit of energy you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a unit of energy you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a unit of energy you should
+realize that that if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that that if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that that if you wanted to
+change that for example for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that for example for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that for example for the case
+that you have a nucleus with Z protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a nucleus with Z protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a nucleus with Z protons
+you kind of just do a square going to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of just do a square going to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of just do a square going to Z
+squared because in fact a zero itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared because in fact a zero itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared because in fact a zero itself
+has an e so don't think that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an e so don't think that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an e so don't think that the energy
+depends like a squared it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends like a squared it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends like a squared it actually
+depends more like e to the fourth times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends more like e to the fourth times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends more like e to the fourth times
+other constants so let's do that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other constants so let's do that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other constants so let's do that so we
+have here m e to the fourth over h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here m e to the fourth over h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here m e to the fourth over h
+squared using the value of a0 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared using the value of a0 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared using the value of a0 and then
+we can use e to the 4 from this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use e to the 4 from this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use e to the 4 from this equation
+so it would be alphas m alpha squared H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be alphas m alpha squared H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be alphas m alpha squared H
+bar squared C squared over H bar squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squared C squared over H bar squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squared C squared over H bar squared
+and is equal to alpha squared M C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is equal to alpha squared M C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is equal to alpha squared M C
+squared a nice way of thinking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared a nice way of thinking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared a nice way of thinking of the
+ground state energy of the hydrogen us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy of the hydrogen us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy of the hydrogen us
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+all quantity alpha squared times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all quantity alpha squared times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all quantity alpha squared times the
+rest energy of the electron after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest energy of the electron after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest energy of the electron after all
+the system begins just with an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system begins just with an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system begins just with an electron
+and it has some rest energy and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has some rest energy and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has some rest energy and there
+should be a natural way of expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a natural way of expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a natural way of expressing
+this of course you know you start seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course you know you start seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course you know you start seeing
+this C squared here but the C squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C squared here but the C squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C squared here but the C squared
+really is nowhere there we've put it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is nowhere there we've put it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is nowhere there we've put it for
+convenience but it allows us to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience but it allows us to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience but it allows us to think of
+scales and in particular the rest mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and in particular the rest mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and in particular the rest mass
+of the electron is alpha is much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron is alpha is much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron is alpha is much bigger
+because alpha squared is about 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because alpha squared is about 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because alpha squared is about 1 over
+19,000 1 over 137 squared is about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19,000 1 over 137 squared is about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19,000 1 over 137 squared is about that
+so the energy en can be written in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy en can be written in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy en can be written in a way
+that we will use often as minus 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will use often as minus 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will use often as minus 1/2
+alpha squared MC squared 1 over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha squared MC squared 1 over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha squared MC squared 1 over N
+squared all right and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared all right and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared all right and another
+observation the momentum P of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation the momentum P of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation the momentum P of the
+electron we could estimate it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron we could estimate it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron we could estimate it to be
+h-bar over a zero so this is M e squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar over a zero so this is M e squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar over a zero so this is M e squared
+over H bar and we use e squared for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar and we use e squared for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar and we use e squared for what
+it is so this is alpha well I'll put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is so this is alpha well I'll put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is so this is alpha well I'll put the
+m alpha HC over h-bar so this is alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m alpha HC over h-bar so this is alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m alpha HC over h-bar so this is alpha
+MC it's a nice thing alpha MC it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC it's a nice thing alpha MC it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC it's a nice thing alpha MC it says
+that the momentum that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the momentum that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the momentum that you could
+construct relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct relativistic
+the mass of the electron times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the electron times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the electron times the
+velocity you still have to divide by 137
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you still have to divide by 137
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you still have to divide by 137
+but it's clearer if you write it like m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's clearer if you write it like m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's clearer if you write it like m
+alpha C and then momentum which is mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha C and then momentum which is mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha C and then momentum which is mass
+times velocity at least for so slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times velocity at least for so slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times velocity at least for so slow
+velocity this now is mass times alpha at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity this now is mass times alpha at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity this now is mass times alpha at
+MC so the approximate velocity and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC so the approximate velocity and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC so the approximate velocity and we
+estimate on the electron is Cecil over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate on the electron is Cecil over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate on the electron is Cecil over
+137 so that's very nice it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+137 so that's very nice it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+137 so that's very nice it's kind of
+nonrelativistic okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonrelativistic okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonrelativistic okay so this is the
+basic things but the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic things but the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic things but the most important
+stuff is really getting the table of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is really getting the table of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is really getting the table of how
+the atom looks so this is still review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom looks so this is still review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom looks so this is still review
+1/2 of this lecture in a sense is review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 of this lecture in a sense is review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 of this lecture in a sense is review
+we'll put here not in scale N equals 1 N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put here not in scale N equals 1 N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put here not in scale N equals 1 N
+equals 2 M equals 3 and N equals 4 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 M equals 3 and N equals 4 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 M equals 3 and N equals 4 in
+reality the hydrogen atom if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the hydrogen atom if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the hydrogen atom if this is
+zero energy and this is the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero energy and this is the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero energy and this is the ground state
+the ground state it's here the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state it's here the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state it's here the second
+excited say this here the third is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited say this here the third is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited say this here the third is here
+the fourth is here 50 they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth is here 50 they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth is here 50 they all
+accumulate here but I I've written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate here but I I've written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate here but I I've written it
+this way now we'll have l equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way now we'll have l equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way now we'll have l equals zero
+here l equals 1 l equals 2 l equals 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here l equals 1 l equals 2 l equals 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here l equals 1 l equals 2 l equals 3
+and there is a another notation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a another notation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a another notation for this
+state but there is a capital L that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but there is a capital L that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but there is a capital L that is a
+function of L so capital L of l equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of L so capital L of l equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of L so capital L of l equals 0
+is called s so this states are called s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called s so this states are called s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called s so this states are called s
+States capital L of l equals 1 is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States capital L of l equals 1 is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States capital L of l equals 1 is called
+P so states with hell equal 1 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so states with hell equal 1 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so states with hell equal 1 will be
+called P then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called P then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called P then the
+and F these her names people use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F these her names people use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F these her names people use those
+names there okay and here are the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names there okay and here are the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names there okay and here are the states
+for n equal one there's just one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n equal one there's just one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n equal one there's just one state
+here four and here there's one state as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here four and here there's one state as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here four and here there's one state as
+well but for n equal 2 there's a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but for n equal 2 there's a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but for n equal 2 there's a state
+with L equal zero under sustained with L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with L equal zero under sustained with L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with L equal zero under sustained with L
+equal 1 for n equal 3 there's 0 1 & 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 for n equal 3 there's 0 1 & 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 for n equal 3 there's 0 1 & 2
+for m equal 4 there's 0 1 2 & 3 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m equal 4 there's 0 1 2 & 3 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m equal 4 there's 0 1 2 & 3 so this
+are the states in the spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the states in the spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the states in the spectrum of
+hydrogen something that we should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen something that we should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen something that we should know
+very well and what are the patterns here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well and what are the patterns here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well and what are the patterns here
+there's degeneracies why because when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's degeneracies why because when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's degeneracies why because when we
+top L equal to for example that means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top L equal to for example that means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top L equal to for example that means a
+multiplet of angular momentum with total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet of angular momentum with total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet of angular momentum with total
+angular momentum 2 and that comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum 2 and that comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum 2 and that comes with
+azimuthal angular momentum that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+azimuthal angular momentum that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+azimuthal angular momentum that goes
+from minus 2 m values to plus 2 that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus 2 m values to plus 2 that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus 2 m values to plus 2 that is
+5 States so in principal each bar here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 States so in principal each bar here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 States so in principal each bar here
+is 5 States five states elique well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5 States five states elique well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5 States five states elique well one
+has M equal 1 0 and minus 1 so three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has M equal 1 0 and minus 1 so three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has M equal 1 0 and minus 1 so three
+state three straight three states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state three straight three states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state three straight three states and
+here it is zero state so there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is zero state so there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is zero state so there's lots of
+degeneracy that's why we spent lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy that's why we spent lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy that's why we spent lots of
+time studying the generate perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time studying the generate perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time studying the generate perturbation
+theory because there's two gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory because there's two gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory because there's two gigantic
+degeneracies here so to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracies here so to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracies here so to determine the
+origin or the way we parameterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin or the way we parameterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin or the way we parameterize the
+degeneracy there's just one formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy there's just one formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy there's just one formula that
+says it all and that formula is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it all and that formula is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it all and that formula is for the
+generous ease is the formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous ease is the formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous ease is the formula that
+explains it all and it says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains it all and it says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains it all and it says that the
+principal quantum number is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number is equal to
+capital n plus L plus 1 where n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n plus L plus 1 where n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n plus L plus 1 where n is the
+degree of a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the wavefunction wavefunction L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wavefunction wavefunction L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wavefunction wavefunction L is
+the orbital angular momentum so of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbital angular momentum so of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbital angular momentum so of this
+says for example that this degree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says for example that this degree of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says for example that this degree of the
+polynomial M can be 0 1 2 cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial M can be 0 1 2 cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial M can be 0 1 2 cannot be
+negative L can also be 0 1 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative L can also be 0 1 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative L can also be 0 1 and so on
+but here for example you see the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here for example you see the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here for example you see the main
+rule that for a fixed and you can have l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that for a fixed and you can have l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that for a fixed and you can have l
+equals 0 1 2 up to n minus 1 because by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 1 2 up to n minus 1 because by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 1 2 up to n minus 1 because by
+the time you take L equals to n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you take L equals to n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you take L equals to n minus 1
+this whole thing is equal to little m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing is equal to little m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing is equal to little m
+and capital n is 0 and that's as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital n is 0 and that's as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital n is 0 and that's as far as
+you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go
+so the angular momentum cannot exceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the angular momentum cannot exceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the angular momentum cannot exceed
+the principal quantum number minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal quantum number minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal quantum number minus 1
+that is what we see here for n equal 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we see here for n equal 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we see here for n equal 3
+you can have up to L equal to 4 n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have up to L equal to 4 n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have up to L equal to 4 n equal
+4 you can have up to L equal 3 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 you can have up to L equal 3 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 you can have up to L equal 3 so this
+is kind of well known now for each L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each L you have M from minus L all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each L you have M from minus L all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each L you have M from minus L all the
+way to plus L and that's 2 L plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to plus L and that's 2 L plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to plus L and that's 2 L plus 1
+values so the degeneracy at n at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so the degeneracy at n at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so the degeneracy at n at the
+principal quantum number equal end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number equal end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number equal end is
+the sum from l equals 0 up to n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from l equals 0 up to n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from l equals 0 up to n minus 1
+those are the all the possible values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the all the possible values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the all the possible values of
+L off the number of states in each L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L off the number of states in each L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L off the number of states in each L
+multiplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet
+you've done this song before and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done this song before and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done this song before and that
+actually turns out to be equal to M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out to be equal to M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out to be equal to M
+squared which says there should be four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which says there should be four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which says there should be four
+states at n equal to indeed one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states at n equal to indeed one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states at n equal to indeed one state
+for s equals zero three states here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for s equals zero three states here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for s equals zero three states here is
+four one three five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four one three five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four one three five
+it's that property that the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that property that the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that property that the sum of
+consecutive odd numbers comes up equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive odd numbers comes up equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive odd numbers comes up equal
+to a square a perfect square it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a square a perfect square it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a square a perfect square it's a very
+nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing
+geometrically so the wave function will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically so the wave function will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically so the wave function will
+write it here the wave function psy M L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it here the wave function psy M L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it here the wave function psy M L
+M these are our quantum numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M these are our quantum numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M these are our quantum numbers and
+principle quantum number once you know n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle quantum number once you know n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle quantum number once you know n
+you know the sum of capital n plus L but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sum of capital n plus L but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sum of capital n plus L but
+L is a little more physical that n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is a little more physical that n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is a little more physical that n so
+we'll use L and once you know L you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use L and once you know L you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use L and once you know L you
+still need to know for a given state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need to know for a given state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need to know for a given state
+which value of M you have so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which value of M you have so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which value of M you have so those are
+your three quantum numbers and this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your three quantum numbers and this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your three quantum numbers and this wave
+function goes like a constant times R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function goes like a constant times R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function goes like a constant times R
+over a zero to the L times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a zero to the L times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a zero to the L times that
+polynomial we spoke about 1 plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial we spoke about 1 plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial we spoke about 1 plus beta
+are 2d ARBs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 2d ARBs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 2d ARBs
+over a0 all the way up to a number times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a0 all the way up to a number times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a0 all the way up to a number times
+R over a 0 to the capital n times e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R over a 0 to the capital n times e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R over a 0 to the capital n times e to
+the minus R over N 0 times y LM of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus R over N 0 times y LM of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus R over N 0 times y LM of theta
+and Phi so that's your wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those numbers I have not determined that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers I have not determined that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers I have not determined that
+not the term in the normalization but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the term in the normalization but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the term in the normalization but if
+you're looking at a wave function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a wave function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a wave function the
+easiest place to see the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest place to see the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest place to see the principal
+quantum number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number is
+here the easiest place to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the easiest place to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the easiest place to see the
+orbital angular momentum is here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital angular momentum is here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital angular momentum is here you
+identified from here it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified from here it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified from here it must be
+multiplying a polynomial that begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a polynomial that begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a polynomial that begins
+with one because the leading power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one because the leading power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one because the leading power in
+the solution must be R to the L and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution must be R to the L and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution must be R to the L and has
+degree M here and the M quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree M here and the M quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree M here and the M quantum number
+you see it from the spherical harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in particular here you have a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular here you have a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular here you have a state
+with l equals 0 n equal 1 so this must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with l equals 0 n equal 1 so this must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with l equals 0 n equal 1 so this must
+have M equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M equals 0
+this must have N equals 1 because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must have N equals 1 because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must have N equals 1 because you
+must get to 2 with an capital N and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must get to 2 with an capital N and L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must get to 2 with an capital N and L
+equals 0 and a 1 there so this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and a 1 there so this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and a 1 there so this is n
+equal 1 this would be n equal to n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 this would be n equal to n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 this would be n equal to n equal
+3 similarly here N equals 0 n equals 1 N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 similarly here N equals 0 n equals 1 N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 similarly here N equals 0 n equals 1 N
+equals 2 N equals 0 and equals 1 N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 N equals 0 and equals 1 N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 N equals 0 and equals 1 N
+equals 0 here the ends decrease in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 here the ends decrease in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 here the ends decrease in this
+direction as L increases keeping the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as L increases keeping the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as L increases keeping the sum
+of capital N and L constant and equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital N and L constant and equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital N and L constant and equal to
+little n minus 1 interestingly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n minus 1 interestingly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n minus 1 interestingly this
+makes sense as well if you may remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense as well if you may remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense as well if you may remember
+the quantum number n capital n tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum number n capital n tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum number n capital n tells you
+the number of nodes of the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nodes of the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nodes of the wave function
+because a polynomial of degree n can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a polynomial of degree n can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a polynomial of degree n can
+have n zeros and therefore this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n zeros and therefore this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n zeros and therefore this wave
+function has no nodes one node 2 node 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has no nodes one node 2 node 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has no nodes one node 2 node 3
+notes the number of nodes increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes the number of nodes increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes the number of nodes increase
+that's another thing that wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing that wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing that wave functions
+should have so a couple more comments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have so a couple more comments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have so a couple more comments on
+this will write I'll write there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will write I'll write there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will write I'll write there the
+ground state wave function I'll put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state wave function I'll put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state wave function I'll put it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+clattering things a little bit but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clattering things a little bit but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clattering things a little bit but the
+ground state wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state wave function is
+that we can have a normalized easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can have a normalized easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can have a normalized easily
+square root of pi over a zero cube e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of pi over a zero cube e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of pi over a zero cube e to
+the minus R over a zero that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus R over a zero that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus R over a zero that's the
+ground state wave function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state wave function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state wave function okay
+comments on this thing first there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on this thing first there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on this thing first there is a
+very large degeneracy here and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large degeneracy here and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large degeneracy here and it has a
+nice interpretation this correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice interpretation this correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice interpretation this correspond to
+states with different values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with different values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with different values of the
+angular momentum semi classically if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum semi classically if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum semi classically if you
+were doing Keplerian motion and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing Keplerian motion and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing Keplerian motion and think
+semi classically of the electron orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi classically of the electron orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi classically of the electron orbit
+all the orbits here corresponds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the orbits here corresponds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the orbits here corresponds of
+orbits of the electron with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits of the electron with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits of the electron with the same
+semi-major axis but with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-major axis but with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-major axis but with different
+eccentricity so as it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity so as it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity so as it turns out the
+orbit with least L is the most eccentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit with least L is the most eccentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit with least L is the most eccentric
+of all orbits and as you go in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all orbits and as you go in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all orbits and as you go in this
+direction the orbit becomes more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the orbit becomes more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the orbit becomes more and
+more circular so if you want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more circular so if you want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more circular so if you want an
+immediate intuition as to why are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate intuition as to why are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate intuition as to why are all
+these states distinguishable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states distinguishable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states distinguishable it's
+because they are orbits with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are orbits with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are orbits with different
+eccentricity there are ellipses with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity there are ellipses with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity there are ellipses with
+different eccentricities all with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eccentricities all with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eccentricities all with the
+same semi-major axes so it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same semi-major axes so it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same semi-major axes so it could be a
+circle like that or it could be just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle like that or it could be just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle like that or it could be just an
+ellipse like that so those are it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse like that so those are it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse like that so those are it then
+of most important complication with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most important complication with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most important complication with an
+ignored here it's the spin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored here it's the spin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored here it's the spin of the
+electron electron has spin so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron electron has spin so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron electron has spin so we know
+the spin of the electron represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin of the electron represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin of the electron represents a
+degree of freedom described by a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom described by a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom described by a two
+dimensional vector space so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vector space so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vector space so there's two
+states and every one of this so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and every one of this so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and every one of this so we will
+have to consider that and if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider that and if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider that and if I want to
+put the number of states on each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the number of states on each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the number of states on each one
+here there was one state we said but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there was one state we said but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there was one state we said but now
+in other really two states and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other really two states and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other really two states and here is
+two states is l equals zero two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states is l equals zero two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states is l equals zero two states
+two states here is L equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states here is L equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states here is L equal 1
+that's three configurations of orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's three configurations of orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's three configurations of orbital
+angular momentum but the later has again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum but the later has again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum but the later has again
+up-or-down possibilities so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up-or-down possibilities so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up-or-down possibilities so these are
+six states six states six states l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six states six states six states l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six states six states six states l
+equals two is five states but with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two is five states but with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two is five states but with the
+electron there is ten states and ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there is ten states and ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there is ten states and ten
+states here in this one l equal three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states here in this one l equal three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states here in this one l equal three is
+seven states to l plus one but with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven states to l plus one but with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven states to l plus one but with the
+electron degrees of freedom is fourteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron degrees of freedom is fourteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron degrees of freedom is fourteen
+states so these are the right number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so these are the right number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so these are the right number of
+states when we'll do the fine structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states when we'll do the fine structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states when we'll do the fine structure
+will have corrections due to the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have corrections due to the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have corrections due to the spin
+and corrections due to relativity both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corrections due to relativity both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corrections due to relativity both
+things will make our Corrections and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will make our Corrections and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will make our Corrections and by
+the time we do that we may also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we do that we may also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we do that we may also want to
+explore the atom by putting it in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the atom by putting it in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the atom by putting it in an
+electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field
+that's the stark effect it will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the stark effect it will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the stark effect it will change
+the energy levels and you learn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels and you learn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels and you learn more
+about the energy levels of a system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the energy levels of a system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the energy levels of a system you
+can put it in a magnetic field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put it in a magnetic field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put it in a magnetic field and
+that's the Zeeman effect and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Zeeman effect and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Zeeman effect and the
+magnetic field can be weak or it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field can be weak or it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field can be weak or it can be
+strong and it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong and it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong and it's a different
+approximation and there's several things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and there's several things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and there's several things
+we have to do with it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GbFm5N20gJk.txt b/GbFm5N20gJk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8dc68c808eab36c3e9cef44e104e3fcf6eda05b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GbFm5N20gJk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18266 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so just to remind you guys where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to remind you guys where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to remind you guys where we
+were so last time we talked about kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so last time we talked about kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so last time we talked about kind
+of the basic sort of setup of models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basic sort of setup of models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basic sort of setup of models of
+thinking about credits we had average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about credits we had average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about credits we had average
+selection moral hazard we had monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection moral hazard we had monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection moral hazard we had monitoring
+models and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and so on and so forth
+um and today what I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and today what I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and today what I want to talk about
+is micro credit micro finance and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is micro credit micro finance and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is micro credit micro finance and in
+particular just you know I'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular just you know I'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular just you know I'll give you a
+couple of words of background some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of words of background some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of words of background some of
+the history of microfinance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of microfinance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of microfinance
+um we'll talk a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll talk a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll talk a little bit about the
+impact of microfinance both overall it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of microfinance both overall it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of microfinance both overall it's
+heterogeneous impacts and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous impacts and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous impacts and then
+um I'm going to talk about the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to talk about the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to talk about the in the
+role of particular microfinance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of particular microfinance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of particular microfinance
+institutions and what I wanna I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and what I wanna I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and what I wanna I guess I
+want to emphasize on this piece is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize on this piece is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize on this piece is um
+that you know as you'll see microfinance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know as you'll see microfinance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know as you'll see microfinance
+kind of a bundle of many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a bundle of many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a bundle of many different
+things and there's sort of been a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and there's sort of been a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and there's sort of been a nice
+series of research papers over a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of research papers over a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of research papers over a series
+of years that tried to sort of help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years that tried to sort of help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years that tried to sort of help us
+unpack kind of what's in that bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpack kind of what's in that bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpack kind of what's in that bundle
+um and I think that that you'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think that that you'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think that that you'll see some
+some nice elements of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice elements of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice elements of that
+okay so just a bit of background so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just a bit of background so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just a bit of background so
+microfinance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+sort of a modern microfinance uh model I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a modern microfinance uh model I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a modern microfinance uh model I
+guess was was uh you know came through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess was was uh you know came through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess was was uh you know came through
+sort of the green bank which Muhammad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the green bank which Muhammad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the green bank which Muhammad
+Eunice who uh won the Nobel Prize a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eunice who uh won the Nobel Prize a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eunice who uh won the Nobel Prize a few
+years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+um uh helped create and that sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh helped create and that sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh helped create and that sort of um
+you know made small loans to women in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know made small loans to women in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know made small loans to women in
+Bangladesh to Portland and Bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangladesh to Portland and Bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangladesh to Portland and Bangladesh
+um I think actually these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think actually these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think actually these numbers are
+actually probably small I think it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually probably small I think it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually probably small I think it's way
+more than 25 billion today probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 25 billion today probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 25 billion today probably
+these products are outdated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products are outdated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products are outdated
+um you know hundreds of millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know hundreds of millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know hundreds of millions of
+climb clients uh typically High micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb clients uh typically High micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb clients uh typically High micro
+higher payment rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher payment rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher payment rates
+um some other fan institutions are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some other fan institutions are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some other fan institutions are are
+profitable some are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable some are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable some are not
+um and these microfinance institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and these microfinance institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and these microfinance institutions
+are you know they're lending to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know they're lending to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know they're lending to a large
+number of sort of small borrowers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sort of small borrowers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sort of small borrowers and
+providing them small loans you know 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing them small loans you know 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing them small loans you know 50
+100 500 is kind of in that you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 500 is kind of in that you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 500 is kind of in that you know and
+that maybe up to a thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe up to a thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe up to a thousand dollars
+maybe that would be a really big loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that would be a really big loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that would be a really big loan
+you know small loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know small loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know small loans
+um and there's an idea these can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's an idea these can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's an idea these can be
+really powerful for sort of helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful for sort of helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful for sort of helping
+break some of the credit constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break some of the credit constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break some of the credit constraints
+that we talked about last last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about last last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about last last time
+right so if you've got some of the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you've got some of the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you've got some of the stuff
+at the end of this some of the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of this some of the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of this some of the models
+last time we predict that sort of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we predict that sort of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we predict that sort of people
+who are really poor would be not be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are really poor would be not be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are really poor would be not be able
+to borrow anything or very little um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to borrow anything or very little um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to borrow anything or very little um and
+if there's a way to sort of break those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a way to sort of break those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a way to sort of break those
+credit constraints and figure out a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit constraints and figure out a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit constraints and figure out a way
+to sort of solve that that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of solve that that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of solve that that could
+potentially be very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be very powerful
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we wanted to
+start by sort of understanding and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by sort of understanding and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by sort of understanding and I say
+there were lots of grand claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were lots of grand claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were lots of grand claims
+associated with my credit right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with my credit right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with my credit right so if
+you think of sort of what you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of sort of what you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of sort of what you know when
+when Eunice wins the Nobel Prize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Eunice wins the Nobel Prize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Eunice wins the Nobel Prize the
+idea is like this micro credit thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is like this micro credit thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is like this micro credit thing has
+been totally transformative to lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been totally transformative to lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been totally transformative to lots of
+people and sort of like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and sort of like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and sort of like you know
+uh you know change people's lives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know change people's lives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know change people's lives in
+lots of ways so if you were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways so if you were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways so if you were trying to
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh trying to understand and evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to understand and evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to understand and evaluate
+some of these claims like what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these claims like what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these claims like what are some
+questions you'd want to answer uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you'd want to answer uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you'd want to answer uh and
+and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know
+how would you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you think about
+um evaluating what are some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um evaluating what are some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um evaluating what are some questions
+you'd want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is now a question I'm posing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is now a question I'm posing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is now a question I'm posing to
+you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right so you want to know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so you want to know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so you want to know is the
+change in sort of net access to credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in sort of net access to credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in sort of net access to credit
+not just gross right so like just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just gross right so like just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just gross right so like just the
+fact that people are borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that people are borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that people are borrowing
+microfinance institutions doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance institutions doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance institutions doesn't mean
+they're getting more credit what else do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting more credit what else do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting more credit what else do
+you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like okay so right what kind of outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so right what kind of outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so right what kind of outcomes
+what's that business profits consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that business profits consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that business profits consumption
+right right so it seems like one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so it seems like one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so it seems like one thing
+you'd want to know is you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to know is you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to know is you want to know
+like is it about change is it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is it about change is it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is it about change is it actually
+sort of you know if you believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know if you believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know if you believe that
+people are credit constrained right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are credit constrained right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are credit constrained right that
+they aren't sort of you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they aren't sort of you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they aren't sort of you know if we
+believe that we're in a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that we're in a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that we're in a world where
+basically people can if we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically people can if we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically people can if we're in the
+world people are unconstrained right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world people are unconstrained right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world people are unconstrained right
+that sort of like that you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of like that you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of like that you know in the
+unconstrained world right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained world right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained world right
+um where where you have F Prime of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where where you have F Prime of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where where you have F Prime of k
+equals R you'd expect the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R you'd expect the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R you'd expect the marginal
+return to Capital is is equal to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to Capital is is equal to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to Capital is is equal to is
+equal to is not super high right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to is not super high right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to is not super high right it's
+equal to interest rate but if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to interest rate but if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to interest rate but if you're in
+a world where sort of K is constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you might think that F Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might think that F Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might think that F Prime is
+much greater than R because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater than R because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater than R because people
+aren't sort of able to sort of get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't sort of able to sort of get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't sort of able to sort of get all
+the capital they need so one thing you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital they need so one thing you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital they need so one thing you'd
+want to say is what is the you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say is what is the you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say is what is the you know what
+is the impact of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the impact of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the impact of of uh
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um of additional capital on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of additional capital on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of additional capital on sort of
+people's profits essentially and like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's profits essentially and like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's profits essentially and like if
+you believe we're credit constrained you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe we're credit constrained you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe we're credit constrained you
+might expect something to be really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect something to be really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect something to be really high
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um so that's one thing you'd want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's one thing you'd want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's one thing you'd want to
+look at you might also and see you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you might also and see you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you might also and see you may
+also then want to look at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also then want to look at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also then want to look at sort of
+Downstream uh kind of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream uh kind of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream uh kind of consumption
+outcomes yeah you might also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes yeah you might also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes yeah you might also be
+concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about
+for whether people are taking on loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whether people are taking on loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whether people are taking on loans
+that are actually in their interest or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually in their interest or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually in their interest or
+whether these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether these
+predatory and so forth yeah so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predatory and so forth yeah so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predatory and so forth yeah so what do
+you mean by predatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if people don't actually have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if people don't actually have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if people don't actually have good
+information about their odds of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about their odds of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about their odds of being
+able to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to pay
+to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so I think that's also related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so I think that's also related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so I think that's also related
+to some of the consumption questions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of the consumption questions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of the consumption questions but
+I think you're handing another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're handing another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're handing another point
+which is that we may not just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we may not just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we may not just be
+interested in averages we may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in averages we may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in averages we may be
+interested in the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the distribution of
+effects right so it may be and and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects right so it may be and and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects right so it may be and and we're
+just in distributions I think in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in distributions I think in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in distributions I think in two
+senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses
+the first sense is we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first sense is we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first sense is we're interested in
+just is there sort of what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is there sort of what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is there sort of what is the
+distribution of outcomes right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of outcomes right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of outcomes right so you
+know imagine that basically we had like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know imagine that basically we had like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know imagine that basically we had like
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh uh like outcomes imagine we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh like outcomes imagine we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh like outcomes imagine we had
+quantile treatment effects right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile treatment effects right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile treatment effects right there's
+a big difference in a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference in a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference in a world where
+basically a bunch of people with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a bunch of people with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a bunch of people with sort of
+nothing and a bunch of people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and a bunch of people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and a bunch of people with
+positive income facts that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive income facts that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive income facts that's like a
+world where actually we're pretty happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where actually we're pretty happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where actually we're pretty happy
+with this thing and it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this thing and it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this thing and it's kind of like
+you know nothing for everyone and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nothing for everyone and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nothing for everyone and good
+for some people or if we had a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some people or if we had a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some people or if we had a world
+this is like these are quantum treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like these are quantum treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like these are quantum treatment
+effects or if we had a world where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects or if we had a world where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects or if we had a world where it
+kind of looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looks like this
+right where some people are a lot worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where some people are a lot worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where some people are a lot worse
+often some people are a lot better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often some people are a lot better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often some people are a lot better off
+you know even if this kind of went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even if this kind of went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even if this kind of went
+really high so the mean was positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high so the mean was positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high so the mean was positive
+like you'd feel very differently about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you'd feel very differently about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you'd feel very differently about
+kind of this world versus this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this world versus this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this world versus this world
+right because here like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because here like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because here like you know
+nobody's gonna worse off here people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's gonna worse off here people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's gonna worse off here people
+some people are actually substantially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are actually substantially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are actually substantially
+worse off and that kind of goes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off and that kind of goes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off and that kind of goes with the
+idea maybe some people can't sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea maybe some people can't sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea maybe some people can't sort of uh
+pay back and and if by the way you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay back and and if by the way you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay back and and if by the way you think
+of capitalism like actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capitalism like actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capitalism like actually the
+capitalist funding Investments which may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist funding Investments which may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist funding Investments which may
+be risky it's not crazy to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be risky it's not crazy to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be risky it's not crazy to think that
+you're in a world like this like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a world like this like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a world like this like if
+these are positive expected return but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are positive expected return but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are positive expected return but
+risky uh Investments you know on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky uh Investments you know on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky uh Investments you know on average
+who we better off but some will be worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we better off but some will be worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we better off but some will be worse
+off and so understanding whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and so understanding whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and so understanding whether the
+world looks like this like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world looks like this like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world looks like this like this is
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+and then in addition I think regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in addition I think regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in addition I think regularly
+that's another point which is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another point which is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another point which is it's not
+just that we're interested in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we're interested in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we're interested in sort of
+the overall heterogeneity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall heterogeneity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall heterogeneity in the
+treatment effects we're asking whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effects we're asking whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effects we're asking whether
+they're predictable or not and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're predictable or not and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're predictable or not and so this
+is just sort of saying you know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just sort of saying you know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just sort of saying you know what are
+sort of the quantile treatment effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the quantile treatment effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the quantile treatment effects
+like just in general there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just in general there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just in general there's another
+question we say do people actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we say do people actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we say do people actually is
+that predictable or not and are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predictable or not and are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predictable or not and are people
+kind of able to make good is it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of able to make good is it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of able to make good is it sort of
+there's risk in the world like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's risk in the world like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's risk in the world like if you
+think of the model I talked about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the model I talked about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the model I talked about last
+time this is a model of like positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is a model of like positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is a model of like positive
+effective return activities but risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective return activities but risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective return activities but risky
+risky there's another world though where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky there's another world though where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky there's another world though where
+you start thinking about like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start thinking about like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start thinking about like some
+selection world where people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection world where people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection world where people are
+different in their characteristics some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in their characteristics some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in their characteristics some
+people are have like really good things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are have like really good things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are have like really good things
+and people are really bad things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are really bad things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are really bad things can
+they predict them can the banks predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they predict them can the banks predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they predict them can the banks predict
+them sort of what can we sort of explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sort of what can we sort of explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sort of what can we sort of explain
+that heterogeneity in reasonable ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heterogeneity in reasonable ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heterogeneity in reasonable ways
+Africa uh were you really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa uh were you really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa uh were you really interested in
+takeoff rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeoff rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeoff rates
+yeah same one uh so maybe a whole micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah same one uh so maybe a whole micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah same one uh so maybe a whole micro
+credit like institution might set more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit like institution might set more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit like institution might set more
+restrictions on what you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on what you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on what you can use the
+micro credit for and perhaps that lowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro credit for and perhaps that lowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro credit for and perhaps that lowers
+the recovery relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recovery relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recovery relative to
+remote controllers who might not put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote controllers who might not put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote controllers who might not put
+such restrictions to making deadlines or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such restrictions to making deadlines or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such restrictions to making deadlines or
+online yeah sorry so yes take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online yeah sorry so yes take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online yeah sorry so yes take up
+absolutely so like you know all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so like you know all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so like you know all these
+restrictions sort of reducing take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions sort of reducing take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions sort of reducing take up
+and is that kind of good or bad you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is that kind of good or bad you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is that kind of good or bad you want
+to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should I think similarly of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I think similarly of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I think similarly of like the
+micro Credit in developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro Credit in developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro Credit in developing countries
+payday loans say United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payday loans say United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payday loans say United States
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and no
+they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they have different
+characteristics so they're both sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so they're both sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so they're both sort of
+targeting low-income kind of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting low-income kind of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting low-income kind of individuals
+the payday loans are collateralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payday loans are collateralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payday loans are collateralized
+basically against your future paychecks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically against your future paychecks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically against your future paychecks
+I think where it's easier sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think where it's easier sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think where it's easier sort of
+uncoateralized typically right and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoateralized typically right and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoateralized typically right and we'll
+talk about sort of how they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sort of how they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sort of how they sort of
+insure a payment so they're different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insure a payment so they're different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insure a payment so they're different in
+that sense they're similar they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense they're similar they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense they're similar they both
+have reasonably High interest rates I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reasonably High interest rates I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reasonably High interest rates I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+um one question is sort of whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one question is sort of whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one question is sort of whether the
+payday loans we mostly use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payday loans we mostly use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payday loans we mostly use for
+consumption smoothing whereas these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption smoothing whereas these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption smoothing whereas these are
+mostly used for investment that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly used for investment that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly used for investment that could be
+a really important distinction so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really important distinction so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really important distinction so if
+they're if these are sort of screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if these are sort of screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if these are sort of screening
+clients unlike do you have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients unlike do you have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients unlike do you have a small
+business that you're going to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that you're going to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that you're going to kind of
+invest in you might think those would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in you might think those would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in you might think those would
+have very different implications than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very different implications than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very different implications than if
+it's just sort of like available people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sort of like available people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just sort of like available people
+who have sort of really urgent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have sort of really urgent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have sort of really urgent
+consumption needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is actually extremely profitable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually extremely profitable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually extremely profitable for
+some companies I want some rsmrs yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some companies I want some rsmrs yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some companies I want some rsmrs yeah I
+wonder why like what what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why like what what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why like what what was the
+economic friction that prevented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic friction that prevented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic friction that prevented
+microgreens like 20 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microgreens like 20 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microgreens like 20 years ago
+oh so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so it
+one is yeah so this is okay so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is yeah so this is okay so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is yeah so this is okay so you're
+asking I would call you this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking I would call you this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking I would call you this is the
+difference between a question and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a question and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a question and an
+economist In this River class and asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist In this River class and asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist In this River class and asking
+someone in a business school class over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in a business school class over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in a business school class over
+at Sloan would ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Sloan would ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Sloan would ask
+you know you asked the question I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you asked the question I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you asked the question I always
+ask which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask which is like
+if something if this was like new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something if this was like new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something if this was like new and
+profitable why didn't existed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable why didn't existed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable why didn't existed in the
+past like it can't be must not have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past like it can't be must not have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past like it can't be must not have been
+equilibrium that's the economics view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that's the economics view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that's the economics view
+the business school view is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business school view is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business school view is like
+somebody had a good idea and made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had a good idea and made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had a good idea and made some
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know I actually I said actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I actually I said actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I actually I said actually not
+not actually totally facetiously I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually totally facetiously I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually totally facetiously I think
+that sort of like sometimes people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of like sometimes people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of like sometimes people just
+innovate and then um and come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate and then um and come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate and then um and come up with
+new ideas and make new businesses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ideas and make new businesses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ideas and make new businesses and
+sometimes those things like sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes those things like sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes those things like sometimes
+there were fundamental frictions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were fundamental frictions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were fundamental frictions like
+you might have said oh it's technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have said oh it's technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have said oh it's technology
+or whatever but actually I I wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever but actually I I wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever but actually I I wouldn't be
+shocked if in this case it was just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked if in this case it was just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked if in this case it was just like
+Innovation like someone that came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation like someone that came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation like someone that came up
+with some ideas and sort of said like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some ideas and sort of said like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some ideas and sort of said like oh
+we think we can you know basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we can you know basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we can you know basically you
+know Big Bang you'll see sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Big Bang you'll see sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Big Bang you'll see sort of you
+know one of the things is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the things is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the things is that there's
+lots of monitoring costs there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of monitoring costs there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of monitoring costs there's a
+question of sort of like big Banks may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of sort of like big Banks may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of sort of like big Banks may
+have said it's not profitable then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said it's not profitable then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said it's not profitable then to
+make these little loans because it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these little loans because it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these little loans because it's too
+expensive and you know I think that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and you know I think that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and you know I think that some
+of these organizations figure out kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these organizations figure out kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these organizations figure out kind
+of a way to a way to do it so I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a way to a way to do it so I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a way to a way to do it so I think it
+may have just been sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have just been sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have just been sort of
+organizational Innovation I do think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational Innovation I do think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational Innovation I do think one
+thing that's changing it one thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's changing it one thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's changing it one thing I'm
+not gonna actually talk a lot now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna actually talk a lot now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna actually talk a lot now about
+now but I think is kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but I think is kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but I think is kind of an
+interesting kind of New Wave is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting kind of New Wave is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting kind of New Wave is sort of
+digital technology and digital lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital technology and digital lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital technology and digital lending
+and I think they're actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think they're actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think they're actually sort of
+like fintech and sort of how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fintech and sort of how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fintech and sort of how do you
+think about using kind of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about using kind of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about using kind of new
+technologies to sort of solve some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies to sort of solve some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies to sort of solve some of
+these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems
+that may be something that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be something that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be something that's actually
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+um that would wasn't available in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that would wasn't available in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that would wasn't available in the
+past and that may sort of open up new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and that may sort of open up new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and that may sort of open up new
+opportunities I'm not actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities I'm not actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities I'm not actually going to
+talk about fintech today but like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about fintech today but like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about fintech today but like that
+isn't that's so this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that's so this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that's so this stuff is
+organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational
+I'm not sure any of it like you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure any of it like you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure any of it like you know why
+was it done in 1976 and 1956 I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it done in 1976 and 1956 I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it done in 1976 and 1956 I don't
+necessarily know there's a a hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know there's a a hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know there's a a hard and
+fast reason for that like a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reason for that like a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reason for that like a fundamental
+reason the fintech stuff where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the fintech stuff where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the fintech stuff where we're
+sort of using kind of your you know cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of using kind of your you know cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of using kind of your you know cell
+phone records as a way of predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone records as a way of predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone records as a way of predicting
+kind of your income and repayment status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of your income and repayment status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of your income and repayment status
+that actually does rely on kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually does rely on kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually does rely on kind of
+technological innovation which is new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so one of so why is evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so one of so why is evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so one of so why is evaluating
+this challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is evaluating micro credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is evaluating micro credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is evaluating micro credit
+challenging like it took a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging like it took a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging like it took a long time
+before we had good impact evaluations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had good impact evaluations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had good impact evaluations in
+my credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my credit
+Wesley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wesley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wesley
+well like logistically difficult or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well like logistically difficult or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well like logistically difficult or like
+in the real world like for example micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world like for example micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world like for example micro
+credit institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit institutions
+if they sort of believe that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they sort of believe that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they sort of believe that this is a
+silver bullet may not want you like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver bullet may not want you like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver bullet may not want you like they
+have no incentive to have to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no incentive to have to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no incentive to have to evaluate
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+um right so okay that's point of Mind by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so okay that's point of Mind by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so okay that's point of Mind by
+the way so so right vis-a-vis as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way so so right vis-a-vis as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way so so right vis-a-vis as long as
+they're profitable or at least breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're profitable or at least breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're profitable or at least breaking
+even they're good right they may think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even they're good right they may think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even they're good right they may think
+they're good and so why would they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good and so why would they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good and so why would they want
+someone to evaluate them so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to evaluate them so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to evaluate them so it's kind of
+risky for them I actually think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky for them I actually think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky for them I actually think that's a
+that's actually a fun kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a fun kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a fun kind of an
+important point and actually I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point and actually I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point and actually I think
+sort of you know convincing people to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know convincing people to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know convincing people to be
+evaluated is that to evaluate themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated is that to evaluate themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated is that to evaluate themselves
+is actually really difficult so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually really difficult so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually really difficult so that's
+part of it especially if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it especially if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it especially if we're
+interested in not just prop like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in not just prop like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in not just prop like they
+may they want to know what the impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may they want to know what the impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may they want to know what the impacts
+on profits are they don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on profits are they don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on profits are they don't need to
+rigorous impact evaluation to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous impact evaluation to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous impact evaluation to figure
+that out right you know and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out right you know and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out right you know and and you know
+they may not necessarily want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may not necessarily want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may not necessarily want to know
+what the world looks like this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the world looks like this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the world looks like this for
+example that might be bad news for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that might be bad news for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that might be bad news for them
+so I agree that's part of it but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I agree that's part of it but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I agree that's part of it but then
+what else about sort of what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else about sort of what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else about sort of what about
+designing the impact of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the impact of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the impact of operations
+might be tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have lots of different outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have lots of different outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have lots of different outcomes
+long timelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what one of you in your comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what one of you in your comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what one of you in your comments
+about that you sent in for today about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that you sent in for today about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that you sent in for today about
+the sound paper talked about like GE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound paper talked about like GE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound paper talked about like GE
+issues what what I don't remember who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues what what I don't remember who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues what what I don't remember who
+said that I can look uh what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that I can look uh what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that I can look uh what do you
+remember do any remember for mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember do any remember for mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember do any remember for mentioning
+General equilibrium issues and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General equilibrium issues and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General equilibrium issues and sort of
+evaluating these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating these things
+you're saying yes or maybe it was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying yes or maybe it was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying yes or maybe it was you
+but now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what
+you go for it uh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go for it uh so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go for it uh so if
+um you're not satisfying in that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not satisfying in that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not satisfying in that if
+everybody in your village like if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in your village like if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in your village like if some
+people in your village have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in your village have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in your village have access to
+money for credit and some people of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for credit and some people of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for credit and some people of the
+neighboring Village don't have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring Village don't have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring Village don't have access
+but as a function of like a neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a function of like a neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a function of like a neighboring
+Village having access like they're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village having access like they're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village having access like they're being
+able to fund different like investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to fund different like investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to fund different like investment
+projects can like boost up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects can like boost up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects can like boost up the
+availability of invest like profitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of invest like profitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of invest like profitable
+Investments available to you and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments available to you and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments available to you and also
+yeah so say more so you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so say more so you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so say more so you're saying
+something about like so I don't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about like so I don't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about like so I don't fully
+follow but so say more you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow but so say more you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow but so say more you're trying to
+evaluate this by for instance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this by for instance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this by for instance uh
+allowing some villages to have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing some villages to have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing some villages to have access to
+micro credit and other Villages not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro credit and other Villages not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro credit and other Villages not
+um as long as there's some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as long as there's some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as long as there's some form of
+interaction between those economies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between those economies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between those economies uh
+like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+uh the you have Network effects just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the you have Network effects just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the you have Network effects just by
+Hershey love yeah so the main issue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hershey love yeah so the main issue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hershey love yeah so the main issue the
+main issue actually it's even easy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main issue actually it's even easy yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main issue actually it's even easy yeah
+the main issue is like you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main issue is like you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main issue is like you're you're
+doing lending right but people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing lending right but people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing lending right but people are
+interacting with each other kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other kind of in
+the underlying markets right so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying markets right so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying markets right so actually
+I think the village one is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the village one is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the village one is actually
+better imagine if what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better imagine if what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better imagine if what would be the
+problem if you do this like imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you do this like imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you do this like imagine you
+randomize people at the individual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize people at the individual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize people at the individual level
+and access to credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and access to credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and access to credit
+what would be the problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the problem with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the problem with that
+yeah we have like a certain aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we have like a certain aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we have like a certain aggregate
+demand within the village and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand within the village and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand within the village and people
+would immediately start like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or I guess either on the supply side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I guess either on the supply side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I guess either on the supply side
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+sight or um like people yeah so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight or um like people yeah so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight or um like people yeah so you're
+thinking so right so your view is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so right so your view is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so right so your view is you
+would understand it because you so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would understand it because you so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would understand it because you so your
+viewers you would understand the impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewers you would understand the impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewers you would understand the impacts
+because there would be demand effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there would be demand effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there would be demand effects
+and that would sort of spill over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would sort of spill over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would sort of spill over the
+control group anyone think you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group anyone think you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group anyone think you would
+overstate impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstate impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstate impacts
+yeah because there's more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what disclosures limited demand yeah for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what disclosures limited demand yeah for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what disclosures limited demand yeah for
+something and all the loans are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and all the loans are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and all the loans are for
+local I don't know retail shops that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local I don't know retail shops that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local I don't know retail shops that you
+they'll grow a lot because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll grow a lot because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll grow a lot because you're
+capable of everyone they're competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of everyone they're competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of everyone they're competing
+for the same movement yeah exactly so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same movement yeah exactly so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same movement yeah exactly so I
+think you also have to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you also have to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you also have to think about what
+these people are doing with their money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are doing with their money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are doing with their money
+right so I think that you're right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I think that you're right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I think that you're right that
+there could be sort of these demand kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be sort of these demand kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be sort of these demand kind
+of Keynesian demand effects but Sean's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Keynesian demand effects but Sean's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Keynesian demand effects but Sean's
+also right that there could be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also right that there could be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also right that there could be like
+potential spillovers right in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential spillovers right in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential spillovers right in terms of
+you know in the product market so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the product market so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the product market so
+imagine like we're all making like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine like we're all making like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine like we're all making like you
+know we're all selling the same make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're all selling the same make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're all selling the same make you
+know the same uh you know imagine we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the same uh you know imagine we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the same uh you know imagine we're
+sort of uh what an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh what an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh what an example
+um we're all fried rice vendors leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're all fried rice vendors leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're all fried rice vendors leave
+for my Indonesian examples right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my Indonesian examples right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my Indonesian examples right we're
+all fried it's a very common act it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fried it's a very common act it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fried it's a very common act it's
+super common actually example is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super common actually example is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super common actually example is that
+people have like you know they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have like you know they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have like you know they have
+little fried rice carts and like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fried rice carts and like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fried rice carts and like there's
+only so much demand for fried rice going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so much demand for fried rice going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so much demand for fried rice going
+around so if like I have a better fried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so if like I have a better fried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so if like I have a better fried
+rice cart and I can sort of move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice cart and I can sort of move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice cart and I can sort of move around
+maybe I get a motorbike fried rice cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I get a motorbike fried rice cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I get a motorbike fried rice cart
+so I can like zip around faster or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can like zip around faster or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can like zip around faster or
+something I might just be like stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I might just be like stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I might just be like stealing
+business from other people right if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business from other people right if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business from other people right if the
+demand for fried rice is reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for fried rice is reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for fried rice is reasonably
+inelastic in my Village like it'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic in my Village like it'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic in my Village like it'll look
+like I'm doing great but actually I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm doing great but actually I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm doing great but actually I'm
+doing great at the expense of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing great at the expense of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing great at the expense of other
+people who kind of didn't get the loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who kind of didn't get the loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who kind of didn't get the loan
+so um so I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so I think that the
+the you also have to sort of think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you also have to sort of think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you also have to sort of think about
+kind of these issues and actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these issues and actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these issues and actually I
+think I think actually that suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think actually that suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think actually that suggests
+that sort of larger level randomizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of larger level randomizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of larger level randomizations
+like kind of a village level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of a village level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of a village level
+randomization or even like sub District
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization or even like sub District
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization or even like sub District
+level randomization is going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level randomization is going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level randomization is going to work
+better we're better than sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we're better than sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we're better than sort of an
+individual level thing where you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level thing where you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level thing where you have to
+worry about kind of both these positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about kind of both these positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about kind of both these positive
+and sort of negative spillover effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of negative spillover effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of negative spillover effects
+so that's one of you to sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one of you to sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one of you to sort of think
+about some of these issues and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of these issues and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of these issues and there's a
+there's another thing also which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing also which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing also which is
+if we think the heterogeneity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think the heterogeneity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think the heterogeneity is
+important we need to sort of think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we need to sort of think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we need to sort of think about
+measuring the heterogeneity and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the heterogeneity and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the heterogeneity and sort of
+make sure we can measure the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we can measure the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we can measure the relevant
+dimension of the heterogeneity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the heterogeneity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the heterogeneity and the
+paper you guys read I guess it was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you guys read I guess it was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you guys read I guess it was for
+last time but we're going to talk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time but we're going to talk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time but we're going to talk that
+we're going to see today was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see today was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see today was really
+about sort of saying is there kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of saying is there kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of saying is there kind of
+real heterogeneity in returns and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real heterogeneity in returns and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real heterogeneity in returns and as you
+saw from that before there's like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw from that before there's like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw from that before there's like a lot
+of heterogeneity returns and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heterogeneity returns and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heterogeneity returns and sort of
+thinking about can you measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about can you measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about can you measure that
+properly is really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly is really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly is really important
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so they said you know for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they said you know for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they said you know for a while
+kind of as I think uh as someone pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as I think uh as someone pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as I think uh as someone pointed
+out uh I remember with you Wesley uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh I remember with you Wesley uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh I remember with you Wesley uh
+basically like look the reason was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like look the reason was as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like look the reason was as
+follows you know we're profitable we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows you know we're profitable we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows you know we're profitable we're
+doing good you know why does anyone need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing good you know why does anyone need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing good you know why does anyone need
+to why do we need to evaluate our impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why do we need to evaluate our impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why do we need to evaluate our impact
+and that kind of reasoning was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of reasoning was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of reasoning was very
+powerful for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful for a while
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+you know and there are problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and there are problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and there are problems with
+this of course like number one is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course like number one is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course like number one is you
+know the you know maybe they're not they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the you know maybe they're not they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the you know maybe they're not they
+may not be doing quite as well as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be doing quite as well as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be doing quite as well as they
+think they are but number two is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they are but number two is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they are but number two is that
+you know as I think that Rick as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as I think that Rick as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as I think that Rick as you
+pointed out just because it the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out just because it the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out just because it the fact
+that people are borrowing from micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are borrowing from micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are borrowing from micro
+Finance organizations that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance organizations that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance organizations that means
+actually good for them right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good for them right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good for them right in
+particular we you know we have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we you know we have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we you know we have this this
+negative people that could lead to debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative people that could lead to debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative people that could lead to debt
+trap and so on so actually measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap and so on so actually measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap and so on so actually measuring
+kind of these outcomes is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these outcomes is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these outcomes is really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+um and by the way this is coming to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and by the way this is coming to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and by the way this is coming to like
+a a huge um this has really been a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a huge um this has really been a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a huge um this has really been a this
+question of sort of is this kind of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of sort of is this kind of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of sort of is this kind of good
+or bad has led to sort of major sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bad has led to sort of major sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bad has led to sort of major sort of
+policy debates for example it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy debates for example it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy debates for example it was a
+confrontation in under product in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation in under product in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation in under product in India
+between the state of AP and kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the state of AP and kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the state of AP and kind of the
+microfinance institutions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance institutions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance institutions where
+basically at some point the the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically at some point the the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically at some point the the state
+the state government said you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state government said you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state government said you know this
+is like a terrible idea and basically no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a terrible idea and basically no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a terrible idea and basically no
+answer pay all their microfinance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer pay all their microfinance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer pay all their microfinance uh
+loans and that whole sector kind of went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans and that whole sector kind of went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans and that whole sector kind of went
+Belly Up kind of in that state kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belly Up kind of in that state kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belly Up kind of in that state kind of
+overnight and actually I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight and actually I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight and actually I think um
+uh I believe Emily Brazen Cynthia can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I believe Emily Brazen Cynthia can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I believe Emily Brazen Cynthia can
+have a paper sort of studying kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a paper sort of studying kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a paper sort of studying kind of
+that incident kind of what what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incident kind of what what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incident kind of what what happened
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um there has been however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um there has been however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um there has been however
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a bunch of rcts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of rcts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of rcts
+um that that then after a while sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that then after a while sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that then after a while sort of
+tried to provide evidence on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to provide evidence on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to provide evidence on this and
+there was actually a special issue in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was actually a special issue in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was actually a special issue in a
+in the journal AJ applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the journal AJ applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the journal AJ applied
+um which put together sort of six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which put together sort of six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which put together sort of six of
+these uh studies uh from um India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh studies uh from um India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh studies uh from um India
+Ethiopia Mexico Mongolia Bosnia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethiopia Mexico Mongolia Bosnia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethiopia Mexico Mongolia Bosnia and
+Morocco kind of all in one place and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morocco kind of all in one place and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morocco kind of all in one place and try
+to sort of harmonize them so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of harmonize them so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of harmonize them so people
+could sort of see what they what they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of see what they what they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of see what they what they um
+what they what they meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what they meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what they meant
+um and they and they basically had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they and they basically had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they and they basically had uh
+two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+um designs so one was this place-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um designs so one was this place-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um designs so one was this place-based
+randomization and that kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization and that kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization and that kind of the
+advantage of that one is to try to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of that one is to try to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of that one is to try to deal
+with some of these spillovers the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of these spillovers the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of these spillovers the idea
+is we're going to sort of say like look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to sort of say like look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to sort of say like look
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know the microfinance organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the microfinance organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the microfinance organization
+says we're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we're going to think about
+expanding to a bunch of places we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding to a bunch of places we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding to a bunch of places we're
+going to um we're gonna pick more places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um we're gonna pick more places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um we're gonna pick more places
+than we're actually gonna expand to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we're actually gonna expand to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we're actually gonna expand to and
+we'll randomize them maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll randomize them maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll randomize them maybe we'll
+randomize the order of rollout for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize the order of rollout for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize the order of rollout for
+example that's actually a pretty common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that's actually a pretty common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that's actually a pretty common
+one to say look you pick the places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to say look you pick the places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to say look you pick the places
+you're gonna go uh you can't open them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna go uh you can't open them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna go uh you can't open them
+all at once and we'll just randomize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at once and we'll just randomize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at once and we'll just randomize the
+order of rule out that's actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of rule out that's actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of rule out that's actually a very
+nice design that sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice design that sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice design that sort of um
+gives them some some flexibility of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them some some flexibility of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them some some flexibility of so
+you know control over kind of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know control over kind of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know control over kind of where
+they're going works with their business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going works with their business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going works with their business
+plans and sort of operates on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and sort of operates on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and sort of operates on this
+Dimension they're indifferent between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension they're indifferent between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension they're indifferent between
+which is sort of the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of the order
+um another one I sort of this idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another one I sort of this idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another one I sort of this idea is
+sort of like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like um
+uh randomization kind of on the bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh randomization kind of on the bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh randomization kind of on the bubble
+so the idea here is that basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here is that basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here is that basically the
+mfi scores applicants in terms of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mfi scores applicants in terms of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mfi scores applicants in terms of how
+excited they are to lend to them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited they are to lend to them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited they are to lend to them you
+know and then rather than you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then rather than you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then rather than you could just
+have an RD like on some cutoff one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an RD like on some cutoff one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an RD like on some cutoff one other
+thing you could do is say look the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could do is say look the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could do is say look the ones
+that are really awesome you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really awesome you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really awesome you know you
+lend to the ones you're not really off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend to the ones you're not really off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend to the ones you're not really off
+that are really terrible you don't lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really terrible you don't lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really terrible you don't lend
+do the ones in the kind of in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the ones in the kind of in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the ones in the kind of in the middle
+then maybe we'll randomize and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe we'll randomize and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe we'll randomize and they also
+can be because they're roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be because they're roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be because they're roughly
+indifferent they can sort of be open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent they can sort of be open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent they can sort of be open to
+that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too
+I think both of these are sort of useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think both of these are sort of useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think both of these are sort of useful
+by the way as you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way as you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way as you're thinking about
+experimental design because both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design because both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design because both of
+these are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know one kind of problem you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one kind of problem you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one kind of problem you have
+when you're often designing experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're often designing experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're often designing experiments
+is you know you would like to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know you would like to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know you would like to sort of
+randomize over an entire population the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize over an entire population the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize over an entire population the
+person you're dealing with is like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you're dealing with is like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you're dealing with is like no
+way am I going to do that because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way am I going to do that because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way am I going to do that because like
+that would involve making a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would involve making a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would involve making a bunch of
+like really stupid loans or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really stupid loans or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really stupid loans or you know
+real foregoing a bunch of really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real foregoing a bunch of really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real foregoing a bunch of really great
+loans you know both of these have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans you know both of these have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans you know both of these have this
+um both of these designs have the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um both of these designs have the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um both of these designs have the um the
+the feature that you're sort of you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature that you're sort of you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature that you're sort of you're
+exploiting the fact that sort of they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting the fact that sort of they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting the fact that sort of they're
+you're figuring out what they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're figuring out what they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're figuring out what they're kind of
+roughly indifferent on and sort of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly indifferent on and sort of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly indifferent on and sort of doing
+that and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and um
+you should be aware of that in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be aware of that in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be aware of that in general
+if you're ever sort of in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ever sort of in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ever sort of in the world
+trying to negotiate kind of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to negotiate kind of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to negotiate kind of what a
+possible randomization is is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible randomization is is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible randomization is is you know
+just because you wanted to run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you wanted to run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you wanted to run a
+randomized experiment does not mean your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment does not mean your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment does not mean your
+partner has to give up all control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner has to give up all control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner has to give up all control
+whatsoever you know they can say yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever you know they can say yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever you know they can say yes you
+want to do it here no we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it here no we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it here no we don't want to
+do it over there where are you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it over there where are you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it over there where are you kind of
+the key sort of where are you roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key sort of where are you roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key sort of where are you roughly
+indifferent in terms of either place or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent in terms of either place or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent in terms of either place or
+time or something and maybe we can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or something and maybe we can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or something and maybe we can sort
+of randomize that and that's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomize that and that's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomize that and that's certainly
+an approach that I've I've found some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approach that I've I've found some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approach that I've I've found some
+success with as well in very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success with as well in very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success with as well in very different
+contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+another thing that's really important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that's really important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that's really important is
+uh is take-up rates are not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is take-up rates are not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is take-up rates are not really
+enormous so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous so that's
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+not surprising when you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprising when you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprising when you think about it
+like if I came to your you know Town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I came to your you know Town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I came to your you know Town
+wherever you guys uh you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you guys uh you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you guys uh you know or
+wherever you guys are from and said hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you guys are from and said hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you guys are from and said hey
+I'm opening a new bank I'm opening loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm opening a new bank I'm opening loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm opening a new bank I'm opening loans
+to start a business like what fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start a business like what fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start a business like what fraction
+of people in your town do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in your town do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in your town do you think
+would be like Oh I'm really excited I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like Oh I'm really excited I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like Oh I'm really excited I'm
+gonna take up this loan right some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take up this loan right some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take up this loan right some
+people would but not but it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would but not but it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would but not but it's not going
+to be like everybody right it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like everybody right it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like everybody right it's gonna
+you know and in fact the take-up rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and in fact the take-up rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and in fact the take-up rates
+look more like 10 which actually I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more like 10 which actually I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more like 10 which actually I think
+pretty big when you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big when you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big when you think about it
+um right but but small is a fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right but but small is a fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right but but small is a fraction of
+kind of the overall population so why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the overall population so why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the overall population so why is
+that sort of an issue for for for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of an issue for for for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of an issue for for for these
+designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we just can be very hard to have power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just can be very hard to have power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just can be very hard to have power
+to do that so yes that's true we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so yes that's true we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so yes that's true we don't
+have a power packaging but how is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a power packaging but how is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a power packaging but how is this
+for the overall impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the overall impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the overall impact
+why is this a problem for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this a problem for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this a problem for just
+estimating the overall impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Patrick my self-select if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Patrick my self-select if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Patrick my self-select if they
+believe we would have a bigger any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we would have a bigger any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we would have a bigger any time
+so you're going to get self-selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to get self-selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to get self-selection
+that's true but that's okay you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but that's okay you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but that's okay you're gonna
+get the Rel you're going to get sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Rel you're going to get sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Rel you're going to get sort of
+the impact on the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact on the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact on the people who are
+interested in being treated it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in being treated it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in being treated it's kind of
+it's irrelevant late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so realize what so say more about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so realize what so say more about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so realize what so say more about it
+I have really low take up even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have really low take up even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have really low take up even
+who are like the treatment is like being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are like the treatment is like being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are like the treatment is like being
+induced or given the option to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced or given the option to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced or given the option to use it
+then you need to do some sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i.easure that effect yeah and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.easure that effect yeah and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.easure that effect yeah and that's
+going to be like you're gonna lose a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like you're gonna lose a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like you're gonna lose a lot
+of power yes exactly right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power yes exactly right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power yes exactly right so that's
+exactly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's a great question so why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a great question so why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a great question so why is
+this a problem why is power a concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a problem why is power a concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a problem why is power a concern
+okay now I have to do the like which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I have to do the like which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I have to do the like which
+class did I explain this to I did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class did I explain this to I did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class did I explain this to I did not
+explain this in this class yet right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this in this class yet right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this in this class yet right
+that was in the other class right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the other class right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the other class right okay
+good all right I did it in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right I did it in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right I did it in this class
+right okay good then you should know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay good then you should know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay good then you should know the
+answer so why is it a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so why is it a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so why is it a problem
+I can never remember which classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can never remember which classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can never remember which classic
+teaching students the pickup is only 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching students the pickup is only 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching students the pickup is only 10
+because it seems like your products are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like your products are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like your products are
+also not like are only being applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not like are only being applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not like are only being applied to
+ten percent so you can just expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten percent so you can just expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten percent so you can just expand the
+program give your costs a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program give your costs a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program give your costs a lower
+right so you're right the so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're right the so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're right the so so that's
+the question why would I wrap so so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question why would I wrap so so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question why would I wrap so so okay
+so if I already went through this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I already went through this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I already went through this we can
+ask the question again why would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question again why would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question again why would I
+rather have uh 100 take up on like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have uh 100 take up on like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have uh 100 take up on like a
+sample of size 100 or a 10 sample take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of size 100 or a 10 sample take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of size 100 or a 10 sample take
+up on a sample size a thousand like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on a sample size a thousand like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on a sample size a thousand like
+which is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is better
+I mean yeah I do get the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean yeah I do get the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean yeah I do get the same the
+smaller set for the hiring table will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller set for the hiring table will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller set for the hiring table will be
+better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but
+you would partially address that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would partially address that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would partially address that with
+like a bigger sample right but no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bigger sample right but no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bigger sample right but no that's
+the whole point like so that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point like so that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point like so that you have to
+have a much bigger problem so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much bigger problem so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much bigger problem so that's the
+whole point of the the the calculation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point of the the the calculation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point of the the the calculation I
+went through before is that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through before is that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through before is that in order to
+sort of get like uh you know a take-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of get like uh you know a take-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of get like uh you know a take-up
+of a hundred percent on size uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hundred percent on size uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hundred percent on size uh a
+hundred percent on uh size 100 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent on uh size 100 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent on uh size 100 is equal
+to I think 10 on size 10 000.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I think 10 on size 10 000.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I think 10 on size 10 000.
+right not on size a thousand that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not on size a thousand that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not on size a thousand that's the
+point because the square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because the square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because the square root of n
+issues you have to go like in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues you have to go like in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues you have to go like in order to
+sort of deal with low take up you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of deal with low take up you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of deal with low take up you have
+different really really big sample size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different really really big sample size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different really really big sample size
+because of this sort of this this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this sort of this this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this sort of this this point
+of a sort of the square root of n that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sort of the square root of n that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sort of the square root of n that
+was the which I did explain in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the which I did explain in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the which I did explain in this
+class yes okay right so that's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class yes okay right so that's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class yes okay right so that's the point
+so the the fact that the first date is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the fact that the first date is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the fact that the first date is
+really low means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low means that the
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+the it can be hard to sort of pickle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it can be hard to sort of pickle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it can be hard to sort of pickle
+effects so what's the what's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so what's the what's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so what's the what's the right
+solution to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you you want to do by the way so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you want to do by the way so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you want to do by the way so you
+want to do a cluster randomized design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a cluster randomized design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a cluster randomized design
+for the reasons we talked about you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reasons we talked about you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reasons we talked about you have
+to do spillovers so how do you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do spillovers so how do you do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do spillovers so how do you do with
+this issue yeah probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue yeah probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue yeah probably
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in different Villages or even like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different Villages or even like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different Villages or even like
+within the same Village first figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the same Village first figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the same Village first figure out
+like who would be interested in getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who would be interested in getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who would be interested in getting
+a loan and then randomize who you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loan and then randomize who you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loan and then randomize who you give
+them to well you don't want to randomize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to well you don't want to randomize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to well you don't want to randomize
+who you give the loan to because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you give the loan to because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you give the loan to because that
+would have the general equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the general equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the general equilibrium
+problems we were talking about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry say something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Brad and I said that do exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brad and I said that do exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brad and I said that do exactly what
+talented Village exactly so that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented Village exactly so that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented Village exactly so that right
+so therefore what you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore what you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore what you have to do
+is you have to get Baseline data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have to get Baseline data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have to get Baseline data for
+everybody figure out their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody figure out their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody figure out their
+characteristics that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that are going to
+predict take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict take up
+then you randomize at the Village level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you randomize at the Village level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you randomize at the Village level
+in order to sort of deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to sort of deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to sort of deal with the
+general equilibrium issues but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general equilibrium issues but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general equilibrium issues but you're
+going to sort of look at the impact for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of look at the impact for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of look at the impact for
+people who are like likely to take up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are like likely to take up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are like likely to take up so
+you can predict take-up from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can predict take-up from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can predict take-up from your
+Baseline survey and you know while ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline survey and you know while ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline survey and you know while ten
+percent it may be only 10 in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent it may be only 10 in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent it may be only 10 in general
+maybe if you ask a question of like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you ask a question of like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you ask a question of like if
+someone were to offer you a low would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone were to offer you a low would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone were to offer you a low would
+you take it maybe you can sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it maybe you can sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it maybe you can sort of get
+you know 50 or 80 take up on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 50 or 80 take up on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 50 or 80 take up on that
+subsample and that's that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsample and that's that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsample and that's that's that's the
+strategy and how you have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and how you have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and how you have to deal with
+that issue is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue is that clear
+I I don't think I understand so the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't think I understand so the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't think I understand so the key
+Point here is that it's 10 on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is that it's 10 on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is that it's 10 on average
+okay but what I want to do is make an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what I want to do is make an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what I want to do is make an x
+anti-restriction on my sample such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-restriction on my sample such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-restriction on my sample such that
+the take-up rate which I can do equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the take-up rate which I can do equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the take-up rate which I can do equally
+in the treatment and control areas such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the treatment and control areas such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the treatment and control areas such
+that on that restricted sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on that restricted sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on that restricted sample the
+take-up rate is really high so imagine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-up rate is really high so imagine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-up rate is really high so imagine I
+do a baseline survey and I ask you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a baseline survey and I ask you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a baseline survey and I ask you you
+know suppose a microfi institution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose a microfi institution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose a microfi institution was
+to come into this town would you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come into this town would you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come into this town would you buy
+would you take out a loan right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you take out a loan right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you take out a loan right so
+people who say yes to that question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who say yes to that question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who say yes to that question the
+probability of take up is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of take up is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of take up is going to be
+conditional and offering it is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional and offering it is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional and offering it is going to
+be like I don't know 80 or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like I don't know 80 or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like I don't know 80 or something
+right not 100 but 80 or something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not 100 but 80 or something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not 100 but 80 or something that
+high number so then what you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high number so then what you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high number so then what you can do is
+you can you run that survey at Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you run that survey at Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you run that survey at Baseline
+and treatment and control areas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and treatment and control areas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and treatment and control areas you
+restrict your analysis then to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict your analysis then to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict your analysis then to people
+who are in that like high predicted take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in that like high predicted take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in that like high predicted take
+up category and then put in the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up category and then put in the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up category and then put in the control
+group so you're you're doing it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so you're you're doing it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so you're you're doing it on a
+baseline question so you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline question so you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline question so you're doing the
+same restriction and treatment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same restriction and treatment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same restriction and treatment and
+control areas but you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control areas but you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control areas but you're going to have
+high take up on that sort of on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high take up on that sort of on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high take up on that sort of on that
+subsample but you're still just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsample but you're still just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsample but you're still just
+randomizing it though you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing it though you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing it though you still
+randomized The Village level but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized The Village level but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized The Village level but you
+you're able to run your analysis on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to run your analysis on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to run your analysis on the
+people for whom you expect predict to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for whom you expect predict to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for whom you expect predict to
+take up to be really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up to be really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up to be really high
+is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear
+so that's kind of what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of what they do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what they find is they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they find is they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they find is they find
+basically they find in general sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they find in general sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they find in general sort of
+summing up across all these things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up across all these things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up across all these things I
+would say they find on average not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say they find on average not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say they find on average not much
+on consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on consumption
+um but they do find some heterogeneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they do find some heterogeneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they do find some heterogeneity
+of impacts and those are sort of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of impacts and those are sort of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of impacts and those are sort of focus
+on people who have existing businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people who have existing businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people who have existing businesses
+and I think at some level that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think at some level that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think at some level that's not
+that should not be surprising like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should not be surprising like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should not be surprising like what
+is this this was actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this was actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this was actually kind of
+surprising at the time because everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising at the time because everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising at the time because everyone
+thought this thing would like radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this thing would like radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this thing would like radically
+transform poverty it doesn't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform poverty it doesn't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform poverty it doesn't do that
+what it does is it sort of like gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it sort of like gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it sort of like gives
+Capital to people who have like high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital to people who have like high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital to people who have like high
+marginal returns capital and like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal returns capital and like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal returns capital and like those
+particular individuals can like grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular individuals can like grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular individuals can like grow
+their business and that's sort of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business and that's sort of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business and that's sort of people
+who have existing businesses may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have existing businesses may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have existing businesses may be the
+ones for whom kind of the capital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones for whom kind of the capital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones for whom kind of the capital is
+going to sort of be most useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of be most useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of be most useful
+um and so that's kind of I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's kind of I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's kind of I think a
+summary of sort of some of the impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of sort of some of the impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of sort of some of the impacts
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um one thing in particular I'll note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one thing in particular I'll note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one thing in particular I'll note is
+there was a meta-analysis by uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a meta-analysis by uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a meta-analysis by uh by
+meager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meager
+um who's also a student here uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who's also a student here uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who's also a student here uh which
+came out a few years later and AJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out a few years later and AJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out a few years later and AJ
+applied and she basically said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied and she basically said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied and she basically said look
+there are seven different studies how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are seven different studies how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are seven different studies how
+can we sort of say something about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we sort of say something about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we sort of say something about how
+similar or different they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar or different they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar or different they are
+and the the thing she wants to Grapple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the thing she wants to Grapple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the thing she wants to Grapple
+with is that basically there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is that basically there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is that basically there are
+um differences You observe across sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um differences You observe across sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um differences You observe across sites
+or those due to sort of a combat those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or those due to sort of a combat those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or those due to sort of a combat those
+are you I see some differences those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you I see some differences those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you I see some differences those are
+due to a combination of just sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to a combination of just sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to a combination of just sampling
+noise right like if I have a samp you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise right like if I have a samp you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise right like if I have a samp you
+know that's regular standard errors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's regular standard errors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's regular standard errors or
+it could be that we're they're drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that we're they're drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that we're they're drawn
+from different distributions like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different distributions like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different distributions like maybe
+like the the thing really works great in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the thing really works great in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the thing really works great in
+Indonesia and it works really terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia and it works really terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia and it works really terribly
+in India or vice versa or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India or vice versa or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India or vice versa or whatever
+um let me actually I think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me actually I think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me actually I think in the
+interest of time I think I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of time I think I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of time I think I'm not going
+to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+through this in a lot of detail but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this in a lot of detail but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this in a lot of detail but let
+me just basically say she has a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just basically say she has a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just basically say she has a sort of
+a like a hierarchical kind of Bayesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like a hierarchical kind of Bayesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like a hierarchical kind of Bayesian
+framework for thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for thinking about this
+yeah let me actually not go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me actually not go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me actually not go through this
+in detail but let me just note that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail but let me just note that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail but let me just note that if
+you're interested in this in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in this in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in this in these
+issues of how do you sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of how do you sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of how do you sort of like
+combine across places you should go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine across places you should go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine across places you should go you
+should have a look at her paper which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a look at her paper which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a look at her paper which
+sort of helps you think through sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of helps you think through sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of helps you think through sort of
+how do we how do we think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we how do we think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we how do we think about this
+stuff so let me let me um let me not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so let me let me um let me not go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so let me let me um let me not go
+through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in a lot of detail that basically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of detail that basically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of detail that basically they
+sort of show kind of not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of show kind of not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of show kind of not much
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+not not massive kind of average impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not massive kind of average impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not massive kind of average impacts
+um but there are I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there are I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there are I think
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger impacts in general across these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger impacts in general across these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger impacts in general across these
+various studies uh for people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various studies uh for people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various studies uh for people who have
+prior businesses which is sort of was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior businesses which is sort of was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior businesses which is sort of was
+shown here that sort of the blue graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here that sort of the blue graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here that sort of the blue graph
+is kind of the ones with people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the ones with people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the ones with people who
+don't have prior businesses and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have prior businesses and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have prior businesses and in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+um you know the the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the the distribution of
+outcomes look look shifted better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes look look shifted better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes look look shifted better for
+people who had who had prior businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had who had prior businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had who had prior businesses
+which are sort of consistent with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are sort of consistent with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are sort of consistent with what
+we thought before that basically this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought before that basically this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought before that basically this is
+sort of like providing more impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like providing more impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like providing more impacts
+people who have businesses yeah um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have businesses yeah um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have businesses yeah um just
+a quick question for like framing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick question for like framing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick question for like framing like
+what is the size of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the size of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the size of like the
+microfinance loan in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance loan in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance loan in general
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh I don't know the actual numbers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know the actual numbers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know the actual numbers like
+examples I would give anywhere from 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I would give anywhere from 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I would give anywhere from 50
+100 500 to up to a thousand dollars I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 500 to up to a thousand dollars I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 500 to up to a thousand dollars I
+would say in that ballpark they may go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in that ballpark they may go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in that ballpark they may go
+higher than that but sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than that but sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than that but sort of you know
+those are sort of typical I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are sort of typical I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are sort of typical I think the
+example you guys read in the Sandpiper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you guys read in the Sandpiper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you guys read in the Sandpiper
+was like 100 those were those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like 100 those were those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like 100 those were those were
+grants not loads it was like 100 bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants not loads it was like 100 bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants not loads it was like 100 bucks
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um so I think like you know that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think like you know that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think like you know that and and
+those are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not
+uh atypical amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh atypical amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh atypical amounts
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so you know in general I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know in general I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know in general I would say
+you know what all those impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what all those impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what all those impact
+evaluations sort of showed was that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations sort of showed was that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations sort of showed was that for
+the average borrower in the sample it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average borrower in the sample it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average borrower in the sample it
+didn't do very much but um there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do very much but um there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do very much but um there were
+two important caveats number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two important caveats number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two important caveats number one
+um you know those were the the samp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know those were the the samp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know those were the the samp
+there may be a sample selection here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a sample selection here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a sample selection here
+like if you think about the designs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you think about the designs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you think about the designs I
+talked about most of them were selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about most of them were selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about most of them were selecting
+on kind of more marginal cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on kind of more marginal cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on kind of more marginal cases where
+sort of the bank was indifferent either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the bank was indifferent either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the bank was indifferent either
+people or places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or places
+um and number two there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and number two there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and number two there was a
+substantial heterogeneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial heterogeneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial heterogeneity
+so that kind of leads us to the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that kind of leads us to the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that kind of leads us to the paper
+that you guys read which is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys read which is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys read which is if
+heterogeneity is important kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity is important kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity is important kind of what
+else is breaking returns do people sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is breaking returns do people sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is breaking returns do people sort
+of know kind of what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know kind of what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know kind of what's going on here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that leads us to this paper by uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that leads us to this paper by uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that leads us to this paper by uh by
+Hassan Regal and Roth that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hassan Regal and Roth that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hassan Regal and Roth that you guys
+um read for today so just to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um read for today so just to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um read for today so just to make sure
+everyone just remind everyone what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone just remind everyone what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone just remind everyone what this
+paper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper was
+This was um these I actually were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was um these I actually were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was um these I actually were these
+were all graduate students actually here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all graduate students actually here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all graduate students actually here
+who when they were sort of uh working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who when they were sort of uh working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who when they were sort of uh working on
+this project as some of you at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project as some of you at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project as some of you at least
+some of you picked up in in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you picked up in in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you picked up in in your in your
+reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading
+um so uh so what um uh reshma nataya and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh so what um uh reshma nataya and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh so what um uh reshma nataya and
+Ben did is they they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben did is they they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben did is they they um
+and I should say by the way one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should say by the way one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should say by the way one thing I
+think was kind of interesting is just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was kind of interesting is just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was kind of interesting is just as
+sort of a like kind of how how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a like kind of how how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a like kind of how how this
+paper came about in some sense that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper came about in some sense that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper came about in some sense that this
+paper I think Builds on the targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I think Builds on the targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I think Builds on the targeting
+paper that that sort of I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that that sort of I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that that sort of I talked about
+like three or four lectures ago and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three or four lectures ago and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three or four lectures ago and that
+we sort of said look and they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of said look and they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of said look and they sort of
+said look there's local there's clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look there's local there's clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look there's local there's clearly
+local information for poverty targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local information for poverty targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local information for poverty targeting
+that's about but that's kind of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about but that's kind of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about but that's kind of about
+the level of people's income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of people's income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of people's income
+but maybe if people know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe if people know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe if people know something about
+the level of people's income they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of people's income they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of people's income they also
+know something about their marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about their marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about their marginal
+returns and that's sort of it's a harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and that's sort of it's a harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and that's sort of it's a harder
+problem it's much easier to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's much easier to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's much easier to know about
+the level than about the returns because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level than about the returns because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level than about the returns because
+the level I can just sort of look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level I can just sort of look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level I can just sort of look at the
+returns is like a counter factual but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns is like a counter factual but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns is like a counter factual but in
+some sense I think part of their idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense I think part of their idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense I think part of their idea is
+sort of saying well look you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying well look you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying well look you know we're
+interested in microfinance but can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in microfinance but can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in microfinance but can we
+take these ideas from this other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these ideas from this other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these ideas from this other kind of
+setting and sort of adapt them here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and sort of adapt them here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and sort of adapt them here and
+so it's also I think kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also I think kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also I think kind of an
+interesting example of sort of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example of sort of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example of sort of how you
+know there can be intellectual Arbitrage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there can be intellectual Arbitrage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there can be intellectual Arbitrage
+from sort of one one field to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sort of one one field to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sort of one one field to another
+field I think I do having been here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I think I do having been here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I think I do having been here
+through this process I think that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this process I think that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this process I think that was
+kind of partially kind of how the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of partially kind of how the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of partially kind of how the how
+that sort of uh came about which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of uh came about which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of uh came about which I think
+is sort of really interesting and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of really interesting and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of really interesting and I
+think you know can maybe be deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know can maybe be deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know can maybe be deep
+relevant guidance for for all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant guidance for for all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant guidance for for all of you
+so okay so what do they do so they asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so what do they do so they asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so what do they do so they asked
+entrepreneurs in in Perry Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs in in Perry Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs in in Perry Urban
+Maharashtra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maharashtra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maharashtra
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to uh to rank their peers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to rank their peers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to rank their peers
+uh groups of four to six people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh groups of four to six people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh groups of four to six people on
+metrics of business profitability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics of business profitability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics of business profitability and
+growth potential okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth potential okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth potential okay
+and um and then they randomly distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and then they randomly distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and then they randomly distribute
+cash grants of 100 to a third of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash grants of 100 to a third of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash grants of 100 to a third of these
+entrepreneurs to measure their actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs to measure their actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs to measure their actual
+productivity okay so so why is so so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity okay so so why is so so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity okay so so why is so so why
+is it important to randomly assign this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it important to randomly assign this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it important to randomly assign this
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why do they need this step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do they need this step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do they need this step of
+randomly assigning the cash grants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like why are they just like doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why are they just like doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why are they just like doing this
+and sort of looking at sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of looking at sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of looking at sort of like
+whether you can predict business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can predict business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can predict business
+profitability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah exactly because they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly because they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly because they're trying to
+pick returns not levels right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick returns not levels right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick returns not levels right they're
+trying to predict what is the return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to predict what is the return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to predict what is the return to
+giving you right an extra hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you right an extra hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you right an extra hundred
+dollars not what is your average right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars not what is your average right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars not what is your average right
+so they're trying just to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're trying just to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're trying just to be clear
+they're trying and this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying and this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying and this is an example
+we're sort of thinking kind of precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of thinking kind of precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of thinking kind of precisely
+what theory is important their goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theory is important their goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theory is important their goal is
+to predict F Prime of K not F of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict F Prime of K not F of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict F Prime of K not F of K
+right so if they were if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if they were if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if they were if they were
+interested in sort of just predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sort of just predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sort of just predicting
+kind of the level that would be but F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the level that would be but F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the level that would be but F
+okay but they want to say well what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they want to say well what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they want to say well what's
+the what's the return so to do that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the return so to do that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the return so to do that they
+need to sort of predict this thing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sort of predict this thing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sort of predict this thing at
+Baseline get this information at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline get this information at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline get this information at
+Baseline randomly shock some people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline randomly shock some people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline randomly shock some people with
+a hundred dollars and then sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred dollars and then sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred dollars and then sort of say
+what is the treatment effect of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the treatment effect of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the treatment effect of you know
+a hundred dollars heterogeneous and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred dollars heterogeneous and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred dollars heterogeneous and how
+does that very heterogeneously based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that very heterogeneously based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that very heterogeneously based on
+sort of this information at Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this information at Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this information at Baseline
+okay question do you think it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay question do you think it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay question do you think it's better
+to do a loan or a grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they do a grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do you think they may have done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think they may have done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think they may have done a
+grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+'s easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s easier
+yes that's exactly why so they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's exactly why so they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's exactly why so they wanted to
+do a loan so like actually so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a loan so like actually so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a loan so like actually so this is
+not a case where like it was like X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a case where like it was like X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a case where like it was like X
+anti-op the optimal thing to do like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-op the optimal thing to do like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-op the optimal thing to do like I
+could I can also having having I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I can also having having I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I can also having having I guess
+you know been there through this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know been there through this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know been there through this process
+um their first idea was we should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their first idea was we should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their first idea was we should do
+loans and sort of see what's the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans and sort of see what's the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans and sort of see what's the return
+to a loan and they you know spent a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a loan and they you know spent a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a loan and they you know spent a long
+time negotiating with multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time negotiating with multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time negotiating with multiple
+microfinance lenders over a period of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance lenders over a period of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance lenders over a period of a
+long time uh and in the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time uh and in the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time uh and in the end of the day
+couldn't you know find a microfinance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you know find a microfinance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you know find a microfinance
+lender who was willing to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender who was willing to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender who was willing to sort of
+randomly assign loans in this content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assign loans in this content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assign loans in this content
+Theory when you do it but they said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory when you do it but they said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory when you do it but they said oh
+actually maybe the second best thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe the second best thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe the second best thing is
+we can do grants and that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do grants and that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do grants and that's actually
+still pretty good because we can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty good because we can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty good because we can still
+get thing we want which is f Prime of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get thing we want which is f Prime of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get thing we want which is f Prime of K
+like so so we can get F Prime of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so so we can get F Prime of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so so we can get F Prime of K
+directly rather than F Prime of K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly rather than F Prime of K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly rather than F Prime of K minus
+K right that was still kind of relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right that was still kind of relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right that was still kind of relevant
+you know both interesting parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know both interesting parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know both interesting parameters and
+this one we can just if we can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one we can just if we can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one we can just if we can you know
+raise enough money to give out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise enough money to give out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise enough money to give out the
+hundred dollars like we can just do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars like we can just do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars like we can just do this
+ourselves and so I mentioned that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and so I mentioned that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and so I mentioned that also
+because I think that was also a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that was also a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that was also a nice
+kind of like you know they had this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like you know they had this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like you know they had this idea
+and they wanted to like do it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they wanted to like do it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they wanted to like do it and the
+first idea was they should do loans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first idea was they should do loans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first idea was they should do loans and
+they they tried and they worked with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they tried and they worked with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they tried and they worked with a
+bunch of microfinance lenders there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of microfinance lenders there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of microfinance lenders there's a
+whole process but then they were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process but then they were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process but then they were sort of
+uh adaptable enough to say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adaptable enough to say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adaptable enough to say well you know
+that thing isn't going to actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing isn't going to actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing isn't going to actually work
+in the in reality can we find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in reality can we find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in reality can we find a way to
+answer the same question that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the same question that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the same question that doesn't
+rely on us convincing partner do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on us convincing partner do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on us convincing partner do
+something they wouldn't want to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they wouldn't want to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they wouldn't want to do and
+that's how they ended up on Grant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they ended up on Grant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they ended up on Grant so
+actually the grants are totally fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the grants are totally fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the grants are totally fine
+um and uh and was sort of a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and was sort of a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and was sort of a a good
+example of adaptability uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of adaptability uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of adaptability uh sort of
+getting there uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+my plan as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my plan as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my plan as well
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+what does someone else think do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does someone else think do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does someone else think do we think
+Lonesome grass can be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lonesome grass can be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lonesome grass can be different
+I would think maybe the loan has more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would think maybe the loan has more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would think maybe the loan has more of
+an impacting Capital huh maybe the loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impacting Capital huh maybe the loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impacting Capital huh maybe the loan
+has more of an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more of an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more of an impact
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+because why you have an incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why you have an incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why you have an incentive
+yeah so I think that because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think that because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think that because you have to
+you have to pay it back yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay it back yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay it back yeah so
+um you might think yeah so I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might think yeah so I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might think yeah so I think you
+sorry what would you say Wesley that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what would you say Wesley that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what would you say Wesley that was
+precise yeah so you might think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise yeah so you might think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise yeah so you might think they're
+going to be different let's see I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different let's see I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different let's see I think
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so going back to the theory we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to the theory we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to the theory we talked
+about last time would there be like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time would there be like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time would there be like what
+were the differences there be so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the differences there be so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the differences there be so if
+they're yeah Rebecca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're yeah Rebecca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're yeah Rebecca
+um I guess also the stream of returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess also the stream of returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess also the stream of returns
+that you get and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get and the time
+yes so the the timing of the returns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the the timing of the returns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the the timing of the returns are
+going to be important and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important and we're going to
+talk about that in one of the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in one of the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in one of the papers
+that hopefully I'll get to later today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hopefully I'll get to later today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hopefully I'll get to later today
+which is sort of like the microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of like the microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of like the microphone
+like you have to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to make sure that the
+if it's a loan and you have to pay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a loan and you have to pay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a loan and you have to pay it
+back you have to make sure it it Returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you have to make sure it it Returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you have to make sure it it Returns
+the money in time for you to pay back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money in time for you to pay back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money in time for you to pay back
+the loan and so that actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loan and so that actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loan and so that actually that
+question of sort of the timing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of sort of the timing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of sort of the timing of
+repayment can actually distort kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repayment can actually distort kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repayment can actually distort kind of
+your investment choices so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your investment choices so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your investment choices so that's
+important yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important yeah
+um what else I don't see exactly how but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what else I don't see exactly how but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what else I don't see exactly how but
+I feel like it would change your risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like it would change your risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like it would change your risk
+your choice of diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice of diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice of diagnosis
+why don't we then hold this thought till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we then hold this thought till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we then hold this thought till
+we get to the paper about Grace periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the paper about Grace periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the paper about Grace periods
+which is which is actually test this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is actually test this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is actually test this
+idea experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea experimentally
+yeah but also like not everyone would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but also like not everyone would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but also like not everyone would
+take up the line whereas everyone would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up the line whereas everyone would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up the line whereas everyone would
+take a cash right so if it was selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a cash right so if it was selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a cash right so if it was selection
+if you learn then you might see higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you learn then you might see higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you learn then you might see higher
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+yep yeah so that's right so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah so that's right so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah so that's right so you might
+find so everyone's going to want 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so everyone's going to want 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so everyone's going to want 100
+bucks like and uh and you're right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks like and uh and you're right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks like and uh and you're right like
+basically you might that may and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you might that may and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you might that may and that
+might change the results right it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change the results right it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change the results right it might
+be that actually like we what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that actually like we what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that actually like we what we're
+picking up here is who actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up here is who actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up here is who actually has a
+business and it sort of is Will has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and it sort of is Will has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and it sort of is Will has a
+profitable opportunity whereas everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable opportunity whereas everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable opportunity whereas everyone
+would take whereas so they may not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take whereas so they may not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take whereas so they may not have
+heterogeneity and returns of a loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and returns of a loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and returns of a loan
+because that selection of the loan might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that selection of the loan might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that selection of the loan might
+actually get you some of the selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get you some of the selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get you some of the selection
+of picking up yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I think it also depends on the degree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it also depends on the degree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it also depends on the degree to
+which the loan has like limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the loan has like limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the loan has like limited
+liability or not so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability or not so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability or not so if you think about
+kind of the model from before right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the model from before right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the model from before right in
+the model from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model from before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model from before
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If you're sort of fully yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're sort of fully yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're sort of fully yeah
+sorry that's okay is it right to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's okay is it right to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's okay is it right to say
+that if you're able to properly estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're able to properly estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're able to properly estimate
+like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+Hazard rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hazard rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hazard rate
+be like probability of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like probability of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like probability of something
+happening back and their beliefs about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening back and their beliefs about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening back and their beliefs about
+not only that that you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that that you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that that you should be able to
+just give them a grant that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give them a grant that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give them a grant that should
+reduce the same because like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the same because like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the same because like the
+difference no I think I think that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference no I think I think that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference no I think I think that I
+actually think the point I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think the point I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think the point I think you
+made actually about sort of the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made actually about sort of the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made actually about sort of the timing
+is relevant holding and holding like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relevant holding and holding like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relevant holding and holding like
+timing no because they may do different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing no because they may do different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing no because they may do different
+things with it that's the point like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with it that's the point like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with it that's the point like
+imagine I basically like like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I basically like like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I basically like like for
+example like we know that people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like we know that people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like we know that people like
+often borrow to go to school yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often borrow to go to school yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often borrow to go to school yeah right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that could be a perfectly reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a perfectly reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a perfectly reasonable
+thing to do with a loan but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do with a loan but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do with a loan but if you have
+like a 10-year repayment Horizon but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 10-year repayment Horizon but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 10-year repayment Horizon but if
+you have a one year payment Horizon like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a one year payment Horizon like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a one year payment Horizon like
+that would be a terrible thing to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a terrible thing to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a terrible thing to invest
+your invest your your thing on because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your invest your your thing on because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your invest your your thing on because
+you're not going to have any returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have any returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have any returns
+because you're still going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're still going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're still going to be in
+school sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school sure
+that like the payment arises like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the payment arises like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the payment arises like 10
+years and all of the things that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and all of the things that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and all of the things that people
+are investing in like they would presume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are investing in like they would presume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are investing in like they would presume
+that they were probably leaving back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were probably leaving back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were probably leaving back the
+money like before they would need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money like before they would need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money like before they would need to
+repay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repay
+um if on the limited liability Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if on the limited liability Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if on the limited liability Point
+couldn't you people agree to like give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you people agree to like give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you people agree to like give
+somebody a grant that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody a grant that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody a grant that would
+valued to them the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based on their personal belief about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their personal belief about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their personal belief about
+like the project working out in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the project working out in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the project working out in their
+I'm not sure I see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure I see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure I see how
+maybe I'm missing him but I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm missing him but I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm missing him but I don't I
+don't immediately see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't immediately see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't immediately see that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I want to talk about afterwards but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about afterwards but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about afterwards but I
+don't I don't quite see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't quite see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't quite see it
+um but okay so I think the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but okay so I think the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but okay so I think the answer is
+they're not quite the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not quite the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not quite the same
+um for some reason the people people may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for some reason the people people may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for some reason the people people may
+do different things with the loan if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do different things with the loan if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do different things with the loan if
+they think they have to pay it back for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think they have to pay it back for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think they have to pay it back for
+for either these timing reasons they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for either these timing reasons they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for either these timing reasons they may
+be they may be more if there's a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they may be more if there's a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they may be more if there's a risk
+aversion reasons right imagine you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion reasons right imagine you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion reasons right imagine you sort
+of like you know if you're if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know if you're if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know if you're if you have
+concave utility kind of you're worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave utility kind of you're worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave utility kind of you're worried
+about the bad state right so you may you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bad state right so you may you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bad state right so you may you
+know uh if you're if you're risk neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh if you're if you're risk neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh if you're if you're risk neutral
+maybe it doesn't make any difference but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it doesn't make any difference but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it doesn't make any difference but
+if you're risk averse then I might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're risk averse then I might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're risk averse then I might think
+of well if I have to pay this thing back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well if I have to pay this thing back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well if I have to pay this thing back
+in the bad state I'm going to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bad state I'm going to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bad state I'm going to be you
+know take take something that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take take something that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take take something that's more
+conservative where if I don't pay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative where if I don't pay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative where if I don't pay it
+back then I'm not so worried about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then I'm not so worried about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then I'm not so worried about the
+bad state so there are reasons they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad state so there are reasons they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad state so there are reasons they are
+different and the selection point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and the selection point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and the selection point I
+think caselo you also mentions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think caselo you also mentions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think caselo you also mentions are
+totally right there are reasons these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally right there are reasons these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally right there are reasons these
+things can be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can be different
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that's probably why they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's probably why they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's probably why they started
+with trying to do a loan uh if the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with trying to do a loan uh if the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with trying to do a loan uh if the whole
+point was just think about micro finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was just think about micro finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was just think about micro finance
+that was the first best but I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the first best but I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the first best but I still
+think there's a lot they can learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a lot they can learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a lot they can learn from
+the sort of from this which is why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of from this which is why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of from this which is why they
+sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so this is the
+so then the key regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the key regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the key regression
+that they're going to run is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to run is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to run is essentially
+this one so cash drop gets you marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so cash drop gets you marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so cash drop gets you marginal
+returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns
+predicting it's just how your sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting it's just how your sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting it's just how your sort of
+characteristics predict your outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics predict your outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics predict your outcomes
+and then the key thing is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the key thing is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the key thing is this
+interaction of kind of like predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of kind of like predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of kind of like predicted
+times cash drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cash drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cash drop
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they also want to sort of say is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also want to sort of say is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also want to sort of say is there
+kind of additional information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of additional information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of additional information
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh or does is this kind of like better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or does is this kind of like better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or does is this kind of like better
+than kind of the machine learning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than kind of the machine learning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than kind of the machine learning uh
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+okay so they also say let's predict your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they also say let's predict your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they also say let's predict your
+returns based on some machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns based on some machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns based on some machine learning
+approach they take an auxiliary sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach they take an auxiliary sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach they take an auxiliary sample
+uh you know some whatever some training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know some whatever some training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know some whatever some training
+sample like 20 or whatever they predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample like 20 or whatever they predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample like 20 or whatever they predict
+your returns your heterogeneous returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your returns your heterogeneous returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your returns your heterogeneous returns
+based on your X characteristics they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your X characteristics they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your X characteristics they
+then can take your machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can take your machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can take your machine learning
+prediction and sort of horse race that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and sort of horse race that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and sort of horse race that
+against kind of the the cash drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against kind of the the cash drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against kind of the the cash drop
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's two ways of running that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two ways of running that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two ways of running that
+regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression
+um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the way I would run that regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I would run that regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I would run that regression
+is uh is to basically sorry this got cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is to basically sorry this got cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is to basically sorry this got cut
+off I would sort of put them in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off I would sort of put them in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off I would sort of put them in the same
+sample right in the same regression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample right in the same regression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample right in the same regression and
+um see uh whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see uh whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see uh whether or not
+sorry that's the ml plus ml times cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's the ml plus ml times cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's the ml plus ml times cash
+drop times ml so I would say let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop times ml so I would say let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop times ml so I would say let's
+control for sort of this and say does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for sort of this and say does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for sort of this and say does
+this predicted thing have kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this predicted thing have kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this predicted thing have kind of
+additional this this local operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional this this local operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional this this local operations
+have additional kind of breakthrough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have additional kind of breakthrough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have additional kind of breakthrough
+power over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power over this
+they I think remember correctly do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I think remember correctly do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I think remember correctly do it
+two different ways they predict they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ways they predict they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ways they predict they
+predict the uh they do a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the uh they do a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the uh they do a different way
+they predict the uh heterogeneity either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they predict the uh heterogeneity either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they predict the uh heterogeneity either
+just with sort of the X characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with sort of the X characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with sort of the X characteristics
+or with the X characteristics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with the X characteristics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with the X characteristics and the
+sort of the the local information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the local information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the local information and
+sort of see which does better in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see which does better in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see which does better in kind of
+this regression so they run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regression so they run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regression so they run this
+regression where predicted is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression where predicted is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression where predicted is either
+predicted based on just the the Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted based on just the the Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted based on just the the Baseline
+characteristics or Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics or Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics or Baseline
+characteristics plus kind of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics plus kind of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics plus kind of these
+additional X variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional X variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional X variables
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know if you do I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you do I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you do I don't have
+opinions of those two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions of those two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions of those two different
+approaches yeah Aaron so there's one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches yeah Aaron so there's one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches yeah Aaron so there's one one
+question I had with this in the paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I had with this in the paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I had with this in the paper is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a typical microfinance institution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical microfinance institution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical microfinance institution in
+this setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setting
+are there agents also like embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there agents also like embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there agents also like embedded in
+the community I guess my my thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community I guess my my thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community I guess my my thought was
+maybe like observables and like this ml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like observables and like this ml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like observables and like this ml
+exercise is not necessarily development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise is not necessarily development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise is not necessarily development
+Benchmark but rather like what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark but rather like what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark but rather like what is it
+what are what are institutions doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what are institutions doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what are institutions doing in
+Sam's Club yeah I think that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam's Club yeah I think that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam's Club yeah I think that's a great
+point so I think it's certainly the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I think it's certainly the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I think it's certainly the case
+that like microphone like banks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like microphone like banks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like microphone like banks in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+have loan officers and their job is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have loan officers and their job is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have loan officers and their job is to
+like find out stuff about you right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like find out stuff about you right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like find out stuff about you right and
+they interview and they say do you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interview and they say do you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interview and they say do you look
+like you have like is this business plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have like is this business plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have like is this business plan
+like real or is it kind of like not real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like real or is it kind of like not real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like real or is it kind of like not real
+and like maybe that's better than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like maybe that's better than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like maybe that's better than their
+ml so I agree with you that would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ml so I agree with you that would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ml so I agree with you that would be an
+interesting thing to do would be to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to do would be to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to do would be to sort
+of get the banks to sort of do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get the banks to sort of do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get the banks to sort of do that you
+have to think about how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about how would you
+incentivize the banks to sort of do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize the banks to sort of do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize the banks to sort of do that
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+in an in a compatible way and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an in a compatible way and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an in a compatible way and actually
+really put effort into it but I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really put effort into it but I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really put effort into it but I agree
+that would be another interesting kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be another interesting kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be another interesting kind
+of Benchmark to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah right now wait so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you say can the community identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say can the community identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say can the community identify
+good entrepreneurs are you asking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good entrepreneurs are you asking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good entrepreneurs are you asking like
+like it seems almost like the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it seems almost like the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it seems almost like the comparison
+that you're doing with the ml is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're doing with the ml is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're doing with the ml is saying
+can is the community good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can is the community good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can is the community good at
+marginally identifying information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginally identifying information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginally identifying information
+Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond
+uh some baseline set of things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some baseline set of things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some baseline set of things that you
+would think would predict entrepreneurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think would predict entrepreneurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think would predict entrepreneurs
+that's what this approach that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this approach that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this approach that's that's
+what this question says yes it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this question says yes it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this question says yes it's not
+necessarily measuring whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily measuring whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily measuring whether the
+community is good it's like identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is good it's like identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is good it's like identifying
+with it yeah so that right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it yeah so that right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it yeah so that right so this is
+actually so I so when I was writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so I so when I was writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so I so when I was writing
+these slides I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides I like
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh challenge with having you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh challenge with having you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh challenge with having you know your
+advisor teacher paper later so I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor teacher paper later so I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor teacher paper later so I like
+emailed them and I was like why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emailed them and I was like why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emailed them and I was like why are you
+doing why are you doing it this way why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing why are you doing it this way why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing why are you doing it this way why
+did you do the other way so so um uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do the other way so so um uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do the other way so so um uh and
+the answer that that I got back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer that that I got back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer that that I got back from
+them was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was
+actually on exactly this point that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on exactly this point that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on exactly this point that this
+equation which I wrote down over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which I wrote down over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which I wrote down over here
+um sort of my Approach is a this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of my Approach is a this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of my Approach is a this is this
+equation uh basically says do they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh basically says do they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh basically says do they have
+kind of residual information so the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of residual information so the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of residual information so the test
+if I do it this way then when I when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do it this way then when I when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do it this way then when I when I
+run this regression what I get from beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this regression what I get from beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this regression what I get from beta
+3 is is there residual information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is is there residual information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is is there residual information that
+the community has that the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community has that the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community has that the machine
+learning approach doesn't know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning approach doesn't know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning approach doesn't know but
+doesn't really tell you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really tell you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really tell you kind of
+quantitatively like how much it is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively like how much it is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively like how much it is their
+approach that they're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that they're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that they're going to do this
+way I think tells you actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think tells you actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think tells you actually does
+actually sort of answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of answer that
+quantitative question and sort of says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative question and sort of says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative question and sort of says
+look how much better is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how much better is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how much better is sort of the
+overall targeting with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall targeting with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall targeting with this kind of
+combined approach of using all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined approach of using all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined approach of using all this
+information than if we just use the ml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than if we just use the ml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than if we just use the ml
+alone so they're answering slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone so they're answering slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone so they're answering slightly
+different questions I think that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions I think that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions I think that's what
+they went with this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that answer does that answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that answer does that answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that answer does that answer your
+question yes yes okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes yes okay other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes yes okay other
+so it's a slightly different question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a slightly different question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a slightly different question
+and that's the answer and and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the answer and and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the answer and and each
+regression they both have they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression they both have they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression they both have they're both
+kind of related and I think if one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of related and I think if one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of related and I think if one you
+know if you get one you're likely to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you get one you're likely to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you get one you're likely to get
+the other or not well not totally but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other or not well not totally but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other or not well not totally but I
+think that that's kind of why they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that's kind of why they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that's kind of why they do it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right um so so what do they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so so what do they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so so what do they find
+so the first thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing is
+um they ask whether or not uh people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they ask whether or not uh people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they ask whether or not uh people are
+able to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to predict
+um things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um things about
+um whether they're sort of predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whether they're sort of predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whether they're sort of predicting
+Things based about other people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things based about other people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things based about other people's
+characteristics so like do they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so like do they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so like do they know
+their income you know income profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their income you know income profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their income you know income profit
+assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets
+um digit span so digit span is a test of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um digit span so digit span is a test of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um digit span so digit span is a test of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um how many how many digit digits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many how many digit digits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many how many digit digits you
+can remember if I give you a random set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember if I give you a random set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember if I give you a random set
+of digits how many can you remember and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digits how many can you remember and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digits how many can you remember and
+that seems to be a test of like numeracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be a test of like numeracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be a test of like numeracy
+and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that
+um so they seem to have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they seem to have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they seem to have a lot of
+information on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on people
+um that's what this sort of says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's what this sort of says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's what this sort of says
+I think in some sense this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in some sense this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in some sense this is kind of
+the key graph it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key graph it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key graph it's a little
+hard to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to read
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but this is the predicted marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the predicted marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the predicted marginal
+returns from kind of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns from kind of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns from kind of the the the
+uh people in the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people in the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people in the community
+the black line is the outcome for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black line is the outcome for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black line is the outcome for those
+who lose so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lose so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lose so in general
+it's the case that those who lose have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the case that those who lose have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the case that those who lose have
+more those who are predicted to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more those who are predicted to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more those who are predicted to have
+higher returns of higher profits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher returns of higher profits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher returns of higher profits and
+those who are who are who don't so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are who are who don't so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are who are who don't so that
+so your predicted marginal return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your predicted marginal return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your predicted marginal return is
+correlated with like f of K and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with like f of K and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with like f of K and it just
+F Prime of K right the gap between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of K right the gap between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of K right the gap between the
+red line and the and the black line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line and the and the black line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line and the and the black line is
+the heterogeneity is the is the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heterogeneity is the is the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heterogeneity is the is the marginal
+Return of the of the grant so everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Return of the of the grant so everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Return of the of the grant so everybody
+gets a return from the grant right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a return from the grant right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a return from the grant right I
+mean that you know whatever the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you know whatever the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you know whatever the error
+bars here but but in general it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars here but but in general it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars here but but in general it looks
+like everybody's getting returned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everybody's getting returned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everybody's getting returned from
+the grant but the the Gap is bigger sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grant but the the Gap is bigger sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grant but the the Gap is bigger sort
+of based on these high kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of based on these high kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of based on these high kind of
+percentiles and low percentiles which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentiles and low percentiles which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentiles and low percentiles which
+says that people are predicting not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that people are predicting not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that people are predicting not just
+the level but also predicting kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level but also predicting kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level but also predicting kind of
+the the marginal return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that is uh that is what we see over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is uh that is what we see over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is uh that is what we see over
+here which is that basically like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is that basically like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is that basically like you
+know this is winning winning the grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is winning winning the grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is winning winning the grant
+times the rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rank
+um and uh they basically find that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh they basically find that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh they basically find that sort
+of those predictable heterogeneity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those predictable heterogeneity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those predictable heterogeneity that
+people who are the have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are the have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are the have higher
+percentile ranks basically are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile ranks basically are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile ranks basically are are
+doing better and they can sort of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing better and they can sort of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing better and they can sort of look
+at it sort of you know sort of nicely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it sort of you know sort of nicely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it sort of you know sort of nicely in
+some ways it's easier to interpret it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it's easier to interpret it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it's easier to interpret it
+kind of just that they break into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just that they break into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just that they break into three
+groups kind of dummies like top third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups kind of dummies like top third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups kind of dummies like top third
+middle third bottom third and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle third bottom third and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle third bottom third and you can
+basically see that sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically see that sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically see that sort of the the
+highest returns are coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest returns are coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest returns are coming from the
+people who are predicting to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are predicting to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are predicting to be sort of
+in the top third by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top third by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top third by their
+by their by their peers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their by their peers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their by their peers
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh and um you know what do they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and um you know what do they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and um you know what do they do
+they they buy more assets they also work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they buy more assets they also work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they buy more assets they also work
+they work harder sort of in response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work harder sort of in response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work harder sort of in response and
+they hire kind of more labor so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hire kind of more labor so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hire kind of more labor so they
+sort of they both they they increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of they both they they increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of they both they they increase
+both their asset they both increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both their asset they both increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both their asset they both increase
+their K more and they increase their L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their K more and they increase their L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their K more and they increase their L
+and other people and other people's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people and other people's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people and other people's out
+in their businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their businesses
+um and this is the thing I was just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is the thing I was just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is the thing I was just sort
+of pointing out which is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pointing out which is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pointing out which is this is the
+approach where I do where I where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where I do where I where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where I do where I where I
+where they they take your prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they they take your prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they they take your prediction
+based on their their older kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their their older kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their their older kind of
+observable characteristics and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable characteristics and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable characteristics and say
+what's the heterogeneity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the heterogeneity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the heterogeneity and the
+marginal returns for the top and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal returns for the top and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal returns for the top and the
+bottom and these is the ones that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and these is the ones that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and these is the ones that also
+kind of include the rank and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of include the rank and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of include the rank and the idea is
+that basically these have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically these have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically these have some
+additional predictive power compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional predictive power compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional predictive power compared to
+the other ones uh and you can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones uh and you can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones uh and you can you know
+where this is a lot better on predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is a lot better on predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is a lot better on predicting
+income and profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and profits
+um they both have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they both have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they both have some
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sorry uh for for income and log income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh for for income and log income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh for for income and log income
+you know the the ones with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the ones with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the ones with the
+additional percentile ranks is doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional percentile ranks is doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional percentile ranks is doing a
+lot better than the ones without for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot better than the ones without for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot better than the ones without for
+profits um maybe there's some evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits um maybe there's some evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits um maybe there's some evidence
+that that the the control has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the the control has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the the control has some
+predictive power although it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power although it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power although it's not as
+clear in all specifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so what is this what is this uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what is this what is this uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what is this what is this uh what
+does this mean so I think it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean so I think it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean so I think it means that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know there is kind of predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is kind of predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is kind of predictable
+heterogeneity and local people in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and local people in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and local people in their
+Community sort of know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community sort of know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community sort of know it
+um uh maybe even above and beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh maybe even above and beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh maybe even above and beyond
+um uh uh the observable x's and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh the observable x's and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh the observable x's and then
+going back to Aaron's point then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to Aaron's point then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to Aaron's point then there's
+a question of sort of like what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question of sort of like what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question of sort of like what do you
+do about it do you try to elicit it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about it do you try to elicit it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about it do you try to elicit it from
+the community do you try to have Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community do you try to have Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community do you try to have Bank
+agents kind of go in and figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents kind of go in and figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents kind of go in and figure it out
+like it's not clear but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not clear but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not clear but I think that
+sort of the whole point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the whole point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the whole point is that
+basically like there is a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like there is a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like there is a lot of this
+heterogeneity and returns is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and returns is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and returns is really
+something that is uh predictable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is uh predictable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is uh predictable and
+sort of you know understanding kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know understanding kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know understanding kind of
+how do you get the right the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get the right the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get the right the right
+people in and select that is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in and select that is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in and select that is kind of a
+really important uh it's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important uh it's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important uh it's something that
+Banks obviously spent a lot of time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks obviously spent a lot of time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks obviously spent a lot of time on
+is something sort of uh important moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something sort of uh important moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something sort of uh important moving
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so I don't know that we necessarily know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know that we necessarily know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know that we necessarily know
+that because in some sense the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because in some sense the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because in some sense the whole
+point of it is that it's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of it is that it's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of it is that it's there's
+predictable differences even above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable differences even above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable differences even above and
+beyond everything they can observe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond everything they can observe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond everything they can observe in
+the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+right that's kind of the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's kind of the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's kind of the point of the
+large part is that we don't like that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large part is that we don't like that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large part is that we don't like that it
+almost by definition like the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost by definition like the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost by definition like the point of
+exercise is there's some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise is there's some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise is there's some additional
+piece of it that is sort of beyond what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of it that is sort of beyond what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of it that is sort of beyond what
+we can observe in the data which sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can observe in the data which sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can observe in the data which sort of
+makes it hard to answer that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it hard to answer that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it hard to answer that question
+yeah I think or maybe kind of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think or maybe kind of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think or maybe kind of just a
+question too is like when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question too is like when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question too is like when people are
+ranking their peers what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking their peers what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking their peers what are they
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+like I don't know like it just seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know like it just seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know like it just seems
+like it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's you know
+what is it that communities know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that communities know that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that communities know that we
+don't record the data I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't record the data I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't record the data I don't know if
+they like did any kind of politic wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like did any kind of politic wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like did any kind of politic wants
+each other so I don't know the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so I don't know the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so I don't know the answer to
+that question as I said beyond it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question as I said beyond it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question as I said beyond it's a
+little hard to know because the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to know because the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to know because the whole
+point is it's something Beyond what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it's something Beyond what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it's something Beyond what's in
+the data so it's a little hard to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so it's a little hard to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so it's a little hard to know
+um I don't have a strong I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't have a strong I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't have a strong I don't have a
+great answer that yeah well it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great answer that yeah well it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great answer that yeah well it's like
+not there's all the data it's not things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's all the data it's not things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's all the data it's not things
+not visible in a one-time Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not visible in a one-time Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not visible in a one-time Baseline
+servant correct when I go to the shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant correct when I go to the shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant correct when I go to the shop
+and look at it so things about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at it so things about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at it so things about like
+service quality and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service quality and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service quality and stuff
+could be it could be it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be it could be it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be it could be it could be
+entrepreneur entrepreneurial ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur entrepreneurial ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur entrepreneurial ability
+which is sort of hard to measure like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of hard to measure like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of hard to measure like I
+bet if you thought about your think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet if you thought about your think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet if you thought about your think
+about your friends from college for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your friends from college for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your friends from college for
+example like if you were to rank them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like if you were to rank them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like if you were to rank them in
+terms of their entrepreneurial ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their entrepreneurial ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their entrepreneurial ability
+do you think there's heterogeneity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think there's heterogeneity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think there's heterogeneity there
+and do you think that's above and beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you think that's above and beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you think that's above and beyond
+what you predict based on their grades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you predict based on their grades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you predict based on their grades
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean I don't know like through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I don't know like through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I don't know like through that
+introspection I'm curious what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspection I'm curious what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspection I'm curious what you think
+like my guess is yes but like you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my guess is yes but like you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my guess is yes but like you know I
+don't know like and and you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know like and and you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know like and and you know there
+is like there's a lot of stuff that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like there's a lot of stuff that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like there's a lot of stuff that goes
+into people's personality and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into people's personality and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into people's personality and their
+business ability and whatever then it'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business ability and whatever then it'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business ability and whatever then it'd
+be sort of really hard to capture sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of really hard to capture sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of really hard to capture sort
+of in a simple survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in a simple survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in a simple survey
+or even a complex survey yeah right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even a complex survey yeah right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even a complex survey yeah right what
+LinkedIn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LinkedIn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LinkedIn
+I'm sorry what that's what LinkedIn does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry what that's what LinkedIn does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry what that's what LinkedIn does
+now they ask people in your network to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they ask people in your network to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they ask people in your network to
+rate the relative skill at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the relative skill at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the relative skill at a particular
+thing of other people in the network do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of other people in the network do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of other people in the network do
+they seriously yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seriously yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seriously yes
+that's super interesting yes has anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's super interesting yes has anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's super interesting yes has anyone
+studied that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied that
+it's implemented by an economist who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's implemented by an economist who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's implemented by an economist who
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do they use that for uh so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they use that for uh so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they use that for uh so I think
+it is like you'll ask a question that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is like you'll ask a question that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is like you'll ask a question that's
+like um you know who would you go to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um you know who would you go to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um you know who would you go to for
+questions on Python and then it'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on Python and then it'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on Python and then it'll give
+you like three of your friends and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like three of your friends and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like three of your friends and then
+you select one of them just because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select one of them just because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select one of them just because it's
+fun or something and then what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun or something and then what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun or something and then what are they
+and then they're like then they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're like then they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're like then they take
+that person again this person is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person again this person is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person again this person is like
+more skillful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+search results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's fascinating and I would love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fascinating and I would love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fascinating and I would love to
+see someone study that if they haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see someone study that if they haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see someone study that if they haven't
+done it already that's super that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it already that's super that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it already that's super that's
+super interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so but but it's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but but it's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but but it's exactly the same
+idea that people seem to know stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that people seem to know stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that people seem to know stuff
+about their peers and like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their peers and like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their peers and like you know
+maybe we can maybe LinkedIn to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can maybe LinkedIn to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can maybe LinkedIn to figure
+out a way to monetize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to monetize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to monetize that
+um but I think it's super interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think it's super interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think it's super interesting
+I'd love to I'd love to that seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd love to I'd love to that seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd love to I'd love to that seems like
+a great topic for someone to study if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great topic for someone to study if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great topic for someone to study if
+they haven't already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't already
+um okay so what I want to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so what I want to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so what I want to talk about is
+there any other comments you guys wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other comments you guys wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other comments you guys wanted
+to raise from the paper that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise from the paper that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise from the paper that you guys
+read from the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what I want to talk about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I want to talk about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I want to talk about in the
+last 20 minutes is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 20 minutes is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 20 minutes is sort of
+my the the unbundling of microfinance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the the unbundling of microfinance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the the unbundling of microfinance
+okay Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Okay so
+here are some stylized facts about micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some stylized facts about micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some stylized facts about micro
+Finance in general default rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance in general default rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance in general default rates are
+really low not always but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low not always but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low not always but in general
+they've been pretty low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been pretty low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been pretty low
+um and the original kind of Grameen Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the original kind of Grameen Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the original kind of Grameen Bank
+style microfinance model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style microfinance model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style microfinance model
+had many elements okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had many elements okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had many elements okay
+they lent only to women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lent only to women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lent only to women
+they had a weekly repayment schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a weekly repayment schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a weekly repayment schedule
+where you start paying immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you start paying immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you start paying immediately
+like as an aside I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as an aside I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as an aside I think this is a
+little weird right if like here's a loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird right if like here's a loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird right if like here's a loan
+go make an investment and I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go make an investment and I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go make an investment and I want the
+first payment next week like it may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first payment next week like it may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first payment next week like it may not
+be optimal right but there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be optimal right but there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be optimal right but there may be
+reasons the reason I think they do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the reason I think they do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the reason I think they do it is
+they want people to get in the habit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want people to get in the habit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want people to get in the habit of
+repayment I think that's that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repayment I think that's that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repayment I think that's that's kind of
+the that's the theory behind it but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the theory behind it but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the theory behind it but as
+an investment decision like it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment decision like it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment decision like it's you
+know on the other hand you can say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on the other hand you can say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on the other hand you can say well
+fine I'm gonna like you need to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I'm gonna like you need to buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I'm gonna like you need to buy a
+thousand dollar a hundred dollar machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar a hundred dollar machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar a hundred dollar machine
+I'll give you 150 the first 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you 150 the first 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you 150 the first 50 years
+paid back to me in the first five weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid back to me in the first five weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid back to me in the first five weeks
+and then you're gonna start giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're gonna start giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're gonna start giving
+returns maybe that's what they do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns maybe that's what they do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns maybe that's what they do I
+don't know saying it's a thing they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know saying it's a thing they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know saying it's a thing they have
+group Lending so basically you come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group Lending so basically you come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group Lending so basically you come into
+this microfinance organization in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this microfinance organization in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this microfinance organization in a
+group and initially in a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and initially in a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and initially in a lot of these
+models you had group liability so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you had group liability so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you had group liability so that
+means that like you know hazela and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that like you know hazela and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that like you know hazela and and
+Whitney and I are in our group and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whitney and I are in our group and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whitney and I are in our group and like
+if Hazel defaults I'm on the hook for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Hazel defaults I'm on the hook for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Hazel defaults I'm on the hook for it
+okay so so don't default that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so don't default that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so don't default that was the
+idea though so like therefore like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea though so like therefore like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea though so like therefore like I'm
+not going to want to be in a group with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to want to be in a group with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to want to be in a group with
+them if like they if I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if like they if I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if like they if I think they're
+kind of dodgy so we solve a selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dodgy so we solve a selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dodgy so we solve a selection
+problem and we solve the moral hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we solve the moral hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we solve the moral hazard
+problem because if she starts to default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because if she starts to default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because if she starts to default
+I can go like you know we're friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can go like you know we're friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can go like you know we're friends and
+I can go like you know bang her door and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can go like you know bang her door and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can go like you know bang her door and
+be like no no like you have to pay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like no no like you have to pay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like no no like you have to pay this
+back otherwise I'm gonna hook for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back otherwise I'm gonna hook for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back otherwise I'm gonna hook for it
+um so that was a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that was a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that was a thing
+um they're regular meetings where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're regular meetings where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're regular meetings where they
+could have met with people all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have met with people all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have met with people all the time
+um their Dynamic incentives so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their Dynamic incentives so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their Dynamic incentives so basically
+you had you started off with really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had you started off with really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had you started off with really
+small loans and if you pay them back you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small loans and if you pay them back you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small loans and if you pay them back you
+get bigger and bigger loans so kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bigger and bigger loans so kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bigger and bigger loans so kind of
+the return like the incentive for paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return like the incentive for paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return like the incentive for paying
+back was kind of like bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back was kind of like bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back was kind of like bigger and bigger
+loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans
+um they've credited officers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they've credited officers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they've credited officers who
+basically like are spending lots of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like are spending lots of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like are spending lots of time
+sort of in these group meetings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in these group meetings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in these group meetings and
+talking to people and monitoring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to people and monitoring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to people and monitoring them
+and doing all kinds of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing all kinds of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing all kinds of stuff
+and they have high interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you know at least 20 per year but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know at least 20 per year but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know at least 20 per year but
+often like way higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like way higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like way higher
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is like a bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a bundle
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know there's a bunch of theory we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a bunch of theory we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a bunch of theory we
+can tell stories as to why all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell stories as to why all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell stories as to why all these
+things might matter and how and whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things might matter and how and whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things might matter and how and whatever
+and I think that there's been sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that there's been sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that there's been sort of a
+series of papers that have tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of papers that have tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of papers that have tried to
+um decompose them and sort of say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um decompose them and sort of say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um decompose them and sort of say well
+we're just gonna like study this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just gonna like study this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just gonna like study this or
+we're just going to study this or or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to study this or or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to study this or or so
+on and so forth to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth to try to understand
+kind of like how do we take this giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like how do we take this giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like how do we take this giant
+bundle of stuff and figure out kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of stuff and figure out kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of stuff and figure out kind of
+what what's important and what's not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's important and what's not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's important and what's not and
+what's actually helpful and what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually helpful and what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually helpful and what's not
+or whatever and so I think it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and so I think it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and so I think it's also
+um useful to sort of see kind of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um useful to sort of see kind of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um useful to sort of see kind of how
+this research program kind of as a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research program kind of as a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research program kind of as a field
+has sort of gone on because you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sort of gone on because you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sort of gone on because you can see
+people have sort of like been sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have sort of like been sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have sort of like been sort of
+hacking away at kind of like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking away at kind of like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking away at kind of like you know
+chipping away kind of this big bundle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chipping away kind of this big bundle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chipping away kind of this big bundle to
+sort of like de-bundle it and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like de-bundle it and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like de-bundle it and sort of
+understand kind of what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand kind of what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand kind of what's going on here
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know the answer that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in general I think in all of them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general I think in all of them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general I think in all of them they
+want them to not lose money but beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to not lose money but beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to not lose money but beyond
+that I don't know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know the answer
+yeah we'll see just thinking about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll see just thinking about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll see just thinking about our
+conversation from the last time is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation from the last time is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation from the last time is the
+this last point of high interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last point of high interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last point of high interest rates
+something that like an organization like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that like an organization like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that like an organization like
+granny bank would sort of evangelize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granny bank would sort of evangelize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granny bank would sort of evangelize is
+like this is what micro credit should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is what micro credit should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is what micro credit should
+look like or is it just something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like or is it just something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like or is it just something that
+like comes to be by well I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like comes to be by well I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like comes to be by well I don't think
+they I don't think they're like pro pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I don't think they're like pro pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I don't think they're like pro pro
+actively saying yeah it's really awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively saying yeah it's really awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively saying yeah it's really awesome
+in order to really high that's not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to really high that's not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to really high that's not how
+they sort of spin things sure but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of spin things sure but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of spin things sure but like
+if only because it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if only because it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if only because it seems like
+from our conversation from last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our conversation from last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our conversation from last class
+that like this is a component of micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like this is a component of micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like this is a component of micro
+credit that would incentivize riskier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit that would incentivize riskier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit that would incentivize riskier
+Investments than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments than
+whatever the other hand if they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the other hand if they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the other hand if they can't
+lose money so like that's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money so like that's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money so like that's the other
+problem like maybe all this stuff may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like maybe all this stuff may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like maybe all this stuff may
+like cost money like going back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cost money like going back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cost money like going back to the
+whole that was kind of the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole that was kind of the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole that was kind of the point of the
+monitoring model right all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring model right all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring model right all this stuff
+costs money and then if we have all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs money and then if we have all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs money and then if we have all this
+like real costs and we have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like real costs and we have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like real costs and we have a really
+small loan like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small loan like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small loan like
+that that gives you the high interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that gives you the high interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that gives you the high interest
+rate because you got to cover those cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate because you got to cover those cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate because you got to cover those cost
+levels on a really small base so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels on a really small base so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels on a really small base so that's
+kind of the that was the point of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the that was the point of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the that was the point of that
+and sometimes that was the point of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes that was the point of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes that was the point of that
+monitoring model was to say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring model was to say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring model was to say look
+we have all these expensive activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all these expensive activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all these expensive activities
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know and they're basically fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and they're basically fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and they're basically fixed
+costs and if we would fix costs divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and if we would fix costs divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and if we would fix costs divided
+by small loan that's gonna look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by small loan that's gonna look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by small loan that's gonna look like a
+high interest rate but aren't a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high interest rate but aren't a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high interest rate but aren't a lot of
+these subsidized anyway not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subsidized anyway not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subsidized anyway not necessarily
+they may a lot of them may be non-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may a lot of them may be non-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may a lot of them may be non-profit
+well it's not clear but a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not clear but a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not clear but a lot of them
+aren't some are poor profit and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't some are poor profit and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't some are poor profit and they
+just have to make money some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to make money some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to make money some of them are
+not for profit but they still gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for profit but they still gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for profit but they still gotta
+break even and so uh I think it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break even and so uh I think it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break even and so uh I think it's not
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+let me in the entry let me just pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me in the entry let me just pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me in the entry let me just pick a
+couple of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of these
+um and see if they if they'd matter let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and see if they if they'd matter let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and see if they if they'd matter let
+me tell you a couple so one uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you a couple so one uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you a couple so one uh because
+I'm not gonna have time to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna have time to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna have time to go through
+all them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all them
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what was about lending to women and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was about lending to women and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was about lending to women and sort
+of said look is that kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said look is that kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said look is that kind of like a
+relevant thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant thing
+so this paper by demon McKenzie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this paper by demon McKenzie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this paper by demon McKenzie and
+Woodruff uh basically said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woodruff uh basically said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woodruff uh basically said
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it was another was actually kind of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was another was actually kind of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was another was actually kind of one
+of the original cash Grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original cash Grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original cash Grant
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+and they said um let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said um let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said um let's uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they might work in Sri Lanka they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might work in Sri Lanka they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might work in Sri Lanka they
+basically identified a 400 households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically identified a 400 households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically identified a 400 households
+who had a small business uh not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had a small business uh not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had a small business uh not a lot of
+capital and they randomized them to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and they randomized them to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and they randomized them to get
+a small Grant of either cash or or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small Grant of either cash or or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small Grant of either cash or or or or
+or or or an asset about 100 100 or 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or an asset about 100 100 or 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or an asset about 100 100 or 200
+and they sort of followed them up kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sort of followed them up kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sort of followed them up kind
+of uh I think six months later and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh I think six months later and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh I think six months later and then
+maybe even five years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even five years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even five years later
+and the main finding was you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main finding was you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main finding was you know uh
+they had very large Returns on Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had very large Returns on Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had very large Returns on Capital
+that's consistent with this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with this idea that
+you know that they were credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they were credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they were credit
+constrained so that the returns look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained so that the returns look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained so that the returns look
+like 60 returns per year so really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 60 returns per year so really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 60 returns per year so really high
+returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns
+um but they found in their paper there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they found in their paper there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they found in their paper there
+were no effects for they did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no effects for they did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no effects for they did some
+heterogeneous stuff and they found no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous stuff and they found no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous stuff and they found no
+effects for for female-one businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects for for female-one businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects for for female-one businesses
+okay so there's a main effect I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a main effect I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a main effect I mean in
+fact times women is like nothing so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact times women is like nothing so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact times women is like nothing so that
+actually says well maybe there was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually says well maybe there was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually says well maybe there was not
+something kind of going on maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of going on maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of going on maybe there
+was something different with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something different with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something different with the with
+the with women's businesses and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with women's businesses and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with women's businesses and there
+were other papers that sort of had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were other papers that sort of had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were other papers that sort of had
+similar findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar findings
+um and I'll just note that one um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'll just note that one um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'll just note that one um one
+kind of interesting recent paper on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting recent paper on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting recent paper on this
+paper I burn hard at all which goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I burn hard at all which goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I burn hard at all which goes back
+to kind of this hair by dumb by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of this hair by dumb by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of this hair by dumb by this
+dumbbell little paper and says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumbbell little paper and says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumbbell little paper and says well
+what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here
+and they have kind of an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have kind of an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have kind of an interesting
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+which is their point is we shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is their point is we shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is their point is we shouldn't be
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+uh the business in isolation we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the business in isolation we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the business in isolation we need to
+look at the whole household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the whole household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the whole household
+and maybe what's going on is not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe what's going on is not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe what's going on is not there
+are differences in in men versus women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are differences in in men versus women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are differences in in men versus women
+as entrepreneurs but sort of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as entrepreneurs but sort of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as entrepreneurs but sort of what's
+going on in the like maybe their whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the like maybe their whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the like maybe their whole
+household Dynamics are really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household Dynamics are really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household Dynamics are really important
+and thinking about the whole kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about the whole kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about the whole kind of you
+know actually we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually we talked about
+inter-household issues maybe that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-household issues maybe that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-household issues maybe that maybe
+that maybe we should be thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we should be thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we should be thinking about
+them in the context of a household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the context of a household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the context of a household
+um and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in particular
+um what they what they show is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they what they show is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they what they show is that
+basically uh they show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh they show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh they show that
+um they replicate the result in Sri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they replicate the result in Sri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they replicate the result in Sri
+Lanka that there's kind of no impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lanka that there's kind of no impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lanka that there's kind of no impact on
+the on the female under the female-owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the female under the female-owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the female under the female-owned
+Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise
+but they note that when sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they note that when sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they note that when sort of the the
+woman gets a grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman gets a grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman gets a grant
+right their overall house Summit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right their overall house Summit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right their overall house Summit
+household income is actually going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household income is actually going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household income is actually going up
+and so what there are what actually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what there are what actually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what there are what actually they
+argue is that basically there are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue is that basically there are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue is that basically there are um
+there are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you have to be careful about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful about sort of
+looking at these sort of female owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these sort of female owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these sort of female owned
+businesses and the other thing I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses and the other thing I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses and the other thing I think
+they also look at although I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also look at although I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also look at although I didn't
+bring that that that that that table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that that that that that table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that that that that that table
+is they also show that actually if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they also show that actually if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they also show that actually if you
+look at sort of seeing like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at sort of seeing like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at sort of seeing like uh
+female-owned businesses where the woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female-owned businesses where the woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female-owned businesses where the woman
+is not part of a household a household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not part of a household a household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not part of a household a household
+with a man where she's just sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a man where she's just sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a man where she's just sort of like
+acting on you know on her own that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on you know on her own that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on you know on her own that
+basically then her returns look just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically then her returns look just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically then her returns look just
+like the kind of men's returns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the kind of men's returns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the kind of men's returns so
+essentially what they argue is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what they argue is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what they argue is that
+what's happening is not that her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is not that her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is not that her
+business has like lower returns but sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business has like lower returns but sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business has like lower returns but sort
+of in that household bargaining if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in that household bargaining if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in that household bargaining if she
+gets the grant maybe she channels into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the grant maybe she channels into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the grant maybe she channels into
+her husband's business and her husband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her husband's business and her husband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her husband's business and her husband
+this is the one that grows so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that grows so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that grows so in general
+kind of their household returns Are Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of their household returns Are Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of their household returns Are Not
+So Different yeah are there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Different yeah are there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Different yeah are there um
+you need to like demonstrably invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to like demonstrably invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to like demonstrably invest in
+your own business or is this like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own business or is this like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own business or is this like I
+don't think for the cash Grant one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think for the cash Grant one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think for the cash Grant one a
+handoff too I think they're able to hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handoff too I think they're able to hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handoff too I think they're able to hand
+it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off
+yeah is there okay uh I know a number on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there okay uh I know a number on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there okay uh I know a number on
+like if I give say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I give say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I give say the
+male male entrepreneur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male male entrepreneur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male male entrepreneur
+a male household has a business the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a male household has a business the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a male household has a business the
+woman has a fur business if I give one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman has a fur business if I give one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman has a fur business if I give one
+dollar to the man's business what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar to the man's business what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar to the man's business what's the
+effect on the masses let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the masses let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the masses let's say
+investment versus if I get the bottlers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment versus if I get the bottlers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment versus if I get the bottlers
+to the moon's visit to the woman how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the moon's visit to the woman how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the moon's visit to the woman how
+much does the male's business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much does the male's business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much does the male's business
+yeah so I don't think they can totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I don't think they can totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I don't think they can totally
+look at that because I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that because I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that because I don't think that
+they don't think the data measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't think the data measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't think the data measure the
+man's business in that case but they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man's business in that case but they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man's business in that case but they do
+measure household income and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure household income and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure household income and that's
+where they can look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can look at this
+so they don't have the they don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't have the they don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't have the they don't quite
+have I don't I don't think the data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I don't I don't think the data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I don't I don't think the data to
+answer exactly their question but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer exactly their question but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer exactly their question but I
+think that this is suggestive of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is suggestive of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is suggestive of that
+that's what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so I just want to mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I just want to mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I just want to mention that
+one briefly because I think I I do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one briefly because I think I I do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one briefly because I think I I do think
+it I just because it illustrates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I just because it illustrates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I just because it illustrates this
+point that we have to be think when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we have to be think when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we have to be think when we
+think about these small household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these small household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these small household
+businesses we should be thinking of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses we should be thinking of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses we should be thinking of in
+the context of a household which is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of a household which is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of a household which is kind
+of making kind of decisions across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making kind of decisions across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making kind of decisions across
+households in the same way we had plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households in the same way we had plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households in the same way we had plots
+and people were thinking about plots you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were thinking about plots you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were thinking about plots you
+have to think about kind of what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about kind of what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about kind of what is the
+whole household doing and just be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole household doing and just be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole household doing and just be and
+actually they point out that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they point out that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they point out that this is not
+thinking this this whole paper points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this this whole paper points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this this whole paper points
+out that not thinking that through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that not thinking that through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that not thinking that through
+clearly actually LED you to sort of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly actually LED you to sort of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly actually LED you to sort of very
+different kind of results yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that I think that um well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that I think that um well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that I think that um well first
+of all the average effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the average effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the average effects are
+interesting and the number but yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and the number but yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and the number but yes I
+think the point of this is not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the point of this is not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the point of this is not it's not
+that it's useless I think the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's useless I think the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's useless I think the point of
+this study is say look that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study is say look that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study is say look that you want to
+understand these household issues too I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these household issues too I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these household issues too I
+don't think it was um but like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it was um but like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it was um but like you're
+really not measuring like you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not measuring like you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not measuring like you're you're
+not even unless you're looking at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even unless you're looking at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even unless you're looking at like
+women who aren't like just a woman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who aren't like just a woman in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who aren't like just a woman in
+the household if you're like really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household if you're like really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household if you're like really not
+even close to measuring zombies yes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even close to measuring zombies yes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even close to measuring zombies yes that
+is the point of this yes that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the point of this yes that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the point of this yes that is the
+point of this PornHub so but like I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this PornHub so but like I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this PornHub so but like I so
+right so I'm just saying but people we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm just saying but people we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm just saying but people we
+this is people they didn't figure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is people they didn't figure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is people they didn't figure this
+out until recently but yes so but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out until recently but yes so but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out until recently but yes so but I
+think that's kind of why this paper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's kind of why this paper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's kind of why this paper was
+you know came out and published a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know came out and published a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know came out and published a good
+Journal so I think that like the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal so I think that like the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal so I think that like the what
+was the sort of say and the reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the sort of say and the reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the sort of say and the reason I'm
+sort of I thought it was worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of I thought it was worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of I thought it was worth
+mentioning is exactly this point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning is exactly this point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning is exactly this point that
+saying look if you're measuring these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look if you're measuring these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look if you're measuring these
+household businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household businesses
+in a context where people are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a context where people are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a context where people are sort of
+making decisions across businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decisions across businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decisions across businesses
+within a household it is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a household it is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a household it is important to
+sort of take the big picture that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take the big picture that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take the big picture that's kind
+of I think the main point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I think the main point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I think the main point here
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take away from here like in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take away from here like in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take away from here like in terms
+of if I want to help a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if I want to help a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if I want to help a family
+so if I can like help taking gym class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I can like help taking gym class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I can like help taking gym class
+Twitter the email or your husband or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter the email or your husband or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter the email or your husband or
+wife these are like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife these are like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife these are like a
+that's a different question which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different question which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different question which says
+if if we were to randomize if we had Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we were to randomize if we had Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we were to randomize if we had Mo
+that's to answer that question you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to answer that question you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to answer that question you have
+to have a different study we should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a different study we should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a different study we should say
+we gotta I gotta take I gotta select a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gotta I gotta take I gotta select a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gotta I gotta take I gotta select a
+sample of people with sort of both men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of people with sort of both men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of people with sort of both men
+and women and randomize who gets it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and women and randomize who gets it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and women and randomize who gets it and
+see what the outcomes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know of anyone who's run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know of anyone who's run that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know of anyone who's run that
+study level there are many studies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study level there are many studies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study level there are many studies in
+this area and I it is possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area and I it is possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area and I it is possible that
+someone has done it and I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has done it and I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has done it and I don't know the
+answer can we talk about unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer can we talk about unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer can we talk about unconditional
+cash transfer that did that cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash transfer that did that cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash transfer that did that cash
+transfers have done that for cash grants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers have done that for cash grants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers have done that for cash grants
+yes the the give directly uh experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the the give directly uh experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the the give directly uh experiment
+does that in the contest of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that in the contest of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that in the contest of cash
+transfers that's one of their treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers that's one of their treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers that's one of their treatment
+arms but that may be different first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms but that may be different first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms but that may be different first I
+mean these were sort of larger actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these were sort of larger actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these were sort of larger actually
+that was pretty large too but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pretty large too but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pretty large too but they
+weren't sort of restricted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sort of restricted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sort of restricted to
+entrepreneurs with entrepreneur activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs with entrepreneur activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs with entrepreneur activity
+so maybe like for this entrepreneurial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe like for this entrepreneurial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe like for this entrepreneurial
+subset it might be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't think they can do heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think they can do heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think they can do heterogeneous
+so what you'd want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you'd want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you'd want to do
+so you're absolutely right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're absolutely right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're absolutely right so
+so like various running regression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like various running regression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like various running regression of
+like x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like x equals
+treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+um woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um woman
+plus three times one right that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three times one right that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three times one right that's what
+that's what that regression column two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that regression column two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that regression column two
+is so you want to say look we also need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so you want to say look we also need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so you want to say look we also need
+to include like plus industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus treatment times industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus treatment times industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus treatment times industry
+right not just industry dummies but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not just industry dummies but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not just industry dummies but also
+treatment times industry because we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment times industry because we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment times industry because we may
+think they're just heterogeneous returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're just heterogeneous returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're just heterogeneous returns
+if women are doing like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if women are doing like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if women are doing like whatever
+yeah things that have lower returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah things that have lower returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah things that have lower returns to
+Capital you're going to be picking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital you're going to be picking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital you're going to be picking that
+up right so you want to run that given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right so you want to run that given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right so you want to run that given
+that they only have 400 like businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they only have 400 like businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they only have 400 like businesses
+or whatever I'm sure I don't think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever I'm sure I don't think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever I'm sure I don't think they
+have enough power to run to include this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough power to run to include this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough power to run to include this
+justification but you're absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification but you're absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification but you're absolutely
+right that's another thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's another thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's another thing that you
+another hypothesis that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hypothesis that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hypothesis that you want to
+think about sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me skip this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me skip this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me skip this one
+um so another study that that this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so another study that that this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so another study that that this sort
+of this team Coopers has looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this team Coopers has looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this team Coopers has looked at
+um is this question of sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is this question of sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is this question of sort of uh
+this fact that you need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact that you need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact that you need to start
+repaying the loan as soon as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaying the loan as soon as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaying the loan as soon as soon as you
+get it so like you get the loan you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it so like you get the loan you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it so like you get the loan you
+gotta start your paying next week okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta start your paying next week okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta start your paying next week okay
+so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+as I mentioned on the one hand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned on the one hand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned on the one hand that
+seems really kind of weird uh to me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really kind of weird uh to me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really kind of weird uh to me on
+like you know I'm gonna make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know I'm gonna make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know I'm gonna make an
+investment and like it may take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and like it may take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and like it may take some
+time to get Returns on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get Returns on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get Returns on the other hand
+some of the kinds of Investments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kinds of Investments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kinds of Investments that
+people make look like I'm gonna like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make look like I'm gonna like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make look like I'm gonna like I
+have a shop I'm gonna like buy some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a shop I'm gonna like buy some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a shop I'm gonna like buy some more
+inventory for my shop it doesn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory for my shop it doesn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory for my shop it doesn't take
+really very long to like actually start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very long to like actually start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very long to like actually start
+having Returns on that so maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having Returns on that so maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having Returns on that so maybe it's
+okay or as I pointed out like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or as I pointed out like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or as I pointed out like you can
+actually replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually replicate
+the non-grace period version of this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-grace period version of this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-grace period version of this by
+the non-weekly repayment version by sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-weekly repayment version by sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-weekly repayment version by sort
+of saying look I'm going to take if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying look I'm going to take if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying look I'm going to take if I
+got 100 150 loan I'm paying the first 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 100 150 loan I'm paying the first 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 100 150 loan I'm paying the first 50
+bucks put it aside and use it to make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks put it aside and use it to make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks put it aside and use it to make my
+first payments and I don't invest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first payments and I don't invest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first payments and I don't invest the
+other hundreds right so with a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hundreds right so with a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hundreds right so with a slightly
+larger loan I can kind of replicate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger loan I can kind of replicate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger loan I can kind of replicate this
+kind of myself so does this matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of myself so does this matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of myself so does this matter
+um so what they do is they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what they do is they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what they do is they basically
+they they run an experiment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they run an experiment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they run an experiment where
+they're going to nicely sort of zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to nicely sort of zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to nicely sort of zero in
+on kind of exactly this feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on kind of exactly this feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on kind of exactly this feature
+um and say some people are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and say some people are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and say some people are going to get
+the normal contract where you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal contract where you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal contract where you start
+paying immediately and some get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying immediately and some get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying immediately and some get a
+two-month grade period even this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-month grade period even this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-month grade period even this is not
+a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long
+uh period of time but they get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh period of time but they get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh period of time but they get a
+two-month grace period to repay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-month grace period to repay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-month grace period to repay
+and I think what happens is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think what happens is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think what happens is kind of
+interesting so sorry what do you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so sorry what do you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so sorry what do you expect
+to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone else yeah Apollo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else yeah Apollo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else yeah Apollo
+um with the great spirit you might like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the great spirit you might like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the great spirit you might like
+higher returns back on average but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher returns back on average but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher returns back on average but
+perhaps they're more weather you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps they're more weather you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps they're more weather you'll get
+like higher returns with the grease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like higher returns with the grease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like higher returns with the grease
+period but perhaps also more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but perhaps also more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but perhaps also more
+hydrogenating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogenating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogenating
+people are taking riskier actions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are taking riskier actions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are taking riskier actions which
+raise expected returns but not the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise expected returns but not the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise expected returns but not the rest
+of like losing at all yeah right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like losing at all yeah right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like losing at all yeah right so
+again someone else might have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again someone else might have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again someone else might have a higher
+default rate from the greatest period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default rate from the greatest period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default rate from the greatest period
+why well is the reason why you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well is the reason why you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well is the reason why you were
+doing it immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so if the whole point is to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if the whole point is to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if the whole point is to think
+like you may just have people gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you may just have people gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you may just have people gonna get
+in the habit of default it may also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the habit of default it may also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the habit of default it may also
+change your investment choices and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your investment choices and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your investment choices and you
+may change different things at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may change different things at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may change different things at other
+comments interesting solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments interesting solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments interesting solutions
+by what so say like it will hurt some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what so say like it will hurt some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what so say like it will hurt some
+that's how some people will okay pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how some people will okay pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how some people will okay pay
+back say their behavioral advice see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back say their behavioral advice see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back say their behavioral advice see
+some people really need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people really need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people really need to think about
+like be disciplined about paying back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like be disciplined about paying back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like be disciplined about paying back in
+like next week or so but there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like next week or so but there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like next week or so but there's also a
+possibility that like any investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that like any investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that like any investment
+opportunity that will take you more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that will take you more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that will take you more than
+more than a week to repay that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a week to repay that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a week to repay that you
+couldn't do before not only to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do before not only to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do before not only to do that
+so like the middle effect can be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like the middle effect can be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like the middle effect can be zero
+but there's only increasing variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's only increasing variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's only increasing variance
+yeah could be absolutely so what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could be absolutely so what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could be absolutely so what do they
+find so they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so they find
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so they find people do seem to they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they find people do seem to they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they find people do seem to they they
+use more of the the thing on their on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more of the the thing on their on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more of the the thing on their on
+their business and less on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business and less on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business and less on sort of
+household expenditures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household expenditures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household expenditures
+um this is not totally obvious to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not totally obvious to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not totally obvious to me
+actually that this would be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that this would be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that this would be the case
+that there's sort of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's sort of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's sort of this this
+discrepancy between sort of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy between sort of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy between sort of like you
+know how using the money for loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how using the money for loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how using the money for loans
+versus kind of business like it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus kind of business like it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus kind of business like it wasn't
+obviously that leaving kind of a margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that leaving kind of a margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that leaving kind of a margin
+or why that margin should necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why that margin should necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why that margin should necessarily
+like why should you move from kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why should you move from kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why should you move from kind of
+consumption smoothing to business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption smoothing to business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption smoothing to business
+investment maybe the business investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment maybe the business investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment maybe the business investment
+I mean the customer movie never pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the customer movie never pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the customer movie never pays
+itself back so that's not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself back so that's not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself back so that's not sort of
+totally obvious um to me that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally obvious um to me that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally obvious um to me that they would
+find that but maybe in some broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that but maybe in some broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that but maybe in some broader
+sense this is kind of like at least I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is kind of like at least I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is kind of like at least I
+understand kind of what this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand kind of what this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand kind of what this is going to
+be like and this is kind of like totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like and this is kind of like totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like and this is kind of like totally
+zero risk in some sense like I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero risk in some sense like I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero risk in some sense like I know what
+it's going to be and I can plan for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be and I can plan for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be and I can plan for it
+whereas this is kind of more risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this is kind of more risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this is kind of more risky
+um they also find that um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they also find that um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they also find that um there are
+higher impacts on default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher impacts on default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher impacts on default
+so uh people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh people do
+um uh default more uh when you give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh default more uh when you give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh default more uh when you give them
+the grace period so it is it is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grace period so it is it is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grace period so it is it is the case
+that this is trade-off on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is trade-off on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is trade-off on the other hand
+uh people's business is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people's business is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people's business is actually
+um do go up and their income goes up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do go up and their income goes up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do go up and their income goes up a
+lot more actually with the grace period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more actually with the grace period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more actually with the grace period
+so I think that this this actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that this this actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that this this actually I
+think also illustrates that there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also illustrates that there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also illustrates that there may be
+sort of a tension between what's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a tension between what's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a tension between what's good
+for the bank and what's good for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bank and what's good for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bank and what's good for the
+sort of the the individuals right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the individuals right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the individuals right the
+bank does not care about your income it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank does not care about your income it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank does not care about your income it
+only cares about it maybe if it cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cares about it maybe if it cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cares about it maybe if it cares
+about if it can charge kind of higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if it can charge kind of higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if it can charge kind of higher
+higher interest rates to you but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher interest rates to you but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher interest rates to you but the
+bank just sort of wants conditional on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank just sort of wants conditional on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank just sort of wants conditional on
+making the only good industry just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the only good industry just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the only good industry just want
+the loan paid back so the bank is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loan paid back so the bank is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loan paid back so the bank is going
+to take action to make sure the loan pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take action to make sure the loan pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take action to make sure the loan pay
+back even if that is necessarily not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back even if that is necessarily not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back even if that is necessarily not
+necessarily optimal for you and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily optimal for you and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily optimal for you and that's
+just there may be sort of this tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there may be sort of this tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there may be sort of this tension
+between sort of between these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sort of between these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sort of between these things
+yeah the story behind the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the story behind the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the story behind the default
+instead of being about habit being about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being about habit being about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being about habit being about
+like risky Behavior yeah 100 absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like risky Behavior yeah 100 absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like risky Behavior yeah 100 absolutely
+yeah yeah absolutely it totally could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah absolutely it totally could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah absolutely it totally could be
+about risk taking Behavior I think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risk taking Behavior I think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risk taking Behavior I think it is
+probably I mean certainly we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably I mean certainly we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably I mean certainly we don't
+actually I don't think we necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't think we necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't think we necessarily
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+um we know that sort of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know that sort of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know that sort of people are
+investing more in their business doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing more in their business doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing more in their business doing
+more stuff earning higher incomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff earning higher incomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff earning higher incomes and
+defaulting more we don't I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaulting more we don't I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaulting more we don't I don't think
+we necessarily know from the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we necessarily know from the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we necessarily know from the study
+although I can't remember for sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I can't remember for sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I can't remember for sure I
+don't think they can differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they can differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they can differentiate
+between that's the default is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that's the default is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that's the default is because
+it's increasing the variance of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's increasing the variance of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's increasing the variance of their
+outcomes sometimes it fails versus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes sometimes it fails versus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes sometimes it fails versus this
+other kind of just Direction Factor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of just Direction Factor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of just Direction Factor like
+I get out of the habit of like paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get out of the habit of like paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get out of the habit of like paying
+back or whatever so I don't think we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back or whatever so I don't think we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back or whatever so I don't think we can
+really differentiate between that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what sorry Disney experimental design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sorry Disney experimental design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sorry Disney experimental design
+allow for like different groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for like different groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for like different groups of
+people to select I don't think so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to select I don't think so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to select I don't think so but
+that's a good question I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question I don't remember
+it well enough to say but I'm pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well enough to say but I'm pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well enough to say but I'm pretty
+sure they randomize it after people take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they randomize it after people take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they randomize it after people take
+up I think it's a surprise so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think it's a surprise so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think it's a surprise so I don't
+think it has a selection effect but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it has a selection effect but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it has a selection effect but that
+would be interesting if it would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting if it would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting if it would be that
+you could imagine that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine that could be
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+I don't think so but I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think so but I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think so but I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+yeah Amen on average non-business kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Amen on average non-business kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Amen on average non-business kind
+of decreases but I wonder like if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decreases but I wonder like if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decreases but I wonder like if the
+increase in non-business spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in non-business spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in non-business spending
+uh predicts people like the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh predicts people like the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh predicts people like the behavior
+like that in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in a sense
+yeah I don't know how to identify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know how to identify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know how to identify that
+using other characteristics that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using other characteristics that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using other characteristics that would
+predict kind of heterogeneous response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict kind of heterogeneous response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict kind of heterogeneous response
+wouldn't predict exports it wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't predict exports it wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't predict exports it wouldn't be
+causal yeah I'm I'm not even sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal yeah I'm I'm not even sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal yeah I'm I'm not even sure I
+would run that regression but like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would run that regression but like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would run that regression but like I
+think you would need some other context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you would need some other context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you would need some other context
+variable that predicts predicts that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that predicts predicts that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that predicts predicts that I'm
+just about out of time so let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about out of time so let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about out of time so let me let me
+just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just Sim up by saying that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just Sim up by saying that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just Sim up by saying that sort
+of like there people have gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like there people have gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like there people have gone through
+some of these other characteristics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other characteristics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other characteristics I
+mentioned I'm not going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned I'm not going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned I'm not going to go through
+them in in detail now but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in in detail now but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in in detail now but you should
+look at them if you're interested I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them if you're interested I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them if you're interested I
+think the whole they went through group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the whole they went through group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the whole they went through group
+lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending
+um they went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they went through
+um uh they went through completing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they went through completing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they went through completing some
+other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+um people have sort of systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people have sort of systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people have sort of systematically
+tried to decompose that list and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to decompose that list and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to decompose that list and sort of
+understand which of those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand which of those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand which of those things are
+important and I think it turns out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I think it turns out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I think it turns out it's
+kind of a lot more nuanced than sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a lot more nuanced than sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a lot more nuanced than sort of
+the initial kind of view from the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial kind of view from the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial kind of view from the green
+bank which we have to have kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank which we have to have kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank which we have to have kind of this
+whole package or sort of nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole package or sort of nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole package or sort of nothing
+uh the final thing I'll just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the final thing I'll just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the final thing I'll just mention
+some other topics in credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other topics in credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other topics in credit
+um one thing we haven't talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one thing we haven't talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one thing we haven't talked about
+which may come next semester but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may come next semester but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may come next semester but maybe
+not depending on sort of how much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depending on sort of how much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depending on sort of how much time
+they have is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have is um
+local indigenous institutions so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local indigenous institutions so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local indigenous institutions so uh
+rotating savings and Credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating savings and Credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating savings and Credit
+organizations so you know one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations so you know one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations so you know one thing
+people sometimes do if there's not kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes do if there's not kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes do if there's not kind
+of formal credit is they'll get together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal credit is they'll get together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal credit is they'll get together
+and sort of say well look you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of say well look you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of say well look you know maybe
+we're all going to put you know every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all going to put you know every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all going to put you know every
+month we'll get together we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month we'll get together we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month we'll get together we'll have a
+meeting we'll all put ten dollars in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting we'll all put ten dollars in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting we'll all put ten dollars in a
+pot and we'll take turns who gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot and we'll take turns who gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot and we'll take turns who gets the
+ten dollars and you can think of that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars and you can think of that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars and you can think of that as
+kind of like that's a rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like that's a rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like that's a rotating
+organization where in sometimes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization where in sometimes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization where in sometimes you can
+think of it as like a credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as like a credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as like a credit
+organization right so you know the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization right so you know the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization right so you know the first
+person in some sense is getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in some sense is getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in some sense is getting a
+getting a loan of 120 for 12 of us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a loan of 120 for 12 of us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a loan of 120 for 12 of us in
+the group 120 which they were paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group 120 which they were paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group 120 which they were paying
+over time by sort of putting it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time by sort of putting it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time by sort of putting it into the
+pot later and these informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot later and these informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot later and these informal
+institutions are very common throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions are very common throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions are very common throughout
+the developing world and uh and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developing world and uh and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developing world and uh and people
+have studied those to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have studied those to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have studied those to try to understand
+those as well so I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those as well so I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those as well so I just wanted to
+mention the note that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the note that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the note that um
+I think we're going to sort of talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're going to sort of talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're going to sort of talk
+about demand for credit uh this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about demand for credit uh this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about demand for credit uh this will
+talk about a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a little bit more
+um probably not in our station probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably not in our station probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably not in our station probably
+next semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next semester
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so I just want to mention sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to mention sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to mention sort of
+understanding people's demand for credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding people's demand for credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding people's demand for credit
+uh I guess we'll talk about that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess we'll talk about that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess we'll talk about that next
+semester and you know we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and you know we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and you know we'll talk about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+some some more stuff on sort of banksy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some more stuff on sort of banksy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some more stuff on sort of banksy's
+intermediaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries
+um and credit constraints for larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and credit constraints for larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and credit constraints for larger
+firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms
+um next semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next semester
+so I'm going to wrap up here um thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to wrap up here um thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to wrap up here um thanks
+very much it's been great talking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much it's been great talking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much it's been great talking to you
+guys this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys this semester
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+thank you and uh I've left you five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and uh I've left you five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and uh I've left you five
+minutes or so to go fill out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or so to go fill out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or so to go fill out your
+teaching evaluations so we very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching evaluations so we very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching evaluations so we very much
+appreciate that okay thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GmkRmETGghw.txt b/GmkRmETGghw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d023d23014b5e36fa51765b5e1eb8e365734e94f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GmkRmETGghw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1928 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Today, we're moving
+on to what will be a major
+
+unit of the course, which is
+the topic of efficiency.
+
+Thus far, we focused our
+attention on the admittedly
+
+more important problem, getting
+our programs to work,
+
+i.e., to do what we
+want them to do.
+
+For the next several lectures, I
+want to talk about how do we
+
+get them to work quickly
+enough to be useful.
+
+It is in practice often a very
+important consideration in
+
+designing programs.
+
+The goal is not to make you
+an expert in this topic.
+
+It's hard to be an expert
+in this topic.
+
+I'm certainly not an expert.
+
+But I want to give you some
+intuition about how to
+
+approach the question of
+efficiency, how to understand
+
+why some programs take much
+longer to run than others, and
+
+how to go about writing programs
+that will finish
+
+before you die.
+
+And we'll see that if you
+write things wrong, the
+
+programs could, in principle,
+run longer than you can.
+
+So why is efficiency
+so important?
+
+Earlier in the term, I started
+to spend some time talking
+
+about how really fast computers
+are and showing you
+
+that we can use brute force
+algorithms to solve fairly
+
+large problems.
+
+The difficulty is that some of
+the computational problems
+
+we're confronted with are not
+fairly large but enormous.
+
+So for example, in my research
+group where we work at the
+
+intersection of computer science
+and medicine, we have
+
+a big database of roughly a
+billion and half heart beats.
+
+And we routinely run
+computations that run for two
+
+weeks on that data.
+
+And the only reason they
+complete it in two weeks and
+
+not two years is we were
+really careful about
+
+efficiency.
+
+So it really can matter.
+
+And increasingly, it matters
+is we see the scale of
+
+problems growing.
+
+The thing I want you to take
+home to remember is that
+
+efficiency is rarely about
+clever coding.
+
+It's not about some little
+trick that saves one
+
+instruction here or two
+instructions there.
+
+It's really about choosing
+the right algorithm.
+
+So the take home message is
+that efficiency is about
+
+algorithms, not about
+coding details.
+
+Clever algorithms are
+hard to invent.
+
+A successful computer scientist
+might invent maybe
+
+one in his or her
+whole career.
+
+I have to say I invented zero
+important algorithms in my
+
+whole career.
+
+Therefore, we don't depend upon
+being able to do that.
+
+Instead what we depend upon
+is problem reducing.
+
+When confronted with a problem,
+we want to reduce it
+
+to a previously solved
+problem.
+
+And this is really often the key
+to taking some problem and
+
+fitting into a useful
+computation.
+
+We sit back, say, well, this
+looks a little bit like this
+
+other problem.
+
+How come I transform my problem
+to match a problem
+
+that some clever person already
+knows how to solve?
+
+Before I spend time on problem
+reduction, however, I want to
+
+draw back and look at the
+general question of how do we
+
+think about efficiency.
+
+When we think about it, we
+think about it in two
+
+dimensions, space and time.
+
+And as we'll see later in the
+term, we can often trade one
+
+for the other.
+
+We can make a program run faster
+by using more memory or
+
+use less memory at the cost of
+making it run more slowly.
+
+For now, and the next
+few lectures, I'm
+
+going to focus on time.
+
+Because really, that's mostly
+what people worry about these
+
+days when they're dealing
+with complexity.
+
+So now, suppose I ask you the
+question, how long does some
+
+algorithm implemented by
+a program take to run?
+
+How would you go about answering
+that question?
+
+Well, you could say, all right,
+I'm going to run it on
+
+some computer on some
+input and time it.
+
+Look at my watch.
+
+That took three minutes.
+
+I ran this other algorithm,
+and it took two minutes.
+
+It's a better algorithm.
+
+Well, that would be really
+a bad way to look at it.
+
+The reasons we don't think
+about computational
+
+complexity, and that's really
+what people call this topic in
+
+terms of how long a program
+takes to run on a particular
+
+computer, and it's not
+a stable measure.
+
+To do that, it's influenced by
+the speed of the machine.
+
+So a program that took 1 minute
+on my computer might
+
+take 30 seconds on yours.
+
+It has to do with the cleverness
+of the Python
+
+implementation.
+
+Maybe I have a better
+implementation of Python than
+
+you do, so my programs will
+run a little bit faster.
+
+But most importantly, the reason
+we don't depend upon
+
+running programs is it depends
+upon the input.
+
+So I might choose one input for
+which the program took 2
+
+minutes and another seemingly
+similar input in
+
+which it took 1 hour.
+
+So I need to get some way to
+talk about it more abstractly.
+
+The way we do that is
+by counting the
+
+number of basic steps.
+
+So we define some function,
+say time, which maps the
+
+natural numbers to the
+natural numbers.
+
+The first n, in this case, the
+first natural number, the
+
+argument corresponds to the size
+of the input, how big an
+
+input do we want to run
+the program on.
+
+And the result of the function
+is the number of steps that
+
+the computation will take for
+an input of that size.
+
+I'll come back to this in a
+little bit more precise detail
+
+momentarily.
+
+A step is an operation that
+takes constant time.
+
+And that's important.
+
+So steps are not variable,
+but they're constant.
+
+So we have lots of these, for
+example, an assignment, a
+
+comparison, an array
+access, et cetera.
+
+In looking at computational
+complexity in this course,
+
+we're going to use a model
+of the computer.
+
+It's known as random access,
+a random access machine,
+
+frequently abbreviated as RAM.
+
+In a random access machine,
+instructions are executed one
+
+after another, that is to
+say they're sequential.
+
+Only one thing happens
+at a time.
+
+And we assume constant time
+required to access memory.
+
+So we can access at random any
+object in memory in the same
+
+amount of time as any
+other object.
+
+In the early days of computers,
+this model was not
+
+accurate, because memory
+was often say, a tape.
+
+And if you wanted to read
+something at the end of the
+
+tape, it took a lot longer to
+read than something at the
+
+beginning of the tape.
+
+In modern computers, it's
+also not quite accurate.
+
+Modern computers have what's
+called a memory hierarchy
+
+where you have levels of memory,
+the level one cache,
+
+the level two cache,
+the actual memory.
+
+And it can differ by say a
+factor of a 100, how long it
+
+takes access data
+depending upon
+
+whether it's in the cache.
+
+The cache keeps track of
+recently accessed objects.
+
+Nevertheless, if we start
+going into that level of
+
+detail, we end up losing the
+forest for the trees.
+
+So almost everybody when they
+actually try and analyze
+
+algorithms typically works
+with this model.
+
+We also know in modern computers
+that some things
+
+happen in parallel.
+
+But again, for most of
+us, these will be
+
+second order effects.
+
+And the random access model is
+quite good for understanding
+
+algorithms.
+
+Now when we think about how long
+an algorithm will take to
+
+run, there are several
+different ways we
+
+could look at it.
+
+We could think of
+the best case.
+
+And as we think about these
+things, as a concrete example,
+
+we can think about
+linear search.
+
+So let's say we have
+an algorithm that's
+
+using linear search.
+
+We've looked at that before to
+find out whether or not an
+
+element is in the list.
+
+Well, the best case would be
+that the first element is
+
+three, and I'm searching for 3,
+and I find it right away,
+
+and I stop.
+
+So that would be my best
+case complexity.
+
+It's the minimum running time
+over all possible inputs.
+
+Is the best case.
+
+I can also look at
+the worst case.
+
+What's the worst case
+for linear search?
+
+It's not there.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So I go and I have to look at
+every element, and whoops,
+
+it's not there.
+
+So the worst case is the maximum
+over all possible
+
+inputs of a given size.
+
+The size here is the
+length of the list.
+
+And then I can ask what's the
+expected or average case, what
+
+would happen most of the time.
+
+The expected case seems, in
+principle, like the one we
+
+should care about.
+
+But the truth is when we do
+algorithmic analysis, we
+
+almost never deal with
+the expected case
+
+because it's too hard.
+
+We think about the expected case
+for say linear search, we
+
+can't talk about it without some
+detailed model of what
+
+the list itself looks like, what
+elements are in it, and
+
+what the distribution of
+queries looks like.
+
+Are we most of the time asking
+for elements that are not in
+
+the list in which case
+the expected
+
+value is out here somewhere?
+
+Or are we most of the time
+looking for things that are in
+
+the list in which case the
+expected value would be
+
+somewhere near halfway through
+the length of the list?
+
+We don't know those things.
+
+We have a tough time modeling
+expected value.
+
+And one of the things we know is
+that frequently we don't --
+
+when we release a program --
+
+have a good sense of how people
+will actually use it.
+
+And so we don't usually
+focus on that.
+
+Similarly, we don't usually
+focus on the best case.
+
+It would be nice.
+
+But you could imagine that it's
+not really what we care
+
+about, what happens when
+we get really lucky.
+
+Because we all believe
+in Murphy's law.
+
+If something bad can
+happen, it will.
+
+And that's why complexity
+analysis almost always focuses
+
+on the worst case.
+
+What the worst case does is it
+provides an upper bound.
+
+How bad can things
+possibly get?
+
+What's the worst that
+can happen?
+
+And that's nice because
+it means that
+
+there are no surprises.
+
+You say the worst that this
+thing can do is look at every
+
+element of the list once.
+
+And so if I know that the list
+is a million elements, I know,
+
+OK, it might have to do
+a million comparisons.
+
+But it won't have to do any
+more than a million.
+
+And so I won't be suddenly
+surprised that it takes
+
+overnight to run.
+
+Alas, the worst case
+happens often.
+
+We do frequently end up asking
+whether something is in a
+
+list, and it's not.
+
+So even though it seems
+pessimistic to worry about the
+
+worst case, it is the right
+one to worry about.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's look at an example.
+
+So I've got a little
+function here, f.
+
+You can see it here.
+
+It's on the handout as well.
+
+First of all, what mathematical
+function is f
+
+computing, just to force you
+to look at it for a minute?
+
+What's it computing?
+
+Somebody?
+
+It is a function that should
+be familiar to
+
+almost all of you.
+
+Nobody?
+
+Pardon.
+
+AUDIENCE: Exponentiation.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exponentiation?
+
+Don't think so.
+
+But I appreciate
+you're trying.
+
+It's worth some candy,
+not a lot of candy,
+
+but a little candy.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Factorial.
+
+PROFESSOR: Factorial.
+
+Exactly.
+
+It's computing factorial.
+
+Great grab.
+
+So let's think about how long
+this will take to run in terms
+
+of the number of steps.
+
+Well, the first thing it does
+is it executes an assertion.
+
+And for the sake of argument for
+the moment, we can assume
+
+that most instructions in Python
+will take one step.
+
+Then, it does an assignment,
+so that's two steps.
+
+Then, it goes through
+the loop.
+
+Each time through the loop, it
+executes three steps, the test
+
+at the start of the
+loop and the two
+
+instructions inside the loop.
+
+How many times does it
+go through the loop?
+
+Somebody?
+
+Right. n times.
+
+So it will be 2 plus
+3 times n.
+
+And then it executes a return
+statement at the end.
+
+So if I want to write down the
+function that characterizes
+
+the algorithm implemented by
+this code, I say it's 2 plus 3
+
+times n plus 1.
+
+Well, I could do that.
+
+But it would be kind of silly.
+
+Let's say n equals 3,000.
+
+Well, if n equals 3,000, this
+tells me that it takes 9,000--
+
+well, what does it take?
+
+9,003 steps.
+
+Right.
+
+Well, do I care whether
+it's 9,000 or 9,003?
+
+I don't really.
+
+So in fact, when I look at
+complexity, I tend to--
+
+I don't tend to I do ignore
+additive constants.
+
+So the fact that there's a 2
+here and a 1 here doesn't
+
+really matter.
+
+So I say, well, if we're trying
+to characterize this
+
+algorithm, let's ignore those.
+
+Because what I really
+care about is growth
+
+with respect to size.
+
+How does the running time
+grow as the size
+
+of the input grows?
+
+We can even go further.
+
+Do I actually care whether
+it's 3,000 or 9,000?
+
+Well, I might.
+
+I might care whether a program
+take say 3 hours to run or 9
+
+hours to run.
+
+But in fact, as it gets bigger,
+and we really care
+
+about this as things get
+bigger, I probably
+
+don't care that much.
+
+If I told you this was going to
+take 3,000 years or 9,000
+
+years, you wouldn't care.
+
+Or probably, even if I told you
+it was going to take 3,000
+
+days or 9,000 days, you'd say,
+well, it's too long anyway.
+
+So typically, we even ignore
+multiplicative constants and
+
+use a model of asymptotic growth
+that talks about how
+
+the complexity grows as you
+reach the limit of the sizes
+
+of the inputs.
+
+This is typically done using
+a notation we call big O
+
+notation written as a single
+O. So if I write order n,
+
+O(n), what this says is this
+algorithm, the complexity, the
+
+time grows linearly with n.
+
+Doesn't say whether it's
+3 times n or 2 times n.
+
+It's linear in n is
+what this says.
+
+Well, why do we call it big O?
+
+Well, some people think it's
+because, oh my God, this
+
+program will never end.
+
+But in fact, no.
+
+This notion was introduced
+to computer
+
+science by Donald Knuth.
+
+And he chose the Greek letter
+omicron because it was used in
+
+the 19th century by people
+developing calculus.
+
+We don't typically write
+omicron because
+
+it's harder to types.
+
+So we usually use the capital
+Latin letter O, hence, life
+
+gets simple.
+
+What this does is it gives
+us an upper bound for the
+
+asymptotic growth
+of the function.
+
+So formerly, we would write
+something like f of x, where f
+
+is some function of
+the input x, is
+
+order, let's say x squared.
+
+That would say it's quadratic
+in the size of x.
+
+Formally what this means is
+that the function f--
+
+I should probably write
+this down--
+
+the function f grows no faster
+than the quadratic
+
+polynomial x squared.
+
+So let's look at what
+this means.
+
+I wrote a little program that
+talks about some of the--
+
+I should say probably most
+popular values we see.
+
+So some of the most popular
+orders we would write down, we
+
+often see order 1.
+
+And what that means
+is constant.
+
+The time required is
+independent of
+
+the size of the input.
+
+It doesn't say it's one step.
+
+But it's independent
+of the input.
+
+It's constant.
+
+We often see order log n,
+logarithmic growth.
+
+Order n, linear.
+
+One we'll see later this
+week is nlog(n).
+
+This is called log linear.
+
+And we'll see why that occurs
+surprisingly often.
+
+Order n to the c where c is
+some constant, this is
+
+polynomial.
+
+A common polynomial would be
+squared as in quadratic.
+
+And then, if we're terribly
+unlucky, you run into things
+
+that are order c to the
+n exponential in
+
+the size of the input.
+
+To give you an idea of what
+these classes actually mean, I
+
+wrote a little program that
+produces some plots.
+
+Don't worry about what
+the code looks like.
+
+In a few weeks, you'll
+be able to write
+
+such programs yourself.
+
+Not only will you be able
+to, you'll be forced to.
+
+So I'm just going to run this
+and produce some plots showing
+
+different orders of growth.
+
+All right.
+
+This is producing
+these blocks.
+
+Excuse me.
+
+I see.
+
+So let's look at the plots.
+
+So here, I've plotted
+linear growth
+
+versus logarithmic growth.
+
+And as you can see, it's
+quite a difference.
+
+If we can manage to get a
+logarithmic algorithm, it
+
+grows much more slowly than
+a linear algorithm.
+
+And we saw this when we looked
+at the graded advantage of
+
+binary search as opposed
+to linear search.
+
+Actually, this is linear
+versus log linear.
+
+What happened to figure one?
+
+Well, we'll come back to it.
+
+So you'll see here that
+log linear is
+
+much worse than linear.
+
+So this factor of nlog(n)
+actually makes a considerable
+
+difference in running time.
+
+Now, I'm going to compare a
+log linear to quadratic, a
+
+small degree polynomial.
+
+As you can see, it almost looks
+like log linear is not
+
+growing at all.
+
+So as bad as log linear looked
+when we compared it to linear,
+
+we see that compared to
+quadratic, it's pretty great.
+
+And what this tells us is that
+in practice, even a quadratic
+
+algorithm is often impractically
+slow, and we
+
+really can't use them.
+
+And so in practice, we worked
+very hard to avoid even
+
+quadratic, which somehow
+doesn't seem like it
+
+should be so bad.
+
+But in fact, as you can see,
+it gets bad quickly.
+
+Yeah, this was the log versus
+linear, not surprising.
+
+And now, if we look at quadratic
+versus exponential,
+
+we can see hardly anything.
+
+And that's because exponential
+is growing so quickly.
+
+So instead, what we're going to
+do is I'm going to plot the
+
+y-axis logarithmically just so
+we can actually see something.
+
+And as you can see on input of
+size 1,000, an exponential
+
+algorithm is roughly order
+10 to the 286th.
+
+That's an unimaginably
+large number.
+
+Right?
+
+I don't know what it compares
+to, the number of atoms in the
+
+universe, or something
+ridiculous, or maybe more.
+
+But we can't possibly think of
+running an algorithm that's
+
+going to take this long.
+
+It's just not even
+conceivable.
+
+So exponential, we sort of throw
+up our hands and say
+
+we're dead.
+
+We can't do it.
+
+And so nobody uses exponential
+algorithms for everything, yet
+
+for anything.
+
+Yet as we'll see, there are
+problems that we care about
+
+that, in principle, can only
+be solved by exponential
+
+algorithms.
+
+So what do we do?
+
+As we'll see, well, we
+usually don't try
+
+and solve those problems.
+
+We try and solve some
+
+approximation to those problems.
+
+Or we use some other tricks to
+say, well, we know the worst
+
+case will be terrible, but
+here's how we're going to
+
+avoid the worst case.
+
+We'll see a lot of that towards
+the end of the term.
+
+The moral is try not to do
+anything that's worse than log
+
+linear if you possibly can.
+
+Now some truth in advertising,
+some caveats.
+
+If I look at my definition of
+what big O means, I said it
+
+grows no faster than.
+
+So in principle, I could say,
+well, what the heck, I'll just
+
+write 2 to the x here.
+
+And it's still true.
+
+It's not faster than that.
+
+It's not what we actually
+want to do.
+
+What we actually want
+is a type bound.
+
+We'd like to say it's no faster
+than this, but it's no
+
+slower than this either, to try
+and characterize the worst
+
+cases precisely as we can.
+
+Formally speaking, a theorist
+used something called big
+
+Theta notation for this.
+
+They write a theta instead of
+an O. However, most of the
+
+time in practice, when somebody
+writes something like
+
+f of x is order x squared, what
+they mean is the worst
+
+case is really about
+x squared.
+
+And that's the way we're
+going to use it here.
+
+We're not going to try
+and get too formal.
+
+We're going to do what people
+actually do in practice when
+
+they talk about complexity.
+
+All right, let's look at
+another example now.
+
+Here, I've written factorial
+recursively.
+
+Didn't even try to disguise
+what it was.
+
+So let's think about how
+we would analyze the
+
+complexity of this.
+
+Well, we know that we can ignore
+the first two lines of
+
+code because those are just
+the additives pieces.
+
+We don't care about that--
+
+the first line, and the
+if, and the return.
+
+So what's the piece
+we care about?
+
+We care about the number of
+times the factorial is called.
+
+In the first implementation of
+factorial, we cared about the
+
+number of iterations
+of a loop.
+
+Now instead of using a loop, you
+use recursion to do more
+
+or less the same thing.
+
+And so we care about
+the number of
+
+times fact is called.
+
+How many times will
+that happen?
+
+Well, let's think about why I
+know this doesn't run forever,
+
+because that's always the way
+we really think about
+
+complexity in some sense.
+
+I know it doesn't run forever
+because each time I call
+
+factorial, I call it on a number
+one smaller than the
+
+number before.
+
+So how many times can
+I do that if I start
+
+with a number n?
+
+n times, right?
+
+So once again, it's order n.
+
+So the interesting thing we see
+here is that essentially,
+
+I've given you the same
+algorithm recursively and
+
+iteratively.
+
+Not surprisingly, even though
+I've coded it differently,
+
+it's the same complexity.
+
+Now in practice, the recursive
+one might take a little longer
+
+to run, because there's a
+certain overhead to function
+
+calls that we don't have
+with while loops.
+
+But we don't actually
+care about that.
+
+Its overhead is one of those
+multiplicative constants I
+
+said we're going to ignore.
+
+And in fact, it's a very small
+multiplicative constant.
+
+It really doesn't make
+much of a difference.
+
+So how do I decide whether to
+use recursion or iteration has
+
+nothing to do with efficiency,
+it's whichever is more
+
+convenient to code.
+
+In this case, I kind of like
+the fact that recursive
+
+factorial is a little neater.
+
+So that's what I would use
+and not worry about the
+
+efficiency.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's look at another example.
+
+How about g?
+
+What's the complexity of g?
+
+Well, I can ignore the
+first statement.
+
+But now I've got two
+nested loops.
+
+How do I go and think
+about this?
+
+The way I do it is I start by
+finding the inner loop.
+
+How many times do I go through
+the inner loop?
+
+I go through the inner
+loop n times, right?
+
+So it executes the inner
+for statement is
+
+going to be order n.
+
+The next question I ask is how
+many times do I start the
+
+inner loop up again?
+
+That's also order n times.
+
+So what's the complexity
+of this?
+
+Somebody?
+
+AUDIENCE: n-squared.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+I think I heard the
+right answer.
+
+It's order n-squared.
+
+Because I execute the inner
+loop n times, or each time
+
+around is n, then I multiply it
+by n because I'm doing the
+
+outer loop n times.
+
+So the inner loop is
+order n-squared.
+
+That makes sense?
+
+So typically, whenever I have
+nested loops, I have to do
+
+this kind of reasoning.
+
+Same thing if I have recursion
+inside a loop or nested
+
+recursions.
+
+I start at the inside and
+work my way out is the
+
+way I do the analysis.
+
+Let's look at another example.
+
+It's kind of a different take.
+
+How about h?
+
+What's the complexity of h?
+
+First of all, what's h doing?
+
+Kind of always a good
+way to start.
+
+What is answer going to be?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: The sum of the
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Exactly.
+
+It's going to be the
+sum of the digits.
+
+Spring training is already
+under way,
+
+so sum of the digits.
+
+And what's the complexity?
+
+Well, we can analyze it.
+
+Right away, we know
+we can ignore
+
+everything except the loop.
+
+So how many times do I
+go through this loop?
+
+It depends upon the number
+of digits in the string
+
+representation of
+the int, right?
+
+Now, if I were careless, I would
+write something like
+
+order n, where n is the
+number of digits in s.
+
+But really, I'm not allowed
+to do that.
+
+Why not?
+
+Because I have to express the
+complexity in terms of the
+
+inputs to the program.
+
+And s is not an input.
+
+s is a local variable.
+
+So somehow, I'm going to have to
+express the complexity, not
+
+in terms of s, but
+in terms of what?
+
+x.
+
+So that's no go.
+
+So what is in terms of x?
+
+How many digits?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it constant?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's not constant.
+
+No.
+
+Because I'll have more
+digits in a billion
+
+than I will in four.
+
+Right.
+
+Log --
+
+in this case, base 10 of x.
+
+The number of decimal digits
+required to express an integer
+
+is the log of the magnitude
+of that integer.
+
+You think about we looked at
+binary numbers and decimal
+
+numbers last lecture, that was
+exactly what we were doing.
+
+So that's the way I have
+to express this.
+
+Now, what's the moral here?
+
+The thing I really care about
+is not that this is how you
+
+talk about the number
+of digits in an int.
+
+What I care about is
+that you always
+
+have to be very careful.
+
+People often think that they're
+done when they write
+
+something like order n.
+
+But they're not until they tell
+you what n means, Because
+
+that can be pretty subtle.
+
+Order x would have been wrong
+because it's not the magnitude
+
+of the integer x.
+
+It's this is what controls
+the growth.
+
+So whenever you're looking at
+complexity, you have to be
+
+very careful what you mean,
+what the variables are.
+
+This is particularly true now
+when you look at functions say
+
+with multiple inputs.
+
+Ok.
+
+Let's look at some
+more examples.
+
+So we've looked before
+at search.
+
+So this is code you've
+seen before, really.
+
+Here's a linear search
+and a binary search.
+
+And in fact, informally, we've
+looked at the complexity of
+
+these things before.
+
+And we can run them, and we can
+see how they will grow.
+
+But it won't surprise you.
+
+So if we look at the
+linear search--
+
+whoops, I'm printing
+the values here,
+
+just shows it works.
+
+But now, the binary search, what
+we're going to look at is
+
+how it grows.
+
+This is exactly the search
+we looked at before.
+
+And the thing I want you to
+notice, and as we looked at
+
+before, we saw it was
+logarithmic is that as the
+
+size of the list grows, doubles,
+I only need one more
+
+step to do the search.
+
+This is the beauty of a
+logarithmic algorithm.
+
+So as I go from a 100, which
+takes 7 steps, to 200,
+
+it only takes 8.
+
+1,600 takes 11.
+
+And when I'm all the way up to
+some very big number, and I'm
+
+not even sure what that number
+is, it took 23 steps.
+
+But very slow growth.
+
+So that's a good thing.
+
+What's the order of this?
+
+It's order n where n is what?
+
+Order log n where n is what?
+
+Let's just try and write
+it carefully.
+
+Well, it's order length
+of the list.
+
+We don't care what the actual
+members of the list are.
+
+Now, that's an interesting
+question to ask.
+
+Let's look at the code
+for a minute.
+
+Is that a valid assumption?
+
+Well, it seems to be when
+we look at my test.
+
+But let's look at what
+I'm doing here.
+
+So a couple of things
+I want to point out.
+
+One is I used a very common
+trick when dealing with these
+
+kinds of algorithms.
+
+You'll notice that I have
+something called bsearch and
+
+something called search.
+
+All search does is
+called bsearch.
+
+Why did I even bother
+with search?
+
+Why didn't I just with my code
+down here call bsearch with
+
+some initial values?
+
+The answer is really, I started
+with this search.
+
+And a user of search shouldn't
+have to worry that I got
+
+clever and went from this linear
+search to a binary
+
+search or maybe some more
+complex search yet.
+
+I need to have a consistent
+interface
+
+for the search function.
+
+And the interface is what it
+looks like to the caller.
+
+And it says when I call
+it, it just takes
+
+a list and an element.
+
+It shouldn't have to take the
+high bound and the lower bound
+
+as arguments.
+
+Because that really is
+not intrinsic to
+
+the meaning of search.
+
+So I typically will organize
+my program by having this
+
+search look exactly like this
+search to a caller.
+
+And then, it does whatever
+it needs to do
+
+to call binary search.
+
+So that's usually the way
+you do these things.
+
+It's very common with recursive
+algorithms, various
+
+things where you need some
+initial value that's only
+
+there for the initial call,
+things like that.
+
+Let me finish--
+
+wanted to point out is the use
+of this global variable.
+
+So you'll notice down
+here, I define
+
+something called NumCalls.
+
+Remember we talked
+about scopes.
+
+So this is now an identifier
+that exists in the outermost
+
+scope of the program.
+
+Then in bsearch, I used it.
+
+But I said I'm going to use
+this global variable, this
+
+variable declared outside
+the scope of
+
+bsearch inside bsearch.
+
+So it's this statement that
+tells me not to create a new
+
+local variable here but to use
+the one in the outer scope.
+
+This is normally considered
+poor programming practice.
+
+Global variables can
+often lead to
+
+very confusing programs.
+
+Occasionally, they're useful.
+
+Here it's pretty useful because
+I'm just trying to
+
+keep track of a number of times
+this thing is called.
+
+And so I don't want a new
+variable generated each time
+
+it's instantiated.
+
+Now, you had a question?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just checking.
+
+The order len L, the size
+of the list is the
+
+order of which search?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's the order
+of the linear search.
+
+The order of the binary search
+is order log base 2 of L--
+
+sorry, not of L, right?
+
+Doesn't make sense to take
+the log of a list of the
+
+length of the list.
+
+Typically, we don't bother
+writing base 2.
+
+If it's logarithmic, it doesn't
+really very much
+
+matter what the base is.
+
+You'll still get that
+very slow growth.
+
+Log base 10, log base 2, not
+that much difference.
+
+So we typically just
+write log.
+
+All right.
+
+People with me?
+
+Now, for this to be true, or in
+fact, even if we go look at
+
+the linear search, there's
+kind of an assumption.
+
+I'm assuming that I can extract
+the elements from a
+
+list and compare them to a
+value in constant time.
+
+Because remember, my model of
+computation says that every
+
+step takes the same amount
+of time, roughly.
+
+And if I now look say a binary
+search, you'll see I'm doing
+
+something that apparently
+looks a little bit
+
+complicated up here.
+
+I am looking at L of low and
+comparing it to e, and L of
+
+high and comparing it to e.
+
+How do I know that's
+constant time?
+
+Maybe it takes me order length
+of list time to extract the
+
+last element.
+
+So I've got to be very careful
+when I look at complexity, not
+
+to think I only have to look
+at the complexity of the
+
+program itself, that is to say,
+in this case, the number
+
+of recursive calls, but is
+there something that it's
+
+doing inside this function that
+might be more complex
+
+than I think.
+
+As it happens, in this case,
+this rather complicated
+
+expression can be done
+in constant time.
+
+And that will be the
+first topic of
+
+the lecture on Thursday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GzVEP1VkwvA.txt b/GzVEP1VkwvA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b760b81fe150f76f5e45c576fc270d28b51aef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GzVEP1VkwvA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9272 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this being the first meeting of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this being the first meeting of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this being the first meeting of this
+course what I wanted to do is to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what I wanted to do is to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what I wanted to do is to give
+you uh preparation in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh preparation in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh preparation in terms of the
+syllabus together with some introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus together with some introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus together with some introduction
+to the Aesthetics of film which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Aesthetics of film which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Aesthetics of film which is the
+basic subject matter within which our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic subject matter within which our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic subject matter within which our
+activities will uh Center um and uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities will uh Center um and uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities will uh Center um and uh then
+after we've done that we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we've done that we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we've done that we can start
+immediately with the first of the films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately with the first of the films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately with the first of the films
+that are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be
+shown there on most of the days um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown there on most of the days um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown there on most of the days um that
+we meet there will be a film and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meet there will be a film and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meet there will be a film and it's
+indicated after the slash on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated after the slash on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated after the slash on the
+syllabus what occurs before is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus what occurs before is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus what occurs before is the
+preparation that you should have done uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation that you should have done uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation that you should have done uh
+by then uh consisting in writings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by then uh consisting in writings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by then uh consisting in writings of
+different sorts that I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sorts that I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sorts that I will be
+explaining to you and in fact perhaps I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining to you and in fact perhaps I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining to you and in fact perhaps I
+should start with that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should start with that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should start with that kind of
+explanation does anybody have any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation does anybody have any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation does anybody have any other
+question first all right well look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question first all right well look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question first all right well look at
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+syllabus and you'll see first um date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus and you'll see first um date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus and you'll see first um date
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+introduction Sturges lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction Sturges lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction Sturges lady
+Eve uh the lady Eve is a film that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve uh the lady Eve is a film that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve uh the lady Eve is a film that was
+made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in
+1941 by a great filmmaker whom many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1941 by a great filmmaker whom many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1941 by a great filmmaker whom many of
+you maybe all of you have never heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe all of you have never heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe all of you have never heard
+of he was a sort of a twin brother I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of he was a sort of a twin brother I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of he was a sort of a twin brother I
+would say of Orson Wells uh Citizen Cane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say of Orson Wells uh Citizen Cane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say of Orson Wells uh Citizen Cane
+was made in 1941 and this was made in 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made in 1941 and this was made in 41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made in 1941 and this was made in 41
+they were both very literate very highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were both very literate very highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were both very literate very highly
+educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+filmmakers who had revolutionary ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers who had revolutionary ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers who had revolutionary ideas
+of of of a parallel sort uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of a parallel sort uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of a parallel sort uh
+Sturgis was originally a businessman who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sturgis was originally a businessman who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sturgis was originally a businessman who
+decided he wanted to go to the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided he wanted to go to the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided he wanted to go to the movies
+and he was also a writer so he began as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was also a writer so he began as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was also a writer so he began as
+a SC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a SC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a SC
+screenwriter he did well and was given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenwriter he did well and was given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenwriter he did well and was given
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+opportunity on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity on a
+film in which he insisted that he be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in which he insisted that he be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in which he insisted that he be
+allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to
+direct which was rare in fact unheard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct which was rare in fact unheard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct which was rare in fact unheard of
+that a a writer should also be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a a writer should also be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a a writer should also be a
+director he he not only directed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director he he not only directed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director he he not only directed that
+film um the lady Eve and but he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um the lady Eve and but he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um the lady Eve and but he also
+wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote
+it and in a way that was really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in a way that was really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in a way that was really very
+novel instead of putting it down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel instead of putting it down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel instead of putting it down on
+paper he would so live it reenact it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper he would so live it reenact it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper he would so live it reenact it and
+a secretary would take down his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a secretary would take down his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a secretary would take down his uh
+directions about what should happen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions about what should happen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions about what should happen on
+in the screenplay so all of that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the screenplay so all of that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the screenplay so all of that was
+very new and very interesting Orson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very new and very interesting Orson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very new and very interesting Orson
+Wells uh went you probably know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells uh went you probably know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells uh went you probably know this
+story a little better went to Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story a little better went to Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story a little better went to Hollywood
+at the age of 25 uh because he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the age of 25 uh because he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the age of 25 uh because he had
+attained worldwide fame or notoriety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attained worldwide fame or notoriety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attained worldwide fame or notoriety
+because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the
+Martian uh Invasion scare on radio he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian uh Invasion scare on radio he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian uh Invasion scare on radio he
+gave a radio program uh that alleged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a radio program uh that alleged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a radio program uh that alleged to
+be uh a report of an invasion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh a report of an invasion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh a report of an invasion of the
+Earth by martians and it was done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth by martians and it was done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth by martians and it was done so
+realistically that the people fled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistically that the people fled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistically that the people fled out
+of their home and there was a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their home and there was a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their home and there was a great deal
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+turmoil uh the next day the news of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turmoil uh the next day the news of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turmoil uh the next day the news of this
+was all over the world at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all over the world at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all over the world at that time
+Orson Wells was 23 years old at 25 he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson Wells was 23 years old at 25 he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson Wells was 23 years old at 25 he
+went to Hollywood uh and was told he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Hollywood uh and was told he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Hollywood uh and was told he
+could do anything he wanted with a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do anything he wanted with a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do anything he wanted with a movie
+that he would somehow be responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would somehow be responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would somehow be responsible for
+and what he did was to produce the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he did was to produce the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he did was to produce the movie
+to direct the movie to write the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to direct the movie to write the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to direct the movie to write the movie
+and to have the leading role himself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have the leading role himself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have the leading role himself uh
+that was citizen Cain and it had a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was citizen Cain and it had a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was citizen Cain and it had a it
+was recognized by the critics as a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was recognized by the critics as a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was recognized by the critics as a great
+work of art but uh it was ruined at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of art but uh it was ruined at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of art but uh it was ruined at the
+box office because it was partly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box office because it was partly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box office because it was partly a
+parody of William Randolph Hurst who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody of William Randolph Hurst who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody of William Randolph Hurst who was
+a an owner of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an owner of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an owner of many
+newspapers uh and uh who wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers uh and uh who wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers uh and uh who wanted to
+destroy it even offered to buy up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy it even offered to buy up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy it even offered to buy up the
+prince so that he could burn them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prince so that he could burn them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prince so that he could burn them uh
+that uh wells's Masterpiece survived but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh wells's Masterpiece survived but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh wells's Masterpiece survived but
+lost money and U was was the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost money and U was was the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost money and U was was the beginning
+of his uh ruination at Hollywood all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his uh ruination at Hollywood all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his uh ruination at Hollywood all of
+this happening in 1941 which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happening in 1941 which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happening in 1941 which is very
+interesting in the case of um Sturgis he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in the case of um Sturgis he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in the case of um Sturgis he
+went on to make other movies and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on to make other movies and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on to make other movies and some of
+them were very good and very famous but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were very good and very famous but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were very good and very famous but
+after a short period maybe 10 years his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a short period maybe 10 years his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a short period maybe 10 years his
+popularity peaked and then he too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularity peaked and then he too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularity peaked and then he too
+declined in the eyes of Hollywood uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined in the eyes of Hollywood uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined in the eyes of Hollywood uh the
+way that Orson Wells did they were both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that Orson Wells did they were both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that Orson Wells did they were both
+uh Rich boys or children of Fairly rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Rich boys or children of Fairly rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Rich boys or children of Fairly rich
+people they both had the best kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they both had the best kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they both had the best kind of
+European education and familiarity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European education and familiarity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European education and familiarity with
+American Arts of people both in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Arts of people both in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Arts of people both in the
+middle both in mainly in the middle west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle both in mainly in the middle west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle both in mainly in the middle west
+uh who were doing important things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who were doing important things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who were doing important things but
+uh related to European models uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related to European models uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related to European models uh they
+both had very strong-minded mothers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both had very strong-minded mothers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both had very strong-minded mothers uh
+they were very much alike very and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were very much alike very and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were very much alike very and they
+liked each other very much alike in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked each other very much alike in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked each other very much alike in many
+ways uh but but Wells NE never made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh but but Wells NE never made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh but but Wells NE never made the
+kind of comedies that Sturgis did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of comedies that Sturgis did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of comedies that Sturgis did and
+what you'll see today is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see today is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see today is a
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+rich mad cop comedy that uh similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich mad cop comedy that uh similar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich mad cop comedy that uh similar in
+some ways to the ones that were common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways to the ones that were common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways to the ones that were common
+place in Hollywood in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in Hollywood in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in Hollywood in the
+1930s uh they stopped being made not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s uh they stopped being made not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s uh they stopped being made not too
+long after U Sturges I suppose during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long after U Sturges I suppose during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long after U Sturges I suppose during
+the second world war they came out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war they came out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war they came out of
+fashion um I believe that Sturgis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion um I believe that Sturgis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion um I believe that Sturgis is
+perhaps one of the very best that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps one of the very best that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps one of the very best that were
+ever made and that it's a masterpiece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever made and that it's a masterpiece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever made and that it's a masterpiece
+which is one of the reasons I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the reasons I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the reasons I wanted to
+start the course with that and what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the course with that and what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the course with that and what I'm
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+to ask you to do is to just sit back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you to do is to just sit back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you to do is to just sit back and
+enjoy this comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy this comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy this comedy
+today you I don't mean you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you I don't mean you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you I don't mean you should be
+completely mindless or not think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely mindless or not think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely mindless or not think of
+anything else uh you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else uh you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else uh you can think of
+anything you want but just go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want but just go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want but just go to the
+movies today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies today
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+week um I will play you the voice over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um I will play you the voice over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um I will play you the voice over
+commentary on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary on the
+DVD which has recently come out uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD which has recently come out uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD which has recently come out uh the
+commentary is made by a film scholar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary is made by a film scholar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary is made by a film scholar uh
+named Marian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Marian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Marian
+Kean and I was attracted to this after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kean and I was attracted to this after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kean and I was attracted to this after
+having seen uh the original movie many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having seen uh the original movie many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having seen uh the original movie many
+years earlier um mainly for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years earlier um mainly for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years earlier um mainly for the the
+bonus material and intrigued by the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus material and intrigued by the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus material and intrigued by the fact
+that this was a woman's point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was a woman's point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was a woman's point of view
+since she was a woman filmmaker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since she was a woman filmmaker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since she was a woman filmmaker and
+that's really the great strength of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the great strength of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the great strength of it
+there are things that she could see as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that she could see as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that she could see as a
+woman that I couldn't see I learned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman that I couldn't see I learned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman that I couldn't see I learned a
+great deal from that and it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal from that and it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal from that and it's all
+relevant to what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what's going on in the
+movies so the commentary is a valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies so the commentary is a valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies so the commentary is a valuable
+um work of art in itself at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um work of art in itself at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um work of art in itself at the same
+time uh I realized from that that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh I realized from that that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh I realized from that that there
+were many problems in Aesthetics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many problems in Aesthetics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many problems in Aesthetics that
+Marian Keane wasn't handling as I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marian Keane wasn't handling as I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marian Keane wasn't handling as I would
+and her Mentor at Harvard uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her Mentor at Harvard uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her Mentor at Harvard uh a
+philosopher of film named Stanley Cavell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher of film named Stanley Cavell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher of film named Stanley Cavell
+whom you'll be reading about uh for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom you'll be reading about uh for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom you'll be reading about uh for next
+week uh that she appropriated some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh that she appropriated some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh that she appropriated some of
+his ideas that I don't agree with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his ideas that I don't agree with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his ideas that I don't agree with so
+that I did have a different sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did have a different sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did have a different sort of
+perspective on the basis of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on the basis of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on the basis of that and
+this Rich experience with the movie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Rich experience with the movie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Rich experience with the movie and
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+bonus material uh I sat down and wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus material uh I sat down and wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus material uh I sat down and wrote a
+50-page chapter which I won't inflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-page chapter which I won't inflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-page chapter which I won't inflict
+upon you but while you're watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon you but while you're watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon you but while you're watching the
+um commentary next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um commentary next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um commentary next
+time I will give a commentary on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I will give a commentary on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I will give a commentary on the
+commentary and of course both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary and of course both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary and of course both of them
+are related and derivative out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related and derivative out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related and derivative out of the
+movie itself which you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie itself which you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie itself which you're going to be
+watching today the reason I'm doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching today the reason I'm doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching today the reason I'm doing it
+this way is because I think one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way is because I think one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way is because I think one has to
+learn how to look at movies it's an art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to look at movies it's an art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to look at movies it's an art
+form and you have to be trained in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and you have to be trained in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and you have to be trained in how
+to see any art whether it's painting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see any art whether it's painting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see any art whether it's painting or
+music um which the music in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um which the music in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um which the music in particular
+being a very abstract art and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a very abstract art and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a very abstract art and so you
+need quite a lot of training or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need quite a lot of training or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need quite a lot of training or
+literature um or the doing of philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature um or the doing of philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature um or the doing of philosophy
+which is also an art form and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also an art form and uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also an art form and uh this is
+something you probably don't have am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you probably don't have am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you probably don't have am I
+right about that does anybody have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about that does anybody have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about that does anybody have any
+has anybody taken the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody taken the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody taken the film
+experience well then uh oh half that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience well then uh oh half that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience well then uh oh half that's
+good well then you got you two did your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good well then you got you two did your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good well then you got you two did your
+hand was your hand no it's about half um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand was your hand no it's about half um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand was your hand no it's about half um
+you have some preparation but the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some preparation but the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some preparation but the film
+experience is more like a survey and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is more like a survey and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is more like a survey and uh
+it's given by people in various Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's given by people in various Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's given by people in various Fields
+none of whom is a philosopher in CMS I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of whom is a philosopher in CMS I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of whom is a philosopher in CMS I
+am comparative media studies I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am comparative media studies I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am comparative media studies I'm the
+only philosopher on the team and even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only philosopher on the team and even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only philosopher on the team and even in
+philosophy I do things in a bizarre uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy I do things in a bizarre uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy I do things in a bizarre uh
+and special way of my own so that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and special way of my own so that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and special way of my own so that there
+is a certain way of learning something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a certain way of learning something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a certain way of learning something
+that you might be able to get from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might be able to get from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might be able to get from me
+that you wouldn't get even if you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't get even if you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't get even if you've had
+a good deal of um experience in film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good deal of um experience in film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good deal of um experience in film
+courses all right so that will keep us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses all right so that will keep us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses all right so that will keep us
+occupied for the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied for the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied for the first two
+weeks and I will put that those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and I will put that those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and I will put that those two
+weeks and the rest of the syllabus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and the rest of the syllabus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and the rest of the syllabus in
+the context of this course as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of this course as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of this course as opposed to
+other courses that I give for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses that I give for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses that I give for instance
+last term I gave a course called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term I gave a course called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term I gave a course called
+philosophy of film rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of film rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of film rather than
+philosophy in film and other media and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in film and other media and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in film and other media and
+there I dealt with more abstract ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I dealt with more abstract ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I dealt with more abstract ideas
+about film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about film
+Theory uh I did it however um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh I did it however um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh I did it however um on the
+basis of a book that I was had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of a book that I was had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of a book that I was had just
+finished last term and which is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished last term and which is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished last term and which is coming
+out any day now uh called three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out any day now uh called three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out any day now uh called three
+philosophical filmmakers hitchock Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical filmmakers hitchock Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical filmmakers hitchock Wells
+Renoir and what I wanted wanted to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renoir and what I wanted wanted to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renoir and what I wanted wanted to get
+out of them was the suggestiveness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of them was the suggestiveness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of them was the suggestiveness of
+their theoretical writings in connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their theoretical writings in connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their theoretical writings in connection
+with their actual practice and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their actual practice and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their actual practice and their
+views about the world and everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views about the world and everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views about the world and everything in
+other words as if they were applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words as if they were applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words as if they were applied
+philosophers whom nobody is treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers whom nobody is treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers whom nobody is treated
+seriously the way I did and uh who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously the way I did and uh who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously the way I did and uh who is
+going to be approached by somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be approached by somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be approached by somebody who
+calls himself a philosopher me and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls himself a philosopher me and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls himself a philosopher me and and a
+Phil and as esthetician that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phil and as esthetician that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phil and as esthetician that is a
+philosopher of art that was what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher of art that was what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher of art that was what I did
+in philosophy of film in this course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in philosophy of film in this course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in philosophy of film in this course I
+do something very different and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something very different and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something very different and I'll
+have to explain to you what that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to explain to you what that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to explain to you what that what
+that is at this point also I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is at this point also I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is at this point also I want to
+give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a
+little explanation of what my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little explanation of what my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little explanation of what my input
+is in uh the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in uh the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in uh the last
+Tuesday uh the open opening course where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday uh the open opening course where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday uh the open opening course where
+people filmed a course that I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people filmed a course that I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people filmed a course that I give
+called feeling and Imagination in art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called feeling and Imagination in art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called feeling and Imagination in art
+science and technology and that deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and technology and that deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and technology and that deals
+with the nature of creativity and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the nature of creativity and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the nature of creativity and I
+began there with um an account of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began there with um an account of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began there with um an account of what I
+am as an instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am as an instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am as an instructor
+and went on very long I watched it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went on very long I watched it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went on very long I watched it uh
+last hour and I don't think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last hour and I don't think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last hour and I don't think we have
+enough time for that today so I will try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time for that today so I will try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time for that today so I will try
+to be very brief and it's based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very brief and it's based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very brief and it's based on a
+distinction I make between born teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction I make between born teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction I make between born teachers
+and um performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um performing
+artists and I give as an example one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists and I give as an example one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists and I give as an example one of
+my daughters who teaches fourth grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my daughters who teaches fourth grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my daughters who teaches fourth grade
+and she's a born teacher she can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's a born teacher she can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's a born teacher she can see
+into the soul so to speak of her Young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the soul so to speak of her Young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the soul so to speak of her Young
+pups to see what their stage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pups to see what their stage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pups to see what their stage of
+development is where they are going she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is where they are going she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is where they are going she
+doesn't teach given them much impart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't teach given them much impart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't teach given them much impart
+much information though she knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information though she knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information though she knows
+various things including mathematics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things including mathematics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things including mathematics uh
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+specialized information uh but she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized information uh but she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized information uh but she is
+able through the question and answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able through the question and answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able through the question and answer
+procedure that's used so much in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that's used so much in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that's used so much in the
+lower grades to get them to think and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower grades to get them to think and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower grades to get them to think and to
+work at what they're capable of given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at what they're capable of given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at what they're capable of given
+their stage of development a a born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stage of development a a born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stage of development a a born
+performer uh which is what I am is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer uh which is what I am is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer uh which is what I am is very
+different I don't have that intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I don't have that intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I don't have that intuitive
+powers that my daughter does uh I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers that my daughter does uh I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers that my daughter does uh I'm not
+a born teacher what I am is somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a born teacher what I am is somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a born teacher what I am is somebody who
+is willing to make himself available and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is willing to make himself available and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is willing to make himself available and
+show himself forth the way an artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show himself forth the way an artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show himself forth the way an artist
+would so that an artist uh coming to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would so that an artist uh coming to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would so that an artist uh coming to the
+uh a painter coming to A A White Town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a painter coming to A A White Town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a painter coming to A A White Town
+canvas doesn't think well you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas doesn't think well you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas doesn't think well you know what
+is what what is my audience going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what is my audience going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what is my audience going to be
+able to understand how can I help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand how can I help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand how can I help
+develop their mind he's expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop their mind he's expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop their mind he's expressing
+himself his ideas of the world based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself his ideas of the world based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself his ideas of the world based on
+his te technical Mastery of the tools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his te technical Mastery of the tools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his te technical Mastery of the tools of
+the trade what it is needed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade what it is needed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade what it is needed to be a
+painter of one sort or another well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter of one sort or another well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter of one sort or another well
+that's the kind of thing that I do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing that I do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing that I do and
+it works very well with MIT students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works very well with MIT students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works very well with MIT students
+because you're all so smart you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're all so smart you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're all so smart you can see
+through me very quickly and uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through me very quickly and uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through me very quickly and uh you can
+pick and choose what it is from my work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick and choose what it is from my work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick and choose what it is from my work
+of art that would be relevant for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of art that would be relevant for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of art that would be relevant for you to
+learn whatever it is you want to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn whatever it is you want to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn whatever it is you want to learn
+and that's for me the key to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's for me the key to education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's for me the key to education
+learning from somebody you respect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from somebody you respect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from somebody you respect the
+ability to teach yourself whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to teach yourself whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to teach yourself whatever you
+care to to learn and that is the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care to to learn and that is the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care to to learn and that is the service
+that I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I try to
+provide um so that the reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide um so that the reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide um so that the reason I'm
+chosing choosing the material that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosing choosing the material that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosing choosing the material that we're
+going to be doing in this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing in this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing in this term is
+directly related to my own creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly related to my own creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly related to my own creative
+work just as I said last terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just as I said last terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just as I said last terms
+philosophy of film uh was related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of film uh was related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of film uh was related to the
+research and writing I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and writing I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and writing I was doing
+uh on the book three philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the book three philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the book three philosophical
+filmmakers so too this term is geared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers so too this term is geared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers so too this term is geared to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+thinking the the viewing the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the the viewing the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the the viewing the research
+the writing that I'm doing for the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing that I'm doing for the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing that I'm doing for the book
+The SE that will be this I hope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The SE that will be this I hope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The SE that will be this I hope the
+sequel to three philosophical filmmakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel to three philosophical filmmakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel to three philosophical filmmakers
+it's a book on the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a book on the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a book on the nature of
+creativity not not creativity that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity not not creativity that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity not not creativity that's the
+other course nature of mythmaking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other course nature of mythmaking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other course nature of mythmaking in
+film and I'll explain to you just what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and I'll explain to you just what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and I'll explain to you just what I
+mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by
+that as in everything I do it's up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as in everything I do it's up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as in everything I do it's up to
+you to decide what you want but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to decide what you want but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to decide what you want but my
+confidence is that once you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence is that once you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence is that once you've been
+pointed in that direction and has has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed in that direction and has has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed in that direction and has has an
+example of somebody that you can attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of somebody that you can attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of somebody that you can attack
+criticize um learn a few things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize um learn a few things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize um learn a few things from
+that you can use in your own way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use in your own way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use in your own way you
+will develop ideas of your of your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will develop ideas of your of your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will develop ideas of your of your own
+that will be very valuable to you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be very valuable to you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be very valuable to you that's
+that's the correct approach to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the correct approach to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the correct approach to someone
+like me and I think mic students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me and I think mic students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me and I think mic students are
+uniquely capable uh of putting it um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely capable uh of putting it um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely capable uh of putting it um to
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+advantage uh let me now go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage uh let me now go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage uh let me now go back to the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the
+syllabus as I said the um the lady Eve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus as I said the um the lady Eve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus as I said the um the lady Eve
+is related to this chapter of mine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to this chapter of mine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to this chapter of mine that
+will belong in the book that I'm calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will belong in the book that I'm calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will belong in the book that I'm calling
+uh tentatively film is mythmaking uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tentatively film is mythmaking uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tentatively film is mythmaking uh but
+I won't read you the chapter and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't read you the chapter and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't read you the chapter and I
+certainly won't try to cover all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly won't try to cover all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly won't try to cover all the
+material in 50 pages so since it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in 50 pages so since it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in 50 pages so since it's so
+long u but it'll come out of me and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long u but it'll come out of me and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long u but it'll come out of me and then
+you can decide how to put it to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decide how to put it to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decide how to put it to do with
+it whatever you want uh next next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whatever you want uh next next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whatever you want uh next next
+week I'll ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week I'll ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week I'll ask you to
+read a large part of a book of mine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a large part of a book of mine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a large part of a book of mine that
+is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+that goes into the Aesthetics of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into the Aesthetics of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into the Aesthetics of film
+making and preceded three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making and preceded three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making and preceded three
+philosophical uh filmmakers came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical uh filmmakers came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical uh filmmakers came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 I think and it's now in paperback so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 I think and it's now in paperback so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 I think and it's now in paperback so
+it's not expensive uh called reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not expensive uh called reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not expensive uh called reality
+transformed film as meaning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed film as meaning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed film as meaning and
+technique you can find it at the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique you can find it at the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique you can find it at the MIT
+bookstore on Main Street you can find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookstore on Main Street you can find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookstore on Main Street you can find it
+at the MIT Coupe um I want you please to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the MIT Coupe um I want you please to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the MIT Coupe um I want you please to
+get it and to read it uh on for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and to read it uh on for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and to read it uh on for the
+pages that I've indicated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages that I've indicated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages that I've indicated on the
+syllabus when I'm say get it I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus when I'm say get it I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus when I'm say get it I don't
+mean that if you can get it find it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that if you can get it find it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that if you can get it find it in
+the library or sit in the Humanity's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the library or sit in the Humanity's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the library or sit in the Humanity's
+reserve room uh that wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve room uh that wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve room uh that wouldn't be
+adequate uh provided you actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate uh provided you actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate uh provided you actually do
+read it all I care about is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it all I care about is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it all I care about is that you
+begin your preparation by digesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin your preparation by digesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin your preparation by digesting
+what's on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on these
+Pages the um pages that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages the um pages that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages the um pages that I've
+listed are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed are all
+theoretical um material very readable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical um material very readable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical um material very readable I
+hope but still in theory of film from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope but still in theory of film from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope but still in theory of film from
+the point of view of the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of the problems that
+interest me the most the book itself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest me the most the book itself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest me the most the book itself uh
+also has chapters from three exemplary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has chapters from three exemplary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has chapters from three exemplary
+movies that illustrate uh many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that illustrate uh many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that illustrate uh many of the
+ideas that I have so it wouldn't hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that I have so it wouldn't hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that I have so it wouldn't hurt
+for you to read the book right through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to read the book right through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to read the book right through
+it's not terribly long and um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not terribly long and um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not terribly long and um there are
+films that you might want to look at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that you might want to look at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that you might want to look at and
+eventually possibly write your papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually possibly write your papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually possibly write your papers
+about the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh
+I also analyze them I just don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also analyze them I just don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also analyze them I just don't I
+don't use them as examples of what I my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use them as examples of what I my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use them as examples of what I my
+thinking is I analyze them as works of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is I analyze them as works of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is I analyze them as works of
+art from my own point of view but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art from my own point of view but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art from my own point of view but they
+they fit in to the theoretical analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit in to the theoretical analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit in to the theoretical analyses
+that precede them one of them is Woody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that precede them one of them is Woody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that precede them one of them is Woody
+Allen's purple rose of Cairo another is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allen's purple rose of Cairo another is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allen's purple rose of Cairo another is
+uh Death in Venice um a movie based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Death in Venice um a movie based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Death in Venice um a movie based on
+Thomas M's novel no Nolla and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas M's novel no Nolla and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas M's novel no Nolla and the third
+one is uh rules of the game by Jean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is uh rules of the game by Jean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is uh rules of the game by Jean
+renoa great film French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renoa great film French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renoa great film French
+filmmaker all right so that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker all right so that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker all right so that's what you
+will be reading for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be reading for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be reading for next
+week and with that sophistication which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and with that sophistication which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and with that sophistication which
+you will immediately have I trust it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will immediately have I trust it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will immediately have I trust it I
+predict it I know you all you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict it I know you all you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict it I know you all you will
+immediately become very sophisticated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately become very sophisticated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately become very sophisticated in
+these areas and um the uh experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas and um the uh experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas and um the uh experience of
+seeing the lady Eve and then uh seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the lady Eve and then uh seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the lady Eve and then uh seeing
+and hearing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hearing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hearing the
+commentary you will already be molding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary you will already be molding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary you will already be molding
+uh ways of appreciating and experiencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ways of appreciating and experiencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ways of appreciating and experiencing
+critically uh the works of art that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically uh the works of art that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically uh the works of art that are
+called films and that we'll be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called films and that we'll be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called films and that we'll be working
+with throughout the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with throughout the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with throughout the rest of the
+term any does anyone want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term any does anyone want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term any does anyone want to make a
+comment to this point all right the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment to this point all right the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment to this point all right the next
+thing to say is well but then what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say is well but then what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say is well but then what about
+those how have they been put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those how have they been put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those how have they been put together
+and what is the idea to begin with of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the idea to begin with of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the idea to begin with of
+film in um I mean philosophy in film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in um I mean philosophy in film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in um I mean philosophy in film and
+other media how can you have philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other media how can you have philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other media how can you have philosophy
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+film until maybe 15 or 20 years ago the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film until maybe 15 or 20 years ago the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film until maybe 15 or 20 years ago the
+idea that film was a respectable art was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that film was a respectable art was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that film was a respectable art was
+not accepted by most uh people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not accepted by most uh people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not accepted by most uh people in the
+academy there were few if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy there were few if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy there were few if any
+Departments of film studies uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Departments of film studies uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Departments of film studies uh many
+people said no no you go to the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said no no you go to the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said no no you go to the movies
+to have a good time to enjoy yourself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good time to enjoy yourself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good time to enjoy yourself uh
+you do that on your own you don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that on your own you don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that on your own you don't think
+pretend that that's part of becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that that's part of becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that that's part of becoming
+educated whether you're at MIT or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated whether you're at MIT or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated whether you're at MIT or some
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+University education means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University education means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University education means
+acquiring formal knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiring formal knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiring formal knowledge
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+or taste if it's Arts of A Sort that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or taste if it's Arts of A Sort that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or taste if it's Arts of A Sort that uh
+have traditionally been imparted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have traditionally been imparted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have traditionally been imparted in the
+Arts and Sciences and film never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts and Sciences and film never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts and Sciences and film never
+belonged to that right um I've done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged to that right um I've done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged to that right um I've done a
+lot of work on a great American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work on a great American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work on a great American
+philosopher named George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher named George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher named George
+sanana uh he wrote about uh the ontology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanana uh he wrote about uh the ontology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanana uh he wrote about uh the ontology
+that is the being of the meta of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the being of the meta of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the being of the meta of the
+photographic image which you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic image which you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic image which you'll be
+reading about in in uh one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about in in uh one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about in in uh one of the first
+chapters of reality transformed and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters of reality transformed and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters of reality transformed and he
+said that's not it's not an art it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's not it's not an art it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's not it's not an art it's not
+an art equivalent to poetry sculpture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art equivalent to poetry sculpture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art equivalent to poetry sculpture
+painting those are based upon flights of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting those are based upon flights of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting those are based upon flights of
+the imagination whereas in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imagination whereas in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imagination whereas in the case of
+Photography all you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography all you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography all you're doing is
+capturing some reality and if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing some reality and if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing some reality and if there's
+any art it's the art of posing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any art it's the art of posing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any art it's the art of posing some
+somebody sitting for the photographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody sitting for the photographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody sitting for the photographer
+has to know how to pose and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to know how to pose and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to know how to pose and the
+photographer has to have some artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer has to have some artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer has to have some artistic
+sensibility about how to tell people a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibility about how to tell people a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibility about how to tell people a
+pose right but it's not an art form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose right but it's not an art form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose right but it's not an art form
+itself comparable to the what he called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself comparable to the what he called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself comparable to the what he called
+the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal
+Arts of the the Fine Arts now we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts of the the Fine Arts now we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts of the the Fine Arts now we've got
+far beyond that far beyond that but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far beyond that far beyond that but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far beyond that far beyond that but the
+question is have we got far enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is have we got far enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is have we got far enough to
+see what it is to have philosophy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it is to have philosophy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it is to have philosophy in
+film there are very few Departments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film there are very few Departments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film there are very few Departments of
+philosophy in this country where anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in this country where anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in this country where anybody
+teaches what I teach here and what cfel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches what I teach here and what cfel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches what I teach here and what cfel
+used to teach at Harvard he's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to teach at Harvard he's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to teach at Harvard he's now
+retired uh the I that the on the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired uh the I that the on the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired uh the I that the on the basis
+of the premise that there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the premise that there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the premise that there is some
+philosophical content and and burden and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical content and and burden and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical content and and burden and
+even maybe a message well not doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even maybe a message well not doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even maybe a message well not doesn't
+have to be that gross you know a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be that gross you know a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be that gross you know a message
+that sounds like propaganda but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds like propaganda but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds like propaganda but some
+philosophical inspiration present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical inspiration present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical inspiration present in
+great works of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great works of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great works of
+filmart that's the the um the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmart that's the the um the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmart that's the the um the thing that
+I'm now able to do thanks to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now able to do thanks to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now able to do thanks to the
+development in film studies uh that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in film studies uh that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in film studies uh that has
+been taking place and film studies as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taking place and film studies as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taking place and film studies as as
+you know if you've taken anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you've taken anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you've taken anything else
+in CMS is very comprehensive and has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in CMS is very comprehensive and has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in CMS is very comprehensive and has all
+sorts of varieties my my perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of varieties my my perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of varieties my my perspective
+within that Panorama is as a philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that Panorama is as a philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that Panorama is as a philosopher
+but it's a philosopher of film and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a philosopher of film and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a philosopher of film and so I
+don't want to uh pretend that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to uh pretend that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to uh pretend that I'm going
+to find the works of Emanuel Kant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the works of Emanuel Kant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the works of Emanuel Kant or
+Plato or anybody in the movies you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato or anybody in the movies you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato or anybody in the movies you're
+going to be watching what I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be watching what I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be watching what I want to find
+out is how can the movies penetrate to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is how can the movies penetrate to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is how can the movies penetrate to a
+deep level of our being to deal in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep level of our being to deal in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep level of our being to deal in its
+own creative their own creative way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own creative their own creative way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own creative their own creative way with
+problems that all people are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that all people are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that all people are interested
+in problems that may not be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in problems that may not be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in problems that may not be called
+philosophy particularly nowadays because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy particularly nowadays because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy particularly nowadays because
+philosophy become very technical but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy become very technical but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy become very technical but
+everybody would recognize as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would recognize as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would recognize as
+philosophical so we use that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical so we use that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical so we use that word
+philosophical in that sense the broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical in that sense the broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical in that sense the broader
+sense and don't um unfortunately many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and don't um unfortunately many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and don't um unfortunately many
+people just don't expect to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't expect to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't expect to find
+anything philosophical in Departments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything philosophical in Departments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything philosophical in Departments of
+philosophy it's as if they are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy it's as if they are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy it's as if they are highly
+trained P people who have learned only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained P people who have learned only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained P people who have learned only
+how to talk to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to talk to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to talk to each
+other well I'm not going to argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other well I'm not going to argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other well I'm not going to argue that
+case here now all I'm going say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here now all I'm going say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here now all I'm going say is that
+in many works of art there is a level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many works of art there is a level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many works of art there is a level of
+philosophical profundity or relevance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical profundity or relevance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical profundity or relevance or
+importance so that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance so that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance so that there is a
+philosophical content and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical content and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical content and that's what
+I'm delving for that's what I my whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm delving for that's what I my whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm delving for that's what I my whole
+academic life has been geared toward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic life has been geared toward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic life has been geared toward and
+that's what we'll be doing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'll be doing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'll be doing in this
+course all right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course all right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course all right so that's the
+philosophy in film explanation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in film explanation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in film explanation of that
+as opposed to philosophy of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to philosophy of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to philosophy of film
+anybody have any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any questions about that
+distinction as the basis of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction as the basis of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction as the basis of the two
+courses next question then is well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses next question then is well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses next question then is well how
+is it that films can be philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that films can be philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that films can be philosophical
+well you'll get a good glimmer into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'll get a good glimmer into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'll get a good glimmer into that
+the answer to that by reading reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that by reading reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that by reading reality
+transformed what I do in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed what I do in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed what I do in reality
+transformed is to engage myself at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed is to engage myself at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed is to engage myself at the
+very outset in a traditional problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very outset in a traditional problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very outset in a traditional problem of
+film Theory which is uh a conflict a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Theory which is uh a conflict a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Theory which is uh a conflict a
+debate between people who are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate between people who are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate between people who are called
+theorists who are called formalists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists who are called formalists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists who are called formalists and
+those who are called realists the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are called realists the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are called realists the
+formalists are interested in film from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalists are interested in film from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalists are interested in film from
+the point of view of the use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of the use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of the use of the
+camera the nature of the cinematography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera the nature of the cinematography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera the nature of the cinematography
+the technical ver developments that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical ver developments that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical ver developments that uh
+make it into the kind of activity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into the kind of activity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into the kind of activity and
+the kind of art that it is it's form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of art that it is it's form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of art that it is it's form the
+formal structure of the of the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal structure of the of the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal structure of the of the products
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+artwork I'll come right back to that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork I'll come right back to that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork I'll come right back to that the
+realists are emphasize no film has given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realists are emphasize no film has given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realists are emphasize no film has given
+us greater power to capture reality than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us greater power to capture reality than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us greater power to capture reality than
+any previous art and it's a capturing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any previous art and it's a capturing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any previous art and it's a capturing of
+reality that is distinguishes the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality that is distinguishes the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality that is distinguishes the nature
+of that art form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that art form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that art form
+you'll see by by if you by the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see by by if you by the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see by by if you by the time you
+get to the conclusion of that book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the conclusion of that book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the conclusion of that book that
+I try to harmonize the two I reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to harmonize the two I reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to harmonize the two I reject
+either of them and they're more extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of them and they're more extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of them and they're more extreme
+versions but try to show that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions but try to show that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions but try to show that the two
+can be combined so I I think of myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be combined so I I think of myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be combined so I I think of myself
+as both a formalist and a realist let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as both a formalist and a realist let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as both a formalist and a realist let me
+give you quickly a an example of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you quickly a an example of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you quickly a an example of the two
+types of theory uh Hitchcock in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of theory uh Hitchcock in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of theory uh Hitchcock in
+something actually you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something actually you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something actually you're going to be
+reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading
+for in when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh April 12th uh Hitchcock is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh April 12th uh Hitchcock is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh April 12th uh Hitchcock is a great
+formalist while also being realist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalist while also being realist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalist while also being realist
+that's my point about him is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my point about him is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my point about him is to the
+others that they combine the two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that they combine the two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that they combine the two but
+he's a master of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a master of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a master of
+technique and he says that himself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and he says that himself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and he says that himself in
+his theoretical writing that the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his theoretical writing that the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his theoretical writing that the nature
+of film is revealed by what he calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film is revealed by what he calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film is revealed by what he calls
+pure Cinema so pure C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure Cinema so pure C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure Cinema so pure C
+according to him is doing something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to him is doing something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to him is doing something that
+can't be found in any other art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be found in any other art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be found in any other art and
+can't be found in the world it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be found in the world it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be found in the world it just
+consists of little Snippets of Celluloid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of little Snippets of Celluloid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of little Snippets of Celluloid
+of film being put together in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film being put together in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film being put together in the
+editing room being cut up and shot maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing room being cut up and shot maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing room being cut up and shot maybe
+you know indiscriminately but even then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know indiscriminately but even then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know indiscriminately but even then
+he he finally learned how to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he finally learned how to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he finally learned how to make the
+shooting in terms of the little Snippets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting in terms of the little Snippets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting in terms of the little Snippets
+anyhow they're going to be stitched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow they're going to be stitched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow they're going to be stitched
+together in the in the editing room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the in the editing room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the in the editing room and
+you will get the impression that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get the impression that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get the impression that you're
+seeing something continuous whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing something continuous whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing something continuous whereas
+really it might be the product of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it might be the product of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it might be the product of work
+that went on for days and consisted of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went on for days and consisted of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went on for days and consisted of
+many many shots but organized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many shots but organized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many shots but organized by the
+filmmaker now this is utterly artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker now this is utterly artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker now this is utterly artificial
+and it's a good example of the formalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a good example of the formalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a good example of the formalist
+approach do any of you know um a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach do any of you know um a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach do any of you know um a famous
+movie called psycho of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie called psycho of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie called psycho of
+Hitchcock some of you must know and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock some of you must know and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock some of you must know and it's
+famous even if you haven't seen it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous even if you haven't seen it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous even if you haven't seen it for
+the shower scene that was very risque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shower scene that was very risque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shower scene that was very risque
+when it the movie was made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it the movie was made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it the movie was made in
+1950s uh Janet Lee uh the actress famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s uh Janet Lee uh the actress famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s uh Janet Lee uh the actress famous
+actress beautiful woman um enacts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actress beautiful woman um enacts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actress beautiful woman um enacts a
+character who at one point goes to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who at one point goes to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who at one point goes to take
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+shower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I guess um I'm pondering to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess um I'm pondering to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess um I'm pondering to see
+whether I should ruin the movie before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I should ruin the movie before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I should ruin the movie before
+you about what happened something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about what happened something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about what happened something
+happens to her put just leave leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to her put just leave leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to her put just leave leave it
+that way in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way in the
+shower and uh it frightened many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower and uh it frightened many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower and uh it frightened many people
+was horrifying and um had a great shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was horrifying and um had a great shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was horrifying and um had a great shock
+made created fear in the part of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made created fear in the part of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made created fear in the part of many
+people uh young women uh reported that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh young women uh reported that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh young women uh reported that
+for weeks afterwards they didn't dare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for weeks afterwards they didn't dare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for weeks afterwards they didn't dare
+take a shower uh and Hitchcock Prides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a shower uh and Hitchcock Prides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a shower uh and Hitchcock Prides
+himself on the fact that it it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself on the fact that it it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself on the fact that it it took
+place a period of five or more days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a period of five or more days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a period of five or more days and
+uh it lasts only 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it lasts only 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it lasts only 2
+minutes and that nothing really happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and that nothing really happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and that nothing really happens
+that is the bird the whole point of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the bird the whole point of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the bird the whole point of that
+part of the movie but rather it stitched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the movie but rather it stitched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the movie but rather it stitched
+together so artfully you couldn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so artfully you couldn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so artfully you couldn't know
+you couldn't tell that and that's he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't tell that and that's he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't tell that and that's he
+says that's what the nature of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that's what the nature of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that's what the nature of the film
+is like that's pure Cinema um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like that's pure Cinema um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like that's pure Cinema um and that
+lives up to this formalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives up to this formalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives up to this formalist
+design for realism there's someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for realism there's someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for realism there's someone else
+you'll also be reading about this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also be reading about this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also be reading about this more
+immediately in reality transformed uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately in reality transformed uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately in reality transformed uh a
+great film critic and um theorist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+named Andre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Andre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Andre
+vazan a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vazan a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vazan a
+French uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French uh
+theorist who writes a couple of essays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist who writes a couple of essays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist who writes a couple of essays
+and written a great deal and is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and written a great deal and is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and written a great deal and is very
+important very wonderful critic but two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important very wonderful critic but two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important very wonderful critic but two
+essays in particular um one of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays in particular um one of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays in particular um one of which is
+called the myth of total cinemon and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the myth of total cinemon and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the myth of total cinemon and the
+other which is called the ontology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other which is called the ontology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other which is called the ontology of
+the photographic image the ontology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photographic image the ontology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photographic image the ontology
+being study about the nature of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being study about the nature of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being study about the nature of things
+in philosophy and in the in both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in philosophy and in the in both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in philosophy and in the in both of them
+he says that the the importance of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that the the importance of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that the the importance of film
+is that it is part of the human desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it is part of the human desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it is part of the human desire
+to capture reality and all of science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture reality and all of science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture reality and all of science is
+devoted to this that it's an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to this that it's an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to this that it's an an
+expression of our aggressive desire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of our aggressive desire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of our aggressive desire to
+capture reality right uh and science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture reality right uh and science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture reality right uh and science
+does it by getting more information more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it by getting more information more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it by getting more information more
+comprehensive theories that put us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive theories that put us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive theories that put us in
+touch with how the world is and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch with how the world is and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch with how the world is and all of
+you of course know as much science uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of course know as much science uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of course know as much science uh
+enough science to know that the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough science to know that the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough science to know that the idea of
+being true to reality is fundamental in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true to reality is fundamental in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true to reality is fundamental in
+the science ific approach well bazan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science ific approach well bazan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science ific approach well bazan's
+point is uh that has always been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is uh that has always been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is uh that has always been the
+human approach and that various Arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human approach and that various Arts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human approach and that various Arts
+have attempted to do it and at film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have attempted to do it and at film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have attempted to do it and at film is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+latest step in this continuous uh effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest step in this continuous uh effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest step in this continuous uh effort
+uh based upon the latest technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based upon the latest technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based upon the latest technology that
+arose in photography in the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arose in photography in the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arose in photography in the 19th century
+and has developed further into the 21st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has developed further into the 21st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has developed further into the 21st
+century he himself didn't live that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century he himself didn't live that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century he himself didn't live that long
+he died at the end of sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he died at the end of sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he died at the end of sort of in the
+middle of the uh of the 20th century uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the uh of the 20th century uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the uh of the 20th century uh
+it's a function of Technology giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of Technology giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of Technology giving us
+the capacity to capture reality in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to capture reality in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to capture reality in a way
+that nothing else not in art not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nothing else not in art not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nothing else not in art not in
+science is able to do or you see the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is able to do or you see the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is able to do or you see the two
+contrasts between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasts between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasts between
+formalist like the example from hitchike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalist like the example from hitchike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalist like the example from hitchike
+and realist in the example from bazan B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and realist in the example from bazan B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and realist in the example from bazan B
+a z i n is how his name is spelled and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z i n is how his name is spelled and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z i n is how his name is spelled and I
+try to get Beyond them now in getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get Beyond them now in getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get Beyond them now in getting
+Beyond them my idea is that films cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond them my idea is that films cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond them my idea is that films cannot
+be appreciated unless you Savor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be appreciated unless you Savor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be appreciated unless you Savor and
+understand what they mean it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they mean it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they mean it's not just
+a matter of their technique that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of their technique that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of their technique that the
+formalists are very um wise and shrewd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalists are very um wise and shrewd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalists are very um wise and shrewd
+and in informed about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in informed about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in informed about the nature of
+technique but over and above technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique but over and above technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique but over and above technique
+you also have the meaningfulness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have the meaningfulness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have the meaningfulness of the
+movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+my the one generalization that always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the one generalization that always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the one generalization that always
+runs throughout is that without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs throughout is that without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs throughout is that without
+technique there is no meaning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique there is no meaning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique there is no meaning and
+without meaning um the technique is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without meaning um the technique is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without meaning um the technique is just
+an exercise it has no human importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise it has no human importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise it has no human importance
+and so it's only when you see the two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's only when you see the two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's only when you see the two in
+their constant dialectic and interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their constant dialectic and interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their constant dialectic and interaction
+meaning and the technique that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and the technique that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and the technique that you
+appreciate what a film is capable of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate what a film is capable of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate what a film is capable of now
+particularly within the realm of meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly within the realm of meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly within the realm of meaning
+there are many profound levels that film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many profound levels that film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many profound levels that film
+is able to bring to the surface and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to bring to the surface and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to bring to the surface and to
+use aesthetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use aesthetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use aesthetically
+artistically that I want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistically that I want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistically that I want to call
+philosophical how do you get at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical how do you get at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical how do you get at them
+well you see in examples from um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see in examples from um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see in examples from um the
+exemplary examples the exemplary movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplary examples the exemplary movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplary examples the exemplary movies
+that I have in in um reality transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have in in um reality transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have in in um reality transform
+my way of getting at them at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way of getting at them at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way of getting at them at that point
+but what I wanted to do now my thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I wanted to do now my thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I wanted to do now my thinking
+has developed I want to see how it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has developed I want to see how it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has developed I want to see how it is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+mythology has always been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology has always been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology has always been a
+philosophical effort that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical effort that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical effort that the
+stories for well the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories for well the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories for well the greatest
+mythology uh is um the Bible if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology uh is um the Bible if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology uh is um the Bible if you are
+a devout believer you're you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a devout believer you're you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a devout believer you're you're going to
+say it's mythology but it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's mythology but it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's mythology but it's true
+mythology that doesn't trouble me I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology that doesn't trouble me I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology that doesn't trouble me I'm
+not concerned I don't use the word myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not concerned I don't use the word myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not concerned I don't use the word myth
+in the the connotation that it often has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the connotation that it often has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the connotation that it often has
+which means that it's false you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that it's false you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that it's false you know if
+you uh if an Advertiser says that eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh if an Advertiser says that eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh if an Advertiser says that eating
+uh um taking this medication will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um taking this medication will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um taking this medication will make
+you live longer a skeptic might say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live longer a skeptic might say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live longer a skeptic might say oh
+that's a myth that's not the sense I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a myth that's not the sense I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a myth that's not the sense I'm
+using it I'm not I have no interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it I'm not I have no interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it I'm not I have no interest in
+in truth or falsity I'm only interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in truth or falsity I'm only interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in truth or falsity I'm only interested
+in in the myth as an expression of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the myth as an expression of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the myth as an expression of of
+the human Spirit which uh is capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human Spirit which uh is capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human Spirit which uh is capable of
+being done in literary Works in film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done in literary Works in film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done in literary Works in film
+Works in other works of art and the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works in other works of art and the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works in other works of art and the case
+of the Bible uh it's done in a literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Bible uh it's done in a literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Bible uh it's done in a literary
+fashion the Bible is great literature as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion the Bible is great literature as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion the Bible is great literature as
+well as possibly being the word of God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as possibly being the word of God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as possibly being the word of God
+I'm not questioning that but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not questioning that but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not questioning that but in
+capturing the word of God it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the word of God it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the word of God it's always
+done by some artist somebody who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by some artist somebody who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by some artist somebody who can
+write and by means of creating things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and by means of creating things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and by means of creating things
+that have resonated uh I ideas stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have resonated uh I ideas stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have resonated uh I ideas stories
+uh doctrines that have resonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doctrines that have resonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doctrines that have resonated
+throughout the ages and therefore touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the ages and therefore touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the ages and therefore touch
+a very important part of what it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important part of what it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important part of what it is to
+be human now when there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story The what you have is a myth rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story The what you have is a myth rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story The what you have is a myth rather
+than a scientific Doctrine so that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a scientific Doctrine so that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a scientific Doctrine so that works
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+mathematics are not mythical works of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics are not mythical works of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics are not mythical works of
+physics are not mythical though there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics are not mythical though there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics are not mythical though there
+may be mythical elements um you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be mythical elements um you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be mythical elements um you know in
+view of the fact that you can't U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the fact that you can't U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the fact that you can't U
+picture math the mathematics that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture math the mathematics that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture math the mathematics that goes
+into physics and so you might say oh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into physics and so you might say oh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into physics and so you might say oh uh
+the world is made up of particles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is made up of particles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is made up of particles or
+waves or strings and this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves or strings and this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves or strings and this is all
+metaphoric I mean what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphoric I mean what do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphoric I mean what do you mean
+literally particles no then some no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally particles no then some no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally particles no then some no no
+they waves you mean like in the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they waves you mean like in the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they waves you mean like in the ocean
+ocean waves or strings like a a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean waves or strings like a a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean waves or strings like a a um a
+dental floss I especially like the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dental floss I especially like the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dental floss I especially like the last
+one because that's so Amorphis it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because that's so Amorphis it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because that's so Amorphis it could
+be almost anything um but that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be almost anything um but that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be almost anything um but that's part of
+the mythology of physics and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mythology of physics and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mythology of physics and there are
+other aspects I discuss all of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects I discuss all of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects I discuss all of that in
+my work on the nature of creativity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my work on the nature of creativity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my work on the nature of creativity in
+the other course but uh here what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other course but uh here what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other course but uh here what I want
+to know is what are the stories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is what are the stories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is what are the stories that
+have meant so much to people and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meant so much to people and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meant so much to people and how do
+they delve into levels of our being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they delve into levels of our being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they delve into levels of our being that
+can't be reached any any any other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be reached any any any other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be reached any any any other way
+in the case of myths we have uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of myths we have uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of myths we have uh the
+myths of Love Tristan you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths of Love Tristan you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths of Love Tristan you you're
+probably familiar with some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar with some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar with some of these
+Tristan and esult Don Juan that's a myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tristan and esult Don Juan that's a myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tristan and esult Don Juan that's a myth
+that began in the 16th century and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that began in the 16th century and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that began in the 16th century and there
+have been 500 or 600 versions of it ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been 500 or 600 versions of it ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been 500 or 600 versions of it ever
+since um Dao and anas um which is begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since um Dao and anas um which is begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since um Dao and anas um which is begins
+with Virgil's anad uh in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Virgil's anad uh in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Virgil's anad uh in the first
+century ad and goes through all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century ad and goes through all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century ad and goes through all sorts of
+variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+um those are myths of love and they lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are myths of love and they lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are myths of love and they lend
+themselves to Artistic treatment and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to Artistic treatment and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to Artistic treatment and can
+also appear in film but over and above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also appear in film but over and above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also appear in film but over and above
+that I felt that there are very ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I felt that there are very ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I felt that there are very ordinary
+terms and Concepts that we use which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and Concepts that we use which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and Concepts that we use which
+require much more philosophical analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require much more philosophical analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require much more philosophical analysis
+and can also be shown to be the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can also be shown to be the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can also be shown to be the basis of
+myths and myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths and myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths and myth
+making now since this course is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making now since this course is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making now since this course is called
+philosophy in film and other media and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in film and other media and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in film and other media and
+since I'm giving telling you that it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm giving telling you that it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm giving telling you that it all
+emanates from me um as a Performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanates from me um as a Performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanates from me um as a Performing
+Artist uh the question whose philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artist uh the question whose philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artist uh the question whose philosophy
+well it's always my philosophy alas I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's always my philosophy alas I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's always my philosophy alas I'm
+not going to be giving you a course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be giving you a course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be giving you a course in
+the history of ideas or the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of ideas or the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of ideas or the history of
+Western or Eastern philosophy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western or Eastern philosophy this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western or Eastern philosophy this is
+it's all mine because that's all I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all mine because that's all I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all mine because that's all I can
+go by I'm a creative artist and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go by I'm a creative artist and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go by I'm a creative artist and what I
+create or My Philosophy in the hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create or My Philosophy in the hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create or My Philosophy in the hope that
+they might might be of interest to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might might be of interest to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might might be of interest to you
+all right so in uh not quickly to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in uh not quickly to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in uh not quickly to jump
+to one of my recent books a book that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of my recent books a book that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of my recent books a book that is
+assed in the other course is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assed in the other course is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assed in the other course is called
+feeling and Imagination the vibrant flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and Imagination the vibrant flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and Imagination the vibrant flux
+of our experience and it deals with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our experience and it deals with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our experience and it deals with the
+relationship between feeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between feeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between feeling and
+cognition and feeling and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and feeling and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and feeling and various
+aspects of human nature the first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of human nature the first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of human nature the first of
+which is Imagination so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Imagination so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Imagination so there's a
+chapter on imagination there's a chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter on imagination there's a chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter on imagination there's a chapter
+on what I call idealization by by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what I call idealization by by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what I call idealization by by which
+I mean the human proclivity to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the human proclivity to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the human proclivity to make
+ideals and this is something few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals and this is something few people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals and this is something few people
+have written about and I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written about and I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written about and I've written
+quite a lot on it now and feel there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot on it now and feel there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot on it now and feel there's
+something I have to say about this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I have to say about this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I have to say about this you
+know what what is it about a human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what is it about a human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what is it about a human being
+that shows itself so much in ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows itself so much in ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows itself so much in ideals
+people uh fight and die for IDE fi s um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh fight and die for IDE fi s um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh fight and die for IDE fi s um
+it isn't all material it isn't all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't all material it isn't all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't all material it isn't all a
+question of what they can eat or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what they can eat or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what they can eat or the
+wealth and comfort they can find they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth and comfort they can find they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth and comfort they can find they
+fight be and live in terms of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight be and live in terms of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight be and live in terms of their
+ideals now what is it to make ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals now what is it to make ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals now what is it to make ideals
+that's the chapter in that book and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the chapter in that book and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the chapter in that book and then
+there's there other chapters uh one I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there other chapters uh one I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there other chapters uh one I'll
+stop there called consummation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop there called consummation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop there called consummation that
+there must be some payoff some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be some payoff some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be some payoff some reason
+why people hav used their imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people hav used their imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people hav used their imagination
+why they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they make
+ideals idealization it's because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals idealization it's because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals idealization it's because it
+fulfill it's fulfilling it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfill it's fulfilling it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfill it's fulfilling it's
+consummatory in ordinary American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummatory in ordinary American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummatory in ordinary American
+language consummation is often used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language consummation is often used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language consummation is often used to
+refer to sex a a complete sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to sex a a complete sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to sex a a complete sexual
+experience is set to be a consummation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is set to be a consummation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is set to be a consummation
+that's not what I mean it is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what I mean it is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what I mean it is a kind of
+consummation obviously but you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation obviously but you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation obviously but you can have
+it in doing mathematics there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in doing mathematics there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in doing mathematics there's
+something in your being which gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in your being which gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in your being which gets a
+Feeling of completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Feeling of completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Feeling of completeness
+fulfillment Satisfaction by really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfillment Satisfaction by really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfillment Satisfaction by really
+getting that problem solve problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that problem solve problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that problem solve problem
+solved right the problem set solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved right the problem set solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved right the problem set solving
+that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem
+set can be a great consummation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set can be a great consummation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set can be a great consummation and
+sometimes uh more important than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh more important than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh more important than any
+other that varies from person to person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that varies from person to person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that varies from person to person
+situation to situation so on um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to situation so on um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to situation so on um so
+there's a chapter on consummation all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chapter on consummation all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chapter on consummation all
+right those are the the uh philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are the the uh philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are the the uh philosophical
+kernels which I'm trying in my the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels which I'm trying in my the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels which I'm trying in my the book
+on mythmaking trying to explore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mythmaking trying to explore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mythmaking trying to explore in
+relation to film and that's the core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to film and that's the core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to film and that's the core of
+everything we'll be doing in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we'll be doing in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we'll be doing in this course
+except that I've only written about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that I've only written about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that I've only written about a
+100 Pages book so it's very fluid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 Pages book so it's very fluid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 Pages book so it's very fluid and
+I'm looking forward to any of your ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking forward to any of your ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking forward to any of your ideas
+in order to strengthen my own and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to strengthen my own and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to strengthen my own and that
+we can learn from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other anybody want to say anything at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other anybody want to say anything at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other anybody want to say anything at
+this point the let me continue down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the let me continue down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the let me continue down the
+list um I'm going to um you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um I'm going to um you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um I'm going to um you're going to
+be reading the chapters on imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reading the chapters on imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reading the chapters on imagination
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+idealization for the week after in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization for the week after in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization for the week after in other
+words February
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words February
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words February
+23rd and the movie you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd and the movie you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd and the movie you're going to
+follow is a a very recent film that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow is a a very recent film that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow is a a very recent film that has
+won many awards and is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won many awards and is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won many awards and is very very
+wonderful I think how many of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful I think how many of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful I think how many of you know
+am you know what a wonderful movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am you know what a wonderful movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am you know what a wonderful movie that
+is you you do too great now when I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you you do too great now when I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you you do too great now when I saw
+it first what struck me is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first what struck me is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first what struck me is that the
+cinematography just the use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography just the use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography just the use of the
+camera is um out of this world it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is um out of this world it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is um out of this world it's I
+came out and said that movie is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and said that movie is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and said that movie is going to
+win an award for its C phography and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win an award for its C phography and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win an award for its C phography and it
+did was it at the Academy Award yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was it at the Academy Award yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was it at the Academy Award yeah and
+so I I was right once for that that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I was right once for that that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I was right once for that that time
+I was right but what's occurred to me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was right but what's occurred to me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was right but what's occurred to me is
+that the whole basis of movie is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole basis of movie is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole basis of movie is about
+the nature of human imagination am Le is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of human imagination am Le is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of human imagination am Le is
+a young woman who has a very rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young woman who has a very rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young woman who has a very rich
+fertile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertile
+imagination I won't ruin the movie for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I won't ruin the movie for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I won't ruin the movie for
+you you'll see what I mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll see what I mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll see what I mean and
+so having read my more theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having read my more theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having read my more theoretical
+account of the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the nature of
+imagination and then watching the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and then watching the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and then watching the movie
+we can see that that's the myth that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that that's the myth that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that that's the myth that's
+what that movie that's the philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that movie that's the philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that movie that's the philosophical
+level that is being conveyed in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that is being conveyed in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that is being conveyed in that
+movie there are other movies like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie there are other movies like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie there are other movies like that
+is the one life is beautiful it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one life is beautiful it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one life is beautiful it's the
+one with benini that won the Academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with benini that won the Academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with benini that won the Academy
+Award that's all about imagination you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Award that's all about imagination you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Award that's all about imagination you
+remember the father uh and son are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the father uh and son are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the father uh and son are both
+um Jews Jewish and captured by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Jews Jewish and captured by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Jews Jewish and captured by the
+fascists I forget if they're Italian or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascists I forget if they're Italian or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascists I forget if they're Italian or
+or German and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or German and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or German and put
+into a work plant as made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a work plant as made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a work plant as made
+slaves and the the the little boy is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaves and the the the little boy is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaves and the the the little boy is so
+young that and if anyone knew he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young that and if anyone knew he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young that and if anyone knew he was
+with a father they would kill him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a father they would kill him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a father they would kill him
+because he wouldn't be able to do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he wouldn't be able to do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he wouldn't be able to do much
+work so the father HIDs him hides him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the father HIDs him hides him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the father HIDs him hides him
+and the only way he can keep the boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only way he can keep the boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only way he can keep the boy
+from compromising their situation is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from compromising their situation is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from compromising their situation is by
+use the father is using his imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the father is using his imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the father is using his imagination
+to deceive the boy uh into thinking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deceive the boy uh into thinking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deceive the boy uh into thinking this
+is a a contest and that whoever brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a contest and that whoever brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a contest and that whoever brings
+does the most work or something will win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the most work or something will win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the most work or something will win
+a prize and so on and it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prize and so on and it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prize and so on and it's it's the
+nature of imagination in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of imagination in in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of imagination in in that
+situation which is what the movie is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which is what the movie is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which is what the movie is all
+about and my question here is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and my question here is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and my question here is what is
+the nature of imagination in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of imagination in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of imagination in
+itself right next week the week after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right next week the week after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right next week the week after
+that uh you're going to read a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you're going to read a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you're going to read a great
+short novel by A Great American novelist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short novel by A Great American novelist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short novel by A Great American novelist
+some people consider him the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people consider him the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people consider him the greatest
+American novelist Henry James uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American novelist Henry James uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American novelist Henry James uh it's
+called Washington Square and um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Washington Square and um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Washington Square and um that
+week you will watch uh a recent very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week you will watch uh a recent very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week you will watch uh a recent very
+recent um remake or not a remake a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent um remake or not a remake a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent um remake or not a remake a very
+recent uh filming of of the novel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent uh filming of of the novel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent uh filming of of the novel the
+week after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week after
+that you'll watch a film also based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll watch a film also based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll watch a film also based on
+Washington Square by one of the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Square by one of the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Square by one of the greatest
+filmmakers who ever lived and was worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers who ever lived and was worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers who ever lived and was worked
+at Hollywood William Wier it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Hollywood William Wier it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Hollywood William Wier it's called
+the ays and it was based on a successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ays and it was based on a successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ays and it was based on a successful
+Broadway stage version of the novel um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadway stage version of the novel um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadway stage version of the novel um
+and you'll be reading me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be reading me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be reading me on
+consummation because my idea is that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation because my idea is that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation because my idea is that one
+can't really understand what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really understand what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really understand what's going on
+in that novel unless we are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that novel unless we are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that novel unless we are able
+to approach it in terms of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approach it in terms of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approach it in terms of different
+perspectives related to what it is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives related to what it is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives related to what it is to be
+a fulfilled satisfied human being it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fulfilled satisfied human being it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fulfilled satisfied human being it's a
+love story of it of its sort I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love story of it of its sort I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love story of it of its sort I won't
+tell you what kind and the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what kind and the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what kind and the nature of
+that kind of love um would be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of love um would be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of love um would be hard to
+understand unless there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand unless there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand unless there is some
+sophisticated understanding about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated understanding about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated understanding about
+consummation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation
+right um we don't have much time before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um we don't have much time before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um we don't have much time before
+we have to we be have be going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to we be have be going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to we be have be going to see
+the movie after that there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie after that there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie after that there's um
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+uh a very successful famous play by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very successful famous play by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very successful famous play by
+George Bernard Shaw a comedy called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Bernard Shaw a comedy called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Bernard Shaw a comedy called
+pigmon which is based on a myth the myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigmon which is based on a myth the myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigmon which is based on a myth the myth
+of pigan and you'll watch um uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pigan and you'll watch um uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pigan and you'll watch um uh a
+1938 movie which was a stupendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1938 movie which was a stupendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1938 movie which was a stupendous
+commercial and critical success and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial and critical success and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial and critical success and
+there's a lot that I'll have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot that I'll have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot that I'll have to say
+about that um and I have a I've finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um and I have a I've finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um and I have a I've finished
+a chapter on that for the new book so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chapter on that for the new book so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chapter on that for the new book so I
+all sorts of things that I can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things that I can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things that I can tell you
+about uh after that uh I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh after that uh I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh after that uh I want to get
+back to one of the classic myths of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to one of the classic myths of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to one of the classic myths of love
+which is the myth of Tristan and he Sal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the myth of Tristan and he Sal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the myth of Tristan and he Sal
+have you anybody heard that phrase you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you anybody heard that phrase you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you anybody heard that phrase you
+know what that myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that myth
+is uh do you know about do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh do you know about do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh do you know about do you want to
+tell people what it is well that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people what it is well that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people what it is well that was the
+Forbidden Love between Forbidden Love um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forbidden Love between Forbidden Love um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forbidden Love between Forbidden Love um
+between were they both religious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between were they both religious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between were they both religious and
+then they were like like a nun and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they were like like a nun and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they were like like a nun and like
+in the Catholic church I thought that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Catholic church I thought that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Catholic church I thought that's
+what it was um no it's well the Catholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was um no it's well the Catholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was um no it's well the Catholic
+Church doesn't come into it but um Tris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church doesn't come into it but um Tris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church doesn't come into it but um Tris
+uh Tristan is the nephew of the king of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Tristan is the nephew of the king of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Tristan is the nephew of the king of
+Cornwall and goes in search of a bride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornwall and goes in search of a bride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornwall and goes in search of a bride
+for him uh and when he gets to Ireland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him uh and when he gets to Ireland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him uh and when he gets to Ireland
+uh he meets one uh he he's been wounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he meets one uh he he's been wounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he meets one uh he he's been wounded
+and she brings him back to health and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she brings him back to health and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she brings him back to health and um
+he uh because of the service that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh because of the service that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh because of the service that he
+provides to the Irish King he allows him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides to the Irish King he allows him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides to the Irish King he allows him
+to a favor and chran wants to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a favor and chran wants to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a favor and chran wants to have
+hea his as his prize not for himself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hea his as his prize not for himself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hea his as his prize not for himself but
+to bring back to uh his uncle the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring back to uh his uncle the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring back to uh his uncle the the
+king and on the ship they by accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king and on the ship they by accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king and on the ship they by accident
+drink a love potion and after that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink a love potion and after that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink a love potion and after that they
+can't uh live without each other uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh live without each other uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh live without each other uh so
+she the bulk of it is that she lives an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she the bulk of it is that she lives an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she the bulk of it is that she lives an
+adulterous life she sleeps with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulterous life she sleeps with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulterous life she sleeps with her
+husband the king she also sleeps with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband the king she also sleeps with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband the king she also sleeps with
+the man she loves and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man she loves and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man she loves and that's the
+question is how can this be tolerated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how can this be tolerated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how can this be tolerated by
+Society so it it's what it turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society so it it's what it turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society so it it's what it turns out to
+be a tragic love story of which there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a tragic love story of which there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a tragic love story of which there
+have also been probably 500 or 600 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also been probably 500 or 600 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also been probably 500 or 600 uh
+versions and I could could have chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions and I could could have chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions and I could could have chosen
+other movies but I chose one by a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other movies but I chose one by a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other movies but I chose one by a great
+film French filmmaker and um and poet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film French filmmaker and um and poet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film French filmmaker and um and poet a
+famous man named Jean CTO uh whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous man named Jean CTO uh whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous man named Jean CTO uh whose
+version of uh the tristani salt is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of uh the tristani salt is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of uh the tristani salt is a
+free adaptation of it and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free adaptation of it and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free adaptation of it and that's what
+you'll be seeing that week uh the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be seeing that week uh the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be seeing that week uh the week
+after that I wanted to move a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that I wanted to move a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that I wanted to move a little
+Beyond uh film because the title is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond uh film because the title is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond uh film because the title is
+other media in some years I've shown uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other media in some years I've shown uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other media in some years I've shown uh
+fair amount of Opera uh but or ballet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of Opera uh but or ballet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of Opera uh but or ballet
+and people weren't that excited it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people weren't that excited it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people weren't that excited it's
+film that is the great art of our of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that is the great art of our of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that is the great art of our of our
+your generation of our time and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your generation of our time and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your generation of our time and so what
+I as a compromise I chose this famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I as a compromise I chose this famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I as a compromise I chose this famous
+great short novel of Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great short novel of Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great short novel of Henry
+James whom you will have known already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James whom you will have known already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James whom you will have known already
+because of Washington Square the turn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Washington Square the turn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Washington Square the turn of
+the screw it was made into an opera by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screw it was made into an opera by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screw it was made into an opera by
+the greatest English Opera maker except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest English Opera maker except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest English Opera maker except
+the second grest personal I think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second grest personal I think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second grest personal I think is the
+first but uh in the 20th century named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but uh in the 20th century named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but uh in the 20th century named
+Benjamin Brittain and uh a very talented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benjamin Brittain and uh a very talented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benjamin Brittain and uh a very talented
+film maker named Peter vgel I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film maker named Peter vgel I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film maker named Peter vgel I assume
+he's German or Austrian Swiss uh turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's German or Austrian Swiss uh turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's German or Austrian Swiss uh turned
+into a wonderfully imaginative movie so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a wonderfully imaginative movie so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a wonderfully imaginative movie so
+by watching that movie of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by watching that movie of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by watching that movie of the
+Opera um you get a foothold on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera um you get a foothold on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera um you get a foothold on the
+adaptation of the turn of the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation of the turn of the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation of the turn of the school
+room and I uh it's beautiful music and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and I uh it's beautiful music and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and I uh it's beautiful music and I
+at least enjoy it very much I never know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least enjoy it very much I never know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least enjoy it very much I never know
+how much your generation uh of student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much your generation uh of student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much your generation uh of student
+of people like Opera but I I'm a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people like Opera but I I'm a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people like Opera but I I'm a an
+opera buff and anyhow it's beautiful the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera buff and anyhow it's beautiful the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera buff and anyhow it's beautiful the
+music is beautiful and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is beautiful and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is beautiful and the
+cinematography is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography is
+beautiful um after that I'm going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful um after that I'm going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful um after that I'm going to ask
+you to read my chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to read my chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to read my chapter on
+Hitchcock as a preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock as a preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock as a preparation
+for a movie of his that many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a movie of his that many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a movie of his that many people
+consider the best of his movies and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the best of his movies and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the best of his movies and some
+people consider um the best movie ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people consider um the best movie ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people consider um the best movie ever
+made uh I got an email message from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh I got an email message from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh I got an email message from
+somebody in uh Greece maybe a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in uh Greece maybe a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in uh Greece maybe a professor
+I'm not sure what who said he had he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what who said he had he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what who said he had he had
+read uh on the internet about my new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh on the internet about my new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh on the internet about my new
+book uh three philosophical filmmakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh three philosophical filmmakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh three philosophical filmmakers
+Hitchcock uh Wells renoa uh and and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock uh Wells renoa uh and and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock uh Wells renoa uh and and he
+said he was very excited though he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he was very excited though he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he was very excited though he
+didn't know what I do in it at all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what I do in it at all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what I do in it at all uh
+and hoped that I had a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hoped that I had a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hoped that I had a great deal of
+material on Figo which is his favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on Figo which is his favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on Figo which is his favorite
+Opera and what he considers to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera and what he considers to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera and what he considers to be the
+great not Opera his favorite movie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great not Opera his favorite movie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great not Opera his favorite movie and
+the greatest movie ever made and I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest movie ever made and I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest movie ever made and I had
+to write back saying I have to I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write back saying I have to I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write back saying I have to I'm sorry
+it's not uh a book about movie so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh a book about movie so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh a book about movie so much
+about movie theory in relation to movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about movie theory in relation to movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about movie theory in relation to movie
+and vertigo comes in a little but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vertigo comes in a little but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vertigo comes in a little but not
+extensively and then he wrote me back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively and then he wrote me back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively and then he wrote me back
+saying it's all right I'll read your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's all right I'll read your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's all right I'll read your
+book anyhow so I thought why shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book anyhow so I thought why shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book anyhow so I thought why shouldn't
+you be seeing it uh vertigo together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be seeing it uh vertigo together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be seeing it uh vertigo together
+with a chapter on Hitchcock which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a chapter on Hitchcock which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a chapter on Hitchcock which will
+help you appreciate it I hope after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you appreciate it I hope after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you appreciate it I hope after that
+um there is um I'm going to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is um I'm going to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is um I'm going to ask you to
+read a short or long short story by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a short or long short story by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a short or long short story by
+James Joyce called D in Dubliners the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Joyce called D in Dubliners the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Joyce called D in Dubliners the
+short the short story is called the dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short the short story is called the dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short the short story is called the dead
+and which were was made into a movie by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which were was made into a movie by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which were was made into a movie by
+a very famous important American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very famous important American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very famous important American
+filmmaker named John Houston who made um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker named John Houston who made um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker named John Houston who made um
+the African queen and treasures Sierra M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the African queen and treasures Sierra M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the African queen and treasures Sierra M
+all sorts of important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of important
+films uh after that um I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films uh after that um I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films uh after that um I want to show
+you the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the one
+movie that I consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that I consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that I consider
+the most philosophical movie or one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most philosophical movie or one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most philosophical movie or one of
+the most philosophical and the wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most philosophical and the wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most philosophical and the wonderful
+great movie that I never ceased tiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great movie that I never ceased tiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great movie that I never ceased tiring
+of I'm sorry the Xerox scene cut off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm sorry the Xerox scene cut off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm sorry the Xerox scene cut off the
+last the last letter of all everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last the last letter of all everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last the last letter of all everything
+and it's not the seven C it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not the seven C it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not the seven C it's the
+seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh
+seal that's a Pity could you write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal that's a Pity could you write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal that's a Pity could you write that
+in oh it comes out with you oh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oh it comes out with you oh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oh it comes out with you oh it
+doesn't on the one I have here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't on the one I have here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't on the one I have here that's
+funny oh sometimes it does and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny oh sometimes it does and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny oh sometimes it does and sometimes
+it doesn't well that's the seventh seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and um as preparation for that uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um as preparation for that uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um as preparation for that uh a
+chapter from another one of my books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter from another one of my books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter from another one of my books
+this book is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book is called
+um meaning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+life the creation of value and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life the creation of value and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life the creation of value and the
+chapter is the meaning of death and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter is the meaning of death and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter is the meaning of death and
+since that's what this oh two chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that's what this oh two chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that's what this oh two chapters
+one call the meaning of death and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one call the meaning of death and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one call the meaning of death and the
+other the love of Life uh and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the love of Life uh and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the love of Life uh and that's
+what bergman's great film uh is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bergman's great film uh is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bergman's great film uh is about
+one of the Supreme greatest films and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Supreme greatest films and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Supreme greatest films and
+then for the last week I'd see you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for the last week I'd see you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for the last week I'd see you know
+we'll see whether we should watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see whether we should watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see whether we should watch
+another movie or discuss your papers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another movie or discuss your papers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another movie or discuss your papers we
+have very little time and so what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very little time and so what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very little time and so what I want
+you to do now is to read with me the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do now is to read with me the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do now is to read with me the uh
+paragraph at the bottom no quizzes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph at the bottom no quizzes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph at the bottom no quizzes or
+exams but students required to attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams but students required to attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams but students required to attend
+every class whether or not they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every class whether or not they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every class whether or not they were
+conflicting exams or study groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting exams or study groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting exams or study groups and
+other courses arrive on time and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses arrive on time and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses arrive on time and do the
+assigned reading for each weekly session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned reading for each weekly session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned reading for each weekly session
+does anybody have a problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody have a problem with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody have a problem with that
+you're not scheduling another course at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not scheduling another course at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not scheduling another course at
+this time um attendance lateness class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time um attendance lateness class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time um attendance lateness class
+participation will be a factor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation will be a factor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation will be a factor in the
+final grade sorry to act like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final grade sorry to act like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final grade sorry to act like a
+disciplinarian but it is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinarian but it is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinarian but it is important to
+get here early on time and every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here early on time and every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here early on time and every time
+right um two papers are required one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um two papers are required one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um two papers are required one is
+to April 12th uh only 1500 words long uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to April 12th uh only 1500 words long uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to April 12th uh only 1500 words long uh
+as indicated by the computer word count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as indicated by the computer word count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as indicated by the computer word count
+on the first page and consisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first page and consisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first page and consisting
+analysis of one or more week's classwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of one or more week's classwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of one or more week's classwork
+on the list above um and scheduled up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list above um and scheduled up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list above um and scheduled up to
+April 12th plus some outside research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 12th plus some outside research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 12th plus some outside research
+we'll talk about that and I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that and I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that and I'll make
+suggestions to you and it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions to you and it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions to you and it should be
+effortless if you've done the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effortless if you've done the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effortless if you've done the reading
+and you have ideas coming you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have ideas coming you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have ideas coming you can do
+that per first paper very easily the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that per first paper very easily the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that per first paper very easily the
+second paper is a little more ambitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper is a little more ambitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper is a little more ambitious
+that's that the end on May 10th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that the end on May 10th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that the end on May 10th and
+will'll deal in a more original way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will'll deal in a more original way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will'll deal in a more original way with
+a philosophical theme as discussed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a philosophical theme as discussed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a philosophical theme as discussed in
+class with the instructor and approved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with the instructor and approved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with the instructor and approved
+by him we will spent a good deal of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by him we will spent a good deal of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by him we will spent a good deal of time
+discussing that let no one worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing that let no one worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing that let no one worry about
+your ability to write that because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to write that because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to write that because I
+will be here and working with you and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be here and working with you and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be here and working with you and uh
+in the past I I've spent a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past I I've spent a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past I I've spent a great deal of
+time on email with a suggestions and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on email with a suggestions and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on email with a suggestions and uh
+uh that students have I mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that students have I mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that students have I mean uh
+questions about how to proceed and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how to proceed and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how to proceed and and
+the help that they want to get from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the help that they want to get from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the help that they want to get from me
+uh I'm here for that purpose to be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm here for that purpose to be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm here for that purpose to be of
+help to you uh this is not remember um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to you uh this is not remember um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to you uh this is not remember um
+anything you're being taught this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you're being taught this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you're being taught this is a
+performance that is going to enable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that is going to enable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that is going to enable you
+to be a better performer than me and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a better performer than me and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a better performer than me and so
+uh it will be your opportunity to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it will be your opportunity to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it will be your opportunity to be
+original and I will be happy to coach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and I will be happy to coach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and I will be happy to coach
+you and to help you in any way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and to help you in any way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and to help you in any way I
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+um that paper 2,000 words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that paper 2,000 words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that paper 2,000 words
+uh and also uh uh based on the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and also uh uh based on the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and also uh uh based on the computer
+word count and both PES both papers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word count and both PES both papers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word count and both PES both papers will
+be double spaced just because I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be double spaced just because I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be double spaced just because I find
+that easier to read keep this in remance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that easier to read keep this in remance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that easier to read keep this in remance
+sometimes people forget by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people forget by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people forget by the time
+papers come around and uh with a font of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers come around and uh with a font of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers come around and uh with a font of
+14 points in most uh font faces that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 points in most uh font faces that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 points in most uh font faces that's
+fairly large but not enormous any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large but not enormous any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large but not enormous any
+question about any of that okay now can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about any of that okay now can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about any of that okay now can
+you all you all can do this and you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all you all can do this and you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all you all can do this and you all
+want to I'm great I'm glad and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I'm great I'm glad and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I'm great I'm glad and that's
+great I'm glad to have you here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I'm glad to have you here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I'm glad to have you here now
+since we have a little you know a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have a little you know a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have a little you know a little
+less few fewer students than we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less few fewer students than we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less few fewer students than we can
+accommodate if you have a friend who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate if you have a friend who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate if you have a friend who
+wants to come in um let him or her get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to come in um let him or her get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to come in um let him or her get
+in touch with me and I will bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in touch with me and I will bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in touch with me and I will bring that
+person up to date another four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person up to date another four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person up to date another four or five
+students would be be very nice but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would be be very nice but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would be be very nice but you
+know this is a good number and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a good number and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a good number and I don't
+want too many the room can't accommodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want too many the room can't accommodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want too many the room can't accommodate
+more than four or five but uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than four or five but uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than four or five but uh people
+always have scheduling problems and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have scheduling problems and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have scheduling problems and if
+somebody wants to take this for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wants to take this for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wants to take this for whatever
+reason but is willing to do it in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but is willing to do it in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but is willing to do it in good
+faith I will help that person uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith I will help that person uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith I will help that person uh and
+then as I say to you um he or she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as I say to you um he or she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as I say to you um he or she is
+expected to attend every class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to attend every class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to attend every class
+thereafter all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter all
+right uh also that the there's room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh also that the there's room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh also that the there's room for
+uh somebody uh who wants to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somebody uh who wants to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somebody uh who wants to get in
+tomorrow for the second meeting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow for the second meeting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow for the second meeting of the
+other course which is seminar of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other course which is seminar of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other course which is seminar of a
+different sort and if that person gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort and if that person gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort and if that person gets
+in touch with me then we can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in touch with me then we can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in touch with me then we can work
+something out even even if what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out even even if what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out even even if what the
+person really wants is film Theory or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person really wants is film Theory or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person really wants is film Theory or so
+on I might be able uh accommodate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I might be able uh accommodate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I might be able uh accommodate that
+in the other course
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IFrvgSvZA0I.txt b/IFrvgSvZA0I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ce23cbb8e714baa49369147f314ac9439a74998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IFrvgSvZA0I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2963 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+up until now, we've
+
+been talking about the
+shortest path in graphs.
+
+And we've been talking
+about these game problems
+
+where you came up with a way to
+represent the state of a game
+
+as noting graphs.
+
+And then we drew edges between
+those vertices that represented
+
+states, to represent moves
+that you can do in a game.
+
+It turns out you can solve
+a lot of problems this way.
+
+And you can do it without
+thinking of a graph at all.
+
+So we usually think of a
+graph, build the graph,
+
+then run dynamic programming.
+
+You can do better without
+building the graph.
+
+And the good part about that
+is that your code is smaller,
+
+and it runs faster.
+
+The bad part about that is
+it's harder to understand.
+
+The dynamic programming
+code looks like black magic.
+
+And, when we're going to
+give you dynamic programming
+
+problems on the final,
+you can't say, oh,
+
+we're going to build something
+and run [? dystring ?].
+
+And get partial credit.
+
+You actually have to
+understand the magic,
+
+and write the formulas,
+and hopefully get
+
+something that works.
+
+So, we're going to spend all
+the time that we have left
+
+in the semester, I
+think, building up
+
+your intuition for how to
+build dynamic programming.
+
+So, from lecture,
+dynamic programming
+
+is just a catchy name for
+for optimization problems.
+
+So, problems where
+you're trying to compute
+
+the minimum or the
+maximum of something.
+
+So let's start with a problem.
+
+And then, see how all
+the concepts in lecture
+
+relate to that.
+
+So this problem is
+called Crazy Eights.
+
+And we start out with a deck
+of cards, randomly shuffled.
+
+And then some of the
+cards are pulled out.
+
+Did everyone see playing cards?
+
+Poker cards?
+
+Does everyone know what they
+are or do I have to define them?
+
+Does anyone need me
+to define poker cards?
+
+Let's put it that way.
+
+OK.
+
+Cool.
+
+So, suppose we have
+a bunch of these.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't know
+what Crazy Eights is.
+
+PROFESSOR: We'll get to that.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+It's an 8.
+
+AUDIENCE: I know
+what an 8 is, but I
+
+don't know how the game works.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+We'll get to it.
+
+So, let's see.
+
+4 of spades.
+
+OK, so this is a
+bunch of cards that
+
+were pulled out of the deck.
+
+And we want the longest
+crazy subsequence.
+
+And the crazy subsequence
+is a subsequence
+
+where two cards are
+like each other.
+
+The way we define like
+is that either they
+
+have the same number.
+
+Or they have the same suit.
+
+Or one of them is an 8.
+
+So an 8 is like anything else.
+
+OK.
+
+So 4 and 8.
+
+Are they like each other?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: 8 and 5.
+
+Are they like each other?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yep.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+this 5, 5 of hearts
+and 9 of diamonds.
+
+Are they like each other?
+
+No.
+
+5 of hearts and 7 of hearts.
+
+Are they like each other?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: 5 of spades and 7
+of hearts, like each other?
+
+No.
+
+OK.
+
+So we have some cards
+that are like each other.
+
+We want the longest
+possible subsequence.
+
+AUDIENCE: What about 5 and 5?
+
+Those are like each other.
+
+PROFESSOR: They're
+like each other, yep.
+
+They are more cards that are
+like each other than the ones
+
+I drew here.
+
+For example, this guy
+is like everything else.
+
+Oh, we already drew that one.
+
+OK.
+
+So how do we model this
+problem using graphs?
+
+So, stuff that we knew
+before the last lecture.
+
+AUDIENCE: Those
+could all be nodes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+All the cards are nodes.
+
+That's good.
+
+And, I want the longest
+path between what and what?
+
+AUDIENCE: One node to another?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: The longest
+path in the graph.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+The longest path in the graph.
+
+One trick to reduce
+it to a known problem
+
+is to add the fake source.
+
+So this is a fake source.
+
+And it's going to
+connect to everything.
+
+And this way, I want the longest
+path, starting from the source.
+
+AUDIENCE: And the other source?
+
+PROFESSOR: Nope.
+
+The longest path, starting from
+the source, ending anywhere
+
+in the graph.
+
+AUDIENCE: Such that it doesn't
+go touch another card again?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So, if I want a
+longer subsequence,
+
+that's a good question.
+
+How would the edges look?
+
+AUDIENCE: Directed.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+Directed.
+
+And which direction?
+
+AUDIENCE: Arbitrary [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So, if I choose
+this one and this one,
+
+can I go back afterwards?
+
+AUDIENCE: You just
+can't go back to the 4.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, in the
+longest common subsequence,
+
+all the cards have to
+be in increasing order.
+
+So I can say I'm going to
+choose this one, this one,
+
+and this one.
+
+And they have to
+match in this order.
+
+So I can only go forward.
+
+So I can't reorder the cards.
+
+My answer has to be, say, 4
+of diamonds, 8 of diamonds.
+
+And then, what else
+would match that?
+
+9 of diamonds.
+
+AUDIENCE: You can put the
+8 anywhere, though, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+I can't move them.
+
+So the cards have to be
+in the initial order.
+
+I don't have to
+choose all the cards,
+
+but the cards that I
+choose have to respect
+
+the initial ordering.
+
+AUDIENCE: So everything
+points right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Everything
+points right.
+
+Forward.
+
+Yep.
+
+And, I need one more
+edge from here to here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, so you're
+saying in the game
+
+you get an initial order.
+
+And you can't reorder it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+But otherwise I can, if
+I have all the cards,
+
+I'm just going to order them.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, that's
+the point right?
+
+I was picturing more like
+you get a set of cards
+
+and you try to figure out--
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+So, that's a different game.
+
+That might be harder to solve,
+so let's stick with this.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is 8
+in there, with 7?
+
+PROFESSOR: 8 is
+similar to anything.
+
+Just for the heck of it.
+
+These are the rules.
+
+OK, so we have a
+graph and we want
+
+to compute the longest path.
+
+We do not have an algorithm
+to compute the longest path.
+
+We only have algorithms
+to compute shortest paths.
+
+So how do I deal with that?
+
+We had that in problem set six.
+
+AUDIENCE: Make all
+weights negative
+
+because there's no
+cycle [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+We know it's negative.
+
+And, I guess these
+ones don't matter.
+
+But all these are going
+to be, instead of being 1,
+
+they're all going to be -1.
+
+Very good.
+
+And there are no
+cycles in this graph,
+
+so we know that the answer
+will be well defined.
+
+OK.
+
+Everyone with me so far?
+
+Happy nods?
+
+Yes.
+
+So, what algorithm do I know
+that solves this problem?
+
+AUDIENCE: Bellman-Ford.
+
+PROFESSOR: Bellman-Ford.
+
+Good.
+
+What is the running
+time of Bellman-Ford?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Cool.
+
+Suppose I have N cards.
+
+How many vertices do I have?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Plus the source.
+
+It's ordering.
+
+So you're right.
+
+How many edges do I have?
+
+Worst case.
+
+AUDIENCE: N squared.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] you mean,
+like, the directed [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I
+mean Bellman-Ford.
+
+Then, we're going to
+go to that algorithm
+
+and get the better running time.
+
+AUDIENCE: Cause isn't
+Bellman-Ford e times e?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+What?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's what
+I-- Did someone say, v plus e?
+
+Or did I write v plus e?
+
+Yep.
+
+You did.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So it's v times e.
+
+So the total running time is.
+
+aUDIENCE: N squared.
+
+aUDIENCE: N cubed.
+
+AUDIENCE: Or, n cubed.
+
+Yeah, it's multiplying
+[INAUDIBLE], too.
+
+PROFESSOR: You guys
+are mean today.
+
+OK, so n cubed
+applying Bellman-Ford.
+
+There is a better way of
+solving this problem, right?
+
+The Directed Acyclic
+Graph Bellman-Ford.
+
+So let's look at the Directed
+Acyclic Graph, not the one
+
+to be generated by this because
+that might be a bit messy.
+
+And let's try to
+compute shortest path.
+
+s, a, b, c.
+
+OK, so let's see
+how we'd compute
+
+the shortest path in this graph.
+
+It's Acyclic, right?
+
+All the the edges are
+pointing downwards.
+
+So let's try to
+compute them directly.
+
+I'm not going to write
+pseudocode first.
+
+I'm going to write
+the formulas, and that
+
+will get the intuition for it.
+
+Then, maybe right psuedocode.
+
+So what is the distance
+from the source to itself?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+The first ones are easy, so
+I'm going to do them myself.
+
+sa is 1.
+
+sb is 2.
+
+sc is 3.
+
+And, of course, you guys
+get to do the hard ones.
+
+So the distance
+from s to d is what?
+
+How would I compute it?
+
+AUDIENCE: There's two paths
+to get to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So, I would want the shortest
+path from those, right?
+
+OK.
+
+So it's 4.
+
+And the formula for it is the
+minimum of two paths, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] S
+to b, and then b to b.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, one path is--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+and s [? and b ?].
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Wait.
+
+sa.
+
+So, first there's
+a path from s to a.
+
+And the edge a to d.
+
+And then, there's
+a path from s to b.
+
+And the 8 from b to d, right?
+
+And I already know the
+values for sa and sb,
+
+so this is well defined.
+
+We can compute it right away.
+
+No recursion.
+
+No metrics.
+
+I mean, there's recursion, but
+there's no infinite recursion.
+
+Does this make sense?
+
+So, in order to get to d, there
+are two edges pointing into d.
+
+One of them coming from a.
+
+One of them coming from b.
+
+So I can either get to
+a and take this edge.
+
+Or get to b and take this edge.
+
+This is what the
+formulas are saying.
+
+How about se?s
+What's the formula?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+What are they?
+
+AUDIENCE: s3.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, sa, sb, sc.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Aed's.
+
+PROFESSOR: And the number?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 3?
+
+I think.
+
+e to e.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+f.
+
+Someone that hasn't
+spoken today.
+
+So that I can see
+that everyone gets it.
+
+Please.
+
+AUDIENCE: dsb--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: --plus wef.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: And dsc plus wcf.
+
+PROFESSOR: Awesome.
+
+And that is--
+
+PROFESSOR: 4.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'll take
+your word for it.
+
+OK, so now the last one.
+
+Distance from std.
+
+AUDIENCE: 5.
+
+Wait.
+
+No.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, let's
+write a formula.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, g, not a.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's 5.
+
+AUDIENCE: 5.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+let's write a formula
+
+to make sure that you
+guys are computing it
+
+in the fastest
+possible way for me.
+
+So--
+
+sd plus sd to g.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Does anyone else?
+
+Is this the only path?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+There's more.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Plus e as to f.
+
+PROFESSOR: Plus e as f.
+
+AUDIENCE: And n.
+
+AUDIENCE: c to f.
+
+I mean, c to g.
+
+Or, No. no.
+
+s to c.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+See, there's a trick.
+
+OK.
+
+Cool.
+
+And then, what are the weights?
+
+AUDIENCE: w e to g.
+
+PROFESSOR: e to g.
+
+Very good.
+
+AUDIENCE: fg.
+
+PROFESSOR: fg.
+
+AUDIENCE: cg.
+
+PROFESSOR: cg.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why are
+you adding in c?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+there's the extra c.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, I didn't see that.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, the point of this
+guy's, is that if you do bfs,
+
+you'll get tricked.
+
+Because bfs would put g on
+the same level as these.
+
+And might compute
+the value for g
+
+before it has the
+values for these.
+
+OK, so what order do I need
+to compute these numbers in,
+
+for this to work?
+
+AUDIENCE: That way
+you computed them?
+
+PROFESSOR: So, that is a, that
+is a, something of the graph.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, topological.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Stole your answer.
+
+Topological sort.
+
+So, any of the
+topological sorts works.
+
+The one we used this
+time is sabcdefg.
+
+Why am I using a
+topological sort?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+there's dependency.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So, this depends on
+this and this, right?
+
+As c depends on sa, as b as c.
+
+So basically, every edge
+here indicates a dependency.
+
+In order to compute the shortest
+distance from the source
+
+to here, I need to
+know the shortest
+
+distance from the
+source to these two.
+
+And then I can
+look at the edges.
+
+So, the nice thing
+about a topological sort
+
+is, after I write the
+vertices this way,
+
+all the edges point forward.
+
+Right? s to a. s to b.
+
+s to c.
+
+a to d.
+
+a to e.
+
+b to d.
+
+b to e.
+
+b to f.
+
+I can keep going.
+
+But the point is, there's no
+such thing as a backward edge.
+
+So if I compute the numbers in
+this order, when I get to se,
+
+I know that I computed the
+distance from s to abcd.
+
+And if I have any
+edge coming into e,
+
+I know that I've already
+computed the shortest distance
+
+to the node that
+it is coming from.
+
+yes?
+
+Did I lose you guys?
+
+Was this too--
+
+AUDIENCE: So
+basically, like, at a,
+
+you relaxed all the
+edges going out of it.
+
+PROFESSOR: You can
+look at it that way.
+
+But what we're doing here
+is I'm looking at a node
+
+and I'm relaxing all the
+edges coming into a node.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So this
+matches this order.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: What you said
+doesn't match this order.
+
+But it's exactly the same thing.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+PROFESSOR: It'll give
+you the same result.
+
+AUDIENCE: You'd get the first
+value at g when you reach c.
+
+But, like, end up
+with the same answer.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: We're still going
+backwards then, instead of--
+
+PROFESSOR: As long as
+you're processing the nodes
+
+in the topological sort
+order, all the algorithms
+
+will work because
+you're just computing
+
+these terms in a
+different order.
+
+But as long as the
+dependencies are satisfied,
+
+you're still going to
+get the right thing.
+
+OK, so what's the
+running time of this?
+
+How many people know
+the running time
+
+without having to write
+pseudocode for this?
+
+I know the answer beforehand,
+so I cheated, obviously.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it a?
+
+[INAUDIBLE] edges.
+
+PROFESSOR: Almost.
+
+Very close.
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+PROFESSOR: So, it's
+the topological.
+
+So, running time
+plus the running time
+
+for evaluating this.
+
+The running time for evaluating
+this is v plus e because you
+
+have every h shows up
+exactly once in here.
+
+So you have e terms.
+
+And you have v vertices, even
+if you don't have any edge,
+
+you have to initialize
+the verdicts.
+
+So that's why it's v plus e.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's also
+topological sort.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, this is the
+order in which we process this.
+
+So everything is v plus e.
+
+If we use this algorithm
+to solve this problem,
+
+what will the running time be?
+
+AUDIENCE: n.
+
+AUDIENCE: n squared.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's an no.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, it's v
+prime plus u prime, which
+
+is n squared plus [INAUDIBLE]
+squared, which is n squared.
+
+So, by observing that
+this graph is acyclic,
+
+we have a better running
+time than Bellman-Ford.
+
+Even though we used
+exactly the same intuition
+
+that we used up until now.
+
+Model the problem as a graph.
+
+Figure out what the edges are.
+
+Run a shortest path algorithm.
+
+We have a better
+shortest path algorithm,
+
+which works for
+Directed Acyclic Graphs,
+
+so we get a better running time.
+
+OK, questions for
+what we did so far?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's [INAUDIBLE]
+on this graph here,
+
+then you would do
+the same thing.
+
+Take each node and then
+relax the incoming edges.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So what is the
+topological sort of this?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's exactly
+the cards in the order
+
+that they're on
+the board, right?
+
+So, in dynamic programming,
+the topological sort order
+
+is obvious.
+
+So the hard part is
+representing the state
+
+and figuring out what
+the dependencies are.
+
+So what the edges are.
+
+And after that, the
+topological sort usually comes,
+
+it's fairly straightforward.
+
+OK, so what we can do now,
+we have a few directions
+
+in which we can go.
+
+We can write the
+pseudocode for this.
+
+I mean, it's
+basically, it's just,
+
+we're going to write abstract
+things instead of this.
+
+So we're going to write one
+piece of pseudocode that
+
+evaluates these.
+
+So it's just
+generalizing this thing.
+
+Something else we
+can do is we can
+
+look at how would these things
+get computed using memoization?
+
+We can look at how we would
+compute shortest path in graphs
+
+with cycles.
+
+So this assumes we have a DAG.
+
+What if we have cycles?
+
+How do we deal with them?
+
+Or we can do another DP problem,
+and see how we'd model that.
+
+So, votes?
+
+What do people want to see?
+
+I think we might have time for
+two things, out of these four.
+
+So, everyone votes for one.
+
+And we'll start with that.
+
+Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: DP problem.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so one
+vote for DP problem.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Cyclic.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait, you
+got two or one votes?
+
+PROFESSOR: One vote.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+I'll DP.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'll stick
+with [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: DP.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think
+we're done here.
+
+All right.
+
+So, new DP problem.
+
+So, suppose you have something
+like Manhattan's map, which
+
+is basically a lattice.
+
+Fancy math term for a grid.
+
+And suppose it we can
+only go forward and down.
+
+So, all the streets are
+one way because they
+
+liked how people drive
+in San Francisco,
+
+and decided they're going
+to do the same craziness.
+
+So, we want to go from s to t.
+
+And there are different
+cost on all these edges.
+
+This is an n by m matrix.
+
+And I want to get from s to t
+in the shortest possible way.
+
+So, let's model the problem.
+
+And then let's do
+recursion formulas
+
+and make it look like a DP
+instead of like a graph problem
+
+because-- it might be
+too easy of a graph
+
+problem in hindsight.
+
+OK, so what's the graph problem?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's not equivalent.
+
+AUDIENCE: Topological sort.
+
+And then bfs.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Topological sort.
+
+And then, and then that.
+
+Well, let's write
+this as, let's say
+
+that each node is so let's say
+that the nodes have numbers,
+
+right?
+
+So this is 1,1 and this is 5,4.
+
+And I want to write
+this using math, so 2,1.
+
+3,1.
+
+4,1.
+
+5,1.
+
+And then, 1,2.
+
+1,3.
+
+1,4.
+
+OK, so this is the graph.
+
+The shortest path from
+here to here is obvious.
+
+By the way, this
+is a real problem
+
+for people who don't
+see the connection
+
+between dynamic
+programming and graphs.
+
+I This problem has tripped
+up people on exams before.
+
+So it's not a toy problem.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, on an
+examine, would you
+
+have the option of just using
+a straight up graph algorithm--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, we're going to
+ask you to solve this using DP.
+
+So let's try to solve this using
+dynamic programming by writing
+
+recursion formulas.
+
+So, what's the shortest
+distance to 1,1.
+
+AUDIENCE: 0.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, then.
+
+If I have a general distance,
+if I have some random node here,
+
+dij, how do I compute this?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a
+minimum distance
+
+between the distance
+of law plus weights.
+
+AUDIENCE: Or the distance of j.
+
+i minus one.
+
+Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, i minus 1 j.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+We get it.
+
+Plus the weight of the, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Going from
+one to the other.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so the weight
+from i minus 1 j to ij.
+
+OK.
+
+And?
+
+AUDIENCE: j minus 1i.
+
+For i, j minus 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: ij minus 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: Plus
+weight of that ij.
+
+ij minus j1 to ij.
+
+ij [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So these are the recursions.
+
+Now, how would I write the
+full set of code for this?
+
+So what's a valid topological
+sort for these guys?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1,1.
+
+2,1.
+
+3,1.
+
+AUDIENCE: Dials.
+
+AUDIENCE: 1,2.
+
+AUDIENCE: The right dials.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's going
+to be hard to code.
+
+That's going to be easy to code.
+
+So I'm going to
+take your answer.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: What?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm not going to take
+your answer because your answer
+
+is correct, but
+it's hard to code.
+
+AUDIENCE: But isn't that
+the same thing [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: She
+says, go like this.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+Oh.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, here's how
+I'm going to code them.
+
+4i in 1,2n.
+
+4j in 1 to m.
+
+So, I guess, first off, if i
+is 1 and j is 1, then d of ij
+
+is 0, right?
+
+This is the base case.
+
+Otherwise, d of ij
+equals big bad formula
+
+that we have up there.
+
+OK.
+
+Do we need anything else?
+
+AUDIENCE: DP.
+
+PROFESSOR: This is DP.
+
+We're done.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it?
+
+PROFESSOR: Almost work.
+
+Yeah, this is--
+
+AUDIENCE: Over [INAUDIBLE]--
+
+AUDIENCE: I thought this
+was just programming.
+
+AUDIENCE: --it's a
+dictionary, though.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It's programming.
+
+So this is the DP
+solution to the program
+
+because, instead of
+building the graph,
+
+you're writing the recursion.
+
+And you're writing using
+this implicit representation
+
+of the graph.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+PROFESSOR: This is it.
+
+This is DP.
+
+Most people are
+really afraid of it.
+
+This is the hardest
+thing in the course.
+
+If you get the connection
+between graphs and this,
+
+and if you know how to
+model graphs, that it.
+
+You're one month
+in the term, you're
+
+done with six double six.
+
+You already know
+everything to ace the exam.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Aren't graphs
+just programming, as well?
+
+PROFESSOR: Ah.
+
+But there, you're building
+a graph structure.
+
+Here, we don't need to
+build that structure.
+
+Because we see the
+connection directly.
+
+Like, this code is
+much smaller, right?
+
+It's much easier to look at.
+
+I mean, sorry.
+
+It's faster to read.
+
+But it looks like
+black magic if you
+
+don't see the underlying graph.
+
+Yes?
+
+Did you have a question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, so.
+
+What exactly is
+dynamic programming?
+
+Unless they give at least
+one or two examples of,
+
+like, using something that you
+had calculated already, or--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: --Fibinocci.
+
+So.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So--
+
+AUDIENCE: Ah, so
+now you just have
+
+to have a dictionary to
+store the minimum cost.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's
+what d is, though.
+
+The d of ij.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait.
+
+PROFESSOR: So.
+
+So I like your question.
+
+And I'm going to address
+all the other ones first.
+
+And then I'm going to
+spend about five minutes
+
+addressing your question.
+
+What is dynamic
+programming, right?
+
+What is the point of this?
+
+Like, what is
+dynamic programming?
+
+We're going to
+come back to this.
+
+So any questions about this?
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait.
+
+As you're going through--
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there a dictionary?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+This is an array.
+
+Or dictionary.
+
+So, say this is ij.
+
+If it's an array, or
+if it's a dictionary,
+
+it would be d of the tuple ij.
+
+So, I can write this
+in Python, right?
+
+This is almost Python.
+
+What am I missing?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE],
+or it fits inside.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So, I have some boundary
+conditions, right?
+
+Because this guy would depend
+on this guy, which is inside.
+
+And left to depend on this guy.
+
+Which doesn't exist.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+I wasn't-- OK.
+
+Sure.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, we need
+a few more ifs here,
+
+for boundary conditions.
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, in theory,
+though, you could just
+
+run through the
+new dfs and create
+
+a topological of the source.
+
+Right?
+
+And just run through that.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+But that's so much
+code to write.
+
+Look at this.
+
+This is five lines.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, yeah.
+
+For this particular
+problem, it's five lines.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, for
+dynamic programming,
+
+the solutions are 5 to
+10 lines in general.
+
+And the only hard thing
+in dynamic programming
+
+is figuring out what is
+the state going to be.
+
+So, after you get used to
+them, after you solve 10 or 20,
+
+when people come out of
+programming contests,
+
+and someone says, my
+solution's dynamic programming.
+
+Really?
+
+Wait, you can solve it that way.
+
+And he says, yeah.
+
+This is the state.
+
+And then everything
+else is obvious.
+
+Like, it's pretty easy to
+figure out everything else.
+
+The hard part is the state.
+
+So, it's enough to
+say my solution is
+
+dynamic programming.
+
+This is my state.
+
+You guys are probably
+going to have
+
+to say a bit more
+than that on the exam.
+
+But this is the hard part.
+
+AUDIENCE: DP.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, you
+can't just say DP.
+
+You'll definitely
+need at least a state.
+
+OK.
+
+So.
+
+AUDIENCE: You're
+also missing a state
+
+for deciding stuff in the
+dictionary, though, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Before deciding
+if my key is already
+
+in the dictionary?
+
+Well, so, aside from the
+boundary conditions here,
+
+if I compute this here, it
+depends on theses two, right?
+
+Are they going to be
+in the dictionary?
+
+AUDIENCE: Not yet.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why?
+
+If I'm running
+this way, so if I'm
+
+computing all my
+values in this order.
+
+So the first line one.
+
+Then line two.
+
+Then line three.
+
+They're already going
+to be in the dictionary.
+
+So this is because I'm
+doing topological sort.
+
+You don't need
+memoization if you're not
+
+using the topological
+sort of the graph.
+
+You only need
+memoization if you don't.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, why are we doing
+boundaries commissions if--
+
+PROFESSOR: Because--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So, I'm doing
+a boundary condition
+
+because if I paste this in if I
+paste this thing in, then when
+
+I am here, this is going
+to refer to this guy.
+
+Which is fine.
+
+But it's also going
+to refer to 2,0.
+
+Which doesn't exist.
+
+So the code might be a bit
+obfuscated by the boundary
+
+conditions.
+
+But it's 10 lines of code.
+
+It's pretty nice
+and straightforward.
+
+OK, now what is
+dynamic programming?
+
+I like that question.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, a key
+property, I don't
+
+think it was
+mentioned in lecture.
+
+Guys, correct me if I'm wrong.
+
+It's called optimal
+substructure.
+
+Does that ring a bell?
+
+Probably going to hear
+about it next time, so.
+
+Optimal substructure.
+
+So, the point of
+optimal substructure
+
+is, suppose I have a
+shortest path from s to g.
+
+Right?
+
+so, suppose I have
+shortest path from s to g.
+
+And that path is called p.
+
+Now, suppose this
+path goes through d.
+
+So, path from s to g is actually
+s making a path through d.
+
+And then there's another
+path going from d to g.
+
+This path over here, p1.
+
+p1 is guaranteed to be the
+shortest path, or a shortest
+
+path, from s to d.
+
+So this is the big solution.
+
+It's optimal because we say it's
+the solution to the problem.
+
+This is a part of the solution.
+
+This part of the solution
+is optimal for this part
+
+of the problem.
+
+So the part of the problem
+is getting from s to d.
+
+The part of the big
+optimal solution
+
+is optimal-- so the small
+part of the big solution
+
+is optimal with respect
+to the small problem.
+
+So p1 has to be a
+shortest path from s to d.
+
+Do you guys want to see
+a proof by contradiction?
+
+Or do take my word for it?
+
+Does anyone want to?
+
+So, intuitively, the idea is
+that if you had the better
+
+path here, say that
+path would be s3,
+
+then I could replace
+this, sorry. p3.
+
+I could replace this with p3.
+
+And I would have a
+better path overall.
+
+And that would
+contradict the fact
+
+that this is the best path.
+
+So this part of the path
+has to be a shortest path
+
+to get from s to d.
+
+So I've broken up my
+problem to get from s to g,
+
+into saying, I want to get
+from s to d, from s to e.
+
+Or, from s to f and
+then cross one edge.
+
+And then the ways I get from
+s to d from s to e, or from s
+
+to f, have to be optimal.
+
+I've already encoded that here.
+
+And nobody asked me,
+yo, is this true?
+
+Can I take a longer path here?
+
+And have a better solution?
+
+The answer is no.
+
+In some problems,
+the answer is yes.
+
+Those are not
+problems that you can
+
+solve with dynamic programming.
+
+if, in your problems,
+that's the case,
+
+you probably forgot to account
+for some part of the state.
+
+AUDIENCE: What kind
+of problems would it
+
+be where that wouldn't be true?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+remember the quiz problem
+
+with the gas stations?
+
+If you don't account for the
+gas, if you do Dijkstra, then,
+
+well.
+
+Guess what?
+
+Shortest path in
+the graph, if that
+
+doesn't account for gas
+stops, if you start accounting
+
+for the cost of
+refilling, this path
+
+might be longer than a
+path that goes like this.
+
+So, it's longer in
+terms of road stalls.
+
+But has fewer, or has cheaper,
+gas stations on the way.
+
+So then, there's no
+optimal substructure.
+
+And that's because you didn't
+account for the fuel states.
+
+OK.
+
+Probably not the best example.
+
+Sorry for bringing
+up painful memories.
+
+But the point is,
+usually when you
+
+have this with our problems, you
+didn't account for the state.
+
+All the problems that are
+solved with dynamic programming
+
+have this thing called
+optimal substructure.
+
+And this is sort
+of how it works.
+
+OK.
+
+I have no idea how much time I
+have because my phone crashed.
+
+So can anyone help me?
+
+Five minutes.
+
+10 minutes.
+
+Sorry.
+
+AUDIENCE: Seven minutes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+What else do you
+guys want to see?
+
+AUDIENCE: Cycles.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Is everyone happy with cycles?
+
+OK.
+
+Almost everyone, so
+that's good enough.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's do cycles.
+
+We have seven minutes.
+
+So, suppose I have this graph.
+
+Source going a going
+to be going to c.
+
+And then the costs
+are 1 minus 1.
+
+1.
+
+1.
+
+Can I solve it
+using that method?
+
+Probably not.
+
+Let's try to write
+the recursions
+
+to see what we get
+for the formulas.
+
+So, dsa is--
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: --minimum.
+
+Yeah, it's 1.
+
+But it's the minimum
+of dss plus weight sa.
+
+ds-- well, almost.
+
+Actually, it's not 1.
+
+Likely.
+
+You're confusing me again.
+
+There's one more edges that
+they have to account for.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+PROFESSOR: dsc plus weight.
+
+I'm going to fail today.
+
+I'm tired.
+
+AUDIENCE: ca.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So we accounted for both
+edges coming in now.
+
+dsb is minimum of
+dsa plus weight ab.
+
+dsc is minimum of
+dsb plus weight bc.
+
+Right?
+
+And dss is 0 because we
+promised that's how we start.
+
+OK.
+
+Now what if I try
+evaluate these?
+
+Is there a sane order in
+which I can evaluate them?
+
+Nope.
+
+Let's see why.
+
+If I try to evaluate
+sa, this depends on sc.
+
+AUDIENCE: Which
+we don't have yet.
+
+PROFESSOR: sc is here.
+sc depends on sb.
+
+sb is here.
+
+And it depends on sa.
+
+Which was.
+
+So we have this infinite
+recursion, right?
+
+They all depend on each other.
+
+There's a loop here.
+
+There's a negative cycle.
+
+Can't use this algorithm.
+
+That's a shame.
+
+What can we do instead?
+
+PROFESSOR: Show a negative node.
+
+A negative weight.
+
+half.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can we just get rid
+of the negative weight half?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+That's the best edge.
+
+That's probably going to be
+part of the solution, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can we add
+1 to all the edges?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's still
+going to have a cycle.
+
+I still won't be
+able to run this.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Bellman-Ford.
+
+PROFESSOR: Bellman-ford.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's not dynamic.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Well, one way to do it
+is Bellman-Ford, right?
+
+Another way, which we
+went through last time,
+
+is to break the cycle.
+
+And the way we break
+the cycle is we
+
+add the path length
+into the equation.
+
+So, I'm going to
+look at the distance
+
+from a source to some
+node, so the distance
+
+from a source to some node, as
+the distance from the source
+
+to some other node
+plus the edge weight.
+
+This is what I
+had before, right?
+
+Nothing new here.
+
+So dsv is the minimum
+over all the edges of dsu
+
+plus weight uv, Right?
+
+Minimum over all uv.
+
+That's our edges.
+
+Right?
+
+This is the old stuff.
+
+Now, we're going to
+say this instead.
+
+The distance from s to v,
+using a path of length k,
+
+is the minimum over all the
+edges of the distance from s
+
+to u, using a path
+of what length?
+
+If this path is length k.
+
+So k edges.
+
+How many edges do I have here?
+
+AUDIENCE: k equals 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: So this is
+distance su using k minus 1
+
+plus the weight of uv.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what's the
+difference between the two?
+
+PROFESSOR: So, this
+will always decrease.
+
+So I guarantee that they will
+not have an infinite recursion.
+
+This is the magic
+that makes it work.
+
+Now, an equivalent way
+of looking at this,
+
+is building a graph.
+
+That's what we've
+been doing so far.
+
+So let's build an
+equivalent graph to this.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's going to
+get to 0 eventually, right?
+
+So when k is 0, the distance
+from the source to itself is 0.
+
+But the distance from the source
+to any other nodes is infinity.
+
+Because from the
+source, we can't
+
+get to anywhere else in 0 edges.
+
+We can't teleport.
+
+So let's build a graph to
+get the intuition for this.
+
+This looks mathy.
+
+This looks too mathy.
+
+So, at the first layer,
+you only have the source.
+
+You can only get from
+the source to itself
+
+by not crossing any edges.
+
+At level one, you potentially
+have all the nodes.
+
+If the source is
+connected to everything,
+
+you might have all the nodes.
+
+So, s1, a1, b1, c1.
+
+Where can you get
+from the source?
+
+AUDIENCE: To a.
+
+PROFESSOR: To a.
+
+What's the cost of the edge?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Now, let's build a second layer.
+
+s2, a2, b2, c2.
+
+So someone tell me the edges.
+
+So, assuming I can get
+to this node using one
+
+edge, how can I get to this
+other node using two edges?
+
+AUDIENCE: A to b.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK. a to b.
+
+a1 to b2.
+
+AUDIENCE: 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Cost?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+A1 to c--
+
+AUDIENCE: That's negative 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: a1 to b2.
+
+Thank you.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are we
+doing anything else?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think so.
+
+So, if I'm at b using one edge,
+I can get to c using two edges.
+
+Cost?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+If I'm at c using one edge--
+
+AUDIENCE: a.
+
+PROFESSOR: --using two edges.
+
+Cost?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And if I'm at s using one edge?
+
+AUDIENCE: a.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Can you?
+
+AUDIENCE: There's now edge.
+
+PROFESSOR: There's no edge.
+
+AUDIENCE: I thought it was
+just like an assumed edge.
+
+PROFESSOR: Nope.
+
+Nope.
+
+Not an edge.
+
+As to a, cost?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: 1.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's build a third level.
+
+s3, a3, b3, c3.
+
+Someone dictate
+the edges please.
+
+AUDIENCE: S2 to a3.
+
+With 1.
+
+I mean, it's going
+to be the exact same.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+a2 to b3 minus 1.
+
+b2 to c3 1.
+
+And c2 to a3 1.
+
+So these are exactly
+the same edges, right?
+
+Because they're the
+original edges in the graph.
+
+Every edge in the graph
+can connect to levels here.
+
+So, all edges.
+
+All edges.
+
+All edges from s.
+
+How many layers do I need?
+
+AUDIENCE: e.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Pretty close.
+
+Let's try something smaller.
+
+AUDIENCE: a.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+That makes no sense.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, what's the
+longest path in a graph?
+
+Graph of v vertices.
+
+What is the longest path?
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+number [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+longest shortest path.
+
+AUDIENCE: v minus 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: v minus 1.
+
+That's how Bellman-Ford
+has v minus 1 runs, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, a shortest
+path can't have a cycle.
+
+If it has a cycle, then it
+means it's an infinite cycle.
+
+So there's no solution.
+
+Shortest paths have
+no cycles therefore,
+
+even if they go through
+the entire graph,
+
+they're going to
+have v minus 1 edges.
+
+So I'm going to have
+v minus 1 layers.
+
+Here, I drew three
+layers, so I'm done.
+
+That's why I stopped at three.
+
+So let's see how many nodes
+and how many edges we're
+
+going to have if we do
+this transformation.
+
+v prime is-- so, how many times
+am I going to copy the graph?
+
+AUDIENCE: Two or thee times.
+
+AUDIENCE: Three times.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And in general terms?
+
+AUDIENCE: v minus 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: v minus 1 times.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So I'm going to copy the
+graph v minus 1 times.
+
+And then I'm going to add
+that one source, right?
+
+Doesn't really matter because
+it's order of b squared.
+
+How many edges?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Order of v times e.
+
+We can do the math
+that's whatever.
+
+Let's say it's
+something like this.
+
+So the running time-- this
+graph is acyclic, right?
+
+All the nodes are going forward.
+
+The new graph that I have here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, I can
+use the DAG algorithm.
+
+So the running time, if
+I use the DAG algorithm,
+
+is v prime plus e prime.
+
+Which is?
+
+AUDIENCE: v.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you.
+
+AUDIENCE: Or is it ve?
+
+PROFESSOR: So, it's v
+squared plus ve, which is ve,
+
+for most purposes.
+
+And this is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Bellman-Ford.
+
+PROFESSOR: Bellman-Ford.
+
+So this is Bellman-Ford.
+
+This is what Bellman-Ford does.
+
+Except when you're
+coding it up, it
+
+relaxes the edges
+in a different way.
+
+But this is the intuition
+behind Bellman-Ford.
+
+And this is an easy way to
+see why Bellman-Ford works.
+
+AUDIENCE: So,
+practically, we really
+
+wouldn't want to do
+dynamic programming.
+
+We just want to run
+Bellman-Ford because that's
+
+less code, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: So, this is
+the dynamic programming
+
+view of Bellman-Ford.
+
+Write Bellman-Ford.
+
+There's a reason why we taught
+you to write it that way.
+
+It's going to be shorter.
+
+This just gives
+you more intuition.
+
+And it shows you how
+the DAG algorithm
+
+relates to Bellman-Ford.
+
+And this is how we handle
+cycles, which are removed.
+
+So, that means I have fulfilled
+my promise of covering
+
+two of the issues that
+I had on the board.
+
+Yes.
+
+So any questions about this?
+
+So, we didn't do the
+pseudocode for the shortest
+
+path using DAGs.
+
+The code that we gave
+you in the code handout
+
+matches the pseudocode
+that you'd write.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So, if all edges
+were negative 1 here,
+
+except for the top edge,
+looking at this graph over here,
+
+how would the search go through,
+such that it would find,
+
+lik,e negative two weight half?
+
+PROFESSOR: So these
+edges are minus 1?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, do you have
+a solution in this case?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's no.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+But you could have this, right?
+
+And expect the
+whole thing to work.
+
+AUDIENCE: No, that's still
+not, that's not making sense.
+
+PROFESSOR: Is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's negative 1 cycle.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah.
+
+That's unfortunate.
+
+OK.
+
+Never mind.
+
+Do like this?
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, also,
+looking at the graph,
+
+there's only one natural
+path that you can take.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So, if I go from s to
+c, like this, sabc,
+
+this is going to
+be s0, a1, b2, c3.
+
+So, all the paths go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, what if I
+wanted to find the shortest
+
+path to s to b?
+
+Like, in terms of actually
+writing an algorithm,
+
+would it be s0, a1, b2, or s1?
+
+a2, b3.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So, if you actually want
+to read the shortest path,
+
+then the shortest path could
+have length 1, length 2,
+
+or length 3, right?
+
+I don't know.
+
+So I would have to
+look at all these.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+OK.
+
+So you just run it from
+s0 to any b, basically.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, the algorithm
+that we have there computes
+
+the path from one source
+to everything else.
+
+So I run it.
+
+It runs.
+
+Computes all the shortest paths.
+
+And then I have to
+read these ones.
+
+And get the smallest one.
+
+That's a question.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Yeah, that is a detail
+that I left out.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So, no more cycles.
+
+OK.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm still, like, on
+the initial problem and stuff.
+
+A bit of a disconnect.
+
+When you were underlining
+stuff, like the sa,
+
+it seemed to me that,
+like, in that case,
+
+when you're going
+forward, you're never
+
+going to stop because
+you're doing recursion.
+
+So you never have a
+beginning point, almost.
+
+Effectively, if you, like--
+
+PROFESSOR: So, do you mean here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, in that case,
+this is the beginning point.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: If I go through the
+nodes in the topological sort
+
+order, then all I need
+is one beginning point.
+
+Because everything else
+will refer back to that.
+
+There has to be a
+topological sort order.
+
+And the first node in
+that order is my source.
+
+And, if we have cycles, then the
+beginning conditions are here.
+
+So that's why I'm only
+drawing this vertex.
+
+Because these other
+vertices wouldn't be useful.
+
+OK.
+
+So then, that being said, don't
+forget your quizzes and happy
+
+Thanksgiving.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IHO7_n7Y09s.txt b/IHO7_n7Y09s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0bebf6113f73979db8a062190e32683265656b61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IHO7_n7Y09s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I was speaking about eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I was speaking about eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I was speaking about eigenvalues
+and eigenvectors for a square matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenvectors for a square matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenvectors for a square matrix and
+then I said for data for many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I said for data for many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I said for data for many other
+applications the matrices are not square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the matrices are not square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the matrices are not square
+we need something that replaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need something that replaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need something that replaces
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors and what
+they are is and it's perfect is singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are is and it's perfect is singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are is and it's perfect is singular
+values and singular vectors so may I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and singular vectors so may I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and singular vectors so may I
+explain singular values and singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain singular values and singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain singular values and singular
+vectors this slide shows a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors this slide shows a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors this slide shows a lot of them
+now the point is that there will be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the point is that there will be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the point is that there will be two
+i don't say eigenvectors two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't say eigenvectors two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't say eigenvectors two different
+left singular vectors they'll go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left singular vectors they'll go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left singular vectors they'll go into
+this matrix u right singular vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix u right singular vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix u right singular vectors
+will go into V there it was the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into V there it was the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into V there it was the other
+case that was so special when the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that was so special when the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that was so special when the matrix
+was symmetric then the left equals left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was symmetric then the left equals left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was symmetric then the left equals left
+eigenvectors are the same as the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are the same as the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are the same as the right
+ones that's sort of sensible but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that's sort of sensible but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that's sort of sensible but a
+general matrix and certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general matrix and certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general matrix and certainly a
+rectangular matrix we've got two sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular matrix we've got two sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular matrix we've got two sets of
+well we don't call them eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we don't call them eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we don't call them eigenvectors
+because that would be confusing we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would be confusing we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would be confusing we call
+them singular vectors and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them singular vectors and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them singular vectors and then in
+between are not eigenvalues but singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between are not eigenvalues but singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between are not eigenvalues but singular
+values so here's the right Oh hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so here's the right Oh hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so here's the right Oh hiding
+over here is a key a times the fees give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is a key a times the fees give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is a key a times the fees give
+Sigma x they use so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma x they use so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma x they use so that's the
+replacement for ax equal lambda X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for ax equal lambda X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for ax equal lambda X which
+had X on both sides now we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had X on both sides now we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had X on both sides now we've got two
+and but the beauty is now we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the beauty is now we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the beauty is now we've got two
+of those to work with we can make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those to work with we can make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those to work with we can make them
+all the use orthogonal to each other all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the use orthogonal to each other all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the use orthogonal to each other all
+the these orthogonal to each other we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these orthogonal to each other we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these orthogonal to each other we
+can do what only symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do what only symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do what only symmetric matrices
+could do for eigenvectors we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do for eigenvectors we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do for eigenvectors we can do it
+now for all matrices not even square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for all matrices not even square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for all matrices not even square
+it's just this is where life is okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just this is where life is okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just this is where life is okay and
+these numbers instead of the lambdas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers instead of the lambdas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers instead of the lambdas are
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+singular values and we use the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values and we use the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values and we use the letter
+Sigma for those and here's a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma for those and here's a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma for those and here's a picture of
+the geometry in two by two if we had a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry in two by two if we had a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry in two by two if we had a 2
+by 2 matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 matrix
+so you remember factorization breaks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you remember factorization breaks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you remember factorization breaks up
+a matrix into separate small parts each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix into separate small parts each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix into separate small parts each
+doing its own thing so if I multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing its own thing so if I multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing its own thing so if I multiply by
+a vector X the first thing that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector X the first thing that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector X the first thing that's going
+to hit it is V transpose V transpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit it is V transpose V transpose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit it is V transpose V transpose is
+an orthogonal matrix remember I said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal matrix remember I said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal matrix remember I said we
+can make these singular vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make these singular vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make these singular vectors
+perpendicular that's what an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular that's what an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular that's what an orthogonal
+matrix so it's just like a rotation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so it's just like a rotation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so it's just like a rotation that
+you see so the V transpose is just turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so the V transpose is just turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so the V transpose is just turns
+the vector to get here to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector to get here to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector to get here to get to the
+second one then I'm multiplying by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one then I'm multiplying by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one then I'm multiplying by the
+lambdas but they're not lambdas now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas but they're not lambdas now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas but they're not lambdas now
+they're Sigma's the matrix of that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Sigma's the matrix of that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Sigma's the matrix of that's a
+capital Sigma so there are Sigma 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Sigma so there are Sigma 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Sigma so there are Sigma 1 and
+Sigma 2 what they do is stretch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 what they do is stretch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 what they do is stretch the
+circle it's a diagonal matrix so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it's a diagonal matrix so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it's a diagonal matrix so it
+doesn't turn things but it stretches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't turn things but it stretches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't turn things but it stretches the
+circle to an ellipse because it gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle to an ellipse because it gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle to an ellipse because it gets the
+two different singular values in Sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different singular values in Sigma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different singular values in Sigma 1
+and Sigma 2 and then the last guy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sigma 2 and then the last guy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sigma 2 and then the last guy the
+you is going to get is gonna hit last it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is going to get is gonna hit last it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is going to get is gonna hit last it
+takes the ellipse and turns it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the ellipse and turns it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the ellipse and turns it again
+it's again a rotation rotation stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again a rotation rotation stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again a rotation rotation stretch
+rotation I'll say it again rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation I'll say it again rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation I'll say it again rotation
+stretch rotation that's what singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch rotation that's what singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch rotation that's what singular
+values and singular vectors do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and singular vectors do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and singular vectors do the
+singular value decomposition and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition and it's
+it's it's got the best of all worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's got the best of all worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's got the best of all worlds
+here it's got the rotor the rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's got the rotor the rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's got the rotor the rotations
+the orthogonal matrices and it's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orthogonal matrices and it's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orthogonal matrices and it's got the
+stretches the diagonal matrices compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches the diagonal matrices compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches the diagonal matrices compared
+to those two those are the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those two those are the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those two those are the greatest
+triangular matrices were good when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular matrices were good when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular matrices were good when we
+were young an hour ago now we are seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were young an hour ago now we are seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were young an hour ago now we are seeing
+the best okay now let me just show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best okay now let me just show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best okay now let me just show you
+where they come from so how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come from so how to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come from so how to find
+these reads well the answer is if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reads well the answer is if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reads well the answer is if I'm
+looking for orthogonal vectors the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for orthogonal vectors the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for orthogonal vectors the great
+idea is find a symmetric matrix and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is find a symmetric matrix and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is find a symmetric matrix and with
+those eigen vectors so these V's that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those eigen vectors so these V's that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those eigen vectors so these V's that I
+want for a are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for a are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for a are actually
+in vectors of this symmetric matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vectors of this symmetric matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vectors of this symmetric matrix a
+transpose times a that's just nice so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times a that's just nice so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times a that's just nice so we
+can find those singular vectors just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find those singular vectors just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find those singular vectors just as
+fast as we can find eigenvectors for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as we can find eigenvectors for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as we can find eigenvectors for a
+symmetric matrix and we know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix and we know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix and we know they're
+because a transpose a is symmetric we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a transpose a is symmetric we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a transpose a is symmetric we
+know the eigen vectors are perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the eigen vectors are perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the eigen vectors are perpendicular
+to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+orthonormal okay and now what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal okay and now what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal okay and now what about the
+other ones because remember we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones because remember we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones because remember we have two
+sets they use well we just multiply by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets they use well we just multiply by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets they use well we just multiply by a
+and we've got to use well and divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got to use well and divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got to use well and divide by
+Sigma's because these vectors use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma's because these vectors use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma's because these vectors use and
+Vees are unit vectors length one so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vees are unit vectors length one so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vees are unit vectors length one so we
+have to scale them properly and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to scale them properly and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to scale them properly and this was
+a little key bit of algebra to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little key bit of algebra to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little key bit of algebra to check
+that not only the v's were orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not only the v's were orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not only the v's were orthogonal
+but they use are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they use are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they use are orthogonal
+yeah it just comes out comes out so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it just comes out comes out so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it just comes out comes out so this
+singular value decomposition which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition which is
+maybe well say a hundred years old maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe well say a hundred years old maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe well say a hundred years old maybe
+a bit more but it it's really in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more but it it's really in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more but it it's really in the
+last twenty thirty years that singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last twenty thirty years that singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last twenty thirty years that singular
+values have become so important it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values have become so important it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values have become so important it's
+this is the best factorization of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best factorization of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best factorization of them
+all and and that's not always reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and and that's not always reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and and that's not always reflected
+in linear algebra courses so part of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra courses so part of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra courses so part of my
+goal today is to say get to singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal today is to say get to singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal today is to say get to singular
+values if you've done symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if you've done symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if you've done symmetric matrices
+and their eigenvalues then you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their eigenvalues then you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their eigenvalues then you can do
+singular values and I think that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values and I think that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values and I think that we're
+absolutely worth doing okay yeah so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely worth doing okay yeah so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely worth doing okay yeah so and
+remembering down here that capital Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering down here that capital Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering down here that capital Sigma
+stands for the diagonal matrix of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for the diagonal matrix of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for the diagonal matrix of these
+positive numbers Sigma 1 Sigma 2 down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers Sigma 1 Sigma 2 down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers Sigma 1 Sigma 2 down to
+Sigma are there the rank which came way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma are there the rank which came way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma are there the rank which came way
+back in the first slides tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the first slides tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the first slides tells you how
+many there are good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many there are good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many there are good good
+so that's oh here's an example so I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's oh here's an example so I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's oh here's an example so I took
+our small matrix because I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our small matrix because I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our small matrix because I'm doing this
+by pencil and paper and and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pencil and paper and and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pencil and paper and and actually
+showing you the yeah the singular values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the yeah the singular values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the yeah the singular values
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there's my matrix 2 by 2 here the use do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my matrix 2 by 2 here the use do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my matrix 2 by 2 here the use do
+you see that those are orthogonal 1 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that those are orthogonal 1 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that those are orthogonal 1 3
+against -3 1 take the dot product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against -3 1 take the dot product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against -3 1 take the dot product and
+you get 0 the visa orthogonal the Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 0 the visa orthogonal the Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 0 the visa orthogonal the Sigma
+is diagonal and then the pieces from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diagonal and then the pieces from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diagonal and then the pieces from
+that ad back to the matrix so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ad back to the matrix so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ad back to the matrix so it's
+really it's broken my matrix into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's broken my matrix into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's broken my matrix into a
+couple of pieces one for the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of pieces one for the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of pieces one for the first thing
+of their value in vector and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their value in vector and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their value in vector and the other
+for the second singular value in vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second singular value in vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second singular value in vector
+and that's what data science wants data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what data science wants data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what data science wants data
+science wants to know what's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science wants to know what's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science wants to know what's important
+in the matrix well what's important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the matrix well what's important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the matrix well what's important is
+Sigma 1 the big guy Sigma 2 you see well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 the big guy Sigma 2 you see well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 the big guy Sigma 2 you see well
+it was 3 times smaller three-halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 3 times smaller three-halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 3 times smaller three-halves
+versus 1/2 so if if i had a hundred by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 1/2 so if if i had a hundred by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 1/2 so if if i had a hundred by
+hundred matrix or 100 by a thousand i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred matrix or 100 by a thousand i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred matrix or 100 by a thousand i'd
+have a hundred singular values and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hundred singular values and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hundred singular values and maybe
+the first five i'd keep if i'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first five i'd keep if i'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first five i'd keep if i'm in the
+financial market those guys those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial market those guys those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial market those guys those those
+first numbers are telling me was maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first numbers are telling me was maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first numbers are telling me was maybe
+what bond prices are gonna do over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bond prices are gonna do over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bond prices are gonna do over time
+and it's a mixture of a few features but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a mixture of a few features but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a mixture of a few features but
+not all thousand features right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all thousand features right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all thousand features right so this
+is singular value decomposition picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is singular value decomposition picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is singular value decomposition picks
+out the important part of a data matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the important part of a data matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the important part of a data matrix
+and you cannot ask for more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you cannot ask for more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you cannot ask for more than that
+no here's what you do if the matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no here's what you do if the matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no here's what you do if the matrix is
+just totally enormous too big to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just totally enormous too big to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just totally enormous too big to
+multiply too big to compute then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply too big to compute then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply too big to compute then you you
+randomly sample it you you yeah maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly sample it you you yeah maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly sample it you you yeah maybe
+the next slide even mentions that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide even mentions that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide even mentions that word
+randomized numerical linear algebra so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized numerical linear algebra so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized numerical linear algebra so
+this i'll go back to this the the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i'll go back to this the the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i'll go back to this the the so the
+singular value decomposition this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition this is
+what we just talked about with the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just talked about with the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just talked about with the use
+and the v's and the Sigma Sigma one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the v's and the Sigma Sigma one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the v's and the Sigma Sigma one is
+the biggest Sigma R is the smallest so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest Sigma R is the smallest so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest Sigma R is the smallest so
+in data science you very often keep just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data science you very often keep just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data science you very often keep just
+these first ones maybe the first K the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first ones maybe the first K the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first ones maybe the first K the K
+or just once and then you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just once and then you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just once and then you've got the
+matrix that has ranked only K because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that has ranked only K because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that has ranked only K because
+you're only doing working with K vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only doing working with K vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only doing working with K vectors
+and it turns out that's the closest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that's the closest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that's the closest one
+to the big matrix a so so this singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the big matrix a so so this singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the big matrix a so so this singular
+values among other things is picking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values among other things is picking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values among other things is picking out
+putting in order the in order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in order the in order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in order the in order of
+importance the little pieces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance the little pieces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance the little pieces of the
+matrix and then you can just pick a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then you can just pick a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then you can just pick a few
+pieces to work with yeah yep and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces to work with yeah yep and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces to work with yeah yep and the
+idea of norms is how to measure the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of norms is how to measure the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of norms is how to measure the size
+of a matrix yeah but I'll leave that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix yeah but I'll leave that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix yeah but I'll leave that for
+the future and randomized linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and randomized linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and randomized linear algebra
+I just want to mention seems a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to mention seems a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to mention seems a little
+crazy that by just randomly sampling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy that by just randomly sampling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy that by just randomly sampling a
+matrix we could get any see we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix we could get any see we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix we could get any see we could
+learn anything about it but typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything about it but typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything about it but typically
+data is sort of organized it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is sort of organized it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is sort of organized it's not just
+totally random stuff so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally random stuff so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally random stuff so if we want to
+know why my friend and the Broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why my friend and the Broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why my friend and the Broad
+Institute was doing the ancient history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute was doing the ancient history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute was doing the ancient history
+of man so data from from thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of man so data from from thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of man so data from from thousands of
+years ago so he had a giant matrix a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so he had a giant matrix a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so he had a giant matrix a lot
+of data too much data and he said how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data too much data and he said how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data too much data and he said how
+can we find the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we find the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we find the singular value
+decomposition pick out the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition pick out the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition pick out the important
+thing so you had to sample the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you had to sample the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you had to sample the data
+statistics is a beautiful important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics is a beautiful important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics is a beautiful important
+subject and it's leans on linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and it's leans on linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and it's leans on linear algebra
+data science leans on linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science leans on linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science leans on linear algebra
+you're seeing the tool you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing the tool you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing the tool you know it's
+calculus would be functions would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus would be functions would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus would be functions would be
+continuous curves linear algebra is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous curves linear algebra is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous curves linear algebra is
+about vectors this is just n components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vectors this is just n components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vectors this is just n components
+and that's where you compute and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where you compute and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where you compute and that's
+where you understand okay oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you understand okay oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you understand okay oh this is
+maybe the last slide to just help orient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the last slide to just help orient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the last slide to just help orient
+you in the courses so at MIT 1806 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the courses so at MIT 1806 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the courses so at MIT 1806 is the
+linear algebra course and maybe you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra course and maybe you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra course and maybe you know
+1806 and also 1806 scholar SC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 and also 1806 scholar SC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 and also 1806 scholar SC
+on OpenCourseWare and then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on OpenCourseWare and then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on OpenCourseWare and then this is the
+new course with the new book 1806 5 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new course with the new book 1806 5 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new course with the new book 1806 5 so
+as it's a number sort of indicating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's a number sort of indicating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's a number sort of indicating a
+second course in linear algebra that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second course in linear algebra that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second course in linear algebra that's
+what I'm actually teaching now Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm actually teaching now Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm actually teaching now Monday
+Wednesday Friday and so that starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday Friday and so that starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday Friday and so that starts with
+linear algebra but it's mostly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra but it's mostly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra but it's mostly about
+deep learning learning from data so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning learning from data so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning learning from data so you
+need statistics you need optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need statistics you need optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need statistics you need optimization
+minimizing big functions calculus comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing big functions calculus comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing big functions calculus comes
+into it so that's that's a lot of fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it so that's that's a lot of fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it so that's that's a lot of fun to
+teach and to learn and of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach and to learn and of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach and to learn and of course it's
+tremendously important in industry now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously important in industry now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously important in industry now
+and Google and Facebook and ever so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Google and Facebook and ever so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Google and Facebook and ever so many
+companies need people who understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies need people who understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies need people who understand
+this and oh NP ting 1806 because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and oh NP ting 1806 because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and oh NP ting 1806 because there
+is this new book coming I hope did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this new book coming I hope did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this new book coming I hope did some
+more this morning linear algebra for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this morning linear algebra for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this morning linear algebra for
+everyone so I have optimistically put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone so I have optimistically put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone so I have optimistically put
+2021 and you're the first people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021 and you're the first people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021 and you're the first people that
+know about it so these are the websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it so these are the websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it so these are the websites
+for the two that we have that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two that we have that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two that we have that's the
+website for the linear algebra book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website for the linear algebra book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website for the linear algebra book
+master mit.edu and this is the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master mit.edu and this is the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master mit.edu and this is the website
+for the learning from data book so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the learning from data book so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the learning from data book so you
+see there the table of contents and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there the table of contents and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there the table of contents and all
+I'm solutions to problems lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm solutions to problems lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm solutions to problems lots of things
+thanks for listening to this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for listening to this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for listening to this is what
+maybe four or five pieces in a in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe four or five pieces in a in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe four or five pieces in a in this
+2020 vision to update the videos that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 vision to update the videos that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 vision to update the videos that
+have been watched so much on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been watched so much on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been watched so much on
+OpenCourseWare thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JWSdeg4jkoY.txt b/JWSdeg4jkoY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a949192d12b1b0f6c79cfb78cb0f49fa4ad1071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JWSdeg4jkoY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you think we're in for a couple a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think we're in for a couple a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think we're in for a couple a
+couple of weeks but we will do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks but we will do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks but we will do our
+damnedest to make sure is that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damnedest to make sure is that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damnedest to make sure is that I'm not
+gonna say life won't be disrupted life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say life won't be disrupted life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say life won't be disrupted life
+is gonna be bloody well disrupted no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be bloody well disrupted no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be bloody well disrupted no
+question of that but number one goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of that but number one goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of that but number one goal is
+making sure everyone remains healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure everyone remains healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure everyone remains healthy
+both physically and mentally you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both physically and mentally you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both physically and mentally you know
+when we're forced to isolate a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're forced to isolate a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're forced to isolate a little
+bit we lose the social contact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit we lose the social contact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit we lose the social contact that
+makes life worth living and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes life worth living and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes life worth living and so we're
+gonna be working really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be working really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be working really hard
+I mean look to your social group as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean look to your social group as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean look to your social group as well
+and to your peers and and mentors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to your peers and and mentors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to your peers and and mentors and
+others to try to find a way to remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to try to find a way to remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to try to find a way to remain
+you know if you can't meet in person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you can't meet in person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you can't meet in person
+quite as much there's the phone there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as much there's the phone there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as much there's the phone there's
+there's FaceTime better than nothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's FaceTime better than nothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's FaceTime better than nothing and
+that's sort of what we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what we're looking at
+these days and we're of course within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days and we're of course within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days and we're of course within
+the department very committed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department very committed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department very committed to
+figuring out a way to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out a way to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out a way to make sure that the
+education that you know we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education that you know we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education that you know we're sort of
+here to do we can deliver it to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to do we can deliver it to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to do we can deliver it to you in
+some form or another there may be a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form or another there may be a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form or another there may be a few
+bumps on the road while we work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps on the road while we work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps on the road while we work this out
+but we're getting there hopefully um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're getting there hopefully um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're getting there hopefully um
+this will you know if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will you know if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will you know if there is a
+disruption coming it will be short-lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption coming it will be short-lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption coming it will be short-lived
+if not you know let's just uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not you know let's just uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not you know let's just uh let's
+focus on what the important things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on what the important things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on what the important things are
+and today the important things are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today the important things are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today the important things are the
+GDP equation at least that's where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP equation at least that's where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP equation at least that's where we're
+gonna start things and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start things and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start things and then we're going
+to take it into the next major concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it into the next major concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it into the next major concepts
+that describes manifolds with curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes manifolds with curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes manifolds with curvature
+that we're going to take advantage of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to take advantage of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to take advantage of so
+just a quick recap where I ended things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a quick recap where I ended things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a quick recap where I ended things
+last time was we described judie tzuke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time was we described judie tzuke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time was we described judie tzuke
+trajectories ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories ah
+these are trajectories which parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are trajectories which parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are trajectories which parallel
+transport the tangent as they move along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport the tangent as they move along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport the tangent as they move along
+their world line they parallel transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their world line they parallel transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their world line they parallel transport
+the tangent vector to that world line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent vector to that world line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent vector to that world line
+and I forgot to put the physics up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I forgot to put the physics up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I forgot to put the physics up here
+the key reason why this is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key reason why this is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key reason why this is interesting
+is that this corresponds to a free fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this corresponds to a free fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this corresponds to a free fall
+trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free-fall basically means you are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-fall basically means you are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-fall basically means you are moving
+under the influence of nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the influence of nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the influence of nothing but
+gravity and if you want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and if you want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and if you want to understand
+gravity in a relativistic theory well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity in a relativistic theory well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity in a relativistic theory well I
+do care about so these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do care about so these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do care about so these are very
+important trajectories and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important trajectories and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important trajectories and you know it's
+not an exaggeration to say that solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an exaggeration to say that solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an exaggeration to say that solving
+this equation okay so in this thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation okay so in this thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation okay so in this thing I'm
+kind of left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of left
+agnostic what the space-time is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnostic what the space-time is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnostic what the space-time is that you
+use to compute those covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to compute those covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to compute those covariant
+derivatives and to write your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and to write your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and to write your
+Christoffel symbols gamma but could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols gamma but could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols gamma but could be
+any space-time that solves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any space-time that solves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any space-time that solves the
+relativistic field equations which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic field equations which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic field equations which we
+haven't derived yet but we shall soon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't derived yet but we shall soon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't derived yet but we shall soon um
+this is what describes sort of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what describes sort of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what describes sort of small
+bodies moving through that kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies moving through that kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies moving through that kind of a
+space-time that is the starting point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time that is the starting point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time that is the starting point to
+a tremendous amount of analyses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous amount of analyses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous amount of analyses in
+general relativity i made a a crack last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity i made a a crack last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity i made a a crack last
+time that I think 65% of my published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I think 65% of my published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I think 65% of my published
+research work is essentially based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research work is essentially based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research work is essentially based on
+solving this equation actually went in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this equation actually went in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this equation actually went in
+shacked it's probably more like 75% okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shacked it's probably more like 75% okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shacked it's probably more like 75% okay
+that wasn't actually an exaggeration it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't actually an exaggeration it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't actually an exaggeration it
+shows up a lot alright so this as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up a lot alright so this as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up a lot alright so this as we
+went through and it's basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through and it's basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through and it's basically just
+saying that I'm going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I'm going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I'm going to take the
+covariant derivative of the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative of the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative of the tangent
+vector U and contract it with you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector U and contract it with you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector U and contract it with you okay
+and there's a couple of other ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a couple of other ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a couple of other ways of
+writing this which I've written out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this which I've written out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this which I've written out here
+there's just sort of notation but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just sort of notation but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just sort of notation but if you
+expand it out it looks like this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it out it looks like this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it out it looks like this so this
+is what you're saying is that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you're saying is that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you're saying is that the the
+vector U the four vector components you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector U the four vector components you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector U the four vector components you
+are parameterized by some quantity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parameterized by some quantity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parameterized by some quantity which
+if it's a time like trajectory you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a time like trajectory you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a time like trajectory you can
+think of it as essentially the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as essentially the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as essentially the proper
+time as you move along that trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as you move along that trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as you move along that trajectory
+this is just describing how this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just describing how this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just describing how this thing
+behaves as a function of that parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as a function of that parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as a function of that parameter
+okay so we're gonna do some more with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna do some more with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna do some more with
+that to begin with there's a couple cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to begin with there's a couple cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to begin with there's a couple cool
+results that we can derive so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that we can derive so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that we can derive so there's a
+nice side note we can rewrite this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice side note we can rewrite this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice side note we can rewrite this in
+terms of momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you imagine that it's a let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you imagine that it's a let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you imagine that it's a let's
+focus on the version where I'm doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the version where I'm doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the version where I'm doing it
+per units proper time and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per units proper time and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per units proper time and I'm going to
+take advantage of the fact that the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of the fact that the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of the fact that the for
+a body moving on a time like Judea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a body moving on a time like Judea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a body moving on a time like Judea
+trajectory so a body with a rest mass M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory so a body with a rest mass M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory so a body with a rest mass M
+I just take this equation and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just take this equation and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just take this equation and basically
+you multiply by M twice and it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply by M twice and it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply by M twice and it very
+clearly turns into something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly turns into something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly turns into something that is
+pretty much exactly the same but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much exactly the same but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much exactly the same but I just
+replace my use with peas um two comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace my use with peas um two comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace my use with peas um two comments
+I want to make about this so first let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make about this so first let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make about this so first let
+me actually expand this out I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me actually expand this out I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me actually expand this out I mean it's
+quite obvious when we write it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite obvious when we write it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite obvious when we write it in terms
+of the components and the Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the components and the Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the components and the Christoffel
+symbols okay so I'm gonna write it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols okay so I'm gonna write it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols okay so I'm gonna write it like
+this let's do the following okay we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's do the following okay we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's do the following okay we call
+that if I have so this trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have so this trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have so this trajectory
+assuming when you write like this your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming when you write like this your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming when you write like this your
+parameter lambda is called an affine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter lambda is called an affine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter lambda is called an affine
+parameter and that is a parameter such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and that is a parameter such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and that is a parameter such
+that the right hand side the GD is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right hand side the GD is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right hand side the GD is
+equation is zero on a free fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is zero on a free fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is zero on a free fall
+trajectory okay if it's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory okay if it's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory okay if it's something that's
+proportional to you it is a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to you it is a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to you it is a valid
+parameter but it's one that sort of been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter but it's one that sort of been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter but it's one that sort of been
+defined in a bad way um one things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in a bad way um one things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in a bad way um one things we
+showed last time is that I can shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed last time is that I can shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed last time is that I can shift
+lambda by any constant okay with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda by any constant okay with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda by any constant okay with the
+right units that's essentially amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right units that's essentially amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right units that's essentially amounts
+to just changing the origin of my clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just changing the origin of my clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just changing the origin of my clock
+and I can multiply it by any scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can multiply it by any scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can multiply it by any scalar
+which essentially amounts to changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially amounts to changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially amounts to changing
+the units in which I am measuring time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units in which I am measuring time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units in which I am measuring time
+and it's still a good affine parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still a good affine parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still a good affine parameter
+so here's an example of an affine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of an affine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of an affine
+parameter that I could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose that I define this such that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I define this such that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I define this such that an
+interval of affine parameter delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of affine parameter delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of affine parameter delta
+lambda is an interval of delta tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is an interval of delta tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is an interval of delta tau
+divided by M if I do this well then P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by M if I do this well then P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by M if I do this well then P
+alpha is just D so remember this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is just D so remember this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is just D so remember this is now
+going to be let's write it like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be let's write it like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be let's write it like this so
+this is my original definition of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my original definition of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my original definition of this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+this then becomes DX alpha D lambda so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then becomes DX alpha D lambda so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then becomes DX alpha D lambda so
+this is a way of choosing an affine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way of choosing an affine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way of choosing an affine
+parameter such that I'm essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter such that I'm essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter such that I'm essentially
+writing my tangent along that you along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing my tangent along that you along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing my tangent along that you along
+the world line as the momentum rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world line as the momentum rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world line as the momentum rather
+than something like the four velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than something like the four velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than something like the four velocity
+okay but there's something cool about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's something cool about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's something cool about
+this so let's now go and I just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's now go and I just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's now go and I just write
+what my judy's equation turns into okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my judy's equation turns into okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my judy's equation turns into okay
+it's basically exactly the same it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically exactly the same it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically exactly the same it's
+just that I'm going to absorb the M on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that I'm going to absorb the M on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that I'm going to absorb the M on
+the first term so you know basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term so you know basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term so you know basically
+it's exactly the same judy's equation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same judy's equation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same judy's equation as
+I had before but with use promoted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had before but with use promoted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had before but with use promoted to
+peas what's kind of cool about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peas what's kind of cool about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peas what's kind of cool about this is
+you can take a limit in which M goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a limit in which M goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a limit in which M goes to
+zero as long as your interval of proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as long as your interval of proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as long as your interval of proper
+time goes to zero at a rate such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes to zero at a rate such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes to zero at a rate such that
+delta T over lambda excuse me a delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T over lambda excuse me a delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T over lambda excuse me a delta T
+over m is constant so what this allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m is constant so what this allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m is constant so what this allows
+us to do is just conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do is just conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do is just conceptually
+reformulate the gdz equation so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulate the gdz equation so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulate the gdz equation so that
+it's perfectly well behaved not just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly well behaved not just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly well behaved not just for
+time like trajectories but for null or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like trajectories but for null or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like trajectories but for null or a
+light light trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's very important for us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's very important for us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's very important for us a
+lot of the most important tests of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the most important tests of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the most important tests of
+general relativity actually come down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity actually come down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity actually come down to
+looking at the behavior of light as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the behavior of light as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the behavior of light as it
+moves in some kind of a curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in some kind of a curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in some kind of a curved
+space-time and you know the gdz equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time and you know the gdz equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time and you know the gdz equation
+if you sort of interpret the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of interpret the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of interpret the way we
+talked about it before kind of like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it before kind of like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it before kind of like well
+you know let's go back and suppose I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's go back and suppose I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's go back and suppose I'm
+running it sort of in this flow and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it sort of in this flow and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it sort of in this flow and I'm
+thinking of my lambda as proper time an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of my lambda as proper time an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of my lambda as proper time an
+interval is proper time is not defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is proper time is not defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is proper time is not defined
+along a light light trajectory okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a light light trajectory okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a light light trajectory okay so
+that just kind of makes it clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just kind of makes it clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just kind of makes it clear that
+that's fine what we're going to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine what we're going to do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine what we're going to do when
+we're talking about a light light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a light light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a light light
+trajectory is we're just going to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is we're just going to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is we're just going to define
+the parameter along the world line such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter along the world line such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter along the world line such
+that the tangent vector is the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tangent vector is the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tangent vector is the momentum
+along that world line mass doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that world line mass doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that world line mass doesn't even
+make sense okay so the P that goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense okay so the P that goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense okay so the P that goes into
+this so when I do this this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so when I do this this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so when I do this this is going to
+be a piece up that P alpha P alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a piece up that P alpha P alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a piece up that P alpha P alpha
+equals minus M square but still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus M square but still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus M square but still have
+that rule that it's always at me minus M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rule that it's always at me minus M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rule that it's always at me minus M
+Squared sorry which is zero in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this gives us a tool that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this gives us a tool that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this gives us a tool that we can
+use to study the motion of light as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to study the motion of light as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to study the motion of light as it
+reacts to gravity for example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts to gravity for example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts to gravity for example okay
+switch gears so I want to do one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch gears so I want to do one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch gears so I want to do one other
+trick based on this momentum form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick based on this momentum form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick based on this momentum form of
+things so I can rewrite the gd's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I can rewrite the gd's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I can rewrite the gd's
+equation as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as follows
+and it's going to start out where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to start out where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to start out where it
+just looks like I'm essentially doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks like I'm essentially doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks like I'm essentially doing
+what we call index gymnastics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call index gymnastics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call index gymnastics and
+instead of moving a few indices around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's write this as P alpha and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write this as P alpha and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write this as P alpha and what
+I'm gonna do is contract it on this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do is contract it on this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do is contract it on this when
+I'm putting the index of my momentum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting the index of my momentum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting the index of my momentum in
+the downstairs position now first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downstairs position now first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downstairs position now first of all
+you should stop and ask yourself am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should stop and ask yourself am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should stop and ask yourself am I
+allowed to do that okay if I do that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do that okay if I do that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do that okay if I do that do
+I not generate some additional term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not generate some additional term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not generate some additional term that
+should then be moved to the right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should then be moved to the right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should then be moved to the right-hand
+side well think about what I'm doing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side well think about what I'm doing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side well think about what I'm doing if
+I am lowering an index that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am lowering an index that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am lowering an index that essentially
+means that I am let's do the fine let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I am let's do the fine let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I am let's do the fine let's
+change this to a gamma for a second what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this to a gamma for a second what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this to a gamma for a second what
+I have done here is I have essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have done here is I have essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have done here is I have essentially
+taken the equation I wrote over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I had hit it with G beta gamma okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had hit it with G beta gamma okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had hit it with G beta gamma okay
+I can always multiply by those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always multiply by those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always multiply by those things
+the covariant derivative of the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariant derivative of the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariant derivative of the metric
+is 0 because the covariant derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 because the covariant derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 because the covariant derivative
+the metric is zero it commutes with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric is zero it commutes with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric is zero it commutes with that
+derivative and so I can just walk it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and so I can just walk it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and so I can just walk it
+inside the derivative operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I wanted to go through that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I wanted to go through that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I wanted to go through that just
+a little bit carefully because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit carefully because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit carefully because that's
+actually a trick that once you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a trick that once you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a trick that once you've seen
+it once I want you to know it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once I want you to know it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once I want you to know it well
+cuz I'm just gonna do it many many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I'm just gonna do it many many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I'm just gonna do it many many times
+as we move forward it's me a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we move forward it's me a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we move forward it's me a bunch of
+times where I'm taking the partial to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times where I'm taking the partial to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times where I'm taking the partial to me
+the covariant derivative of something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariant derivative of something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariant derivative of something I
+know it's gonna be raising in the C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's gonna be raising in the C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's gonna be raising in the C's
+willy-nilly on whatever its operating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willy-nilly on whatever its operating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willy-nilly on whatever its operating on
+but I'm taking a pan to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm taking a pan to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm taking a pan to the fact that
+I'm effectively moving a metric inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm effectively moving a metric inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm effectively moving a metric inside
+and outside here all right so let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outside here all right so let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outside here all right so let's take
+that floor the G DS equation and expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that floor the G DS equation and expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that floor the G DS equation and expand
+it out so I end up with DP beta D tau so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out so I end up with DP beta D tau so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out so I end up with DP beta D tau so
+I'm here using the fact the P alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here using the fact the P alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here using the fact the P alpha
+that's on the outside I'm writing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on the outside I'm writing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on the outside I'm writing that
+as M u alpha and I'm using that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as M u alpha and I'm using that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as M u alpha and I'm using that to
+convert my the derivative I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert my the derivative I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert my the derivative I get
+expanding that into a D by D tau and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding that into a D by D tau and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding that into a D by D tau and
+then I get a term that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get a term that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get a term that basically
+corrects the downstairs index okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrects the downstairs index okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrects the downstairs index okay
+because it's downstairs and exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's downstairs and exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's downstairs and exit
+entrance with a minus sign let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance with a minus sign let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance with a minus sign let's move
+this to the other side and what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the other side and what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the other side and what I'm
+going to do is make all the indices be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is make all the indices be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is make all the indices be
+in the downstairs position let's see did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the downstairs position let's see did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the downstairs position let's see did
+I do this right sorry yeah I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this right sorry yeah I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this right sorry yeah I'm gonna
+make all the indices in the downstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all the indices in the downstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all the indices in the downstairs
+position on this gamma on this capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position on this gamma on this capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position on this gamma on this capital
+gamma so I'm gonna write this as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I chose to write it that this way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I chose to write it that this way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I chose to write it that this way is
+you'll see in just a moment because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in just a moment because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in just a moment because this
+is now symmetric on exchange of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now symmetric on exchange of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now symmetric on exchange of alpha
+and gamma let's expand that Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gamma let's expand that Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gamma let's expand that Christoffel
+symbol so I'm going to have one term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol so I'm going to have one term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol so I'm going to have one term
+beta derivative alpha gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so take a look at that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so take a look at that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so take a look at that last
+line of that expression so as written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of that expression so as written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of that expression so as written
+here I've got a term that is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got a term that is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got a term that is symmetric
+on exchange of alpha and gamma but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exchange of alpha and gamma but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exchange of alpha and gamma but
+inside my parentheses bearing in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside my parentheses bearing in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside my parentheses bearing in mind
+that my metric is itself a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my metric is itself a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my metric is itself a symmetric
+object I've got two terms this one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I've got two terms this one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I've got two terms this one in
+this one where if I exchange alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one where if I exchange alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one where if I exchange alpha and
+gamma I get a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I got metric contracted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got metric contracted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got metric contracted with
+anti-symmetric therefore I can simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric therefore I can simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric therefore I can simplify
+this whole thing to something that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing to something that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing to something that only
+involves the only derivative I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the only derivative I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the only derivative I need to
+compute is one partial derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute is one partial derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute is one partial derivative of the
+metric now that's nice well you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric now that's nice well you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric now that's nice well you think
+about it it might even be nicer than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it might even be nicer than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it might even be nicer than you
+realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you're working in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're working in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're working in some
+coordinate system such that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system such that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system such that for a
+particular derivative for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular derivative for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular derivative for a particular
+let's say it says that the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it says that the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it says that the derivative
+respect to your time coordinate pose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to your time coordinate pose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to your time coordinate pose the
+metric vanishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose that equals zero for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that equals zero for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that equals zero for some
+coordinate then you've just learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate then you've just learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate then you've just learned that
+a particular component of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular component of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular component of the four
+momentum component the downstairs one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum component the downstairs one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum component the downstairs one
+Atlanta mind you that is a constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlanta mind you that is a constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlanta mind you that is a constant of
+the motion along the world line I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion along the world line I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion along the world line I sort
+of said in words a few things about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said in words a few things about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said in words a few things about this
+a couple of lectures ago when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of lectures ago when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of lectures ago when we were
+talking about killing factors I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about killing factors I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about killing factors I'm
+actually tie this to that discussion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tie this to that discussion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tie this to that discussion in
+just a moment this is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment this is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment this is often
+operationally the simplest way to deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationally the simplest way to deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationally the simplest way to deduce
+that you in fact have a constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you in fact have a constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you in fact have a constant of
+motion so there's some space times very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so there's some space times very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so there's some space times very
+complicated ones that play huge roles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated ones that play huge roles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated ones that play huge roles in
+many kind of analysis we do but you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many kind of analysis we do but you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many kind of analysis we do but you sort
+of look at them and kinda go oh thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at them and kinda go oh thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at them and kinda go oh thank
+god it's time independent alright that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god it's time independent alright that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god it's time independent alright that
+means I know P downstairs T is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I know P downstairs T is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I know P downstairs T is constant
+it's independent of the actual angle P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's independent of the actual angle P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's independent of the actual angle P
+downstairs fee is a constant okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs fee is a constant okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs fee is a constant okay that
+ends up giving us some quantities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up giving us some quantities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up giving us some quantities that
+we can exploit and later when we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can exploit and later when we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can exploit and later when we start
+talking about certain solutions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about certain solutions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about certain solutions of the
+field equations and looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field equations and looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field equations and looking at the
+behavior of these things we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of these things we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of these things we're going to
+see how we can exploit them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can exploit them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can exploit them to
+understand the motion of bodies in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the motion of bodies in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the motion of bodies in very
+strong gravity before I do this let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong gravity before I do this let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong gravity before I do this let me
+connect we were saying here to what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect we were saying here to what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect we were saying here to what what
+I'm saying right here it's the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying right here it's the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying right here it's the stuff
+that we did a lecture or two ago with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did a lecture or two ago with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did a lecture or two ago with
+the killing vector so we know that if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the killing vector so we know that if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the killing vector so we know that if a
+metric so this is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric so this is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric so this is something that we
+wrote down a little bit before we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down a little bit before we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down a little bit before we also
+know that if the metric second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if the metric second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if the metric second is
+independent of some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of some particular
+coordinate there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate there exists
+a killing field are killing vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a killing field are killing vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a killing field are killing vector which
+I will call C beta what I want to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will call C beta what I want to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will call C beta what I want to do now
+is say okay how does let's look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna define a particular scalar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna define a particular scalar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna define a particular scalar so
+what do I get when I take oh bugger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do I take if I would I get if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I take if I would I get if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I take if I would I get if I
+take that killing vector I can tracked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that killing vector I can tracked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that killing vector I can tracked
+it with my four momentum how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with my four momentum how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with my four momentum how does this
+guy behave as I evolve along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy behave as I evolve along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy behave as I evolve along a
+trajectory so the way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory so the way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory so the way we're going to
+solve this is we'll just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this is we'll just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this is we'll just look at the
+time evolution as we move along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time evolution as we move along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time evolution as we move along the
+trajectory as we and the way we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory as we and the way we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory as we and the way we'll do
+that I'll show you how to construct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll show you how to construct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll show you how to construct that
+time evolution in just a moment we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time evolution in just a moment we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time evolution in just a moment we're
+going to assume P solves the duties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume P solves the duties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume P solves the duties
+equation C solves killings equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation C solves killings equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation C solves killings equation
+let's see what happens so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens so what we're
+going to do is look at D by D tau so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is look at D by D tau so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is look at D by D tau so the
+the proper covariant derivative along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper covariant derivative along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper covariant derivative along
+the trajectory of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this if I take advantage of Leibniz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this if I take advantage of Leibniz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this if I take advantage of Leibniz
+rule so first of all I can just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so first of all I can just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so first of all I can just write
+this as you know what let's throw an M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as you know what let's throw an M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as you know what let's throw an M
+into here just to make things nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here just to make things nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here just to make things nice and
+symmetric the reason I did that is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric the reason I did that is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric the reason I did that is so
+that I can write that derivative in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can write that derivative in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can write that derivative in the
+following form okay so this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following form okay so this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following form okay so this is what I
+want to evaluate so what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to evaluate so what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to evaluate so what I'm going to do
+is expand out that derivative using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expand out that derivative using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expand out that derivative using
+wideness rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is first plop my killing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this looks like like this well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this looks like like this well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this looks like like this well the
+first term it's gonna die because like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term it's gonna die because like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term it's gonna die because like I
+said I'm gonna assume P solves a Judy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I'm gonna assume P solves a Judy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I'm gonna assume P solves a Judy's
+equation so Pisa judy's ik I kill that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so Pisa judy's ik I kill that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so Pisa judy's ik I kill that
+what about this second term well for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this second term well for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this second term well for the
+second term what I'm going to do is note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term what I'm going to do is note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term what I'm going to do is note
+that whenever you have some general to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you have some general to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you have some general to
+index object so suppose I have some to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index object so suppose I have some to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index object so suppose I have some to
+index tensor m alpha beta I can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index tensor m alpha beta I can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index tensor m alpha beta I can always
+write this in the following way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this in the following way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this in the following way right
+where remember the parenthesis to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where remember the parenthesis to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where remember the parenthesis to note
+the symmetric part and the braces denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric part and the braces denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric part and the braces denote
+the anti-symmetric part okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-symmetric part okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-symmetric part okay
+so this is just the theorem like you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just the theorem like you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just the theorem like you add
+it together the 1/2 combine and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it together the 1/2 combine and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it together the 1/2 combine and you get
+this thing back for the first term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing back for the first term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing back for the first term and
+they come on the minus sign with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come on the minus sign with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come on the minus sign with the
+other one okay very simple identity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one okay very simple identity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one okay very simple identity so
+if I do that applying it up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is symmetric under anti under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is symmetric under anti under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is symmetric under anti under
+exchange of indices this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange of indices this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange of indices this is
+anti-symmetric it dies the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric it dies the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric it dies the only thing
+that is left is this term but if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is left is this term but if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is left is this term but if this is
+a killing vector by killings equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a killing vector by killings equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a killing vector by killings equation
+this equals zero by killing the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so the importance of this you've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the importance of this you've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the importance of this you've just
+shown that you've just shown that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that you've just shown that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that you've just shown that what
+you get when you contract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you contract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you contract the
+four-velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-velocity
+assume you know the for momentum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you know the for momentum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you know the for momentum with
+the killing vector gives you a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the killing vector gives you a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the killing vector gives you a constant
+of the motion you've also shown that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motion you've also shown that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motion you've also shown that the
+component of the for momentum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the for momentum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the for momentum that
+downstairs component for momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs component for momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs component for momentum
+associated with whatever coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with whatever coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with whatever coordinate
+happens to be the metric happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the metric happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the metric happens to be
+independent of is also a constant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of is also a constant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of is also a constant of the
+motion the key thing to note is both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion the key thing to note is both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion the key thing to note is both are
+actually very powerful and important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very powerful and important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very powerful and important
+statements one depends on the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements one depends on the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements one depends on the coordinate
+system the representation you've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the representation you've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the representation you've chosen
+the other does not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other does not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other does not okay
+so this is really true and useful if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really true and useful if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really true and useful if you
+happen to have chosen the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to have chosen the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to have chosen the coordinate
+system such that that this derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system such that that this derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system such that that this derivative is
+equal to zero okay um this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero okay um this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero okay um this is true
+though independent of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though independent of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though independent of your
+representation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation okay
+so these are just two different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are just two different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are just two different ways of
+calling out constants of motion and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling out constants of motion and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling out constants of motion and we
+actually find both of them to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find both of them to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find both of them to be very
+useful okay so we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay so we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay so we're going to take
+advantage of them there's a variation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of them there's a variation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of them there's a variation on
+this calculation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation that
+on the next piece set and you will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next piece set and you will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next piece set and you will come
+back to this again when we start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this again when we start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this again when we start talking
+about motion in certain space times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about motion in certain space times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about motion in certain space times in
+the second half of this course so me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of this course so me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of this course so me to
+steal a couple really quick examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal a couple really quick examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal a couple really quick examples
+I've already kind of mentioned these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already kind of mentioned these but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already kind of mentioned these but
+let me give names to what these are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give names to what these are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give names to what these are so
+if your space-time has a time coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your space-time has a time coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your space-time has a time coordinate
+such that the time derivative of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the time derivative of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the time derivative of any
+metric element is zero then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric element is zero then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric element is zero then you know
+that a time like killing vector which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a time like killing vector which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a time like killing vector which I
+will call CT and believing the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call CT and believing the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call CT and believing the vector
+sign on it this thing exists and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign on it this thing exists and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign on it this thing exists and you
+also know that P downstairs T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that P downstairs T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that P downstairs T is
+constant now the name that is given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now the name that is given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now the name that is given to
+this is negative energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is negative energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is negative energy
+why negative well the main reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why negative well the main reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why negative well the main reason why
+it's negative is that we will often so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative is that we will often so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative is that we will often so
+it really just caution that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really just caution that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really just caution that this is not
+always an identity that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always an identity that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always an identity that we're going to
+use we're gonna use it in a huge number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use we're gonna use it in a huge number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use we're gonna use it in a huge number
+of problems that we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems that we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems that we care about
+many of the space times that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the space times that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the space times that we are
+going to work with are those that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work with are those that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work with are those that when
+you get really far away from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get really far away from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get really far away from some
+whatever source is generating your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever source is generating your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever source is generating your
+gravity it looks just like special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity it looks just like special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity it looks just like special
+relativity we call such space times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity we call such space times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity we call such space times
+asymptotically flat in other words as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically flat in other words as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically flat in other words as
+you get asymptotically far away it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get asymptotically far away it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get asymptotically far away it
+reduces to the space-time that we study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to the space-time that we study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to the space-time that we study
+in the first two weeks of the class when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first two weeks of the class when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first two weeks of the class when
+we were doing geometric special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing geometric special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing geometric special
+relativity and in that case we knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and in that case we knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and in that case we knew the
+time like component was energy and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like component was energy and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like component was energy and in a
+flat space-time you lower that time leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat space-time you lower that time leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat space-time you lower that time leg
+components index you get minus energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components index you get minus energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components index you get minus energy
+okay it just so happens when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just so happens when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just so happens when you go
+through the math carefully that negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the math carefully that negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the math carefully that negative
+of the energy ends up defined in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy ends up defined in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy ends up defined in this
+way it's going to be the con the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's going to be the con the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's going to be the con the
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+that is actually conserved everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually conserved everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually conserved everywhere
+what's kind of cool is that we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's kind of cool is that we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's kind of cool is that we use this
+associated with asymptotic flatness give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with asymptotic flatness give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with asymptotic flatness give
+you some intuition but this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some intuition but this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some intuition but this is actually
+true even if you're right outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true even if you're right outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true even if you're right outside of the
+vicinity of a rapidly rotating black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinity of a rapidly rotating black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinity of a rapidly rotating black
+hole and it's still the case that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and it's still the case that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and it's still the case that P
+downstairs T for the right choice of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs T for the right choice of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs T for the right choice of T
+is a constant in my notes I also show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant in my notes I also show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant in my notes I also show
+you that there is an example of of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that there is an example of of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that there is an example of of an
+actual killing factor the correspondence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual killing factor the correspondence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual killing factor the correspondence
+to angular momentum again we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to angular momentum again we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to angular momentum again we'll come
+back to that a little bit later so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that a little bit later so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that a little bit later so let
+me do one example Judaic before I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do one example Judaic before I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do one example Judaic before I sort
+of changed topic a little bit so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changed topic a little bit so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changed topic a little bit so I'm
+gonna write down a spacetime that we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think in person or on video are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in person or on video are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in person or on video are going to
+derive basically right after Spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive basically right after Spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive basically right after Spring
+Break so suppose I hand you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Break so suppose I hand you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Break so suppose I hand you the
+following space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this function Phi I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this function Phi I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this function Phi I'm not going to
+say too much about it quite yet what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say too much about it quite yet what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say too much about it quite yet what I
+will say is that it is small in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say is that it is small in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say is that it is small in the
+sense that when you're doing various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that when you're doing various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that when you're doing various
+calculations with it feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations with it feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations with it feel free to
+discard terms of order Phi squared or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discard terms of order Phi squared or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discard terms of order Phi squared or
+higher and it only depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and it only depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and it only depends on the
+coordinates XY and Z no time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to examine slow motion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to examine slow motion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to examine slow motion in the
+space time so what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time so what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time so what I'm going to do is
+I'm gonna Majan that my for my for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna Majan that my for my for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna Majan that my for my for
+momentum it has the usual form or I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it has the usual form or I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it has the usual form or I can
+think of as having an energy and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as having an energy and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as having an energy and sort of
+the time leg component and momentum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time leg component and momentum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time leg component and momentum in
+the space like the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space like the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space like the magnitude of the
+energy is always going to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is always going to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is always going to be much
+greater than the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the magnitude of the
+momentum and in fact will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and in fact will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and in fact will be
+approximately equal to the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where that is the mass of whatever body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that is the mass of whatever body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that is the mass of whatever body
+is actually undergoing this motion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually undergoing this motion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually undergoing this motion in
+the space and I've given you okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and I've given you okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and I've given you okay so the
+reason why I'm doing this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I'm doing this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I'm doing this is what we're
+going to do is we want to say what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we want to say what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we want to say what is
+freefall look like in this space well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freefall look like in this space well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freefall look like in this space well I
+look at Judy's X okay so there's my gdz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Judy's X okay so there's my gdz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Judy's X okay so there's my gdz
+equation this slow motion condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this slow motion condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this slow motion condition that
+I've implied that I've applied over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've implied that I've applied over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've implied that I've applied over here
+that tells me that when I expand all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me that when I expand all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me that when I expand all
+these terms out here this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms out here this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms out here this is going to be
+dominated by the time time term okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by the time time term okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by the time time term okay so
+it'll be dominated because of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be dominated because of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be dominated because of the fact
+that when you just look at the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you just look at the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you just look at the numerical
+magnitude of the size of the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the size of the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the size of the components
+of the momentum those are gonna be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum those are gonna be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum those are gonna be the
+ones that dominate this calculation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that dominate this calculation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that dominate this calculation okay
+everything else if you put your factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else if you put your factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else if you put your factors
+of C back in they're gonna be down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C back in they're gonna be down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C back in they're gonna be down by
+factors that look like V over C so my G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that look like V over C so my G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that look like V over C so my G
+using equation turns into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all I did we say it's dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all I did we say it's dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all I did we say it's dominated by
+this I'm gonna move to the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm gonna move to the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm gonna move to the other side of
+the equation okay so without giving away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation okay so without giving away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation okay so without giving away
+the plot the beta equals zero complain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot the beta equals zero complain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot the beta equals zero complain
+it's going to turn out to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to turn out to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to turn out to be very
+uninteresting you can you see why beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninteresting you can you see why beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninteresting you can you see why beta
+equals zero is energy when I evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero is energy when I evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero is energy when I evaluate
+the Christoffel I'm gonna DUP taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Christoffel I'm gonna DUP taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Christoffel I'm gonna DUP taking a
+bunch of you know I'm gonna have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of you know I'm gonna have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of you know I'm gonna have all
+these zero zero zero time time time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these zero zero zero time time time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these zero zero zero time time time
+components it's time independent though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components it's time independent though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components it's time independent though
+so well my time ribs are gonna be 0 its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well my time ribs are gonna be 0 its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well my time ribs are gonna be 0 its
+gonna vanish but we expect that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna vanish but we expect that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna vanish but we expect that you know
+because it's a time independent metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a time independent metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a time independent metric
+all the crap I went through a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the crap I went through a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the crap I went through a couple
+minutes ago guarantees that the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago guarantees that the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago guarantees that the time
+light components there's Energy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light components there's Energy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light components there's Energy's
+conserved right so that's kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved right so that's kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved right so that's kind of what
+we expect so let's just focus on end if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect so let's just focus on end if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect so let's just focus on end if
+time or you know if we had infinite time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or you know if we had infinite time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or you know if we had infinite time
+which we clearly don't it'd be fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we clearly don't it'd be fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we clearly don't it'd be fun to
+talk about let's just move on and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about let's just move on and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about let's just move on and look
+at the spatial component of this so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the spatial component of this so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the spatial component of this so as I
+look at the spatial component of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the spatial component of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the spatial component of this
+guy I what you find when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I what you find when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I what you find when you actually
+evaluate this guy is this turns into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so go ahead look up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so go ahead look up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so go ahead look up your
+Christoffel formulas again these are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel formulas again these are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel formulas again these are one
+of those things that eventually you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things that eventually you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things that eventually you get
+this memorized by the end of the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this memorized by the end of the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this memorized by the end of the term
+but don't feel bad if you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't feel bad if you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't feel bad if you keep
+forgetting it no time derivative no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting it no time derivative no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting it no time derivative no time
+derivative the only thing that's left at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the only thing that's left at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the only thing that's left at
+the end of the day is a centrally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day is a centrally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day is a centrally a
+gradient of the time time piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the time time piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the time time piece of the
+metric so taking advantage of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric so taking advantage of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric so taking advantage of the fact
+GI alpha this thing in the upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GI alpha this thing in the upstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GI alpha this thing in the upstairs
+position you can write this as looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you can write this as looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you can write this as looks
+like this okay now if you like remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay now if you like remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay now if you like remember
+Phi is a small value you can do binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi is a small value you can do binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi is a small value you can do binomial
+expansion on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion on that
+knock yourself out snot can be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock yourself out snot can be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock yourself out snot can be an
+important than just a second excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than just a second excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than just a second excuse me
+minus 1/2 1 minus 2 5 minus 1 power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me talk a little bit about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me talk a little bit about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me talk a little bit about what
+I did here in this last line my Delta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did here in this last line my Delta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did here in this last line my Delta I
+alpha is coupling to a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is coupling to a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is coupling to a partial
+derivative okay so that partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay so that partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay so that partial
+derivative the zero comp owner that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the zero comp owner that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the zero comp owner that is
+the time derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative
+everything's time independent so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's time independent so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's time independent so that's
+dumb let's just skip it and so I did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb let's just skip it and so I did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb let's just skip it and so I did was
+I changed my alpha to a J cuz I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I changed my alpha to a J cuz I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I changed my alpha to a J cuz I want
+that I only want spatial derivatives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I only want spatial derivatives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I only want spatial derivatives so
+I'm allowed to do that because I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to do that because I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to do that because I'm just
+acknowledging the fact that all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging the fact that all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging the fact that all the time
+derivatives are uninteresting when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are uninteresting when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are uninteresting when I
+differentiate g00 I am differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate g00 I am differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate g00 I am differentiating
+negative quantity 1 plus 2/5 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative quantity 1 plus 2/5 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative quantity 1 plus 2/5 okay
+the 1 doesn't contribute all that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 doesn't contribute all that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 doesn't contribute all that is
+left is I took the minus on the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is I took the minus on the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is I took the minus on the inside
+and there's my 2 Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so putting all of using greetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting all of using greetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting all of using greetings
+together I at last get my Christoffel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta IJ I'm saying it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta IJ I'm saying it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta IJ I'm saying it looks like
+spatial gradient of Phi and for keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial gradient of Phi and for keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial gradient of Phi and for keeping
+score there are higher order terms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score there are higher order terms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score there are higher order terms which
+we're going to be collect under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be collect under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be collect under the
+assumption that this Phi is small plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that this Phi is small plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that this Phi is small plug
+it back into my equation of motion I end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into my equation of motion I end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into my equation of motion I end
+up with this now let's cancel out the MS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this now let's cancel out the MS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this now let's cancel out the MS
+that appeared in here if we were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appeared in here if we were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appeared in here if we were not
+doing relativity we would write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing relativity we would write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing relativity we would write this as
+ignore the fact that this is per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the fact that this is per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the fact that this is per unit
+proper time this is DP DT is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper time this is DP DT is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper time this is DP DT is minus
+gradient of something that sure as hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of something that sure as hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of something that sure as hell
+looks like a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we're going to do in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do in the lecture
+rate after spring break so going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate after spring break so going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate after spring break so going into
+spring break as I said beginning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break as I said beginning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break as I said beginning so
+unclear how these lecture is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear how these lecture is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear how these lecture is gonna be
+deliver but bear with me we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver but bear with me we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver but bear with me we're going to
+essentially put together and take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially put together and take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially put together and take all
+the last ingredients and develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last ingredients and develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last ingredients and develop the
+field equations to describe relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field equations to describe relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field equations to describe relativistic
+gravity the first thing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity the first thing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity the first thing we're going to
+do is solve this in a particular limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is solve this in a particular limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is solve this in a particular limit
+that describes a body that is weakly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes a body that is weakly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes a body that is weakly
+gravitating this will emerge from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitating this will emerge from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitating this will emerge from this
+with Phi being equal to Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Phi being equal to Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Phi being equal to Newtonian
+gravitational potential what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational potential what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational potential what this is
+showing is that the Judy Z equation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing is that the Judy Z equation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing is that the Judy Z equation this
+equation that describes you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that describes you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that describes you know a
+trajectory that it's as straight as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that it's as straight as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that it's as straight as
+possible in space-time when it is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in space-time when it is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in space-time when it is given
+that's given that particular space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given that particular space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given that particular space-time
+it does give you the new Coney an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does give you the new Coney an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does give you the new Coney an
+equation of motion okay no so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion okay no so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion okay no so it's
+possible I dropped an M somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I dropped an M somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I dropped an M somewhere in
+there go through that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there go through that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there go through that a little bit
+carefully here but you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully here but you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully here but you know you know
+it's meant to be sure you don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's meant to be sure you don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's meant to be sure you don't know I
+think it back sorry so I think I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it back sorry so I think I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it back sorry so I think I may
+have messed up now I remember what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have messed up now I remember what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have messed up now I remember what it
+was I realize there's an M squared here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I realize there's an M squared here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I realize there's an M squared here
+thank you Alex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Alex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Alex
+there's an M squared here there was an M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an M squared here there was an M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an M squared here there was an M
+and an M squared here that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an M squared here that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an M squared here that's what I
+screwed up I think I had that wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up I think I had that wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up I think I had that wrong in
+my handwritten notes which is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my handwritten notes which is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my handwritten notes which is probably
+why I messed that up yeah so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I messed that up yeah so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I messed that up yeah so this
+equation was correct and this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was correct and this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was correct and this should
+have been here like so clear this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been here like so clear this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been here like so clear this out
+and get this yeah module of that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this yeah module of that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this yeah module of that little
+bauble okay just want to show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bauble okay just want to show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bauble okay just want to show you this
+is essentially the Newtonian limit just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the Newtonian limit just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the Newtonian limit just
+to give you a little look at where we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little look at where we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little look at where we go
+ahead there are two ways that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead there are two ways that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead there are two ways that we are
+going to derive the field equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to derive the field equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to derive the field equations of
+general relativity the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity the first one
+essentially boils down to looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially boils down to looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially boils down to looking for
+certain tensors that have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain tensors that have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain tensors that have the right
+symmetries and allow us to have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries and allow us to have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries and allow us to have sort of
+a eight you know a quantity that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a eight you know a quantity that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a eight you know a quantity that looks
+like derivatives on the field equaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like derivatives on the field equaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like derivatives on the field equaling
+the stress-energy tensor is the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress-energy tensor is the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress-energy tensor is the source
+that only works up to an overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only works up to an overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only works up to an overall
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+and this is actually the way that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually the way that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually the way that that
+Einstein originally developed the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein originally developed the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein originally developed the field
+equations was worked out all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations was worked out all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations was worked out all this stuff
+and then by insisting that the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by insisting that the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by insisting that the solution
+that emerge from this reproduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that emerge from this reproduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that emerge from this reproduced
+Newtonian equation of Newtonian motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian equation of Newtonian motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian equation of Newtonian motion
+he was able to fix what that constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was able to fix what that constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was able to fix what that constant
+actually is there's a more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is there's a more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is there's a more sophisticated
+way of doing it which I'm gonna also go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing it which I'm gonna also go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing it which I'm gonna also go
+through but it's worth noting that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but it's worth noting that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but it's worth noting that this
+is that is the way Einstein originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is the way Einstein originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is the way Einstein originally
+did it I had the privilege a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it I had the privilege a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it I had the privilege a couple
+years ago I was at a conference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I was at a conference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I was at a conference in
+Jerusalem where the Einstein papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem where the Einstein papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem where the Einstein papers
+archive is located and the guy who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive is located and the guy who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive is located and the guy who was
+the main curator of this was allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main curator of this was allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main curator of this was allowing
+those of us at the conference to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us at the conference to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us at the conference to look
+through them and I actually found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them and I actually found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them and I actually found that
+they had not yet quite categorized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had not yet quite categorized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had not yet quite categorized that
+but it was the papers very much related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was the papers very much related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was the papers very much related
+to working with these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to working with these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to working with these particular
+equations I don't think he was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I don't think he was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I don't think he was trying to
+fix the coefficient but this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the coefficient but this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the coefficient but this this this
+space line can also be used to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space line can also be used to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space line can also be used to compute
+the perihelion precession of mercury and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perihelion precession of mercury and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perihelion precession of mercury and
+so it actually showed Einstein working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it actually showed Einstein working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it actually showed Einstein working
+through that and the thing which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that and the thing which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that and the thing which was
+really cool what he screwed up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool what he screwed up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool what he screwed up a lot
+looking at it's full of errors big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it's full of errors big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it's full of errors big
+things crossed down the 999 written on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things crossed down the 999 written on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things crossed down the 999 written on
+the sides and so made me feel better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides and so made me feel better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides and so made me feel better
+about myself all right so everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about myself all right so everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about myself all right so everything
+that we have done so far we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have done so far we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have done so far we've been
+dancing around this notion of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancing around this notion of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancing around this notion of what is
+called curvature so I have used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called curvature so I have used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called curvature so I have used this
+word several times but I haven't made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word several times but I haven't made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word several times but I haven't made
+this precise yet curvature is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this precise yet curvature is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this precise yet curvature is going to
+be the precise idea of how to initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the precise idea of how to initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the precise idea of how to initially
+parallel trajectories cease to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel trajectories cease to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel trajectories cease to be
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a couple of ways that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple of ways that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple of ways that we can
+that we can quantify this the one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can quantify this the one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can quantify this the one which
+I am going to use is one that's amenable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am going to use is one that's amenable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am going to use is one that's amenable
+to with with relative ease developing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to with with relative ease developing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to with with relative ease developing a
+particularly important tensor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important tensor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important tensor which
+characterizes 10 characterizes curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes 10 characterizes curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes 10 characterizes curvature
+and so what we're going to do is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're going to do is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're going to do is look at
+the behavior of a vector that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of a vector that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of a vector that is
+parallel transported in a sort of non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transported in a sort of non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transported in a sort of non
+non infinitesimal region of a curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non infinitesimal region of a curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non infinitesimal region of a curved
+manifold so for the purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold so for the purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold so for the purpose of this
+sketch I'm gonna make this closed figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch I'm gonna make this closed figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch I'm gonna make this closed figure
+be a triangle when actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a triangle when actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a triangle when actually do the
+calculation to Simone I'm going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to Simone I'm going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to Simone I'm going to use a
+little parallelogram so around a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little parallelogram so around a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little parallelogram so around a closed
+figure on a curved manifold so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure on a curved manifold so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure on a curved manifold so suppose
+my curvature is actually zero and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my curvature is actually zero and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my curvature is actually zero and I do
+this for a triangle that is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a triangle that is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a triangle that is on the
+blackboard ok so let's say I start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard ok so let's say I start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard ok so let's say I start out
+with a vector that points from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vector that points from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vector that points from A to B
+and what I'm going to do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do is just
+parallel transport it in case it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transport it in case it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transport it in case it goes
+do-do-do-do-do when it comes back okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do-do-do-do-do when it comes back okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do-do-do-do-do when it comes back okay
+this is an experiment you can do at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an experiment you can do at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an experiment you can do at home
+when it comes back it's pointing exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes back it's pointing exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes back it's pointing exactly
+the way it was initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me also just sort of note that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me also just sort of note that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me also just sort of note that this
+triangle the sum of its internal angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's 180 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the next one if I'd had a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next one if I'd had a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next one if I'd had a little bit
+more time I would have grabbed one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time I would have grabbed one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time I would have grabbed one of my
+daughter's balls to demonstrate this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter's balls to demonstrate this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter's balls to demonstrate this but
+hopefully if you guys have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully if you guys have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully if you guys have something
+like a soccer ball or a basketball this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a soccer ball or a basketball this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a soccer ball or a basketball this
+is something that you can it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you can it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you can it's a little
+experiment you can do by yourself now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you can do by yourself now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you can do by yourself now
+imagine a triangle that is embedded on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the surface of a sphere so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of a sphere so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of a sphere so let's say
+this is the North Pole of my sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the equator so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the equator so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the equator so what I'm going to
+imagine is let's say I start up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is let's say I start up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is let's say I start up here
+let's make the North Pole be point a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make the North Pole be point a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make the North Pole be point a I
+move on a trajectory that is as straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on a trajectory that is as straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on a trajectory that is as straight
+as I am allowed to be and remember if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I am allowed to be and remember if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I am allowed to be and remember if
+I'm a one-dimensional being living on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a one-dimensional being living on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a one-dimensional being living on
+the surface of this thing that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of this thing that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of this thing that's a
+straight line okay it only looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line okay it only looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line okay it only looks
+straight it looks curved to us because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight it looks curved to us because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight it looks curved to us because
+we see a third dimension that this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a third dimension that this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a third dimension that this whole
+thing is embedded in and this thing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is embedded in and this thing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is embedded in and this thing's
+gonna come in and it actually hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come in and it actually hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come in and it actually hits the
+equator at a right angle okay no if ands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator at a right angle okay no if ands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator at a right angle okay no if ands
+or buts about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or buts about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or buts about it
+it's a bloody right angle and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bloody right angle and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bloody right angle and then I'm
+gonna sort of let's call this point B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna sort of let's call this point B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna sort of let's call this point B
+walk back along the equator here till I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk back along the equator here till I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk back along the equator here till I
+reach a point a I will call C and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a point a I will call C and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a point a I will call C and then
+I'm gonna go straight north until I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna go straight north until I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna go straight north until I come
+back up to the North Pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the triangle in which all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the triangle in which all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the triangle in which all three
+angles are 90 degrees so here's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are 90 degrees so here's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are 90 degrees so here's a great
+little experiment that's very easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little experiment that's very easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little experiment that's very easy for
+you to do at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do at home
+they wouldn't happen to have a ball with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't happen to have a ball with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't happen to have a ball with
+them okay never mind so imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay never mind so imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay never mind so imagine you
+start out with this ball we look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with this ball we look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with this ball we look at my
+notes for just a second so let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes for just a second so let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes for just a second so let's say I
+start out here at Point a and I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out here at Point a and I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out here at Point a and I have my
+vector pointing in the south direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector pointing in the south direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector pointing in the south direction
+so this guy goes down here and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy goes down here and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy goes down here and what
+you'll see is it goes down to equator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is it goes down to equator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is it goes down to equator
+and it keeps pointing south then I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it keeps pointing south then I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it keeps pointing south then I bring
+in a wall over here bring it back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a wall over here bring it back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a wall over here bring it back up to
+the north the vector has been rotated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the north the vector has been rotated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the north the vector has been rotated by
+90 degrees as it goes around that pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 degrees as it goes around that pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 degrees as it goes around that pass
+okay it's a really fun and exciting demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a really fun and exciting demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a really fun and exciting demo
+higher juda if you got a ball at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher juda if you got a ball at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher juda if you got a ball at home
+you can do this over and over again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this over and over again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this over and over again it's
+endless fun okay I'm being slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless fun okay I'm being slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless fun okay I'm being slightly
+silly here but there's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly here but there's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly here but there's an important
+point to be made okay when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to be made okay when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to be made okay when you do this
+operation the parallel transport rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the parallel transport rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the parallel transport rotates
+the vector turns out that if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector turns out that if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector turns out that if you are
+working on a two dimensional manifold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a two dimensional manifold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a two dimensional manifold
+particularly I think it's a KU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly I think it's a KU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly I think it's a KU
+dimensional manifold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional manifold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional manifold
+that is it may have to be of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it may have to be of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it may have to be of what's
+called constant curvature in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called constant curvature in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called constant curvature in other words
+either a surface a plane or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a surface a plane or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a surface a plane or a
+hyperboloid it actually rotates by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperboloid it actually rotates by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperboloid it actually rotates by an
+angle of whatever is internal angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of whatever is internal angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of whatever is internal angle of
+the triangle minus 180 degrees so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle minus 180 degrees so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle minus 180 degrees so in
+this case it would rotate it by 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it would rotate it by 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it would rotate it by 90
+degrees if you took this thing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees if you took this thing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees if you took this thing and you
+actually open it up all the way so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually open it up all the way so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually open it up all the way so that
+you could basically just by taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could basically just by taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could basically just by taking this
+leg and making it as long as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg and making it as long as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg and making it as long as you want
+you can make it zero you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it zero you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it zero you can
+make it huge and when you do so you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it huge and when you do so you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it huge and when you do so you must
+rotate the China that that vector all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the China that that vector all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the China that that vector all
+the more as it goes around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more as it goes around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more as it goes around this
+operation by the way is called a Helana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation by the way is called a Helana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation by the way is called a Helana
+me I throw that out there because last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I throw that out there because last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I throw that out there because last
+time I looked there was a decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I looked there was a decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I looked there was a decent
+Wikipedia page on this that has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia page on this that has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia page on this that has some
+cool animated graphics on it also math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool animated graphics on it also math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool animated graphics on it also math
+world that Wolfram that calm had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that Wolfram that calm had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that Wolfram that calm had some
+good stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this has a good good description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this has a good good description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this has a good good description
+of that you can find it all on Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you can find it all on Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you can find it all on Google
+alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright
+what I want to do is take some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is take some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is take some of these
+somewhat vague notions so this I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat vague notions so this I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat vague notions so this I mean
+hopefully I sort of made it intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I sort of made it intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I sort of made it intuitively
+clear that there's something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that there's something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that there's something very
+interesting that happens when I parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that happens when I parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that happens when I parallel
+transport a vector around these figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport a vector around these figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport a vector around these figures
+depending upon the underlying geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the underlying geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the underlying geometry
+of the manifolds they're embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the manifolds they're embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the manifolds they're embedded in
+let's try to make it more precise now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to make it more precise now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to make it more precise now
+and I'm going to start all the way over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to start all the way over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to start all the way over
+here because I'm going to want big clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because I'm going to want big clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because I'm going to want big clean
+boards to illustrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so suppose I'm in some coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose I'm in some coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose I'm in some coordinate
+system in this line I've written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in this line I've written here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in this line I've written here
+represents a line of constant so lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a line of constant so lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a line of constant so lambda
+is some particular it's one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some particular it's one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some particular it's one particular
+member of your set of space line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of your set of space line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of your set of space line
+coordinates it might be time or radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates it might be time or radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates it might be time or radius
+or you know maybe you're working some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know maybe you're working some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know maybe you're working some
+crazy coordinate system but lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy coordinate system but lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy coordinate system but lambda is
+meant to represent some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to represent some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to represent some particular
+member of your coordinate system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of your coordinate system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of your coordinate system and
+then there's another track over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's another track over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's another track over here
+which is this place from it by Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this place from it by Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this place from it by Delta X
+lambda okay so everywhere along here one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda okay so everywhere along here one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda okay so everywhere along here one
+of your coordinates is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your coordinates is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your coordinates is equal to the
+value X lambda everywhere along here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value X lambda everywhere along here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value X lambda everywhere along here
+wanted that same coordinate is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted that same coordinate is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted that same coordinate is equal to
+X lambda plus D X lambda well on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X lambda plus D X lambda well on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X lambda plus D X lambda well on this
+trajectory there's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory there's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory there's a different
+coordinate that is kept constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate that is kept constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate that is kept constant
+Landon's Sigma are not the same so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landon's Sigma are not the same so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landon's Sigma are not the same so there
+is some coordinate whose value our label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some coordinate whose value our label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some coordinate whose value our label
+is Sigma that is constant along there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Sigma that is constant along there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Sigma that is constant along there
+and along this one it is also constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along this one it is also constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along this one it is also constant
+let me label the four vertices a B C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me label the four vertices a B C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me label the four vertices a B C and
+Inc and let me number these four edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inc and let me number these four edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inc and let me number these four edges
+one two three and four what I am going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three and four what I am going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three and four what I am going
+to imagine doing is parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine doing is parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine doing is parallel
+transporting some vector V alpha around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting some vector V alpha around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting some vector V alpha around
+this loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I'm going to do is generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is generate the
+equations to describe how it changes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to describe how it changes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to describe how it changes as
+it transports I'm going to start at a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it transports I'm going to start at a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it transports I'm going to start at a so
+V is pointing along here transport it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is pointing along here transport it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is pointing along here transport it to
+B to C to D and then back to a so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to C to D and then back to a so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to C to D and then back to a so let me
+very carefully do the first leg once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully do the first leg once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully do the first leg once you
+get the pattern the others can be done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the pattern the others can be done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the pattern the others can be done a
+little bit more quickly so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more quickly so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more quickly so the
+coordinate um let's see hang on just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate um let's see hang on just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate um let's see hang on just one
+moment yeah so I am going from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment yeah so I am going from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment yeah so I am going from A to B
+first so as I move from A to B X lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so as I move from A to B X lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so as I move from A to B X lambda
+remains constant and the coordinate X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains constant and the coordinate X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains constant and the coordinate X
+Sigma is increasing so I am moving in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is increasing so I am moving in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is increasing so I am moving in a
+direction that points along the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that points along the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that points along the unit
+vector associated with the Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector associated with the Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector associated with the Sigma
+coordinate so I'm gonna say that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so I'm gonna say that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so I'm gonna say that there
+is a vector there's a basis vector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector there's a basis vector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector there's a basis vector I
+shouldn't have said unit vector I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have said unit vector I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have said unit vector I don't
+know its magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know its magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know its magnitude
+I'm pointing along the direction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pointing along the direction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pointing along the direction in
+which coordinates Sigma is increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which coordinates Sigma is increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which coordinates Sigma is increasing
+and so parallel transporting this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so parallel transporting this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so parallel transporting this vector
+amounts to requiring that my coupe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to requiring that my coupe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to requiring that my coupe
+covariant derivative along the Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative along the Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative along the Sigma
+basis vector is zero okay this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vector is zero okay this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vector is zero okay this can be
+written out turn this into index form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay no surprises so now what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no surprises so now what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no surprises so now what I'm going
+to do is essentially I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is essentially I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is essentially I'm going to write
+down an integral that would describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an integral that would describe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an integral that would describe how
+V alpha changes as I move from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I do this I will then get the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this I will then get the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this I will then get the value
+of the vector at point B it's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector at point B it's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector at point B it's the way
+I'm going to write this is V alpha at B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write this is V alpha at B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write this is V alpha at B
+is equal to V alpha the initial value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to V alpha the initial value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to V alpha the initial value of
+this thing - what I get when I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing - what I get when I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing - what I get when I integrate
+a long leg 1 gamma alpha sigma mu DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long leg 1 gamma alpha sigma mu DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long leg 1 gamma alpha sigma mu DX
+segment everyone happy with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment everyone happy with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment everyone happy with that
+ok so I'm basically everything I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so I'm basically everything I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so I'm basically everything I've done
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+so far I think it's probably just fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far I think it's probably just fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far I think it's probably just fine
+yeah when you've got a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when you've got a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when you've got a differential
+equation integrate it boom you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation integrate it boom you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation integrate it boom you can
+create it you got your new thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create it you got your new thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create it you got your new thing we're
+gonna actually solve these integrals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna actually solve these integrals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna actually solve these integrals in
+a few moments let's just leave it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few moments let's just leave it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few moments let's just leave it like
+this for now so that's the first step I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for now so that's the first step I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for now so that's the first step I
+got a couple more to do okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a couple more to do okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a couple more to do okay but
+hopefully you can now see the pattern if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can now see the pattern if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can now see the pattern if
+I go from B to C I am now moving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go from B to C I am now moving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go from B to C I am now moving in the
+direction of lambda and I am doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of lambda and I am doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of lambda and I am doing so
+holding X Sigma I'm pulling the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding X Sigma I'm pulling the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding X Sigma I'm pulling the value
+that that coordinate constant at X Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that coordinate constant at X Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that coordinate constant at X Sigma
+plus D X Sigma so the vector at C it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus D X Sigma so the vector at C it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus D X Sigma so the vector at C it's
+going to be equal to this thing at B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to this thing at B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to this thing at B
+- what I get when I integrate a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- what I get when I integrate a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- what I get when I integrate a long
+path - yeah my alpha okay we got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path - yeah my alpha okay we got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path - yeah my alpha okay we got two
+more to go so this one I am again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to go so this one I am again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to go so this one I am again
+integrating along the Sigma direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but notice I switch the sign okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice I switch the sign okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice I switch the sign okay I
+switch this line because now my corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch this line because now my corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch this line because now my corners
+going in the direction where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the direction where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the direction where it's
+decreasing rather than increasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing rather than increasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing rather than increasing and
+let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've taken it from A to B B to C C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've taken it from A to B B to C C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've taken it from A to B B to C C
+today let's take it all the way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take it all the way around my second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it all the way around my second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it all the way around my second
+value at la vie alpha D and again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at la vie alpha D and again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at la vie alpha D and again this
+guy is coming in the other direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is coming in the other direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is coming in the other direction so
+I'll enter this one with a plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the way I'm going to quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way I'm going to quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way I'm going to quantify
+curvature it's buried in all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature it's buried in all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature it's buried in all this stuff
+let's dig it out so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's dig it out so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's dig it out so the first thing
+we're going to do is I'm gonna say if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is I'm gonna say if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is I'm gonna say if I
+take V alpha final basically what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take V alpha final basically what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take V alpha final basically what I want
+to do is write this guy out substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is write this guy out substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is write this guy out substitute
+in for V alpha D which requires me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for V alpha D which requires me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for V alpha D which requires me to
+substitute in for V alpha C okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in for V alpha C okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in for V alpha C okay so I'm
+gonna get a big old mess here but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a big old mess here but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a big old mess here but in the
+end the first thing it'll have in it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the first thing it'll have in it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the first thing it'll have in it the
+first term will be V alpha initial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term will be V alpha initial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term will be V alpha initial so
+let's subtract that off that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's subtract that off that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's subtract that off that is the
+change when you actually work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when you actually work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when you actually work this out
+it's going to involve four integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have chosen to write this in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have chosen to write this in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have chosen to write this in a way
+that highlights a property I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that highlights a property I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that highlights a property I'm gonna
+take advantage of in just a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the reason I wrote it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the reason I wrote it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the reason I wrote it in this
+way so I had for the integral along for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I had for the integral along for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I had for the integral along for
+- that along - plus integral along three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- that along - plus integral along three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- that along - plus integral along three
+- that along one is that each line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- that along one is that each line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- that along one is that each line that
+I've written here they represent paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written here they represent paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written here they represent paths
+that are sort of parallel to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of parallel to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of parallel to each other
+on this figure just offset from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this figure just offset from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this figure just offset from each
+other by a little bit parallel but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by a little bit parallel but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by a little bit parallel but
+offset pass so given that you can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset pass so given that you can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset pass so given that you can kind
+of think of this as so let's see where'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think of this as so let's see where'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think of this as so let's see where'd
+it hang on just one moment I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hang on just one moment I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hang on just one moment I have a
+thing in my notes that said I needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in my notes that said I needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in my notes that said I needed to
+fix something did I actually fix it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix something did I actually fix it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix something did I actually fix it yeah
+I did okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so schematically let's look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so schematically let's look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so schematically let's look at that
+first line the integral along four of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line the integral along four of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line the integral along four of I
+have a something DX lambda minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a something DX lambda minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a something DX lambda minus the
+integral along path to of it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along path to of it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along path to of it's something
+DX lambda on this path the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX lambda on this path the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX lambda on this path the thing that's
+in here so it's the same basic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so it's the same basic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so it's the same basic function
+inside each of these but this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside each of these but this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside each of these but this one is
+being evaluated at X Sigma this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being evaluated at X Sigma this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being evaluated at X Sigma this one is
+being evaluated at X Sigma plus D X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being evaluated at X Sigma plus D X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being evaluated at X Sigma plus D X
+Sigma I can combine them so this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral let's say it's a long to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pardon me for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative DX Sigma of okay so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative DX Sigma of okay so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative DX Sigma of okay so what I'm
+doing is I'm saying that you know I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is I'm saying that you know I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is I'm saying that you know I have
+X I have a function evaluated at X Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I have a function evaluated at X Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I have a function evaluated at X Sigma
+minus a function evaluated at X Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a function evaluated at X Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a function evaluated at X Sigma
+plus D X Sigma let's do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus D X Sigma let's do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus D X Sigma let's do a little
+binomial expansion it's equivalent to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial expansion it's equivalent to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial expansion it's equivalent to an
+integral along a single path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along a single path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along a single path of
+essentially what I get the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what I get the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what I get the first order
+Taylor term in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do the same thing for the other guy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for the other guy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for the other guy you
+know go along three I have a something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX Sigma minus integral along one same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX Sigma minus integral along one same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX Sigma minus integral along one same
+something DX Sigma this guy is being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something DX Sigma this guy is being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something DX Sigma this guy is being a
+valid at X lambda Delta X lambda this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid at X lambda Delta X lambda this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid at X lambda Delta X lambda this
+guy is being evaluated at X lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is being evaluated at X lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is being evaluated at X lambda and
+so this whole thing is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this whole thing is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this whole thing is approximately
+equal to integral along one so it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to integral along one so it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to integral along one so it looks
+like this okay so if you want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay so if you want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay so if you want to do this
+a little bit more carefully knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more carefully knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more carefully knock
+yourself out basically all I'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself out basically all I'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself out basically all I'm doing is
+taking advantage of the fact that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the fact that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the fact that these
+are I might get part of it explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I might get part of it explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I might get part of it explicitly
+but hopefully the notation made it clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully the notation made it clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully the notation made it clear
+I'm treating these little Delta's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm treating these little Delta's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm treating these little Delta's as
+small quantities okay so make sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small quantities okay so make sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small quantities okay so make sense that
+I can introduce a little first-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can introduce a little first-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can introduce a little first-order
+expansion here so with this way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion here so with this way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion here so with this way of doing
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+let's leave the picture up but I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's leave the picture up but I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's leave the picture up but I'm gonna
+clear this board this way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this board this way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this board this way of doing
+things let's rewrite my integrals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what this gives me is Delta px alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this gives me is Delta px alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this gives me is Delta px alpha
+equals should really be an approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals should really be an approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals should really be an approximately
+equal because we're truncating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal because we're truncating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal because we're truncating this
+expansion so the integral from X Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta X lambda D by DX lambda oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X lambda D by DX lambda oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X lambda D by DX lambda oh yeah
+Alpha Sigma mu okay so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Sigma mu okay so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Sigma mu okay so this is just
+taking what I wrote there sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking what I wrote there sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking what I wrote there sort of
+schematically this is what you get when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically this is what you get when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically this is what you get when
+you actually expand all those guys out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually expand all those guys out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually expand all those guys out
+all right I'm doing so I've got a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm doing so I've got a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm doing so I've got a couple
+derivatives here and I am doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives here and I am doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives here and I am doing an
+infinite test of infinitesimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite test of infinitesimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite test of infinitesimally
+integrals what I'm doing infinitesimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals what I'm doing infinitesimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals what I'm doing infinitesimally
+integrals they're very simple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals they're very simple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals they're very simple to
+evaluate so let's just go ahead evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate so let's just go ahead evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate so let's just go ahead evaluate
+them and also expand out those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and also expand out those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and also expand out those
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing so this cleans up a fair bet first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so this cleans up a fair bet first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so this cleans up a fair bet first
+along the Miata finally get rid of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Miata finally get rid of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Miata finally get rid of those
+damn the integral signs so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn the integral signs so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn the integral signs so I'm gonna
+wind up with something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with something that is
+essentially quadratic in these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially quadratic in these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially quadratic in these things
+right it's gonna look as the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's gonna look as the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's gonna look as the product of
+my little infinitesimal displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my little infinitesimal displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my little infinitesimal displacements
+and I'm gonna wind up with a term it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna wind up with a term it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna wind up with a term it
+involves a partial derivative of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a partial derivative of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a partial derivative of my
+connection here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I got one term looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I got one term looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I got one term looks like this
+another term looks like this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term looks like this okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term looks like this okay so
+don't worry about the index gymnastics a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about the index gymnastics a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about the index gymnastics a
+little bit okay if you go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit okay if you go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit okay if you go through it
+carefully you'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully you'll see it
+it's pause here for a second this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pause here for a second this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pause here for a second this
+expression socks okay the reason why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression socks okay the reason why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression socks okay the reason why it
+sucks isn't you know it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks isn't you know it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks isn't you know it's not just
+because there's lots of terms there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's lots of terms there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's lots of terms there's a
+gajillion indices on it but it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gajillion indices on it but it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gajillion indices on it but it's because
+I've got one term that is linear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got one term that is linear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got one term that is linear in the
+vector and well that's linear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and well that's linear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and well that's linear in the
+derivative the factor however don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the factor however don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the factor however don't
+forget we get the derivatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget we get the derivatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget we get the derivatives of the
+vector by parallel transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by parallel transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by parallel transport
+so we parallel transported this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we parallel transported this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we parallel transported this guy
+which tells us that these derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are simply related to the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simply related to the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simply related to the vectors
+themselves right if I move that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves right if I move that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves right if I move that to the
+other side that's equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side that's equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side that's equivalent to
+covariant derivative of V equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative of V equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative of V equals zero
+okay so if I want to get rid of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I want to get rid of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I want to get rid of my
+derivative the respect to X lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the respect to X lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the respect to X lambda
+here's how you'd write that likewise if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you'd write that likewise if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you'd write that likewise if
+I want to get rid of and I do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get rid of and I do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get rid of and I do my
+derivative spec two X Sigma just replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative spec two X Sigma just replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative spec two X Sigma just replace
+lambda with Sigma okay now it's up to of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda with Sigma okay now it's up to of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda with Sigma okay now it's up to of
+these n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in 1980 my PhD supervisor my suit my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in 1980 my PhD supervisor my suit my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in 1980 my PhD supervisor my suit my
+someday but the person who became my PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday but the person who became my PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday but the person who became my PhD
+supervisor I wrote this giant review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor I wrote this giant review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor I wrote this giant review
+article on a gravitational radiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article on a gravitational radiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article on a gravitational radiation and
+either the last or second the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the last or second the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the last or second the last
+section of the paper because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the paper because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the paper because I'm
+reminded it right now it begins with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded it right now it begins with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded it right now it begins with the
+sentences the end is near redemption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences the end is near redemption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences the end is near redemption is
+at hand the end is near we shall soon be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand the end is near we shall soon be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand the end is near we shall soon be
+redeemed all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redeemed all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redeemed all right
+let's plug these in so we plug these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plug these in so we plug these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plug these in so we plug these
+guys in here we've got Delta V alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in here we've got Delta V alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in here we've got Delta V alpha
+equals these things apprentices okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals these things apprentices okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals these things apprentices okay and
+then what's gonna happen when I get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's gonna happen when I get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's gonna happen when I get rid
+of all those derivatives is I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those derivatives is I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those derivatives is I'm gonna
+have a bunch of terms that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of terms that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of terms that look like
+Christoffel squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay know as scooby-doo would say rut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay know as scooby-doo would say rut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay know as scooby-doo would say rut
+row but that is just what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row but that is just what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row but that is just what we have to
+have this incidentally what you see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this incidentally what you see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this incidentally what you see when
+you do something like this is I now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something like this is I now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something like this is I now have
+terms entering into this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms entering into this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms entering into this whole thing
+that involve derivative the metric times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve derivative the metric times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve derivative the metric times
+derivative of the metric many of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the metric many of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the metric many of you may
+have heard sort of the slogan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard sort of the slogan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard sort of the slogan that
+general relativity is a nonlinear theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity is a nonlinear theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity is a nonlinear theory
+of gravity there's where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity there's where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity there's where your
+non-linearity is actually going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity is actually going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity is actually going to turn
+out to be entering the fact you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be entering the fact you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be entering the fact you have
+these squared terms in here that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squared terms in here that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squared terms in here that involve
+metric times itself entering in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric times itself entering in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric times itself entering in such a
+non-trivial and important way what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial and important way what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial and important way what I'm
+gonna do finally on this is so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do finally on this is so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do finally on this is so this is
+slightly annoying because I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly annoying because I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly annoying because I have one
+term in V mu one term in V nu but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in V mu one term in V nu but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in V mu one term in V nu but look
+both mu and nu are dummy indices they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both mu and nu are dummy indices they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both mu and nu are dummy indices they're
+dummy indices so what I'm gonna do is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy indices so what I'm gonna do is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy indices so what I'm gonna do is on
+the last term for the last two terms I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term for the last two terms I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term for the last two terms I'm
+just going to exchange mu for Nu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to exchange mu for Nu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to exchange mu for Nu and
+what I finally get is that the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I finally get is that the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I finally get is that the change in
+the vector V transported along a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector V transported along a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector V transported along a loop
+whose sides are X lambda Delta X lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose sides are X lambda Delta X lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose sides are X lambda Delta X lambda
+and Delta X Sigma it's a quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta X Sigma it's a quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta X Sigma it's a quantity that
+is linear in those two displacements its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear in those two displacements its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear in those two displacements its
+linear in the vector and involves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the vector and involves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the vector and involves this
+four index tensor whose value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depends on derivatives of the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on derivatives of the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on derivatives of the connection
+and two nonlinear terms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two nonlinear terms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two nonlinear terms in the
+connection this quantity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection this quantity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection this quantity is a
+mathematical entity known as the Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical entity known as the Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical entity known as the Riemann
+curvature tensor even though it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor even though it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor even though it involves
+connection coefficients Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection coefficients Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection coefficients Christoffel
+symbols and we argue before and you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and we argue before and you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and we argue before and you guys
+did a homework exercise where you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a homework exercise where you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a homework exercise where you show
+this that the connection the Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that the connection the Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that the connection the Christoffel
+is not tensorial this combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not tensorial this combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not tensorial this combination of
+them is basically that the terms come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is basically that the terms come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is basically that the terms come
+together in such a way that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in such a way that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in such a way that when you
+change your representation the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your representation the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your representation the non
+tensorial bits cancel each other out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensorial bits cancel each other out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensorial bits cancel each other out
+from the terms that are being subtracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the terms that are being subtracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the terms that are being subtracted
+against one another so this is indeed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against one another so this is indeed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against one another so this is indeed a
+true tensor it's there's an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true tensor it's there's an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true tensor it's there's an equivalent
+definition if you are reading Carol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if you are reading Carol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if you are reading Carol so
+essentially what I just walked through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what I just walked through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what I just walked through
+here is kind of an integral equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is kind of an integral equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is kind of an integral equivalent
+of the following commutator being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following commutator being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following commutator being
+applied to the vectors a some textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the vectors a some textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the vectors a some textbooks
+simply state the Riemann tensor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply state the Riemann tensor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply state the Riemann tensor is
+related to the commutator of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the commutator of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the commutator of partial
+derivatives acting upon a for vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives acting upon a for vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives acting upon a for vector
+like so there's a little bit of effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so there's a little bit of effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so there's a little bit of effort
+you can show that what this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that what this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that what this is is
+essentially a way of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a way of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a way of what I
+that over there is kind of a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over there is kind of a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over there is kind of a geometric
+way of understanding what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of understanding what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of understanding what that
+commutator means okay incidentally one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator means okay incidentally one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator means okay incidentally one
+thing which I think is worth calling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you apply this to a one form or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you apply this to a one form or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you apply this to a one form or a
+downstairs component you get this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs component you get this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs component you get this with a
+minus sign if you are reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign if you are reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign if you are reading the
+textbook by shits just has this sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook by shits just has this sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook by shits just has this sign
+wrong in its first edition hopefully all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in its first edition hopefully all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in its first edition hopefully all
+copies of the first edition are rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the first edition are rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the first edition are rare
+enough now that if you are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough now that if you are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough now that if you are looking at
+shuts shuts is actually a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuts shuts is actually a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuts shuts is actually a wonderful
+textbook for a early introduction this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook for a early introduction this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook for a early introduction this
+field but if you happen to get a hold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but if you happen to get a hold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but if you happen to get a hold of
+the first edition just be aware that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first edition just be aware that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first edition just be aware that
+there is I think it's on page 171 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is I think it's on page 171 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is I think it's on page 171 of the
+textbook you'll see this written and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook you'll see this written and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook you'll see this written and so
+I've actually written a couple pages the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually written a couple pages the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually written a couple pages the
+burner shuts and so I'm allowed to tease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burner shuts and so I'm allowed to tease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burner shuts and so I'm allowed to tease
+him I mean not only did he get it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I mean not only did he get it wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I mean not only did he get it wrong
+he actually came with an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually came with an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually came with an intuitive
+argument that is wrong okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that is wrong okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that is wrong okay well
+somebody's need to sit down and bloody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's need to sit down and bloody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's need to sit down and bloody
+well calculate something because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well calculate something because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well calculate something because you can
+always almost always come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always almost always come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always almost always come up with an
+argument to convince you or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to convince you or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to convince you or something
+that's not true and I'm afraid that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true and I'm afraid that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true and I'm afraid that's
+what he did in this particular case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did in this particular case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did in this particular case um
+let me just so I have a couple notes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just so I have a couple notes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just so I have a couple notes in
+there about what is sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there about what is sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there about what is sometimes called
+curvature coupling which essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature coupling which essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature coupling which essentially
+tells us I sort of pointed out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us I sort of pointed out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us I sort of pointed out in the
+last lecture though we were dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture though we were dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture though we were dealing with
+two DS X strictly speaking they describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two DS X strictly speaking they describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two DS X strictly speaking they describe
+you know completely point like almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know completely point like almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know completely point like almost
+just a monopole and no structure no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a monopole and no structure no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a monopole and no structure no
+shape whatsoever moving through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape whatsoever moving through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape whatsoever moving through
+space-time if you have a larger body or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time if you have a larger body or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time if you have a larger body or
+a body that has any kind of multiple or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a body that has any kind of multiple or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a body that has any kind of multiple or
+structure associated with it those multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure associated with it those multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure associated with it those multi
+poles you can think of that additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles you can think of that additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles you can think of that additional
+structure is essentially filling up part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is essentially filling up part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is essentially filling up part
+of the local Lorentz frame around to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the local Lorentz frame around to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the local Lorentz frame around to say
+the center of mass of that point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass of that point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass of that point and
+they won't necessarily they kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't necessarily they kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't necessarily they kind of like
+a couple of the space-time and push it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of the space-time and push it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of the space-time and push it
+away from the Judaic this Riemann tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the Judaic this Riemann tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the Judaic this Riemann tensor
+actually describes the way in which that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually describes the way in which that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually describes the way in which that
+body couples to the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body couples to the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body couples to the background
+space-time that it might be falling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time that it might be falling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time that it might be falling in
+okay and so this ends up playing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this ends up playing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this ends up playing a
+really important role for instance when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important role for instance when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important role for instance when
+you study the procession of equinoxes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study the procession of equinoxes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study the procession of equinoxes we
+learn how to do this Newtonian theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to do this Newtonian theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to do this Newtonian theory
+using the action of tides from the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the action of tides from the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the action of tides from the earth
+the moon on a planet like the earth this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moon on a planet like the earth this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moon on a planet like the earth this
+ends up being the quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being the quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being the quantity that
+mathematically encapsulates tides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically encapsulates tides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically encapsulates tides and
+general relativity so it enters into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity so it enters into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity so it enters into
+there so let me I'm going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let me I'm going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let me I'm going to sort of
+sketch through this very very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch through this very very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch through this very very quickly
+simply because we don't have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because we don't have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because we don't have a lot of
+time and there's good discussion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and there's good discussion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and there's good discussion of this
+in various other places but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various other places but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various other places but let me just
+point out that you look at this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that you look at this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that you look at this thing
+it's a four index tensor and each index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a four index tensor and each index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a four index tensor and each index
+can take four values that makes it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take four values that makes it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take four values that makes it look
+like it has 256 complements now I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has 256 complements now I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has 256 complements now I'm not
+gonna step through this in detail right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna step through this in detail right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna step through this in detail right
+now this will either be in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this will either be in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this will either be in the next
+lecture that I do this or you'll watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that I do this or you'll watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that I do this or you'll watch
+me on a video once this gets recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on a video once this gets recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on a video once this gets recorded
+depending upon how things unroll the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon how things unroll the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon how things unroll the
+next 24 hours riemann has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 24 hours riemann has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 24 hours riemann has a lot of
+symmetries i will go through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries i will go through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries i will go through those
+symmetries carefully either in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries carefully either in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries carefully either in lecture
+or on a video so symmetries Remos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on a video so symmetries Remos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on a video so symmetries Remos
+riemann and you know what let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann and you know what let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann and you know what let me write
+it out in n dimensions from n to the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out in n dimensions from n to the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out in n dimensions from n to the 4
+which is what you would expect for an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you would expect for an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you would expect for an N
+dimensional objects in for index object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional objects in for index object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional objects in for index object
+and n dimensions down to N squared times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n dimensions down to N squared times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n dimensions down to N squared times
+M squared minus 1 over 12 so where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M squared minus 1 over 12 so where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M squared minus 1 over 12 so where I
+want to conclude today's let's just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to conclude today's let's just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to conclude today's let's just take
+a look at what that turns into for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at what that turns into for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at what that turns into for a
+couple of different numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different numbers of
+dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you do N equals one you get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do N equals one you get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do N equals one you get zero
+so the Riemann tensor has no components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Riemann tensor has no components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Riemann tensor has no components
+on a one-dimensional manifold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a one-dimensional manifold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a one-dimensional manifold and
+there's a simple reason for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple reason for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple reason for that
+remember the way we defined it okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the way we defined it okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the way we defined it okay we
+did this by parallel transporting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this by parallel transporting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this by parallel transporting around
+a particular figure if you're in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular figure if you're in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular figure if you're in one
+dimension this is all you can do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension this is all you can do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension this is all you can do okay
+there's no Kalani operation in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Kalani operation in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Kalani operation in one
+dimension you can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension you can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension you can't do that
+so no curvature you want to be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no curvature you want to be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no curvature you want to be a real
+feel Pettit and someone says well look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel Pettit and someone says well look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel Pettit and someone says well look
+at a curved line you know ah but lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a curved line you know ah but lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a curved line you know ah but lines
+can't be curved n equals 2 so you get 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be curved n equals 2 so you get 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be curved n equals 2 so you get 2
+squared 2 squared minus 1 over 12 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 2 squared minus 1 over 12 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 2 squared minus 1 over 12 you
+get 1 so if you are working in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 so if you are working in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 so if you are working in two
+dimensions there is a single number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions there is a single number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions there is a single number that
+characterizes the curvature at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes the curvature at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes the curvature at every
+point and this is often thought of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this is often thought of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this is often thought of as
+just a radius of curvature okay simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a radius of curvature okay simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a radius of curvature okay simplest
+example is if you have a sphere stare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is if you have a sphere stare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is if you have a sphere stare is
+completely characterized by its radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely characterized by its radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely characterized by its radius
+okay but if you imagine that it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you imagine that it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you imagine that it's like a
+you know a sphere that you squash okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a sphere that you squash okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a sphere that you squash okay
+well you can sort of imagine at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can sort of imagine at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can sort of imagine at every
+point that there is a particular sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that there is a particular sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that there is a particular sphere
+that is tangent to that point okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is tangent to that point okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is tangent to that point okay and
+the radius of curvature of the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of curvature of the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of curvature of the tangent
+sphere is the one that defines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere is the one that defines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere is the one that defines the
+curvature at that point I'm gonna skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature at that point I'm gonna skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature at that point I'm gonna skip
+three cuz it's not all that interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cuz it's not all that interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cuz it's not all that interesting
+the one that is more important is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that is more important is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that is more important is if you
+do N equals four you wind up with 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do N equals four you wind up with 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do N equals four you wind up with 16
+times 15 over 12 which is 20 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 15 over 12 which is 20 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 15 over 12 which is 20 this is
+exactly the number of degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the number of degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the number of degrees of freedom
+that were the number of derivatives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were the number of derivatives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were the number of derivatives that
+we could not cancel out when we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could not cancel out when we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could not cancel out when we did the
+exercise a couple of lectures ago of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise a couple of lectures ago of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise a couple of lectures ago of
+assessing how well we can make spacetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing how well we can make spacetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing how well we can make spacetime
+we have a flat representation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a flat representation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a flat representation the
+vicinity of some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a number of left over constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at second water in a freely falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at second water in a freely falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at second water in a freely falling
+frame all right so I'm gonna stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame all right so I'm gonna stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame all right so I'm gonna stop there
+for today that's a nice place for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today that's a nice place for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today that's a nice place for us to
+stop um keep watching your emails we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop um keep watching your emails we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop um keep watching your emails we're
+in an interesting situation life at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an interesting situation life at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an interesting situation life at MIT
+is evolving but when we pick it up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is evolving but when we pick it up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is evolving but when we pick it up in
+one form or another what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form or another what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form or another what I'm going to do
+first is talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is talk a little bit more about
+the symmetry of this object because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry of this object because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry of this object because
+there's a couple of explicit symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of explicit symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of explicit symmetries
+that lead to that reduction from n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to that reduction from n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to that reduction from n to
+the fourth to N squared N squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth to N squared N squared minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth to N squared N squared minus
+one over twelve and just it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over twelve and just it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over twelve and just it's it's
+useful for us to go through them and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for us to go through them and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for us to go through them and see
+what they look like and then I also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they look like and then I also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they look like and then I also want
+to talk about a couple of variants on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about a couple of variants on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about a couple of variants on
+this curvature tensor okay so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curvature tensor okay so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curvature tensor okay so just to
+give you a little bit of a preview the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of a preview the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of a preview the
+current your tensor it's a four index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current your tensor it's a four index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current your tensor it's a four index
+object um we have argued already that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object um we have argued already that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object um we have argued already that
+this quantity is gonna kind of stand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is gonna kind of stand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is gonna kind of stand for
+our gravitational you know we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gravitational you know we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gravitational you know we're gonna
+end up doing things that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up doing things that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up doing things that look like
+looking at derivatives of the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at derivatives of the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at derivatives of the metric
+being equal to our source our source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to our source our source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to our source our source is
+a to index object the stress-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to index object the stress-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to index object the stress-energy
+tensor we've got to get rid of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor we've got to get rid of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor we've got to get rid of two
+indices okay and so we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices okay and so we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices okay and so we're going to do is
+we're going to essentially contract this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to essentially contract this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to essentially contract this
+guy with a couple of powers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy with a couple of powers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy with a couple of powers of the
+metric in order to sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric in order to sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric in order to sort of you know
+trace over certain combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace over certain combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace over certain combinations of
+indices and make two index variants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices and make two index variants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices and make two index variants of
+the curvature tensor and we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature tensor and we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature tensor and we're also
+going to look at derivatives of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at derivatives of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at derivatives of s
+because it turns out that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out that there is a
+particular combination of derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular combination of derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular combination of derivatives of
+the Riemann tensor that has an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Riemann tensor that has an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Riemann tensor that has an important
+geometrical meaning what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical meaning what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical meaning what we're gonna
+find is that when we combine these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that when we combine these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that when we combine these two
+notions there is a particular divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions there is a particular divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions there is a particular divergence
+of a particular variant of the Kircher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular variant of the Kircher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular variant of the Kircher
+tensor that is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor that is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor that is zero
+in other words we can make a curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words we can make a curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words we can make a curvature
+tensor that is divergence free our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor that is divergence free our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor that is divergence free our
+stress energy tensor is divergence free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor is divergence free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor is divergence free
+hmm I wonder if one is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm I wonder if one is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm I wonder if one is related to the
+other that in a nutshell is how Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that in a nutshell is how Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that in a nutshell is how Einstein
+came up with general relativity by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with general relativity by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with general relativity by
+asking that question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking that question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking that question and
+just seeing what happened so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seeing what happened so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seeing what happened so that's what
+were going to go through next
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/J_y2I09rj_I.txt b/J_y2I09rj_I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f39fc754e85b08f267e2a3fb636cbc28f6323757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/J_y2I09rj_I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu you have to make some design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu you have to make some design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu you have to make some design
+decisions and and then once you've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and and then once you've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and and then once you've made
+the those design decisions then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those design decisions then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those design decisions then you can
+actually write your level two level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write your level two level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write your level two level
+three requirements and so forth so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three requirements and so forth so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three requirements and so forth so it's
+it's an iterative process so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an iterative process so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an iterative process so when you
+look at the V classic V model you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the V classic V model you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the V classic V model you don't
+you don't really see those iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really see those iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really see those iterations
+but they actually exist so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they actually exist so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they actually exist so what we
+typically do at this system requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do at this system requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do at this system requirements
+review is review and then agree on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review is review and then agree on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review is review and then agree on the
+high level requirements level zero level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level requirements level zero level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level requirements level zero level
+one maybe level two requirements but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one maybe level two requirements but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one maybe level two requirements but not
+the lower level ones because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower level ones because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower level ones because you can't
+because you typically haven't done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you typically haven't done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you typically haven't done the
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um the other thing I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um the other thing I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um the other thing I want to say
+is a lot of the this is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of the this is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of the this is really a
+critical issue and a lot of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical issue and a lot of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical issue and a lot of the problems
+we talked about last time schedule cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last time schedule cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last time schedule cost
+overruns really a lot of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overruns really a lot of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overruns really a lot of these things
+are traceable back to the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are traceable back to the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are traceable back to the requirements
+either the requirements were over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the requirements were over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the requirements were over
+ambitious you you set requirements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious you you set requirements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious you you set requirements that
+were essentially unachievable or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were essentially unachievable or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were essentially unachievable or you
+missed requirements that actually became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed requirements that actually became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed requirements that actually became
+clear later on but they weren't written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear later on but they weren't written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear later on but they weren't written
+so nobody paid attention to them couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nobody paid attention to them couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nobody paid attention to them couple
+examples so I have sort of one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so I have sort of one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so I have sort of one example
+of poor requirements and then a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poor requirements and then a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poor requirements and then a a good
+example so um this is a um a mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so um this is a um a mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so um this is a um a mission
+that you may have heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh 1998 MCO so who was born in I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 1998 MCO so who was born in I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 1998 MCO so who was born in I'm
+looking at you guys Justin right Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you guys Justin right Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you guys Justin right Justice
+uh when were you born 94 okay so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when were you born 94 okay so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when were you born 94 okay so you're
+you're uh you're older than MCO by 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh you're older than MCO by 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh you're older than MCO by 4
+years so MCO was a very well-known um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so MCO was a very well-known um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so MCO was a very well-known um
+just about 20 not quite 20 years ago a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about 20 not quite 20 years ago a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about 20 not quite 20 years ago a
+very well-known uh Mission failure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well-known uh Mission failure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well-known uh Mission failure that
+happened uh Mars climate Orbiter it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened uh Mars climate Orbiter it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened uh Mars climate Orbiter it was
+launched on uh December 1998 and it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched on uh December 1998 and it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched on uh December 1998 and it had
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+functions uh study the Martian climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh study the Martian climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh study the Martian climate
+weather and surface changes and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather and surface changes and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather and surface changes and it was
+to act as a relay satellite for the Mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act as a relay satellite for the Mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act as a relay satellite for the Mars
+polar Lander which came after it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar Lander which came after it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar Lander which came after it and
+also failed oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also failed oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also failed oh
+failed um and unfortunately uh MCO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed um and unfortunately uh MCO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed um and unfortunately uh MCO
+burned up we think uh it burn uh contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned up we think uh it burn uh contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned up we think uh it burn uh contact
+was lost with the spacecraft after it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was lost with the spacecraft after it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was lost with the spacecraft after it it
+basically entered the Martian atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically entered the Martian atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically entered the Martian atmosphere
+and um you know nothing there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know nothing there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know nothing there was no
+more communication so we don't know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more communication so we don't know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more communication so we don't know for
+sure but uh the best guess is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but uh the best guess is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but uh the best guess is that the
+spacecraft burned up uh in the approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft burned up uh in the approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft burned up uh in the approach
+to Mars uh that the the actual altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mars uh that the the actual altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mars uh that the the actual altitude
+at which had entered the Martian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which had entered the Martian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which had entered the Martian
+atmosphere spere was about 50 57
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere spere was about 50 57
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere spere was about 50 57
+km uh and it was supposed to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+km uh and it was supposed to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+km uh and it was supposed to be about
+220 so even though the Martian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220 so even though the Martian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220 so even though the Martian
+atmosphere is very thin when you enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is very thin when you enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is very thin when you enter
+at very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very high
+velocities uh that's not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities uh that's not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities uh that's not a good
+thing um this is the very famous you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um this is the very famous you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um this is the very famous you've
+heard about this confusion of units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about this confusion of units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about this confusion of units
+problem right this mission that one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right this mission that one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right this mission that one part
+of the team used uh SI units uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the team used uh SI units uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the team used uh SI units uh
+specifically uh Newton seconds this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically uh Newton seconds this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically uh Newton seconds this is
+momentum right force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right force
+times um times time that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um times time that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um times time that gives you
+momentum so when you burn your engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so when you burn your engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so when you burn your engines
+for X number of seconds that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X number of seconds that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X number of seconds that's the the
+sum the product of those two is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum the product of those two is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum the product of those two is your
+momentum and then another part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and then another part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and then another part of the
+team used uh English units uh pounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team used uh English units uh pounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team used uh English units uh pounds of
+force times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force times
+seconds okay and so uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay and so uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay and so uh that was
+fundamentally the the the root the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the the the root the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the the the root the the
+the problem that caused the burnup now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that caused the burnup now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that caused the burnup now
+um if you read the accident report and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you read the accident report and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you read the accident report and I
+have a link here to the accident report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a link here to the accident report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a link here to the accident report
+you will notice that uh the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will notice that uh the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will notice that uh the requirements
+were were actually okay the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were actually okay the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were actually okay the requirements
+were written uh uh correctly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were written uh uh correctly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were written uh uh correctly so
+specifically there was a document called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically there was a document called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically there was a document called
+the software interface specification sis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software interface specification sis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software interface specification sis
+that specified everything should be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specified everything should be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specified everything should be in
+SI units uh on the ground segment and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI units uh on the ground segment and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI units uh on the ground segment and on
+the space segment but the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space segment but the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space segment but the problem is
+that um this was not checked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this was not checked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this was not checked and
+implemented and uh so here's a quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented and uh so here's a quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented and uh so here's a quote
+from the accident report items that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the accident report items that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the accident report items that the
+mission assurance manager which didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission assurance manager which didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission assurance manager which didn't
+exist for this Mission so the mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist for this Mission so the mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist for this Mission so the mission
+Assurance manager's role is to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assurance manager's role is to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assurance manager's role is to make sure
+the requirements are actually followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements are actually followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements are actually followed
+there was no Mission assurance manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no Mission assurance manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no Mission assurance manager
+on the MCO Mission uh included ensuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the MCO Mission uh included ensuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the MCO Mission uh included ensuring
+that the AMD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the AMD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the AMD
+file um which is one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file um which is one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file um which is one of the one of the
+files put out by the um by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files put out by the um by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files put out by the um by the
+propulsion system met the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion system met the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion system met the requirements
+of the software interface specification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the software interface specification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the software interface specification
+and that did not happen Okay so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that did not happen Okay so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that did not happen Okay so that was
+um that was sort of the root cause there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was sort of the root cause there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was sort of the root cause there
+here's a a good example for requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a a good example for requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a a good example for requirements
+this is a little bit older uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit older uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit older uh this is
+the DC3 this is an old airplane um first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC3 this is an old airplane um first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC3 this is an old airplane um first
+flight in uh December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight in uh December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight in uh December
+1935 okay uh this this was this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1935 okay uh this this was this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1935 okay uh this this was this was
+really uh an airplane that kickstarted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh an airplane that kickstarted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh an airplane that kickstarted
+civil aviation as a commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil aviation as a commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil aviation as a commercial
+service and so uh the first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and so uh the first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and so uh the first of all the
+DC3 was um was based on earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC3 was um was based on earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC3 was um was based on earlier
+evolution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the
+dc2 um and I first saw this uh when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc2 um and I first saw this uh when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc2 um and I first saw this uh when I
+worked in St Louis uh there was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in St Louis uh there was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in St Louis uh there was a little
+museum at the headquarters and they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum at the headquarters and they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum at the headquarters and they had
+like a like a nice plaque on the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a like a nice plaque on the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a like a nice plaque on the wall
+with with actually a replica of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with actually a replica of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with actually a replica of of the
+contract you know the original letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract you know the original letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract you know the original letter
+that led to the DC3 contract and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to the DC3 contract and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to the DC3 contract and and the
+story is that uh this these requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is that uh this these requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is that uh this these requirements
+these are this is level zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is level zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is level zero
+requirements what's written here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements what's written here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements what's written here was
+hammered out in a single quote and quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammered out in a single quote and quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammered out in a single quote and quote
+Marathon phone call between between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marathon phone call between between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marathon phone call between between
+Smith and Douglas so Smith was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith and Douglas so Smith was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith and Douglas so Smith was at the
+time the head of you know what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the head of you know what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the head of you know what what's
+today essentially United Airlines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today essentially United Airlines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today essentially United Airlines and
+Douglas who by the way is a graduate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas who by the way is a graduate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas who by the way is a graduate of
+this department here at MIT um Donald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this department here at MIT um Donald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this department here at MIT um Donald
+Douglas uh was was the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas uh was was the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas uh was was the head of the
+Douglas Aircraft company and here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas Aircraft company and here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas Aircraft company and here the
+requirements range about 1,000 miles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements range about 1,000 miles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements range about 1,000 miles so
+this means that uh you don't have trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that uh you don't have trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that uh you don't have trans
+Continental range right if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continental range right if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continental range right if you want
+transcontinental range in the US you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcontinental range in the US you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcontinental range in the US you
+need about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+miles like Boston to San Diego Seattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles like Boston to San Diego Seattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles like Boston to San Diego Seattle
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Miami 3,000 yeah with res reserves yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami 3,000 yeah with res reserves yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami 3,000 yeah with res reserves yeah
+3,000 miles so this means that if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 miles so this means that if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 miles so this means that if you go
+transcontinental with to DC3 you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcontinental with to DC3 you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcontinental with to DC3 you got to
+refuel twice basically but you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuel twice basically but you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuel twice basically but you know that
+was okay uh today we we wouldn't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay uh today we we wouldn't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay uh today we we wouldn't we
+would probably wouldn't accept that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably wouldn't accept that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably wouldn't accept that but
+that's okay back then Cruise speed about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay back then Cruise speed about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay back then Cruise speed about
+150 miles 20 to 30 passengers depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 miles 20 to 30 passengers depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 miles 20 to 30 passengers depending
+on the configuration twin engines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the configuration twin engines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the configuration twin engines and
+then uh something that we would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh something that we would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh something that we would say
+today that's a that's a fuzzy that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that's a that's a fuzzy that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that's a that's a fuzzy that's a
+not a well-written requirement because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a well-written requirement because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a well-written requirement because
+it's fuzzy but it said it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fuzzy but it said it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fuzzy but it said it should be
+rugged and economical right and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rugged and economical right and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rugged and economical right and and
+based on this sort of high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this sort of high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this sort of high level
+requirements that were pretty clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that were pretty clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that were pretty clearly
+defined the airplane was then designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the airplane was then designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the airplane was then designed
+built and very very successful and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and very very successful and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and very very successful and over
+10,000 th copies of this airplane were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 th copies of this airplane were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 th copies of this airplane were
+built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+okay um so what happened since then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so what happened since then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so what happened since then is
+the requirements explosion this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements explosion this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements explosion this is a
+chart from a um document called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart from a um document called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart from a um document called the
+technical U multi-disciplinary design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical U multi-disciplinary design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical U multi-disciplinary design
+optimization white paper and it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization white paper and it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization white paper and it's it's a
+little dated but but the basic message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dated but but the basic message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dated but but the basic message
+here is is pretty stunning if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is pretty stunning if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is pretty stunning if you think
+about it so first uh heavier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so first uh heavier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so first uh heavier than
+airflight 1903 the right Brothers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflight 1903 the right Brothers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflight 1903 the right Brothers right
+1G flight what is the requirement for 1G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1G flight what is the requirement for 1G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1G flight what is the requirement for 1G
+flight get off the ground get off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight get off the ground get off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight get off the ground get off the
+ground and stay off the ground for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and stay off the ground for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and stay off the ground for you
+know at least a few seconds right not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at least a few seconds right not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at least a few seconds right not
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ballistic that's the requirement get off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic that's the requirement get off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic that's the requirement get off
+the ground heavier than air flight yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground heavier than air flight yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground heavier than air flight yeah
+big success big milestone well uh pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big success big milestone well uh pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big success big milestone well uh pretty
+clear after you know not too long it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear after you know not too long it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear after you know not too long it was
+well we also want to turn we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we also want to turn we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we also want to turn we don't want
+to just fly straight on the beach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just fly straight on the beach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just fly straight on the beach and
+land again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land again so
+maneuvering uh gust accelerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvering uh gust accelerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvering uh gust accelerations
+there's wind buffeting you got to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's wind buffeting you got to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's wind buffeting you got to handle
+those gusts so that that's important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those gusts so that that's important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those gusts so that that's important and
+then uh what were the first airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh what were the first airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh what were the first airplanes
+made of let's let's see at epfl guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of let's let's see at epfl guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of let's let's see at epfl guys
+what the first airplanes what materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the first airplanes what materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the first airplanes what materials
+did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use wood wood yeah what else canvas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use wood wood yeah what else canvas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use wood wood yeah what else canvas
+canvas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so then very soon after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so then very soon after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so then very soon after that
+maybe in the 20s and 30s we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in the 20s and 30s we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in the 20s and 30s we started
+using Metals right metallic structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Metals right metallic structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Metals right metallic structures
+and the big issue there especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big issue there especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big issue there especially if
+you're flying you know close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying you know close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying you know close to the
+ocean and saltwater is corrosion control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean and saltwater is corrosion control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean and saltwater is corrosion control
+you your airplanes can't rust and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your airplanes can't rust and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your airplanes can't rust and so
+corrosion control became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion control became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion control became
+important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and
+pressurization what is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about High
+faster so at some point uh you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so at some point uh you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so at some point uh you need to
+pressurize the cabin right that's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurize the cabin right that's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurize the cabin right that's a new
+requirement the wght brothers never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement the wght brothers never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement the wght brothers never
+thought about that well they didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about that well they didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about that well they didn't I
+don't maybe thought about it but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't maybe thought about it but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't maybe thought about it but they
+certainly didn't have to pressurize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly didn't have to pressurize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly didn't have to pressurize
+their right flyer so you see you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their right flyer so you see you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their right flyer so you see you see
+what's happening is uh we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is uh we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is uh we get
+greedy you know we we're excited we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy you know we we're excited we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy you know we we're excited we can
+fly now but now we want to go higher we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly now but now we want to go higher we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly now but now we want to go higher we
+want to stay longer so uh we get greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stay longer so uh we get greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stay longer so uh we get greedy
+and we go to more extreme environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go to more extreme environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go to more extreme environments
+and so forth and as we do that uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and as we do that uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and as we do that uh it
+gets it gets harder to do and more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it gets harder to do and more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it gets harder to do and more and
+more requirements start piling up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more requirements start piling up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more requirements start piling up and
+you see a big step here uh World War II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a big step here uh World War II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a big step here uh World War II
+right handling qualities radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right handling qualities radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right handling qualities radar
+transparency radar was invented so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency radar was invented so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency radar was invented so now
+you want to have airplanes that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have airplanes that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have airplanes that are not
+as visible on the radar um fatigue rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as visible on the radar um fatigue rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as visible on the radar um fatigue rough
+field landing and then we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field landing and then we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field landing and then we have another
+big step here in the 60s and 70s this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big step here in the 60s and 70s this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big step here in the 60s and 70s this
+was during the Cold War smart weapons uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was during the Cold War smart weapons uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was during the Cold War smart weapons uh
+nule clear fly by wire right replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nule clear fly by wire right replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nule clear fly by wire right replacing
+uh cables with with electronic flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cables with with electronic flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cables with with electronic flight
+controls and then a lot of the ilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls and then a lot of the ilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls and then a lot of the ilities
+uh in the last 20 years producibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the last 20 years producibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the last 20 years producibility
+affordability supportability Etc so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordability supportability Etc so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordability supportability Etc so if
+you actually look at the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually look at the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually look at the requirements
+set for the new generation of airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set for the new generation of airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set for the new generation of airplanes
+whether commercial or military it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether commercial or military it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether commercial or military it's it's
+overwhelming I mean it's it's thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming I mean it's it's thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming I mean it's it's thousands
+and thousands of requirements because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thousands of requirements because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thousands of requirements because uh
+because we've gotten greedy and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've gotten greedy and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've gotten greedy and we've
+gotten good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten good at
+so we keep adding more requirements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we keep adding more requirements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we keep adding more requirements and
+that's a big issue right now we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big issue right now we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big issue right now we'll talk
+later in the semester about complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the semester about complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the semester about complexity
+management but the key message here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management but the key message here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management but the key message here is
+requirements have been growing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements have been growing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements have been growing over
+time uh more and more requirements added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh more and more requirements added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh more and more requirements added
+as systems grow in in performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as systems grow in in performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as systems grow in in performance and
+complexity so here's uh some standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so here's uh some standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so here's uh some standards
+uh I won't go through those in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I won't go through those in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I won't go through those in detail
+but um people recognize in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um people recognize in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um people recognize in the system
+engineering community how important it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering community how important it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering community how important it
+is these requirements so in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these requirements so in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these requirements so in the system
+engineering in handbook there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering in handbook there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering in handbook there's two
+sections 4.2 which is about technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections 4.2 which is about technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections 4.2 which is about technical
+requirements definition and then section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements definition and then section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements definition and then section
+6.2 which is about requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.2 which is about requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.2 which is about requirements
+management so definition means that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so definition means that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so definition means that's
+the initial definition of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial definition of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial definition of the initial
+requirements and then management is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then management is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then management is the
+process of uh updating them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of uh updating them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of uh updating them you know
+adding requirements modifying them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding requirements modifying them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding requirements modifying them
+making sure they're up to date and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure they're up to date and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure they're up to date and
+there's a couple appendices um in Co the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple appendices um in Co the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple appendices um in Co the
+international Council of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international Council of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international Council of system
+engineering has um in the handbook a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering has um in the handbook a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering has um in the handbook a
+whole section C there's even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole section C there's even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole section C there's even a
+requirements working group people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements working group people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements working group people who
+really specialize in this and then uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really specialize in this and then uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really specialize in this and then uh as
+well in the iso standard you have uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the iso standard you have uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the iso standard you have uh a
+lot written about requirements so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot written about requirements so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot written about requirements so this
+is really a big deal so the last thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a big deal so the last thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a big deal so the last thing I
+want to do here in this section is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do here in this section is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do here in this section is to
+sort of at at a very high level um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at at a very high level um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at at a very high level um
+communicate to you what requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to you what requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to you what requirements
+really are about what they are about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are about what they are about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are about what they are about is
+uh you know like I said don't set off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know like I said don't set off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know like I said don't set off in
+your ship without you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ship without you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ship without you don't know what
+port you're sailing to right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port you're sailing to right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port you're sailing to right so
+requirements set goals and constrain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements set goals and constrain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements set goals and constrain the
+design in the objective space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in the objective space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in the objective space so
+whatever whatever you're designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever you're designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever you're designing
+you're always going to have two spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always going to have two spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always going to have two spaces
+that you dealing with the design space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you dealing with the design space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you dealing with the design space
+on the one hand that's the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand that's the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand that's the things you
+can uh choose as a designer right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh choose as a designer right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh choose as a designer right these
+are the knobs you can turn the decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the knobs you can turn the decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the knobs you can turn the decisions
+you can make and then the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make and then the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make and then the objective
+space which is the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is the things that
+essentially your customer cares about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially your customer cares about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially your customer cares about
+and I I'll give you a quick example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'll give you a quick example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'll give you a quick example here
+um so when we use the word shall which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when we use the word shall which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when we use the word shall which
+I'll get to in a minute uh the English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get to in a minute uh the English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get to in a minute uh the English
+word shell means this is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word shell means this is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word shell means this is essentially a
+constraint you must accomplish this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint you must accomplish this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint you must accomplish this and
+if you use the word should it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use the word should it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use the word should it's more
+like a goal it would be nice to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a goal it would be nice to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a goal it would be nice to do this
+but it's not absolutely mandatory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not absolutely mandatory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not absolutely mandatory so
+shall is a hard constraint should is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall is a hard constraint should is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall is a hard constraint should is a
+desirable and is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable and is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable and is a
+goal so um uh let me give you this quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal so um uh let me give you this quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal so um uh let me give you this quick
+example here so let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here so let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here so let's say you're
+designing a house you're about setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a house you're about setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a house you're about setting
+out to design a house and what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to design a house and what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to design a house and what would be
+some requirements for a house so I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some requirements for a house so I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some requirements for a house so I wrote
+four of them here and uh and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of them here and uh and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of them here and uh and then I'll
+map them to the design space in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map them to the design space in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map them to the design space in the
+objective space first requirement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective space first requirement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective space first requirement the
+house shall sleep between four and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house shall sleep between four and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house shall sleep between four and six
+people well uh is that in the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people well uh is that in the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people well uh is that in the design
+space or in the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space that's in the objective space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's in the objective space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's in the objective space
+right yeah that's right so um here uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah that's right so um here uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah that's right so um here uh we
+have an axis called occupants right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an axis called occupants right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an axis called occupants right so
+four is the minimum and six is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is the minimum and six is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is the minimum and six is sort of
+the is the maximum so that's the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is the maximum so that's the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is the maximum so that's the upper
+bound the next one the total build cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the next one the total build cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the next one the total build cost
+should be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be less than
+$550,000 should be what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$550,000 should be what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$550,000 should be what is
+that uh maybe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh maybe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh maybe at
+epfl a goal it's a goal yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl a goal it's a goal yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl a goal it's a goal yeah that's
+right and it's is it in the design space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's is it in the design space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's is it in the design space
+or the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space OB objective space that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space OB objective space that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space OB objective space that's correct
+so uh I put this as a dashed line okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I put this as a dashed line okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I put this as a dashed line okay
+because it's a should so what I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a should so what I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a should so what I've done
+here just by writing these two sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just by writing these two sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just by writing these two sentences
+these two requirements is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two requirements is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two requirements is I've
+essentially carved out a space right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially carved out a space right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially carved out a space right and
+I can shade that box basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can shade that box basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can shade that box basically what
+these two requirements do is they put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two requirements do is they put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two requirements do is they put a
+box around in the objective space saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box around in the objective space saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box around in the objective space saying
+that whatever house you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever house you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever house you're going to
+design it has to fit within this within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it has to fit within this within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it has to fit within this within
+this box okay then uh the third one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box okay then uh the third one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box okay then uh the third one is
+the house shall have at least at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house shall have at least at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house shall have at least at least
+at least three bedrooms what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least three bedrooms what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least three bedrooms what what is
+that in the design space or objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the design space or objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the design space or objective
+space design space right because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space design space right because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space design space right because this
+defining a bedroom is a design decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a bedroom is a design decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a bedroom is a design decision
+right um and then this this the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and then this this the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and then this this the house
+should have a fireplace so you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a fireplace so you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a fireplace so you can show
+the the lower bound here at least three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lower bound here at least three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lower bound here at least three
+bedrooms and then um the fireplace is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedrooms and then um the fireplace is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedrooms and then um the fireplace is a
+um is it would be nice to have but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it would be nice to have but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it would be nice to have but you
+don't ABS absolutely have to have it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ABS absolutely have to have it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ABS absolutely have to have it so
+you you can sort of draw this it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can sort of draw this it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can sort of draw this it's more
+like a line here right yes fireplace but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a line here right yes fireplace but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a line here right yes fireplace but
+it's a dashed line and then at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dashed line and then at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dashed line and then at least
+three bedrooms right so just these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bedrooms right so just these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bedrooms right so just these four
+sentences we've now put a uh We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences we've now put a uh We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences we've now put a uh We've
+defined the space that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the space that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the space that we're going to be
+designing in so we have constraints in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing in so we have constraints in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing in so we have constraints in
+the design space and we have constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design space and we have constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design space and we have constraints
+in the objective space and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the objective space and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the objective space and that's
+fundamentally the role of requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the role of requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the role of requirements
+is to constraint to give us direction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to constraint to give us direction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to constraint to give us direction as
+to what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're going to
+design okay so let me uh let's do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design okay so let me uh let's do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design okay so let me uh let's do our
+first concept question for today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first concept question for today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first concept question for today and
+that's uh the following question do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the following question do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the following question do you
+think there's a fundamental difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a fundamental difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a fundamental difference
+in the meaning between the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the meaning between the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the meaning between the words
+requirements which we've talked about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements which we've talked about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements which we've talked about uh
+so far and then the word specifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far and then the word specifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far and then the word specifications
+which I haven't mentioned yet so um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't mentioned yet so um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't mentioned yet so um no
+you think they're essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think they're essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think they're essentially the same
+uh yes there is a difference uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes there is a difference uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes there is a difference uh
+requirements are like the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are like the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are like the input and
+specifications are the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications are the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications are the output of the
+design process uh yes you think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process uh yes you think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process uh yes you think a
+difference uh specifications include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh specifications include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh specifications include the
+requirements as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements as a
+subset uh or you're not sure so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset uh or you're not sure so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset uh or you're not sure so think
+about this and then um submit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and then um submit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and then um submit your
+answers and uh as far as these URLs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and uh as far as these URLs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and uh as far as these URLs are
+concerned for the concept questions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned for the concept questions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned for the concept questions I
+went to all lowercase hopefully that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to all lowercase hopefully that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to all lowercase hopefully that's a
+little easier so secc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little easier so secc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little easier so secc
+3 tiny.cc SEC cc3 what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 tiny.cc SEC cc3 what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 tiny.cc SEC cc3 what do you think
+requirements and specifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and specifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and specifications
+same thing or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who needs more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who needs more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who needs more time
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so um we have nobody thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so um we have nobody thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so um we have nobody thinks
+they're the same uh 60 2/3 of you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same uh 60 2/3 of you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same uh 60 2/3 of you think
+that requirements are the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requirements are the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requirements are the input
+specifications are the output nine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications are the output nine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications are the output nine of
+you think that um that requirements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that um that requirements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that um that requirements are
+a subset and then 6% are not sure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset and then 6% are not sure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset and then 6% are not sure so
+that that's good um I I agree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's good um I I agree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's good um I I agree with that
+so a lot of people use requirements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of people use requirements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of people use requirements and
+specifications is the same thing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications is the same thing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications is the same thing they're
+really not okay so think of requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not okay so think of requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not okay so think of requirements
+as um you haven't actually started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um you haven't actually started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um you haven't actually started the
+design yet this is your your putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design yet this is your your putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design yet this is your your putting
+constraints of the design space defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of the design space defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of the design space defining
+the direction but you don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction but you don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction but you don't actually
+know what the design will look like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the design will look like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the design will look like you
+may have some some requirements may say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have some some requirements may say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have some some requirements may say
+You must use this box or you must use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You must use this box or you must use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You must use this box or you must use
+this sensor right and you you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sensor right and you you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sensor right and you you might
+actually find some of those in the canet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find some of those in the canet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find some of those in the canet
+but basically um basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically um basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically um basically the
+requirements of the input um so any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements of the input um so any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements of the input um so any any
+um when what are your experiences what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when what are your experiences what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when what are your experiences what
+when you have you heard those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have you heard those terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have you heard those terms
+requirements or specifications used uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements or specifications used uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements or specifications used uh
+interchangeably or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably or not
+interchangeably has has this come up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably has has this come up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably has has this come up as
+an issue for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before Marissa you've worked at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Marissa you've worked at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Marissa you've worked at uh
+you've worked in uh on on human space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've worked in uh on on human space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've worked in uh on on human space
+flight right space tourism Vehicles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight right space tourism Vehicles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight right space tourism Vehicles so
+what uh how did you guys do it at Virgin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh how did you guys do it at Virgin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh how did you guys do it at Virgin
+Galactic H um well I think something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galactic H um well I think something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galactic H um well I think something
+that you generally saw was like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you generally saw was like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you generally saw was like people
+would look at sensors and they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at sensors and they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at sensors and they would
+there was a specification for a sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a specification for a sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a specification for a sensor
+and they would not necessarily compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would not necessarily compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would not necessarily compare
+requirements to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements to the
+specification um so or or they not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification um so or or they not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification um so or or they not
+understand like how the two inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like how the two inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like how the two inter
+intersected so I think there was a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected so I think there was a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected so I think there was a bit
+of a a misund understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a misund understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a misund understanding of the
+difference between what the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what the actual
+requirements were versus what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements were versus what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements were versus what the
+specifications were designed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications were designed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications were designed to be the
+uh the sensors you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sensors you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sensors you're talking about
+would be sensors I'm assuming that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sensors I'm assuming that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sensors I'm assuming that you
+would purchase right as as commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would purchase right as as commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would purchase right as as commercial
+yeah absolutely so the thing we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely so the thing we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely so the thing we we're
+buying off the shelf and so I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying off the shelf and so I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying off the shelf and so I mean
+sometimes the specifications were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the specifications were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the specifications were
+broader than what we wanted sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader than what we wanted sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader than what we wanted sometimes
+they were narrower but you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were narrower but you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were narrower but you know you can
+do additional testing and so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do additional testing and so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do additional testing and so there was
+sometimes a break down between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a break down between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a break down between
+understanding really whether the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding really whether the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding really whether the sensor
+met what we were looking for or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met what we were looking for or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met what we were looking for or it
+didn't okay good uh what about an etfl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't okay good uh what about an etfl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't okay good uh what about an etfl
+um any any experiences vulker you worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any any experiences vulker you worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any any experiences vulker you worked
+on slip Rings right slip Rings was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on slip Rings right slip Rings was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on slip Rings right slip Rings was one
+of the big Specialties of of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big Specialties of of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big Specialties of of your
+company I'm assuming that you guys had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company I'm assuming that you guys had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company I'm assuming that you guys had
+to make that distinction right between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that distinction right between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that distinction right between
+requirements and specifications what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and specifications what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and specifications what are
+your thoughts at epfl on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thoughts at epfl on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thoughts at epfl on
+this well yes on our side we clearly had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well yes on our side we clearly had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well yes on our side we clearly had
+the separation also on an EA level but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation also on an EA level but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation also on an EA level but
+uh I was wondering here in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was wondering here in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was wondering here in the in the
+class has anybody ever uh seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class has anybody ever uh seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class has anybody ever uh seen the
+difference between specification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between specification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between specification
+requirements any comments maybe some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements any comments maybe some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements any comments maybe some of
+the PhD students that have been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PhD students that have been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PhD students that have been around
+the block P off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um most of the time when we asked our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most of the time when we asked our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most of the time when we asked our
+managers with a design we work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers with a design we work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers with a design we work with
+requirements as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements as an
+input uh get specific Target for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh get specific Target for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh get specific Target for in
+functions of our subsystem the nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of our subsystem the nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of our subsystem the nation
+and uh while we don't speak I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh while we don't speak I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh while we don't speak I haven't
+spoken yet so much about specifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken yet so much about specifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken yet so much about specifications
+but for me the the meaning comes somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for me the the meaning comes somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for me the the meaning comes somehow
+naturally the what your system would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally the what your system would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally the what your system would be
+able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+achieve yeah okay great so um I I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve yeah okay great so um I I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve yeah okay great so um I I found
+here I you know I I wanted to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I you know I I wanted to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I you know I I wanted to sort of
+find a real an example that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a real an example that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a real an example that everybody
+can relate to very very easily so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can relate to very very easily so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can relate to very very easily so
+um so the answer is there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the answer is there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the answer is there is a
+distinction they are quite different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction they are quite different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction they are quite different but
+they're you got to be careful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you got to be careful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you got to be careful because
+people mix them up so requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mix them up so requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mix them up so requirements
+specify what the product or system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify what the product or system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify what the product or system
+should shall or should do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should shall or should do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should shall or should do right
+functions it shall perform how well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions it shall perform how well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions it shall perform how well it
+should perform these um also maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should perform these um also maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should perform these um also maybe the
+degree of autonomy you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of autonomy you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of autonomy you know how
+automated is the system so what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated is the system so what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated is the system so what what the
+operators must do when the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators must do when the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators must do when the system is
+operating H also compatibility with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating H also compatibility with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating H also compatibility with
+other devices and then specifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other devices and then specifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other devices and then specifications
+are about how um how the system is built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about how um how the system is built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about how um how the system is built
+and how it actually works so the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it actually works so the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it actually works so the form
+right uh what the materials that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh what the materials that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh what the materials that are
+used the dimensions schematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the dimensions schematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the dimensions schematics
+blueprints the details of the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprints the details of the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprints the details of the user
+interface those are things uh those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface those are things uh those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface those are things uh those are
+all specifications so I I try to look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all specifications so I I try to look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all specifications so I I try to look up
+you know uh a very simple consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh a very simple consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh a very simple consumer
+product that we all are familiar with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that we all are familiar with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that we all are familiar with uh
+microwave oven Kenmore Elite countertop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave oven Kenmore Elite countertop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave oven Kenmore Elite countertop
+2. to cubic foot uh you go to Sear's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. to cubic foot uh you go to Sear's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. to cubic foot uh you go to Sear's
+website and uh what's interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and uh what's interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and uh what's interesting is
+they actually do a pretty good job it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do a pretty good job it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do a pretty good job it's
+actually pretty consistent with what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty consistent with what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty consistent with what I'm
+saying here except they don't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here except they don't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here except they don't talk about
+requirements they call it description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements they call it description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements they call it description
+right so what's listed under description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's listed under description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's listed under description
+and this is I'm pretty much quoting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is I'm pretty much quoting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is I'm pretty much quoting this
+here verbatim this microwave is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here verbatim this microwave is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here verbatim this microwave is large
+enough to accommodate big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to accommodate big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to accommodate big
+dishes right so so the idea this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishes right so so the idea this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishes right so so the idea this is sort
+of family style right this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of family style right this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of family style right this is this is
+not a small microwave just for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a small microwave just for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a small microwave just for you know
+frozen meals this is you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen meals this is you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen meals this is you should be able
+to put a big casserole in it and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a big casserole in it and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a big casserole in it and and
+reheat meals and so forth so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reheat meals and so forth so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reheat meals and so forth so the the
+idea that um uh you know what what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that um uh you know what what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that um uh you know what what are
+the things you're going to use in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you're going to use in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you're going to use in the
+microwave what's the use case right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave what's the use case right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave what's the use case right
+conops conops for the microwave you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conops conops for the microwave you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conops conops for the microwave you know
+family four kids uh both parents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family four kids uh both parents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family four kids uh both parents are
+working uh busy you know not time to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh busy you know not time to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh busy you know not time to to
+uh spend two hours preparing dinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spend two hours preparing dinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spend two hours preparing dinner
+therefore big dishes a lot of people it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore big dishes a lot of people it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore big dishes a lot of people it
+has to be quick right that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be quick right that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be quick right that's a that's a
+conops um and and the requirements this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conops um and and the requirements this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conops um and and the requirements this
+description is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description is essentially the
+requirement 1,200 watts of power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement 1,200 watts of power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement 1,200 watts of power to
+reheat food quickly so time is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reheat food quickly so time is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reheat food quickly so time is is
+important and then uh OneTouch settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and then uh OneTouch settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and then uh OneTouch settings
+for different food types rice Pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different food types rice Pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different food types rice Pizza
+frozen meals and that what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen meals and that what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen meals and that what is that
+that's automation right rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's automation right rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's automation right rather than
+having to guess how long and at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to guess how long and at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to guess how long and at what
+power level to reheat uh there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power level to reheat uh there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power level to reheat uh there's there's
+some partial automation built in that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some partial automation built in that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some partial automation built in that's
+that's that's essentially requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's essentially requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's essentially requirements
+very user Centric did you see that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very user Centric did you see that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very user Centric did you see that and
+then when you look under specification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you look under specification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you look under specification
+it says the following things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says the following things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says the following things uh
+stainless steel exterior right again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel exterior right again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel exterior right again you
+don't want it to rust the dimensions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it to rust the dimensions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it to rust the dimensions the
+weight there's a general warranty for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight there's a general warranty for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight there's a general warranty for
+one year the power cord is included you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year the power cord is included you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year the power cord is included you
+see it's a very different those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's a very different those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's a very different those are
+things that describe how it's made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that describe how it's made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that describe how it's made the
+form of it and so forth so make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of it and so forth so make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of it and so forth so make sure you
+you uh you keep those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh you keep those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh you keep those
+separate okay so let me talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate okay so let me talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate okay so let me talk about the
+uh NASA requirements process and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh NASA requirements process and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh NASA requirements process and then
+we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about
+challenges um so getting back to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges um so getting back to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges um so getting back to the uh
+system engineering engine that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering engine that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering engine that's uh
+that's sort of the heart of of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the heart of of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the heart of of the uh
+NASA system Engineering Process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NASA system Engineering Process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NASA system Engineering Process you
+remember this is the um this happens at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the um this happens at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the um this happens at
+every level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every level of
+decomposition after stakeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition after stakeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition after stakeholder
+expectations the second step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations the second step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations the second step is
+technical require definition and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical require definition and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical require definition and there's
+some pretty strong language in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty strong language in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty strong language in the
+handbook that this really has to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook that this really has to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook that this really has to be done
+well so the center directors or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the center directors or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the center directors or their
+designes shall establish and maintain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designes shall establish and maintain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designes shall establish and maintain a
+process to include activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to include activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to include activities
+requirements guidelines documentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements guidelines documentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements guidelines documentation
+for the definition of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the definition of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the definition of technical
+requirements um so I think I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements um so I think I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements um so I think I've already
+said this but I just want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this but I just want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this but I just want to make it
+clear again this is a a kind of I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear again this is a a kind of I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear again this is a a kind of I like
+this cartoon this is Moses right up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cartoon this is Moses right up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cartoon this is Moses right up on
+the Moses just got got the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Moses just got got the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Moses just got got the uh the
+tablets right the stone tablets they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets right the stone tablets they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets right the stone tablets they
+they The Ten Commandments and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they The Ten Commandments and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they The Ten Commandments and one of
+them is Thou shalt not steal and God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is Thou shalt not steal and God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is Thou shalt not steal and God
+says out of the clouds No they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says out of the clouds No they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says out of the clouds No they're
+requirements not goals right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements not goals right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements not goals right so what
+what God is saying is uh the The Ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what God is saying is uh the The Ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what God is saying is uh the The Ten
+Commandments are shall right and and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commandments are shall right and and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commandments are shall right and and not
+should even though I think some of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should even though I think some of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should even though I think some of us
+don't always succeed at that but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always succeed at that but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always succeed at that but um
+that's basically Al the idea shall is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically Al the idea shall is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically Al the idea shall is a
+very is a very hard constraint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very is a very hard constraint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very is a very hard constraint and
+that's what you will be judged against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you will be judged against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you will be judged against
+and should is essentially uh a desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should is essentially uh a desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should is essentially uh a desirable
+a goal but the the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goal but the the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goal but the the degree of
+attainment uh um is is is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attainment uh um is is is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attainment uh um is is is somewhat
+flexible um why are we doing this why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible um why are we doing this why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible um why are we doing this why
+are we spending our time writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we spending our time writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we spending our time writing
+technical requirements um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical requirements um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical requirements um it's
+essentially to transform those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to transform those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to transform those
+stakeholder expectations we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholder expectations we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholder expectations we talked about
+last time transform them into measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time transform them into measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time transform them into measurable
+technical requirements uh requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical requirements uh requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical requirements uh requirements
+come in different flavors and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in different flavors and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in different flavors and I'll
+mention those flavors and we express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention those flavors and we express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention those flavors and we express
+them in these shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in these shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in these shell
+statements um uh they also provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements um uh they also provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements um uh they also provide a
+basis for agreement among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for agreement among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for agreement among the
+stakeholders and developers so you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and developers so you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and developers so you will
+you will often find requirements part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will often find requirements part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will often find requirements part of
+contracts right that now now it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts right that now now it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts right that now now it becomes
+serious you know when when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious you know when when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious you know when when when the
+requirement set actually has legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement set actually has legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement set actually has legal
+implications you legally signing up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications you legally signing up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications you legally signing up to
+develop system that will meet these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop system that will meet these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop system that will meet these
+requirements that's pretty serious stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that's pretty serious stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that's pretty serious stuff
+um by by writing good technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by by writing good technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by by writing good technical
+requirements you can reduce the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements you can reduce the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements you can reduce the uh
+development effort because of less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development effort because of less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development effort because of less
+rework so a lot of rework and iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework so a lot of rework and iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework so a lot of rework and iterations
+and confusion is based on missing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and confusion is based on missing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and confusion is based on missing or
+poorly written requirements right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly written requirements right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly written requirements right and
+and writing those early and before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing those early and before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing those early and before the
+design begins is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design begins is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design begins is
+helpful um a requirement set is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um a requirement set is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um a requirement set is also a
+basis for cost and schedule estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for cost and schedule estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for cost and schedule estimates
+and so some of these uh missions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so some of these uh missions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so some of these uh missions that
+overran do you remember I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overran do you remember I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overran do you remember I showed you
+this chart last time we analyzed 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart last time we analyzed 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart last time we analyzed 40
+missions Earth and space science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions Earth and space science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions Earth and space science
+missions um like 20% of them were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions um like 20% of them were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions um like 20% of them were were
+responsible for 80% of the overruns a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for 80% of the overruns a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for 80% of the overruns a
+lot of that had to do with unrealistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that had to do with unrealistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that had to do with unrealistic
+goals or expectations and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals or expectations and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals or expectations and and
+requirements um and then the next Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements um and then the next Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements um and then the next Point
+here is is uh the requirements provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is uh the requirements provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is uh the requirements provide
+the basis for verification in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis for verification in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis for verification in other
+words the better the more crisp the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the better the more crisp the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the better the more crisp the
+better written your requirements are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better written your requirements are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better written your requirements are the
+easier it is to to test the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier it is to to test the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier it is to to test the system and
+to check whether these uh whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check whether these uh whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check whether these uh whether the
+system is in compliance uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is in compliance uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is in compliance uh with the
+requirements and then eventually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then eventually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then eventually the
+basis for acceptance acceptance is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for acceptance acceptance is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for acceptance acceptance is also
+a big deal right it basically means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal right it basically means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal right it basically means I
+accept your design I take ownership of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept your design I take ownership of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept your design I take ownership of
+it and I say you you you as a developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I say you you you as a developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I say you you you as a developer
+of the system have done your job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system have done your job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system have done your job
+properly and there's a legal transfer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly and there's a legal transfer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly and there's a legal transfer of
+the asset that has happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset that has happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset that has happens so
+facilitates the transfer of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitates the transfer of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitates the transfer of the product
+uh to the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the new
+users um and then even later if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users um and then even later if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users um and then even later if you're
+going to do like a version two or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do like a version two or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do like a version two or a
+block upgrade a Next Generation product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block upgrade a Next Generation product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block upgrade a Next Generation product
+it's much easier to do when you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to do when you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to do when you have the
+clear requirements because it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear requirements because it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear requirements because it tells you
+what the original system or the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the original system or the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the original system or the earlier
+version was able to do or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version was able to do or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version was able to do or not
+do um graphically so this is figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um graphically so this is figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um graphically so this is figure
+4.0.1 uh I briefly talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.0.1 uh I briefly talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.0.1 uh I briefly talked about this
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+uh we start essentially here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we start essentially here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we start essentially here the
+development uh we have Mission Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development uh we have Mission Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development uh we have Mission Authority
+um we do the stakeholder expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we do the stakeholder expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we do the stakeholder expectations
+talked about that last time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that last time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that last time and then
+here right away comes a high Lev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right away comes a high Lev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right away comes a high Lev
+requirements so that means your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements so that means your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements so that means your your
+level zero level one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level zero level one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level zero level one
+requirements and then as you as you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then as you as you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then as you as you try
+to get more detailed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get more detailed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get more detailed in the
+requirements what do you think happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements what do you think happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements what do you think happens
+let's say you ideally you'd want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you ideally you'd want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you ideally you'd want to
+write all the requirements up front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all the requirements up front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all the requirements up front
+right that would be great and but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be great and but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be great and but you
+try to do that uh you hit a wall why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do that uh you hit a wall why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do that uh you hit a wall why is
+that what's what's the issue why can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's what's the issue why can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's what's the issue why can't
+we just write all the requirements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just write all the requirements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just write all the requirements and
+then be done with it in one shot yes go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be done with it in one shot yes go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be done with it in one shot yes go
+ahead oh your system changes over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead oh your system changes over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead oh your system changes over time
+and some of the requirements clash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the requirements clash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the requirements clash and
+you can't achieve all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't achieve all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't achieve all of them
+simultaneously yes so so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously yes so so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously yes so so there's two
+things you mentioned so one is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you mentioned so one is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you mentioned so one is the the
+sort of uh and I'll talk this is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh and I'll talk this is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh and I'll talk this is known
+as requirements volatility right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as requirements volatility right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as requirements volatility right the
+requirements are changing as you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are changing as you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are changing as you learn
+more about the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the problem
+and then the other is uh you detect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other is uh you detect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other is uh you detect uh
+conflicts between requirements and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts between requirements and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts between requirements and you
+have to clean those up um that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to clean those up um that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to clean those up um that that's
+that those are two very valid issues but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are two very valid issues but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are two very valid issues but
+it's it's not quite what I was going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not quite what I was going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not quite what I was going for
+yeah there there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there there's another one
+requirements creep in which your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements creep in which your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements creep in which your
+customer levies new requirements on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer levies new requirements on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer levies new requirements on you
+once you've started the process yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've started the process yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've started the process yes so
+new requirements get added hopefully uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new requirements get added hopefully uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new requirements get added hopefully uh
+you get more budget to uh that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more budget to uh that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more budget to uh that doesn't
+always happen right so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always happen right so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always happen right so that that's
+another issue but uh it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue but uh it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue but uh it's a little
+different let's see it pfl you guys why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different let's see it pfl you guys why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different let's see it pfl you guys why
+why don't we write like all four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we write like all four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we write like all four or five
+levels of requirements all at once why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of requirements all at once why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of requirements all at once why
+can't we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we do that
+typically what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what do you
+think usually some of the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think usually some of the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think usually some of the requirements
+aren't clear they don't exist yet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't clear they don't exist yet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't clear they don't exist yet uh
+later on in the process they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in the process they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in the process they become
+clearer and you start to realize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer and you start to realize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer and you start to realize the
+details which at first you don't yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details which at first you don't yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details which at first you don't yeah
+that's I think that's pretty close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think that's pretty close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think that's pretty close to
+what I'm looking for so the the issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking for so the the issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking for so the the issue is
+you do your level zero level one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your level zero level one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your level zero level one
+requirements and then sort of as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then sort of as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then sort of as you get
+to level two you can't really write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to level two you can't really write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to level two you can't really write a
+level two requirement until you've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two requirement until you've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two requirement until you've made
+some key design decisions you know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some key design decisions you know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some key design decisions you know are
+we going to use electric propulsion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to use electric propulsion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to use electric propulsion or
+are we going to use chemical propulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to use chemical propulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to use chemical propulsion
+you know that's a that's a huge decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a that's a huge decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a that's a huge decision
+in space system design and unless you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space system design and unless you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space system design and unless you've
+made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that
+decision you you can't really write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision you you can't really write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision you you can't really write a
+lower level requirements because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level requirements because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level requirements because the the
+the the the fundamental working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the fundamental working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the fundamental working
+principles of chemical and electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of chemical and electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of chemical and electrical
+propulsion are quite different so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion are quite different so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion are quite different so so
+that's the key issue is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key issue is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key issue is that you can
+only do the highle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do the highle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do the highle
+requirements uh in a solution neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements uh in a solution neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements uh in a solution neutral
+space and then you hit the wall because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then you hit the wall because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then you hit the wall because
+you've got to make some key concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to make some key concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to make some key concept
+technology selection decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology selection decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology selection decisions and
+that's shown here by this red box called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shown here by this red box called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shown here by this red box called
+functional and logical decomposition I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional and logical decomposition I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional and logical decomposition I
+don't like that uh nomenclature a lot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that uh nomenclature a lot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that uh nomenclature a lot uh
+this this should really say system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this should really say system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this should really say system
+architecture or concept selection which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture or concept selection which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture or concept selection which
+we'll get into in the next couple weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into in the next couple weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into in the next couple weeks
+once you've chosen a high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've chosen a high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've chosen a high level
+architecture and concept then you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and concept then you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and concept then you say
+okay we're going to go for you know ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to go for you know ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to go for you know ion
+propulsion well then you can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion well then you can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion well then you can write the
+requirements for the ironon ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for the ironon ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for the ironon ion
+propulsion system which are uh which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion system which are uh which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion system which are uh which are
+defined in this yellow box here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in this yellow box here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in this yellow box here so this
+is your design and product structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your design and product structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your design and product structure
+derived and allocated requirements at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived and allocated requirements at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived and allocated requirements at
+lower levels you see that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower levels you see that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower levels you see that that's that's
+the fundament all the all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundament all the all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundament all the all the things
+you're see that requirements creep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're see that requirements creep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're see that requirements creep
+requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+conflicts uh um all those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts uh um all those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts uh um all those things are
+true but the fundamental reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but the fundamental reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but the fundamental reason why we
+can't write all the requirements up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't write all the requirements up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't write all the requirements up
+front is because at some point the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front is because at some point the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front is because at some point the lower
+level requirements depend on design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level requirements depend on design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level requirements depend on design
+decisions you make okay that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you make okay that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you make okay that's that's
+the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental
+issue okay uh any any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue okay uh any any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue okay uh any any questions about
+that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+yes it's not totally about that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's not totally about that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's not totally about that point
+but it's still like so requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still like so requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still like so requirements
+versus specifications so if if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus specifications so if if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus specifications so if if you're
+like you know buying a a component from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know buying a a component from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know buying a a component from
+a vendor some piece of hardware and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vendor some piece of hardware and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vendor some piece of hardware and you
+want to identify like the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to identify like the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to identify like the specific
+locations where it should attach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations where it should attach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations where it should attach to
+things it's more of like a a form as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's more of like a a form as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's more of like a a form as
+opposed to really so does that fall into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to really so does that fall into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to really so does that fall into
+requirements or is that like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements or is that like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements or is that like a
+specification great point so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification great point so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification great point so there are
+what you're describing is a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're describing is a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're describing is a particular
+type of requirements that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of requirements that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of requirements that we call
+interface requirements and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface requirements and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface requirements and it's it's
+it's a perfect segue to this next um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a perfect segue to this next um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a perfect segue to this next um you
+know if I could only include like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I could only include like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I could only include like I
+don't know five slides in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know five slides in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know five slides in this lecture
+this would be one of them okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be one of them okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be one of them okay this
+basically is what are the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is what are the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is what are the different
+flavors of requirements or types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors of requirements or types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors of requirements or types of
+requirements and there's six of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and there's six of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and there's six of them
+here um so first of all the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so first of all the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so first of all the functional
+requirements I think we've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements I think we've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements I think we've sort of
+talked about those right Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about those right Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about those right Define the
+functions that need to be done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that need to be done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that need to be done to
+accomplish the mission objectives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish the mission objectives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish the mission objectives the
+there's some examples here uh around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some examples here uh around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some examples here uh around
+thrust vector control so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust vector control so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust vector control so basically the
+idea here is that you have a thrusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that you have a thrusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that you have a thrusting
+system and it has uh you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it has uh you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it has uh you can actually
+direct the uh the thrust um and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct the uh the thrust um and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct the uh the thrust um and in this
+case you should control the thrust you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you should control the thrust you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you should control the thrust you
+shall provide thrust control around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall provide thrust control around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall provide thrust control around
+pitch and yaw axes okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch and yaw axes okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch and yaw axes okay so this
+statement is a highle functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is a highle functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is a highle functional
+statement and it's written in the actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and it's written in the actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and it's written in the actor
+verb object form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb object form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb object form
+right so that's that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's that's sort of the
+classic you know the the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic you know the the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic you know the the classic
+requirement is a functional requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is a functional requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is a functional requirement
+and then we have performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have performance
+requirements the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements the performance
+requirements are in a sense qualifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are in a sense qualifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are in a sense qualifiers
+on the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the functional
+requirements uh so a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements uh so a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements uh so a performance
+requirement will specify how how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement will specify how how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement will specify how how well
+the function should be performed how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function should be performed how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function should be performed how
+fast should it Fly how much thrust you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast should it Fly how much thrust you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast should it Fly how much thrust you
+know this is where you have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is where you have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is where you have to actually
+put numbers in um so in this case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put numbers in um so in this case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put numbers in um so in this case this
+th thrust Vector controller shall gimble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th thrust Vector controller shall gimble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th thrust Vector controller shall gimble
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+engine uh 9° right that's the deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine uh 9° right that's the deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine uh 9° right that's the deflection
+angle at least 9° plus or minus 1° .1 de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle at least 9° plus or minus 1° .1 de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle at least 9° plus or minus 1° .1 de
+that's a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a performance
+requirement uh then we have constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement uh then we have constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement uh then we have constraint
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+y isn't the uh performance requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y isn't the uh performance requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y isn't the uh performance requirement
+saying the engine has to gimal 9° isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the engine has to gimal 9° isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the engine has to gimal 9° isn't
+that kind of pushing towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of pushing towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of pushing towards the
+specification or is that I mean I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification or is that I mean I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification or is that I mean I guess
+it's Al it can also be a requirement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Al it can also be a requirement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Al it can also be a requirement but
+isn't that right in this case um in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that right in this case um in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that right in this case um in this
+case we haven't said we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we haven't said we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we haven't said we're not
+specifying how those 9 degrees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying how those 9 degrees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying how those 9 degrees are
+achieved you know whether it's uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved you know whether it's uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved you know whether it's uh you
+know through u a gimbal or you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know through u a gimbal or you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know through u a gimbal or you know the
+the actual mechanism or how is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual mechanism or how is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual mechanism or how is not
+described here all that's described is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described here all that's described is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described here all that's described is
+the angular range essentially that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular range essentially that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular range essentially that this
+and that that is a that is a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that is a that is a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that is a that is a performance
+requirement but we you'll see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement but we you'll see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement but we you'll see there
+there'll be some examples of of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some examples of of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some examples of of things
+that are uh putting limits on the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh putting limits on the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh putting limits on the form
+which looks more like a specification so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks more like a specification so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks more like a specification so
+then we have constraints uh constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have constraints uh constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have constraints uh constraints
+are um things on like you know weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um things on like you know weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um things on like you know weight
+Mass power things like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass power things like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass power things like that so
+constraints are requirements that cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are requirements that cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are requirements that cannot
+be traded off with respect to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be traded off with respect to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be traded off with respect to cost
+schedule for performance so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule for performance so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule for performance so for example
+the thrust Vector controller unit module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thrust Vector controller unit module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thrust Vector controller unit module
+shall weigh less than 120 lbs so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall weigh less than 120 lbs so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall weigh less than 120 lbs so that's
+a that's not if you think about it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's not if you think about it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's not if you think about it that
+is not functional right the weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not functional right the weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not functional right the weight of
+this thrust Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thrust Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thrust Vector
+controller um shall not be more than 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller um shall not be more than 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller um shall not be more than 100
+that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not
+performance um it's it's not functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance um it's it's not functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance um it's it's not functional
+requirement but it's a constraint on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement but it's a constraint on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement but it's a constraint on the
+form essentially right so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form essentially right so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form essentially right so this this
+looks more like uh what we would call A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks more like uh what we would call A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks more like uh what we would call A
+specification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification
+constraint the fourth one is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the fourth one is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the fourth one is what
+Marissa brought up this is an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marissa brought up this is an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marissa brought up this is an interface
+requirement okay so our in this case our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement okay so our in this case our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement okay so our in this case our
+thrust Vector controller shall interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust Vector controller shall interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust Vector controller shall interface
+with the j2x this the J2 is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the j2x this the J2 is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the j2x this the J2 is a very
+famous engine U then j2x is a kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous engine U then j2x is a kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous engine U then j2x is a kind of um
+uh this is this is sort of this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is this is sort of this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is this is sort of this was
+written during the constellation days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written during the constellation days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written during the constellation days of
+the constellation program at Nasa is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constellation program at Nasa is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constellation program at Nasa is the
+idea of a of a new generation of the J2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a of a new generation of the J2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a of a new generation of the J2
+engine so so the idea is that whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine so so the idea is that whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine so so the idea is that whatever
+you do however you design your thrust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do however you design your thrust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do however you design your thrust
+Vector controller it must be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector controller it must be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector controller it must be able to
+interface with the j2x engine according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with the j2x engine according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with the j2x engine according
+to conditions specified in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conditions specified in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conditions specified in this uh
+interface control document so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface control document so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface control document so this is
+called an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an interface
+requirement um then the fifth category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement um then the fifth category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement um then the fifth category
+are environmental requirements um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are environmental requirements um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are environmental requirements um so the
+the TVC shall use uh Viber acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TVC shall use uh Viber acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TVC shall use uh Viber acoustic
+shocks and loads uh according again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks and loads uh according again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks and loads uh according again to
+some environmental document and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some environmental document and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some environmental document and by the
+way for the canat competition we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for the canat competition we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for the canat competition we have
+that right there's a there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right there's a there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right there's a there's two
+documents there's a mission guide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents there's a mission guide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents there's a mission guide and
+then there's this environmental testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this environmental testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this environmental testing
+guide so what what this essentially says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide so what what this essentially says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide so what what this essentially says
+is under what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under what
+conditions shall the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions shall the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions shall the you know the
+performance and functional the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and functional the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and functional the functions
+and performance that are specified in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and performance that are specified in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and performance that are specified in
+the first two type of requirements under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two type of requirements under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two type of requirements under
+what conditions shall that uh be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what conditions shall that uh be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what conditions shall that uh be be
+performed right and and if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed right and and if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed right and and if you think
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+uh designing um you know whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh designing um you know whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh designing um you know whether it's a
+sensor or anything to operate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor or anything to operate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor or anything to operate between
+you know 0° C and 30° C or between -60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 0° C and 30° C or between -60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 0° C and 30° C or between -60
+and plus 80 it's is a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus 80 it's is a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus 80 it's is a huge difference
+right you you can write that down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you you can write that down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you you can write that down but
+what that actually means to open up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that actually means to open up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that actually means to open up the
+range of environmental conditions it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of environmental conditions it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of environmental conditions it has
+big big impact on the design right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big impact on the design right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big impact on the design right so
+this this is a big deal in practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a big deal in practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a big deal in practice and
+in at least in Space Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at least in Space Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at least in Space Systems
+design um you know a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um you know a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um you know a lot of these
+environmental requirements are of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental requirements are of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental requirements are of course
+driven by the space environment um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the space environment um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the space environment um or
+the launch environment if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launch environment if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launch environment if you're
+designing airplanes you know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing airplanes you know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing airplanes you know whether
+you're you're flying in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're flying in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're flying in a small
+mountainous country like Switzerland or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountainous country like Switzerland or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountainous country like Switzerland or
+on the ocean off of an aircraft carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ocean off of an aircraft carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ocean off of an aircraft carrier
+those are very different environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are very different environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are very different environments
+and they're going to influence you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to influence you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to influence you have
+to specify the operating requirement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify the operating requirement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify the operating requirement the
+bigger the envelope that you make for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the envelope that you make for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the envelope that you make for
+the environmental requirements the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental requirements the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental requirements the more
+complex the system will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex the system will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex the system will be
+um also medical anybody working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also medical anybody working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also medical anybody working on
+medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical
+devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices
+here epfl anybody medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here epfl anybody medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here epfl anybody medical
+devices so in medical devices it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so in medical devices it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so in medical devices it's the
+same thing you know are is this medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing you know are is this medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing you know are is this medical
+device going to be used in a hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device going to be used in a hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device going to be used in a hospital
+setting you know where everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting you know where everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting you know where everything is
+kind of clean you have clean power uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clean you have clean power uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clean you have clean power uh
+the nurses everybody is very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurses everybody is very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurses everybody is very well
+trained that's one thing or are is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained that's one thing or are is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained that's one thing or are is this
+medical device going to be used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical device going to be used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical device going to be used in the
+field you know in in Africa in India in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you know in in Africa in India in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you know in in Africa in India in
+a rural area where people are not maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rural area where people are not maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rural area where people are not maybe
+not trained medically professionally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trained medically professionally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trained medically professionally and
+so forth very different the function may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth very different the function may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth very different the function may
+be the same but the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same but the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same but the environmental
+conditions are very different so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are very different so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are very different so you
+have to really specify those and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to really specify those and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to really specify those and then we
+have you know the last category is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know the last category is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know the last category is kind
+of other it's sort of a catchall um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other it's sort of a catchall um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other it's sort of a catchall um but
+it this can be very important so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this can be very important so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this can be very important so this
+includes a lot of the human factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes a lot of the human factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes a lot of the human factors
+reliability and safety requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and safety requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and safety requirements
+those are and and you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are and and you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are and and you know they're
+listed here as other and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here as other and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here as other and I think it's
+really important to to to say that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to to to say that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to to to say that just
+because they're listed here doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're listed here doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're listed here doesn't mean
+they're less important these are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less important these are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less important these are often
+neglected unfortunately and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected unfortunately and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected unfortunately and it really
+can hurt you in the long term so pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hurt you in the long term so pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hurt you in the long term so pay
+attention to those human factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to those human factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to those human factors
+reliability and safety requirements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and safety requirements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and safety requirements so
+six types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six types of
+requirements um so let's let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements um so let's let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements um so let's let's talk
+about what makes you know good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what makes you know good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what makes you know good or
+acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable
+requirements and there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and there's there's a
+distinction here between a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction here between a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction here between a single
+requirement statement and then sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement statement and then sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement statement and then sets of
+requirements so a a first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements so a a first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements so a a first of all
+requirements should be written in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements should be written in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements should be written in a
+natural language they should be complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language they should be complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language they should be complete
+sentences um and and each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences um and and each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences um and and each of the
+requirement statements should be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement statements should be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement statements should be clear
+and consistent meaning that um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consistent meaning that um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consistent meaning that um you know
+it it's not it's not a novel or it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not it's not a novel or it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not it's not a novel or it's not
+a poem but but it's clear it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poem but but it's clear it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poem but but it's clear it's
+understandable it's well written uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable it's well written uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable it's well written uh it's
+correct there's no errors in it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct there's no errors in it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct there's no errors in it it's
+feasible now that's a really tricky one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible now that's a really tricky one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible now that's a really tricky one
+that's that's that's the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's the first thing
+here that's really tricky when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's really tricky when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's really tricky when you think
+about it feasible means what it means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it feasible means what it means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it feasible means what it means uh
+this requirement can be satisfied within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this requirement can be satisfied within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this requirement can be satisfied within
+you know the laws of physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the laws of physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the laws of physics and
+state-of-the-art Technologies and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art Technologies and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art Technologies and other
+project constraints so why why is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project constraints so why why is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project constraints so why why is that a
+tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky
+one go ahead I was going to mainly ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one go ahead I was going to mainly ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one go ahead I was going to mainly ask a
+question regarding that in terms of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question regarding that in terms of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question regarding that in terms of how
+do you deal with a a program where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you deal with a a program where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you deal with a a program where
+you're working on things where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on things where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on things where you're
+trying to actually you know maybe Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to actually you know maybe Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to actually you know maybe Define
+the state of the art or figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the art or figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the art or figure out what
+is feasible right so if you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is feasible right so if you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is feasible right so if you're basically
+designing a product or project or system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a product or project or system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a product or project or system
+that's a a repeat of what's already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a repeat of what's already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a repeat of what's already been
+done then uh you can have pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done then uh you can have pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done then uh you can have pretty good
+confidence right that those those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence right that those those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence right that those those are
+feasible but what if you're you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible but what if you're you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible but what if you're you're doing
+you know the let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the let's say the
+um uh I think I mentioned this last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I think I mentioned this last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I think I mentioned this last time
+you you go into Europa and uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you go into Europa and uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you go into Europa and uh you're
+going to drill through the ice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drill through the ice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drill through the ice and
+you're going to explore the ocean under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to explore the ocean under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to explore the ocean under
+the ice sheet in Europa it's never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice sheet in Europa it's never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice sheet in Europa it's never been
+done before you know can we actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before you know can we actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before you know can we actually do
+this so this is the tricky thing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is the tricky thing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is the tricky thing how
+ambitious how ambitious can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious how ambitious can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious how ambitious can the
+requirements be and you still can claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements be and you still can claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements be and you still can claim
+feasibility and that that's also one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility and that that's also one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility and that that's also one of
+the big reasons why programs get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big reasons why programs get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big reasons why programs get in
+trouble is when when they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is when when they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is when when they're actually
+defining requirements that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining requirements that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining requirements that are not
+really feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feasible
+within uh they're definitely Way Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within uh they're definitely Way Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within uh they're definitely Way Beyond
+the state-of-the-art and within the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state-of-the-art and within the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state-of-the-art and within the time
+frame and budget uh allocated you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and budget uh allocated you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and budget uh allocated you can't
+get there and and many many programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there and and many many programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there and and many many programs
+that run into this problem are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that run into this problem are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that run into this problem are the ones
+where the technologies that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the technologies that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the technologies that you're going
+to use are not really ready yet you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use are not really ready yet you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use are not really ready yet you know
+they're we'll talk later about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're we'll talk later about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're we'll talk later about a
+technology Readiness level scale you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology Readiness level scale you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology Readiness level scale you're
+not really ready yet to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really ready yet to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really ready yet to do this but
+you're going to try anyway so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to try anyway so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to try anyway so that's a
+tricky one feasibility uh flexibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky one feasibility uh flexibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky one feasibility uh flexibility is
+is you know don't over specify how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know don't over specify how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know don't over specify how
+things should be done so don't State how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things should be done so don't State how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things should be done so don't State how
+it should be satisfied uh without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be satisfied uh without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be satisfied uh without
+ambiguity that means you know 10 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity that means you know 10 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity that means you know 10 people
+read this requirement they should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this requirement they should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this requirement they should have
+the same or very similar interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same or very similar interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same or very similar interpretation
+a singular statement one after verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singular statement one after verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singular statement one after verb
+object and then uh the last Point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then uh the last Point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then uh the last Point here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+verifiability how are you going to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiability how are you going to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiability how are you going to check
+whether or not this requirement is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this requirement is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this requirement is in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+satisfied with regard to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied with regard to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied with regard to the the
+feasibility again for some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility again for some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility again for some of these
+programs I have you know large you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs I have you know large you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs I have you know large you know
+overruns you know schedule um overruns I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overruns you know schedule um overruns I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overruns you know schedule um overruns I
+mean would it be almost better in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean would it be almost better in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean would it be almost better in a
+sense to have some of the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to have some of the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to have some of the requirements
+be almost shells like or not um uh goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be almost shells like or not um uh goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be almost shells like or not um uh goals
+in other words you know if you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you know if you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you know if you can do
+you know this go for it but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this go for it but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this go for it but if you're
+going to run over 10 years maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run over 10 years maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run over 10 years maybe you
+know back off a couple percent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know back off a couple percent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know back off a couple percent that
+that's right and we we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and we we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and we we'll talk about
+this a little bit but if you if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit but if you if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit but if you if you if
+all of them are shell statement they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them are shell statement they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them are shell statement they're
+all heart constraints the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all heart constraints the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all heart constraints the objective
+space you know that I showed you may in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you know that I showed you may in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you know that I showed you may in
+fact have zero feasible space right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact have zero feasible space right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact have zero feasible space right so
+really knowing where what what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really knowing where what what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really knowing where what what is a
+heart constraint what is a heart uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart constraint what is a heart uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart constraint what is a heart uh
+requirement and what's flexible that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement and what's flexible that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement and what's flexible that's
+that's very tricky and that's that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very tricky and that's that why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very tricky and that's that why
+that's why it's important to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's important to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's important to actually
+not just accept requirements you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just accept requirements you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just accept requirements you know if
+you're going to run a project every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to run a project every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to run a project every
+requirement you want to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement you want to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement you want to really
+understand it and if you think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and if you think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and if you think this
+requirement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is
+infeasible uh you have to negotiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infeasible uh you have to negotiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infeasible uh you have to negotiate
+that's where the upfront negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the upfront negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the upfront negotiation
+becomes really important did we lose our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes really important did we lose our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes really important did we lose our
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+epfl okay go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl okay go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl okay go ahead
+please Oliver I would have a comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please Oliver I would have a comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please Oliver I would have a comment
+here maybe please go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe please go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe please go for
+it um so in 1990 we got the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so in 1990 we got the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so in 1990 we got the requirements
+from NASA to build uh space bioreactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from NASA to build uh space bioreactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from NASA to build uh space bioreactor
+and all you students will love this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you students will love this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you students will love this it
+was the smallest Brewery that ever flew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the smallest Brewery that ever flew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the smallest Brewery that ever flew
+in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space
+and the initial requirement was that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the initial requirement was that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the initial requirement was that uh
+all fluid containers had to be solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fluid containers had to be solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fluid containers had to be solid
+with double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with double
+walls and uh this meant that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls and uh this meant that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls and uh this meant that we had
+another solution with bladders soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another solution with bladders soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another solution with bladders soft
+bladders so we had a real fight up front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bladders so we had a real fight up front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bladders so we had a real fight up front
+in The Proposal phase to demonstrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Proposal phase to demonstrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Proposal phase to demonstrate the
+compliancy to the to the requirement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliancy to the to the requirement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliancy to the to the requirement of
+uh doing the cell culture yeast cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing the cell culture yeast cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing the cell culture yeast cell
+culture and still being uh non-compliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and still being uh non-compliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and still being uh non-compliant
+actually to to this requirement of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to to this requirement of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to to this requirement of uh
+hard uh double walled fluid containers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh double walled fluid containers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh double walled fluid containers
+and so this is exactly the point finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is exactly the point finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is exactly the point finally
+these flu and they' been they they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flu and they' been they they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flu and they' been they they've
+still been flying now since the last uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still been flying now since the last uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still been flying now since the last uh
+15 to 20 years and this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 to 20 years and this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 to 20 years and this was a
+breakthrough in technology and there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough in technology and there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough in technology and there you
+will always have these challenges with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always have these challenges with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always have these challenges with
+the agencies with your customers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agencies with your customers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agencies with your customers because
+they are used set in their ways and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are used set in their ways and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are used set in their ways and and
+you have to demonstrate the feasibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to demonstrate the feasibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to demonstrate the feasibility
+and then to make then a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to make then a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to make then a change in
+requirements that allows you to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that allows you to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that allows you to change
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+specification now I think that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification now I think that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification now I think that's a great
+examp so in the end you were successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examp so in the end you were successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examp so in the end you were successful
+to argue for the bladder the bladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue for the bladder the bladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue for the bladder the bladder
+solution well the bladder was just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well the bladder was just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well the bladder was just how
+to keep the fresh medium and the used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the fresh medium and the used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the fresh medium and the used
+medium meaning the beer uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium meaning the beer uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium meaning the beer uh the
+technology we wanted to put in there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we wanted to put in there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we wanted to put in there was
+Ms technology for space and actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms technology for space and actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms technology for space and actually it
+needed to have flexibility on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to have flexibility on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to have flexibility on the on the
+on the pressure in the reservoir that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pressure in the reservoir that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pressure in the reservoir that's
+why uh the argument to put mens in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh the argument to put mens in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh the argument to put mens in space
+finally uh won the day and allow to Rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uh won the day and allow to Rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uh won the day and allow to Rel
+relax the other requirements yeah thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax the other requirements yeah thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax the other requirements yeah thank
+you thank you the great example there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you the great example there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you the great example there
+any any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comments okay so so all this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments okay so so all this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments okay so so all this is a pretty
+long list and this applies to single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long list and this applies to single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long list and this applies to single
+requirements and then and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then and then there's a
+set of this is really important then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of this is really important then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of this is really important then
+there's a set of uh characteristics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of uh characteristics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of uh characteristics that
+we want to see uh when you look at sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see uh when you look at sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see uh when you look at sets
+of requirements group groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of requirements group groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of requirements group groups of
+requirements absence of redundancy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements absence of redundancy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements absence of redundancy this
+means that each requirement is specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that each requirement is specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that each requirement is specified
+only once right you don't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only once right you don't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only once right you don't want to have
+um redundancy redundancy can be good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um redundancy redundancy can be good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um redundancy redundancy can be good in
+system design but not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system design but not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system design but not in the
+requirements okay consistency uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements okay consistency uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements okay consistency uh using
+terms completeness and this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms completeness and this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms completeness and this basically
+means not missing key requirements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means not missing key requirements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means not missing key requirements and
+then this idea of absence of conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this idea of absence of conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this idea of absence of conflicts
+and this is also similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also similar to the
+feasibility this is a tricky one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility this is a tricky one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility this is a tricky one uh
+requirements can be tension with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements can be tension with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements can be tension with each
+other particularly if they're they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other particularly if they're they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other particularly if they're they
+should right goals but they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should right goals but they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should right goals but they they they
+shouldn't be in direct conflict with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be in direct conflict with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be in direct conflict with
+each other like you know you shall use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other like you know you shall use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other like you know you shall use
+aluminum for this unit and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum for this unit and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum for this unit and then another
+requirement says no metals are allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement says no metals are allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement says no metals are allowed
+to be used in this unit that's you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in this unit that's you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in this unit that's you can't
+that's that conflict is not solvable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that conflict is not solvable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that conflict is not solvable
+that's a direct contradiction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a direct contradiction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a direct contradiction that's
+different from having competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from having competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from having competing
+requirements or requirements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements or requirements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements or requirements in
+tension so uh let's do a quick exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension so uh let's do a quick exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension so uh let's do a quick exercise
+and then we'll actually take a break as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll actually take a break as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll actually take a break as
+well so this is a turn to your partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this is a turn to your partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this is a turn to your partner
+exercise um and then we'll we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise um and then we'll we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise um and then we'll we'll have a
+break and we'll restart in like about 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and we'll restart in like about 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and we'll restart in like about 7
+minutes so here's what I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so here's what I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so here's what I'd like you to
+do I have three systems here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have three systems here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have three systems here they're
+very different in scale and complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different in scale and complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different in scale and complexity
+so a is a a sticky tape and I I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is a a sticky tape and I I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is a a sticky tape and I I'll tell
+you the quick story here I I grew up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the quick story here I I grew up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the quick story here I I grew up in
+in Switzerland uh surrounded by Farms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Switzerland uh surrounded by Farms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Switzerland uh surrounded by Farms
+you know and I spent all my times at The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and I spent all my times at The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and I spent all my times at The
+Farms and you know big table big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farms and you know big table big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farms and you know big table big
+families and uh this is they had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and uh this is they had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and uh this is they had these
+things here this is basically uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here this is basically uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here this is basically uh these
+are flies sticking on tape this is keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flies sticking on tape this is keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flies sticking on tape this is keep
+keep the flies off the dinner table uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the flies off the dinner table uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the flies off the dinner table uh
+it's called Mr Sticky Tape for trapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called Mr Sticky Tape for trapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called Mr Sticky Tape for trapping
+flies that really kind of gross but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies that really kind of gross but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies that really kind of gross but uh I
+remember it um B is uh I just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it um B is uh I just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it um B is uh I just a couple
+weeks ago had a test drive and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago had a test drive and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago had a test drive and the new
+I3 this is the BMW uh small electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 this is the BMW uh small electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 this is the BMW uh small electric
+city car uh very cool uh and then C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city car uh very cool uh and then C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city car uh very cool uh and then C is
+something that at uh epfl you guys know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that at uh epfl you guys know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that at uh epfl you guys know
+very well this is the uh Rolex Center it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well this is the uh Rolex Center it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well this is the uh Rolex Center it
+looks kind of like swiss cheese when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks kind of like swiss cheese when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks kind of like swiss cheese when you
+look from the top this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look from the top this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look from the top this is the sort of
+equivalent of our w20 here at MIT this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of our w20 here at MIT this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of our w20 here at MIT this
+is the Student Center so there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Student Center so there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Student Center so there's there's
+uh Library there there's uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Library there there's uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Library there there's uh there's
+cafeteria there and so forth so what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafeteria there and so forth so what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafeteria there and so forth so what I'd
+like you to do is uh turn to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do is uh turn to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do is uh turn to your
+partner pick one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner pick one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner pick one of those
+three and come up with one one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and come up with one one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and come up with one one single
+statement one good requirement that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement one good requirement that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement one good requirement that you
+think was possibly used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was possibly used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was possibly used in the
+development of that solution whichever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of that solution whichever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of that solution whichever
+one you pick okay so pick one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you pick okay so pick one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you pick okay so pick one of those
+three and then jointly discuss and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then jointly discuss and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then jointly discuss and write
+a requirement that you think led to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a requirement that you think led to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a requirement that you think led to this
+design okay so take about 5 minutes take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design okay so take about 5 minutes take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design okay so take about 5 minutes take
+a break and then we'll we'll sample what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a break and then we'll we'll sample what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a break and then we'll we'll sample what
+you came up with so let's uh let's hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came up with so let's uh let's hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came up with so let's uh let's hear
+from epfl first um who did did anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from epfl first um who did did anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from epfl first um who did did anybody
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+a a okay go for it speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a okay go for it speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a okay go for it speak
+up we have four requirements so okay go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we have four requirements so okay go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we have four requirements so okay go
+for it all right so uh the tape shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it all right so uh the tape shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it all right so uh the tape shows
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+sles the cost of the tape should be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sles the cost of the tape should be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sles the cost of the tape should be less
+than four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than four
+gr the tape shall be able to catch up up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr the tape shall be able to catch up up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr the tape shall be able to catch up up
+to 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 50
+in and the sticky tape shall not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the sticky tape shall not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the sticky tape shall not be
+toxic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic for
+hum okay I like yeah the toxicity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hum okay I like yeah the toxicity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hum okay I like yeah the toxicity that's
+good excellent very good uh who did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good excellent very good uh who did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good excellent very good uh who did a
+here at MIT anybody a uh go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it uh we said if 10 if greater than 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh we said if 10 if greater than 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh we said if 10 if greater than 10%
+of the surface area of the fly contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the surface area of the fly contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the surface area of the fly contacts
+the paper it shall not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper it shall not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper it shall not be able to
+release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release
+itself ah I see so this is a trapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself ah I see so this is a trapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself ah I see so this is a trapping
+require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require
+yeah how how effective should it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how how effective should it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how how effective should it there
+are different very different flies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different very different flies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different very different flies right
+there's like these little day flies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like these little day flies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like these little day flies and
+then there's the huge horse flies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the huge horse flies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the huge horse flies so
+which type of fly does this apply to oh%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which type of fly does this apply to oh%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which type of fly does this apply to oh%
+we said 10% of the surface area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said 10% of the surface area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said 10% of the surface area of the
+fly of any type of fly of any type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly of any type of fly of any type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly of any type of fly of any type of
+fly any of those different fly species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly any of those different fly species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly any of those different fly species
+yeah okay all right cool so good well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right cool so good well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right cool so good well
+you know the point of this you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the point of this you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the point of this you get the
+point of this is right a a is like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this is right a a is like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this is right a a is like you
+know this sort of you think trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this sort of you think trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this sort of you think trivial
+system but what once you really start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but what once you really start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but what once you really start
+thinking about it it's um it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it it's um it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it it's um it's pretty
+tricky right uh who who else wants to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky right uh who who else wants to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky right uh who who else wants to uh
+a something that hasn't been mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a something that hasn't been mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a something that hasn't been mentioned
+yet on a uh Sam go for it just push make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet on a uh Sam go for it just push make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet on a uh Sam go for it just push make
+sure you push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+button oh yeah for the the sticky trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button oh yeah for the the sticky trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button oh yeah for the the sticky trap
+um we said that the the product shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we said that the the product shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we said that the the product shall
+fit on a store shelf when packaged okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit on a store shelf when packaged okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit on a store shelf when packaged okay
+so that's kind of a packaging Logistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of a packaging Logistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of a packaging Logistics
+distribution requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution requirement
+very good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good uh
+Mike uh they kind of already touched on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike uh they kind of already touched on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike uh they kind of already touched on
+but the sticky tape shall not be toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the sticky tape shall not be toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the sticky tape shall not be toxic
+and allow for allow removal of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow for allow removal of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow for allow removal of human
+skin without bodily harm okay great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin without bodily harm okay great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin without bodily harm okay great so
+that's in the same you know the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the same you know the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the same you know the human
+factors requirement basically yeah very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors requirement basically yeah very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors requirement basically yeah very
+good uh anything else on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh anything else on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh anything else on a
+atfl no well to mind here that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atfl no well to mind here that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atfl no well to mind here that we could
+say that the sticky system should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the sticky system should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the sticky system should be
+installed without getting the mess on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed without getting the mess on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed without getting the mess on
+your hands okay so installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands okay so installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands okay so installation
+requirement okay and nobody mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement okay and nobody mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement okay and nobody mentioned
+the ones I remember as a child are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones I remember as a child are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones I remember as a child are are
+bigger than this they were really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this they were really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this they were really long
+uh so capacity right you could sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so capacity right you could sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so capacity right you could sort of
+have a length or capacity requirement as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a length or capacity requirement as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a length or capacity requirement as
+well good all right I think we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well good all right I think we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well good all right I think we want to
+move on from the sticky flies to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on from the sticky flies to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on from the sticky flies to uh to
+BMW I3 so we had a little discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BMW I3 so we had a little discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BMW I3 so we had a little discussion
+here during the break uh Lucy go for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so the car shall meet environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the car shall meet environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the car shall meet environmental
+regulations through mechanical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations through mechanical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations through mechanical or
+software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+tweaking was a proposal did you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking was a proposal did you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking was a proposal did you guys
+hear this at epfl you've been following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this at epfl you've been following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this at epfl you've been following
+the news right with folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news right with folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news right with folks
+vagen so what what happened why why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagen so what what happened why why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagen so what what happened why why did
+folks the CEO just uh step down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks the CEO just uh step down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks the CEO just uh step down right
+that's kind of a big deal uh trust in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a big deal uh trust in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a big deal uh trust in
+the company has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company has
+eroded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eroded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eroded
+um what what what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what what happened
+there so um the requirements that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so um the requirements that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so um the requirements that were
+set at the start so the car shall meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set at the start so the car shall meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set at the start so the car shall meet
+environmental regulations on emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental regulations on emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental regulations on emissions
+um this requirement was probably not met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this requirement was probably not met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this requirement was probably not met
+but the realization that it wasn't met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the realization that it wasn't met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the realization that it wasn't met
+was probably too late in the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably too late in the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably too late in the design
+process such that it could not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process such that it could not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process such that it could not be
+changed and so the easy or cheap way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and so the easy or cheap way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and so the easy or cheap way to
+uh meet environmental regulations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh meet environmental regulations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh meet environmental regulations in
+that case was to tweak the software I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case was to tweak the software I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case was to tweak the software I
+guess right so by the way uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess right so by the way uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess right so by the way uh this is
+kind of interesting the how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting the how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting the how do you
+measure Environmental Compliance uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Environmental Compliance uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Environmental Compliance uh of
+of emissions for cars you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of emissions for cars you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of emissions for cars you know how
+that's done in practice do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done in practice do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done in practice do you guys
+know so it's uh having the C run run on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it's uh having the C run run on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it's uh having the C run run on
+a having the yeah the the engine run but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a having the yeah the the engine run but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a having the yeah the the engine run but
+the car is not like rolling and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car is not like rolling and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car is not like rolling and there's
+behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the
+pish exhaust uh behind the exhaust you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pish exhaust uh behind the exhaust you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pish exhaust uh behind the exhaust you
+measure whatever is emitted and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure whatever is emitted and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure whatever is emitted and it's
+like a rolling carpet right it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rolling carpet right it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rolling carpet right it's a it's
+a Dynamo basically and um and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Dynamo basically and um and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Dynamo basically and um and the way
+they do it is they have so-called drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it is they have so-called drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it is they have so-called drive
+cycles like there's the Ft fp6 drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles like there's the Ft fp6 drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles like there's the Ft fp6 drive
+cycle you know the highway the City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you know the highway the City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you know the highway the City
+Cycle which is a lot of on and off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycle which is a lot of on and off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycle which is a lot of on and off and
+those drive cycles are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those drive cycles are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those drive cycles are actually
+different in Europe in the US and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in Europe in the US and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in Europe in the US and other
+countries every country has different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries every country has different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries every country has different
+drive cycles so that's that's and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive cycles so that's that's and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive cycles so that's that's and what
+is a drive cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a drive cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a drive cycle
+essentially what word would we systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what word would we systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what word would we systems
+Engineers what word would we put a drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers what word would we put a drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers what word would we put a drive
+cycle is just a overtime acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is just a overtime acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is just a overtime acceleration
+velocity of the car right it's a conops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the car right it's a conops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the car right it's a conops
+it's a conops a drive cycle is a conops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a conops a drive cycle is a conops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a conops a drive cycle is a conops
+and so for diesel engines this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for diesel engines this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for diesel engines this this
+issue that happened with Volkswagen it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that happened with Volkswagen it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that happened with Volkswagen it's
+only an issue with the diesel the TDI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only an issue with the diesel the TDI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only an issue with the diesel the TDI
+engines right not the gasoline engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines right not the gasoline engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines right not the gasoline engines
+so it the issue is that the conops the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it the issue is that the conops the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it the issue is that the conops the
+drive cycle in the US with TDI engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive cycle in the US with TDI engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive cycle in the US with TDI engines
+they couldn't meet it so they they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't meet it so they they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't meet it so they they came
+up with this with this trick right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this with this trick right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this with this trick right
+whereas in Europe they didn't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in Europe they didn't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in Europe they didn't have to do
+that because the European drive cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because the European drive cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because the European drive cycle
+there's a lot more diesel engines used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more diesel engines used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more diesel engines used
+in in European cars uh they didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in European cars uh they didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in European cars uh they didn't have
+to do that in Europe because the conops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in Europe because the conops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in Europe because the conops
+the drive cycle that's used for checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drive cycle that's used for checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drive cycle that's used for checking
+the Environmental Compliance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Environmental Compliance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Environmental Compliance is
+different in Europe so great uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in Europe so great uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in Europe so great uh any
+anybody else on the uh I3 now the I3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else on the uh I3 now the I3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else on the uh I3 now the I3 is
+is is interesting because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is interesting because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is interesting because that's
+actually an electric car right and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an electric car right and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an electric car right and and
+one it so it doesn't have an engine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it so it doesn't have an engine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it so it doesn't have an engine a
+diesel engine or a combustion engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel engine or a combustion engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel engine or a combustion engine
+except if you get the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if you get the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if you get the range
+extender so it's all electric but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extender so it's all electric but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extender so it's all electric but you
+can actually it's an option get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually it's an option get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually it's an option get the
+range extender which does use fuel okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range extender which does use fuel okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range extender which does use fuel okay
+uh epfl uh the I3 any any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh epfl uh the I3 any any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh epfl uh the I3 any any other
+requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+there so we have four begin like um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we have four begin like um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we have four begin like um the
+car show rely on electricity as unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car show rely on electricity as unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car show rely on electricity as unique
+of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power
+then a second one the autonomy so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a second one the autonomy so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a second one the autonomy so the
+car should drive at least 150 km in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car should drive at least 150 km in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car should drive at least 150 km in C
+driving conditions like the CLE just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving conditions like the CLE just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving conditions like the CLE just
+talked about yeah as the third one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about yeah as the third one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about yeah as the third one the
+the car should carry 4 five percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car should carry 4 five percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car should carry 4 five percent of
+aage build and to finish with um the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aage build and to finish with um the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aage build and to finish with um the car
+should be fully recharged in less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fully recharged in less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fully recharged in less than
+the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount
+of okay so recharging uh the Third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so recharging uh the Third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so recharging uh the Third
+requir is interesting you said of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requir is interesting you said of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requir is interesting you said of
+average build right that's the word you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average build right that's the word you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average build right that's the word you
+used yes now um that's great that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used yes now um that's great that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used yes now um that's great that's a
+human factors requirement now of average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human factors requirement now of average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human factors requirement now of average
+build is a little fuzzy right how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build is a little fuzzy right how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build is a little fuzzy right how would
+you make that um make that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+verifiable if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable if you just
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+p very broad someone very large very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p very broad someone very large very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p very broad someone very large very
+small idea here to stress that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small idea here to stress that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small idea here to stress that you have
+to use a model maybe you could be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a model maybe you could be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a model maybe you could be more
+more specific in Cas 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific in Cas 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific in Cas 75
+Kg 18 but he want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kg 18 but he want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kg 18 but he want
+to yeah so there's actually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah so there's actually there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah so there's actually there's
+actually people that uh you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually people that uh you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually people that uh you know the the
+the size distribution male female uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size distribution male female uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size distribution male female uh you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+weight all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight all these
+anthropometric measurements are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropometric measurements are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropometric measurements are actually
+uh uh being recorded and updated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh being recorded and updated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh being recorded and updated you
+know people are getting taller around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people are getting taller around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people are getting taller around
+the world people are getting heavier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world people are getting heavier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world people are getting heavier uh
+we know that right so the way you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that right so the way you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that right so the way you would
+write that third requirement to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that third requirement to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that third requirement to be
+verifiable is the the car shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable is the the car shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable is the the car shall
+accommodate four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate four
+passengers between a say P10 female or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers between a say P10 female or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers between a say P10 female or
+P5 female and a P90 male right and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P5 female and a P90 male right and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P5 female and a P90 male right and if
+you write it that way then you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write it that way then you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write it that way then you know the
+the actual weight and dimensions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual weight and dimensions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual weight and dimensions of the
+human body can actually be traced to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human body can actually be traced to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human body can actually be traced to a
+database that's pretty well known so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that's pretty well known so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that's pretty well known so
+then instead of saying average bill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then instead of saying average bill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then instead of saying average bill you
+you you say it's a p p50 male p50 female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you say it's a p p50 male p50 female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you say it's a p p50 male p50 female
+and that's that's something that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's something that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's something that's very
+verifiable does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable does that make
+sense yes okay great so what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yes okay great so what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yes okay great so what about the
+last one um so by the way here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one um so by the way here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one um so by the way here at MIT
+anybody's been to epfl been to the Yana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's been to epfl been to the Yana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's been to epfl been to the Yana
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+he has a master's count been there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a master's count been there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a master's count been there this
+is a very cool building uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very cool building uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very cool building uh it's it's
+it's pretty uh unusual I mean we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty uh unusual I mean we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty uh unusual I mean we have
+some very unusual buildings on campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very unusual buildings on campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very unusual buildings on campus
+too here but if you get a chance uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too here but if you get a chance uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too here but if you get a chance uh it's
+it's pretty unusual so um let's hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty unusual so um let's hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty unusual so um let's hear
+from you guys so what uh what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you guys so what uh what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you guys so what uh what do you
+think was a requirement for the Rolex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was a requirement for the Rolex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was a requirement for the Rolex
+Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+design the building should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the building should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the building should be a
+recognizable structure that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable structure that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable structure that would be
+memorable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorable for
+epfl ah interesting a recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl ah interesting a recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl ah interesting a recognizable
+structure that should be memorable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that should be memorable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that should be memorable so
+that's I think I know where you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think I know where you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think I know where you're going
+with this but it's a little you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this but it's a little you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this but it's a little you know
+recognizable every building is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable every building is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable every building is
+recognizable in a sense right I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable in a sense right I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable in a sense right I think um
+I I like it I I know where you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I like it I I know where you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I like it I I know where you're going
+with this but it's a little fuzzy still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this but it's a little fuzzy still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this but it's a little fuzzy still
+right uh so why why do you think has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so why why do you think has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so why why do you think has
+holes in it what do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holes the red and light I think unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes the red and light I think unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes the red and light I think unique
+youi make be a better word and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youi make be a better word and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youi make be a better word and it's
+swiss cheese so repr swiss cheese so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swiss cheese so repr swiss cheese so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swiss cheese so repr swiss cheese so
+yeah so there's there's that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's there's that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's there's that's really
+the the holes are in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the holes are in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the holes are in some sense
+inefficient right because you're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient right because you're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient right because you're putting
+holes in the middle of a building but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes in the middle of a building but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes in the middle of a building but
+they provide natural lighting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they provide natural lighting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they provide natural lighting and
+there's a symbolism there right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a symbolism there right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a symbolism there right there's
+a symbolism the Swiss chees symbolism so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symbolism the Swiss chees symbolism so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symbolism the Swiss chees symbolism so
+it the holes in a sense have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the holes in a sense have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the holes in a sense have at least
+two functions right that's good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions right that's good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions right that's good that's
+good I like that that's that's very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I like that that's that's very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I like that that's that's very good
+what what else another example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what else another example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what else another example of a
+requirement for the Rolex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for the Rolex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for the Rolex
+Center we've taken uh an example in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center we've taken uh an example in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center we've taken uh an example in each
+category in functional we St that Ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category in functional we St that Ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category in functional we St that Ro
+Center show House a library a cafeteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center show House a library a cafeteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center show House a library a cafeteria
+and fac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fac
+facilities in performance uh the work Ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities in performance uh the work Ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities in performance uh the work Ro
+Center should uh meet the energy Cent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center should uh meet the energy Cent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center should uh meet the energy Cent uh
+expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations
+in com State and the relx center shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in com State and the relx center shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in com State and the relx center shall
+be accessible even for disabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accessible even for disabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accessible even for disabled
+people inace and the Rolex Center show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people inace and the Rolex Center show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people inace and the Rolex Center show
+interface with the existence uh internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with the existence uh internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with the existence uh internet
+Network and IAL was a bit FY because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and IAL was a bit FY because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and IAL was a bit FY because we
+did not have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have any
+c requirement no that that was great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c requirement no that that was great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c requirement no that that was great so
+you had functional requirement you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had functional requirement you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had functional requirement you had
+interface requirements you had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface requirements you had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface requirements you had a lot of
+those six categories we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those six categories we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those six categories we talked about
+right very good excellent yeah go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very good excellent yeah go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very good excellent yeah go ahead
+so how do you write a requirement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you write a requirement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you write a requirement about
+something aesthetic um in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something aesthetic um in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something aesthetic um in a way that's
+not fuzzy or or is there a way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fuzzy or or is there a way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fuzzy or or is there a way to do
+that um that's really that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's really that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's really that's a great
+question um I I'm not sure I'm the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um I I'm not sure I'm the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um I I'm not sure I'm the best
+person to answer that um what I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to answer that um what I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to answer that um what I can tell
+you is in the automotive world uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is in the automotive world uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is in the automotive world uh that
+the Aesthetics of automobiles and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aesthetics of automobiles and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aesthetics of automobiles and how
+people judge you know whether a car is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people judge you know whether a car is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people judge you know whether a car is
+is beautiful or appealing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beautiful or appealing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beautiful or appealing that's
+actually moved from being kind of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moved from being kind of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moved from being kind of just a
+very fuzzy thing to quite measurable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fuzzy thing to quite measurable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fuzzy thing to quite measurable you
+know they the different shapes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they the different shapes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they the different shapes and the
+the the building blocks of shapes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the building blocks of shapes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the building blocks of shapes and
+streamlines those things are uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamlines those things are uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamlines those things are uh that's
+really a science today and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a science today and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a science today and eventually
+you know there's um ratings these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's um ratings these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's um ratings these are
+people rate vehicles for uh Aesthetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rate vehicles for uh Aesthetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rate vehicles for uh Aesthetics
+and so forth and usually it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and usually it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and usually it's a
+fivepoint scale like a lier scale like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fivepoint scale like a lier scale like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fivepoint scale like a lier scale like
+uh JD Power and Associates is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh JD Power and Associates is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh JD Power and Associates is a very
+well-known marketing firm and and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known marketing firm and and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known marketing firm and and um and
+so they'll you know they'll say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they'll you know they'll say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they'll you know they'll say this
+this looks this will they they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks this will they they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks this will they they can
+actually at this point tell you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at this point tell you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at this point tell you can show
+them a not a sketch but a model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a not a sketch but a model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a not a sketch but a model and
+based on past data and information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on past data and information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on past data and information
+they'll tell you this car will probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tell you this car will probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tell you this car will probably
+uh score between a 4.2 and a 4.4 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh score between a 4.2 and a 4.4 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh score between a 4.2 and a 4.4 on the
+fivepoint aesthetic scale J power scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fivepoint aesthetic scale J power scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fivepoint aesthetic scale J power scale
+it's really pretty remarkable but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really pretty remarkable but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really pretty remarkable but I
+guess the bigger point is there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the bigger point is there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the bigger point is there there's
+some you know some things that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know some things that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know some things that really
+Delight us you know that have an AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delight us you know that have an AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delight us you know that have an AR
+artistic quality surprise us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic quality surprise us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic quality surprise us and
+aesthetic quality and and it's true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic quality and and it's true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic quality and and it's true that
+that is one of the tensions is yet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one of the tensions is yet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one of the tensions is yet a
+system engineering should you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering should you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering should you know this
+very precise write it down uh make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise write it down uh make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise write it down uh make sure
+there's is no fuzziness there or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's is no fuzziness there or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's is no fuzziness there or as
+little as possible and then on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as possible and then on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as possible and then on the other
+hand we want uh delightful surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we want uh delightful surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we want uh delightful surprising
+things right that have artistic an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right that have artistic an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right that have artistic an
+artistic nature to them and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic nature to them and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic nature to them and that is
+absolutely attenion and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely attenion and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely attenion and we just
+acknowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge
+that okay uh any any questions comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay uh any any questions comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay uh any any questions comments
+before we move on I had a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on I had a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on I had a question about
+um just hang on just one one second okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just hang on just one one second okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just hang on just one one second okay
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ahead at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead at
+epfl um to which extent can we refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl um to which extent can we refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epfl um to which extent can we refer to
+Norms and laws in the requirements yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norms and laws in the requirements yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norms and laws in the requirements yeah
+you should do that so compliance being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do that so compliance being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do that so compliance being
+compliant with uh standards and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant with uh standards and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant with uh standards and just to
+make clear standards and regulations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make clear standards and regulations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make clear standards and regulations are
+not the same right a standard like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same right a standard like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same right a standard like you
+know an i e standard or an ISO standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an i e standard or an ISO standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an i e standard or an ISO standard
+it's not a law it's not a legal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a law it's not a legal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a law it's not a legal thing
+it's a standard is something that uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a standard is something that uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a standard is something that uh uh
+maybe a group of companies or a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a group of companies or a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a group of companies or a group of
+organizations have agreed to this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations have agreed to this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations have agreed to this is how
+we will do it right the the itle E Wii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do it right the the itle E Wii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do it right the the itle E Wii
+standard what what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard what what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard what what is it
+80211 G right that's a stand that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80211 G right that's a stand that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80211 G right that's a stand that's not
+a law that's a standard and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a law that's a standard and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a law that's a standard and if you're
+going to be 802 111g compliant you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 802 111g compliant you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 802 111g compliant you write
+that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the
+requirements uh the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements uh the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements uh the environmental
+emission standards we talked about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission standards we talked about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission standards we talked about those
+are actually uh laws if you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually uh laws if you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually uh laws if you are going to
+sell a vehicle in country X it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell a vehicle in country X it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell a vehicle in country X it has to
+comply legally with these regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply legally with these regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply legally with these regulations
+but you're absolutely right those are if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're absolutely right those are if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're absolutely right those are if
+you need to comply with these things it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to comply with these things it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to comply with these things it
+needs to be part of the requirements set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be part of the requirements set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be part of the requirements set
+because otherwise it will not happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise it will not happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise it will not happen
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+Weston yeah it's kind of along that vein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weston yeah it's kind of along that vein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weston yeah it's kind of along that vein
+if you have to comply say with Ada uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to comply say with Ada uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to comply say with Ada uh
+instead have to be called out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead have to be called out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead have to be called out
+specifically or do you say must comply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically or do you say must comply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically or do you say must comply
+with building codes or building laws and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with building codes or building laws and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with building codes or building laws and
+and it's sort of a blanket requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sort of a blanket requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sort of a blanket requirement
+no you have to be specific because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you have to be specific because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you have to be specific because you
+know building building codes and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know building building codes and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know building building codes and are
+first of all a lot of these are local as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all a lot of these are local as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all a lot of these are local as
+well and and it's it's a it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and and it's it's a it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and and it's it's a it's a very
+chaotic you know so so um and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotic you know so so um and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotic you know so so um and some of
+these might be conflicting so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these might be conflicting so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these might be conflicting so you should
+be as specific as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as specific as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as specific as
+possible okay let's uh let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay let's uh let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay let's uh let's move on
+here um I my sense is you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um I my sense is you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um I my sense is you're you're
+getting a gist for what requirements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a gist for what requirements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a gist for what requirements are
+and and why they're important so um let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and why they're important so um let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and why they're important so um let
+me talk briefly about requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk briefly about requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk briefly about requirements
+decomposition allocation and validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition allocation and validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition allocation and validation
+this is a figure from the NASA handbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a figure from the NASA handbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a figure from the NASA handbook
+and basically what it what it talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what it what it talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what it what it talks
+about is you know the highle system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is you know the highle system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is you know the highle system
+functional requirements are broken down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional requirements are broken down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional requirements are broken down
+into the performance requirements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the performance requirements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the performance requirements and
+then as you make design decisions as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as you make design decisions as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as you make design decisions as you
+decompose your system into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose your system into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose your system into different
+subsystems each subsystem will have its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems each subsystem will have its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems each subsystem will have its
+own functional and performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own functional and performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own functional and performance
+requirements and then uh the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then uh the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then uh the important
+thing is the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the difference between
+allocated and derived requirements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated and derived requirements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated and derived requirements so
+allocated requirements are requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated requirements are requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated requirements are requirements
+that you choose you choose to to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you choose you choose to to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you choose you choose to to um
+allocate and then derived requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate and then derived requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate and then derived requirements
+are calculated based on the their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are calculated based on the their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are calculated based on the their
+dependent requirements based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent requirements based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent requirements based on the
+allocated requirements and I'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated requirements and I'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated requirements and I'll get into
+this into into in a minute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into into in a minute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into into in a minute so
+requirements are hierarchical we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are hierarchical we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are hierarchical we talked
+about this uh functional performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh functional performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh functional performance
+requirements are allocated and then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are allocated and then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are allocated and then from
+these we can further decompose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we can further decompose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we can further decompose and
+derive uh requirements and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive uh requirements and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive uh requirements and then the
+total set of these requirements needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total set of these requirements needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total set of these requirements needs to
+be uh verified and then validated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh verified and then validated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh verified and then validated
+against the stakeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the stakeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the stakeholder
+expectations um so let me briefly talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations um so let me briefly talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations um so let me briefly talk
+about requirements margins management so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about requirements margins management so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about requirements margins management so
+because you don't know everything up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know everything up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know everything up
+front there's uncertainty we typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front there's uncertainty we typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front there's uncertainty we typically
+build in reserves into our requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build in reserves into our requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build in reserves into our requirements
+and those are called margins so we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are called margins so we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are called margins so we put
+in margins for Mass power maybe memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in margins for Mass power maybe memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in margins for Mass power maybe memory
+in computer systems so margins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computer systems so margins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computer systems so margins are
+essentially reserves and that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially reserves and that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially reserves and that are not
+allocated to particular subsystems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated to particular subsystems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated to particular subsystems but
+are controlled by the project managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are controlled by the project managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are controlled by the project managers
+or at the higher level so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at the higher level so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at the higher level so the idea is
+that you write the requirement in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you write the requirement in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you write the requirement in a way
+that is a little bit more stringent than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a little bit more stringent than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a little bit more stringent than
+it really needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really needs to
+be and then by by being more stringent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and then by by being more stringent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and then by by being more stringent
+you built some Reserve into the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you built some Reserve into the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you built some Reserve into the system
+to handle you know unexpected things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle you know unexpected things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle you know unexpected things so
+I'll just give you the example example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just give you the example example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just give you the example example
+with mass growth you know this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mass growth you know this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mass growth you know this is very
+typical in Aerospace vehicles uh Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical in Aerospace vehicles uh Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical in Aerospace vehicles uh Mass
+growth can range between you know here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth can range between you know here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth can range between you know here
+10 to 60% I'll show you some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 60% I'll show you some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 60% I'll show you some examples
+and a lot of it depends on the novelty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of it depends on the novelty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of it depends on the novelty
+of the project so a typical guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the project so a typical guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the project so a typical guideline
+specifically for Mass margins is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for Mass margins is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for Mass margins is about
+30% Reserve at the srr 20% PDR 10% CDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% Reserve at the srr 20% PDR 10% CDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% Reserve at the srr 20% PDR 10% CDR
+and keep about 5% right before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep about 5% right before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep about 5% right before you
+operate the system uh IO is initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the system uh IO is initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the system uh IO is initial
+operating capability so here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating capability so here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating capability so here's some
+historical data uh this is for man uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data uh this is for man uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data uh this is for man uh
+man or crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man or crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man or crude
+vehicles uh starting with Mercury Gemini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles uh starting with Mercury Gemini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles uh starting with Mercury Gemini
+Apollo Skylab and then the shuttle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo Skylab and then the shuttle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo Skylab and then the shuttle you
+can see the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the mass
+growth uh from the concept stage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth uh from the concept stage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth uh from the concept stage you
+know which is Phase a or pre-phase a all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which is Phase a or pre-phase a all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which is Phase a or pre-phase a all
+the way to operations you know between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to operations you know between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to operations you know between
+10 and 60% the new uh Orion spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and 60% the new uh Orion spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and 60% the new uh Orion spacecraft
+is not yet included on this chart so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not yet included on this chart so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not yet included on this chart so
+what you do is you essentially write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you essentially write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you essentially write the
+requirement knowing that this growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement knowing that this growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement knowing that this growth
+will happen during the design process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen during the design process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen during the design process
+that's the basic idea of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea of of
+margins and then the next idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins and then the next idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins and then the next idea is that
+uh you monitor the satisfaction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you monitor the satisfaction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you monitor the satisfaction of the
+requirement during the design process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement during the design process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement during the design process
+and so let's say you have in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's say you have in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's say you have in a
+performance requirement you say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance requirement you say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance requirement you say the
+system shall not emit more than x number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system shall not emit more than x number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system shall not emit more than x number
+of nox right uh emissions or the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nox right uh emissions or the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nox right uh emissions or the system
+shall not not be heavier than such and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall not not be heavier than such and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall not not be heavier than such and
+such that's on the Y AIS here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that's on the Y AIS here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that's on the Y AIS here that's
+your technical performance measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technical performance measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technical performance measure and
+then you move through time and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you move through time and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you move through time and you know
+as the design gets more detailed usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the design gets more detailed usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the design gets more detailed usually
+it gets heavier you add more things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets heavier you add more things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets heavier you add more things um
+and you monitor that and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you monitor that and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you monitor that and then you have
+your your final current estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your final current estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your final current estimate of
+where you will be at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will be at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will be at the end of the
+project and as you do that your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and as you do that your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and as you do that your your
+limits your reserves your margins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits your reserves your margins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits your reserves your margins and
+here there's an upper and lower margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's an upper and lower margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's an upper and lower margin
+shown is going to be um narrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown is going to be um narrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown is going to be um narrowing
+down um I'll give you a quick example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um I'll give you a quick example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um I'll give you a quick example uh
+when I was at McDonald Douglas uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was at McDonald Douglas uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was at McDonald Douglas uh the
+F-18 EF version the Super Hornet was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F-18 EF version the Super Hornet was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F-18 EF version the Super Hornet was
+being developed and the key thing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being developed and the key thing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being developed and the key thing there
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+gtow GT gross takeoff weight it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtow GT gross takeoff weight it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtow GT gross takeoff weight it's
+basically the weight of the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the weight of the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the weight of the airplane
+with crew fuel any uh any payloads all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with crew fuel any uh any payloads all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with crew fuel any uh any payloads all
+in the the gross take offway to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the gross take offway to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the gross take offway to the
+airplane is very important because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is very important because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is very important because it
+you know it determines the range it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it determines the range it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it determines the range it
+determines a lot of things and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines a lot of things and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines a lot of things and the
+number not to exceed number which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number not to exceed number which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number not to exceed number which is um
+shown here on this chart as the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here on this chart as the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here on this chart as the maximum
+contract or allocated requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract or allocated requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract or allocated requirements
+threshold is was contractually specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is was contractually specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is was contractually specified
+not only that but there were penalties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that but there were penalties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that but there were penalties
+Financial penalties associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial penalties associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial penalties associated with
+every kilogram that that you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every kilogram that that you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every kilogram that that you would be
+over so this was a big deal and they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so this was a big deal and they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so this was a big deal and they had
+a huge wall chart in the hallway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge wall chart in the hallway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge wall chart in the hallway the
+main hallway of the engineering building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main hallway of the engineering building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main hallway of the engineering building
+and every day somebody would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every day somebody would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every day somebody would actually
+manually update that day's best estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually update that day's best estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually update that day's best estimate
+of what the gross takeoff weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the gross takeoff weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the gross takeoff weight of the
+airplane would be and it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane would be and it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane would be and it's like a
+brownan motion thing and as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownan motion thing and as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownan motion thing and as soon as you
+hit some critical threshold you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit some critical threshold you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit some critical threshold you would
+see there be people would would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there be people would would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there be people would would come
+together and say we got to take weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and say we got to take weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and say we got to take weight
+out of the airplane somehow again right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the airplane somehow again right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the airplane somehow again right
+and then and then basically try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then basically try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then basically try to get
+the design to comply with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design to comply with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design to comply with that
+requirement As you move food the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement As you move food the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement As you move food the design
+process you can't do that with too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you can't do that with too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you can't do that with too many
+of the requirements but the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the requirements but the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the requirements but the most
+important technical performance measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important technical performance measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important technical performance measures
+that's what you do it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you do it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you do it's a big
+deal um so here's the uh the flowchart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal um so here's the uh the flowchart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal um so here's the uh the flowchart
+basically for requirements I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for requirements I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for requirements I'm not going
+to go through this in detail but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through this in detail but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through this in detail but the
+basic idea is the inputs come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea is the inputs come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea is the inputs come from the
+stakeholder expectations the stakeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholder expectations the stakeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholder expectations the stakeholder
+uh work we talked about La last time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work we talked about La last time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work we talked about La last time you
+go through the requirements definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the requirements definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the requirements definition
+process and outcomes a validated set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and outcomes a validated set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and outcomes a validated set of
+technical requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical requirements
+measures of performance that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of performance that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of performance that you can
+measure and then these technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and then these technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and then these technical
+performance measures that you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measures that you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measures that you can then
+uh track and validate against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh track and validate against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh track and validate against
+later um here's a question that I often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um here's a question that I often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um here's a question that I often
+get asked well okay so we write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get asked well okay so we write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get asked well okay so we write these
+requirements you guys write them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements you guys write them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements you guys write them on
+paper or your tablet but how do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or your tablet but how do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or your tablet but how do these
+requirements actually get uh recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements actually get uh recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements actually get uh recorded
+right and managed so there I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and managed so there I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and managed so there I would say
+there's sort of two there's the low cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of two there's the low cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of two there's the low cost
+and then there's sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's sort of the the
+professional version of doing this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional version of doing this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional version of doing this the
+easy way to do it is you just write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to do it is you just write them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to do it is you just write them
+you capture them in a document so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you capture them in a document so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you capture them in a document so that
+means you know Microsoft Word Excel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know Microsoft Word Excel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know Microsoft Word Excel you
+know Google Docs uh just a document an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Google Docs uh just a document an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Google Docs uh just a document an
+well-written organized document and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-written organized document and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-written organized document and then
+you capture and revise your requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you capture and revise your requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you capture and revise your requirements
+and the one thing I strongly recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one thing I strongly recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one thing I strongly recommend
+is using hyperlinks to link requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using hyperlinks to link requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using hyperlinks to link requirements
+and that this is the idea that every um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is the idea that every um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is the idea that every um
+every requirement has to be linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every requirement has to be linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every requirement has to be linked to
+some other requirement so if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other requirement so if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other requirement so if it's a
+low-level requirement you want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-level requirement you want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-level requirement you want to ask
+well where does that come from why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where does that come from why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where does that come from why did
+we write that requirement well it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write that requirement well it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write that requirement well it has a
+parent requirement so you want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent requirement so you want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent requirement so you want to have a
+hyperlink there to get you from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperlink there to get you from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperlink there to get you from one to
+the other and I have a a little example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and I have a a little example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and I have a a little example
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+that um and uh and I think this is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and uh and I think this is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and uh and I think this is okay
+for smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for smaller
+projects uh where you have dozens or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh where you have dozens or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh where you have dozens or a
+few hundred requirements right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred requirements right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred requirements right and so
+here's my my rule of thumb for this do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my my rule of thumb for this do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my my rule of thumb for this do
+you remember the magic number seven so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the magic number seven so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the magic number seven so
+two we talked last time you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we talked last time you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we talked last time you know where
+does the world of really complex system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the world of really complex system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the world of really complex system
+start and the argument was well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and the argument was well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and the argument was well if you
+need more than three levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more than three levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more than three levels of
+decomposition what what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition what what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition what what does that mean
+well 7 plus orus 2 the 3 power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 7 plus orus 2 the 3 power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 7 plus orus 2 the 3 power is
+somewhere between 125 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 125 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 125 and
+729 right so if you're sort of in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+729 right so if you're sort of in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+729 right so if you're sort of in that
+world or or fewer right if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world or or fewer right if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world or or fewer right if you're in a
+few hundred a few dozen or a few hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred a few dozen or a few hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred a few dozen or a few hundred
+requirements kind of what we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements kind of what we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements kind of what we have in
+canat it's okay to do it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canat it's okay to do it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canat it's okay to do it this way
+right it's still going to be you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's still going to be you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's still going to be you know a
+lot of requirements and you have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of requirements and you have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of requirements and you have to do a
+good job but you can do it that way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job but you can do it that way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job but you can do it that way if
+you have more than that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more than that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more than that and that
+typically means more than a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically means more than a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically means more than a thousand
+requirements to handle and and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements to handle and and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements to handle and and there are
+big projects that have you know 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big projects that have you know 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big projects that have you know 5,000
+10,000 requirements there is no way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 requirements there is no way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 requirements there is no way you
+can manage that effectively in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can manage that effectively in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can manage that effectively in a in a
+kind of document-based way so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of document-based way so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of document-based way so what you
+need then is a database you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need then is a database you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need then is a database you basically
+capture these requirements in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture these requirements in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture these requirements in a
+relational database where that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relational database where that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relational database where that allows
+you to link each requirement to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to link each requirement to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to link each requirement to other
+requirements and so I'm this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and so I'm this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and so I'm this is not
+meant as an advertisement but one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant as an advertisement but one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant as an advertisement but one of the
+most uh heavily used requirements uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh heavily used requirements uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh heavily used requirements uh
+tools out there is called doors and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools out there is called doors and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools out there is called doors and um
+this was relatively recently bought by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was relatively recently bought by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was relatively recently bought by
+IBM uh this was a separate company it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM uh this was a separate company it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM uh this was a separate company it
+was bought by IBM and included in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bought by IBM and included in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bought by IBM and included in a
+suite of software tools called IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suite of software tools called IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suite of software tools called IBM
+rational uh for system development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational uh for system development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational uh for system development and
+so doors allows you it's a database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so doors allows you it's a database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so doors allows you it's a database
+relational database it allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relational database it allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relational database it allows you to
+write requirements share requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write requirements share requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write requirements share requirements
+and the latest version of doors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the latest version of doors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the latest version of doors is
+actually web- based so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually web- based so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually web- based so you can have
+people you know in India in Europe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know in India in Europe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know in India in Europe in
+the US you're co-developing a system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US you're co-developing a system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US you're co-developing a system you
+can all write requirements and manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all write requirements and manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all write requirements and manage
+them on this common database right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on this common database right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on this common database right
+because if you have a document very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a document very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a document very
+quickly it's going to be confusing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's going to be confusing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's going to be confusing is
+what's the latest version who has you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the latest version who has you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the latest version who has you
+know the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the latest
+update version management becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update version management becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update version management becomes a
+nightmare so just so you're aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare so just so you're aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare so just so you're aware of
+this we're not going to be using doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're not going to be using doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're not going to be using doors
+in this class we'll just do it document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we'll just do it document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we'll just do it document
+based but you know the rule of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based but you know the rule of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based but you know the rule of thumb
+here is more than a th requirements you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is more than a th requirements you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is more than a th requirements you
+got to go to some professional solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go to some professional solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go to some professional solution
+so here's a very um sort of trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a very um sort of trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a very um sort of trivial
+example of hierarchical requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of hierarchical requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of hierarchical requirements
+with links uh requirement one the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with links uh requirement one the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with links uh requirement one the system
+shall fit into a volume not exceeding 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall fit into a volume not exceeding 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall fit into a volume not exceeding 1
+cubic meter and then we have sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic meter and then we have sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic meter and then we have sub
+requirements the system's width shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements the system's width shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements the system's width shall
+not shall be between 0.5 and 1 M uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not shall be between 0.5 and 1 M uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not shall be between 0.5 and 1 M uh the
+height the depth the system shall be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height the depth the system shall be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height the depth the system shall be
+made entirely from aluminum 6060 alloy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made entirely from aluminum 6060 alloy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made entirely from aluminum 6060 alloy a
+sub requirement here is the system shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub requirement here is the system shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub requirement here is the system shall
+not contain any internal voids or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not contain any internal voids or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not contain any internal voids or
+cavities requirement three the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavities requirement three the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavities requirement three the shape of
+the system must be a cube and then a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system must be a cube and then a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system must be a cube and then a sub
+requirement the angles between the sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement the angles between the sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement the angles between the sides
+shall be 90° plus or minus 1° and so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall be 90° plus or minus 1° and so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall be 90° plus or minus 1° and so and
+I I did this here just in in the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I did this here just in in the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I did this here just in in the slides
+but if you click on this it'll actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you click on this it'll actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you click on this it'll actually
+transport you to another requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport you to another requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport you to another requirement
+this is requirement four the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is requirement four the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is requirement four the mass of the
+system shall not exceed 2700 kg right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system shall not exceed 2700 kg right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system shall not exceed 2700 kg right
+aluminum aluminum has a um density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum aluminum has a um density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum aluminum has a um density of
+about 2700 kg per cubic meter so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2700 kg per cubic meter so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2700 kg per cubic meter so if I
+click back it transports me back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click back it transports me back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click back it transports me back to the
+earlier requirement right so the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier requirement right so the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier requirement right so the fact
+that it's made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's made of
+aluminum and the volume cannot exceed 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and the volume cannot exceed 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and the volume cannot exceed 1
+cubic meter then this requirement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic meter then this requirement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic meter then this requirement for
+the mass shall not exceed it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass shall not exceed it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass shall not exceed it's not
+independent requirement it's a dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent requirement it's a dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent requirement it's a dependent
+or derived requirement based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or derived requirement based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or derived requirement based on the
+first two and therefore they're linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two and therefore they're linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two and therefore they're linked
+do you see how this works and it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see how this works and it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see how this works and it to
+really manage requirements well and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really manage requirements well and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really manage requirements well and then
+link them use these hyperlinks it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link them use these hyperlinks it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link them use these hyperlinks it's very
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+effective so what would be an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective so what would be an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective so what would be an object
+that satisfies these requirements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies these requirements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies these requirements so
+here's our our 1 cubic meter envelope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our our 1 cubic meter envelope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our our 1 cubic meter envelope so
+an aluminum cube with a s length of 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aluminum cube with a s length of 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aluminum cube with a s length of 60
+cm this volume in this Mass uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm this volume in this Mass uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm this volume in this Mass uh would
+satisfy the requirements it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the requirements it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the requirements it's not the
+only thing there's a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing there's a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing there's a lot of other
+uh there's a lot of other um geometries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a lot of other um geometries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a lot of other um geometries
+that would satisfy it but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would satisfy it but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would satisfy it but this
+particular instantiation would satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instantiation would satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instantiation would satisfy
+these requirements okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these requirements okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these requirements okay so that's the
+idea of hierarchical requirements uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of hierarchical requirements uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of hierarchical requirements uh
+linking them through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking them through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking them through
+hyperlinks okay so let me talk briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperlinks okay so let me talk briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperlinks okay so let me talk briefly
+about the challenges now of requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the challenges now of requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the challenges now of requirements
+definition and there's this is not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and there's this is not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and there's this is not easy
+there's a lot of challenges um the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of challenges um the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of challenges um the first
+one is requirements allocation you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is requirements allocation you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is requirements allocation you know
+this decomposition and flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decomposition and flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decomposition and flowing
+requirements to lower levels and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements to lower levels and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements to lower levels and and the
+idea is that whatever requirements you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that whatever requirements you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that whatever requirements you
+derive at a lower level if you satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive at a lower level if you satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive at a lower level if you satisfy
+the lower level requirements you want uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower level requirements you want uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower level requirements you want uh
+that should guarantee that you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should guarantee that you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should guarantee that you then
+automatically satisfy the higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically satisfy the higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically satisfy the higher level
+requirement right from which the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement right from which the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement right from which the the
+lower level requirements were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level requirements were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level requirements were were
+derived that's the basic idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived that's the basic idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived that's the basic idea of
+requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+allocation and so the way you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation and so the way you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation and so the way you can think
+of this graphically is we start at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this graphically is we start at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this graphically is we start at at
+the high level here's our stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high level here's our stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high level here's our stakeholders
+right stakeholder needs requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right stakeholder needs requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right stakeholder needs requirements
+this is level zero you set the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is level zero you set the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is level zero you set the system
+boundary what's the life cycle and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary what's the life cycle and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary what's the life cycle and then
+we apply it that's our first application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply it that's our first application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply it that's our first application
+and then we apply it by decomposing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we apply it by decomposing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we apply it by decomposing the
+system into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into its
+functions um and so that's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions um and so that's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions um and so that's the second
+application and then you say well how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and then you say well how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and then you say well how do
+these how will these functions be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these how will these functions be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these how will these functions be uh
+carried out so we Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out so we Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out so we Define
+subsystems and uh essentially then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems and uh essentially then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems and uh essentially then the
+subsystem requirements are derived from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem requirements are derived from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem requirements are derived from
+the functional requirements and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional requirements and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional requirements and you put
+numbers seek Key System performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers seek Key System performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers seek Key System performance
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+Behind These and depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behind These and depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behind These and depending on the
+complexity of the system you may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the system you may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the system you may have to
+go multiple layers down but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go multiple layers down but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go multiple layers down but that's the
+basic requirements allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic requirements allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic requirements allocation
+process um and I think I said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um and I think I said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um and I think I said this
+already it's difficult to do and stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already it's difficult to do and stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already it's difficult to do and stay
+solution neutral uh the the deeper you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution neutral uh the the deeper you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution neutral uh the the deeper you
+go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into
+this let me briefly mention uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me briefly mention uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me briefly mention uh this this
+will not be we will not sort of test you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be we will not sort of test you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be we will not sort of test you
+on this but I want to make you aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but I want to make you aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but I want to make you aware of
+this um a methodology called ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um a methodology called ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um a methodology called ISO
+performance and that was actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and that was actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and that was actually the
+the topic of my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of my my
+dissertation um how do you how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation um how do you how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation um how do you how do you
+how do you allocate requirements to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you allocate requirements to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you allocate requirements to
+lower level parameters or systems when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level parameters or systems when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level parameters or systems when
+the higher level requirement is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher level requirement is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher level requirement is is
+defined is clear so the the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined is clear so the the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined is clear so the the idea is that
+uh you have a vector of desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a vector of desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a vector of desired
+performance requirements and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance requirements and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance requirements and you want to
+understand first of all you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand first of all you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand first of all you understand
+are those requirements feasible and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those requirements feasible and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those requirements feasible and if
+they are feasible it usually means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are feasible it usually means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are feasible it usually means
+there's more than one way that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than one way that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than one way that these
+requirements could be satis the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements could be satis the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements could be satis the higher
+level requirements could be satisfied so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level requirements could be satisfied so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level requirements could be satisfied so
+find different non-unique feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find different non-unique feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find different non-unique feasible
+combinations to satisfy the higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations to satisfy the higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations to satisfy the higher level
+requirement and uh so this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement and uh so this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement and uh so this is one of the
+readings very quickly we have our design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings very quickly we have our design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings very quickly we have our design
+space we have our objective space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we have our objective space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we have our objective space and
+then we have this cost risk objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this cost risk objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this cost risk objective
+space and so the idea is that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so the idea is that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so the idea is that in the
+performance space you have the shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance space you have the shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance space you have the shall
+statements you shall perform at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements you shall perform at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements you shall perform at that
+level and that's this point here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and that's this point here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and that's this point here that's
+your performance Target Target and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your performance Target Target and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your performance Target Target and if
+it's in this in this uh gray Fe area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in this in this uh gray Fe area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in this in this uh gray Fe area
+it's actually feasible and it usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually feasible and it usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually feasible and it usually
+means there's more than one way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's more than one way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's more than one way to do it
+so if you can then map backwards to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can then map backwards to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can then map backwards to the
+design space these points here are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design space these points here are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design space these points here are all
+uh ISO performance meaning they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ISO performance meaning they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ISO performance meaning they're all
+they all uh satisfy and and provide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all uh satisfy and and provide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all uh satisfy and and provide this
+level of performance but they do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of performance but they do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of performance but they do it in
+different ways and and then in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and and then in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and and then in order to
+select a final design or a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a final design or a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a final design or a final
+requirement set you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement set you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement set you want to look at
+other objectives this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other objectives this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other objectives this is where the
+should statements come in and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should statements come in and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should statements come in and these are
+typically cost and risk related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically cost and risk related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically cost and risk related
+objectives so let me give you um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives so let me give you um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives so let me give you um this
+sounds pretty uh abstract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds pretty uh abstract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds pretty uh abstract and
+theoretical let me give you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical let me give you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical let me give you a very
+specific example this was my uh main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example this was my uh main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example this was my uh main
+case study a Space Telescope this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study a Space Telescope this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study a Space Telescope this is the
+uh actually this has now become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually this has now become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually this has now become the
+James web Space Telescope hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James web Space Telescope hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James web Space Telescope hasn't
+launched yet this is 20 years ago right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched yet this is 20 years ago right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched yet this is 20 years ago right
+we've been working on the James web for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working on the James web for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working on the James web for
+a long time but if it works it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time but if it works it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time but if it works it'll be
+exciting because it's going to get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting because it's going to get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting because it's going to get us
+very very close to the Big Bang right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very close to the Big Bang right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very close to the Big Bang right
+that's what James Webb will look in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what James Webb will look in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what James Webb will look in the
+highly red shifted uh infrared to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly red shifted uh infrared to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly red shifted uh infrared to really
+see the formation of the earliest Proto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the formation of the earliest Proto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the formation of the earliest Proto
+galaxies in the universe so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies in the universe so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies in the universe so if this
+works it'll be very exciting so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it'll be very exciting so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it'll be very exciting so um
+here's essentially a model of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's essentially a model of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's essentially a model of the the
+spacecraft this is a precursor to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft this is a precursor to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft this is a precursor to the
+James web and the big thing you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James web and the big thing you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James web and the big thing you need to
+do is you need to point you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you need to point you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you need to point you need to
+point and be very very stable for uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and be very very stable for uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and be very very stable for uh a
+long time to take these very very faint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to take these very very faint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to take these very very faint
+images so we have wfront error phasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images so we have wfront error phasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images so we have wfront error phasing
+requirements and then we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then we have these
+pointing requirements you got to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing requirements you got to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing requirements you got to point
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+stably and in order to achieve this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stably and in order to achieve this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stably and in order to achieve this uh
+Optical pointing performance we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical pointing performance we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical pointing performance we have the
+dyn the structure of the air the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyn the structure of the air the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyn the structure of the air the the
+spacecraft we have reaction Wheels we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft we have reaction Wheels we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft we have reaction Wheels we
+have controllers and and there's noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have controllers and and there's noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have controllers and and there's noise
+different kinds of noise sources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of noise sources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of noise sources that
+are um trying to basically prevent us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um trying to basically prevent us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um trying to basically prevent us
+from pointing with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pointing with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pointing with this
+Precision so very quickly uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision so very quickly uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision so very quickly uh this is
+what uh this Nexus precursor spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh this Nexus precursor spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh this Nexus precursor spacecraft
+looks like uh in the deployed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like uh in the deployed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like uh in the deployed
+configuration here on the upper right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration here on the upper right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration here on the upper right in
+the stoed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stoed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stoed
+configuration um initial performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration um initial performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration um initial performance
+assessment so this is really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment so this is really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment so this is really trying to
+find the requirements for deriving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the requirements for deriving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the requirements for deriving the
+requirements for the structure for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for the structure for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for the structure for the
+optics for the controller knowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics for the controller knowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics for the controller knowing that
+this is the point if you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the point if you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the point if you want to have
+this science happen you got to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this science happen you got to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this science happen you got to point
+with that Precision that is known so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that Precision that is known so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that Precision that is known so
+let's flow that down um so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's flow that down um so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's flow that down um so if we look at
+the pointing for example here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing for example here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing for example here on the
+right this this kind of fuzzy furball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this this kind of fuzzy furball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this this kind of fuzzy furball
+what does that represent that's a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that represent that's a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that represent that's a Time
+domain simulation of the centroid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain simulation of the centroid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain simulation of the centroid of the
+image right the telescope is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image right the telescope is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image right the telescope is now
+observing a part of the the sky trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing a part of the the sky trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing a part of the the sky trying
+to get you know these early Proto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you know these early Proto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you know these early Proto
+galaxies and it's you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies and it's you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies and it's you know it's it's
+flexible it's a very lightweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible it's a very lightweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible it's a very lightweight
+telescope it has these reaction wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope it has these reaction wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope it has these reaction wheels
+are turning trying to keep it stable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are turning trying to keep it stable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are turning trying to keep it stable we
+have electronic sources of noise so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electronic sources of noise so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electronic sources of noise so the
+blue furball here predicts that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue furball here predicts that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue furball here predicts that we would
+not meet the requirements this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not meet the requirements this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not meet the requirements this is some
+initial design some initial set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial design some initial set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial design some initial set of
+requirements we need to find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements we need to find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements we need to find a way to
+get down to the you know this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to the you know this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to the you know this is about
+15 microns root mean square error so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 microns root mean square error so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 microns root mean square error so
+it's about three times worse than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about three times worse than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about three times worse than what
+we need to achieve and the requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to achieve and the requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to achieve and the requirement
+is we need to get down to five microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we need to get down to five microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we need to get down to five microns
+of pointing or Jitter decision so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pointing or Jitter decision so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pointing or Jitter decision so how do
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+this so what ISO performance does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what ISO performance does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what ISO performance does is it
+looks at the sensitivities in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the sensitivities in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the sensitivities in the system
+what are all the things that influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are all the things that influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are all the things that influence
+the pointing performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing performance of the
+telescope and you can see here uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope and you can see here uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope and you can see here uh these
+are the two key performance measures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two key performance measures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two key performance measures on
+the left wfront error and then line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left wfront error and then line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left wfront error and then line of
+sight and the bars essentially tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight and the bars essentially tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight and the bars essentially tell you
+uh what are the really sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what are the really sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what are the really sensitive
+parameters that drive performance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that drive performance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that drive performance so
+disturbance parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance parameter
+plant structural parameters Optics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant structural parameters Optics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant structural parameters Optics and
+then controls so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then controls so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then controls so it's really
+multidisiplinary and what's neat about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multidisiplinary and what's neat about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multidisiplinary and what's neat about
+it is you can if you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you can if you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you can if you know these
+sensitivities you can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivities you can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivities you can essentially
+calculate the Jacobian matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the Jacobian matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the Jacobian matrix the
+Jacobian matrix is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix is essentially the
+partial derivatives of your performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives of your performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives of your performance
+right which is your higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is your higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is your higher level
+requirement with respect to these lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement with respect to these lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement with respect to these lower
+level parameters or requirements and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level parameters or requirements and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level parameters or requirements and you
+can then find using this essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then find using this essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then find using this essentially the
+null space of the Jacobian Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of the Jacobian Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of the Jacobian Matrix that
+will tell you how do you move in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you how do you move in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you how do you move in that
+space to keep the performance fixed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to keep the performance fixed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to keep the performance fixed at
+the requirement level let me explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirement level let me explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirement level let me explain
+this just using two parameters okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just using two parameters okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just using two parameters okay and
+this was a big deal on the Hubble Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a big deal on the Hubble Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a big deal on the Hubble Space
+Telescope so the two parameters I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telescope so the two parameters I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telescope so the two parameters I'm
+going to use is KR ISO and UD the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use is KR ISO and UD the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use is KR ISO and UD the
+dynamic wheel imbalance so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic wheel imbalance so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic wheel imbalance so these
+spacecraft have reaction wheels that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft have reaction wheels that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft have reaction wheels that are
+turning to uh point the spacecraft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning to uh point the spacecraft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning to uh point the spacecraft and
+counteract any momentum that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract any momentum that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract any momentum that you get
+from for example from solar pressure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for example from solar pressure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for example from solar pressure so
+UD is the amount of imbalance that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UD is the amount of imbalance that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UD is the amount of imbalance that you
+have in these wheels right if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in these wheels right if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in these wheels right if you have
+imbalance that will cause chatter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance that will cause chatter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance that will cause chatter it
+will cause torqux which will cause that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause torqux which will cause that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause torqux which will cause that
+Jitter and then K ISO is um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jitter and then K ISO is um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jitter and then K ISO is um it's a
+vibration isolation of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration isolation of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration isolation of the reaction
+wheel assembly how stiff or soft is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel assembly how stiff or soft is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel assembly how stiff or soft is the
+vibration isolation and what you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration isolation and what you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration isolation and what you can see
+in this plot is that our initial Design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this plot is that our initial Design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this plot is that our initial Design
+This is based on the simulation does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is based on the simulation does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is based on the simulation does not
+satisfy the higher level requirement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the higher level requirement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the higher level requirement in
+order to satisfy that we need to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to satisfy that we need to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to satisfy that we need to go down
+to this blue line labeled with five here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this blue line labeled with five here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this blue line labeled with five here
+right five microns of pointing precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right five microns of pointing precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right five microns of pointing precision
+and what you can see is that uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see is that uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see is that uh there
+are different ways to achieve that five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different ways to achieve that five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different ways to achieve that five
+microns we could go um over here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns we could go um over here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns we could go um over here this is
+labeled as HST that's what Hubble Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as HST that's what Hubble Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as HST that's what Hubble Space
+Telescope did the Hubble Space Telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telescope did the Hubble Space Telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telescope did the Hubble Space Telescope
+basically went for Ultra Ultra ultra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically went for Ultra Ultra ultra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically went for Ultra Ultra ultra
+quiet real ction Wheels very very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet real ction Wheels very very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet real ction Wheels very very low
+Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic
+imbalance so uh Marissa you talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance so uh Marissa you talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance so uh Marissa you talked about
+you know buying sensors from A supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know buying sensors from A supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know buying sensors from A supplier
+and putting it in these reaction there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting it in these reaction there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting it in these reaction there's
+companies that really specialize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that really specialize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that really specialize in
+making reaction wheels and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making reaction wheels and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making reaction wheels and things like
+that so if you're going to go for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you're going to go for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you're going to go for this
+point here let me point that out again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here let me point that out again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here let me point that out again
+so you guys can see it at epfl if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys can see it at epfl if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys can see it at epfl if you're
+going to go if you're going to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go if you're going to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go if you're going to derive
+and allocate this requirement it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allocate this requirement it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allocate this requirement it means
+you put a lot of pressure on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a lot of pressure on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a lot of pressure on your
+supplier to to achieve that level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier to to achieve that level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier to to achieve that level of
+dynamic wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic wheel
+imbalance uh if they can do it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance uh if they can do it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance uh if they can do it that's
+great but it could be very expensive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but it could be very expensive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but it could be very expensive but
+it makes your job easier right as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes your job easier right as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes your job easier right as the
+spacecraft integrator um or you could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft integrator um or you could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft integrator um or you could go
+straight down this point here called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight down this point here called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight down this point here called
+spec so you're essentially uh tolerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec so you're essentially uh tolerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec so you're essentially uh tolerating
+a noisier Reaction Wheel but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a noisier Reaction Wheel but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a noisier Reaction Wheel but then you
+need a very very soft very capable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a very very soft very capable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a very very soft very capable uh
+isolation stage very soft isolator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation stage very soft isolator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation stage very soft isolator
+what's the disadvantage of having very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the disadvantage of having very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the disadvantage of having very
+soft isolation what do you think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft isolation what do you think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft isolation what do you think is the
+big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so the the launch you got Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the the launch you got Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the the launch you got Pro
+probably have to lock it down during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to lock it down during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to lock it down during
+launch uh you have big displacements you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch uh you have big displacements you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch uh you have big displacements you
+need you need if you have a very soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you need if you have a very soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you need if you have a very soft
+isolation stage you need volume because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation stage you need volume because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation stage you need volume because
+the isolator is going to move a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isolator is going to move a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isolator is going to move a lot
+right and you may not have that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you may not have that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you may not have that that
+volume or you could do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume or you could do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume or you could do a little bit of
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+so this test Point here means we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this test Point here means we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this test Point here means we're
+going to have quieter Wheels but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have quieter Wheels but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have quieter Wheels but not
+ultra quiet and we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra quiet and we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra quiet and we're going to have a
+soft isolator but we have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft isolator but we have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft isolator but we have the right
+combination of the two and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two and we're going
+to go for that that point there so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go for that that point there so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go for that that point there so now
+if you go for that point you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go for that point you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go for that point you're going to
+satisfy your pointing requirement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy your pointing requirement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy your pointing requirement but
+you've allocated the lower level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've allocated the lower level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've allocated the lower level
+requirement in this case to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement in this case to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement in this case to the
+isolation stage and the dynamic wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation stage and the dynamic wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation stage and the dynamic wheel
+and balance in a kind of balanced way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and balance in a kind of balanced way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and balance in a kind of balanced way so
+everybody's job is roughly equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's job is roughly equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's job is roughly equally
+difficult that's the sort of idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult that's the sort of idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult that's the sort of idea here
+yes uh does this model assume that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh does this model assume that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh does this model assume that all
+of these variables are are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these variables are are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these variables are are then
+independent um and I guess kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent um and I guess kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent um and I guess kind of
+continuous in terms of you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous in terms of you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous in terms of you know you can
+incrementally work better so they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally work better so they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally work better so they um
+they're not independent in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not independent in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not independent in the sense
+that they're coupled through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're coupled through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're coupled through the
+performance of the system but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the system but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the system but you can
+Cho the assumption is you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cho the assumption is you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cho the assumption is you can choose
+these uh independently but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh independently but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh independently but they're
+they're coupled because you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coupled because you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coupled because you need to
+achieve that requirement and yes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that requirement and yes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that requirement and yes in this
+case they're continuous but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they're continuous but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they're continuous but you can
+think of this as discrete as well so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as discrete as well so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as discrete as well so for
+example the reaction Wheels could be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the reaction Wheels could be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the reaction Wheels could be uh
+you're picking from a catalog for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're picking from a catalog for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're picking from a catalog for
+example right in which case now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right in which case now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right in which case now you're
+really uh picking specifications for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh picking specifications for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh picking specifications for
+components that are off the shelf right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that are off the shelf right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that are off the shelf right
+okay um so let me I'm going to skip here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so let me I'm going to skip here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so let me I'm going to skip here
+for time so basically following this ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time so basically following this ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time so basically following this ISO
+performance process you can go from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance process you can go from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance process you can go from some
+initial requirements derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial requirements derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial requirements derived
+requirements that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that are
+infeasible uh to an in blue here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infeasible uh to an in blue here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infeasible uh to an in blue here I'm
+showing you the results of this uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the results of this uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the results of this uh it's
+it's very close to five there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very close to five there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very close to five there's some
+numerical tolerance here but by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical tolerance here but by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical tolerance here but by by
+essentially rebalancing the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially rebalancing the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially rebalancing the requirements
+within the system we're achieving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the system we're achieving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the system we're achieving the
+higher level requirement but in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level requirement but in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level requirement but in a way
+that distributes sort of the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distributes sort of the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distributes sort of the challenge
+equitably across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitably across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitably across
+subsystems does that make sense at epfl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems does that make sense at epfl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems does that make sense at epfl
+did you guys follow this uh I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you guys follow this uh I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you guys follow this uh I know this
+was a bit fast but that's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bit fast but that's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bit fast but that's the basic idea
+of iso performance any any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iso performance any any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iso performance any any questions on
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+no gu maybe I have one uh so given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no gu maybe I have one uh so given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no gu maybe I have one uh so given that
+you have different requirements and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different requirements and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different requirements and you
+probably have isop performance lines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have isop performance lines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have isop performance lines for
+each one is there a way that would kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one is there a way that would kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one is there a way that would kind
+of integrate all those lines that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrate all those lines that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrate all those lines that you
+could see the feasible region for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see the feasible region for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see the feasible region for those
+you know you don't mind maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't mind maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't mind maybe it's a
+little bit sof but maybe there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit sof but maybe there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit sof but maybe there's another
+requirement where that's really is Ticky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement where that's really is Ticky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement where that's really is Ticky
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you yes we don't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you sorry guys uh we ran out of battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sorry guys uh we ran out of battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sorry guys uh we ran out of battery
+here can you hear me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again can you hear me yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again can you hear me yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again can you hear me yeah so the
+question was well uh if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was well uh if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was well uh if you have
+multiple of these performance ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of these performance ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of these performance ISO
+performance lines that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance lines that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance lines that's exactly right
+if you have a vector of high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a vector of high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a vector of high level
+requirements you're going to have ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements you're going to have ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements you're going to have ISO
+performance surfaces and so it gets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance surfaces and so it gets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance surfaces and so it gets you
+know the more of these you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the more of these you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the more of these you have to
+satisfy at the same time the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy at the same time the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy at the same time the more
+complex this gets but you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex this gets but you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex this gets but you know we can
+handle that computationally so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that computationally so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that computationally so you have
+to do some imulation and computation up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some imulation and computation up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some imulation and computation up
+front to make sure you pick these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front to make sure you pick these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front to make sure you pick these
+requirements are not just uh wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are not just uh wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are not just uh wild
+guesses they're actually based on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses they're actually based on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses they're actually based on some
+some calculation and simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some calculation and simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some calculation and simulation
+okay all right so here let's uh let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so here let's uh let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so here let's uh let's do
+this uh let's do this in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh let's do this in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh let's do this in a kind of
+simplified way this is going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified way this is going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified way this is going to be our
+our last concept question for today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our last concept question for today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our last concept question for today um
+here's the the higher level requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the the higher level requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the the higher level requirement
+is a balloon uh those of you that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a balloon uh those of you that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a balloon uh those of you that have
+done unified engineering here you you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done unified engineering here you you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done unified engineering here you you've
+done this right we did this in unified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this right we did this in unified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this right we did this in unified a
+balloon shall lift a payload of 1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon shall lift a payload of 1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon shall lift a payload of 1,000
+kilg which includes its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilg which includes its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilg which includes its own
+Mass um you can use either helium which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass um you can use either helium which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass um you can use either helium which
+has a density of2 kg per cubic meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a density of2 kg per cubic meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a density of2 kg per cubic meters
+this is in standard atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in standard atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in standard atmospheric
+conditions or hydrogen .1 I've rounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or hydrogen .1 I've rounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or hydrogen .1 I've rounded
+these numbers as a lift gas the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers as a lift gas the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers as a lift gas the standard
+density of air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of air is
+1.3 uh which of the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 uh which of the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 uh which of the following
+requirements is infeasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements is infeasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements is infeasible
+a the balloon shall have a radius of 6.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the balloon shall have a radius of 6.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the balloon shall have a radius of 6.1
+M and the balloon shall use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and the balloon shall use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and the balloon shall use
+99.9% pure helium b a radius of 5.9 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.9% pure helium b a radius of 5.9 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.9% pure helium b a radius of 5.9 and
+the balloon shall use 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon shall use 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon shall use 99
+99% hydrogen as a lift gas and then 5.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% hydrogen as a lift gas and then 5.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% hydrogen as a lift gas and then 5.9
+M helium 6.1 M hydrogen e all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M helium 6.1 M hydrogen e all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M helium 6.1 M hydrogen e all these
+requirements actually are okay or none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements actually are okay or none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements actually are okay or none
+of these requirements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these requirements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these requirements are
+feasible Okay so I'll give you I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible Okay so I'll give you I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible Okay so I'll give you I'll give
+you uh 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh 3
+minutes to try and figure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to try and figure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to try and figure this
+out and then I'll show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then I'll show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then I'll show you the
+solution don't cheat don't go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution don't cheat don't go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution don't cheat don't go to the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chart so think about this the high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart so think about this the high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart so think about this the high level
+requirement is the balloon shall lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is the balloon shall lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is the balloon shall lift
+1,000 kilog including its own mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 kilog including its own mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 kilog including its own mass and
+we're trying to allocate lower level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to allocate lower level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to allocate lower level
+requirements for uh the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for uh the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for uh the size of the
+balloon and the gas that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use so try to figure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out all right I think we probably need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right I think we probably need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right I think we probably need
+who needs more time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so um we're going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so um we're going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so um we're going to leave
+this as a cliffhanger okay we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a cliffhanger okay we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a cliffhanger okay we'll we'll
+we'll do the solution next time and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the solution next time and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the solution next time and um
+take a little time to figure this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little time to figure this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little time to figure this out
+try not to look at the next slide okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to look at the next slide okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to look at the next slide okay
+so um I'm going to skip this uh just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I'm going to skip this uh just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I'm going to skip this uh just for
+time and I want to talk briefly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I want to talk briefly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I want to talk briefly about
+the srr what it is and then uh kickoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the srr what it is and then uh kickoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the srr what it is and then uh kickoff
+assignment to so srr so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to so srr so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to so srr so the idea is
+you've really been working on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've really been working on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've really been working on these
+requirements hard you know as a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements hard you know as a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements hard you know as a team
+with your customers and this takes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your customers and this takes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your customers and this takes this
+is not a quick thing this is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a quick thing this is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a quick thing this is not just
+two or three days typically writing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three days typically writing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three days typically writing your
+level zero level level one requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level zero level level one requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level zero level level one requirements
+is a process that takes uh weeks months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process that takes uh weeks months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process that takes uh weeks months
+sometimes at least a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes at least a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes at least a year
+uh but typically it's on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but typically it's on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but typically it's on the order of
+you know three to six months in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know three to six months in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know three to six months in many
+projects roughly and once you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects roughly and once you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects roughly and once you have your
+high level requirements srr is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level requirements srr is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level requirements srr is the the
+Milestone where you review those right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milestone where you review those right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milestone where you review those right
+so here's a u here's an example uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a u here's an example uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a u here's an example uh so
+it's a social it's a peer review process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a social it's a peer review process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a social it's a peer review process
+and the the main goal of srr is to vet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the main goal of srr is to vet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the main goal of srr is to vet
+the requirements as they were written to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements as they were written to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements as they were written to
+to see if you have any missing misstated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if you have any missing misstated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if you have any missing misstated
+redundant or other otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant or other otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant or other otherwise
+unsatisfactory requirements this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfactory requirements this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfactory requirements this is a
+picture from uh JPL from uh MSL actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from uh JPL from uh MSL actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from uh JPL from uh MSL actually
+Mission and I want to just point out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission and I want to just point out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission and I want to just point out a
+good friend of mine who's a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friend of mine who's a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friend of mine who's a graduate
+here of our department Richard cornfeld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of our department Richard cornfeld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of our department Richard cornfeld
+vulker knows him met him uh last summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulker knows him met him uh last summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulker knows him met him uh last summer
+he's been working on three different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been working on three different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been working on three different uh
+Mars missions over the last decade and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mars missions over the last decade and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mars missions over the last decade and
+uh we're going to hear from Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to hear from Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to hear from Richard
+later this semester about verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later this semester about verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later this semester about verification
+of requirements because he verifi the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of requirements because he verifi the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of requirements because he verifi the
+entry descend and Landing requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry descend and Landing requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry descend and Landing requirements
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+MSL so here's essentially what it's says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MSL so here's essentially what it's says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MSL so here's essentially what it's says
+in the NASA handbook uh srr happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the NASA handbook uh srr happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the NASA handbook uh srr happens
+during phase a before you go into phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during phase a before you go into phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during phase a before you go into phase
+B and you need at least your top two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and you need at least your top two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and you need at least your top two
+level requirements written before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level requirements written before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level requirements written before you
+can do uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do uh the
+srr um I do want to mention the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srr um I do want to mention the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srr um I do want to mention the second
+Reading Post reading this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reading Post reading this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reading Post reading this is about
+requirements volatility so uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements volatility so uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements volatility so uh just
+because you pass the srr doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you pass the srr doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you pass the srr doesn't mean
+that the requirements are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the requirements are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the requirements are completely
+Frozen first of all you don't have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frozen first of all you don't have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frozen first of all you don't have a lot
+of lower level requirements yet right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lower level requirements yet right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lower level requirements yet right
+those are going to be added post srr uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to be added post srr uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to be added post srr uh
+and even some of the some you pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even some of the some you pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even some of the some you pointed
+out some of you the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some of you the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some of you the you know
+requirements creep and these things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements creep and these things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements creep and these things so
+this second reading is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second reading is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second reading is about
+requirements volatility which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements volatility which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements volatility which you can
+actually quantify what are the sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quantify what are the sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quantify what are the sources
+of requirements volatility that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of requirements volatility that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of requirements volatility that's what
+this figure shows you and then what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure shows you and then what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure shows you and then what is
+the impact of requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of requirements
+volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility
+um what is the impact of requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is the impact of requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is the impact of requirements
+volatility on a project so specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility on a project so specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility on a project so specifically
+you know on the number of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the number of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the number of system
+requirements on rework on Project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements on rework on Project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements on rework on Project
+schedule and so forth It's really it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and so forth It's really it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and so forth It's really it's a
+very very recent paper uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very recent paper uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very recent paper uh on
+requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+volatility so let me just kick off uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility so let me just kick off uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility so let me just kick off uh
+assignment two and then we'll be done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment two and then we'll be done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment two and then we'll be done so
+assignment 2 goes out today and is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment 2 goes out today and is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment 2 goes out today and is due
+in uh in two weeks so that's October 9th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in two weeks so that's October 9th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in two weeks so that's October 9th
+uh and it's very focused on requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's very focused on requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's very focused on requirements
+basically uh what I want you and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh what I want you and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh what I want you and it's
+the same teams that you're in for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same teams that you're in for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same teams that you're in for for
+all the assignments um is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the assignments um is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the assignments um is essentially
+first of all find first task is find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all find first task is find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all find first task is find a
+project or program uh where poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or program uh where poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or program uh where poorly
+written or managed requirements were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written or managed requirements were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written or managed requirements were a
+major problem so as a team discuss an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major problem so as a team discuss an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major problem so as a team discuss an
+example and discuss that example um as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and discuss that example um as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and discuss that example um as a
+team the second task is look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team the second task is look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team the second task is look at those
+canat 2016 requirements those 47 base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canat 2016 requirements those 47 base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canat 2016 requirements those 47 base
+requirements and analyze those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and analyze those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and analyze those
+critically so that means you know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically so that means you know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically so that means you know are
+they feasible are they well written uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feasible are they well written uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feasible are they well written uh
+classify them you know what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify them you know what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify them you know what type of
+requirement is it is it an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is it is it an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is it is it an interface
+requirement is it a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is it a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is it a performance
+requirement and then figure out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement and then figure out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement and then figure out whether
+um there's a hierarchy there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a hierarchy there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a hierarchy there and
+basically then from that generate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically then from that generate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically then from that generate your
+own set of requirements for the canat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own set of requirements for the canat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own set of requirements for the canat
+competition so you're going to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition so you're going to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition so you're going to either
+rewrite or reorganize these requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite or reorganize these requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite or reorganize these requirements
+in a way that's better and that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that's better and that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that's better and that works
+for you as a team and then uh the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you as a team and then uh the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you as a team and then uh the fourth
+requirement is to f figure out uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is to f figure out uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is to f figure out uh where
+um where you want your margins where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you want your margins where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you want your margins where do
+you think you need to have reserves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you need to have reserves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you need to have reserves and
+margins in these requirements okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins in these requirements okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins in these requirements okay so
+it's very much looking and reorganizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very much looking and reorganizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very much looking and reorganizing
+and critically analyzing the canat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and critically analyzing the canat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and critically analyzing the canat
+2016 uh requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 uh requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 uh requirements
+set so let me summarize um you know good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so let me summarize um you know good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so let me summarize um you know good
+requirements are really essential it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are really essential it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are really essential it's
+the starting point for uh system design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point for uh system design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point for uh system design
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+engineering uh it is a challenging thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh it is a challenging thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh it is a challenging thing
+especially the flowdown is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the flowdown is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the flowdown is
+challenging um there are some methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging um there are some methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging um there are some methods
+and Commercial tools for doing formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Commercial tools for doing formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Commercial tools for doing formal
+requirements management so I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements management so I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements management so I mentioned
+ISO performance and then I mentioned uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO performance and then I mentioned uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO performance and then I mentioned uh
+doors you know these commercial tools um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors you know these commercial tools um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors you know these commercial tools um
+and then the last Point here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last Point here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last Point here is just
+because you passed srr and you have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you passed srr and you have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you passed srr and you have high
+level requirements approved doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level requirements approved doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level requirements approved doesn't mean
+that's the end of the story right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of the story right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of the story right the
+requirements will continue to be updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements will continue to be updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements will continue to be updated
+uh refined and but you have to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh refined and but you have to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh refined and but you have to be you
+have to be very disciplined to keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very disciplined to keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very disciplined to keep that
+in check if your requirements volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in check if your requirements volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in check if your requirements volatility
+is too high then uh bad things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too high then uh bad things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too high then uh bad things can
+happen to your project and I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to your project and I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to your project and I really
+recommend the reading on requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend the reading on requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend the reading on requirements
+volatility some very very recent data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility some very very recent data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility some very very recent data on
+that okay so um that's the end of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so um that's the end of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so um that's the end of uh of
+the session for today uh I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the session for today uh I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the session for today uh I'm going to be
+online on the WebEx in about 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online on the WebEx in about 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online on the WebEx in about 10 minutes
+if any of you have questions or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you have questions or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you have questions or any
+comments or you want to dive into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments or you want to dive into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments or you want to dive into this
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+um I know this is not a great time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know this is not a great time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know this is not a great time for
+you at epfl cuz it's Friday night for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at epfl cuz it's Friday night for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at epfl cuz it's Friday night for
+you guys so um I think what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys so um I think what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys so um I think what we're going
+to do uh we'll figure this out with Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh we'll figure this out with Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh we'll figure this out with Le
+and Yanna we'll see if we want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Yanna we'll see if we want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Yanna we'll see if we want to do a
+separate time you know a different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate time you know a different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate time you know a different time
+during the week for the uh office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the week for the uh office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the week for the uh office hours
+I'm happy to do this at a better time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to do this at a better time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to do this at a better time if
+this doesn't work for you guys uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't work for you guys uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't work for you guys uh
+because it's happy hour time for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's happy hour time for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's happy hour time for you so
+anyway uh okay so great have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh okay so great have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh okay so great have a great
+week and we'll see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and we'll see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and we'll see you next
+Friday e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JoQDJMZA7F8.txt b/JoQDJMZA7F8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6b6ba2da8cfc0d256b543ea181ce93f0fa3f83d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JoQDJMZA7F8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment and the next two we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment and the next two we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment and the next two we will
+introduce a few useful random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a few useful random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a few useful random variables
+that show up in many applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show up in many applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show up in many applications
+discrete uniform random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete uniform random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete uniform random variables
+binomial random variables and geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial random variables and geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial random variables and geometric
+random variables let us start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables let us start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables let us start with a
+discrete uniform a discrete uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete uniform a discrete uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete uniform a discrete uniform
+random variable is one that has a PMF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is one that has a PMF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is one that has a PMF of
+this form it takes values in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form it takes values in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form it takes values in a certain
+range and each one of the values in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and each one of the values in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and each one of the values in that
+range has the same probability to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range has the same probability to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range has the same probability to be
+more precise the discrete uniform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise the discrete uniform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise the discrete uniform is
+completely determined by two parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely determined by two parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely determined by two parameters
+that are two integers a and B which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are two integers a and B which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are two integers a and B which are
+the beginning at the end of the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning at the end of the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning at the end of the range of
+that random variable we're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random variable we're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random variable we're thinking of
+an experiment where we're going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment where we're going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment where we're going to pick
+an integer at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer at random
+among the values that are between a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the values that are between a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the values that are between a and
+B with the endpoints a and B including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B with the endpoints a and B including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B with the endpoints a and B including
+and all of these values are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these values are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these values are equally
+likely to be more formal our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be more formal our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be more formal our sample
+space is the set of integers from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is the set of integers from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is the set of integers from a
+until B and the number of points that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until B and the number of points that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until B and the number of points that we
+have in our sample space is B minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our sample space is B minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our sample space is B minus a
+plus 1 possible values what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 possible values what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 possible values what is the
+random variable that we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that we're talking about
+if this is our sample space the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is our sample space the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is our sample space the outcome
+of the experiment is already a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment is already a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment is already a number
+and the numerical value of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the numerical value of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the numerical value of the random
+variable is just the number that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is just the number that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is just the number that we
+happen to pick in that range so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to pick in that range so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to pick in that range so in this
+context there isn't really a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context there isn't really a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context there isn't really a distinction
+between the outcome of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the outcome of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the outcome of the experiment
+and the numerical value of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the numerical value of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the numerical value of the random
+variable they are one and the same now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable they are one and the same now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable they are one and the same now
+since each one of the values is equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since each one of the values is equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since each one of the values is equally
+likely and since we have so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely and since we have so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely and since we have so many
+possible values this means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values this means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values this means that the
+probability of any particular value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any particular value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any particular value is
+going to be one over B minus a plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one over B minus a plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one over B minus a plus 1
+this is the choice for the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the choice for the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the choice for the probability
+that would make all the probabilities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make all the probabilities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make all the probabilities in
+the PMF sum to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PMF sum to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PMF sum to one
+what does this value what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this value what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this value what does this
+random variable model in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable model in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable model in the real world
+it models the case where we have a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it models the case where we have a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it models the case where we have a range
+of possible values and we have complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible values and we have complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible values and we have complete
+ignorance no reason to believe that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance no reason to believe that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance no reason to believe that one
+value is more likely than the other as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is more likely than the other as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is more likely than the other as
+an example suppose that you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example suppose that you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example suppose that you look at your
+digital clock and you look at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital clock and you look at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital clock and you look at the time
+and the time that it tells you is 1152
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the time that it tells you is 1152
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the time that it tells you is 1152
+and 26 seconds and suppose that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 26 seconds and suppose that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 26 seconds and suppose that you just
+look at the seconds the seconds reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the seconds the seconds reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the seconds the seconds reading
+is something that takes values in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that takes values in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that takes values in the
+set from 0 to 59 so there are 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set from 0 to 59 so there are 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set from 0 to 59 so there are 60
+possible values and if you just choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values and if you just choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values and if you just choose
+to look at your clock at a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at your clock at a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at your clock at a completely
+random time there's no reason to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random time there's no reason to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random time there's no reason to expect
+that one reading will be more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one reading will be more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one reading will be more likely
+than the other all readings should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other all readings should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other all readings should be
+equally likely and each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely and each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely and each one of them
+should have a probability of 1 over 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a probability of 1 over 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a probability of 1 over 60
+one final comment let us look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one final comment let us look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one final comment let us look at a
+special case where the beginning and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where the beginning and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where the beginning and the
+end point of the range of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point of the range of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point of the range of possible
+values is the same which means that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is the same which means that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is the same which means that our
+random variable can only take one value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable can only take one value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable can only take one value
+namely that particular number a in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that particular number a in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that particular number a in that
+case the random variable that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the random variable that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the random variable that we're
+dealing with is really a constant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with is really a constant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with is really a constant it
+doesn't have any randomness it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any randomness it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any randomness it is a
+deterministic random variable that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic random variable that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic random variable that takes
+the particular value of a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular value of a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular value of a with
+probability equal to one it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability equal to one it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability equal to one it is not
+random in the common sense of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random in the common sense of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random in the common sense of the world
+but mathematically we can still consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mathematically we can still consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mathematically we can still consider
+it a random variable that just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a random variable that just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a random variable that just happens
+to be the same no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same no matter what the
+outcome of the experiment is
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Km9YIdkc2Oo.txt b/Km9YIdkc2Oo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77baea955faeafe65838fc5897c69090fa2521b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Km9YIdkc2Oo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+morning all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+today so today we're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so today we're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so today we're going to take a
+fresh look at some of the stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh look at some of the stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh look at some of the stuff we
+covered in the last two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in the last two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in the last two lectures
+and uh the graph I want to keep you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the graph I want to keep you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the graph I want to keep you to
+keep in mind as we go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind as we go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind as we go through this
+lecture in terms of what to expect is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in terms of what to expect is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in terms of what to expect is uh
+this first time and uh last Tuesday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first time and uh last Tuesday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first time and uh last Tuesday's
+lecture we covered some stuff I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we covered some stuff I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we covered some stuff I talked
+about a method for the sin soal response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a method for the sin soal response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a method for the sin soal response
+which was Agony so I I wanted you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was Agony so I I wanted you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was Agony so I I wanted you to be
+Agony and then towards the end I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agony and then towards the end I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agony and then towards the end I showed
+you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another
+method that was uh was quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that was uh was quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that was uh was quite a bit
+easier but still pretty hard and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but still pretty hard and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but still pretty hard and I
+promised you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today there'll be a new method okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there'll be a new method okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there'll be a new method okay uh
+which is going to be uh so easy as to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be uh so easy as to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be uh so easy as to be
+almost right okay just imagine okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost right okay just imagine okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost right okay just imagine okay I'm
+I'm going to make a statement right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make a statement right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make a statement right now
+that I think you will all find hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think you will all find hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think you will all find hard to
+believe so what I'm going to say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe so what I'm going to say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe so what I'm going to say is that
+just imagine your RLC circuit okay your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine your RLC circuit okay your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine your RLC circuit okay your
+resistor inductor and capacitor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor inductor and capacitor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor inductor and capacitor a
+parallel form or series form imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel form or series form imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel form or series form imagine
+that you could write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could write down the
+characteristic equation for that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation for that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation for that by
+observation okay in 30 seconds or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation okay in 30 seconds or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation okay in 30 seconds or less
+just imagine that by observation boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine that by observation boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine that by observation boom
+write down the characteristic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the characteristic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the characteristic equation
+for virtually any RLC circuit or RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for virtually any RLC circuit or RC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for virtually any RLC circuit or RC
+circuit or whatever and and we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit or whatever and and we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit or whatever and and we all know
+that once you have the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you have the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you have the characteristic
+equation you can very easily go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can very easily go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can very easily go from
+there to the time domain response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to the time domain response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to the time domain response
+intuitively or to the sign you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively or to the sign you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively or to the sign you saw the
+study response too okay so just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study response too okay so just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study response too okay so just keep
+that thought in mind okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thought in mind okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thought in mind okay
+imagine 30 seconds okay and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine 30 seconds okay and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine 30 seconds okay and that's what
+you should expect in today's lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should expect in today's lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should expect in today's lecture so
+uh students often ask me so uh if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh students often ask me so uh if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh students often ask me so uh if this
+stuff is actually so easy why do you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is actually so easy why do you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is actually so easy why do you why
+do you take us through the stous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you take us through the stous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you take us through the stous
+path okay so are we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path okay so are we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path okay so are we just
+mean we just want to show you how hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we just want to show you how hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we just want to show you how hard
+things are and then show you the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are and then show you the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are and then show you the easy
+way um you know I have aru with myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um you know I have aru with myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um you know I have aru with myself
+you know uh every year as to whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh every year as to whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh every year as to whether
+just just go ahead give the easy path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just go ahead give the easy path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just go ahead give the easy path
+and that's it but I think the reason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it but I think the reason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it but I think the reason we
+covered the uh the basic foundations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered the uh the basic foundations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered the uh the basic foundations is
+that it gives you a level of insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it gives you a level of insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it gives you a level of insight
+that you would not have otherwise gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would not have otherwise gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would not have otherwise gotten
+if I directly jumped into the uh easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I directly jumped into the uh easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I directly jumped into the uh easy
+method all right so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method all right so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method all right so you need to
+understand the foundations and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the foundations and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the foundations and you need
+to have seen that at least once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have seen that at least once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have seen that at least once and
+second once you do something the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second once you do something the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second once you do something the hard
+way you appreciate all the more the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you appreciate all the more the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you appreciate all the more the easy
+method okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so today we cover what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model um first let me do a review uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um first let me do a review uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um first let me do a review uh
+just because of the large amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the large amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the large amount of
+content in the last two lectures I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content in the last two lectures I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content in the last two lectures I did
+them on using graphs I usually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on using graphs I usually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on using graphs I usually don't
+like to do that and uh but even then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do that and uh but even then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do that and uh but even then it
+was quite rushed so uh let me quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite rushed so uh let me quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite rushed so uh let me quickly
+summarize for you the main uh the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points so we have been looking at uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so we have been looking at uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so we have been looking at uh on
+Tuesday the SLE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looking at the sin stady State response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the sin stady State response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the sin stady State response
+uh also formly denoted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also formly denoted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also formly denoted as
+SSS and the readings for this were 14.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSS and the readings for this were 14.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSS and the readings for this were 14.1
+and chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chapter
+14.2 so what we said was we took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14.2 so what we said was we took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14.2 so what we said was we took this
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circuit and uh it said as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+input coine of Omega T have an r and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input coine of Omega T have an r and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input coine of Omega T have an r and
+just see and let's say we cared about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see and let's say we cared about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see and let's say we cared about
+the uh output response and and we cared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh output response and and we cared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh output response and and we cared
+about the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the capacitor
+voltage um what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was focused on the sinusal steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was focused on the sinusal steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was focused on the sinusal steady state
+response and uh what that meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and uh what that meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and uh what that meant
+was first of all focus on steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state okay in other words for or just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay in other words for or just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay in other words for or just to
+capture the steady state behavior when T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the steady state behavior when T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the steady state behavior when T
+goes to uh infinity okay after a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to uh infinity okay after a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to uh infinity okay after a long
+period of time and for most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and for most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and for most of the
+circuits that we consider because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits that we consider because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits that we consider because of the
+r or or presence of any resistance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r or or presence of any resistance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r or or presence of any resistance the
+homogenous response usually would die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenous response usually would die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenous response usually would die
+out because the homogeneous response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because the homogeneous response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because the homogeneous response is
+usually of the form minus P by okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually of the form minus P by okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually of the form minus P by okay and
+as p goes to uh Infinity uh this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as p goes to uh Infinity uh this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as p goes to uh Infinity uh this term
+tends to go to zero okay we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to go to zero okay we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to go to zero okay we're just
+looking at the steady state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the steady state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the steady state and
+therefore we can because of the circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can because of the circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can because of the circuits
+we look at we can ignore the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at we can ignore the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at we can ignore the homogeneous
+response so all we left to do is to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so all we left to do is to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so all we left to do is to find
+the particular response uh to sinusoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular response uh to sinusoids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular response uh to sinusoids
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+form and second was focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cides okay so he said the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cides okay so he said the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cides okay so he said the reason for
+this was that um let's say we did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was that um let's say we did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was that um let's say we did not
+care particularly what happened when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care particularly what happened when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care particularly what happened when I
+just turned on my amplifier okay I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turned on my amplifier okay I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turned on my amplifier okay I just
+turned on my amplifier often times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on my amplifier often times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on my amplifier often times you
+see some distorted sound coming out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some distorted sound coming out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some distorted sound coming out for
+a few uh seconds and then you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few uh seconds and then you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few uh seconds and then you you you
+hear hear the much clearer sound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear hear the much clearer sound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear hear the much clearer sound and
+that initial part is due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial part is due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial part is due to the
+transient response and let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient response and let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient response and let's say we
+don't care about that we care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about that we care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about that we care about the
+steady state um and second we focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state um and second we focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state um and second we focus on
+sinusoids because based on the Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids because based on the Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids because based on the Fier
+series experience that you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series experience that you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series experience that you've had
+previously we can represent repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we can represent repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we can represent repeated
+signals as a sum of you know as a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals as a sum of you know as a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals as a sum of you know as a sum of
+signs and therefore it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and therefore it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and therefore it's important to
+understand the behavior of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the behavior of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the behavior of these
+circuits when the input is a uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits when the input is a uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits when the input is a uh is a
+sinusoid and u what was important was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid and u what was important was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid and u what was important was
+this introduced a new way of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this introduced a new way of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this introduced a new way of looking at
+circuits and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and that
+was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+Viewpoint okay um when we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint okay um when we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint okay um when we looked at
+transient responses we plotted functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient responses we plotted functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient responses we plotted functions
+or responses as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or responses as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or responses as a function of time
+and when we look at s steady state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we look at s steady state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we look at s steady state it
+becomes interesting to plot the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes interesting to plot the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes interesting to plot the response
+as a function of the frequency function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the frequency function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the frequency function
+of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay so what I'll do is uh let me draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'll do is uh let me draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'll do is uh let me draw a
+little chart for you to to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chart for you to to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chart for you to to sort of
+visualize the various processes we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the various processes we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the various processes we've
+been going through so we can liken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going through so we can liken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going through so we can liken
+obtaining the sign s study State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining the sign s study State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining the sign s study State
+response to uh following the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to uh following the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to uh following the uh
+following these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following these
+steps so here's my input and what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so here's my input and what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so here's my input and what I did
+as a first step was fed my input to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usual usual circuit model okay I my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual usual circuit model okay I my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual usual circuit model okay I my
+elements were lumped elements built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements were lumped elements built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements were lumped elements built the
+circuit and wrote down the uh VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and wrote down the uh VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and wrote down the uh VI
+relationships on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships on the
+element as a second step I set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element as a second step I set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element as a second step I set up the
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation okay so this was the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so this was the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so this was the uh the
+first of four steps set up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of four steps set up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of four steps set up my
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and
+then the path that I took first was Frau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the path that I took first was Frau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the path that I took first was Frau
+with the real nightmarish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trig by the end of the day it would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig by the end of the day it would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig by the end of the day it would it
+would yield an answer it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would yield an answer it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would yield an answer it would be a
+nightmare but I would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare but I would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare but I would get
+something cosine Omega t plus something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something cosine Omega t plus something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something cosine Omega t plus something
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+phase okay I could U grunge through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay I could U grunge through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay I could U grunge through the
+trade and I gave up halfway in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and I gave up halfway in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and I gave up halfway in class
+year but you could grun through it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but you could grun through it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but you could grun through it if
+you like and you would get the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like and you would get the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like and you would get the answer to
+be some sinusoid with some amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some sinusoid with some amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some sinusoid with some amplitude
+Okay and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay and some
+phase okay so VI cosine Omega T would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay so VI cosine Omega T would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay so VI cosine Omega T would
+produce a response that was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a response that was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a response that was something
+cosine Omega t plus some phase so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega t plus some phase so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega t plus some phase so he
+said that this was too painful so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that this was too painful so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that this was too painful so uh
+let's uh punch this and instead what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh punch this and instead what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh punch this and instead what we
+said we do is take a dour okay take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we do is take a dour okay take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we do is take a dour okay take a
+easier path and the easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier path and the easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier path and the easier
+path look like this I said let's sneak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in sneak in v e Omega T Drive okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sneak in v e Omega T Drive okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sneak in v e Omega T Drive okay that
+is just imagine do the math as if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just imagine do the math as if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just imagine do the math as if you
+had fed in not a VI cosine Omega T but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had fed in not a VI cosine Omega T but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had fed in not a VI cosine Omega T but a
+VI e the J Omega T okay and from oiless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI e the J Omega T okay and from oiless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI e the J Omega T okay and from oiless
+relation you know that the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation you know that the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation you know that the real part of
+this is VI cosine of Omega T okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is VI cosine of Omega T okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is VI cosine of Omega T okay so we
+said that I'm going to sneak in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that I'm going to sneak in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that I'm going to sneak in this
+thing find the response and just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing find the response and just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing find the response and just take
+the real part of that because the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of that because the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of that because the real
+part of the input gives me this so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the input gives me this so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the input gives me this so uh
+this is my sneaky pth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my sneaky pth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my sneaky pth
+and what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I did
+there as soon as I fed in e to the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as soon as I fed in e to the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as soon as I fed in e to the G
+omeg because of the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omeg because of the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omeg because of the property of
+exponentials the e to the G omeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials the e to the G omeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials the e to the G omeg
+canceled out in my uh in my equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled out in my uh in my equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled out in my uh in my equation and
+what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was
+left was some fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left was some fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left was some fairly simple
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+algebra okay and at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra okay and at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra okay and at the end of the day
+after I grunch through some fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I grunch through some fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I grunch through some fairly
+simple complex Algebra I ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple complex Algebra I ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple complex Algebra I ended up
+with some response that look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some response that look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some response that look like this
+some VP e to the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some VP e to the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some VP e to the J Omega
+T what I found what I would find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T what I found what I would find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T what I found what I would find is that
+for the input v e to the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the input v e to the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the input v e to the J Omega
+T okay I would get a response VP e the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay I would get a response VP e the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay I would get a response VP e the J
+Omega t Okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega t Okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega t Okay and
+then what I said we do is take the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part why take the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part why take the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part why take the real part
+because this is a fake a sneaky input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a fake a sneaky input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a fake a sneaky input
+the input I really care about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input I really care about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input I really care about is the
+real part of the sneaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of the sneaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of the sneaky
+input okay so this is my sneaky output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay so this is my sneaky output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay so this is my sneaky output
+and what I care about is the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I care about is the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I care about is the real part
+of the sneaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sneaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sneaky
+output okay so that was that was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay so that was that was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay so that was that was sort of
+the inverse superposition argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse superposition argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse superposition argument that
+I made yes made on Tuesday that if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made yes made on Tuesday that if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made yes made on Tuesday that if what
+I care about is the real part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care about is the real part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care about is the real part of this
+input then I just take the real part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input then I just take the real part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input then I just take the real part and
+get the uh output that I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the uh output that I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the uh output that I care
+about so uh I take the real part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so uh I take the real part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so uh I take the real part and
+notice that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that uh
+that uh VP here in the examples we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh VP here in the examples we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh VP here in the examples we
+did we did an RC example and uh the VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we did an RC example and uh the VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we did an RC example and uh the VP
+here was a complex number okay so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was a complex number okay so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was a complex number okay so I can
+represent that complex number as in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that complex number as in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that complex number as in many
+ways this e j Omega T so I I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways this e j Omega T so I I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways this e j Omega T so I I could
+represent VP in an amplitude you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent VP in an amplitude you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent VP in an amplitude you know as
+a phaser okay in polar essentially polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phaser okay in polar essentially polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phaser okay in polar essentially polar
+coordinates so I can say that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so I can say that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so I can say that be
+equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to
+VP e to the J angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP e to the J angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP e to the J angle
+VP okay so VP is a complex number so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP okay so VP is a complex number so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP okay so VP is a complex number so if
+you look at the complex appendix in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the complex appendix in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the complex appendix in your
+course notes I can represent a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course notes I can represent a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course notes I can represent a complex
+number as an amplitude multiplied by Eed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as an amplitude multiplied by Eed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as an amplitude multiplied by Eed
+to J * some phase okay it's just simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to J * some phase okay it's just simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to J * some phase okay it's just simple
+complex algebra and then what I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex algebra and then what I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex algebra and then what I could do
+here is take the real part of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is take the real part of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is take the real part of that and
+when I took the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I took the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I took the real part of
+that what came about was that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what came about was that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what came about was that this was
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+VP okay notice that uh the angle VP goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP okay notice that uh the angle VP goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP okay notice that uh the angle VP goes
+in here so it becomes J * Omega t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so it becomes J * Omega t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so it becomes J * Omega t plus
+angle VP so it's uh VP amplitude time e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle VP so it's uh VP amplitude time e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle VP so it's uh VP amplitude time e
+ra to J Omega t plus J angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ra to J Omega t plus J angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ra to J Omega t plus J angle
+VP and the real part of that is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP and the real part of that is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP and the real part of that is simply
+VP cosine of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP cosine of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP cosine of that
+stuff okay so uh what I end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so uh what I end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so uh what I end up getting
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is VP cosine Omega t plus VP the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is VP cosine Omega t plus VP the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is VP cosine Omega t plus VP the cool
+thing to notice was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice was
+that was that once I found out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that once I found out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that once I found out this
+response here I could immediately write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response here I could immediately write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response here I could immediately write
+down the output based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the output based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the output based on
+VP okay so in other words once I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP okay so in other words once I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP okay so in other words once I had
+VP I could stop right there in my math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP I could stop right there in my math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP I could stop right there in my math
+okay I got VP very quickly here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I got VP very quickly here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I got VP very quickly here this
+step produced VP very quickly okay after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step produced VP very quickly okay after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step produced VP very quickly okay after
+two algebraic steps and then from here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two algebraic steps and then from here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two algebraic steps and then from here I
+could directly write down the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could directly write down the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could directly write down the answer
+as a modulus of VP cosine Omega t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a modulus of VP cosine Omega t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a modulus of VP cosine Omega t plus
+angle VP boom right there okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle VP boom right there okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle VP boom right there okay so this
+was a much shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a much shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a much shorter
+path okay and here I just describe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path okay and here I just describe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path okay and here I just describe to
+you how uh this yields an expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how uh this yields an expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how uh this yields an expression for
+VP and angle VP and for our example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP and angle VP and for our example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP and angle VP and for our example uh
+VP was 1 / 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP was 1 / 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP was 1 / 1 +
+J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega
+RC okay and we often times write a Shand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC okay and we often times write a Shand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC okay and we often times write a Shand
+notation 1 + SRC where s is simply J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation 1 + SRC where s is simply J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation 1 + SRC where s is simply J
+Omega okay we all you know we commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay we all you know we commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay we all you know we commonly
+jump back and forth between a Shand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump back and forth between a Shand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump back and forth between a Shand
+notation s and J Omega okay s has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation s and J Omega okay s has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation s and J Omega okay s has some
+other fundamental has another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fundamental has another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fundamental has another
+fundamental significance you will learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental significance you will learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental significance you will learn
+about uh in future courses but for now s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh in future courses but for now s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh in future courses but for now s
+is simply a short form uh for J Omega so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a short form uh for J Omega so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a short form uh for J Omega so
+this was the path that we took and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the path that we took and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the path that we took and the
+hard path the easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard path the easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard path the easier
+path today I'm going to claim that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path today I'm going to claim that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path today I'm going to claim that even
+this was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was too
+hard okay this even easier path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay this even easier path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay this even easier path and
+today what I'm going to show you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what I'm going to show you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what I'm going to show you is that
+starting here you're going to take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting here you're going to take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting here you're going to take one
+step and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and get
+here okay I'm going to show you today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I'm going to show you today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I'm going to show you today
+that we won't do this we won't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we won't do this we won't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we won't do this we won't do this
+not this not this not none of this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this not this not none of this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this not this not none of this okay
+one step and then we're going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step and then we're going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step and then we're going to get the
+answer okay so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so let's do
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so before we jump into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so before we jump into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so before we jump into the
+impedence method and uh going to doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedence method and uh going to doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedence method and uh going to doing
+that um I'd just like to plot for you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I'd just like to plot for you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I'd just like to plot for you uh
+this function here so we can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function here so we can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function here so we can understand
+a little bit better exactly what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit better exactly what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit better exactly what is
+going on so uh as I mentioned to you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so uh as I mentioned to you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so uh as I mentioned to you the
+output vot for our circuit there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output vot for our circuit there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output vot for our circuit there was
+simply VP cosine of Omega t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply VP cosine of Omega t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply VP cosine of Omega t plus
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+VP all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well that's VP so this one should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well that's VP so this one should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well that's VP so this one should be
+VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI
+here okay I'm showing you VP so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I'm showing you VP so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I'm showing you VP so it's
+there's a VI in there okay so VP divid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a VI in there okay so VP divid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a VI in there okay so VP divid
+by Vi is simply 1 by 1 + J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Vi is simply 1 by 1 + J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Vi is simply 1 by 1 + J Omega
+RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC
+um so this is a complex number and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a complex number and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a complex number and it is
+simply a number that when multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a number that when multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a number that when multiplied
+with VI gives gives me the output okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with VI gives gives me the output okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with VI gives gives me the output okay
+this is also called a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also called a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also called a transfer
+function and represented as h of G Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and represented as h of G Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and represented as h of G Omega
+okay so this guy is a transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this guy is a transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this guy is a transfer function
+much much like the amplification of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much like the amplification of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much like the amplification of of
+my gain of my amplifier which when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gain of my amplifier which when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gain of my amplifier which when
+multiplied by the input gave me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the input gave me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the input gave me the
+output uh this guy is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh this guy is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh this guy is a complex
+multiplier which when multiplied by Vi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier which when multiplied by Vi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier which when multiplied by Vi
+gives me VP and as such we call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me VP and as such we call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me VP and as such we call it a
+transfer function h of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function h of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function h of J
+Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and
+uh we can plot this function notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can plot this function notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can plot this function notice that
+this is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function of
+Omega remember we're taking the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega remember we're taking the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega remember we're taking the time
+domain we taking the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain we taking the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain we taking the frequency domain
+view so where has time vanished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so where has time vanished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so where has time vanished
+remember that we taking the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we taking the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we taking the steady state
+view okay so we're saying in the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view okay so we're saying in the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view okay so we're saying in the steady
+state if I wait long enough this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if I wait long enough this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if I wait long enough this is how
+my circuit is going to behave this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my circuit is going to behave this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my circuit is going to behave this is
+how my circuit is going to behave okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how my circuit is going to behave okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how my circuit is going to behave okay
+and the transient responses have died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transient responses have died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transient responses have died
+away and uh I have time in my in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and uh I have time in my in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and uh I have time in my in my
+output here okay so so my output is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output here okay so so my output is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output here okay so so my output is a
+cosine but that in itself is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine but that in itself is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine but that in itself is not very
+interesting it's a cosine of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it's a cosine of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it's a cosine of some
+amplitude and and and has some phase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and and and has some phase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and and and has some phase so
+what you're going to plot is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to plot is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to plot is they're
+going to plot this property here VP as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot this property here VP as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot this property here VP as a
+function of the frequency okay VP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the frequency okay VP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the frequency okay VP is
+frequency dependent okay so as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency dependent okay so as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency dependent okay so as an
+example I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can
+plot uh the absolute value of VP VI the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot uh the absolute value of VP VI the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot uh the absolute value of VP VI the
+modulus of that and versus Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of that and versus Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of that and versus Omega and
+notice that when Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that when Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that when Omega is
+zero again intuitive ways of plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again intuitive ways of plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero again intuitive ways of plotting
+this is to look at the value at zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to look at the value at zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to look at the value at zero and
+look at the value at large Omega for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the value at large Omega for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the value at large Omega for
+small Omega Omega close to Z this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Omega Omega close to Z this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Omega Omega close to Z this is one
+so it starts off here and when Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts off here and when Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts off here and when Omega is
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+large okay then it's much bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay then it's much bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay then it's much bigger than
+one here so this uh this goes down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here so this uh this goes down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here so this uh this goes down so
+far away this one looks like 1 by Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away this one looks like 1 by Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away this one looks like 1 by Omega
+RC okay and uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC okay and uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC okay and uh this
+function assuming I have linear scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function assuming I have linear scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function assuming I have linear scales
+on my X and Y axis uh looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my X and Y axis uh looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my X and Y axis uh looks like this
+also commonly plot this using log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also commonly plot this using log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also commonly plot this using log log
+scales and when you do log log scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and when you do log log scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and when you do log log scales
+you get a line a straight line here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a line a straight line here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a line a straight line here and
+then you actually get a straight line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you actually get a straight line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you actually get a straight line of
+slope minus one because the log of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope minus one because the log of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope minus one because the log of this
+gives you a uh uh a a line with the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a uh uh a a line with the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a uh uh a a line with the a
+constant slope and uh it's a slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant slope and uh it's a slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant slope and uh it's a slope of
+negative 1 so it becomes straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 so it becomes straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 so it becomes straight line
+going going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going going
+down the other interesting thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the other interesting thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the other interesting thing to
+realize is that the magnitude uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize is that the magnitude uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize is that the magnitude uh this
+magnitude is simply 1 by 1 + Omega 2 R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is simply 1 by 1 + Omega 2 R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is simply 1 by 1 + Omega 2 R 2
+c^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c^
+2 square root of this okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 square root of this okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 square root of this okay that's a
+magnitude here and notice that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude here and notice that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude here and notice that when
+Omega is 1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is 1 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is 1 by
+RC okay when Omega equals 1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC okay when Omega equals 1 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC okay when Omega equals 1 by
+RC this thing the denominator becomes 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC this thing the denominator becomes 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC this thing the denominator becomes 1
+by < TK of two okay so somebody here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by < TK of two okay so somebody here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by < TK of two okay so somebody here
+then Omega equals 1 by RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the input the the output is 1 by < tk2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input the the output is 1 by < tk2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input the the output is 1 by < tk2
+times the uh uh the input it's it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the uh uh the input it's it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the uh uh the input it's it's an
+interesting point and this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point and this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point and this is called the
+brake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency okay it's it's uh you can view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay it's it's uh you can view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay it's it's uh you can view
+it as a frequency where I'm getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a frequency where I'm getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a frequency where I'm getting this
+transition from one to a lower value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from one to a lower value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from one to a lower value and
+it's it's where the output is 1 by < tk2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's where the output is 1 by < tk2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's where the output is 1 by < tk2
+* the value of the input okay now so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the value of the input okay now so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the value of the input okay now so now
+you can think back on the demo we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think back on the demo we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think back on the demo we showed
+you earlier and in the demo remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you earlier and in the demo remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you earlier and in the demo remember
+that as I increase the frequency of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I increase the frequency of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I increase the frequency of my
+input sinusoid the output CF becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input sinusoid the output CF becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input sinusoid the output CF becoming
+smaller and smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and
+smaller okay and you notice that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay and you notice that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay and you notice that you can
+see this dying out or or decaying of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this dying out or or decaying of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this dying out or or decaying of the
+amplitude as I increase my Omega so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as I increase my Omega so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as I increase my Omega so let
+me go back and uh what we've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me go back and uh what we've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me go back and uh what we've done is
+that uh we're going to apply a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we're going to apply a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we're going to apply a bunch of
+sinusoids to the same circuit okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids to the same circuit okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids to the same circuit okay and
+plot the frequency response uh this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the frequency response uh this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the frequency response uh this uh
+the out output the ratio of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out output the ratio of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out output the ratio of the output
+versus input as a function of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus input as a function of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus input as a function of frequency
+and keep applying a a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep applying a a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep applying a a variety of
+frequencies okay so you can listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies okay so you can listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies okay so you can listen to
+the frequencies as they go by and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies as they go by and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies as they go by and we'll
+plot the amplitude up on the screen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the amplitude up on the screen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the amplitude up on the screen for
+you so just for fun we're going to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so just for fun we're going to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so just for fun we're going to play
+frequencies between uh say 10 Herz uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies between uh say 10 Herz uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies between uh say 10 Herz uh
+U between 10 Herz and 20 khz and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U between 10 Herz and 20 khz and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U between 10 Herz and 20 khz and it'll
+be found for you to figure out at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be found for you to figure out at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be found for you to figure out at what
+point you stop hearing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you stop hearing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you stop hearing the
+frequencies okay we're going to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies okay we're going to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies okay we're going to play
+from 10 Herz to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 10 Herz to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 10 Herz to
+20 khz and figure out where your ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 khz and figure out where your ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 khz and figure out where your ears
+cut out that will tell you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut out that will tell you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut out that will tell you what the
+brake frequency of your ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so I can see the uh amplitude being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I can see the uh amplitude being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I can see the uh amplitude being
+articulated the bottom figure is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated the bottom figure is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated the bottom figure is the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+phase this is the frequency axis this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase this is the frequency axis this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase this is the frequency axis this is
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+amplitude log log scales for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not sure about you but I can't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore so if you bring your Kine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so if you bring your Kine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so if you bring your Kine and
+friends to class it's quite possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends to class it's quite possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends to class it's quite possible
+that uh they go berserk uh somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh they go berserk uh somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh they go berserk uh somewhere
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here um as I promised you when we plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um as I promised you when we plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um as I promised you when we plot
+this in a log log scale I get a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a log log scale I get a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a log log scale I get a straight
+line here and uh a straight line there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here and uh a straight line there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here and uh a straight line there
+as well and the bottom line gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and the bottom line gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and the bottom line gives you
+the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f
+phase okay now um what you can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay now um what you can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay now um what you can also do
+is you can also go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+webs a web Sim is now linked on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webs a web Sim is now linked on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webs a web Sim is now linked on your
+course homepage you can go to web Sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course homepage you can go to web Sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course homepage you can go to web Sim
+and you can play with uh various L and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can play with uh various L and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can play with uh various L and C
+and R values and uh if you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R values and uh if you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R values and uh if you plot
+frequency response if you click on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response if you click on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response if you click on the
+frequency response button boom it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response button boom it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response button boom it will
+give you frequency responses for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you frequency responses for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you frequency responses for your
+circuit that look exactly like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that look exactly like that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that look exactly like that okay
+you can go and play around with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and play around with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and play around with that
+okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+right so as the next step I promise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as the next step I promise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as the next step I promise to
+show you an easier path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you an easier path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you an easier path and
+uh let's build some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inside okay is there a simpler way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside okay is there a simpler way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside okay is there a simpler way to
+get the we I would like to get okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the we I would like to get okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the we I would like to get okay in
+particular is there a simple way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular is there a simple way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular is there a simple way to get
+VP okay let's focus on VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why VP
+because remember VP was the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember VP was the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember VP was the amplitude
+the complex amplitude of e j Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex amplitude of e j Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex amplitude of e j Omega
+T okay and once I know VP then I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and once I know VP then I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and once I know VP then I know
+this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression
+here also notice that this here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here also notice that this here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here also notice that this here the
+denominator is simply the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is simply the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is simply the characteristic
+equation for I wonder how many have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for I wonder how many have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for I wonder how many have you
+noticed that it's simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that it's simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that it's simply the
+characteristic equation for the RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation for the RC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation for the RC
+circuit okay so if I know if I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay so if I know if I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay so if I know if I can write
+down BP I can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down BP I can write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down BP I can write down the
+characteristic equation it will be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation it will be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation it will be in
+the denominator I can also write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator I can also write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator I can also write down
+the frequency response very easily by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response very easily by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response very easily by
+taking the magnitude and phase of VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the magnitude and phase of VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the magnitude and phase of VP
+okay so VP has all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so VP has all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so VP has all the information
+humankind needs for that sort of a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humankind needs for that sort of a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humankind needs for that sort of a for
+those circuits so is there a simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those circuits so is there a simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those circuits so is there a simple way
+to get BP to build some insight uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get BP to build some insight uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get BP to build some insight uh let's
+go ahead and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down let's stare at this for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down let's stare at this for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down let's stare at this for a while
+longer and uh see if uh something if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and uh see if uh something if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and uh see if uh something if if
+light bulbs go off in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs go off in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs go off in our
+minds so I can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as I just replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I just replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I just replace
+uh a short hand rotation for uh a j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a short hand rotation for uh a j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a short hand rotation for uh a j
+Omega and uh I simply divide by SC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and uh I simply divide by SC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and uh I simply divide by SC
+throughout so I get V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+* I simply divide by SC throughout is VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* I simply divide by SC throughout is VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* I simply divide by SC throughout is VI
+so 1 by SC 1 by SC plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 by SC 1 by SC plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 by SC 1 by SC plus
+r light bulbs beginning to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off so what the form we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so what the form we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so what the form we have here
+is some it's oneid by SC some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some it's oneid by SC some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some it's oneid by SC some function
+of my capacit my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my capacit my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my capacit my
+capacitance divide by something related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance divide by something related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance divide by something related
+to my capacitance plus r so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my capacitance plus r so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my capacitance plus r so this is
+VI okay VI multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI okay VI multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI okay VI multiplied
+by something connected to capacitance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something connected to capacitance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something connected to capacitance
+divide by something connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by something connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by something connected to
+capacitance plus r and remember your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance plus r and remember your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance plus r and remember your
+circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is that what what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that what what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that what what is that
+reminiscent of what does that remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent of what does that remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent of what does that remind you
+of div voltage divider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of div voltage divider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of div voltage divider
+H there's some voltage divider thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H there's some voltage divider thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H there's some voltage divider thing
+going on here I just I just can't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here I just I just can't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here I just I just can't quite
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+it okay something about the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay something about the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay something about the capacitor
+capacitor plus resistor some voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor plus resistor some voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor plus resistor some voltage
+divided thing of a jig happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided thing of a jig happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided thing of a jig happening here
+okay so we we'll try to figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we'll try to figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we'll try to figure that out
+so what I'm going to do is replace those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is replace those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is replace those
+terms with something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms with something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms with something called
+zc zc plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zc zc plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zc zc plus
+ZR okay so if I can find out if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZR okay so if I can find out if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZR okay so if I can find out if I can
+find out the zc somehow I know and ZR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out the zc somehow I know and ZR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out the zc somehow I know and ZR
+and zc somehow I can write down VP by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zc somehow I can write down VP by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zc somehow I can write down VP by
+inspection by the voltage divider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection by the voltage divider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection by the voltage divider
+action okay by by by some generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay by by by some generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay by by by some generalization
+of the good old ohms law that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the good old ohms law that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the good old ohms law that I know
+about okay let's let's proceed further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay let's let's proceed further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay let's let's proceed further
+and see if we can make some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if we can make some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if we can make some kind of a
+connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+this if I can make that connection then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if I can make that connection then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if I can make that connection then
+boom I'm done I just use voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom I'm done I just use voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom I'm done I just use voltage
+dividers and uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+home okay so let's uh let's play around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home okay so let's uh let's play around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home okay so let's uh let's play around
+and see there's something in there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see there's something in there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see there's something in there okay
+by now you should know that we very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now you should know that we very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now you should know that we very
+close okay there's something going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close okay there's something going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close okay there's something going on in
+there I just need to get that spark I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I just need to get that spark I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I just need to get that spark I
+just need to you know make that spark so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to you know make that spark so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to you know make that spark so
+it can bridge the gap between you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can bridge the gap between you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can bridge the gap between you know
+something that's really easy versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really easy versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really easy versus
+where I am so let's let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I am so let's let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I am so let's let's take a look at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistor okay so I have uh my resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor okay so I have uh my resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor okay so I have uh my resistor
+with the voltage VR across it and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the voltage VR across it and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the voltage VR across it and a
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+IR okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IR okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IR okay
+supposing remember to get chines stady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing remember to get chines stady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing remember to get chines stady
+state they're going to be dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state they're going to be dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state they're going to be dealing with
+the the drives of the form VI e to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the drives of the form VI e to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the drives of the form VI e to the J
+Omega T exponential drives okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T exponential drives okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T exponential drives okay and uh
+by taking the real part I know I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking the real part I know I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking the real part I know I get the
+uh input and the real part of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh input and the real part of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh input and the real part of the output
+gives me the uh actual output so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the uh actual output so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the uh actual output so let's
+say my IR is simply IR e to the STD and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my IR is simply IR e to the STD and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my IR is simply IR e to the STD and
+my VR is is VR e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my VR is is VR e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my VR is is VR e the
+SD okay the S is again a Shand notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD okay the S is again a Shand notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD okay the S is again a Shand notation
+for G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for G
+Omega so if my current is I the STD of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so if my current is I the STD of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so if my current is I the STD of
+the form exponential form shown there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form exponential form shown there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form exponential form shown there
+and here's VR I need to find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's VR I need to find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's VR I need to find out what
+what relates VR and IR for the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what relates VR and IR for the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what relates VR and IR for the element
+relationship for the resistor to hold uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship for the resistor to hold uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship for the resistor to hold uh
+to hold okay in general I and VR are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold okay in general I and VR are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold okay in general I and VR are
+complex numbers okay so uh so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers okay so uh so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers okay so uh so for the
+resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor
+I know that VR is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r r
+i okay and I substitute using my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i okay and I substitute using my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i okay and I substitute using my
+complex uh uh drives here so it's VR S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh uh drives here so it's VR S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh uh drives here so it's VR S
+is r e r i r e to the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r e r i r e to the s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r e r i r e to the s
+t you can just substituting uh for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t you can just substituting uh for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t you can just substituting uh for these
+drives oh law Ohm's law should apply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives oh law Ohm's law should apply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives oh law Ohm's law should apply and
+I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can
+of e and so I get VR is r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e and so I get VR is r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e and so I get VR is r
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+interesting so for the resistor I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so for the resistor I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so for the resistor I find
+that based on the fundamental principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that based on the fundamental principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that based on the fundamental principles
+of uh you know res resistor action the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know res resistor action the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know res resistor action the
+complex amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex amplitude of the
+voltage simply relates to the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage simply relates to the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage simply relates to the complex
+amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the
+input by the proportionality Factor R in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input by the proportionality Factor R in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input by the proportionality Factor R in
+other words for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words for the
+resistor just as the time domain V and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor just as the time domain V and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor just as the time domain V and I
+related by the proportionality constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related by the proportionality constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related by the proportionality constant
+are the complex amplitudes VR and IR are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the complex amplitudes VR and IR are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the complex amplitudes VR and IR are
+also related in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way that's interesting now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's interesting now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's interesting now let's look at
+the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay some current IC flowing through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some current IC flowing through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some current IC flowing through it
+and a voltage VC let's say the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a voltage VC let's say the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a voltage VC let's say the current
+is i e the St and the voltage is VC e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i e the St and the voltage is VC e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i e the St and the voltage is VC e
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+St okay let's plug these into the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St okay let's plug these into the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St okay let's plug these into the uh the
+element law for the capacitor and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element law for the capacitor and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element law for the capacitor and see if
+we can find out a way of relating VC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find out a way of relating VC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find out a way of relating VC and
+IC okay so I substitute so I know that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC okay so I substitute so I know that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC okay so I substitute so I know that I
+is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c c DBC DT okay so I replace this with i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c DBC DT okay so I replace this with i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c DBC DT okay so I replace this with i
+d s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s is
+c d by DT of VC e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d by DT of VC e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d by DT of VC e to the
+S okay which is simply IC e to the St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S okay which is simply IC e to the St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S okay which is simply IC e to the St
+c s VC e the St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c s VC e the St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c s VC e the St
+okay so I can cancel this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I can cancel this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I can cancel this out
+again interesting so I see I get to be c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again interesting so I see I get to be c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again interesting so I see I get to be c
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VC very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting what is interesting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting what is interesting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting what is interesting here
+notice that in the time domain IC equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in the time domain IC equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in the time domain IC equals
+cdb CDC it's the element law for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdb CDC it's the element law for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdb CDC it's the element law for the
+capacitor so I said let's use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor so I said let's use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor so I said let's use
+exponential drives IC s VC the St let an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential drives IC s VC the St let an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential drives IC s VC the St let an
+exponential drive and try to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential drive and try to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential drive and try to find out
+what the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the relationship between the
+complex amplitudes are I plug them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex amplitudes are I plug them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex amplitudes are I plug them in
+and what do I find I find that if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I find I find that if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I find I find that if my
+input is VC e s and VC is the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is VC e s and VC is the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is VC e s and VC is the amplitude
+of the input then the current is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input then the current is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input then the current is simply
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+by some something multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some something multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some something multiplied
+VC okay it's very similar in form to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC okay it's very similar in form to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC okay it's very similar in form to
+what I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I saw
+here so the resistor was V Ral r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the resistor was V Ral r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the resistor was V Ral r
+i for the capacitor VC is simply equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i for the capacitor VC is simply equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i for the capacitor VC is simply equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+i/ SC okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i/ SC okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i/ SC okay
+so 1/ by SC is kind of plays a role of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1/ by SC is kind of plays a role of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1/ by SC is kind of plays a role of R
+in other words the complex amplitudes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the complex amplitudes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the complex amplitudes of
+around the capacitor are related by VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the capacitor are related by VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the capacitor are related by VC
+equals some constant time IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some constant time IC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some constant time IC
+almost like a funny ohms law kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a funny ohms law kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a funny ohms law kind of
+relationship when VC and IC are complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship when VC and IC are complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship when VC and IC are complex
+amplitudes okay for the inductor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes okay for the inductor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes okay for the inductor in the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+I V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I V and
+L let's say I L is I in the St and VL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L let's say I L is I in the St and VL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L let's say I L is I in the St and VL
+is V is the SD let's substitute the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V is the SD let's substitute the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V is the SD let's substitute the the
+values for the inductor into its element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for the inductor into its element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for the inductor into its element
+relationship as well so I know that VL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship as well so I know that VL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship as well so I know that VL
+is l d i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is l d i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is l d i
+l DT so therefore substituting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l DT so therefore substituting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l DT so therefore substituting the
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+amplitudes is L and uh d i DT will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes is L and uh d i DT will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes is L and uh d i DT will
+simply be i s e s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply be i s e s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply be i s e s
+t so cancel out the exponentials so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so cancel out the exponentials so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so cancel out the exponentials so the
+reason we're able to do all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we're able to do all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we're able to do all of this is
+simply the remark will beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the remark will beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the remark will beauty of
+exponentials when exponentials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials when exponentials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials when exponentials are
+absolutely stunningly stunningly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely stunningly stunningly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely stunningly stunningly
+beautiful and the reason is that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and the reason is that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and the reason is that when I
+differentiate them what I get back is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate them what I get back is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate them what I get back is
+the exponential times some constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential times some constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential times some constant and
+that constant was in its numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant was in its numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant was in its numerator
+multiplying T and that's the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying T and that's the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying T and that's the beauty of
+exponentials if if this was a sign then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials if if this was a sign then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials if if this was a sign then
+I get a cosine and a sign the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a cosine and a sign the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a cosine and a sign the
+exponentials these cancel out and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials these cancel out and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials these cancel out and what
+I'm left with is something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with is something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with is something that is
+LS uh VL VL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+El again for the inductor the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+El again for the inductor the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+El again for the inductor the voltage
+across the inductor relates to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the inductor relates to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the inductor relates to some
+constant times constant uh LS here times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times constant uh LS here times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times constant uh LS here times
+I this this is absolutely stunning okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this this is absolutely stunning okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this this is absolutely stunning okay
+and almost looks like a form of OHS law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I'm going to do
+is let's give this the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's give this the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's give this the name
+ZR okay let's give this uh 1 by SC the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZR okay let's give this uh 1 by SC the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZR okay let's give this uh 1 by SC the
+name zc and let's give this the name ZL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name zc and let's give this the name ZL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name zc and let's give this the name ZL
+because kind of behaves like a resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because kind of behaves like a resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because kind of behaves like a resistor
+okay so the resistor simply becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the resistor simply becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the resistor simply becomes
+ZR and 1 by SC behaves like a resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZR and 1 by SC behaves like a resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZR and 1 by SC behaves like a resistor
+so I call it zc and this is a ZL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I call it zc and this is a ZL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I call it zc and this is a ZL
+okay these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impedances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in other
+words for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capacitor as far as complex inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor as far as complex inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor as far as complex inputs and
+outputs are concerned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs are concerned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs are concerned so
+VC and IC is fed to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC and IC is fed to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC and IC is fed to it
+the capacitor can be replaced by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor can be replaced by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor can be replaced by an
+impedance zc where I can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance zc where I can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance zc where I can write the
+relationship between VC and I as VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between VC and I as VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between VC and I as VC
+equals zc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zc
+I okay where zc is simply 1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SC similarly for an inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can write its impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write its impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write its impedance
+ZL as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZL as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZL as
+SL and I get VL equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL and I get VL equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL and I get VL equals
+ZL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZL
+I okay and finally for a resistor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay and finally for a resistor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay and finally for a resistor uh
+it's pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what I'm saying is that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm saying is that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm saying is that when I
+limit if I'm in the region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit if I'm in the region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit if I'm in the region of the
+playground okay if I constrain myself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground okay if I constrain myself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground okay if I constrain myself in
+the region of the playground where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of the playground where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of the playground where my
+inputs are complex my inputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are complex my inputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are complex my inputs are
+something VI in the J Omega t Okay are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something VI in the J Omega t Okay are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something VI in the J Omega t Okay are
+exponentials in that little region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials in that little region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials in that little region of
+the playground now I've been you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playground now I've been you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playground now I've been you know
+focusing more and more on small parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing more and more on small parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing more and more on small parts of
+the playground so I'm going of boxed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playground so I'm going of boxed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playground so I'm going of boxed in
+right now so in that region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so in that region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so in that region of the
+playground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applies okay so in that fion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies okay so in that fion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies okay so in that fion in the
+playground I can replace resistors by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground I can replace resistors by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground I can replace resistors by
+impedances capacitors with impedances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedances capacitors with impedances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedances capacitors with impedances of
+value One by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value One by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value One by
+SC okay and within that playground the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC okay and within that playground the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC okay and within that playground the
+beauty of analysis there is that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of analysis there is that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of analysis there is that in that
+the playground where complex where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playground where complex where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playground where complex where the
+inputs are of the form VI St it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are of the form VI St it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are of the form VI St it turns
+out that the element laws are simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the element laws are simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the element laws are simply
+generalizations of H's law and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations of H's law and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations of H's law and that is
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+stunning okay I it's one of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning okay I it's one of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning okay I it's one of the biggest
+you know one of those uh uh you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of those uh uh you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of those uh uh you know uh
+Hallelujah moments in in in learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hallelujah moments in in in learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hallelujah moments in in in learning
+circuits this this is really big and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits this this is really big and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits this this is really big and I
+think this is you know almost as big as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is you know almost as big as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is you know almost as big as
+the realization that you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realization that you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realization that you can take a
+nonlinear circuit operate it at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear circuit operate it at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear circuit operate it at a given
+operating point and then if you sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point and then if you sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point and then if you sit
+around doing the Z thing looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around doing the Z thing looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around doing the Z thing looking at
+small perturbations in there okay those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small perturbations in there okay those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small perturbations in there okay those
+are those are going to be linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those are going to be linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those are going to be linearly
+related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related
+okay this is one of the big Hallelujah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is one of the big Hallelujah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is one of the big Hallelujah
+moments in 62 and this is of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments in 62 and this is of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments in 62 and this is of the same
+magnitude as the small signal response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude as the small signal response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude as the small signal response
+being linear okay it's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linear okay it's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linear okay it's something that's
+completely you know nonintuitive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely you know nonintuitive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely you know nonintuitive okay
+which is something that you just would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that you just would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that you just would
+not have known until you seen it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have known until you seen it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have known until you seen it happen
+same way here this is very important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way here this is very important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way here this is very important so
+I'll repeat it again so now I box myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll repeat it again so now I box myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll repeat it again so now I box myself
+into the small region of the playground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the small region of the playground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the small region of the playground
+where all I care about is sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all I care about is sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all I care about is sinusoidal
+inputs and steady state responses Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and steady state responses Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and steady state responses Okay
+so so there I focus on complex inputs VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there I focus on complex inputs VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there I focus on complex inputs VI
+e the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the J Omega
+T all right and I've just shown you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T all right and I've just shown you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T all right and I've just shown you that
+I can replace inductors capacitors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can replace inductors capacitors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can replace inductors capacitors and
+resistors with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors with their
+impedances and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedances and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedances and the
+amplitudes of the corresponding signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes of the corresponding signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes of the corresponding signals
+around them are related by just a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them are related by just a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them are related by just a simple
+ohms law like relationship using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms law like relationship using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms law like relationship using
+impedances but I'm still boxed into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedances but I'm still boxed into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedances but I'm still boxed into this
+playground right in my playground it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground right in my playground it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground right in my playground it's
+all about e to i j Omega t either the IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about e to i j Omega t either the IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about e to i j Omega t either the IG
+is implicit everywhere I just don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is implicit everywhere I just don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is implicit everywhere I just don't I
+just don't don't show it so if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't don't show it so if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't don't show it so if I want to
+talk to somebody else outside so within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to somebody else outside so within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to somebody else outside so within
+a in the small region you know it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in the small region you know it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in the small region you know it's all
+omeg in there if I want to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omeg in there if I want to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omeg in there if I want to talk to
+somebody outside get out of MIT get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody outside get out of MIT get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody outside get out of MIT get out
+of this playground what else do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this playground what else do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this playground what else do I have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do I have to take the real part don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to take the real part don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to take the real part don't
+forget that okay so remember that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that okay so remember that take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that okay so remember that take
+for example VC here so VC is this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example VC here so VC is this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example VC here so VC is this okay
+so implicit in all of this is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so implicit in all of this is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so implicit in all of this is that if I
+measure VC at some place it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure VC at some place it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure VC at some place it's really
+going to be VC a is going to be VC e j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be VC a is going to be VC e j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be VC a is going to be VC e j
+Omega T and if I want the cosine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T and if I want the cosine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T and if I want the cosine the
+real part then I have to take a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part then I have to take a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part then I have to take a real
+part of this and the real part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this and the real part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this and the real part of that
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+BC cosine of Omega T angle BC okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC cosine of Omega T angle BC okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC cosine of Omega T angle BC okay this
+piece here kind of goes unsaid okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece here kind of goes unsaid okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece here kind of goes unsaid okay
+we'll agree that we have to do it but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll agree that we have to do it but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll agree that we have to do it but we
+just skip that step because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just skip that step because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just skip that step because it's
+obvious okay we'll just so we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious okay we'll just so we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious okay we'll just so we'll just
+deal with the VCS and V's now okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the VCS and V's now okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the VCS and V's now okay so
+the new notation has subtly sneaked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new notation has subtly sneaked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new notation has subtly sneaked by
+you and that notation looks like a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that notation looks like a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that notation looks like a big
+big letter and a small letter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big letter and a small letter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big letter and a small letter okay
+remember you you've seen VL this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you you've seen VL this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you you've seen VL this is this
+is a total Behavior you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V that's a small signal behavior and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that's a small signal behavior and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that's a small signal behavior and now
+you see this capital V small l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this capital V small l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this capital V small l
+we very quickly running out of uh uh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we very quickly running out of uh uh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we very quickly running out of uh uh oh
+and we also have DC for DC we related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also have DC for DC we related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also have DC for DC we related
+them as or operating Point values as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as or operating Point values as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as or operating Point values as
+capital V capital L okay we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V capital L okay we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V capital L okay we have one
+thing left so so nobody go out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing left so so nobody go out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing left so so nobody go out there
+inventing something new we get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing something new we get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing something new we get in
+trouble so this is U capital V small L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble so this is U capital V small L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble so this is U capital V small L
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simply complex amplitude in this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply complex amplitude in this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply complex amplitude in this small
+box region of my playground where good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box region of my playground where good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box region of my playground where good
+things happen and exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen and exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen and exponential
+fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly
+okay so U whenever someone gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so U whenever someone gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so U whenever someone gives you a
+variable capital V small L remember it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital V small L remember it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital V small L remember it's
+a complex amplitude a complex number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex amplitude a complex number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex amplitude a complex number and
+you know how to get to the time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to get to the time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to get to the time domain
+from there you take that number take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there you take that number take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there you take that number take the
+real part okay multiply that number by e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part okay multiply that number by e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part okay multiply that number by e
+to the J Omega T take the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega T take the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega T take the real part
+which is stand amount to magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is stand amount to magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is stand amount to magnitude
+cosine Omega t plus angle of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega t plus angle of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega t plus angle of that uh
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+actually you know what let just set this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay so um back to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example I'm sorry I'm sorry I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm sorry I'm sorry I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm sorry I'm sorry I'm sorry
+this is not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not good
+this is my time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my time domain
+circuit so remember this was my time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so remember this was my time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so remember this was my time
+domain circuit a VI input VC output I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain circuit a VI input VC output I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain circuit a VI input VC output I
+wanted to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to analyze
+this so what I'm telling you now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what I'm telling you now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what I'm telling you now is
+let's box ourselves in this impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's box ourselves in this impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's box ourselves in this impedance
+playground and in the impedence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground and in the impedence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground and in the impedence
+playground the input becomes a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground the input becomes a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground the input becomes a complex
+uh amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amplitude of the
+input my resistance gets replaced by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input my resistance gets replaced by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input my resistance gets replaced by a
+box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+ZR my capacitor gets replaced by a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZR my capacitor gets replaced by a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZR my capacitor gets replaced by a box
+zc and the voltage I care about here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zc and the voltage I care about here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zc and the voltage I care about here is
+V small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V small
+C okay where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay where
+ZR equals R and zc equal 1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SC and uh now there we go I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC and uh now there we go I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC and uh now there we go I can write
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+VC using a voltage divider action as VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC using a voltage divider action as VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC using a voltage divider action as VC
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+simply zc divided by zc plus ZR done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply zc divided by zc plus ZR done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply zc divided by zc plus ZR done
+times VI of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times VI of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times VI of
+course okay and that gives me 1 by SC /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay and that gives me 1 by SC /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay and that gives me 1 by SC /
+1 by SC +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 by SC +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 by SC +
+r and multiplying throughout by SC I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and multiplying throughout by SC I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and multiplying throughout by SC I get
+1 + s c r where s is J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + s c r where s is J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + s c r where s is J
+Omega this can't get any simpler so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega this can't get any simpler so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega this can't get any simpler so how
+long did it take to do this 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long did it take to do this 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long did it take to do this 30
+seconds okay when I spent a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay when I spent a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay when I spent a whole
+lecture on Tuesday grinding through in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on Tuesday grinding through in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on Tuesday grinding through in a
+first trig giving up halfway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first trig giving up halfway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first trig giving up halfway and
+collapsing and then showing you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing and then showing you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing and then showing you the
+sneaky path which is still pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky path which is still pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky path which is still pretty
+painful but 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boom this stuff is spectacularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom this stuff is spectacularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom this stuff is spectacularly
+beautiful the the really cool thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful the the really cool thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful the the really cool thing here
+is that in this impedence domain uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in this impedence domain uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in this impedence domain uh for
+a linear circuits all your good old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear circuits all your good old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear circuits all your good old
+tricks apply okay you know your uh uh t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks apply okay you know your uh uh t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks apply okay you know your uh uh t
+n your superp position you know name it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n your superp position you know name it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n your superp position you know name it
+and it applies how this linear circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it applies how this linear circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it applies how this linear circuit
+so if you close your eyes and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you close your eyes and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you close your eyes and make
+believe that ZR is like a you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that ZR is like a you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that ZR is like a you know like
+like an r and simply apply all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an r and simply apply all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an r and simply apply all the
+techniques you learned so far in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques you learned so far in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques you learned so far in this
+linear linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linear
+playground just a little hack at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground just a little hack at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground just a little hack at the end
+where this is the complex amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the complex amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the complex amplitude
+okay and if you want to go to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you want to go to the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you want to go to the time
+domain part then you do the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain part then you do the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain part then you do the usual
+thing modulus VC cosine Omega t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing modulus VC cosine Omega t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing modulus VC cosine Omega t plus
+angle VC just remember that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle VC just remember that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle VC just remember that that's a
+jump to get back to the time domain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to get back to the time domain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to get back to the time domain so
+just to show you that you know this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you that you know this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you that you know this this
+is not just you know works for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just you know works for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just you know works for one
+little rinking circuit here but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rinking circuit here but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rinking circuit here but let me
+take a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circuit okay if I believe in my own BS I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay if I believe in my own BS I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay if I believe in my own BS I
+should be able to apply this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to apply this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to apply this example
+apply this Theory to my series RLC look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this Theory to my series RLC look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this Theory to my series RLC look
+at the big uh you know the big painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the big uh you know the big painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the big uh you know the big painful
+circuit that we did differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that we did differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that we did differential
+equations for uh about a week about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for uh about a week about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for uh about a week about a
+week ago let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so I have a inductor a capacitor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I have a inductor a capacitor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I have a inductor a capacitor and
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+resistor okay and what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor okay and what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor okay and what I'm going to do
+is replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is replace this
+with the impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model input VI so let's say this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model input VI so let's say this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model input VI so let's say this was uh
+VI and let's say I cared about VR LC R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI and let's say I cared about VR LC R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI and let's say I cared about VR LC R
+the impedance model would simply be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impedance model would simply be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impedance model would simply be
+VI so what's the impedence uh of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor
+SL and for the capacitor it's 1 by SC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL and for the capacitor it's 1 by SC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL and for the capacitor it's 1 by SC
+and for the resistor it's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the resistor it's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the resistor it's simply
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+VR okay so um and just remember if if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VR okay so um and just remember if if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VR okay so um and just remember if if I
+can find out VR then for an input cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find out VR then for an input cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find out VR then for an input cosine
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+form VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form VI
+cosine Omega T the output will be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T the output will be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T the output will be given
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+VR uh modulus cosine of Omega t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VR uh modulus cosine of Omega t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VR uh modulus cosine of Omega t plus
+angle VR just remember this last step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle VR just remember this last step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle VR just remember this last step
+but VR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but VR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but VR
+itself is trivially determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the voltage divider action again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the voltage divider action again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the voltage divider action again
+times VI and the voltage divider action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times VI and the voltage divider action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times VI and the voltage divider action
+is in the in the denominator I sum these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the in the denominator I sum these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the in the denominator I sum these
+uh thing jigs so ZL plus zc plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thing jigs so ZL plus zc plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thing jigs so ZL plus zc plus
+ZR ZR in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZR ZR in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZR ZR in the
+numerator and ZR is simply R ZL is SL zc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and ZR is simply R ZL is SL zc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and ZR is simply R ZL is SL zc
+is 1 by SC and R is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 by SC and R is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 by SC and R is R
+VI okay and I multiply through by in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI okay and I multiply through by in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI okay and I multiply through by in
+this particular situation by s l s/ by L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular situation by s l s/ by L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular situation by s l s/ by L
+I want to get it in the same form as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get it in the same form as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get it in the same form as
+you've seen before multiply throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before multiply throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before multiply throughout
+by in the numerator and denominator by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by in the numerator and denominator by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by in the numerator and denominator by
+SL what do I get I get RS / L and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL what do I get I get RS / L and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL what do I get I get RS / L and out
+here I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I end up
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+s²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s²
+plus um plus 1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus um plus 1 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus um plus 1 by
+LC and I get plus uh R / by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC and I get plus uh R / by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC and I get plus uh R / by
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s I'm done look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that well a little more than 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well a little more than 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well a little more than 30 seconds
+maybe a minute what's this where have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a minute what's this where have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a minute what's this where have
+you seen this before the denominator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seen this before the denominator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seen this before the denominator of
+this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here ah characteristic equation okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ah characteristic equation okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ah characteristic equation okay for
+the series RLC for the for the RLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series RLC for the for the RLC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series RLC for the for the RLC
+remember I promised you in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I promised you in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I promised you in the beginning
+that when we come to the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we come to the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we come to the end of the
+today using a simple one minute uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today using a simple one minute uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today using a simple one minute uh you
+know expression I'm going to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know expression I'm going to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know expression I'm going to write down
+the characteristic equation boom here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic equation boom here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic equation boom here's
+what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get did somebody hear an echo in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get did somebody hear an echo in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get did somebody hear an echo in there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so uh notice that just by doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh notice that just by doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh notice that just by doing a
+simple voltage divider thing I got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple voltage divider thing I got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple voltage divider thing I got this
+expression and now I can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and now I can write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and now I can write down the
+frequency response by replacing s j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response by replacing s j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response by replacing s j
+Omega even more beautiful and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega even more beautiful and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega even more beautiful and what's
+even more stunningly pretty here here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more stunningly pretty here here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more stunningly pretty here here is
+that remember remember the intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember remember the intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember remember the intuitive
+method I taught you about taught you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I taught you about taught you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I taught you about taught you
+about the character equation gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the character equation gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the character equation gives you
+Alpha Omega not omega D and Q and based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Omega not omega D and Q and based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Omega not omega D and Q and based
+on those we can sketch even the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those we can sketch even the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those we can sketch even the time
+domain response so guess what RLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain response so guess what RLC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain response so guess what RLC
+circuits a pass now you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits a pass now you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits a pass now you know you can
+just write this thing down and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write this thing down and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write this thing down and you're
+done 30 seconds or less okay no Dees no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done 30 seconds or less okay no Dees no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done 30 seconds or less okay no Dees no
+trig no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig no
+nothing okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LHBQ5Z4CtwA.txt b/LHBQ5Z4CtwA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d750cb77ee2b18a9d12070b11e712101303d4614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LHBQ5Z4CtwA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9557 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I get your quizzes back on Monday maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get your quizzes back on Monday maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get your quizzes back on Monday maybe
+you've had some time to think about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had some time to think about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had some time to think about them
+and reflect on your answers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reflect on your answers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reflect on your answers and the
+problems that were posed maybe how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that were posed maybe how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that were posed maybe how they
+compared to the quiz that sample quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the quiz that sample quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the quiz that sample quiz
+that was put online it was a pretty fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was put online it was a pretty fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was put online it was a pretty fair
+exam overall it looked very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam overall it looked very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam overall it looked very similar
+actually to the exam that we've given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to the exam that we've given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to the exam that we've given in
+the past but we tried to cut not to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past but we tried to cut not to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past but we tried to cut not to put
+any sort of chemical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of chemical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of chemical engineering
+problems on top of the numerix tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on top of the numerix tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on top of the numerix tends to
+lead to confusion basically spent a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to confusion basically spent a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to confusion basically spent a lot
+of time reading and trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time reading and trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time reading and trying to understand
+what the underlying physical problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the underlying physical problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the underlying physical problem is
+instead of just testing the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just testing the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just testing the numerical
+methods with any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods with any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods with any questions about the
+quiz now that you've gotten it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz now that you've gotten it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz now that you've gotten it back
+you've seen your answers things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen your answers things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen your answers things that
+were unclear that we're asked on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were unclear that we're asked on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were unclear that we're asked on there
+now's a good time for reflection if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now's a good time for reflection if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now's a good time for reflection if if
+there are no I heard this last homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no I heard this last homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no I heard this last homework
+assignment was really long so sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment was really long so sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment was really long so sorry
+about that I didn't write this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I didn't write this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I didn't write this one I
+take credit for it it's hard to judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take credit for it it's hard to judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take credit for it it's hard to judge
+sometimes how long these things take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes how long these things take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes how long these things take
+you know a lot of it has to do with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of it has to do with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of it has to do with how
+facile you are with coding up some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facile you are with coding up some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facile you are with coding up some of
+the problems so conceptually they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems so conceptually they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems so conceptually they can be
+simple but the coding can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but the coding can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but the coding can be quite
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+it's hard destiny and I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard destiny and I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard destiny and I think this
+week's which should be posted and is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's which should be posted and is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's which should be posted and is on
+the topic of dæ should be easier it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of dæ should be easier it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of dæ should be easier it's
+only got two problems instead of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got two problems instead of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got two problems instead of three
+you're likely gonna be able to leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're likely gonna be able to leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're likely gonna be able to leverage
+some of the code from your solution last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the code from your solution last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the code from your solution last
+week for this week okay so I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week for this week okay so I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week for this week okay so I don't think
+it should be quite so challenging there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be quite so challenging there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be quite so challenging there
+is a there's a last part to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a there's a last part to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a there's a last part to the first
+problem that seems to always give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that seems to always give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that seems to always give
+first-year graduate students trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-year graduate students trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-year graduate students trouble
+somehow I don't know how to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I don't know how to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I don't know how to write down
+energy balances on reactors so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balances on reactors so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balances on reactors so you might
+ask pointed questions about this at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask pointed questions about this at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask pointed questions about this at your
+office hours so you don't spend time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours so you don't spend time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours so you don't spend time
+trying to solve the wrong equations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve the wrong equations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve the wrong equations okay
+this happens I think many of you maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens I think many of you maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens I think many of you maybe
+were taught incorrectly or just forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taught incorrectly or just forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taught incorrectly or just forgot
+at some point how to write these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point how to write these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point how to write these things
+down so the office hours a good point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so the office hours a good point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so the office hours a good point to
+bring that up and that way you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that up and that way you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that up and that way you don't
+spend a lot of time troubling yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time troubling yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time troubling yourself
+with the wrong system of equations any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wrong system of equations any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wrong system of equations any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+yes what side well to be fair there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what side well to be fair there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what side well to be fair there were
+almost all the lectures for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the lectures for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the lectures for the rest of
+the class are gonna be topped by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class are gonna be topped by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class are gonna be topped by
+professor green I'll step in and do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor green I'll step in and do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor green I'll step in and do some
+review for two sessions review before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review for two sessions review before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review for two sessions review before
+the second quiz and review before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second quiz and review before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second quiz and review before the
+final since he's leading the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final since he's leading the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final since he's leading the lectures
+he'll be responsible for largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll be responsible for largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll be responsible for largely
+generating the homework assignments I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the homework assignments I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the homework assignments I'll
+try to help out with that as best I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to help out with that as best I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to help out with that as best I can
+but this will this will be the last sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this will this will be the last sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this will this will be the last sort
+of formal lecture you get from me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal lecture you get from me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal lecture you get from me this
+term yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term yeah
+other questions well that's that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions well that's that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions well that's that's very
+very sweet of you thank you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sweet of you thank you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sweet of you thank you so much
+least there wasn't any like hushed yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least there wasn't any like hushed yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least there wasn't any like hushed yes
+today's lecture is is our last one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is is our last one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is is our last one on
+daes we're only going to do two you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes we're only going to do two you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes we're only going to do two you're
+gonna see today that differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see today that differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see today that differential
+algebraic equations are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations are pretty
+complicated actually and when they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated actually and when they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated actually and when they get
+sufficiently complicated you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently complicated you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently complicated you really need
+to reach out to existing codes okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach out to existing codes okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach out to existing codes okay that
+are designed to solve particular classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are designed to solve particular classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are designed to solve particular classes
+of differential algebraic equations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differential algebraic equations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differential algebraic equations so
+for you it's more important to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you it's more important to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you it's more important to be able
+to identify in the models you formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify in the models you formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify in the models you formulate
+when these complications arise and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these complications arise and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these complications arise and what
+are the essential ingredients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the essential ingredients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the essential ingredients of the
+model that can be put into one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that can be put into one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that can be put into one of these
+solvers that you get a result that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers that you get a result that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers that you get a result that isn't
+nonsense okay and that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense okay and that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense okay and that's what we're
+gonna do today is gonna be lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do today is gonna be lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do today is gonna be lots of
+examples to work through so make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to work through so make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to work through so make sure
+you're sitting next to somebody you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting next to somebody you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting next to somebody you like
+so I'm gonna ask you to try to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna ask you to try to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna ask you to try to think
+about these things and discuss things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things and discuss things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things and discuss things as
+we go through let me let me review where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through let me let me review where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through let me let me review where
+these complications come from so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complications come from so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complications come from so last
+time we talked briefly about semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we talked briefly about semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we talked briefly about semi
+explicit and fully implicit differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and fully implicit differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and fully implicit differential
+algebraic equations I told you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations I told you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations I told you in
+principle you could simulate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you could simulate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you could simulate these
+things with backwards difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with backwards difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with backwards difference
+formulas and solving non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and solving non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and solving non-linear
+equations at each time step and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations at each time step and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations at each time step and just
+marching Ford did this in your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching Ford did this in your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching Ford did this in your homework
+for ODI VP so you do the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ODI VP so you do the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ODI VP so you do the same thing for
+differential algebraic equations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential algebraic equations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential algebraic equations but
+there was a there was a catch to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a there was a catch to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a there was a catch to that
+and I did that at the very end so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did that at the very end so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did that at the very end so maybe
+I know maybe your brain was fried at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know maybe your brain was fried at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know maybe your brain was fried at the
+end he missed this it's good to recap so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end he missed this it's good to recap so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end he missed this it's good to recap so
+I showed you an example of a stirred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you an example of a stirred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you an example of a stirred
+tank where he had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank where he had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank where he had some
+yeah transport of some solute into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah transport of some solute into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah transport of some solute into the
+Sur tank and then you're pulling it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sur tank and then you're pulling it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sur tank and then you're pulling it out
+at a different concentration and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a different concentration and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a different concentration and we're
+trying to track the dynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to track the dynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to track the dynamics of the
+system the concentration in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the concentration in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the concentration in and the
+concentration out and we imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration out and we imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration out and we imagine a
+problem in which we measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in which we measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in which we measured the
+concentration in and we tried to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in and we tried to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in and we tried to predict
+the concentration out so we had a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration out so we had a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration out so we had a system
+of differential and algebraic equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differential and algebraic equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differential and algebraic equations
+to solve and I showed you that if I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve and I showed you that if I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve and I showed you that if I use
+the backward Euler method right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backward Euler method right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backward Euler method right the
+lowest order backwards difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order backwards difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order backwards difference
+formula that I can of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that I can of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that I can of the sort of
+canonical class of these things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical class of these things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical class of these things that I
+can craft where I approximate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can craft where I approximate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can craft where I approximate the
+derivative of an unknown with a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of an unknown with a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of an unknown with a relative
+air or an air that's proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air or an air that's proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air or an air that's proportional to the
+time step delta-t that carrying out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step delta-t that carrying out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step delta-t that carrying out one
+time step with this backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step with this backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step with this backward
+differentiation formula would determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation formula would determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation formula would determine
+c1 in principle exactly if I knew gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 in principle exactly if I knew gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 in principle exactly if I knew gamma
+exactly I would know c1 exactly and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I would know c1 exactly and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I would know c1 exactly and it
+would determine c2 so within order delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would determine c2 so within order delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would determine c2 so within order delta
+T squared so the local truncation error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T squared so the local truncation error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T squared so the local truncation error
+here was order delta T squared so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was order delta T squared so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was order delta T squared so you
+just substitute this formula in and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just substitute this formula in and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just substitute this formula in and you
+ask does this air term change at all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask does this air term change at all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask does this air term change at all at
+some point I wind up multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point I wind up multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point I wind up multiplying by
+delta T and so I go from order delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and so I go from order delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and so I go from order delta T
+to order delta T squared it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to order delta T squared it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to order delta T squared it's the
+numerical air that gets carried around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical air that gets carried around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical air that gets carried around
+in this calculation I just switched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this calculation I just switched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this calculation I just switched the
+model a little bit it seems like a your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a little bit it seems like a your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a little bit it seems like a your
+relevant change but it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant change but it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant change but it turns out to be
+incredibly significant so now I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly significant so now I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly significant so now I imagine
+a different problem in which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different problem in which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different problem in which I'm
+measuring C to the outlet and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring C to the outlet and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring C to the outlet and I want to
+predict c1 the inlet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict c1 the inlet okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict c1 the inlet okay
+I still have a system of daes that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have a system of daes that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have a system of daes that I
+have to solve and if I applied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve and if I applied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve and if I applied the
+backwards euler method well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards euler method well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards euler method well
+c2 is automatically determined by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 is automatically determined by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 is automatically determined by this
+algebraic equation so I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation so I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation so I know that
+exactly I got to go up to this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I got to go up to this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I got to go up to this first
+equation and solve it for c1 and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and solve it for c1 and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and solve it for c1 and when I
+do I have to have an approximation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to have an approximation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to have an approximation for
+the derivative and the derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative and the derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative and the derivative is
+proportional to delta T that carries an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to delta T that carries an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to delta T that carries an
+error around with it that's proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error around with it that's proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error around with it that's proportional
+to delta T so I know c1 to within order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delta T so I know c1 to within order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delta T so I know c1 to within order
+delta T not order delta T squared like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T not order delta T squared like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T not order delta T squared like
+in the previous model so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous model so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous model so there's
+something fundamentally different about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamentally different about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamentally different about
+these two circumstances and all I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two circumstances and all I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two circumstances and all I did
+was go from c1 to c2 in this algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was go from c1 to c2 in this algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was go from c1 to c2 in this algebraic
+equation so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that's
+peculiar that should make it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar that should make it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar that should make it really
+suspicious about your ability to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious about your ability to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious about your ability to solve
+these problems accurately here what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems accurately here what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems accurately here what's
+the third example I gave you okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third example I gave you okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third example I gave you okay so I
+said imagine this system of daes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said imagine this system of daes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said imagine this system of daes and
+stem so here's the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem so here's the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem so here's the differential
+equations here's an algebraic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here's an algebraic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here's an algebraic equation
+apply the backward Euler method well see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the backward Euler method well see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the backward Euler method well see
+trees determined automatically by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees determined automatically by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees determined automatically by this
+algebraic equation I know it exactly c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation I know it exactly c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation I know it exactly c2
+is related to the derivative of C 3 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the derivative of C 3 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the derivative of C 3 so I
+need to approximate it with my backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to approximate it with my backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to approximate it with my backward
+Euler derivative and that picks up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler derivative and that picks up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler derivative and that picks up an
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+order delta T c1 is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order delta T c1 is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order delta T c1 is equal to the
+derivative of C 2 okay so I need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of C 2 okay so I need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of C 2 okay so I need an
+approximation for C 2 the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for C 2 the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for C 2 the derivative of
+C - that's the backwards Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C - that's the backwards Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C - that's the backwards Euler
+approximation that has an error that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that has an error that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that has an error that's
+proportional to order delta T okay but C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to order delta T okay but C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to order delta T okay but C
+2 itself also has an error proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 itself also has an error proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 itself also has an error proportional
+to order delta T order delta T divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to order delta T order delta T divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to order delta T order delta T divided
+by delta T is order 1 ok so I get C 3 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by delta T is order 1 ok so I get C 3 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by delta T is order 1 ok so I get C 3 I
+get C 2 I even know what C 1 is okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get C 2 I even know what C 1 is okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get C 2 I even know what C 1 is okay I
+solved this problem with my backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this problem with my backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this problem with my backwards
+difference formula and I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formula and I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formula and I have no
+resolution of C 1 but no clue what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of C 1 but no clue what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of C 1 but no clue what that
+value is okay so this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is okay so this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is okay so this is some
+complicated control scheme that I've set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated control scheme that I've set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated control scheme that I've set
+up and I need to know the value of C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and I need to know the value of C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and I need to know the value of C 1
+to figure out how to operate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to operate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to operate this
+process I'm lost right this is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm lost right this is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm lost right this is never
+gonna work so these three problems have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna work so these three problems have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna work so these three problems have
+fundamental differences between them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental differences between them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental differences between them and
+I'm gonna show you how to predict when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna show you how to predict when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna show you how to predict when
+these differences are going to occur how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differences are going to occur how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differences are going to occur how
+to name them okay so the start taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name them okay so the start taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name them okay so the start taking
+example one it carried a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one it carried a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one it carried a local
+truncation error one time step order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncation error one time step order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncation error one time step order
+delta T squared stirred-tank an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T squared stirred-tank an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T squared stirred-tank an example
+to carry two local truncation air its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry two local truncation air its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry two local truncation air its
+order delta T this third da example had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order delta T this third da example had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order delta T this third da example had
+a local truncation error that's order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local truncation error that's order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local truncation error that's order
+one no change in delta T will improve my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no change in delta T will improve my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no change in delta T will improve my
+solution to that problem okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that problem okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that problem okay it's
+independent of how I choose to do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of how I choose to do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of how I choose to do my
+time stepping which of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stepping which of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stepping which of course is
+ridiculous so here's another problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous so here's another problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous so here's another problem
+okay and I'd like you to try to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'd like you to try to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'd like you to try to do this
+we'll see how far you can get through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how far you can get through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how far you can get through it
+okay you have to get all the way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have to get all the way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have to get all the way through
+but see how far you can get through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see how far you can get through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see how far you can get through this
+problem so can you apply the backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so can you apply the backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so can you apply the backward
+Euler method to this system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler method to this system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler method to this system of
+and try to predict how the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to predict how the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to predict how the air
+propagates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I don't want to break up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't want to break up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't want to break up the
+conversation too much but some tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation too much but some tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation too much but some tell me
+what you're finding as you try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're finding as you try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're finding as you try to do
+this yeah okay how did you find that c3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah okay how did you find that c3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah okay how did you find that c3
+has to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right right okay so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right right okay so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right right okay so this is this is
+very clever and this is this has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever and this is this has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever and this is this has to do
+with how the model itself is formulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how the model itself is formulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how the model itself is formulated
+okay so you didn't manipulations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you didn't manipulations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you didn't manipulations with
+the fundamental equations that I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental equations that I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental equations that I wrote
+down to determine that c3 had to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to determine that c3 had to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to determine that c3 had to be zero
+okay that's good okay so we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's good okay so we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's good okay so we can do that
+we can look at the equations we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the equations we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the equations we can
+figure how to eliminate variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure how to eliminate variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure how to eliminate variables and
+find out C 3 in this case always has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out C 3 in this case always has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out C 3 in this case always has to
+be zero okay that may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero okay that may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero okay that may or may not be
+obvious but one way to do it is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but one way to do it is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but one way to do it is take
+this constraint equation and take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constraint equation and take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constraint equation and take its
+derivative okay this has to hold at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay this has to hold at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay this has to hold at
+every point in time so it's derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point in time so it's derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point in time so it's derivative
+must hold at every point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must hold at every point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must hold at every point in time
+substitute these other two equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute these other two equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute these other two equations in
+C 1 plus C 2 dot eliminates C 1 and C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 plus C 2 dot eliminates C 1 and C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 plus C 2 dot eliminates C 1 and C 2
+and all that will be left to C 3s to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that will be left to C 3s to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that will be left to C 3s to be
+0 so if I manipulate these equations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so if I manipulate these equations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so if I manipulate these equations I
+know C 3 has to be 0 okay let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know C 3 has to be 0 okay let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know C 3 has to be 0 okay let's suppose
+I don't manipulate the equation so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't manipulate the equation so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't manipulate the equation so let's
+suppose I just put in the backward Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I just put in the backward Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I just put in the backward Euler
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+over here for the derivative and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for the derivative and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for the derivative and I
+evaluate C 1 C 2 and 3 C 3 at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate C 1 C 2 and 3 C 3 at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate C 1 C 2 and 3 C 3 at the
+current time and ask what is C 1 C 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current time and ask what is C 1 C 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current time and ask what is C 1 C 2 and
+C 3 at the current time in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 3 at the current time in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 3 at the current time in terms of what
+it was at the previous time and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was at the previous time and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was at the previous time and you get
+an answer that looks like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer that looks like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer that looks like this so
+there's a simple system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple system of equations
+that one has to solve okay it's a 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one has to solve okay it's a 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one has to solve okay it's a 3x3
+system and it's easy to eliminate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it's easy to eliminate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it's easy to eliminate and
+really expect you actually expected this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expect you actually expected this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expect you actually expected this
+answer to come up because you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to come up because you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to come up because you guys are
+all very clever so you try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very clever so you try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very clever so you try to make
+things easy beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things easy beforehand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things easy beforehand
+but it's there's a problem here okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's there's a problem here okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's there's a problem here okay if
+I try to just do the backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to just do the backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to just do the backwards
+difference formula right with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formula right with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formula right with the
+equations as they're written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as they're written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as they're written
+I'll find out that when I solved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll find out that when I solved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll find out that when I solved this
+thing that C 1 will be C 1 minus C 2 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that C 1 will be C 1 minus C 2 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that C 1 will be C 1 minus C 2 at
+the previous time step over 2 plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous time step over 2 plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous time step over 2 plus an
+order delta T squared air C 2 will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order delta T squared air C 2 will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order delta T squared air C 2 will take
+on the opposite sign plus an order delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the opposite sign plus an order delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the opposite sign plus an order delta
+T squared air C 3 will be minus C 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T squared air C 3 will be minus C 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T squared air C 3 will be minus C 1 plus
+C 2 over 2 delta T plus an order delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 2 over 2 delta T plus an order delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 2 over 2 delta T plus an order delta T
+air and actually if I were to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and actually if I were to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and actually if I were to apply
+successive approximations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive approximations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive approximations right
+different if I step take many steps in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if I step take many steps in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if I step take many steps in a
+row with this backward Euler method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row with this backward Euler method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row with this backward Euler method
+there's nothing to guarantee that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing to guarantee that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing to guarantee that these
+constraints are satisfied exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are satisfied exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are satisfied exactly right
+I can have numerical error in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can have numerical error in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can have numerical error in my
+solution of this algebraic equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this algebraic equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this algebraic equation so
+it isn't necessarily true that in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't necessarily true that in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't necessarily true that in my
+numerical solution c1 plus c2 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solution c1 plus c2 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solution c1 plus c2 is equal
+to 0 I can show you right here if I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 I can show you right here if I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 I can show you right here if I add
+c1 to c2 well these two are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 to c2 well these two are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 to c2 well these two are the same
+they'll cancel but am i guaranteed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll cancel but am i guaranteed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll cancel but am i guaranteed that
+these errors will cancel - or will there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these errors will cancel - or will there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these errors will cancel - or will there
+be a small numerical error that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a small numerical error that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a small numerical error that
+propagates okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates okay
+so model formulation is key right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so model formulation is key right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so model formulation is key right this
+problem is like stirred-tank problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is like stirred-tank problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is like stirred-tank problem to
+one of our solutions lost an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our solutions lost an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our solutions lost an order of
+accuracy in the local truncation error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy in the local truncation error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy in the local truncation error
+right it's not delta T squared it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not delta T squared it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not delta T squared it's
+order delta T and what you wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order delta T and what you wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order delta T and what you wanted to do
+which is not necessarily a bad thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not necessarily a bad thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not necessarily a bad thing was
+to try to use this constraint to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to use this constraint to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to use this constraint to somehow
+eliminate equations and simplify things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate equations and simplify things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate equations and simplify things
+okay that can be helpful but it can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that can be helpful but it can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that can be helpful but it can also
+be true that if I use this constraint to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true that if I use this constraint to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true that if I use this constraint to
+simplify equations and eliminate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify equations and eliminate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify equations and eliminate things
+my numerical solutions may no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my numerical solutions may no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my numerical solutions may no longer
+satisfy the constraint at all right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the constraint at all right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the constraint at all right they
+may drift away from that algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may drift away from that algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may drift away from that algebraic
+equation that makes sense I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that makes sense I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that makes sense I'm not
+controlling the air with respect to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the air with respect to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the air with respect to that
+equation anymore so how do you give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation anymore so how do you give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation anymore so how do you give a
+name to this kind of behavior and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to this kind of behavior and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to this kind of behavior and the
+thing one talks about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing one talks about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing one talks about is the
+differential index of a daa system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential index of a daa system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential index of a daa system so
+let's look at the stirred tank example 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the stirred tank example 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the stirred tank example 1
+and let's ask this question okay how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's ask this question okay how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's ask this question okay how
+many time derivatives are needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many time derivatives are needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many time derivatives are needed to
+convert to a system of independent OD es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert to a system of independent OD es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert to a system of independent OD es
+having differentials of all the unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having differentials of all the unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having differentials of all the unknowns
+so two unknowns in this DEA system one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two unknowns in this DEA system one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two unknowns in this DEA system one
+is C 1 and the other C 2 actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C 1 and the other C 2 actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C 1 and the other C 2 actually have
+one equation which contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation which contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation which contains a
+differential of C - how many derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of C - how many derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of C - how many derivatives
+of these equations with time do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these equations with time do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these equations with time do I need
+to take in order to get an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take in order to get an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take in order to get an equivalent
+ODG system and it's just 1 right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ODG system and it's just 1 right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ODG system and it's just 1 right if I
+take the derivative of equation 2 I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of equation 2 I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of equation 2 I'll
+get a differential equation for C 1 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a differential equation for C 1 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a differential equation for C 1 now
+I have a differential equation for C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a differential equation for C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a differential equation for C 1
+and a differential equation for C 2 daes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a differential equation for C 2 daes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a differential equation for C 2 daes
+of this type or I only have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type or I only have to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type or I only have to take the
+time derivative once of the algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative once of the algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative once of the algebraic
+constraints are called index 1 da es we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are called index 1 da es we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are called index 1 da es we
+saw that when we applied the backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that when we applied the backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that when we applied the backwards
+difference formula to stirred-tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formula to stirred-tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference formula to stirred-tank
+example 1 the local truncation error was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 1 the local truncation error was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 1 the local truncation error was
+the same as what we would get in an Eau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as what we would get in an Eau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as what we would get in an Eau
+de IVP system ok so index 1 I DS are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de IVP system ok so index 1 I DS are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de IVP system ok so index 1 I DS are
+easy to solve they behave like Oh di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to solve they behave like Oh di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to solve they behave like Oh di
+BP's you determine whether its index 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP's you determine whether its index 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP's you determine whether its index 1
+or not by asking how many derivatives do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not by asking how many derivatives do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not by asking how many derivatives do
+I have to take in order to get a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to take in order to get a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to take in order to get a system
+of independent node E's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent node E's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent node E's
+so I put this together with this I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I put this together with this I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I put this together with this I have
+two independent OD es I could solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent OD es I could solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent OD es I could solve
+these subject to some set of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subject to some set of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subject to some set of initial
+conditions and the solution might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and the solution might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and the solution might be the
+same as the solution to the DA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the solution to the DA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the solution to the DA
+let's do stir tank example 2 now ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do stir tank example 2 now ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do stir tank example 2 now ok so
+here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go
+they look very similar but now C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look very similar but now C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look very similar but now C 2
+appears in the algebraic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the algebraic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the algebraic equation
+instead of C 1 so let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of C 1 so let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of C 1 so let's take a
+derivative of the algebraic equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the algebraic equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the algebraic equation and
+I get a differential equation for C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a differential equation for C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a differential equation for C 2
+but I already had a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I already had a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I already had a differential
+equation for a C - I want a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a C - I want a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a C - I want a differential
+equation for C 1 so what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for C 1 so what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for C 1 so what do I do
+well I know DC 2 DT from up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I know DC 2 DT from up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I know DC 2 DT from up here so
+let's substitute that in and solve for C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's substitute that in and solve for C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's substitute that in and solve for C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a substitute equation one in here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a substitute equation one in here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a substitute equation one in here I
+solve for c1 now let's take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for c1 now let's take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for c1 now let's take another
+derivative call this equation three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative call this equation three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative call this equation three
+derivative of equation three now gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of equation three now gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of equation three now gives
+me a differential equation for c1 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a differential equation for c1 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a differential equation for c1 it's
+also in terms of DC 2 DT if I want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in terms of DC 2 DT if I want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in terms of DC 2 DT if I want I
+don't have to but if I want to I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to but if I want to I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to but if I want to I can
+substitute for that again - just get DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for that again - just get DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for that again - just get DC
+1 DT in terms of C 1 and C 2 but it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 DT in terms of C 1 and C 2 but it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 DT in terms of C 1 and C 2 but it took
+two derivatives ok to generate a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives ok to generate a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives ok to generate a system
+of independent Odie's from the daes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent Odie's from the daes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent Odie's from the daes and
+this is called index - ok so it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called index - ok so it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called index - ok so it's got a
+different character from index 1 we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different character from index 1 we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different character from index 1 we saw
+what happens we tend to lose an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens we tend to lose an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens we tend to lose an order of
+accuracy in index to somehow index two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy in index to somehow index two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy in index to somehow index two
+problems are more sensitive to than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are more sensitive to than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are more sensitive to than
+index one problems here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index one problems here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index one problems here's another
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ok so da example 3 it's gonna perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so da example 3 it's gonna perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so da example 3 it's gonna perceive
+the same way so first you know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way so first you know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way so first you know we we
+need different we need a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need different we need a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need different we need a differential
+equation which one's missing here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which one's missing here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which one's missing here we
+don't have a differential equation for C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a differential equation for C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a differential equation for C
+1 that's what we're hunting for so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that's what we're hunting for so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that's what we're hunting for so let's
+take a derivative of the third equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a derivative of the third equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a derivative of the third equation
+the algebraic equation we get C 3 dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebraic equation we get C 3 dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebraic equation we get C 3 dot is
+gamma da and we already had an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma da and we already had an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma da and we already had an equation
+for C 3 dot that was 2 so substitute 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C 3 dot that was 2 so substitute 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C 3 dot that was 2 so substitute 2
+in so now we got C 2 is gamma dot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so now we got C 2 is gamma dot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so now we got C 2 is gamma dot but
+we're really looking for something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really looking for something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really looking for something in
+terms of C 1 so let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of C 1 so let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of C 1 so let's take the
+derivative again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative again
+I've got C 2 table is gamma dot dot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got C 2 table is gamma dot dot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got C 2 table is gamma dot dot that
+doesn't help us much but C 2 dot we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help us much but C 2 dot we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help us much but C 2 dot we know
+is equal to C 1 so we substitute one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to C 1 so we substitute one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to C 1 so we substitute one
+more time and take a third derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time and take a third derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time and take a third derivative
+now we have a differential equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a differential equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a differential equation for
+C 1 ok and we have differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 ok and we have differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 ok and we have differential
+equations for C 2 and C 3 we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for C 2 and C 3 we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for C 2 and C 3 we can take
+this as the differential equation for C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the differential equation for C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the differential equation for C
+3 this is the differential equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 this is the differential equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 this is the differential equation for
+C 2 this is the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 2 this is the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 2 this is the differential equation
+for C 1 right some some set some subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C 1 right some some set some subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C 1 right some some set some subset
+of these can be chosen okay and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these can be chosen okay and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these can be chosen okay and we can
+replace this algebraic equation with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this algebraic equation with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this algebraic equation with a
+differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation
+this is an index 3 Dae it's not always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an index 3 Dae it's not always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an index 3 Dae it's not always a
+good idea to replace the DA system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to replace the DA system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to replace the DA system with
+these derivatives right I can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these derivatives right I can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these derivatives right I can write down
+I can have a particular function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can have a particular function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can have a particular function right
+that's equal to 0 and higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to 0 and higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to 0 and higher order
+derivatives of that function are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of that function are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of that function are also
+equal to 0 but the solution to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 but the solution to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 but the solution to those
+differential equations are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations are not
+necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+to that function right there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that function right there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that function right there are lots of
+functions that might have this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that might have this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that might have this same
+property that it's derivative certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it's derivative certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it's derivative certain
+number of derivatives of it are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of derivatives of it are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of derivatives of it are equal to
+zero right so there have to be extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so there have to be extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so there have to be extra
+initial conditions or constraints on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions or constraints on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions or constraints on the
+solution that can find me to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that can find me to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that can find me to the
+manifold the solutions that reflects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold the solutions that reflects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold the solutions that reflects the
+daes will talk about consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes will talk about consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes will talk about consistent
+initialization later on okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization later on okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization later on okay and that's
+gonna fix this problem so there's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fix this problem so there's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fix this problem so there's a good
+idea to do this but it's one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to do this but it's one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to do this but it's one way of
+understanding given this model what sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding given this model what sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding given this model what sort
+of sensitivity is it going to exhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensitivity is it going to exhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensitivity is it going to exhibit
+okay we try to calculate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we try to calculate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we try to calculate its
+differential index yeah yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential index yeah yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential index yeah yes yes
+well we have to be careful we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to be careful we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to be careful we need to
+choose a set that are independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a set that are independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a set that are independent of the
+others okay so like these three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others okay so like these three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others okay so like these three are
+clearly gonna be independent and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly gonna be independent and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly gonna be independent and it's
+gonna be okay all right it's gonna be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be okay all right it's gonna be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be okay all right it's gonna be a
+problem if I choose this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if I choose this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if I choose this one
+and these two they're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two they're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two they're not going to be
+independent of each other so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other so we have to
+we have to select the independent ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to select the independent ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to select the independent ones
+from the set it may not be obvious what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the set it may not be obvious what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the set it may not be obvious what
+independent means in general one to six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent means in general one to six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent means in general one to six
+could also work yes yes so in general in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also work yes yes so in general in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also work yes yes so in general in
+general not in general let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general not in general let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general not in general let's talk about
+the differential index of a semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential index of a semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential index of a semi
+explicit dæ system remember semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit dæ system remember semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit dæ system remember semi
+explicit meant that the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit meant that the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit meant that the differential
+variables right can be written as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right can be written as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right can be written as you
+know X dot or DX DT is equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know X dot or DX DT is equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know X dot or DX DT is equal to some
+function of x and y why are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x and y why are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x and y why are the
+algebraic states and they satisfy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic states and they satisfy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic states and they satisfy a
+separate equation G of X and Y and T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate equation G of X and Y and T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate equation G of X and Y and T is
+equal to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero right
+semi explicit form so with the semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi explicit form so with the semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi explicit form so with the semi
+explicit Dae write the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit Dae write the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit Dae write the differential
+index is defined as the minimum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is defined as the minimum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is defined as the minimum number
+of differentiations required to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differentiations required to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differentiations required to convert
+the Dae to a system of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dae to a system of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dae to a system of independent
+Odie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odie's
+what does that mean means let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean means let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean means let's take the
+algebraic equations and let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations and let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations and let's take a
+time derivative of them that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative of them that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative of them that will give
+us a new function call it g1 it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a new function call it g1 it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a new function call it g1 it's going
+to be a function of the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a function of the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a function of the differential
+state the algebraic state and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the algebraic state and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the algebraic state and the time
+derivative of the algebraic state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the algebraic state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the algebraic state it
+could also be a function of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be a function of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be a function of the time
+derivative of the differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the differ
+you'll see but we know that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see but we know that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see but we know that in terms of
+F which is a function of x and y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F which is a function of x and y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F which is a function of x and y so
+let's not try putting X dot in there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not try putting X dot in there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not try putting X dot in there for
+convenience let's just write out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience let's just write out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience let's just write out like
+this in principle we can do this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in principle we can do this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in principle we can do this let's
+take two derivatives of it it'll be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two derivatives of it it'll be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two derivatives of it it'll be the
+same way it'll give us some function G 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way it'll give us some function G 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way it'll give us some function G 2
+which is a function of the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of the differential
+state the algebraic state and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the algebraic state and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the algebraic state and the time
+derivative of the algebraic state ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the algebraic state ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the algebraic state ok
+take as many of these as we need it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as many of these as we need it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as many of these as we need it'll
+give us a system of equations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a system of equations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a system of equations that we
+could eventually solve for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could eventually solve for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could eventually solve for the time
+derivatives of all the algebraic states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of all the algebraic states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of all the algebraic states
+and converts this da e to a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and converts this da e to a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and converts this da e to a system of
+Odie's and the question is how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odie's and the question is how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odie's and the question is how many of
+these derivatives do I have to take ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these derivatives do I have to take ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these derivatives do I have to take ok
+index 1 I need to take 1 index 2 I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 1 I need to take 1 index 2 I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 1 I need to take 1 index 2 I need
+both sets of equations in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sets of equations in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sets of equations in order to get
+something that I can actually solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I can actually solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I can actually solve for
+dy DT index 3 I got to take 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy DT index 3 I got to take 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy DT index 3 I got to take 3
+derivatives and higher ok ok so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and higher ok ok so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and higher ok ok so here's
+an example let's see if you can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example let's see if you can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example let's see if you can work
+through this so we have a da e system ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this so we have a da e system ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this so we have a da e system ok
+can you calculate the differential index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you calculate the differential index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you calculate the differential index
+of this system go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not 0 not 0 ODI bp's rdas of index 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 not 0 ODI bp's rdas of index 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 not 0 ODI bp's rdas of index 0
+they require no derivatives to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they require no derivatives to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they require no derivatives to generate
+a system of ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of ordinary differential
+equations what do you think index 2 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations what do you think index 2 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations what do you think index 2 you
+say how do you come to index - why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how do you come to index - why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how do you come to index - why is it
+indexed - how'd you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed - how'd you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed - how'd you do it
+ok differentiate the algebraic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so differentiate this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so differentiate this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so differentiate this equation
+substitute for C 1 dot and C 2 dot C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for C 1 dot and C 2 dot C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for C 1 dot and C 2 dot C 1
+minus C 1 will be 0 C 2 minus C 2 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C 1 will be 0 C 2 minus C 2 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C 1 will be 0 C 2 minus C 2 will
+be 0 so you have 2 C 3 equals 0 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 so you have 2 C 3 equals 0 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 so you have 2 C 3 equals 0 that's
+still an algebraic equation we need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an algebraic equation we need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an algebraic equation we need one
+more derivative to get a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more derivative to get a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more derivative to get a differential
+equation for the only algebraic state we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the only algebraic state we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the only algebraic state we
+have C 3 so one more derivative will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have C 3 so one more derivative will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have C 3 so one more derivative will
+tell us DC DC 3 DT is zero okay so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us DC DC 3 DT is zero okay so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us DC DC 3 DT is zero okay so two
+derivatives to get differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to get differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to get differential
+equations it's an index to DA Sam you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it's an index to DA Sam you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it's an index to DA Sam you
+could so we could write an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could so we could write an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could so we could write an equivalent
+system of equations that says instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations that says instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations that says instead of
+this equation report C 3 equals 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation report C 3 equals 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation report C 3 equals 0 right
+that's model formulation here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's model formulation here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's model formulation here we've
+given we're given a model where ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given we're given a model where ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given we're given a model where ask what
+index it is we could formulate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index it is we could formulate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index it is we could formulate a
+different model and the model will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different model and the model will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different model and the model will have
+a different index if I were to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different index if I were to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different index if I were to replace
+this equation with C 3 equals 0 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation with C 3 equals 0 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation with C 3 equals 0 what
+would the index of the da system be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the index of the da system be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the index of the da system be
+instead index 1 instead right I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead index 1 instead right I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead index 1 instead right I already
+told you index 2 is harder to solve than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you index 2 is harder to solve than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you index 2 is harder to solve than
+index 1 so if you can formulate an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 1 so if you can formulate an index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 1 so if you can formulate an index
+1 da you should probably do it but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 da you should probably do it but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 da you should probably do it but it
+may not be obvious whether you have or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be obvious whether you have or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be obvious whether you have or
+haven't okay so that's an issue of model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't okay so that's an issue of model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't okay so that's an issue of model
+formulation it's a great question does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation it's a great question does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation it's a great question does
+that distinction is that clear right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinction is that clear right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinction is that clear right or
+is it is a little am I not making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is a little am I not making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is a little am I not making it
+clear how this how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how this how this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how this how this works
+unresponsive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unresponsive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unresponsive okay
+it's okay let's there's a generic index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay let's there's a generic index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay let's there's a generic index
+one example that we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example that we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example that we can talk about
+actually so let's take a look at a semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so let's take a look at a semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so let's take a look at a semi
+semi explicit Dae system okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi explicit Dae system okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi explicit Dae system okay so we have
+X dot is f of X Y and T and zero is G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X dot is f of X Y and T and zero is G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X dot is f of X Y and T and zero is G of
+X Y and T okay let's take the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y and T okay let's take the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y and T okay let's take the time
+derivative of the algebraic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the algebraic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the algebraic equation
+alright so the total derivative of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the total derivative of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the total derivative of G
+with respect to T is the Jacobian of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to T is the Jacobian of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to T is the Jacobian of G
+with respect to x times DX DT plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x times DX DT plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x times DX DT plus the
+Jacobian of G with respect to Y times dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian of G with respect to Y times dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian of G with respect to Y times dy
+DT plus the derivative of G partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus the derivative of G partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus the derivative of G partial
+derivative of G with respect to T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of G with respect to T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of G with respect to T and
+now let's solve let's push the dy DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's solve let's push the dy DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's solve let's push the dy DT
+term to the other side of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to the other side of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to the other side of the equation
+and let's substitute for DX DT we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's substitute for DX DT we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's substitute for DX DT we know
+DX DT is a so you get this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX DT is a so you get this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX DT is a so you get this equation here
+if the Jacobian is full rank okay if DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Jacobian is full rank okay if DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Jacobian is full rank okay if DG
+dy is full rank then I can invert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy is full rank then I can invert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy is full rank then I can invert this
+matrix and I automatically get my system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and I automatically get my system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and I automatically get my system
+of Odie's for the algebraic States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's problematic about this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's problematic about this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's problematic about this equation
+when DG dy is not full rank there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when DG dy is not full rank there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when DG dy is not full rank there should
+be a partial that's sloppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a partial that's sloppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a partial that's sloppy
+there's doing this at one o'clock last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's doing this at one o'clock last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's doing this at one o'clock last
+night so that's why that's there what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night so that's why that's there what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night so that's why that's there what's
+the what's problematic about this root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's problematic about this root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's problematic about this root
+finding problem here if DG dy or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding problem here if DG dy or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding problem here if DG dy or the
+Jacobian of G with respect to Y it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian of G with respect to Y it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian of G with respect to Y it's not
+full rank you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if yeah you won't be able to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if yeah you won't be able to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if yeah you won't be able to compute the
+inverse to get your dy D T's that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse to get your dy D T's that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse to get your dy D T's that's true
+remember this Jacobian if it's not full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this Jacobian if it's not full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this Jacobian if it's not full
+rank its determinant is zero right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank its determinant is zero right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank its determinant is zero right there
+is no inverse of this thing we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no inverse of this thing we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no inverse of this thing we talked
+once about systems of nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once about systems of nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once about systems of nonlinear
+equations and locally unique solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and locally unique solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and locally unique solutions
+right the so-called inverse function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the so-called inverse function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the so-called inverse function
+theorem right we can only guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem right we can only guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem right we can only guarantee
+there was a locally unique solution when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a locally unique solution when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a locally unique solution when
+I can invert this thing okay if I got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can invert this thing okay if I got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can invert this thing okay if I got in
+really close to the solution it looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to the solution it looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to the solution it looked
+like a linear system of equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a linear system of equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a linear system of equations that
+linear system of equations had a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system of equations had a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system of equations had a unique
+solution associated with then everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution associated with then everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution associated with then everything
+was good we were happy okay so index one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good we were happy okay so index one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good we were happy okay so index one
+da's so have that property if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da's so have that property if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da's so have that property if I wanted
+to solve this equation for y there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this equation for y there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this equation for y there'll be
+a local unique solution for y higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local unique solution for y higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local unique solution for y higher
+index da's don't have that property we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index da's don't have that property we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index da's don't have that property we
+know that's a sort of unhappy generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's a sort of unhappy generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's a sort of unhappy generic
+circumstance to be in if we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance to be in if we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance to be in if we have to
+solve this equation right it can be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation right it can be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation right it can be hard
+to find those roots using say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find those roots using say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find those roots using say
+newton-raphson because the Jacobian you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson because the Jacobian you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson because the Jacobian you
+would need become singular during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need become singular during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need become singular during the
+root finding procedure okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root finding procedure okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root finding procedure okay this is
+connected sort of intimately to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected sort of intimately to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected sort of intimately to what we
+did for systems of nonlinear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for systems of nonlinear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for systems of nonlinear equations
+so for an index one da you can show its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for an index one da you can show its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for an index one da you can show its
+index 1 because this Jacobian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 1 because this Jacobian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 1 because this Jacobian is
+invertible ok let's do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible ok let's do some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible ok let's do some more
+examples on differential index right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples on differential index right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples on differential index right
+this seems to be the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems to be the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems to be the most important
+thing right if I have a model what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right if I have a model what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right if I have a model what's its
+index cuz its index is gonna tell me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index cuz its index is gonna tell me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index cuz its index is gonna tell me how
+sensitive it is to small perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive it is to small perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive it is to small perturbations
+ok so here's a model it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so here's a model it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so here's a model it's the same as
+the malla you saw before but now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malla you saw before but now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malla you saw before but now it's
+two mixing tanks right so here comes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mixing tanks right so here comes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mixing tanks right so here comes an
+inlet you know flow q1 carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inlet you know flow q1 carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inlet you know flow q1 carrying
+concentration c1 outcomes the same flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration c1 outcomes the same flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration c1 outcomes the same flow
+q1 carrying concentration C to the mixer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 carrying concentration C to the mixer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 carrying concentration C to the mixer
+has volume v1 and then I blend this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has volume v1 and then I blend this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has volume v1 and then I blend this with
+some more of whatever the solute is at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more of whatever the solute is at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more of whatever the solute is at a
+flow rate of q2 and a concentration c3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rate of q2 and a concentration c3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rate of q2 and a concentration c3
+and those both go into this tank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those both go into this tank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those both go into this tank and
+they come out concentration C for flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come out concentration C for flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come out concentration C for flow
+rate Q 1 plus Q 2 and this has volume v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate Q 1 plus Q 2 and this has volume v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate Q 1 plus Q 2 and this has volume v2
+ok it's that look good well posed model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok it's that look good well posed model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok it's that look good well posed model
+ok so here's your material balances on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so here's your material balances on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so here's your material balances on
+the mixer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixer
+okay and I'm going to give you different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to give you different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to give you different
+algebraic constraints okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic constraints okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic constraints okay so this is a
+problem now where we say measure C 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now where we say measure C 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now where we say measure C 1 and
+C 3 C 1 and C 3 and we want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 3 C 1 and C 3 and we want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 3 C 1 and C 3 and we want to try to
+predict C 2 and C 4 can you figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict C 2 and C 4 can you figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict C 2 and C 4 can you figure out
+the differential index of this da system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feel free to talk to each other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the differential index is 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the differential index is 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the differential index is 1 this
+one's the easy one right just take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's the easy one right just take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's the easy one right just take one
+derivative of the algebraic equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the algebraic equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the algebraic equation so
+now I've got DC 2 DT DC 4 DT DC 1 DT DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got DC 2 DT DC 4 DT DC 1 DT DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got DC 2 DT DC 4 DT DC 1 DT DC
+3 DT differential index of 1 as easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 DT differential index of 1 as easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 DT differential index of 1 as easy to
+solve as a no de IVP this is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve as a no de IVP this is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve as a no de IVP this is kind of the
+natural problem too it's useful to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural problem too it's useful to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural problem too it's useful to think
+about the inputs C 1 C 3 and asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the inputs C 1 C 3 and asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the inputs C 1 C 3 and asking
+about what the outputs alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the outputs alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the outputs alright
+physically this problem seems easier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically this problem seems easier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically this problem seems easier in
+nature okay okay let's change it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature okay okay let's change it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature okay okay let's change it now
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+same problem well let's change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem well let's change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem well let's change the
+algebraic constraint so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic constraint so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic constraint so now the
+algebraic constraint is I measure C 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic constraint is I measure C 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic constraint is I measure C 3
+and C 4 and I want to predict C 1 and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C 4 and I want to predict C 1 and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C 4 and I want to predict C 1 and C
+2 okay what's the differential index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay what's the differential index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay what's the differential index
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes sure oh good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sure oh good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sure oh good question
+I mean I'm gonna push the slide back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm gonna push the slide back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm gonna push the slide back and
+I apologize for this and I'll go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize for this and I'll go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize for this and I'll go back
+forward so the question was why was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so the question was why was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so the question was why was this
+differential index one if I had to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential index one if I had to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential index one if I had to take
+a derivative of both this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative of both this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative of both this equation and
+that equation so the way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation so the way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation so the way to think about
+this conceptually is I took a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conceptually is I took a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conceptually is I took a derivative
+of the algebraic equations the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the algebraic equations the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the algebraic equations the set of
+algebraic equation that was one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation that was one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation that was one time
+derivative of a vector-valued function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a vector-valued function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a vector-valued function
+okay I can see where the ambiguity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can see where the ambiguity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can see where the ambiguity is
+there so it's important to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's important to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's important to be clear
+right I took one time derivative over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I took one time derivative over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I took one time derivative over
+the equations that prescribed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations that prescribed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations that prescribed the
+algebraic States okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic States okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic States okay that's the
+distinction so this is indexed one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction so this is indexed one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction so this is indexed one
+because I needed one time derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I needed one time derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I needed one time derivative of
+of this of this type write DG DT of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of this type write DG DT of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of this type write DG DT of the
+entire set here we go we're on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire set here we go we're on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire set here we go we're on this one
+prescribed C 3 prescribe C 4 what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed C 3 prescribe C 4 what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed C 3 prescribe C 4 what is the
+differential index now what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential index now what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential index now what do you think
+we got an answer I hear - I hear 3 I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got an answer I hear - I hear 3 I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got an answer I hear - I hear 3 I saw
+3 like this I almost mistook it for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 like this I almost mistook it for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 like this I almost mistook it for two
+but that's three yeah it's three let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's three yeah it's three let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's three yeah it's three let's
+see if we can work through why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can work through why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can work through why it's
+three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I take a derivative of the algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take a derivative of the algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take a derivative of the algebraic
+equations one derivative and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations one derivative and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations one derivative and after
+taking that derivative I'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that derivative I'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that derivative I'll get a
+differential equation for one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for one of the
+algebraic states so C 3 is taken care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic states so C 3 is taken care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic states so C 3 is taken care of
+now I'm in the hunt for c1 okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm in the hunt for c1 okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm in the hunt for c1 okay so I
+have after that first derivative I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have after that first derivative I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have after that first derivative I have
+an equation DC 4 DT is gamma 2 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation DC 4 DT is gamma 2 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation DC 4 DT is gamma 2 and I
+know DC 4 DT so I drop that in and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know DC 4 DT so I drop that in and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know DC 4 DT so I drop that in and I get
+an algebraic equation relating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algebraic equation relating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algebraic equation relating the
+derivative of gamma 2 to C 2 C 3 and C 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of gamma 2 to C 2 C 3 and C 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of gamma 2 to C 2 C 3 and C 4
+this new algebraic equation right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new algebraic equation right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new algebraic equation right this
+is like the g1 that I prescribed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the g1 that I prescribed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the g1 that I prescribed in the
+generic scheme I take a derivative of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic scheme I take a derivative of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic scheme I take a derivative of it
+again because I'm in the hunt for c1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because I'm in the hunt for c1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because I'm in the hunt for c1 so
+I take the derivative of this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the derivative of this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the derivative of this new
+equation and I'll get a derivative of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I'll get a derivative of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I'll get a derivative of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative of C 3 and a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative of C 3 and a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative of C 3 and a derivative of
+C 4 and I know all those I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 4 and I know all those I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 4 and I know all those I know the
+derivative of C 2 I know the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of C 2 I know the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of C 2 I know the derivative
+of C 4 and I know the derivative of C 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C 4 and I know the derivative of C 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C 4 and I know the derivative of C 3
+from the previous level in the hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous level in the hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous level in the hierarchy
+right and figured that out already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and figured that out already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and figured that out already
+that's two derivatives still hasn't got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two derivatives still hasn't got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two derivatives still hasn't got
+me a time derivative of C 1 but when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a time derivative of C 1 but when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a time derivative of C 1 but when I
+make those substitutions I'll get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those substitutions I'll get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those substitutions I'll get an
+algebraic equation in terms of C 1 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation in terms of C 1 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation in terms of C 1 and I
+can take one more derivative right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take one more derivative right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take one more derivative right and
+that'll give me a DC 1 DT and I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give me a DC 1 DT and I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give me a DC 1 DT and I'll have
+an OD for C 1 C 2 C 3 and C 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an OD for C 1 C 2 C 3 and C 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an OD for C 1 C 2 C 3 and C 4
+so it's differential index 3 it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's differential index 3 it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's differential index 3 it makes
+sense sort of I'm taking a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense sort of I'm taking a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense sort of I'm taking a measurement
+of an output way down the line here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an output way down the line here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an output way down the line here and
+I'm trying to predict what the input was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to predict what the input was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to predict what the input was
+in the first place it's easy to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place it's easy to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place it's easy to imagine
+that there's a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a huge amount of
+sensitivity in that calculation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's another one what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one what's the
+differential index here I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential index here I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential index here I'm now
+prescribing C 1 and C 2 and I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribing C 1 and C 2 and I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribing C 1 and C 2 and I want you
+to tell me C 3 and C 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh good somebody somebody noticed early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good somebody somebody noticed early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good somebody somebody noticed early
+on so you say it's not possible right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so you say it's not possible right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so you say it's not possible right
+why isn't it possible Yeah right we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't it possible Yeah right we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't it possible Yeah right we'll
+never be able to isolate a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to isolate a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to isolate a derivative of
+c3 here there's actually this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3 here there's actually this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3 here there's actually this there's
+something wrong physically with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong physically with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong physically with this
+problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right
+yeah I'm somehow I'm supposed to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm somehow I'm supposed to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm somehow I'm supposed to measure
+c1 and c2 and use that to predict c3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 and c2 and use that to predict c3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 and c2 and use that to predict c3 and
+c4 I don't know C 4 and C 3 is an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c4 I don't know C 4 and C 3 is an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c4 I don't know C 4 and C 3 is an input
+I don't know it either how do I figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know it either how do I figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know it either how do I figure
+out an input when I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an input when I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an input when I don't know the
+output right it's impossible right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output right it's impossible right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output right it's impossible right so
+this model is quad right we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is quad right we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is quad right we can
+formulate any model we want pick any set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate any model we want pick any set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate any model we want pick any set
+of these variables to prescribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these variables to prescribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these variables to prescribe
+algebraically but not all of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically but not all of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically but not all of them are
+going to admit solutions or makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to admit solutions or makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to admit solutions or makes sense
+there's no number of derivatives that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no number of derivatives that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no number of derivatives that's
+gonna give us a closed system of Odie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give us a closed system of Odie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give us a closed system of Odie's
+this again comes back to the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again comes back to the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again comes back to the point that
+really DS is all about model formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really DS is all about model formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really DS is all about model formulation
+right there are lots of good numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are lots of good numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are lots of good numerical
+methods they work like the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods they work like the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods they work like the numerical
+methods for OD IBPS what's important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for OD IBPS what's important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for OD IBPS what's important is
+getting consistent models down models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting consistent models down models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting consistent models down models
+that for example have solutions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example have solutions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example have solutions you
+might feed this to a de solver and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might feed this to a de solver and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might feed this to a de solver and get
+nonsense because I can almost freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense because I can almost freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense because I can almost freely
+prescribe what c3 is and I'll get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe what c3 is and I'll get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe what c3 is and I'll get some
+answer for c4 right any c3 can give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for c4 right any c3 can give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for c4 right any c3 can give me
+an answer here so who knows whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer here so who knows whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer here so who knows whether this
+numerical solver is sensitive or not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solver is sensitive or not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solver is sensitive or not to
+this particular pathology in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular pathology in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular pathology in the problem
+we've written down ok we got to speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written down ok we got to speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written down ok we got to speed up
+just a little bit I'm sorry for that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit I'm sorry for that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit I'm sorry for that so
+we looked at index 1 that was stirred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at index 1 that was stirred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at index 1 that was stirred
+tank 1 index 2 that was stirred tank to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank 1 index 2 that was stirred tank to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank 1 index 2 that was stirred tank to
+index 3 that was stirred tank 3 and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 3 that was stirred tank 3 and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 3 that was stirred tank 3 and one
+thing we saw when we looked at them was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we saw when we looked at them was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we saw when we looked at them was
+like this index one solution it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this index one solution it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this index one solution it had
+pieces that were proportional to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that were proportional to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that were proportional to this
+forcing function gamma right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing function gamma right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing function gamma right this
+prescribed function in our system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed function in our system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed function in our system of
+equations and proportional to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and proportional to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and proportional to its
+derivative so if gamma is jumping around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so if gamma is jumping around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so if gamma is jumping around
+we'll see one will jump around see two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see one will jump around see two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see one will jump around see two
+is going to be smoothed out version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be smoothed out version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be smoothed out version of
+gamma because it depends on its integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma because it depends on its integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma because it depends on its integral
+it's not very sensitive kind of like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very sensitive kind of like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very sensitive kind of like an
+OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD
+IVP right it doesn't really show any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IVP right it doesn't really show any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IVP right it doesn't really show any
+more sensitivity than an OD IPP does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitivity than an OD IPP does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitivity than an OD IPP does the
+dynamics are different for index 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics are different for index 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics are different for index 2
+though when we look at the solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though when we look at the solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though when we look at the solution of
+the index to Dae we found well c2 goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index to Dae we found well c2 goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index to Dae we found well c2 goes
+like gamma but c1 has to go like gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gamma but c1 has to go like gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gamma but c1 has to go like gamma
+dot okay so that's pretty sensitive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot okay so that's pretty sensitive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot okay so that's pretty sensitive if
+you're making a measurement and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a measurement and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a measurement and there's
+noise and the measurement how do you I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and the measurement how do you I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and the measurement how do you I'd
+even know what this derivative is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what this derivative is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what this derivative is right
+so c1 is wildly bouncing around our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c1 is wildly bouncing around our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c1 is wildly bouncing around our
+prediction of what c1 is is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of what c1 is is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of what c1 is is it's not
+going to be very good okay our solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very good okay our solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very good okay our solution
+of Dae example 3 I told a c1 was related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dae example 3 I told a c1 was related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dae example 3 I told a c1 was related
+to the second derivative of the forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second derivative of the forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second derivative of the forcing
+function C 2 to the first and C 3 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function C 2 to the first and C 3 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function C 2 to the first and C 3 was
+proportional to the forcing function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the forcing function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the forcing function so
+this is hugely sensitive to changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hugely sensitive to changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hugely sensitive to changes in
+the forcing function now so the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forcing function now so the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forcing function now so the higher
+the index goes the greater the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index goes the greater the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index goes the greater the
+sensitivity right to perturbations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity right to perturbations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity right to perturbations in
+the system here's another simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system here's another simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system here's another simple example
+you have all that data actually in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all that data actually in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all that data actually in your
+paper so I won't ask you to do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so I won't ask you to do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so I won't ask you to do this one
+given our time constraints but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given our time constraints but here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given our time constraints but here's
+mechanical systems that have constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical systems that have constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical systems that have constraints
+are often index 3ds it turns out you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often index 3ds it turns out you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often index 3ds it turns out you can
+show this one as an index 3 da this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this one as an index 3 da this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this one as an index 3 da this is
+the case of a pendulum swinging back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a pendulum swinging back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a pendulum swinging back and
+forth okay so it's a change in position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay so it's a change in position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay so it's a change in position
+is its velocity its acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its velocity its acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its velocity its acceleration
+balances gravity and there's some arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances gravity and there's some arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances gravity and there's some arm
+that holds the pendulum in place we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that holds the pendulum in place we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that holds the pendulum in place we can
+imagine that that arm has some tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that that arm has some tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that that arm has some tension
+in it it acts like a spring with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it it acts like a spring with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it it acts like a spring with the
+spring constant that changes in time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring constant that changes in time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring constant that changes in time in
+order to hold the pendulum at a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to hold the pendulum at a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to hold the pendulum at a fixed
+distance from its center so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from its center so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from its center so two
+differential equations one algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations one algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations one algebraic
+equation this is a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is a differential
+algebraic equation you can imagine lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation you can imagine lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation you can imagine lots
+of mechanical systems work in exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanical systems work in exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanical systems work in exactly
+this way right they can MOLLE move along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way right they can MOLLE move along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way right they can MOLLE move along
+prescribed paths they're constrained and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed paths they're constrained and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed paths they're constrained and
+how far they can stretch or go I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far they can stretch or go I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far they can stretch or go I don't
+know if you're trying to design a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're trying to design a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're trying to design a robot
+or something daes are pretty important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something daes are pretty important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something daes are pretty important
+and they're all of index three type it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all of index three type it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all of index three type it
+turns out so the differential variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out so the differential variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out so the differential variables
+here are X and V and the algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are X and V and the algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are X and V and the algebraic
+variable is this spring constant K which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is this spring constant K which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is this spring constant K which
+has got to adjust dynamically in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got to adjust dynamically in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got to adjust dynamically in time
+okay in order to get away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in order to get away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in order to get away from the
+speaker adjust dynamically in time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker adjust dynamically in time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker adjust dynamically in time in
+order to provide just the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to provide just the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to provide just the right
+stiffness to keep this going around on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness to keep this going around on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness to keep this going around on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ocular orbit okay so when let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocular orbit okay so when let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocular orbit okay so when let's suppose
+I start with my pendulum down and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start with my pendulum down and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start with my pendulum down and it's
+not moving then this has to be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving then this has to be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving then this has to be just
+stiff enough to balance gravity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff enough to balance gravity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff enough to balance gravity right
+the pendulum is 90 degrees and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum is 90 degrees and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum is 90 degrees and it's not
+moving I don't need any stiffness K can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving I don't need any stiffness K can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving I don't need any stiffness K can
+just be zero right there's no forces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be zero right there's no forces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be zero right there's no forces to
+balance the pendulum is swinging around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the pendulum is swinging around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the pendulum is swinging around
+then I have to be stiff enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to be stiff enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to be stiff enough to
+balance gravity where I am and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance gravity where I am and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance gravity where I am and also
+counteract any sort of centripetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract any sort of centripetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract any sort of centripetal
+acceleration right so this K has got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration right so this K has got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration right so this K has got to
+be wildly fluctuating if I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wildly fluctuating if I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wildly fluctuating if I was trying to
+control that case somehow to give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that case somehow to give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that case somehow to give this
+system these particular dynamics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system these particular dynamics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system these particular dynamics you
+might imagine it's very difficult to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine it's very difficult to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine it's very difficult to do
+okay so there's your differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's your differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's your differential
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+here's your algebraic variable you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your algebraic variable you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your algebraic variable you take
+a derivative of this equation you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative of this equation you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative of this equation you'll get
+a constraint that tells you the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constraint that tells you the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constraint that tells you the velocity
+is orthogonal to the position of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal to the position of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal to the position of course
+it is I'm on a circular trajectory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is I'm on a circular trajectory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is I'm on a circular trajectory you
+take a derivative of this equation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a derivative of this equation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a derivative of this equation now
+this algebraic equation you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algebraic equation you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algebraic equation you'll get
+another constraint that gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another constraint that gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another constraint that gives you some
+relationship between KX and V but not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between KX and V but not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between KX and V but not a
+differential equation for K take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for K take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for K take another
+derivative of this algebraic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this algebraic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this algebraic equation
+and you'll get a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get a differential equation
+for K so in principle I could formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for K so in principle I could formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for K so in principle I could formulate
+a system of o DS with D K DT DX DT DV DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of o DS with D K DT DX DT DV DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of o DS with D K DT DX DT DV DT
+would be equivalent to this it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equivalent to this it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equivalent to this it took
+three derivatives to do this though okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three derivatives to do this though okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three derivatives to do this though okay
+so it's an incredibly sensitive system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an incredibly sensitive system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an incredibly sensitive system
+it's indexed three in nature so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's indexed three in nature so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's indexed three in nature so if I
+transform to this equivalent set of o DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to this equivalent set of o DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to this equivalent set of o DS
+the problem we discussed this earlier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we discussed this earlier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we discussed this earlier is
+that the solutions may drift away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solutions may drift away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solutions may drift away from
+the initial set of constraints okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial set of constraints okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial set of constraints okay
+the solutions also need the right sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions also need the right sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions also need the right sort
+of initial conditions okay here I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initial conditions okay here I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initial conditions okay here I know
+that at time 0 C 3 better be gamma 0 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at time 0 C 3 better be gamma 0 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at time 0 C 3 better be gamma 0 I
+know that in the actual solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in the actual solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in the actual solution to this
+problem C 3 dot okay was gamma dot so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem C 3 dot okay was gamma dot so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem C 3 dot okay was gamma dot so at
+time 0 C 2 better be gamma dot of 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 0 C 2 better be gamma dot of 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 0 C 2 better be gamma dot of 0 and
+at time 0 C 1 better be gamma dot dot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time 0 C 1 better be gamma dot dot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time 0 C 1 better be gamma dot dot of
+0 and if it's not okay then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and if it's not okay then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and if it's not okay then there's
+going to be some step jump or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some step jump or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some step jump or some
+strange behavior in the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange behavior in the solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange behavior in the solution to this
+Oh de system so I have to choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh de system so I have to choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh de system so I have to choose the
+right sort of initial conditions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sort of initial conditions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sort of initial conditions if
+those initial conditions aren't chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those initial conditions aren't chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those initial conditions aren't chosen
+correctly then I'm not going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly then I'm not going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly then I'm not going to get the
+right solution it won't be constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right solution it won't be constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right solution it won't be constrained
+to the manifold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the manifold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the manifold
+the solutions that's given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions that's given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions that's given by the
+original da e so here's some things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original da e so here's some things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original da e so here's some things you
+need to know indexed one semi explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know indexed one semi explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know indexed one semi explicit
+daes can be safely handled in MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes can be safely handled in MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes can be safely handled in MATLAB
+okay so oh D 1 5 s OD 2 3 T they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so oh D 1 5 s OD 2 3 T they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so oh D 1 5 s OD 2 3 T they have
+the ability to take an input a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to take an input a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to take an input a mass
+matrix we discussed mass matrix last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix we discussed mass matrix last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix we discussed mass matrix last
+time okay and a right-hand side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and a right-hand side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and a right-hand side to the
+system of equations and f of X and T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations and f of X and T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations and f of X and T and
+solve it just like all the other solvers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it just like all the other solvers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it just like all the other solvers
+all the other OD IVP solvers in MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other OD IVP solvers in MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other OD IVP solvers in MATLAB
+if it's not index 1 MATLAB can catch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not index 1 MATLAB can catch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not index 1 MATLAB can catch it
+okay so it'll try to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it'll try to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it'll try to look at the
+Jacobian of F with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian of F with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian of F with respect to the
+variables and the mass matrix and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the mass matrix and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the mass matrix and to
+infer from that what the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer from that what the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer from that what the differential
+index is okay and it'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is okay and it'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is okay and it'll tell you
+oftentimes well I think it depends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes well I think it depends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes well I think it depends of
+which package you're using but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which package you're using but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which package you're using but if you're
+using certain packages it'll tell you oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using certain packages it'll tell you oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using certain packages it'll tell you oh
+this is not next one oe Dae we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not next one oe Dae we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not next one oe Dae we can't
+can't handle this right the methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't handle this right the methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't handle this right the methods
+built into it aren't suitable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into it aren't suitable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into it aren't suitable for
+generic daes their specific Dae solvers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic daes their specific Dae solvers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic daes their specific Dae solvers
+so something like sundials or Dae Pak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something like sundials or Dae Pak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something like sundials or Dae Pak
+this is a professor bargaining software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a professor bargaining software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a professor bargaining software
+actually that are designed to handle da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that are designed to handle da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that are designed to handle da
+ease up to some certain index instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease up to some certain index instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease up to some certain index instead
+they're built to reliably solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're built to reliably solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're built to reliably solve these
+problems so we have robots with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so we have robots with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so we have robots with
+constraints on them we solve all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on them we solve all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on them we solve all sorts
+of problems for chemical process systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems for chemical process systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems for chemical process systems
+that are of higher index and the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are of higher index and the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are of higher index and the way we
+do it is using specific numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is using specific numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is using specific numerical
+methods they're based on these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods they're based on these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods they're based on these same
+sorts of schemes backwards difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of schemes backwards difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of schemes backwards difference
+formulas but careful analysis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas but careful analysis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas but careful analysis of the
+equations which are in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which are in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which are in general
+unstructured right the software doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured right the software doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured right the software doesn't
+know beforehand what those equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beforehand what those equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beforehand what those equations
+look like but a careful analysis of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like but a careful analysis of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like but a careful analysis of them
+in order to figure out how to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to figure out how to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to figure out how to minimize
+numerical errors and stay on the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical errors and stay on the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical errors and stay on the correct
+solution manifold as input to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution manifold as input to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution manifold as input to these
+though we have to give initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we have to give initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we have to give initial
+conditions so that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so that's going to be the
+last thing that we talk about here ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing that we talk about here ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing that we talk about here ok
+and those initial conditions have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those initial conditions have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those initial conditions have to be
+prescribed what we call consistently or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed what we call consistently or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed what we call consistently or
+we can get numerical errors or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get numerical errors or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get numerical errors or the
+software can just quit and throw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software can just quit and throw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software can just quit and throw an
+error or it can run off on some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error or it can run off on some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error or it can run off on some other
+solution manifold that doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution manifold that doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution manifold that doesn't look
+anything like the solution we're after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like the solution we're after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like the solution we're after
+the pendulum is an interesting example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum is an interesting example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum is an interesting example
+to think about ok so you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about ok so you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about ok so you might say well
+what do I want to know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want to know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want to know about this
+pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum
+maybe I want to know where it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to know where it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to know where it started
+initially and what its velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and what its velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and what its velocity
+initially was okay can I prescribe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially was okay can I prescribe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially was okay can I prescribe the
+initial position of the pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position of the pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position of the pendulum
+arbitrarily what do you think yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily what do you think yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily what do you think yes or no
+no why not why no good yeah we know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no why not why no good yeah we know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no why not why no good yeah we know it's
+got a fixed arm length right can't pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a fixed arm length right can't pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a fixed arm length right can't pick
+any position that's not gonna work right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any position that's not gonna work right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any position that's not gonna work right
+it's got to satisfy that algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to satisfy that algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to satisfy that algebraic
+constraint can i specify its velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint can i specify its velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint can i specify its velocity
+arbitrarily what do you think and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily what do you think and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily what do you think and give
+it any initial velocity that mass at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any initial velocity that mass at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any initial velocity that mass at the
+end of the pendulum no why not what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the pendulum no why not what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the pendulum no why not what's
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it'd explain that to me though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it'd explain that to me though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it'd explain that to me though
+because I had I had equations for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had I had equations for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had I had equations for the
+velocity and for the acceleration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and for the acceleration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and for the acceleration and
+then an equation that told me that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an equation that told me that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an equation that told me that the
+length of this moment arm was it had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this moment arm was it had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this moment arm was it had a
+certain length associated with it so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain length associated with it so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain length associated with it so why
+does that constrain the velocity you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that constrain the velocity you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that constrain the velocity you're
+right it does I'm not saying you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it does I'm not saying you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it does I'm not saying you're
+wrong you're you're right but why right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you're you're right but why right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you're you're right but why right
+those initial three equations don't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those initial three equations don't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those initial three equations don't tell
+me anything about the initial velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anything about the initial velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anything about the initial velocity
+was supposed to be we know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be we know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be we know something
+about the trajectory this is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the trajectory this is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the trajectory this is supposed to
+sweep out though it's supposed to sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep out though it's supposed to sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep out though it's supposed to sweep
+out a circular trajectory and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a circular trajectory and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a circular trajectory and the
+velocity in that circular trajectory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in that circular trajectory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in that circular trajectory is
+always going to be orthogonal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be orthogonal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be orthogonal to the
+moment arm and that equation actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment arm and that equation actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment arm and that equation actually it
+appeared okay it appeared when we took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared okay it appeared when we took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared okay it appeared when we took a
+derivative of the constraint so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the constraint so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the constraint so this was
+a hidden constraint it's secret right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hidden constraint it's secret right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hidden constraint it's secret right
+you didn't know it was there until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know it was there until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know it was there until you
+took a derivative and you tried to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a derivative and you tried to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a derivative and you tried to go
+and figure out what index this was then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out what index this was then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out what index this was then
+you discovered oval ASSA T and position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discovered oval ASSA T and position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discovered oval ASSA T and position
+are orthogonal to each other my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal to each other my initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal to each other my initial
+condition should respect that right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition should respect that right how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition should respect that right how
+can they not write the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they not write the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they not write the initial
+conditions have to be a solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions have to be a solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions have to be a solution to the
+equations as well so now can the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as well so now can the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as well so now can the initial
+stiffness be specified arbitrarily no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness be specified arbitrarily no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness be specified arbitrarily no
+but Rossio there was also an algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Rossio there was also an algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Rossio there was also an algebraic
+equation that popped up at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that popped up at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that popped up at some point
+right here when I took the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here when I took the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here when I took the second
+derivative which tells me how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative which tells me how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative which tells me how this
+stiffness has to be related to position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness has to be related to position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness has to be related to position
+and velocities is also hidden right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and velocities is also hidden right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and velocities is also hidden right
+inside the structure of this Dae okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the structure of this Dae okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the structure of this Dae okay so
+this is again goes to model formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again goes to model formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again goes to model formulation
+what are the initial conditions that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the initial conditions that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the initial conditions that I
+have to prescribe if I prescribe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prescribe if I prescribe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prescribe if I prescribe the
+right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one
+I'll get a solution that matches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get a solution that matches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get a solution that matches the
+dynamics of the problem I was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of the problem I was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of the problem I was actually
+interested in if I prescribed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in if I prescribed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in if I prescribed them
+incorrectly well who knows what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly well who knows what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly well who knows what's going
+to resolve right we can't really predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resolve right we can't really predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resolve right we can't really predict
+depends on the solver we're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the solver we're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the solver we're working with
+here's here's a sort of formal way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's a sort of formal way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's a sort of formal way to
+think of it right so you're usually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it right so you're usually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it right so you're usually in
+an initial value problem usually we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an initial value problem usually we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an initial value problem usually we want
+to know what's for these first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's for these first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's for these first order
+difference differential equations what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference differential equations what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference differential equations what's
+the initial value of the state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial value of the state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial value of the state and
+what's the initial value of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the initial value of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the initial value of its
+derivative okay that completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay that completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay that completely
+specifies what's going on at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies what's going on at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies what's going on at the
+beginning you know one way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you know one way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you know one way to think
+about these problems is I've got I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these problems is I've got I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these problems is I've got I've
+got this equation that I want to solve I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this equation that I want to solve I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this equation that I want to solve I
+could think in some sense that X and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think in some sense that X and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think in some sense that X and X
+dot are independent of each other I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot are independent of each other I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot are independent of each other I
+could always write this as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could always write this as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could always write this as something
+like an equation for f of X and Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an equation for f of X and Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an equation for f of X and Z and
+then I could add some extra information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could add some extra information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could add some extra information
+that tells me actually X dot is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me actually X dot is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me actually X dot is the same
+as Z right so initially I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Z right so initially I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Z right so initially I would like to
+know the values of X and Z but Z is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the values of X and Z but Z is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the values of X and Z but Z is X
+dot so I'd like to know that Ischl e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot so I'd like to know that Ischl e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot so I'd like to know that Ischl e the
+values of X dot and X don't tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X dot and X don't tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X dot and X don't tell me
+where I start and these need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I start and these need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I start and these need to be
+consistent with the initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the initial value
+problem that I specified if I'm doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I specified if I'm doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I specified if I'm doing an
+index 0 no dibp it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 0 no dibp it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 0 no dibp it needs to be
+consistent with this so if you tell me X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with this so if you tell me X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with this so if you tell me X
+naught but I should put X into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught but I should put X into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught but I should put X into this
+equation and that should tell me what X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that should tell me what X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that should tell me what X
+dot is if you tell me X dot right then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is if you tell me X dot right then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is if you tell me X dot right then I
+should solve write my governing equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should solve write my governing equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should solve write my governing equation
+for X naught you could tell me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X naught you could tell me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X naught you could tell me some
+equation that relates X naught and X dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that relates X naught and X dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that relates X naught and X dot
+initially and then I got to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and then I got to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and then I got to solve this
+equation in conjunction with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in conjunction with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in conjunction with my
+governing equation to determine these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing equation to determine these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing equation to determine these
+the set of values ok I'd like to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of values ok I'd like to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of values ok I'd like to know
+both of these things initially fed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these things initially fed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these things initially fed the
+fully implicit Dae right I really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully implicit Dae right I really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully implicit Dae right I really have
+two n unknowns here I don't know X and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n unknowns here I don't know X and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n unknowns here I don't know X and I
+don't know X dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know X dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know X dot
+and I've only got n equations for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've only got n equations for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've only got n equations for those
+okay so apparently there's n degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so apparently there's n degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so apparently there's n degrees of
+freedom to specify here I need n more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to specify here I need n more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to specify here I need n more
+equations to say what those initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to say what those initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to say what those initial
+conditions are and these hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are and these hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are and these hidden
+constraints I point out actually reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints I point out actually reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints I point out actually reduce
+the number of degrees of freedom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of degrees of freedom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of degrees of freedom the
+fact that these are not index 0 problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these are not index 0 problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these are not index 0 problems
+but have a finite index will introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have a finite index will introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have a finite index will introduce
+extra constraints that reduce the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra constraints that reduce the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra constraints that reduce the number
+of degrees of freedom or the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degrees of freedom or the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degrees of freedom or the number of
+other equations I can use to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other equations I can use to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other equations I can use to specify
+those initial conditions does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those initial conditions does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those initial conditions does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+I'm gonna give you some examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna give you some examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna give you some examples and
+then they'll let you go so if I have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll let you go so if I have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll let you go so if I have if
+I have a problem that has separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a problem that has separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a problem that has separate
+differential states in algebraic States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential states in algebraic States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential states in algebraic States
+this is like f of X dot X and Y and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like f of X dot X and Y and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like f of X dot X and Y and T
+equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+the set of things that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of things that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of things that I need to
+specimen I need the initial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen I need the initial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen I need the initial derivative
+of the differential state the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differential state the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differential state the initial
+value of the differential stain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the differential stain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the differential stain the
+initial value of the algebraic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value of the algebraic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value of the algebraic state
+right and actually need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and actually need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and actually need to know the
+initial value of the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value of the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value of the derivative of the
+algebraic state here because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic state here because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic state here because I don't
+need that to satisfy this initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that to satisfy this initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that to satisfy this initial
+equation right ok so let's look at look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right ok so let's look at look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right ok so let's look at look
+at a couple of examples so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a couple of examples so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a couple of examples so here's a
+stirred tank example 1 okay I convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirred tank example 1 okay I convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirred tank example 1 okay I convert it
+to a system of Odie's by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system of Odie's by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system of Odie's by taking the
+derivative of equation 2 here so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of equation 2 here so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of equation 2 here so here's
+my 2 OD es I'm gonna look back at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my 2 OD es I'm gonna look back at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my 2 OD es I'm gonna look back at my
+initial equations and see how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial equations and see how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial equations and see how do they
+constrain the initial conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain the initial conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain the initial conditions so
+equation 2 tells me that c1 initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 2 tells me that c1 initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 2 tells me that c1 initially
+better be gamma initially right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be gamma initially right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be gamma initially right
+otherwise my initial condition doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise my initial condition doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise my initial condition doesn't
+satisfy the governing equations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the governing equations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the governing equations the
+model that I wrote down equation 1 tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that I wrote down equation 1 tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that I wrote down equation 1 tells
+me that the derivative of c2 initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that the derivative of c2 initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that the derivative of c2 initially
+better be related to the derivative of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be related to the derivative of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be related to the derivative of C
+1 and the derivative of and I'm sorry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the derivative of and I'm sorry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the derivative of and I'm sorry to
+the value of c1 and the value of c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of c1 and the value of c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of c1 and the value of c2
+initially this third equation that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially this third equation that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially this third equation that I
+came up with it doesn't constrain it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with it doesn't constrain it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with it doesn't constrain it's a
+derivative of one of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of one of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of one of the original
+algebraic variables so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic variables so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic variables so it doesn't
+constrain that original set of I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain that original set of I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain that original set of I need to
+know the initial condition on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the initial condition on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the initial condition on the
+differential variables the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential variables the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential variables the derivative of
+the differential variables and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential variables and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential variables and the
+algebraic rows only tells me something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic rows only tells me something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic rows only tells me something
+about the derivative of this algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the derivative of this algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the derivative of this algebraic
+variable so this equation doesn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so this equation doesn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so this equation doesn't give
+me any other constraints so I just got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me any other constraints so I just got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me any other constraints so I just got a
+free variable that I can specify one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variable that I can specify one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variable that I can specify one
+more equation it can be whatever I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more equation it can be whatever I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more equation it can be whatever I want
+so maybe I say c2 of 0 c0 or maybe I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I say c2 of 0 c0 or maybe I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I say c2 of 0 c0 or maybe I say
+there's some relationship between C 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some relationship between C 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some relationship between C 1 of
+0 and c2 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and c2 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and c2 0
+or maybe I say that see 2 of 0 and C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I say that see 2 of 0 and C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I say that see 2 of 0 and C 2
+prime of 0 are related in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of 0 are related in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of 0 are related in some way
+whatever I specify I have a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I specify I have a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I specify I have a system of
+three equations for three unknowns C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations for three unknowns C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations for three unknowns C 1
+of 0 C 2 dot of 0 and C 2 of 0 I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 C 2 dot of 0 and C 2 of 0 I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 C 2 dot of 0 and C 2 of 0 I need to
+have a unique solution to that otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a unique solution to that otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a unique solution to that otherwise
+there's going to be a problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a problem solving
+for it in time this system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it in time this system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it in time this system of equations
+so I have to choose this one consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to choose this one consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to choose this one consistent
+with these other ones ok but beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these other ones ok but beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these other ones ok but beyond that
+I'm ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's star take example 2 okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's star take example 2 okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's star take example 2 okay so I
+take a derivative of equation 2 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a derivative of equation 2 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a derivative of equation 2 and that
+gives me a differential equation for DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a differential equation for DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a differential equation for DC
+2 DT actually already had one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DT actually already had one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DT actually already had one of those
+so I substitute for DC 2 DT and I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I substitute for DC 2 DT and I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I substitute for DC 2 DT and I take
+another derivative to get a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another derivative to get a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another derivative to get a differential
+equation for C 1 okay and let's ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for C 1 okay and let's ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for C 1 okay and let's ask
+about the initial conditions so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the initial conditions so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the initial conditions so the
+initial algebraic equation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial algebraic equation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial algebraic equation it
+constrained DC to constrain C 2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained DC to constrain C 2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained DC to constrain C 2 it's
+that C 2 of 0 has to be gamma 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C 2 of 0 has to be gamma 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C 2 of 0 has to be gamma 0 the
+initial differential equation told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial differential equation told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial differential equation told me
+that C 1 of 0 had to be equal to C 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C 1 of 0 had to be equal to C 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C 1 of 0 had to be equal to C 2 of
+0 plus V over Q C 2 dot of 0 remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus V over Q C 2 dot of 0 remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus V over Q C 2 dot of 0 remember I
+need three equations to specify C 2 of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three equations to specify C 2 of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three equations to specify C 2 of 0
+C 1 of 0 C 2 dot of 0 I actually can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 of 0 C 2 dot of 0 I actually can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 of 0 C 2 dot of 0 I actually can't
+specify C 2 dot of 0 freely because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify C 2 dot of 0 freely because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify C 2 dot of 0 freely because in
+the process of deriving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of deriving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of deriving this
+differential equation here so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation here so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation here so that I
+have DC 1 DT and DC 2 DT I introduced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have DC 1 DT and DC 2 DT I introduced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have DC 1 DT and DC 2 DT I introduced a
+constraint on the derivatives of C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on the derivatives of C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on the derivatives of C 2
+okay and this tells me that C 2 dot of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this tells me that C 2 dot of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this tells me that C 2 dot of 0
+has to be gamma dot of 0 okay there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be gamma dot of 0 okay there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be gamma dot of 0 okay there are
+no free variables to specify there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no free variables to specify there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no free variables to specify there's
+three equations two of them come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations two of them come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations two of them come from
+the initial system of das and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial system of das and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial system of das and the third
+one okay it's related to this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay it's related to this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay it's related to this extra
+equation that popped up as we tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that popped up as we tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that popped up as we tried to
+define the index right it's an implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the index right it's an implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the index right it's an implicit
+constraint on the problem so it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on the problem so it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on the problem so it makes
+sense okay I can't specify these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay I can't specify these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay I can't specify these things
+freely right they're specified by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely right they're specified by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely right they're specified by the
+signal that I measured at gamma there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that I measured at gamma there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that I measured at gamma there
+are two examples here that you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two examples here that you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two examples here that you should be
+able to work through and one is an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work through and one is an index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work through and one is an index
+one is an index to example and one is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is an index to example and one is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is an index to example and one is an
+index one example we're not gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index one example we're not gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index one example we're not gonna have
+time to go over that I'm sorry for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go over that I'm sorry for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go over that I'm sorry for that
+but they work the same way so convert to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they work the same way so convert to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they work the same way so convert to
+a system of Oh DES ask what initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of Oh DES ask what initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of Oh DES ask what initial
+conditions will satisfy the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions will satisfy the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions will satisfy the initial
+constraints and were there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and were there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and were there any other
+right were there any other constraining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right were there any other constraining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right were there any other constraining
+equations that popped up okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that popped up okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that popped up okay so if you
+work through this example you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through this example you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through this example you'll find
+out there was a hidden strength that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there was a hidden strength that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there was a hidden strength that
+either the initial derivatives okay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the initial derivatives okay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the initial derivatives okay of
+c1 and c2 sum together have to be 0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 and c2 sum together have to be 0 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 and c2 sum together have to be 0 or
+equivalently the initial value of c3 had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently the initial value of c3 had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently the initial value of c3 had
+to be equal to 0 you can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to 0 you can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to 0 you can take this
+constraint in either place maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in either place maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in either place maybe you
+want to take both of them to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take both of them to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take both of them to make sure
+that it's always satisfied that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's always satisfied that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's always satisfied that there is
+no numerical error that drives you off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no numerical error that drives you off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no numerical error that drives you off
+of this constraints okay to have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this constraints okay to have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this constraints okay to have these
+things over constrained it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things over constrained it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things over constrained it's just not
+okay to have them under constraint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to have them under constraint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to have them under constraint and
+you'll find out that well there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find out that well there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find out that well there were
+five things I could pick the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five things I could pick the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five things I could pick the derivatives
+and the values of c1 and c2 and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the values of c1 and c2 and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the values of c1 and c2 and then the
+algebraic variable c3 initially so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic variable c3 initially so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic variable c3 initially so there
+are only four constraints four equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only four constraints four equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only four constraints four equations
+here for the initial conditions I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the initial conditions I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the initial conditions I get to
+pick one more I can get it however I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one more I can get it however I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one more I can get it however I
+want okay just has to be consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay just has to be consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay just has to be consistent with
+these there's one more example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there's one more example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there's one more example you
+should again you should work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should again you should work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should again you should work through
+these on your own okay but you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these on your own okay but you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these on your own okay but you do the
+same thing convert to a system of Odie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing convert to a system of Odie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing convert to a system of Odie's
+you'll find out that when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find out that when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find out that when you do this
+you'll get a differential equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a differential equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a differential equation for
+c3 it didn't introduce any new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3 it didn't introduce any new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c3 it didn't introduce any new
+constraints on c1 c2 dot or c1 c2 and c3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on c1 c2 dot or c1 c2 and c3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on c1 c2 dot or c1 c2 and c3
+so you just need to Savas your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just need to Savas your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just need to Savas your initial
+conditions have to satisfy the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions have to satisfy the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions have to satisfy the initial
+equations and you can put in two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and you can put in two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and you can put in two more
+conditions whatever you want them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions whatever you want them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions whatever you want them to be
+right had five unknowns and only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right had five unknowns and only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right had five unknowns and only three
+equations for the initial conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the initial conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the initial conditions and
+that's it so thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Lk-4waYYz68.txt b/Lk-4waYYz68.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d45b9bbf4e87a541d3deb93ef39137292ea0026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lk-4waYYz68.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the consequences then of these axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the consequences then of these axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the consequences then of these axioms
+is that if you accept these axioms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you accept these axioms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you accept these axioms you
+can construct a valuation function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct a valuation function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct a valuation function that
+is meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meaningful
+now the value it is only meaningful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the value it is only meaningful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the value it is only meaningful in
+terms of ranking that is i can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of ranking that is i can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of ranking that is i can say
+given a set of alternatives i can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a set of alternatives i can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a set of alternatives i can talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the first second and third in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first second and third in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first second and third in terms of
+which is my ranking for them but i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is my ranking for them but i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is my ranking for them but i can't
+say with any meaningfulness that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with any meaningfulness that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with any meaningfulness that one is
+twice as valuable as the second and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as valuable as the second and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as valuable as the second and the
+second is uh one and a half times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is uh one and a half times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is uh one and a half times a
+third and so forth is not a cardinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and so forth is not a cardinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and so forth is not a cardinal
+distances um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances um
+don't particularly count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't particularly count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't particularly count
+in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way
+any function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any function
+of this sort um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort um
+there are there are many that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are many that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are many that their
+monotonic uh monotonic transformation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic uh monotonic transformation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic uh monotonic transformation is
+is an equivalent value function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equivalent value function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equivalent value function for
+example if i take this function of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if i take this function of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if i take this function of these
+two variables and i say i have x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables and i say i have x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables and i say i have x squared
+uh time x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time x squared
+1x1 squared times x2 and i lo take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1x1 squared times x2 and i lo take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1x1 squared times x2 and i lo take
+logarithm of it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of it this
+second one here will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one here will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one here will have
+rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+uh combinations of x1 and x2 these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh combinations of x1 and x2 these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh combinations of x1 and x2 these two
+qualities in the same order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities in the same order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities in the same order
+as this other one but the numbers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this other one but the numbers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this other one but the numbers uh
+can't be interpreted as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be interpreted as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be interpreted as being
+meaningful in terms of one being twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful in terms of one being twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful in terms of one being twice
+as good as the other because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as the other because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as the other because of the
+monotonic transformation so it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic transformation so it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic transformation so it's good
+for ranking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ranking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ranking
+that as you can appreciate that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you can appreciate that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you can appreciate that is the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+limits of that limits the kind of uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of that limits the kind of uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of that limits the kind of uses
+you can make of evaluation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make of evaluation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make of evaluation function
+so i think you're ready indra for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think you're ready indra for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think you're ready indra for
+another pause and poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pause and poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pause and poll
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+if you are please launch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it seems like there's a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it seems like there's a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it seems like there's a clear
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+special interest in the monotonicity one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special interest in the monotonicity one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special interest in the monotonicity one
+which is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is okay
+so um let's stop the poll now uh we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um let's stop the poll now uh we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um let's stop the poll now uh we got
+the i got the message uh and i'm open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i got the message uh and i'm open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i got the message uh and i'm open to
+discussion of it so somebody would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of it so somebody would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of it so somebody would like
+to pose a question about something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pose a question about something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pose a question about something that
+they would like clarification on or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like clarification on or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like clarification on or more
+discussion on or what have you please go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on or what have you please go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on or what have you please go
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you have a specific question or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a specific question or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a specific question or
+would you just like the professor to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you just like the professor to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you just like the professor to go
+over the principle again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the principle again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the principle again
+yeah so stewart has a question what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so stewart has a question what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so stewart has a question what is a
+monotonic transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic transform
+a multi-transform is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-transform is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-transform is something like
+taking a log or multiplying everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a log or multiplying everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a log or multiplying everything
+by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three
+or dividing or taking a square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dividing or taking a square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dividing or taking a square root
+something that does not change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that does not change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that does not change the
+ordering uh that's associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering uh that's associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering uh that's associated with it
+and there's a large class of them let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a large class of them let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a large class of them let me
+put that way so the point to be taken is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that way so the point to be taken is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that way so the point to be taken is
+that if you have a evaluation that is x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a evaluation that is x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a evaluation that is x1
+squared times x2 uh you have a you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times x2 uh you have a you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times x2 uh you have a you have
+numbers coming out but those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers coming out but those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers coming out but those numbers
+don't particularly mean anything uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't particularly mean anything uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't particularly mean anything uh if
+you subject it to any one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you subject it to any one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you subject it to any one of these
+transformations like a square root or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations like a square root or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations like a square root or
+logarithm or whatever that will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm or whatever that will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm or whatever that will give you
+uh will transform that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will transform that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will transform that uh
+original function you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function you have something
+that is equally going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equally going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equally going to give you the
+correct ranking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct ranking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct ranking
+and so there's just lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's just lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's just lots of different
+possibilities so to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so to say that
+one measure of x1 x2 x1 squared x2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one measure of x1 x2 x1 squared x2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one measure of x1 x2 x1 squared x2 is
+50. this and the other one is 30. uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50. this and the other one is 30. uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50. this and the other one is 30. uh the
+comparison of two things uh doesn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of two things uh doesn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of two things uh doesn't say
+that what one is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what one is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what one is uh
+60 67 better than the other because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 67 better than the other because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 67 better than the other because that
+is uh or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh or that
+40 that 30 different 20 difference makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 that 30 different 20 difference makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 that 30 different 20 difference makes
+any sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense it's
+that number can be manipulated that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number can be manipulated that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number can be manipulated that's
+that's the point of that is there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of that is there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of that is there's no
+one way of doing it that's that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of doing it that's that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of doing it that's that is the
+point
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Md9QOXomxFs.txt b/Md9QOXomxFs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf623f7c9a3e98e7cf426d2925d494f5ef16caf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Md9QOXomxFs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well uh welcome back to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well uh welcome back to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well uh welcome back to another
+problem session it's great to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem session it's great to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem session it's great to see
+everybody's smiling faces again uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's smiling faces again uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's smiling faces again uh uh
+right so today we're going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so today we're going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so today we're going to continue
+our discussion of graph Theory problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion of graph Theory problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion of graph Theory problems
+uh this time focusing on well a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this time focusing on well a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this time focusing on well a little
+bit of this a little bit of that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this a little bit of that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this a little bit of that some
+shortest path problems all pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path problems all pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path problems all pair of
+shortest path uh and then a modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path uh and then a modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path uh and then a modification
+of the dier algorithm to finish us off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dier algorithm to finish us off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dier algorithm to finish us off
+for the day um so as always we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the day um so as always we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the day um so as always we'll go
+through our problem session problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our problem session problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our problem session problems in
+order for no reason other than that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for no reason other than that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for no reason other than that's
+the way they were presented to me uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they were presented to me uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they were presented to me uh and
+I think roughly isomorphic to how most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think roughly isomorphic to how most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think roughly isomorphic to how most
+of the homeworks in this class go anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the homeworks in this class go anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the homeworks in this class go anyway
+uh but in any event uh let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in any event uh let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in any event uh let's get started
+here so uh in in uh problem session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so uh in in uh problem session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so uh in in uh problem session
+problem 7-1 here as always our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem 7-1 here as always our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem 7-1 here as always our first
+problem is sort of a warmup to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is sort of a warmup to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is sort of a warmup to make sure
+that we understand all these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we understand all these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we understand all these sort of
+definitions techniques that we use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions techniques that we use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions techniques that we use in
+66 uh today uh we're going to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 uh today uh we're going to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 uh today uh we're going to go over
+Dyer's algorithm so if y'all recall ders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyer's algorithm so if y'all recall ders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyer's algorithm so if y'all recall ders
+algorithm is a technique for computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is a technique for computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is a technique for computing
+shortest path from a single source to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path from a single source to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path from a single source to
+your rest of your graph uh there's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rest of your graph uh there's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rest of your graph uh there's about
+a million different ways to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million different ways to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million different ways to explain
+understand uh D's algorithm so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh D's algorithm so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh D's algorithm so I'll
+undoubtedly revert upon the one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly revert upon the one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly revert upon the one that I
+remember which is probably not the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which is probably not the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which is probably not the one
+that Jason just covered in lecture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Jason just covered in lecture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Jason just covered in lecture but
+we'll make it work and of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make it work and of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make it work and of course if
+there are any questions we'll we'll we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any questions we'll we'll we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any questions we'll we'll we
+we'll address those along the way here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll address those along the way here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll address those along the way here
+uh I'm going to switch to a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to switch to a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to switch to a piece of
+chocolate that isn't an e/ of an inch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate that isn't an e/ of an inch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate that isn't an e/ of an inch
+and get started uh right so in problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get started uh right so in problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get started uh right so in problem
+uh 1 a of our homework here we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 a of our homework here we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 a of our homework here we were
+asked to run dce's algorithm from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to run dce's algorithm from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to run dce's algorithm from uh
+vertex s here by the way just sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex s here by the way just sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex s here by the way just sort of a
+standard terminology in graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard terminology in graph theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard terminology in graph theory
+that I think we'll see a lot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think we'll see a lot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think we'll see a lot in the
+homework uh is we typically use S for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh is we typically use S for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh is we typically use S for
+the sort of starting point of a path or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of starting point of a path or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of starting point of a path or
+sometimes the source if we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the source if we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the source if we're talking
+about Network flows but I don't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Network flows but I don't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Network flows but I don't think we
+do those in this class uh and then T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those in this class uh and then T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those in this class uh and then T is
+usually the destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the destination
+um why T you might ask because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why T you might ask because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why T you might ask because it's the
+letter after s uh right so uh our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter after s uh right so uh our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter after s uh right so uh our our
+first uh task here is to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh task here is to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh task here is to compute the
+single Source shortest path from s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Source shortest path from s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Source shortest path from s to
+everything else in our graph initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in our graph initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in our graph initially
+this looks painful uh but it's not um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks painful uh but it's not um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks painful uh but it's not um so
+you're going to forgive me I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to forgive me I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to forgive me I'm going to
+write a sort of shorthand version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a sort of shorthand version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a sort of shorthand version of
+DA's algorithm because I'm talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DA's algorithm because I'm talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DA's algorithm because I'm talking to
+you as I solve this problem which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as I solve this problem which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as I solve this problem which of
+course it would be much more annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it would be much more annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it would be much more annoying
+for you guys to do uh on paper uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys to do uh on paper uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys to do uh on paper uh but
+that's life in the city uh so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's life in the city uh so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's life in the city uh so so so
+there that's my what in the words of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's my what in the words of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's my what in the words of
+Britney Spears It's my prerogative as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britney Spears It's my prerogative as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britney Spears It's my prerogative as
+your instructor here okay so in uh D's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructor here okay so in uh D's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructor here okay so in uh D's
+algorithm what do we do we initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm what do we do we initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm what do we do we initially
+label all of our vertices as having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label all of our vertices as having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label all of our vertices as having
+distance Infinity to the source or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Infinity to the source or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Infinity to the source or and
+and we insert them into our priority Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we insert them into our priority Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we insert them into our priority Q
+except for one vertex which of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one vertex which of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one vertex which of course is
+our source vertex uh and he or she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our source vertex uh and he or she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our source vertex uh and he or she has
+vert uh has distance zero for an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vert uh has distance zero for an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vert uh has distance zero for an obvious
+reason which is that if my path starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason which is that if my path starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason which is that if my path starts
+at the source it has distance zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the source it has distance zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the source it has distance zero to
+the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source
+so as our shorthand what was that do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as our shorthand what was that do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as our shorthand what was that do I
+want to use red yes of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use red yes of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use red yes of course I
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+uh yeah but see it's this fat chalk man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah but see it's this fat chalk man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah but see it's this fat chalk man
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay zero I can make this work okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay zero I can make this work okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay zero I can make this work okay so
+uh our our convention for today is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our our convention for today is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our our convention for today is going
+to be if a Vertex does not have a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be if a Vertex does not have a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be if a Vertex does not have a label
+on it it is distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it it is distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it it is distance
+Infinity okay uh so what does Dyer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay uh so what does Dyer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay uh so what does Dyer's
+algorithm do uh Dyer's algorithm grabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm do uh Dyer's algorithm grabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm do uh Dyer's algorithm grabs
+the closest vertex that I haven't yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest vertex that I haven't yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest vertex that I haven't yet
+processed uh and closest in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed uh and closest in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed uh and closest in terms of the
+distance value that I've stored at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance value that I've stored at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance value that I've stored at that
+vertex and then updates all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and then updates all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and then updates all of its
+neighbors using sort of a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors using sort of a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors using sort of a triangle
+inequality uh style construction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality uh style construction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality uh style construction so
+let's see what that looks like so so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what that looks like so so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what that looks like so so far
+everything is distance Infinity away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is distance Infinity away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is distance Infinity away
+except for one vertex which is vertex s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one vertex which is vertex s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one vertex which is vertex s
+which is distance zero so obviously that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is distance zero so obviously that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is distance zero so obviously that
+should be our first iteration of D's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be our first iteration of D's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be our first iteration of D's
+algorithm and now what vertex s is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and now what vertex s is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and now what vertex s is going
+to do is look at all of s's neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is look at all of s's neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is look at all of s's neighbors
+and update them using the triangle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and update them using the triangle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and update them using the triangle in
+equality quality and if they're Closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality quality and if they're Closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality quality and if they're Closer
+by having a path through S to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having a path through S to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having a path through S to the
+neighbor then I update the distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor then I update the distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor then I update the distance and
+if it's not then I don't uh in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not then I don't uh in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not then I don't uh in this case
+everything is infinity so it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is infinity so it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is infinity so it's pretty
+clear that I should route my path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that I should route my path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that I should route my path
+through S because any distance less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through S because any distance less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through S because any distance less than
+infinity is smaller than infinity uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity is smaller than infinity uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity is smaller than infinity uh so
+in particular notice that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular notice that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular notice that there's an
+edge of length eight from s to a so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of length eight from s to a so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of length eight from s to a so now
+rather than being distance Infinity away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being distance Infinity away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being distance Infinity away
+I can see that vertex a is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see that vertex a is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see that vertex a is really
+distance eight away oh this truck gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance eight away oh this truck gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance eight away oh this truck gives
+me shiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me shiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me shiv
+uh similarly here there's an edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh similarly here there's an edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh similarly here there's an edge of
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven uh and I believe that's all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven uh and I believe that's all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven uh and I believe that's all of the
+edges out of s so we're good and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges out of s so we're good and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges out of s so we're good and now the
+kind of nice thing about the way dier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice thing about the way dier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice thing about the way dier
+algorithm Works um which I guess was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm Works um which I guess was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm Works um which I guess was a
+little bit implicit in the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit implicit in the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit implicit in the construction
+we saw yesterday but but that's okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw yesterday but but that's okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw yesterday but but that's okay is
+that once I visit a Vertex I never I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once I visit a Vertex I never I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once I visit a Vertex I never I
+never touch it again right it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never touch it again right it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never touch it again right it gets
+frozen in time uh in in distance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen in time uh in in distance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen in time uh in in distance I
+suppose uh but in any event what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh but in any event what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh but in any event what that
+means I'm going to pull a little box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm going to pull a little box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm going to pull a little box
+around it meaning I'm done with this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it meaning I'm done with this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it meaning I'm done with this guy
+he he is no longer in my queue okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he is no longer in my queue okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he is no longer in my queue okay
+hopefully our pictorial system makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully our pictorial system makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully our pictorial system makes
+some sense here again on your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense here again on your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense here again on your homework
+problem you actually have to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you actually have to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you actually have to write this
+stuff out and I'm sorry that sucks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out and I'm sorry that sucks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out and I'm sorry that sucks uh
+but I don't have to because I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't have to because I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't have to because I'm talking
+to you all today okay so remember D's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you all today okay so remember D's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you all today okay so remember D's
+algorithm we're going to look at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we're going to look at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we're going to look at our
+list of vertices we haven't seen yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of vertices we haven't seen yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of vertices we haven't seen yet so
+that's everything except for S find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's everything except for S find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's everything except for S find the
+one that's closest and process that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's closest and process that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's closest and process that one
+next so in this case that's the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so in this case that's the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so in this case that's the seven
+here uh okay so let's take a look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh okay so let's take a look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh okay so let's take a look what
+are the neighbors of seven well I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the neighbors of seven well I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the neighbors of seven well I've got
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+uh and that's oh and D here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's oh and D here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's oh and D here okay so
+first of all let's take a look at s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let's take a look at s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let's take a look at s
+obviously if I have a path that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if I have a path that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if I have a path that goes
+through C back through this vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through C back through this vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through C back through this vertical
+Edge to s that path to have length eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge to s that path to have length eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge to s that path to have length eight
+right 7 + 1 eight is bigger than zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 7 + 1 eight is bigger than zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 7 + 1 eight is bigger than zero so
+I do not update s but we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not update s but we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not update s but we actually
+already knew that because s was frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew that because s was frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew that because s was frozen
+here so I didn't even have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I didn't even have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I didn't even have to look at
+that edge I could have removed it if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge I could have removed it if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge I could have removed it if I
+wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+to uh okay but there's another Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh okay but there's another Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh okay but there's another Edge
+coming out of C which is pointing toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of C which is pointing toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of C which is pointing toward
+D that has length four 7+ 4 is wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D that has length four 7+ 4 is wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D that has length four 7+ 4 is wait for
+it 11 uh and that's less than infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 11 uh and that's less than infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 11 uh and that's less than infinity
+so I update D's distance to 11 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I update D's distance to 11 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I update D's distance to 11 and I
+don't think I've managed to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I've managed to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I've managed to make a
+mistake yet uh okay so now uh We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake yet uh okay so now uh We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake yet uh okay so now uh We've
+looked at all the edges out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at all the edges out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at all the edges out of
+C and C is frozen and we move on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and C is frozen and we move on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and C is frozen and we move on okay
+next uh let's see among our vertices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh let's see among our vertices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh let's see among our vertices we
+have Infinity 8 and 11 so the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Infinity 8 and 11 so the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Infinity 8 and 11 so the smallest
+of those three numbers is eight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those three numbers is eight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those three numbers is eight and
+we're going to update all the neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to update all the neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to update all the neighbors
+of the eight uh which thankfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eight uh which thankfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eight uh which thankfully
+although this graph looks big uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this graph looks big uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this graph looks big uh they
+had some mercy on your your section inst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some mercy on your your section inst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some mercy on your your section inst
+structure today and and really there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure today and and really there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure today and and really there
+aren't that many edges so this isn't too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't that many edges so this isn't too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't that many edges so this isn't too
+hard to uh process but here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to uh process but here's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to uh process but here's the thing
+uh there's an edge of length Zero from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's an edge of length Zero from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's an edge of length Zero from a
+to d here I can get to the a in eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to d here I can get to the a in eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to d here I can get to the a in eight
+units so I can also get to the D in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so I can also get to the D in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so I can also get to the D in
+eight units uh by traversing that edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight units uh by traversing that edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight units uh by traversing that edge
+eight is less than 11 that's good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight is less than 11 that's good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight is less than 11 that's good news
+do I want to erase it or scratch it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to erase it or scratch it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to erase it or scratch it out
+what's going to be better I'll scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be better I'll scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be better I'll scratch
+it out just to be messy okay so now uh D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out just to be messy okay so now uh D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out just to be messy okay so now uh D
+is a distance eight from a Vertex s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a distance eight from a Vertex s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a distance eight from a Vertex s and
+I believe that's all the edges out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so a
+set okay this fun or what so now we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay this fun or what so now we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay this fun or what so now we look
+at all the edges out of oh oh sorry we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the edges out of oh oh sorry we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the edges out of oh oh sorry we
+step back and we look at all of our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and we look at all of our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and we look at all of our uh
+vertices we find the closest one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices we find the closest one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices we find the closest one that's
+D now we got to update all of D's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D now we got to update all of D's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D now we got to update all of D's
+neighbors so uh thankfully all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors so uh thankfully all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors so uh thankfully all the
+remaining vertices have distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining vertices have distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining vertices have distance
+Infinity uh so what do we know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh so what do we know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh so what do we know there's
+an edge of length one here so I get a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge of length one here so I get a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge of length one here so I get a n
+there's an edge of length two so I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge of length two so I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge of length two so I get a
+10 um and I believe those are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 um and I believe those are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 um and I believe those are all the
+outgoing edges from d and now D is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges from d and now D is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges from d and now D is set
+I'm going to start moving faster because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start moving faster because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start moving faster because
+this is hella boring uh okay now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hella boring uh okay now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hella boring uh okay now the
+next closest uh Edge is the nine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next closest uh Edge is the nine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next closest uh Edge is the nine uh
+notice that the nine only or rather B I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the nine only or rather B I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the nine only or rather B I
+suppose is the vertex which is currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose is the vertex which is currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose is the vertex which is currently
+at distance 9 uh it only has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at distance 9 uh it only has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at distance 9 uh it only has one
+neighbor that hasn't yet been processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor that hasn't yet been processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor that hasn't yet been processed
+which is e uh so we know that that's 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is e uh so we know that that's 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is e uh so we know that that's 9
+to 11 12 distance away I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 11 12 distance away I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 11 12 distance away I'm going to
+check my scrap paper and make sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check my scrap paper and make sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check my scrap paper and make sure I
+haven't made any mistakes yet seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't made any mistakes yet seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't made any mistakes yet seven
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+cool okay so now our next closest vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay so now our next closest vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay so now our next closest vertex
+is vertex H which is distance 10 and aha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vertex H which is distance 10 and aha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vertex H which is distance 10 and aha
+if I Traverse The Edge upward from H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I Traverse The Edge upward from H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I Traverse The Edge upward from H to
+E I can get a path of length 11 and 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E I can get a path of length 11 and 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E I can get a path of length 11 and 11
+according to most mathematicians is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to most mathematicians is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to most mathematicians is less
+than 12 and hence we should update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 12 and hence we should update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 12 and hence we should update the
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+here uh in addition to that there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh in addition to that there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh in addition to that there is an
+edge of length two out of H pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of length two out of H pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of length two out of H pointing
+into G 10 + 2 is 12 and I believe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into G 10 + 2 is 12 and I believe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into G 10 + 2 is 12 and I believe that's
+it getting there okay so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it getting there okay so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it getting there okay so the next
+closest uh vertex is e e has no outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest uh vertex is e e has no outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest uh vertex is e e has no outgoing
+edges so e is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so e is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so e is all
+set uh after that we've got g g has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set uh after that we've got g g has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set uh after that we've got g g has an
+outgoing edge of length 1 into D 12 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edge of length 1 into D 12 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edge of length 1 into D 12 + 1
+is 13 Which is less is larger than eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 13 Which is less is larger than eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 13 Which is less is larger than eight
+so we don't update uh and similarly 12+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't update uh and similarly 12+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't update uh and similarly 12+
+0 is bigger than seven so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is bigger than seven so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is bigger than seven so we don't
+update but again the edges that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update but again the edges that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update but again the edges that point
+into vertices that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into vertices that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into vertices that we've already
+processed we really don't have to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed we really don't have to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed we really don't have to even
+consider uh just by the way that D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh just by the way that D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh just by the way that D
+algorithm Works notice that if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm Works notice that if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm Works notice that if there
+were a negative weight Edge where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a negative weight Edge where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a negative weight Edge where we're
+going to come back to uh then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to uh then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to uh then that
+assumption would be problematic so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption would be problematic so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption would be problematic so the
+takeaway here is that this guy's Frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway here is that this guy's Frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway here is that this guy's Frozen
+in stone and now notice that our Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stone and now notice that our Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stone and now notice that our Q is
+actually empty yeah so depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually empty yeah so depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually empty yeah so depending on how
+we set up our well it's not empty um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up our well it's not empty um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up our well it's not empty um but
+it only contains one vertex and it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only contains one vertex and it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only contains one vertex and it's at
+uh distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distance
+infinity infinity plus Z is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity infinity plus Z is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity infinity plus Z is still
+Infinity uh so that's this guy's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh so that's this guy's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh so that's this guy's uh
+distance here and now we're now our Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here and now we're now our Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here and now we're now our Q is
+empty sorry okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty sorry okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty sorry okay so I
+believe I managed to do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe I managed to do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe I managed to do that right
+excellent so the problem ask for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so the problem ask for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so the problem ask for two
+things it ask for the single Source uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it ask for the single Source uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it ask for the single Source uh
+shortest path distance it also ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path distance it also ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path distance it also ask for
+the traversal order which I forgot to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traversal order which I forgot to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traversal order which I forgot to do
+while I was doing this problem but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was doing this problem but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was doing this problem but you
+could retrace it pretty easily okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could retrace it pretty easily okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could retrace it pretty easily okay so
+uh that's part A then in Part B they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's part A then in Part B they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's part A then in Part B they say
+change the weight of the Edge from G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the weight of the Edge from G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the weight of the Edge from G to
+C to minus 6 so we have G to C and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C to minus 6 so we have G to C and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C to minus 6 so we have G to C and now
+instead of zero we're going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of zero we're going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of zero we're going to make it
+minus six and the question is if I ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus six and the question is if I ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus six and the question is if I ran
+Dyer's algorithm essentially what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyer's algorithm essentially what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyer's algorithm essentially what would
+break and I think it's pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and I think it's pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and I think it's pretty easy to
+eyeball remember that g was essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball remember that g was essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball remember that g was essentially
+the last interesting vertex that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last interesting vertex that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last interesting vertex that we
+touched in our algorithm here the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched in our algorithm here the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched in our algorithm here the only
+one that we looked at was was F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we looked at was was F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we looked at was was F
+and so this outgoing Edge from G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this outgoing Edge from G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this outgoing Edge from G
+actually wouldn't even be seen by d's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wouldn't even be seen by d's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wouldn't even be seen by d's
+algorithm thankfully until we've touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm thankfully until we've touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm thankfully until we've touched
+all these other vertices in an identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other vertices in an identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other vertices in an identical
+fashion to our previous traversal uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion to our previous traversal uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion to our previous traversal uh and
+then we finally get to G and now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we finally get to G and now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we finally get to G and now what's
+going to happen well if I had this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen well if I had this edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen well if I had this edge
+of length Nega six what's 12 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length Nega six what's 12 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length Nega six what's 12 minus
+6 it's six and notice that that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 it's six and notice that that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 it's six and notice that that's less
+than um seven which is the the label of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than um seven which is the the label of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than um seven which is the the label of
+vertex C but that breaks our assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex C but that breaks our assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex C but that breaks our assumption
+which is that as soon as I visit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that as soon as I visit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that as soon as I visit a
+Vertex I never have to touch it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex I never have to touch it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex I never have to touch it again
+right because now I've identified a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because now I've identified a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because now I've identified a path
+through G back to C that has a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through G back to C that has a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through G back to C that has a smaller
+distance than the path that c had when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance than the path that c had when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance than the path that c had when
+it was visited in the Q so somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was visited in the Q so somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was visited in the Q so somehow
+spiritually I should add C back to the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritually I should add C back to the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritually I should add C back to the Q
+but that's against the rules in DA's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's against the rules in DA's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's against the rules in DA's
+algorithm right so like for instance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm right so like for instance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm right so like for instance if
+I did that I I would have to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did that I I would have to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did that I I would have to convince
+myself that the runtime doesn't explode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself that the runtime doesn't explode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself that the runtime doesn't explode
+uh and that this algorithm terminates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that this algorithm terminates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that this algorithm terminates
+right which could be a problem if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which could be a problem if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which could be a problem if you
+have a negative weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative weight
+cycle thankfully we have algorithms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle thankfully we have algorithms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle thankfully we have algorithms for
+detecting negative weight Cycles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting negative weight Cycles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting negative weight Cycles but
+that's a different matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different matter
+okay so I think this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think this is pretty
+straightforward it's just essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward it's just essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward it's just essentially
+asking you to walk through DA's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to walk through DA's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to walk through DA's
+algorithm make sure you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm make sure you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm make sure you understand
+what's going on any uh questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on any uh questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on any uh questions about
+that one cool I think this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one cool I think this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one cool I think this is one of the
+easier uh problem sessions so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier uh problem sessions so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier uh problem sessions so maybe
+we'll finish early except I always say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll finish early except I always say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll finish early except I always say
+that I talk too much sorry not sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I talk too much sorry not sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I talk too much sorry not sorry
+okay so uh right so in problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so in problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so in problem
+s-2 um this is an extension of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-2 um this is an extension of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-2 um this is an extension of a problem
+that we considered I believe two problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we considered I believe two problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we considered I believe two problem
+sessions ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions ago
+uh and it looks something like this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it looks something like this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it looks something like this I'm
+going to go back into my notes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back into my notes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back into my notes so
+remember in two problem sessions ago we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in two problem sessions ago we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in two problem sessions ago we
+defined the radius of a graph for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the radius of a graph for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the radius of a graph for an
+unweighted graph we came up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted graph we came up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted graph we came up with an
+algorithm for computing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for computing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for computing it and
+approximating it all that good stuff uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating it all that good stuff uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating it all that good stuff uh
+now in this problem uh we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this problem uh we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this problem uh we're going to do
+basically the same thing but now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same thing but now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same thing but now we're
+on a weighted graph yeah so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a weighted graph yeah so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a weighted graph yeah so in
+particular we're going to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to define a
+quantity this is problem two uh called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+eccentricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh which is associated to a vertex in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is associated to a vertex in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is associated to a vertex in a
+weighted graph uh and it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted graph uh and it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted graph uh and it looks like this
+so the weighted eccentricity Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the weighted eccentricity Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the weighted eccentricity Associated
+to vertex U is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vertex U is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vertex U is equal to the
+max over all vertices in my graph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max over all vertices in my graph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max over all vertices in my graph of the
+shortest path distance from U to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path distance from U to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path distance from U to that
+vertex again hopefully our audience will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex again hopefully our audience will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex again hopefully our audience will
+catch if I accidentally swap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch if I accidentally swap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch if I accidentally swap the
+argument to shortest path because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to shortest path because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to shortest path because I'm
+used to thinking of that as symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to thinking of that as symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to thinking of that as symmetric
+but it's not uh because our graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not uh because our graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not uh because our graphs are
+directed um actually in this problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed um actually in this problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed um actually in this problem I
+don't think the graph is directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think the graph is directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think the graph is directed
+so I forget it's directed okay good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I forget it's directed okay good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I forget it's directed okay good yeah
+then good I'll try to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then good I'll try to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then good I'll try to be
+accurate okay and just like the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay and just like the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay and just like the problem
+we had uh two PR sessions ago um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had uh two PR sessions ago um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had uh two PR sessions ago um so the
+eccentricity is associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity is associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity is associated with the
+vertex is sort of like the distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex is sort of like the distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex is sort of like the distance to
+the farthest away thing in My Graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farthest away thing in My Graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farthest away thing in My Graph and
+now the radius of My Graph tries to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the radius of My Graph tries to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the radius of My Graph tries to find
+the most Central vertex which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most Central vertex which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most Central vertex which is the
+minimizer of weighted eccentricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizer of weighted eccentricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizer of weighted eccentricity and
+we call that the weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radius and so the weighted ah the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and so the weighted ah the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and so the weighted ah the weight
+o that's a tough one the weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o that's a tough one the weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o that's a tough one the weighted
+radius is a measurement uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is a measurement uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is a measurement uh which is
+associated not with a Vertex but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated not with a Vertex but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated not with a Vertex but rather
+with the graph and it's equal to the Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the graph and it's equal to the Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the graph and it's equal to the Min
+over all possible vertices U of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible vertices U of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible vertices U of the
+weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+eccentricity of U okay and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity of U okay and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity of U okay and so the
+problem here is that we're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is that we're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is that we're given a
+weighted directed graph with no negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted directed graph with no negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted directed graph with no negative
+weight cycle so it may have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight cycle so it may have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight cycle so it may have negative
+weights but they can't have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights but they can't have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights but they can't have a negative
+cycle and the question I touched my face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and the question I touched my face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and the question I touched my face
+uh the question is what is the uh can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question is what is the uh can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question is what is the uh can I
+find uh the radius of My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Graph uh in time uh that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph uh in time uh that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph uh in time uh that looks like
+order mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order mod
+V cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V cubed
+okay now if you recall from our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you recall from our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you recall from our previous
+problem session when we considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem session when we considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem session when we considered
+Computing the radius of a graph what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the radius of a graph what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the radius of a graph what did
+we do well we tried to come up with an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do well we tried to come up with an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do well we tried to come up with an a
+clever algorithm and then we realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever algorithm and then we realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever algorithm and then we realized
+that that was actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was actually kind of
+unnecessary that it turned out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary that it turned out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary that it turned out that the
+kind of brain dead thing where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of brain dead thing where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of brain dead thing where you
+just look at the definitions and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the definitions and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the definitions and just
+make it work uh was actually good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it work uh was actually good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it work uh was actually good enough
+uh and that actually turns out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that actually turns out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that actually turns out to be the
+case here right this is a good reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here right this is a good reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here right this is a good reminder
+for us all that before we go crazy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us all that before we go crazy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us all that before we go crazy you
+know 66 is a fun algorithms class we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 66 is a fun algorithms class we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 66 is a fun algorithms class we get
+to learn about cute you know references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about cute you know references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about cute you know references
+to TV shows and and all that um before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to TV shows and and all that um before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to TV shows and and all that um before
+we go crazy with that of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go crazy with that of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go crazy with that of course if
+there's an obvious algorithm staring Us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an obvious algorithm staring Us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an obvious algorithm staring Us
+in the face to solve a given algorithm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the face to solve a given algorithm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the face to solve a given algorithm's
+problem we should try that first before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we should try that first before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we should try that first before
+we try something more clever uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try something more clever uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try something more clever uh and
+indeed in this case uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in this case uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in this case uh that
+works so what are the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so what are the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so what are the sort of
+ingredients that we need to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients that we need to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients that we need to compute the
+radius well the radius is the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius well the radius is the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius well the radius is the minimum
+eccentricity so what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity so what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity so what would be the
+smartest or the simplest thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartest or the simplest thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartest or the simplest thing to do
+rather would be compute the entric for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather would be compute the entric for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather would be compute the entric for
+every vertex and take the smallest how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex and take the smallest how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex and take the smallest how
+do I compute the centricity for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I compute the centricity for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I compute the centricity for every
+vertex well I have to have the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex well I have to have the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex well I have to have the max
+distance uh away from that vertex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh away from that vertex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh away from that vertex so
+what would be a simple thing to do would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be a simple thing to do would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be a simple thing to do would
+be to compute distances between all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to compute distances between all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to compute distances between all the
+possible vertices and conveniently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible vertices and conveniently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible vertices and conveniently in
+lecture in some day or another I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in some day or another I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in some day or another I'm a
+little confused about the time ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little confused about the time ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little confused about the time ordering
+of this class because of the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this class because of the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this class because of the way we're
+filming it uh we covered an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming it uh we covered an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming it uh we covered an algorithm
+that computes the distance between every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computes the distance between every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computes the distance between every
+pair of vertices and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of vertices and that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of vertices and that's called
+Johnson's algorithm yeah so if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson's algorithm yeah so if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson's algorithm yeah so if we were
+to do a totally brain dead version of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a totally brain dead version of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a totally brain dead version of uh
+solving this problem maybe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this problem maybe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this problem maybe for
+convenience the first thing we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience the first thing we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience the first thing we do is
+compute Delta UV for every possible UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute Delta UV for every possible UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute Delta UV for every possible UV
+pair and because our graph doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and because our graph doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and because our graph doesn't have
+a negative weight cycle we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative weight cycle we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative weight cycle we can do that
+with Johnson's algorithm yeah so step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Johnson's algorithm yeah so step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Johnson's algorithm yeah so step
+one is to use Johnson's algorithm uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is to use Johnson's algorithm uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is to use Johnson's algorithm uh for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pairs shortest path and I'll uh refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs shortest path and I'll uh refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs shortest path and I'll uh refer
+you guys to the lecture for how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to the lecture for how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to the lecture for how to do
+that um but the important thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but the important thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but the important thing is the
+runtime of this step of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of this step of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of this step of our
+algorithm so Johnson's algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so Johnson's algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so Johnson's algorithm
+generically speaking has v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically speaking has v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically speaking has v
+e plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e plus
+v^2 log V hopefully I got that right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^2 log V hopefully I got that right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^2 log V hopefully I got that right uh
+run time and uh what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time and uh what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time and uh what do we know about
+our problem well I believe we're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem well I believe we're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem well I believe we're given
+that the graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the graph is
+connected um and so one thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected um and so one thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected um and so one thing that we
+can do is notice that e is upper bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is notice that e is upper bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is notice that e is upper bounded
+by v^2 I guess even if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by v^2 I guess even if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by v^2 I guess even if it's not
+connected I'm sorry that was a dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected I'm sorry that was a dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected I'm sorry that was a dumb
+thing to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say
+just generically speaking our graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generically speaking our graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generically speaking our graph is
+is simple so we know that e at most is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple so we know that e at most is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple so we know that e at most is I
+guess 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess 2
+v^2 which means that this term is upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^2 which means that this term is upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^2 which means that this term is upper
+bounded by V cubed right so we have V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by V cubed right so we have V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by V cubed right so we have V
+cubed plus order v^2 log V so at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed plus order v^2 log V so at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed plus order v^2 log V so at the end
+of the day the first term wins and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day the first term wins and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day the first term wins and we
+have this is V cubed time notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is V cubed time notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is V cubed time notice that
+we're given that budget in the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given that budget in the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given that budget in the statement
+of our problem so this is perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our problem so this is perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our problem so this is perfectly fine
+in other words this is a longwinded way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words this is a longwinded way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words this is a longwinded way
+of saying it's kosher to compute all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying it's kosher to compute all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying it's kosher to compute all
+pairs shortest path in the constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs shortest path in the constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs shortest path in the constraints
+of our our problem here so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our our problem here so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our our problem here so that's
+convenient because now in step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient because now in step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient because now in step
+two well maybe now we just keep you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well maybe now we just keep you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well maybe now we just keep you know
+we follow we do the the twocan Sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we follow we do the the twocan Sam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we follow we do the the twocan Sam
+approach again we follow our noses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach again we follow our noses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach again we follow our noses and
+well now that we have our our pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now that we have our our pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now that we have our our pairwise
+distances we can now compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances we can now compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances we can now compute the
+eccentricity for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertex for all you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex for all you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex for all you just
+directly of course in your homework you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly of course in your homework you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly of course in your homework you
+should write out what that means um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write out what that means um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write out what that means um but
+here directly just means that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here directly just means that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here directly just means that for every
+u i Loop over every V and I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u i Loop over every V and I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u i Loop over every V and I take
+whatever value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever value is
+biggest so notice that I have two Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest so notice that I have two Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest so notice that I have two Loops
+one over U one over V so this is order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over U one over V so this is order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over U one over V so this is order
+mod v^ 2 time so already the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod v^ 2 time so already the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod v^ 2 time so already the first term
+is is dominating here so that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is dominating here so that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is dominating here so that's that's a
+good thing I guess uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing I guess uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing I guess uh and then
+finally we have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smallest eccentricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest eccentricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest eccentricity
+of uh any U which just requires one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh any U which just requires one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh any U which just requires one more
+for Loop so this time I I for Loop over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop so this time I I for Loop over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop so this time I I for Loop over
+this array and I just take the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array and I just take the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array and I just take the smallest
+value right so this is just one for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right so this is just one for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right so this is just one for Loop
+so that takes order B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that takes order B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that takes order B
+time and then we're done right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then we're done right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then we're done right so that's
+uh our our technique for computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our our technique for computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our our technique for computing the
+radius and notice that all I did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and notice that all I did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and notice that all I did was
+translate the definition into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate the definition into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate the definition into an
+algorithm I didn't do anything smart in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I didn't do anything smart in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I didn't do anything smart in
+this problem at all uh and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem at all uh and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem at all uh and then we
+should really quickly double check our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really quickly double check our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really quickly double check our
+run time so step one take V Cube time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time so step one take V Cube time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time so step one take V Cube time
+step two two takes v^2 time step three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two two takes v^2 time step three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two two takes v^2 time step three
+takes V time so we add them all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes V time so we add them all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes V time so we add them all together
+and of course the V cubed wins uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the V cubed wins uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the V cubed wins uh and
+that is what was given in our uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what was given in our uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what was given in our uh our
+problem as our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as our our
+budget okay so I think the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget okay so I think the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget okay so I think the first two
+problems in this uh this this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in this uh this this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in this uh this this problem
+session are fairly straightforward are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session are fairly straightforward are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session are fairly straightforward are
+there any questions so far I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions so far I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions so far I'm talking
+fast cool all right so now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast cool all right so now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast cool all right so now we're going
+to move on to problem three involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to problem three involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to problem three involving
+atus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atus
+kevine uh who is uh you know probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kevine uh who is uh you know probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kevine uh who is uh you know probably
+playing the what the the gunger hams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the what the the gunger hams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the what the the gunger hams
+anger games that was close um sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anger games that was close um sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anger games that was close um sorry
+under uh whatever uh you get the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uh whatever uh you get the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uh whatever uh you get the point
+yeah so before I get carried away trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so before I get carried away trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so before I get carried away trying
+to read Jason's uh jokes here um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read Jason's uh jokes here um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read Jason's uh jokes here um what's
+going on in this problem so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this problem so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this problem so this is
+problem three there's an underground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem three there's an underground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem three there's an underground
+sewer Network I suppose we also could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewer Network I suppose we also could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewer Network I suppose we also could
+have written this problem about MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written this problem about MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written this problem about MIT
+right there's all kinds of crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's all kinds of crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's all kinds of crazy
+underground tunnels here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground tunnels here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground tunnels here
+uh I remember when I was looking at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I remember when I was looking at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I remember when I was looking at MIT
+as a potential undergrad I they had us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a potential undergrad I they had us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a potential undergrad I they had us
+like slepping around in the tunnels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like slepping around in the tunnels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like slepping around in the tunnels and
+I thought they were very dirty and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought they were very dirty and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought they were very dirty and I
+didn't get the point so I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get the point so I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get the point so I went to
+Stanford but uh in any event um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford but uh in any event um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford but uh in any event um right so
+uh what I'm given is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I'm given is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I'm given is a
+map and uh this thing has uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and uh this thing has uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and uh this thing has uh n
+bidirectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pipes not going to write it down but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes not going to write it down but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes not going to write it down but the
+problem tells you that they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem tells you that they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem tells you that they're all
+connected they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected they make
+like there you can get from your source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there you can get from your source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there you can get from your source
+to your target moving through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your target moving through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your target moving through the
+pipes um and uh right the and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes um and uh right the and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes um and uh right the and they're
+connected at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Junctions uh but uh at every Junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions uh but uh at every Junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions uh but uh at every Junction
+there's less than or equal to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less than or equal to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less than or equal to four
+things that come together so just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that come together so just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that come together so just like
+in our last problem session every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our last problem session every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our last problem session every time
+you see a phrase like that it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a phrase like that it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a phrase like that it's like
+screaming out there's a degree bound uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming out there's a degree bound uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming out there's a degree bound uh
+hiding inside of your graph uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding inside of your graph uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding inside of your graph uh and
+moreover uh every Junction is reachable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover uh every Junction is reachable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover uh every Junction is reachable
+from every other Junction I believe okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every other Junction I believe okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every other Junction I believe okay
+uh in addition to this uh we're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in addition to this uh we're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in addition to this uh we're given a
+positive integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length for each
+pipe um so it's starting to smell like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe um so it's starting to smell like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe um so it's starting to smell like a
+shortest path problem but is it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path problem but is it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path problem but is it that's
+our question uh but just to make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our question uh but just to make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our question uh but just to make things
+a littleit but worse atus uh kevine here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a littleit but worse atus uh kevine here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a littleit but worse atus uh kevine here
+is trying to escape through the uh pipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to escape through the uh pipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to escape through the uh pipes
+and she doesn't want to be detected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she doesn't want to be detected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she doesn't want to be detected and
+in particular there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Junctions with uh motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sensors and apparently atn's uh Intel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and apparently atn's uh Intel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and apparently atn's uh Intel is
+pretty good here and she knows which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good here and she knows which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good here and she knows which of
+the Junctions in her pipe network uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Junctions in her pipe network uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Junctions in her pipe network uh
+actually have a motion sensor sensors uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a motion sensor sensors uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a motion sensor sensors uh
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um that can detect people moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that can detect people moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that can detect people moving around
+okay um now what this problem is asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um now what this problem is asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um now what this problem is asking
+her to do is to say like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her to do is to say like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her to do is to say like maybe
+apparently she knows where the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently she knows where the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently she knows where the motion
+sensors are but maybe she doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors are but maybe she doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors are but maybe she doesn't know
+if they're like you know what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're like you know what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're like you know what kind of
+brand they are you know is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand they are you know is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand they are you know is it a
+Microsoft sensor or a apple sensor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft sensor or a apple sensor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft sensor or a apple sensor or
+something and of course the sensors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and of course the sensors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and of course the sensors have
+different ranges right so so atus kevine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ranges right so so atus kevine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ranges right so so atus kevine
+here she wants to be as conservative as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here she wants to be as conservative as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here she wants to be as conservative as
+possible when she traverses this pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible when she traverses this pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible when she traverses this pipe
+Network in particular what we looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network in particular what we looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network in particular what we looking
+for what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what she
+wants is uh in uh n log n time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here find the PATH um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here find the PATH um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here find the PATH um that
+maximizes uh the distance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sensors so hopefully this problem makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors so hopefully this problem makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors so hopefully this problem makes
+sense so you've got some you know grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so you've got some you know grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so you've got some you know grid
+graph well not necessarily a grid graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph well not necessarily a grid graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph well not necessarily a grid graph
+but the a bunch of vertices of veilance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the a bunch of vertices of veilance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the a bunch of vertices of veilance
+4 maybe something like that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 maybe something like that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 maybe something like that you know
+makes sense you know she's living in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense you know she's living in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense you know she's living in a
+city somewhere uh and she has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city somewhere uh and she has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city somewhere uh and she has some
+source that she's starting at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source that she's starting at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source that she's starting at some
+destination she wants to go and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination she wants to go and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination she wants to go and then a
+few of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of these
+vertices are marked as having motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are marked as having motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are marked as having motion
+sensors at them and rather than like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors at them and rather than like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors at them and rather than like
+giving you a radius or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a radius or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a radius or something like
+that instead what we're saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead what we're saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead what we're saying is that
+she wants to go from the source to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants to go from the source to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants to go from the source to the
+Target she's willing to walk a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target she's willing to walk a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target she's willing to walk a long
+distance the length of the path doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the length of the path doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the length of the path doesn't
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+what matters is that she never wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters is that she never wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters is that she never wants to
+get closer to any motion sensor maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer to any motion sensor maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer to any motion sensor maybe
+there's a second one like here then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second one like here then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second one like here then she
+has to okay so like in this case I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to okay so like in this case I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to okay so like in this case I guess
+if I were to eyeball it looks like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to eyeball it looks like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to eyeball it looks like you
+can't do better than one Edge right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do better than one Edge right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do better than one Edge right so
+she would go like that uh and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would go like that uh and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would go like that uh and of course
+uh in an extreme scenario it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in an extreme scenario it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in an extreme scenario it might be
+the case that like there's a sensor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that like there's a sensor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that like there's a sensor at
+every Junction in which case she's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Junction in which case she's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Junction in which case she's uh
+hosed um but she we'd like to let her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosed um but she we'd like to let her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosed um but she we'd like to let her
+know that before she uh embarks upon her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that before she uh embarks upon her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that before she uh embarks upon her
+J here okay so does our our problem make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J here okay so does our our problem make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J here okay so does our our problem make
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+sense excellent um okay so right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense excellent um okay so right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense excellent um okay so right so
+unfortunately for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately for
+us this isn't again it doesn't look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this isn't again it doesn't look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this isn't again it doesn't look like
+a shortest path problem and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortest path problem and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortest path problem and the reason
+is cuz you know it's it's not uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cuz you know it's it's not uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cuz you know it's it's not uh but
+rather uh it's sort of a reachability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather uh it's sort of a reachability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather uh it's sort of a reachability
+problem in Disguise and and let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in Disguise and and let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in Disguise and and let's think
+about what I mean here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I mean here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I mean here so
+um right so there's an obvious graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so there's an obvious graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so there's an obvious graph
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+we'll call it g out of a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creativity um where what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um where what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um where what I'm going to do
+is uh give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh give a
+Vertex per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Junction and uh I'll have an undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edge for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge for each
+pipe um whose weight is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay by the way I think the length I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by the way I think the length I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by the way I think the length I
+didn't even mention in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even mention in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even mention in the problem
+description but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description but I
+believe she wants to find the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe she wants to find the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe she wants to find the shortest
+path that maximizes the radius so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that maximizes the radius so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that maximizes the radius so like
+if there are like multiple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are like multiple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are like multiple different
+paths that she could take that both have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths that she could take that both have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths that she could take that both have
+the same radius from the sensors then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same radius from the sensors then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same radius from the sensors then
+she'd like to be lazy and not walk too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'd like to be lazy and not walk too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'd like to be lazy and not walk too
+far so that's that's where this going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so that's that's where this going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so that's that's where this going to
+come into play okay um that's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play okay um that's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play okay um that's sort of a
+secondary concern I would imagine on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary concern I would imagine on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary concern I would imagine on
+adn's behalf here okay and moreover uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adn's behalf here okay and moreover uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adn's behalf here okay and moreover uh
+I'm not even attempt to remember the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not even attempt to remember the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not even attempt to remember the the
+details of this problem but but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of this problem but but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of this problem but but rather
+there's a source which I'm sure has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a source which I'm sure has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a source which I'm sure has some
+cute Hunger Games uh name attached to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute Hunger Games uh name attached to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute Hunger Games uh name attached to it
+and some other Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other Target
+um and these are just two nodes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and these are just two nodes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and these are just two nodes in the
+uh the network of pipes and she wants a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the network of pipes and she wants a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the network of pipes and she wants a
+path from s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from s to
+T okay so first of all uh let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so first of all uh let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so first of all uh let's just
+count um and make sure that we know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count um and make sure that we know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count um and make sure that we know uh
+so there's uh how many vertices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's uh how many vertices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's uh how many vertices are
+there well the problem actually gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well the problem actually gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well the problem actually gives a
+name to that there's order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to that there's order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to that there's order n
+vertices because that's just the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices because that's just the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices because that's just the number
+of Junctions which is what we Define to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Junctions which is what we Define to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Junctions which is what we Define to
+be n guess I forgot to write that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n guess I forgot to write that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n guess I forgot to write that there
+uh and because we have a degree bound uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and because we have a degree bound uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and because we have a degree bound uh
+our favorite argument uh in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favorite argument uh in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favorite argument uh in this class
+uh we know that there's order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges as well so that's that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges as well so that's that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges as well so that's that's good
+news why can't I use this graph directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news why can't I use this graph directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news why can't I use this graph directly
+like like let's say that I computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like let's say that I computed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like let's say that I computed the
+shortest path from s to T notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path from s to T notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path from s to T notice that
+that completely ignores the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that completely ignores the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that completely ignores the point of the
+problem right the the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right the the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right the the point of the
+problem is that uh atus wants to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that uh atus wants to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that uh atus wants to avoid
+these starred vertices on our graph up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these starred vertices on our graph up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these starred vertices on our graph up
+here but the shortest path may not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but the shortest path may not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but the shortest path may not do
+that in other words she may have to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in other words she may have to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in other words she may have to walk
+like a really indirect path to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a really indirect path to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a really indirect path to avoid
+being detected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being detected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being detected by the
+sensors that's the problem so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors that's the problem so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors that's the problem so we need to
+be a little more clever than that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more clever than that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more clever than that we do
+have to think on this problem a bit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think on this problem a bit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think on this problem a bit okay
+but not too much uh and so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not too much uh and so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not too much uh and so here's the
+basic trick like let's say that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic trick like let's say that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic trick like let's say that let's
+solve a slightly different problem first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a slightly different problem first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a slightly different problem first
+which is let's say that I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is let's say that I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is let's say that I give you a
+radius k and I want to know does there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius k and I want to know does there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius k and I want to know does there
+exist a path that can get me from s to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a path that can get me from s to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a path that can get me from s to T
+without coming more than distance K away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without coming more than distance K away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without coming more than distance K away
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+sensors notice that once I if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors notice that once I if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors notice that once I if I have a
+tool that can answer that like yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool that can answer that like yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool that can answer that like yes or no
+problem I could come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I could come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I could come up with an
+algorithm that that finds my number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that that finds my number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that that finds my number of
+sensors by like looping over k or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors by like looping over k or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors by like looping over k or
+something it may not be fast enough but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it may not be fast enough but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it may not be fast enough but
+I could do that okay so that problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do that okay so that problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do that okay so that problem is
+actually not terribly difficult because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not terribly difficult because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not terribly difficult because
+essentially what I could do conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what I could do conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what I could do conceptually
+is just remove the vertices that are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just remove the vertices that are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just remove the vertices that are too
+close to the sensors and then solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the sensors and then solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the sensors and then solve a
+reachability problem like can I get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability problem like can I get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability problem like can I get from
+s to T without getting distance K away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to T without getting distance K away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to T without getting distance K away
+from any one of the sensors well what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any one of the sensors well what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any one of the sensors well what do
+I do I just remove any vertex that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do I just remove any vertex that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do I just remove any vertex that's
+distance K away from the sensors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance K away from the sensors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance K away from the sensors and
+then I compute reachability so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I compute reachability so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I compute reachability so so
+conceptually I think this isn't a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually I think this isn't a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually I think this isn't a huge
+leap intuitively uh speaking but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap intuitively uh speaking but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap intuitively uh speaking but there's
+a lot of details to fill in yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of details to fill in yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of details to fill in yeah so
+unraveling just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unraveling just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unraveling just a little bit
+more we might Define a graph g k and GK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we might Define a graph g k and GK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we might Define a graph g k and GK
+is going to be the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph um of vertices whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance uh with uh distance bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh with uh distance bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh with uh distance bigger than
+K to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+sensor right and somehow reachability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor right and somehow reachability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor right and somehow reachability in
+this thing can answer yes or no can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing can answer yes or no can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing can answer yes or no can I
+get from s to T without coming you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from s to T without coming you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from s to T without coming you know
+distance K to a sensor by way do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance K to a sensor by way do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance K to a sensor by way do we know
+this term subgraph in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term subgraph in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term subgraph in this class
+essentially it's pretty clear what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's pretty clear what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's pretty clear what it is
+just from the the word right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the the word right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the the word right like
+essenti I'm just going to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essenti I'm just going to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essenti I'm just going to remove
+vertices uh that that um inside of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh that that um inside of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh that that um inside of our
+larger graph and any edges that touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger graph and any edges that touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger graph and any edges that touch
+those vertices uh and obviously if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vertices uh and obviously if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vertices uh and obviously if my
+original graph had order n size then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph had order n size then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph had order n size then the
+subgraph has Big O of n size might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph has Big O of n size might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph has Big O of n size might have
+less but but it certainly it's an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but but it certainly it's an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but but it certainly it's an upper
+bound okay so we unravel a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound okay so we unravel a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound okay so we unravel a little bit
+more somehow this seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more somehow this seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more somehow this seems like a
+convenient structure but I haven't told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient structure but I haven't told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient structure but I haven't told
+you how to compute it uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to compute it uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to compute it uh and in
+particular uh the sort of annoying thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh the sort of annoying thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh the sort of annoying thing
+is uh this piece right I need to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this piece right I need to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this piece right I need to be able
+to figure out if I'm distan K from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out if I'm distan K from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out if I'm distan K from any
+sensor or more generically speaking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor or more generically speaking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor or more generically speaking it
+might be kind of Handy to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be kind of Handy to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be kind of Handy to compute
+distance from every from the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from every from the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from every from the set of
+sensors to every other vertex in My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors to every other vertex in My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors to every other vertex in My
+Graph every other Junction in my pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph every other Junction in my pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph every other Junction in my pipe
+Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network
+okay well we already covered a trick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we already covered a trick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we already covered a trick uh
+in our problem sessions so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our problem sessions so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our problem sessions so it's going to
+help us do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us do that right
+because okay what would be a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay what would be a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay what would be a very simple
+algorithm for doing that would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for doing that would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for doing that would be to
+Loop over every sensor call D's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop over every sensor call D's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop over every sensor call D's
+algorithm for each one right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for each one right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for each one right so that
+gives me the the distance to sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the the distance to sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the the distance to sensor
+number one and the distance to sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and the distance to sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and the distance to sensor
+number two the distance to sensor number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two the distance to sensor number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two the distance to sensor number
+three and I take the men over all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and I take the men over all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and I take the men over all those
+and that function gives me the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that function gives me the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that function gives me the distance
+to any sensor that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any sensor that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any sensor that's going to be a
+problem right because Dao's algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right because Dao's algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right because Dao's algorithm
+runs in N log n time but now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in N log n time but now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in N log n time but now I've
+incurred another Factor because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incurred another Factor because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incurred another Factor because I have
+to Loop over all the sensors and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Loop over all the sensors and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Loop over all the sensors and we
+didn't give you a bound on how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't give you a bound on how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't give you a bound on how many
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+are so more generically this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so more generically this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so more generically this is actually
+a problem that shows up all the time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that shows up all the time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that shows up all the time uh
+in my everyday life which is that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my everyday life which is that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my everyday life which is that like
+we don't just want comput shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't just want comput shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't just want comput shortest path
+to a single point sometimes you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a single point sometimes you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a single point sometimes you want
+shortest path to a bunch of stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path to a bunch of stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path to a bunch of stuff like
+in other words I don't care which sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I don't care which sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I don't care which sensor
+is close to me I don't want to get close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to me I don't want to get close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to me I don't want to get close
+to any sensor yeah uh this shows up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any sensor yeah uh this shows up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any sensor yeah uh this shows up in
+Geometry all the time like maybe I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geometry all the time like maybe I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geometry all the time like maybe I want
+to know the closest you know like I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the closest you know like I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the closest you know like I want
+to find the closest point on the highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the closest point on the highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the closest point on the highway
+you know so the highway is driving past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the highway is driving past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the highway is driving past
+uh my house so the highway is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my house so the highway is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my house so the highway is a whole
+bunch of points on some Network and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of points on some Network and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of points on some Network and I
+just want to get on the highway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to get on the highway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to get on the highway and
+start driving um I don't care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start driving um I don't care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start driving um I don't care about the
+closest path to every single point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest path to every single point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest path to every single point on
+the highway I just want the whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway I just want the whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway I just want the whatever
+closest to me right so this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to me right so this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to me right so this is a pretty
+practical thing to think about so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical thing to think about so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical thing to think about so how do
+we solve that so um let's say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve that so um let's say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve that so um let's say this is
+our pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pipe
+Network I feel like I draw this network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network I feel like I draw this network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network I feel like I draw this network
+a lot maybe I'll spice it up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot maybe I'll spice it up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot maybe I'll spice it up with an
+extra Edge okay and maybe uh for board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Edge okay and maybe uh for board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Edge okay and maybe uh for board
+drawing purposes these two vertices have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing purposes these two vertices have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing purposes these two vertices have
+sensors so I'm trying to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors so I'm trying to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors so I'm trying to find the
+shortest path distance to either one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path distance to either one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path distance to either one of
+these two vertices uh from every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two vertices uh from every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two vertices uh from every other
+vertex on the graph or vice versa it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex on the graph or vice versa it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex on the graph or vice versa it
+doesn't matter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it's
+undirected um and I don't want to Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected um and I don't want to Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected um and I don't want to Loop
+over all these sensors that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all these sensors that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all these sensors that's the basic
+headache here so one thing that I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache here so one thing that I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache here so one thing that I can do
+is it's kind of a sneaky trick and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's kind of a sneaky trick and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's kind of a sneaky trick and it's
+exactly the same trick that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same trick that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same trick that we've
+applied a few times in in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied a few times in in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied a few times in in the problem
+sessions here is to add a new vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions here is to add a new vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions here is to add a new vertex
+that's kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of like a
+source and make that vertex distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and make that vertex distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and make that vertex distance
+zero to every one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to every one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to every one of my
+sensors and now what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and now what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and now what I'm going to do is
+do single Source shortest path from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do single Source shortest path from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do single Source shortest path from this
+new extra vertex that I added to All the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new extra vertex that I added to All the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new extra vertex that I added to All the
+Rest of My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rest of My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rest of My
+Graph now why do I do that well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph now why do I do that well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph now why do I do that well if you
+think about it well there's an edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it well there's an edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it well there's an edge of
+length zero to any sens sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length zero to any sens sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length zero to any sens sensor
+topologically I can think of it like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topologically I can think of it like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topologically I can think of it like I
+glued all the sensors into one vertex if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued all the sensors into one vertex if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued all the sensors into one vertex if
+I wanted but that doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted but that doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted but that doesn't really matter
+um fact that would be a different way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fact that would be a different way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fact that would be a different way to
+solve this problem I guess would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem I guess would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem I guess would be to
+take all the the sensor vertices glue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the the sensor vertices glue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the the sensor vertices glue
+them together into one and then solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together into one and then solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together into one and then solve
+this problem but I digress um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem but I digress um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem but I digress um right so
+the the shortest path distance from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the shortest path distance from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the shortest path distance from our
+new uh Source vertex all the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new uh Source vertex all the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new uh Source vertex all the other ones
+is going to be just the shortest path to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be just the shortest path to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be just the shortest path to
+any sensor because notice that any path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sensor because notice that any path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sensor because notice that any path
+coming out of s necessarily has to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of s necessarily has to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of s necessarily has to pass
+through a starred vertex okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a starred vertex okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a starred vertex okay so let's
+write that down um basically uh what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down um basically uh what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down um basically uh what I'm
+trying to do here is uh in step one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do here is uh in step one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do here is uh in step one of
+my algorithm I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my algorithm I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my algorithm I want to
+label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+Junction with its distance to a cent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction with its distance to a cent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction with its distance to a cent
+answer right that's the high level goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right that's the high level goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right that's the high level goal
+here and the way that I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the way that I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the way that I'm going to do
+that is I'm going to make uh oops in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I'm going to make uh oops in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I'm going to make uh oops in in
+the problem solution we call it X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem solution we call it X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem solution we call it X so
+I'll be consistent uh I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be consistent uh I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be consistent uh I'm going to make
+a new Vertex or a new graph rather G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new Vertex or a new graph rather G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new Vertex or a new graph rather G
+Prime which is equal to my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is equal to my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is equal to my original
+graph G which is coming from the pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G which is coming from the pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G which is coming from the pipe
+network uh with one extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertex which we're going to call X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex which we're going to call X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex which we're going to call X which
+is connected to every motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh with weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay and now I'm going to do uh Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and now I'm going to do uh Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and now I'm going to do uh Dy
+stress starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x uh which takes n log n time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh which takes n log n time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh which takes n log n time
+because I just gave you the size of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just gave you the size of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just gave you the size of our
+graph up here and gives me essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph up here and gives me essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph up here and gives me essentially
+the shortest distance to any motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest distance to any motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest distance to any motion
+sensor from all the vertices in My Graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor from all the vertices in My Graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor from all the vertices in My Graph
+so that's good thing that's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's good thing that's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's good thing that's sort of like
+a convenient piece of information but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convenient piece of information but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convenient piece of information but
+when we're solving these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're solving these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're solving these kinds of
+algorithms problems notice that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms problems notice that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms problems notice that I've
+done sort of a similar reasoning in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done sort of a similar reasoning in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done sort of a similar reasoning in both
+of the last two problems um which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last two problems um which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last two problems um which you
+can do and actually is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do and actually is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do and actually is a pretty
+practical way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical way of thinking about
+algorithms where like this problem tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms where like this problem tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms where like this problem tells
+me at the end of the day my algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at the end of the day my algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at the end of the day my algorithm
+has to run an N log n time right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to run an N log n time right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to run an N log n time right where
+like in the previous problem it had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the previous problem it had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the previous problem it had to
+run an N Cube time I guess V Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run an N Cube time I guess V Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run an N Cube time I guess V Cube
+time so one thing I can do is say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so one thing I can do is say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so one thing I can do is say what
+is all the information that I can gather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the information that I can gather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the information that I can gather
+out of my graph in nlog and time and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of my graph in nlog and time and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of my graph in nlog and time and I
+might as well compute it right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well compute it right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well compute it right so for
+instance the distance to the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the distance to the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the distance to the closest
+Center sensor I just gave you an nlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center sensor I just gave you an nlog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center sensor I just gave you an nlog
+and algorithm for computing it it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and algorithm for computing it it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and algorithm for computing it it seems
+like a useful piece of information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a useful piece of information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a useful piece of information so
+what the heck I I might as well compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck I I might as well compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck I I might as well compute
+it in step one and just have it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in step one and just have it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in step one and just have it around
+um obviously you could do breath first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um obviously you could do breath first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um obviously you could do breath first
+search on all the computable numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on all the computable numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on all the computable numbers and
+this might not be the most efficient way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might not be the most efficient way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might not be the most efficient way
+to solve a problem but I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a problem but I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a problem but I think for
+graphs there's only so many things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs there's only so many things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs there's only so many things that
+we we typically want to compute so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we typically want to compute so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we typically want to compute so it's
+worth kind of going down your checklist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth kind of going down your checklist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth kind of going down your checklist
+like similarly here notice that like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like similarly here notice that like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like similarly here notice that like we
+gave you a budget of of VCB time so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a budget of of VCB time so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a budget of of VCB time so like
+you might as well compute all pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well compute all pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well compute all pair of
+shortest path because we can do it in V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path because we can do it in V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path because we can do it in V
+Cube time and why not have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube time and why not have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube time and why not have that
+information around it seems useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information around it seems useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information around it seems useful for
+computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing
+radius okay so in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius okay so in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius okay so in any
+event now in step one we now know how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event now in step one we now know how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event now in step one we now know how uh
+close every Junction is to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close every Junction is to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close every Junction is to every
+sensor so now I can argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor so now I can argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor so now I can argue
+I'm I'm numbering these like Steps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm numbering these like Steps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm numbering these like Steps but
+they're not really steps these are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really steps these are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really steps these are more
+just like thought bubbles so thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like thought bubbles so thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like thought bubbles so thought
+bubble number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble number
+two it's going to be how do I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's going to be how do I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's going to be how do I actually
+construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct
+GK right and notice I have a nice piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK right and notice I have a nice piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK right and notice I have a nice piece
+of information here I now know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information here I now know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information here I now know what
+vertices are inside of GK and which ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are inside of GK and which ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are inside of GK and which ones
+aren't right because I can just Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't right because I can just Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't right because I can just Loop
+over all the vertices if the distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the vertices if the distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the vertices if the distance is
+bigger than K I keep it if it's not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than K I keep it if it's not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than K I keep it if it's not I
+don't yeah so that gives me an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't yeah so that gives me an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't yeah so that gives me an algorithm
+for computing um GK so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computing um GK so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computing um GK so we can
+construct construct starts with a C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct construct starts with a C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct construct starts with a C
+construct GK from our original graph G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct GK from our original graph G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct GK from our original graph G
+um and that's really easy to do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's really easy to do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's really easy to do right
+just by looping over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and
+remove any uh whose distance is too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove any uh whose distance is too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove any uh whose distance is too big
+or too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or too small
+rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V that make sense because those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that make sense because those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V that make sense because those are the
+ones that are are dangerous if like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are are dangerous if like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are are dangerous if like the
+radius of my sensor is K any vertex with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of my sensor is K any vertex with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of my sensor is K any vertex with
+this is less than equal to K I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than equal to K I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than equal to K I want to
+throw away um and how much time does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away um and how much time does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away um and how much time does
+this take well there's just a loop over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take well there's just a loop over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take well there's just a loop over
+the vertices I guess I need to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices I guess I need to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices I guess I need to account
+for the storage of My Graph also but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the storage of My Graph also but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the storage of My Graph also but of
+course this graph takes less space than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this graph takes less space than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this graph takes less space than
+G and so overall uh this takes order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and so overall uh this takes order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and so overall uh this takes order n
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+Tim time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim time and
+space but there's a catch which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but there's a catch which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but there's a catch which is this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+per K okay so every time I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per K okay so every time I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per K okay so every time I want to make
+a new G uh a new GK I incur an expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new G uh a new GK I incur an expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new G uh a new GK I incur an expensive
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+n but this is already getting us pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but this is already getting us pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but this is already getting us pretty
+close to our problem because what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to our problem because what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to our problem because what can we
+do if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if I have
+GK I can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK I can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK I can say that
+BFS on GK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+establishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reachability from s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability from s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability from s to
+T right which is what we care about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right which is what we care about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right which is what we care about um
+outside of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K and how much time does BFS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and how much time does BFS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and how much time does BFS
+take linear the size of the graph I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear the size of the graph I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear the size of the graph I only
+ever asked Jason one question which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever asked Jason one question which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever asked Jason one question which is
+you know always has the same answer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know always has the same answer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know always has the same answer um
+right so BFS takes time linear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so BFS takes time linear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so BFS takes time linear in the
+size of our graph our graph has size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our graph our graph has size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our graph our graph has size n
+or kind of 2 Nish uh so at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kind of 2 Nish uh so at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kind of 2 Nish uh so at the end of
+the day this takes order n so if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day this takes order n so if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day this takes order n so if our
+problem were written slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem were written slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem were written slightly
+differently we would be done right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently we would be done right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently we would be done right if
+the problem said you know given a radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem said you know given a radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem said you know given a radius
+K and the graph you know tell me yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and the graph you know tell me yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and the graph you know tell me yes or
+no does there exist a path that stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no does there exist a path that stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no does there exist a path that stays
+outside of radius K of the sensor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of radius K of the sensor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of radius K of the sensor this
+is how we would do that hopefully we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we would do that hopefully we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we would do that hopefully we all
+agree and we can do that in order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time oh just kidding order n log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time oh just kidding order n log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time oh just kidding order n log and
+time because I had to do D's algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because I had to do D's algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because I had to do D's algorithm
+first thanks okay uh but uh sadly for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thanks okay uh but uh sadly for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thanks okay uh but uh sadly for us
+we're we're not quite done because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're not quite done because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're not quite done because we
+want to find the largest uh possible K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the largest uh possible K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the largest uh possible K
+right want to to find the biggest radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right want to to find the biggest radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right want to to find the biggest radius
+that we can stay away from the sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can stay away from the sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can stay away from the sensors
+uh and still get successfully from s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and still get successfully from s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and still get successfully from s to
+T so let's say that I uh want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so let's say that I uh want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so let's say that I uh want to find
+this number so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number so this
+is when to Define K star like got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when to Define K star like got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when to Define K star like got a
+moving Target to right on is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+largest K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest K
+where g k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where g k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where g k is
+connected well that's not quite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected well that's not quite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected well that's not quite right
+from s to T this is a weird way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to T this is a weird way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to T this is a weird way to
+phrase it really this is should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase it really this is should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase it really this is should say
+where there exists a path from s to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there exists a path from s to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there exists a path from s to T
+and GK I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and GK I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and GK I'm
+sorry re uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry re uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry re uh
+yeah where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah where
+GK I've just phrased this in a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way has path from s to T there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way has path from s to T there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way has path from s to T there we
+go all right so our question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right so our question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right so our question is how do
+we find that well here's a dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that well here's a dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that well here's a dumb
+algorithm I could Loop over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I could Loop over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I could Loop over all
+case construct GK and then if my answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case construct GK and then if my answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case construct GK and then if my answer
+is yes is reachable then go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes is reachable then go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes is reachable then go to the next
+K increment by one and start over right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K increment by one and start over right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K increment by one and start over right
+so this is the dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the dumb
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+uh when I say dumb I mean the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I say dumb I mean the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I say dumb I mean the answer
+that your instructor wrote down on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your instructor wrote down on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your instructor wrote down on his
+notes and then realized was done okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and then realized was done okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and then realized was done okay uh
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+Loop over K until you get to K star I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop over K until you get to K star I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop over K until you get to K star I
+guess plus one right because once I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess plus one right because once I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess plus one right because once I get
+there then I get a thumbs down obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then I get a thumbs down obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then I get a thumbs down obviously
+getting any bigger than that is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any bigger than that is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any bigger than that is only
+make my graph smaller this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my graph smaller this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my graph smaller this is called a
+filtration right because each graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration right because each graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration right because each graph is
+contained inside of a different one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained inside of a different one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained inside of a different one um
+actually a filtration would be the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a filtration would be the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a filtration would be the other
+way I'll think about it for later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'll think about it for later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'll think about it for later
+because this is not a topological data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not a topological data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not a topological data
+analysis class uh but in any event um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis class uh but in any event um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis class uh but in any event um if
+I did that how much time will it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did that how much time will it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did that how much time will it take
+well remember okay so for one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember okay so for one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember okay so for one thing I
+have n log n from D algorithm I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n log n from D algorithm I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n log n from D algorithm I don't
+get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around
+that so I always have to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I always have to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I always have to account for
+that but now every time I try a new k i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but now every time I try a new k i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but now every time I try a new k i
+incur cost n right that's what we argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur cost n right that's what we argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur cost n right that's what we argued
+up here and so at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and so at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and so at the end of the day
+this algorithm takes order K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm takes order K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm takes order K
+star and time like that of course it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and time like that of course it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and time like that of course it's a
+little weird to have the answer of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird to have the answer of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird to have the answer of your
+problem in the runtime but K star here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the runtime but K star here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the runtime but K star here
+it could be we don't have any bound here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be we don't have any bound here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be we don't have any bound here
+it could be the the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be the the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be the the number of vertices
+or or anything like that yeah and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or anything like that yeah and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or anything like that yeah and so if
+we have a budget of n log n time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a budget of n log n time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a budget of n log n time this
+doesn't quite work and so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite work and so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite work and so the question
+is can we rescue this uh this strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can we rescue this uh this strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can we rescue this uh this strategy
+here here and the answer of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and the answer of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and the answer of course is
+yes or else I wouldn't be standing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or else I wouldn't be standing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or else I wouldn't be standing here
+today uh one way that you might do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh one way that you might do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh one way that you might do that
+so there's the uh way that you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the uh way that you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the uh way that you would do
+that as a real algorithms person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a real algorithms person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a real algorithms person and
+there's a way you could do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way you could do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way you could do it by
+psychologically diagnosing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically diagnosing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically diagnosing your
+instructors let's let's talk about both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors let's let's talk about both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors let's let's talk about both
+of those um let's actually do the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those um let's actually do the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those um let's actually do the second
+one first because I think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first because I think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first because I think that's the
+most practical if you want to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most practical if you want to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most practical if you want to get your
+homework done quickly um which is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework done quickly um which is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework done quickly um which is as
+follows this problem tells you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows this problem tells you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows this problem tells you that you
+have an an Logan budget of time uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an an Logan budget of time uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an an Logan budget of time uh in
+order to run the algorithm and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to run the algorithm and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to run the algorithm and so what
+does that mean well when we Loop over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean well when we Loop over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean well when we Loop over
+potential gks that we can try we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential gks that we can try we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential gks that we can try we have a
+budget of log and tries before we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget of log and tries before we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget of log and tries before we're
+done yeah uh so we kind of know that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yeah uh so we kind of know that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yeah uh so we kind of know that any
+algorithm that constructs a GK and tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that constructs a GK and tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that constructs a GK and tries
+it can only do it log n times and to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only do it log n times and to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only do it log n times and to my
+knowledge we only have one algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge we only have one algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge we only have one algorithm
+that runs in log n time in this class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs in log n time in this class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs in log n time in this class uh
+which is binary search and so we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is binary search and so we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is binary search and so we might
+be thinking very critically about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking very critically about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking very critically about how we
+could use that tool but more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that tool but more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that tool but more generally
+than that I I think this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that I I think this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that I I think this is actually a
+strategy that shows up a lot both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that shows up a lot both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that shows up a lot both in
+algorithms and actually numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and actually numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and actually numerical
+analysis a lot uh which is you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis a lot uh which is you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis a lot uh which is you have some
+like yes or no answer and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yes or no answer and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yes or no answer and you want to
+find like the point on the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find like the point on the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find like the point on the interface
+right but where yes flips to no and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but where yes flips to no and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but where yes flips to no and so
+one way to do it is to sort of bound it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it is to sort of bound it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it is to sort of bound it
+on two NS then keep dividing in half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two NS then keep dividing in half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two NS then keep dividing in half and
+as long as your relationship is a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as your relationship is a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as your relationship is a bunch
+of yeses then a bunch of NOS you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeses then a bunch of NOS you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeses then a bunch of NOS you can
+keep doing that by binary search right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing that by binary search right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing that by binary search right
+so so let's think about it this way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's think about it this way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's think about it this way so
+like we have a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have a long
+interval of K values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of K values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of K values
+by the way obviously there's an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way obviously there's an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way obviously there's an upper
+bound here which is like the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound here which is like the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound here which is like the biggest
+distance to any vertex in my graph or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to any vertex in my graph or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to any vertex in my graph or
+something like that yeah like the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that yeah like the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that yeah like the sum of
+all distances or some large number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all distances or some large number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all distances or some large number uh
+compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared
+to but you can afford a lot you could if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but you can afford a lot you could if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but you can afford a lot you could if
+you took the sum of every Edge here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took the sum of every Edge here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took the sum of every Edge here's a
+way to do it if you if if you took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it if you if if you took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it if you if if you took this
+to be the sum of every possible Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the sum of every possible Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the sum of every possible Edge
+length um might not be bounded in N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length um might not be bounded in N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length um might not be bounded in N
+polom polom be bounded in N difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom polom be bounded in N difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom polom be bounded in N difference
+between between you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M sure so very large numbers uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M sure so very large numbers uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M sure so very large numbers uh in the
+near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near
+space okay I'm not sure that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay I'm not sure that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay I'm not sure that that's
+quite right but but but that's okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right but but but that's okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right but but but that's okay um
+in any event let's say that we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any event let's say that we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any event let's say that we have an
+upper Bound for k for now then then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper Bound for k for now then then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper Bound for k for now then then what
+do we know we know that here's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know we know that here's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know we know that here's like the
+K star that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K star that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K star that I
+want and to the left my algorithm will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and to the left my algorithm will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and to the left my algorithm will
+return Yes this algorithm up here up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return Yes this algorithm up here up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return Yes this algorithm up here up
+here it'll say no right so one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it'll say no right so one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it'll say no right so one thing I
+can do one thing I should do is put K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do one thing I should do is put K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do one thing I should do is put K
+star not right at the center of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star not right at the center of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star not right at the center of my
+interval um for illustration purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval um for illustration purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval um for illustration purposes
+but now I can binary search right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I can binary search right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I can binary search right
+because I could query here and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could query here and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could query here and now I'm
+going to get a no and maybe I subdivide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a no and maybe I subdivide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a no and maybe I subdivide
+that the midpoint for some reason now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the midpoint for some reason now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the midpoint for some reason now I
+get a yes and I can kind of triangulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a yes and I can kind of triangulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a yes and I can kind of triangulate
+in on what I want right so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on what I want right so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on what I want right so that's our
+our basic strategy is binary search here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our basic strategy is binary search here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our basic strategy is binary search here
+um but uh we have to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh we have to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh we have to figure out how to
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+exactly okay so first of all um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so first of all um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so first of all um okay
+there is an obvious upper bound here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an obvious upper bound here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an obvious upper bound here
+which is just the biggest distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the biggest distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the biggest distance from
+any vertex to any sensor yeah uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vertex to any sensor yeah uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vertex to any sensor yeah uh right
+so we could probably come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could probably come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could probably come up with a
+conservative one we didn't feel like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative one we didn't feel like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative one we didn't feel like it
+but um conveniently in step one remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um conveniently in step one remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um conveniently in step one remember
+that Computing convenient numbers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Computing convenient numbers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Computing convenient numbers is
+always a convenient thing to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a convenient thing to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a convenient thing to do um
+clearly if Katniss wants to sorry sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly if Katniss wants to sorry sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly if Katniss wants to sorry sorry
+atus wants to go uh within a radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atus wants to go uh within a radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atus wants to go uh within a radius
+that's bigger than the distance of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than the distance of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than the distance of any
+vertex to any sensor she's in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex to any sensor she's in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex to any sensor she's in trouble
+because like that covers the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like that covers the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like that covers the entire
+graph yeah so um right so we actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph yeah so um right so we actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph yeah so um right so we actually do
+have a upper bound here which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biggest distance to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sensor and now we want a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor and now we want a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor and now we want a binary search
+but we have to be a little bit careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to be a little bit careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to be a little bit careful
+how to do it because we want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it because we want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it because we want it to be
+logarithmic in N which is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic in N which is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic in N which is like the
+number of vertices in our graph and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices in our graph and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices in our graph and of
+course the way that I've drawn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the way that I've drawn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the way that I've drawn this
+interval here uh as Jason points out I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval here uh as Jason points out I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval here uh as Jason points out I I
+don't at least immediately have a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't at least immediately have a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't at least immediately have a bound
+on this number in terms of n right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this number in terms of n right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this number in terms of n right like
+it could be that my Edge weights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that my Edge weights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that my Edge weights are
+like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really
+ginormous uh okay so uh right so how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ginormous uh okay so uh right so how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ginormous uh okay so uh right so how can
+we get around that well essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get around that well essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get around that well essentially what
+we want to be doing is binary search in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be doing is binary search in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be doing is binary search in
+an array that scales like the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array that scales like the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array that scales like the vertices
+okay uh and here's the solution that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and here's the solution that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and here's the solution that I
+came up with which I'm pretty sure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with which I'm pretty sure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with which I'm pretty sure is
+the same as one in the answer I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as one in the answer I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as one in the answer I should
+really check that before uh teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really check that before uh teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really check that before uh teaching
+this thing uh which is to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing uh which is to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing uh which is to do the
+following which is a remember like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following which is a remember like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following which is a remember like
+again we have a budget at n log n and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have a budget at n log n and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have a budget at n log n and so
+we can do a constant number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do a constant number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do a constant number of things
+that take n log n time we just might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take n log n time we just might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take n log n time we just might as
+well keep doing it yeah and so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well keep doing it yeah and so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well keep doing it yeah and so another
+kind of convenient thing we might do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of convenient thing we might do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of convenient thing we might do is
+sort my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort my
+vertices by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices by the
+distance to X which of course remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to X which of course remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to X which of course remember
+is exactly the distance to their closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the distance to their closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the distance to their closest
+sensor why would you do that well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor why would you do that well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor why would you do that well in
+some sense like as I move along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense like as I move along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense like as I move along that
+array that's the sort of order in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that's the sort of order in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that's the sort of order in which
+I'm going to remove vertices from My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to remove vertices from My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to remove vertices from My
+Graph and make the radius get bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph and make the radius get bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph and make the radius get bigger and
+bigger and bigger does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger does that make sense
+because like these you know the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like these you know the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like these you know the first
+couple ones the ones right next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple ones the ones right next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple ones the ones right next to the
+sensor as I move along this array uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor as I move along this array uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor as I move along this array uh
+they get farther and farther away okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get farther and farther away okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get farther and farther away okay
+so we're going to say and and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to say and and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to say and and of course
+why can we do that because sorting I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can we do that because sorting I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can we do that because sorting I
+think this is one that all computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is one that all computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is one that all computer
+science students everywhere know takes n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science students everywhere know takes n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science students everywhere know takes n
+log n time using whatever your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n time using whatever your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n time using whatever your favorite
+sorting well that's not true whatever my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting well that's not true whatever my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting well that's not true whatever my
+favorite sorting algorithm is okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite sorting algorithm is okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite sorting algorithm is okay and
+we're going to take di to be the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take di to be the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take di to be the uh
+distance uh the ith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh the ith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh the ith
+largest uh actually I think in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest uh actually I think in my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest uh actually I think in my notes
+I got this wrong the I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smallest I'm diverging from my notes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest I'm diverging from my notes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest I'm diverging from my notes so
+there is a high likelihood of a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a high likelihood of a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a high likelihood of a sign
+mistake that's about to happen Okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake that's about to happen Okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake that's about to happen Okay and
+now what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+search on I in other words on the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on I in other words on the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on I in other words on the index
+into my distance array is a reason to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my distance array is a reason to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my distance array is a reason to do
+that is there a r like let's say that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there a r like let's say that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there a r like let's say that my
+distances are like one 2 five s right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances are like one 2 five s right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances are like one 2 five s right so
+these are the distance of some vertex to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the distance of some vertex to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the distance of some vertex to
+a sensor and let's say that I test three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensor and let's say that I test three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensor and let's say that I test three
+and I notice that three is admissible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I notice that three is admissible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I notice that three is admissible
+you know in other words she can get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in other words she can get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in other words she can get from
+one vertex to another um never getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vertex to another um never getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vertex to another um never getting
+within a radius of three should I try a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a radius of three should I try a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a radius of three should I try a
+radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of
+four well no because I'm going to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four well no because I'm going to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four well no because I'm going to remove
+vertices only when I pass an element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices only when I pass an element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices only when I pass an element in
+this array right so it makes sense to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array right so it makes sense to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array right so it makes sense to do
+binary search not in distance space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search not in distance space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search not in distance space but
+rather in Array index space because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather in Array index space because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather in Array index space because
+those are the sort of place junctures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the sort of place junctures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the sort of place junctures
+that determine when I'm going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determine when I'm going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determine when I'm going to uh
+remove stuff okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove stuff okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove stuff okay so
+uh right so remember how big is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so remember how big is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so remember how big is this
+array it's got length n so overall this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array it's got length n so overall this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array it's got length n so overall this
+binary search takes log n time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search takes log n time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search takes log n time and
+that's good because our whole algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good because our whole algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good because our whole algorithm
+now what do we do we binary search on D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we do we binary search on D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we do we binary search on D
+or rather we binary search on I and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather we binary search on I and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather we binary search on I and then
+we take Di and plug it into our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take Di and plug it into our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take Di and plug it into our our
+algorithm up there to construct our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm up there to construct our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm up there to construct our
+subgraph we test yes or no and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph we test yes or no and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph we test yes or no and that
+tells us the left or the right interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us the left or the right interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us the left or the right interval
+in our binary search and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our binary search and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our binary search and and we
+recurse uh and so overall uh this takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse uh and so overall uh this takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse uh and so overall uh this takes
+log n time but uh or rather log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n time but uh or rather log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n time but uh or rather log
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+steps of binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of binary
+search uh and of course each one of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search uh and of course each one of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search uh and of course each one of uh
+these steps as I argued up there takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps as I argued up there takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps as I argued up there takes
+order n time so overall our algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n time so overall our algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n time so overall our algorithm
+takes order and log oh no I made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes order and log oh no I made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes order and log oh no I made an
+accidental Theta and log n uh time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental Theta and log n uh time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental Theta and log n uh time and
+that was the bound we wanted uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the bound we wanted uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the bound we wanted uh to
+achieve as usual there's like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve as usual there's like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve as usual there's like a lot of
+detritus that we need to clean up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detritus that we need to clean up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detritus that we need to clean up at the
+end of our problem here one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of our problem here one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of our problem here one of them is
+that we actually want to return a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually want to return a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually want to return a path
+uh but that's not so bad right so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's not so bad right so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's not so bad right so now we
+we we've essentially determined that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've essentially determined that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've essentially determined that we
+can compute Kar in N log end time well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute Kar in N log end time well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute Kar in N log end time well
+that's good it says now if we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good it says now if we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good it says now if we actually
+want the path we can construct our graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the path we can construct our graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the path we can construct our graph
+one more time right at K star I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time right at K star I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time right at K star I suppose
+you already have it around from the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have it around from the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have it around from the end
+of binary search uh and then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of binary search uh and then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of binary search uh and then use
+whatever your favorite reachability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your favorite reachability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your favorite reachability
+algorithm is uh to go from s to t uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is uh to go from s to t uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is uh to go from s to t uh and
+and give Katniss the path that she wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give Katniss the path that she wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give Katniss the path that she wants
+or specifically dicer's algorithm if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or specifically dicer's algorithm if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or specifically dicer's algorithm if you
+want the shortest path um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the shortest path um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the shortest path um which is
+courteous because she doesn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courteous because she doesn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courteous because she doesn't want to
+walk too far she doesn't have to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk too far she doesn't have to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk too far she doesn't have to uh
+moreover uh let's see there a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover uh let's see there a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover uh let's see there a couple
+boundary cases that are probably worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary cases that are probably worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary cases that are probably worth
+mentioning in your problem so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning in your problem so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning in your problem so for
+instance if Kar equals zero in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if Kar equals zero in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if Kar equals zero in other
+words I do my binary search I get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I do my binary search I get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I do my binary search I get all
+the way back to the first element of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back to the first element of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back to the first element of my
+array and it's still saying I can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and it's still saying I can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and it's still saying I can't do
+it what does that mean that means that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what does that mean that means that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what does that mean that means that I
+cannot go from my source to my target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go from my source to my target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go from my source to my target
+node without passing through a Vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node without passing through a Vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node without passing through a Vertex
+that has a sensor at it yep uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a sensor at it yep uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a sensor at it yep uh and in
+which case what do you do well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case what do you do well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case what do you do well you can
+return any path or you might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return any path or you might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return any path or you might as well
+return the shortest path so that she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the shortest path so that she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the shortest path so that she can
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+okay uh and that I believe uh concludes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and that I believe uh concludes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and that I believe uh concludes
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+problem any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem any questions about that
+one thumbs up cool how are we doing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thumbs up cool how are we doing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thumbs up cool how are we doing on
+time as usual I think I'm going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as usual I think I'm going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as usual I think I'm going to end
+early and and we're precisely the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and and we're precisely the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and and we're precisely the same
+time I'm always added problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm always added problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm always added problem
+four okay so problem four we move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so problem four we move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so problem four we move from
+one fictional Universe to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fictional Universe to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fictional Universe to another
+here so now we're playing like okay Pawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now we're playing like okay Pawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now we're playing like okay Pawn
+or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+sorry if I didn't write so big I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if I didn't write so big I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if I didn't write so big I
+wouldn't have to waste half of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to waste half of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to waste half of class
+erasing but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+cool so now we have Ashley gum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so now we have Ashley gum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so now we have Ashley gum and
+Ashley gum is trying to go from twinkl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ashley gum is trying to go from twinkl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ashley gum is trying to go from twinkl
+town to blue blue Bluff and uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town to blue blue Bluff and uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town to blue blue Bluff and uh these are
+both two clearings in the TKO region I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both two clearings in the TKO region I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both two clearings in the TKO region I'm
+sure if I played Pokemon this would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if I played Pokemon this would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if I played Pokemon this would have
+meaning to me uh or whatever this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to me uh or whatever this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to me uh or whatever this is uh
+but in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any
+event we have a bunch of map we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event we have a bunch of map we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event we have a bunch of map we have a
+map of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of a bunch of
+clearings not liking the erasing on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearings not liking the erasing on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearings not liking the erasing on this
+board so maybe we'll start up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so we have uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearings uh and they're connected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearings uh and they're connected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearings uh and they're connected by
+two way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Trails uh and thankfully there's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trails uh and thankfully there's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trails uh and thankfully there's less
+than or equal to five Trails connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to five Trails connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to five Trails connecting
+in every clearing this is like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every clearing this is like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every clearing this is like our
+favorite detail to add to six6 problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite detail to add to six6 problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite detail to add to six6 problems
+is a degree bound y okay now with every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a degree bound y okay now with every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a degree bound y okay now with every
+Trail um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trail um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trail um we
+associate um a length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate um a length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate um a length
+um which we're going to call L subt for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we're going to call L subt for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we're going to call L subt for
+Trail T but an addition to that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trail T but an addition to that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trail T but an addition to that we're
+going to have another piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have another piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have another piece of
+information which is that it has a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is that it has a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is that it has a set
+of Critters on a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Critters on a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Critters on a c
+subt right so now every Trail you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt right so now every Trail you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt right so now every Trail you know
+our our our character here is walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our our character here is walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our our character here is walking
+along the path and what does she want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the path and what does she want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the path and what does she want to
+do anytime that she walks along a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anytime that she walks along a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anytime that she walks along a path
+she collects a critter or however many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she collects a critter or however many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she collects a critter or however many
+Critters are on that path in fact she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Critters are on that path in fact she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Critters are on that path in fact she
+feels a very similar way to how I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels a very similar way to how I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels a very similar way to how I feel
+at TJ Maxx right she she's walking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at TJ Maxx right she she's walking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at TJ Maxx right she she's walking down
+the aisles and like she can't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aisles and like she can't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aisles and like she can't help
+herself she's got to catch every Critter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself she's got to catch every Critter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself she's got to catch every Critter
+that she goes past on the path there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she goes past on the path there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she goes past on the path there's
+there's no option here she can't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no option here she can't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no option here she can't leave
+it behind because if she does then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it behind because if she does then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it behind because if she does then
+she'll be sad and the way the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'll be sad and the way the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'll be sad and the way the reason why
+our our character might not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our character might not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our character might not be able to
+pick up uh one of the critters would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up uh one of the critters would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up uh one of the critters would be
+if she ran out of her tools for picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she ran out of her tools for picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she ran out of her tools for picking
+up these Critters which are apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these Critters which are apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these Critters which are apparently
+pocket spheres and she has uh K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spheres in other words she has like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres in other words she has like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres in other words she has like a
+backpack and the backpack can hold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpack and the backpack can hold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpack and the backpack can hold that
+many spheres at a time okay uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many spheres at a time okay uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many spheres at a time okay uh there are
+a few uh details here one is that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few uh details here one is that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few uh details here one is that every
+time she walks down a path she collects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time she walks down a path she collects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time she walks down a path she collects
+all the critters but then if she walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the critters but then if she walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the critters but then if she walks
+down that path again she'll collect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that path again she'll collect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that path again she'll collect the
+same set of Critters apparently they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set of Critters apparently they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set of Critters apparently they
+they respawn they're very prolific these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they respawn they're very prolific these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they respawn they're very prolific these
+these Critters uh and moreover uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Critters uh and moreover uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Critters uh and moreover uh there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stores uh some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearings and at these stores uh she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearings and at these stores uh she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearings and at these stores uh she can
+get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of
+the critor she currently has and drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critor she currently has and drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critor she currently has and drop
+them off and pick up uh empty uh spheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off and pick up uh empty uh spheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off and pick up uh empty uh spheres
+instead right so essentially every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead right so essentially every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead right so essentially every time
+she does that she empties her backpack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she does that she empties her backpack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she does that she empties her backpack
+and gets a new set of material where she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gets a new set of material where she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gets a new set of material where she
+can keep picking up the critters I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep picking up the critters I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep picking up the critters I have
+many questions about this character like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many questions about this character like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many questions about this character like
+does she just leave them there does she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does she just leave them there does she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does she just leave them there does she
+come back for them later what does she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back for them later what does she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back for them later what does she
+do with the critters there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the critters there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the critters there's there's a
+lot of questions like does she have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions like does she have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions like does she have a
+bigger bag she can go back around to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger bag she can go back around to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger bag she can go back around to the
+stores but in this fictional Universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores but in this fictional Universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores but in this fictional Universe
+we're not going to worry about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to worry about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to worry about these
+problems okay and so um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay and so um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay and so um right so
+essentially the question here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the question here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the question here is that
+there are two uh uh locations I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two uh uh locations I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two uh uh locations I don't
+remember the name trundle trown to Blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the name trundle trown to Blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the name trundle trown to Blue
+Bluff that she's trying to travel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluff that she's trying to travel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bluff that she's trying to travel in
+between and she gets sad if she comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and she gets sad if she comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and she gets sad if she comes
+across a critter that she can't collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a critter that she can't collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a critter that she can't collect
+so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question
+is can you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+sad and in like kind of a da da twist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad and in like kind of a da da twist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad and in like kind of a da da twist in
+this problem uh if no such path exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem uh if no such path exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem uh if no such path exists
+in other words there's like she has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there's like she has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there's like she has to
+walk along some long trail with a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk along some long trail with a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk along some long trail with a bunch
+of Critters more than K Critters I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Critters more than K Critters I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Critters more than K Critters I guess
+in the worst case then sadness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst case then sadness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst case then sadness is
+unavoidable is what your code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavoidable is what your code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavoidable is what your code is
+apparently supposed to uh return which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently supposed to uh return which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently supposed to uh return which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+really defe us I I don't know who wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really defe us I I don't know who wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really defe us I I don't know who wrote
+this problems that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problems that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problems that um
+okay the question is how do we how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is how do we how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is how do we how do we
+solve this it looks like a shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this it looks like a shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this it looks like a shortest path
+problem but as with all problems in 66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but as with all problems in 66
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but as with all problems in 66
+there's a slight twist right and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a slight twist right and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a slight twist right and in this
+case the twist uh is that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the twist uh is that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the twist uh is that it's the
+shortest path without becoming sad where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path without becoming sad where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path without becoming sad where
+sadness means that you ran out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness means that you ran out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness means that you ran out of
+spheres to collect your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+craters now notice that we're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craters now notice that we're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craters now notice that we're given a
+budget by the way of I believe NK log NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget by the way of I believe NK log NK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget by the way of I believe NK log NK
+time is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is that right
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay notice that this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay notice that this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay notice that this is a little
+suspicious somehow it makes us think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious somehow it makes us think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious somehow it makes us think
+that the size of our problem really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the size of our problem really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the size of our problem really is
+NK rather than just n or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK rather than just n or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK rather than just n or
+k okay so uh how could we do this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k okay so uh how could we do this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k okay so uh how could we do this let's
+think back to a problem that we solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back to a problem that we solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back to a problem that we solved
+yesterday under the assumption that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday under the assumption that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday under the assumption that you
+guys are binge watching your uh 66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are binge watching your uh 66
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are binge watching your uh 66
+problem sessions here uh and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sessions here uh and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sessions here uh and remember
+the problem yesterday we had this dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem yesterday we had this dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem yesterday we had this dude
+that was walking along paths and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was walking along paths and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was walking along paths and like
+every third path he had to drink a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every third path he had to drink a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every third path he had to drink a
+beer that's I've tried this on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer that's I've tried this on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer that's I've tried this on my
+commute home and it doesn't doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute home and it doesn't doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute home and it doesn't doesn't work
+terribly well uh but in any event we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly well uh but in any event we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly well uh but in any event we
+have kind of a similar scenario here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of a similar scenario here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of a similar scenario here
+where like there's some number that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like there's some number that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like there's some number that we
+need to keep track of right there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep track of right there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep track of right there in
+this case is the number of Critters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is the number of Critters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is the number of Critters that
+our our character has uh remaining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our character has uh remaining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our character has uh remaining that
+she can pick up right so she starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can pick up right so she starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can pick up right so she starts with
+an empty bag as she collects them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty bag as she collects them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty bag as she collects them the
+amount of capacity in her bag decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of capacity in her bag decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of capacity in her bag decreases
+until she gets to a store and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until she gets to a store and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until she gets to a store and then it
+goes back again but the good news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back again but the good news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back again but the good news is
+that our runtime bound includes K in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our runtime bound includes K in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our runtime bound includes K in it
+so it's actually okay to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually okay to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually okay to make an
+algorithm that scales in the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that scales in the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that scales in the number of
+Critters that she can carry around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Critters that she can carry around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Critters that she can carry around this
+kind of a typical but but an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a typical but but an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a typical but but an interesting
+uh Choice here okay so remember the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Choice here okay so remember the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Choice here okay so remember the the
+term I introduced last time for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I introduced last time for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I introduced last time for this
+kind of universe is that it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of universe is that it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of universe is that it's called
+like a state machine like in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a state machine like in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a state machine like in addition to
+walking along the graph she needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking along the graph she needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking along the graph she needs to
+know how much capacity she has for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much capacity she has for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much capacity she has for
+craters uh and so here's here's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craters uh and so here's here's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craters uh and so here's here's a way to
+do it so I think actually this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so I think actually this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so I think actually this problem
+isn't too bad given that you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't too bad given that you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't too bad given that you saw the
+problem where you do every third vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where you do every third vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where you do every third vertex
+uh in our last problem session somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in our last problem session somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in our last problem session somehow
+it's it's just like a same church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just like a same church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just like a same church
+different Pew kind of scenario here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Pew kind of scenario here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Pew kind of scenario here so
+in this case uh one thing we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case uh one thing we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case uh one thing we can do is
+we're going to make a graph to colum G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make a graph to colum G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make a graph to colum G
+he's got vertices V EDG is E just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got vertices V EDG is E just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got vertices V EDG is E just for
+fun um but what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun um but what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun um but what we're going to do is
+have k + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices for every
+clearing and the reason is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing and the reason is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing and the reason is that what
+we're going to do is we're going to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're going to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're going to walk
+along the graph and as we Traverse our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the graph and as we Traverse our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the graph and as we Traverse our
+edges we're not only going to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges we're not only going to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges we're not only going to keep track
+of the costs like the distance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the costs like the distance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the costs like the distance that
+she's walking but also the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's walking but also the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's walking but also the number of
+Critters that she has remaining in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Critters that she has remaining in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Critters that she has remaining in her
+bag that she can store and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag that she can store and the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag that she can store and the way that
+we can do that is by like keeping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that is by like keeping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that is by like keeping a
+bunch of copies of our graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of copies of our graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of copies of our graph and
+ascending every time that we collect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending every time that we collect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending every time that we collect a
+new Critter does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Critter does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Critter does that make
+sense okay so here's a let's let's add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so here's a let's let's add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so here's a let's let's add a
+little bit more detail here so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail here so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail here so in
+particular I can define v c comma I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I can define v c comma I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I can define v c comma I is
+going to be the vertex per clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the vertex per clearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the vertex per clearing
+comma crater space uh and and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma crater space uh and and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma crater space uh and and the way
+that I can view it is that this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can view it is that this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can view it is that this is um
+sort of representing that I'm at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearing oops this should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing oops this should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing oops this should be a
+c uh and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c uh and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c uh and I have
+a i pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spheres uh that are empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so like initially I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like initially I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like initially I'm going to
+start at vs comma 0 and go from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at vs comma 0 and go from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at vs comma 0 and go from there
+okay okay oh it dep I guess it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay oh it dep I guess it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay oh it dep I guess it depends
+whether you're decreasing it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're decreasing it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're decreasing it or
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+it oh you're right yeah I'm sorry so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh you're right yeah I'm sorry so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh you're right yeah I'm sorry so in
+that case I guess it would be K we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case I guess it would be K we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case I guess it would be K we'll
+see if I manage to do that consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I manage to do that consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I manage to do that consistently
+throughout my my answer here um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout my my answer here um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout my my answer here um okay so
+now I need to tell you how to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to tell you how to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to tell you how to make the
+uh the edges in our graph and so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the edges in our graph and so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the edges in our graph and so let's
+do that next next so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that next next so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that next next so in
+particular for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for all
+trails from a uh between a and b um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trails from a uh between a and b um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trails from a uh between a and b um
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+length uh L um and uh Critter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C right so she picks up C Critters she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C right so she picks up C Critters she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C right so she picks up C Critters she
+traverses distance L she gets from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverses distance L she gets from A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverses distance L she gets from A to
+B or vice versa our trails are are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B or vice versa our trails are are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B or vice versa our trails are are are
+bidirectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidirectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidirectional
+here uh we need to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges and they look like this so we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and they look like this so we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and they look like this so we sort
+of have two different cases uh one uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have two different cases uh one uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have two different cases uh one uh is
+where uh you have a store and when is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you have a store and when is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you have a store and when is
+when you don't right because that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you don't right because that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you don't right because that that's
+going to affect how your your state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect how your your state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect how your your state
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so right so the first one would be uh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so the first one would be uh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so the first one would be uh oh
+did I get this whole thing backward oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I get this whole thing backward oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I get this whole thing backward oh
+don't tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell me
+that no I did okay good um great so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no I did okay good um great so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no I did okay good um great so the
+first case would be a does not has have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case would be a does not has have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case would be a does not has have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um right so in this case she leaves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so in this case she leaves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so in this case she leaves with
+the same number of Critters she had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of Critters she had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of Critters she had in
+her bag minus whatever Critter she picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her bag minus whatever Critter she picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her bag minus whatever Critter she picks
+up along the way right so now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up along the way right so now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up along the way right so now I'm going
+to have a uh an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+L uh and I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh and I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh and I'm going to go
+from va a comma I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from va a comma I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from va a comma I
+to v b comma I minus C right so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v b comma I minus C right so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v b comma I minus C right so the idea
+is that I go from A to B and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I go from A to B and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I go from A to B and in the
+process I lose C Critters right but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I lose C Critters right but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I lose C Critters right but I
+have to do this for all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this for all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this for all the possible
+eyes that I could see in my state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes that I could see in my state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes that I could see in my state so
+that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CT oops to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT oops to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT oops to
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+C associated with the Trail T which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C associated with the Trail T which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C associated with the Trail T which I
+decided not to use okay uh right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided not to use okay uh right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided not to use okay uh right so the
+the basic Point here is that there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic Point here is that there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic Point here is that there are a
+bunch of different states where I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different states where I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different states where I can
+Traverse this Trail but I have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse this Trail but I have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse this Trail but I have to have
+at least C Critters in my bag if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least C Critters in my bag if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least C Critters in my bag if I'm
+allowed to Traverse this Trail or else I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to Traverse this Trail or else I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to Traverse this Trail or else I
+will be sad okay uh and so kind of copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be sad okay uh and so kind of copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be sad okay uh and so kind of copy
+this Edge a bunch of different times to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge a bunch of different times to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge a bunch of different times to
+represent all the possible transitions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent all the possible transitions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent all the possible transitions I
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+make and similarly let's say that a does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and similarly let's say that a does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and similarly let's say that a does
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+store well I still want to add an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store well I still want to add an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store well I still want to add an edge
+but now I have the luxury of clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I have the luxury of clearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I have the luxury of clearing
+out all the stuff in my bag uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the stuff in my bag uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the stuff in my bag uh before
+collecting the critters yeah so now uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting the critters yeah so now uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting the critters yeah so now uh I
+still want an edge of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want an edge of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want an edge of length
+L um but now I get to connect more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L um but now I get to connect more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L um but now I get to connect more
+vertices and reset my state state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and reset my state state in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and reset my state state in the
+process right so now I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right so now I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right so now I'm going to go
+from va a comma I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from va a comma I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from va a comma I
+to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v
+b and uh where am I going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and uh where am I going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and uh where am I going to end
+up well how many Critters are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well how many Critters are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well how many Critters are going to
+be in my bag I have a bag of capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in my bag I have a bag of capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in my bag I have a bag of capacity
+K and I just Traverse The Edge from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and I just Traverse The Edge from A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and I just Traverse The Edge from A to
+B which contains C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which contains C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which contains C
+Critters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I get in v k minus C like that uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get in v k minus C like that uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get in v k minus C like that uh and
+of of course um I can do that for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of course um I can do that for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of course um I can do that for for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from oh yeah I have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+careful well no actually just for all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful well no actually just for all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful well no actually just for all I
+is fine yeah I think there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine yeah I think there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine yeah I think there might be a
+there's either mistake in how I copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's either mistake in how I copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's either mistake in how I copied
+it down or a mistake in the problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down or a mistake in the problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down or a mistake in the problem a
+mistake in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem yeah I think this is right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah I think this is right yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah I think this is right yes
+so I think there's we we wrote for all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think there's we we wrote for all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think there's we we wrote for all I
+and some interval but we didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some interval but we didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some interval but we didn't have to
+okay right so uh those are our different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so uh those are our different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so uh those are our different
+cases right so essentially in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases right so essentially in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases right so essentially in this case
+we we we clear out our our Q here or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we clear out our our Q here or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we clear out our our Q here or or
+well not even a q just our our set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not even a q just our our set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not even a q just our our set of
+spheres we reset we go back here notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres we reset we go back here notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres we reset we go back here notice
+that the second vertex doesn't even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second vertex doesn't even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second vertex doesn't even have
+an i in its index because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i in its index because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i in its index because it doesn't
+matter okay and then similarly uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay and then similarly uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay and then similarly uh you
+know so that gets me from A to B I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that gets me from A to B I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that gets me from A to B I also
+have to do the symmetric thing to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do the symmetric thing to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do the symmetric thing to go
+from B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I have a
+graph um and first of all we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um and first of all we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um and first of all we should
+reason and make sure uh that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and make sure uh that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and make sure uh that we can
+actually construct this graph in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually construct this graph in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually construct this graph in a
+reasonable amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of
+time so let's do that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast right so uh the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast right so uh the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast right so uh the number of vertices
+on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+well I basically have k + one copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I basically have k + one copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I basically have k + one copies of
+my graph so it's equal to k + 1 * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph so it's equal to k + 1 * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph so it's equal to k + 1 * n
+that's good so that's order K and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good so that's order K and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good so that's order K and time
+uh order K and space I suppose uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh order K and space I suppose uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh order K and space I suppose uh and
+similarly uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly uh there's
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+edges um that are associated with every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges um that are associated with every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges um that are associated with every
+Trail and there's order n Trails because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trail and there's order n Trails because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trail and there's order n Trails because
+I have a degree bound so overall there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a degree bound so overall there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a degree bound so overall there's
+order k n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order k n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order k n
+is in my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in my graph
+okay great so now uh my problem is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so now uh my problem is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so now uh my problem is not
+so bad I have a a source uh which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad I have a a source uh which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad I have a a source uh which is the
+the place where our our Walker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where our our Walker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where our our Walker
+starts f t which is the destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts f t which is the destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts f t which is the destination
+where she wants to go um so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she wants to go um so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she wants to go um so what do I
+need well I just need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need well I just need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need well I just need any
+path that starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that starts at
+vsk right in other words she starts at s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vsk right in other words she starts at s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vsk right in other words she starts at s
+and has a full bag with K capacity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a full bag with K capacity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a full bag with K capacity and
+ends up at to V uh T comma I for any I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up at to V uh T comma I for any I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up at to V uh T comma I for any I
+right because it doesn't matter how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it doesn't matter how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it doesn't matter how much
+capacity she has in her bag when she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity she has in her bag when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity she has in her bag when she
+reads her her her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads her her her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads her her her
+destination um so this is for all I any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination um so this is for all I any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination um so this is for all I any
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+avoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoids
+sadness and the way this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness and the way this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness and the way this problem is
+written right so how could I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written right so how could I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written right so how could I do that
+well she wants the shortest path um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well she wants the shortest path um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well she wants the shortest path um so I
+can just do dicer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm from vsk and do a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm from vsk and do a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm from vsk and do a bit of
+cleanup afterward to check all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanup afterward to check all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanup afterward to check all the
+different eyes and find this closest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eyes and find this closest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eyes and find this closest one
+and how much time does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much time does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much time does that
+take well my graph takes KNN spa space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take well my graph takes KNN spa space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take well my graph takes KNN spa space
+because it has knen vertices and Order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has knen vertices and Order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has knen vertices and Order
+knen uh edges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knen uh edges so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knen uh edges so
+overall this is going to take order KNN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall this is going to take order KNN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall this is going to take order KNN
+log KNN time time which is a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log KNN time time which is a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log KNN time time which is a good thing
+because that's exactly what the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's exactly what the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's exactly what the problem
+asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks
+for and of course uh uh if the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and of course uh uh if the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and of course uh uh if the uh
+shortest path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path is
+infinity then what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity then what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity then what do we
+know you say it with me sadness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you say it with me sadness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you say it with me sadness is
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unavoidable this is a weird thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavoidable this is a weird thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavoidable this is a weird thing to
+write on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on a
+Blackboard okay so that's our basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard okay so that's our basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard okay so that's our basic
+problem here so what was our strategy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here so what was our strategy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here so what was our strategy if
+we step back 10 ft essentially we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we step back 10 ft essentially we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we step back 10 ft essentially we took
+our graph um and rather than just making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph um and rather than just making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph um and rather than just making
+our graph we make K copies of it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph we make K copies of it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph we make K copies of it with
+edges that kind of Point upstairs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that kind of Point upstairs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that kind of Point upstairs uh
+meaning that you you you give away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that you you you give away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that you you you give away
+spheres uh in the the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres uh in the the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres uh in the the process of
+traversing these different edges except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversing these different edges except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversing these different edges except
+when you hit the stores which brings you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hit the stores which brings you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hit the stores which brings you
+back to level zero um so that was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to level zero um so that was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to level zero um so that was our
+our basic graph structure and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our basic graph structure and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our basic graph structure and then we
+just need to do shortest path on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to do shortest path on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to do shortest path on that
+thing all right any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all right any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all right any questions about that
+yes last time we did graph duplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes last time we did graph duplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes last time we did graph duplication
+we made a it was layered graph and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made a it was layered graph and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made a it was layered graph and you
+kept making these Transitions and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept making these Transitions and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept making these Transitions and it was
+a d so can't we do this in linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d so can't we do this in linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d so can't we do this in linear time
+can't we do this in linear time so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we do this in linear time so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we do this in linear time so in
+other words why is our graph not a dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words why is our graph not a dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words why is our graph not a dag
+in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case
+um let me think about that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second what there's something about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second what there's something about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second what there's something about this
+problem that mean it says that the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that mean it says that the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that mean it says that the graph
+has to be a dag uh in particular I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a dag uh in particular I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a dag uh in particular I guess
+you could keep walking like if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could keep walking like if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could keep walking like if you had a
+path with a store that were exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path with a store that were exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path with a store that were exactly the
+same as the number of Critters you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the number of Critters you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the number of Critters you could
+keep walking back and forth along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep walking back and forth along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep walking back and forth along that
+path um and so there's like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path um and so there's like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path um and so there's like a little
+cycle there which would be enough to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle there which would be enough to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle there which would be enough to not
+be able to do it in linear time well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do it in linear time well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do it in linear time well the
+edges that we constructed are not Ed are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that we constructed are not Ed are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that we constructed are not Ed are
+not don't necessarily correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not don't necessarily correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not don't necessarily correspond to the
+edges in the original Trails that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in the original Trails that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in the original Trails that's not
+the problem uh sure that's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem uh sure that's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem uh sure that's absolutely
+right so we we constructed a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we we constructed a directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we we constructed a directed
+graph out of our original one but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph out of our original one but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph out of our original one but that
+director graph also can contain Cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director graph also can contain Cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director graph also can contain Cycles
+right um so yeah so I I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so yeah so I I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so yeah so I I think the
+example I'm giving you works so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm giving you works so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm giving you works so I have a
+graph with two vertices maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with two vertices maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with two vertices maybe there's
+other grass stuff going on but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other grass stuff going on but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other grass stuff going on but whatever
+I have two vertices here and I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two vertices here and I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two vertices here and I have some
+number of Critters here and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Critters here and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Critters here and I have a
+store on either end of my Edge just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store on either end of my Edge just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store on either end of my Edge just
+because I'm boring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conservative and now well assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and now well assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and now well assuming that
+c is less than K I can just keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is less than K I can just keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is less than K I can just keep going
+back and forth along this Edge as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth along this Edge as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth along this Edge as many
+times I want and this is for free right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I want and this is for free right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I want and this is for free right
+because every time I get to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every time I get to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every time I get to the end of
+The Edge I throw all my critters away um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Edge I throw all my critters away um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Edge I throw all my critters away um
+so that's an example of a cycle in My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an example of a cycle in My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an example of a cycle in My
+Graph and because there's a cycle I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph and because there's a cycle I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph and because there's a cycle I'm
+not in the the dag case anymore a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the the dag case anymore a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the the dag case anymore a cycle
+in the in the constructed graph sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the constructed graph sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the constructed graph sorry
+yeah it is a cycle here and also a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it is a cycle here and also a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it is a cycle here and also a cycle
+in the constructed graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the constructed graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the constructed graph
+um yeah sorry I guess that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah sorry I guess that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah sorry I guess that's
+true all right any other questions I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right any other questions I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right any other questions I can
+make a hash of here excellent so am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a hash of here excellent so am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a hash of here excellent so am I
+out of time ah Shucks no um okay in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time ah Shucks no um okay in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time ah Shucks no um okay in that
+case we'll do the last problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we'll do the last problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we'll do the last problem here
+actually last problem I think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually last problem I think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually last problem I think is the
+most interesting one so as usual I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting one so as usual I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting one so as usual I've
+left myself with not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left myself with not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left myself with not enough
+time okay which of these boards is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay which of these boards is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay which of these boards is the
+tidiest the answer is none of yeah none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tidiest the answer is none of yeah none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tidiest the answer is none of yeah none
+of the above so let's use the backs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the above so let's use the backs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the above so let's use the backs
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+okay right so our last problem is a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so our last problem is a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so our last problem is a uh
+shipping problem not a trans shipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping problem not a trans shipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping problem not a trans shipment
+problem which happens to be my area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which happens to be my area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which happens to be my area of
+research but rather uh just uh a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research but rather uh just uh a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research but rather uh just uh a a good
+old uh shipping thing so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old uh shipping thing so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old uh shipping thing so here
+um Strangely I did not give myself my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Strangely I did not give myself my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Strangely I did not give myself my
+complete notes so this will be fun um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete notes so this will be fun um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete notes so this will be fun um
+right so I'm trying to ship servers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm trying to ship servers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm trying to ship servers from
+San Francisco to Cambridge by truck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco to Cambridge by truck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco to Cambridge by truck and
+I have all these bunch of third-party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have all these bunch of third-party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have all these bunch of third-party
+companies that all have pairs of cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that all have pairs of cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that all have pairs of cities
+that they can ship between and only so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can ship between and only so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can ship between and only so
+much these companies are kind of Divas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much these companies are kind of Divas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much these companies are kind of Divas
+they have a weight limit they only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a weight limit they only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a weight limit they only have
+like cities they're directed edges I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cities they're directed edges I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cities they're directed edges I
+can't like they don't drive their trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't like they don't drive their trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't like they don't drive their trucks
+back apparently or maybe they like pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back apparently or maybe they like pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back apparently or maybe they like pick
+up somebody else's stuff and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up somebody else's stuff and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up somebody else's stuff and they're
+just picking your stuff up in the boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking your stuff up in the boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking your stuff up in the boring
+direction or or whatever uh so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or or whatever uh so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or or whatever uh so I have a
+bunch of I have N Trucking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roots and uh each root are sub I uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots and uh each root are sub I uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots and uh each root are sub I uh is a
+tupal with SI I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal with SI I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal with SI I
+TI w i c i and what are all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI w i c i and what are all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI w i c i and what are all these things
+so here uh this is the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here uh this is the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here uh this is the source
+of uh every shipping route every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh every shipping route every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh every shipping route every
+Trucking route here this is the Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trucking route here this is the Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trucking route here this is the Target
+right so this is like where the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is like where the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is like where the truck
+starts this is where the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ends this is the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends this is the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends this is the max
+weight that the truck can handle so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight that the truck can handle so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight that the truck can handle so like
+the truck only has so much space in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck only has so much space in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck only has so much space in it
+uh you know the tires are only so big uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the tires are only so big uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the tires are only so big uh
+if I put something of of weight bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put something of of weight bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put something of of weight bigger
+than W uh then my my truck is is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than W uh then my my truck is is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than W uh then my my truck is is going
+to die so that's the most that I can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die so that's the most that I can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die so that's the most that I can put
+on this truck and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this truck and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this truck and this is the
+cost okay and I have uh end roots that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay and I have uh end roots that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay and I have uh end roots that
+look like this I'm trying to ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this I'm trying to ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this I'm trying to ship
+servers and of course some of my servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers and of course some of my servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers and of course some of my servers
+are are too darn busy but we make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are too darn busy but we make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are too darn busy but we make an
+assumption here which is that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here which is that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here which is that our
+Trucking routes form a uh sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trucking routes form a uh sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trucking routes form a uh sort of a
+continuous Network I can get from s tot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Network I can get from s tot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Network I can get from s tot
+and ship at the very least like a pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ship at the very least like a pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ship at the very least like a pencil
+eraser you know like some minimal amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eraser you know like some minimal amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eraser you know like some minimal amount
+of weight okay and so the basic uh end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight okay and so the basic uh end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight okay and so the basic uh end
+point of this problem is going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this problem is going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this problem is going to be uh
+to sort of figure out the heaviest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of figure out the heaviest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of figure out the heaviest thing
+that I can ship uh and and uh we we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can ship uh and and uh we we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can ship uh and and uh we we give
+you a problem on the uh sort of on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a problem on the uh sort of on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a problem on the uh sort of on the
+path toward that uh to help prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path toward that uh to help prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path toward that uh to help prove a
+little bit about this this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this this is a very
+typical kind of setup so again I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical kind of setup so again I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical kind of setup so again I've got
+a bunch of trucking routs each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of trucking routs each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of trucking routs each one of
+which has a max weight and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a max weight and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a max weight and I'm going to
+want to know first of all what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know first of all what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know first of all what's the
+maximum amount of weight I can ship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of weight I can ship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of weight I can ship and
+then what is the minimum cost I can ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is the minimum cost I can ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is the minimum cost I can ship
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+weight so in problem a which is marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so in problem a which is marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so in problem a which is marked
+as useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as useful
+digression um we're first going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digression um we're first going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digression um we're first going to prove
+kind of a handy uh in equality I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a handy uh in equality I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a handy uh in equality I decided
+to go off book with my proof ever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go off book with my proof ever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go off book with my proof ever so
+slightly of this so get excited uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly of this so get excited uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly of this so get excited uh for
+this to be slightly uh wrong in a subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be slightly uh wrong in a subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be slightly uh wrong in a subtle
+way which is what I specialize in um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which is what I specialize in um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which is what I specialize in um but
+in particular uh we're going to make a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular uh we're going to make a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular uh we're going to make a a
+definition here so let's say that Pi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here so let's say that Pi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here so let's say that Pi is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+path okay then uh the bottleneck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi of Pi is going to be uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi of Pi is going to be uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi of Pi is going to be uh the the
+minimum Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weight of of any Edge in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi and to make sure that we see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and to make sure that we see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and to make sure that we see how this
+is connected to the problem um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected to the problem um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected to the problem um you know
+if I'm trying to ship a server and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm trying to ship a server and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm trying to ship a server and I
+have to put on truck one and truck two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put on truck one and truck two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put on truck one and truck two
+and truck three and truck four and truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and truck three and truck four and truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and truck three and truck four and truck
+five um obviously of those five trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um obviously of those five trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um obviously of those five trucks
+the one whose capacity uh for weight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one whose capacity uh for weight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one whose capacity uh for weight is
+the small is the only one that matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small is the only one that matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small is the only one that matters
+in terms of the heaviest thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the heaviest thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the heaviest thing that I
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ship okay so uh right now uh given two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship okay so uh right now uh given two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship okay so uh right now uh given two
+given a directed graph uh and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a directed graph uh and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a directed graph uh and two
+vertices s and t we're going to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices s and t we're going to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices s and t we're going to define a
+quantity called B of s comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity called B of s comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity called B of s comma
+T and we're going to say that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and we're going to say that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and we're going to say that this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+max over any path PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max over any path PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max over any path PI
+from pass to T of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pass to T of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pass to T of the
+bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Pi okay so so to sanity check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi okay so so to sanity check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi okay so so to sanity check this
+quantity here essentially what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here essentially what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here essentially what it's
+saying is at the end of the day I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is at the end of the day I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is at the end of the day I have
+this big network of trucking routes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big network of trucking routes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big network of trucking routes I
+just want to go from one city to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to go from one city to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to go from one city to another
+and I don't care which series of trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't care which series of trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't care which series of trucks
+I want to use I just want to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to use I just want to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to use I just want to maximize
+the weight that I could ship right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight that I could ship right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight that I could ship right and
+so this is saying I'm going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is saying I'm going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is saying I'm going to look at
+all the different paths that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different paths that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different paths that I could
+take each path is sort of band limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take each path is sort of band limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take each path is sort of band limited
+by the one truck that has the lightest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the one truck that has the lightest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the one truck that has the lightest
+weight that it can carry um and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight that it can carry um and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight that it can carry um and I'm
+going to find the path that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the path that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the path that has the
+best bottleneck as measured by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best bottleneck as measured by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best bottleneck as measured by this
+quantity using the word best because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity using the word best because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity using the word best because I
+tend to make sign mistakes and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to make sign mistakes and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to make sign mistakes and that's a
+vague term okay and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague term okay and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague term okay and then uh
+right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh
+so writing too big I hopefully I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so writing too big I hopefully I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so writing too big I hopefully I won't
+run out of space we're going to make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of space we're going to make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of space we're going to make one
+additional uh definition which is I of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh definition which is I of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh definition which is I of T
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming
+neighbors of uh t okay and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors of uh t okay and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors of uh t okay and then the
+problem is asking you to prove uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is asking you to prove uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is asking you to prove uh a
+particular uh inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh inequality
+here claim which is that b of s t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here claim which is that b of s t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here claim which is that b of s t is
+bigger than or equal to um the Min of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to um the Min of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to um the Min of
+two values B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values B
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+SV or W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SV or W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SV or W of
+VT for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT for
+all uh V in I of T so let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh V in I of T so let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh V in I of T so let's see what
+this is saying so remember that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying so remember that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying so remember that this is
+like the capacity that I can ship from s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the capacity that I can ship from s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the capacity that I can ship from s
+to T using any route um and that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T using any route um and that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T using any route um and that that uh
+upper bounds the minimum of two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounds the minimum of two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounds the minimum of two things
+right either the capacity of shipping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right either the capacity of shipping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right either the capacity of shipping to
+one of my neighbors with an incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my neighbors with an incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my neighbors with an incoming
+Edge or the weight of basically shipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge or the weight of basically shipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge or the weight of basically shipping
+from that neighbor to me notice this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that neighbor to me notice this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that neighbor to me notice this is
+kind of similar to a triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of similar to a triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of similar to a triangle inequality
+which is why we're going to kind of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we're going to kind of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we're going to kind of know
+how to solve Part B of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve Part B of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve Part B of this problem
+pretty easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easily
+okay um and moreover uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equality uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some V Star in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some V Star in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some V Star in
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+okay guess what that VAR star is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay guess what that VAR star is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay guess what that VAR star is going
+to be it's going to be the vertex that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's going to be the vertex that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's going to be the vertex that's
+sort of the previous one on the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the previous one on the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the previous one on the path of
+of of of of trucks that I actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of of trucks that I actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of of trucks that I actually take
+to ship stuff right okay so how could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ship stuff right okay so how could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ship stuff right okay so how could we
+prove this so the intuition here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this so the intuition here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this so the intuition here is that
+the path that's actually giving you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path that's actually giving you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path that's actually giving you this
+bottleneck this BS comma T has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck this BS comma T has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck this BS comma T has to
+include one of my incoming edges and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include one of my incoming edges and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include one of my incoming edges and I'm
+just trying to find it right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to find it right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to find it right that's
+that's roughly what's what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roughly what's what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roughly what's what's going on in
+this inequality and and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality and and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality and and by the way
+whenever a problem asks you to prove an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever a problem asks you to prove an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever a problem asks you to prove an
+inequality you should step back you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality you should step back you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality you should step back you know
+like I feel like I spend like 85% of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I feel like I spend like 85% of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I feel like I spend like 85% of my
+day with research students sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day with research students sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day with research students sort of
+saying like Okay but like what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like Okay but like what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like Okay but like what is this
+really telling me about life and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really telling me about life and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really telling me about life and and and
+this is a good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good uh
+example okay so to that end um I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so to that end um I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so to that end um I'm going
+to make a definition which I found to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a definition which I found to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a definition which I found to be
+convenient when I was solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient when I was solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient when I was solving this
+problem um which is the following I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um which is the following I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um which is the following I'm
+going to say that Pi s comma t uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that Pi s comma t uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that Pi s comma t uh is
+going to be the actual path uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the actual path uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the actual path uh that
+gives me the bottleneck so this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the bottleneck so this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the bottleneck so this is kind
+of like the ARG Max over all Pi I'm use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the ARG Max over all Pi I'm use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the ARG Max over all Pi I'm use
+really bad notation Pi is the connect S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad notation Pi is the connect S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad notation Pi is the connect S2
+T that's how we're going to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's how we're going to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's how we're going to think of
+that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the
+bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words
+like this is the uh path that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is the uh path that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is the uh path that actually
+realizes uh this this quantity B right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes uh this this quantity B right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes uh this this quantity B right
+so in other words B of s t is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottleneck Pi only has two lines has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck Pi only has two lines has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck Pi only has two lines has two
+this is convenient for me because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is convenient for me because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is convenient for me because the
+reasoning about that path uh makes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about that path uh makes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about that path uh makes some
+sense um okay so now uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um okay so now uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um okay so now uh we're going to
+prove the inequality first and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the inequality first and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the inequality first and then we
+may or may not choose prove the equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not choose prove the equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not choose prove the equality
+case depending on how I feel okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case depending on how I feel okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case depending on how I feel okay so uh
+right so let's section this off try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's section this off try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's section this off try and
+use my board a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my board a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my board a little more
+conservatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservatively
+here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+okay so right so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right so now let's
+take a Vertex uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a Vertex uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a Vertex uh
+V from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V from the
+incoming uh edges here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming uh edges here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming uh edges here of
+t right because that's what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t right because that's what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t right because that's what we need to
+to prove this and we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this and we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this and we're just going to
+prove the inequality directly here uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the inequality directly here uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the inequality directly here uh in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can
+define a path that goes from s to T as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a path that goes from s to T as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a path that goes from s to T as
+follows I could take the uh Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows I could take the uh Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows I could take the uh Pi
+SV and then concatenate onto the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SV and then concatenate onto the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SV and then concatenate onto the end of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+guy um T right because we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy um T right because we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy um T right because we know that
+there's a directed Edge from V to T by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a directed Edge from V to T by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a directed Edge from V to T by
+definition of of what this I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of of what this I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of of what this I is
+okay um right and so this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um right and so this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um right and so this is kind of
+convenient because this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient because this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient because this is like the
+bottleneck path for one of my neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck path for one of my neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck path for one of my neighbors
+and now I'm just kind of sticking an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm just kind of sticking an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm just kind of sticking an
+edge on there and we know uh that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge on there and we know uh that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge on there and we know uh that of
+course this is a candidate path to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is a candidate path to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is a candidate path to get
+from s but it may not be the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s but it may not be the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s but it may not be the one that
+actually achieves the bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually achieves the bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually achieves the bottleneck
+okay right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so
+uh yeah uh and let's uh oops let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah uh and let's uh oops let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah uh and let's uh oops let's
+define that to be Pi uh twiddle just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define that to be Pi uh twiddle just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define that to be Pi uh twiddle just for
+for fun I like give things names okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun I like give things names okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun I like give things names okay so
+what do we know we know that b of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know we know that b of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know we know that b of s
+comma T well this by definition is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma T well this by definition is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma T well this by definition is the
+max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottleneck of any incoming path going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck of any incoming path going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck of any incoming path going
+from s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to
+T this is a path from s to T yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T this is a path from s to T yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T this is a path from s to T yeah so
+because this is the max it is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the max it is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the max it is bigger
+than or equal to bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Pi twiddle right that's the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi twiddle right that's the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi twiddle right that's the nice
+thing about Maxes they tend to be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about Maxes they tend to be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about Maxes they tend to be bigger
+than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other
+stuff okay uh well what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay uh well what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay uh well what is the
+bottleneck of Pi twiddle well remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck of Pi twiddle well remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck of Pi twiddle well remember
+our definition of bottle bottleneck here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our definition of bottle bottleneck here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our definition of bottle bottleneck here
+right it's the Min Edge weight over my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the Min Edge weight over my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the Min Edge weight over my
+entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire
+path well I have two options either that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path well I have two options either that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path well I have two options either that
+edge weight is The Edge from V to T or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge weight is The Edge from V to T or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge weight is The Edge from V to T or
+it's the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the edge
+we that's associated to the rest of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that's associated to the rest of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that's associated to the rest of this
+stuff yeah so either um this is the Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff yeah so either um this is the Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff yeah so either um this is the Min
+of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottleneck of the first segment of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck of the first segment of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck of the first segment of our
+path Pi SV by the way that may be empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path Pi SV by the way that may be empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path Pi SV by the way that may be empty
+and that's like okay that's just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's like okay that's just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's like okay that's just like a
+one Edge path you can dispense with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Edge path you can dispense with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Edge path you can dispense with that
+case pretty easily uh or the weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case pretty easily uh or the weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case pretty easily uh or the weight of
+VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT
+cool well by definition bottl neck of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool well by definition bottl neck of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool well by definition bottl neck of Pi
+SV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SV
+is exactly this quantity right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly this quantity right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly this quantity right because
+that's what I chose it to be over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I chose it to be over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I chose it to be over here
+yeah so this is exactly Min the b s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is exactly Min the b s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is exactly Min the b s
+comma V That was supposed to be a v but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma V That was supposed to be a v but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma V That was supposed to be a v but
+I wrote a t or W of V comma T and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote a t or W of V comma T and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote a t or W of V comma T and that
+is exactly what we wanted to prove yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what we wanted to prove yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what we wanted to prove yeah
+so that takes care of our inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that takes care of our inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that takes care of our inequality
+case do I want to do the equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case do I want to do the equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case do I want to do the equality
+case I don't think I do yeah so uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I don't think I do yeah so uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I don't think I do yeah so uh it's
+not too hard to check the equality case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too hard to check the equality case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too hard to check the equality case
+essentially you you can make a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you you can make a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you you can make a pretty
+easy contradiction right because if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy contradiction right because if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy contradiction right because if it's
+strictly larger then what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly larger then what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly larger then what does that mean
+that means that every single incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that every single incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that every single incoming
+Edge none of them can be the edge where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge none of them can be the edge where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge none of them can be the edge where
+your bottleneck path comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bottleneck path comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bottleneck path comes in and
+obviously there's something wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's something wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's something wrong with
+that uh okay so I'll refer you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh okay so I'll refer you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh okay so I'll refer you guys to
+the uh the notes for that one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the notes for that one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the notes for that one and
+finally uh the problem says uh assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uh the problem says uh assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uh the problem says uh assuming
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh so now we have kind of a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now we have kind of a funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now we have kind of a funny
+constant in here just to make your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in here just to make your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in here just to make your life
+a little bit annoying we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit annoying we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit annoying we have
+um at most three Square Ro TN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at most three Square Ro TN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at most three Square Ro TN
+cities that we care about um again why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that we care about um again why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that we care about um again why
+three why not uh I think uh and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three why not uh I think uh and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three why not uh I think uh and what we
+want is the weight of the single uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is the weight of the single uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is the weight of the single uh
+largest server and the minimum cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest server and the minimum cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest server and the minimum cost to
+ship uh that thing so we want one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship uh that thing so we want one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship uh that thing so we want one the
+largest weight we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship
+we'll call that W star to ship and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call that W star to ship and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call that W star to ship and two
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smallest cost um to ship that weigh W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest cost um to ship that weigh W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest cost um to ship that weigh W
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+okay so let's do two first because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do two first because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do two first because it's
+easy so let's say that I was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so let's say that I was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so let's say that I was able to
+compute W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute W
+star so now what can I do well I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so now what can I do well I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so now what can I do well I can
+construct a graph by only keep around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a graph by only keep around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a graph by only keep around
+the the the trucks that can ship at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the trucks that can ship at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the trucks that can ship at most
+at least this amount of weight because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least this amount of weight because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least this amount of weight because
+the other ships are I really want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ships are I really want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ships are I really want them
+to be boats in this problem but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be boats in this problem but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be boats in this problem but the the
+other trucks uh are are useless right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other trucks uh are are useless right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other trucks uh are are useless right if
+they can't cover W star then they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't cover W star then they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't cover W star then they're not
+pulling their weight yeah so to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling their weight yeah so to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling their weight yeah so to do
+uh part two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part two
+here what can I do um I can make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what can I do um I can make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what can I do um I can make a new
+graph uh G Sub C with a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh G Sub C with a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh G Sub C with a vertex
+for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every
+city and um and uh right and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and um and uh right and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and um and uh right and an
+edge d a directed Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry per uh shipping route uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry per uh shipping route uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry per uh shipping route uh with
+um this is going to be an unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is going to be an unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is going to be an unfortunate
+clash in terminology I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clash in terminology I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clash in terminology I'm going to say
+Edge weight to refer to the edge in My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Graph and that's going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph and that's going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph and that's going to be equal to
+the cost of the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of the edge
+um uh and only keep around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and only keep around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and only keep around
+uh but only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roots that can carry at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots that can carry at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots that can carry at least
+um W star amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um W star amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um W star amount of
+weight and now what do we do well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and now what do we do well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and now what do we do well it's
+the shortest path right at this Point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path right at this Point um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path right at this Point um
+you know shortest path which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know shortest path which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know shortest path which is really
+the minimum cost in this case because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum cost in this case because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum cost in this case because
+that's what we're associating to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're associating to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're associating to the
+edges um is going to give me the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges um is going to give me the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges um is going to give me the cost of
+shipping wstar in my network I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping wstar in my network I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping wstar in my network I think
+that's pretty obvious from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty obvious from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty obvious from this
+construction um so that's drra d i j k s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction um so that's drra d i j k s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction um so that's drra d i j k s
+t r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t r
+a and now the only question is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and now the only question is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and now the only question is how much
+time does it take so let's say that I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time does it take so let's say that I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time does it take so let's say that I do
+the brain dead version of dyra where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain dead version of dyra where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain dead version of dyra where I
+just use a direct access array to do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use a direct access array to do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use a direct access array to do my
+priority CU so if you call that'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority CU so if you call that'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority CU so if you call that'll take
+Big O of mod V cubed here squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big O of mod V cubed here squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big O of mod V cubed here squared
+squared yep you're right sorry I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared yep you're right sorry I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared yep you're right sorry I was
+thinking Johnson's algorithm okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking Johnson's algorithm okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking Johnson's algorithm okay well
+in this case how big is V well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case how big is V well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case how big is V well it's
+square root of n 3 * square root of n at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n 3 * square root of n at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n 3 * square root of n at
+most so of course v^2 uh is really big O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most so of course v^2 uh is really big O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most so of course v^2 uh is really big O
+of n uh and and and the that part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n uh and and and the that part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n uh and and and the that part is
+solved yeah so really our only uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved yeah so really our only uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved yeah so really our only uh
+remaining problem here is to do part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining problem here is to do part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining problem here is to do part one
+and I don't have nearly enough time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have nearly enough time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have nearly enough time in
+fact I'm completely out of time so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'm completely out of time so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'm completely out of time so maybe
+we'll just talk through it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just talk through it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just talk through it really
+briefly sorry about that um essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly sorry about that um essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly sorry about that um essentially
+the basic observation here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic observation here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic observation here is that the
+inequality that we proved in part A of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality that we proved in part A of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality that we proved in part A of
+our problem it's kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem it's kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem it's kind of like the
+triangle inequality of the bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality of the bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality of the bottleneck
+World in some sense um essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World in some sense um essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World in some sense um essentially what
+it's giving you is some or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving you is some or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving you is some or you know
+update formula that looks kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update formula that looks kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update formula that looks kind of like
+the update formula that we'd apply in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the update formula that we'd apply in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the update formula that we'd apply in
+dce algorithm for shortest path right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dce algorithm for shortest path right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dce algorithm for shortest path right
+the basic assumption here being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic assumption here being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic assumption here being that
+well my shortest path has to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well my shortest path has to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well my shortest path has to come from
+somewhere right so if I look over all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere right so if I look over all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere right so if I look over all my
+neighbors and then I kind of add in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and then I kind of add in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and then I kind of add in my
+closest The Edge uh or rather you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest The Edge uh or rather you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest The Edge uh or rather you know
+the sum of the path length to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the path length to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the path length to the
+previous vertex plus the edge to me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous vertex plus the edge to me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous vertex plus the edge to me it
+gives the shortest path to me here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the shortest path to me here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the shortest path to me here
+instead of that we're saying the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of that we're saying the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of that we're saying the biggest
+bottleneck path so what do I do I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck path so what do I do I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck path so what do I do I look
+at all of my incoming neighbors I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all of my incoming neighbors I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all of my incoming neighbors I find
+the one with the biggest bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with the biggest bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with the biggest bottleneck
+which is band limited by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is band limited by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is band limited by their
+bottleneck plus the bottleneck of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck plus the bottleneck of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck plus the bottleneck of the
+incoming Edge uh and then I update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming Edge uh and then I update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming Edge uh and then I update
+myself so the only thing remaining here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself so the only thing remaining here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself so the only thing remaining here
+is to basically do exactly uh dce's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to basically do exactly uh dce's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to basically do exactly uh dce's
+algorithm but rather than updating by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but rather than updating by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but rather than updating by
+summing EDG length we update by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing EDG length we update by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing EDG length we update by using
+this formula and essentially everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula and essentially everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula and essentially everything
+else Remains the Same so conveniently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Remains the Same so conveniently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Remains the Same so conveniently
+I've run out of time so I won't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've run out of time so I won't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've run out of time so I won't even
+have to uh uh jumble this one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh uh jumble this one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh uh jumble this one on the
+board I'll I'll let you guys do that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I'll I'll let you guys do that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I'll I'll let you guys do that one
+at home but I actually think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home but I actually think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home but I actually think the
+explanation of the written material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of the written material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of the written material is
+pretty self-evident for this problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty self-evident for this problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty self-evident for this problem so
+that's probably just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MoRip5VVdkI.txt b/MoRip5VVdkI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df6f26665467156a1ccebb394bfa252d558fd4c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MoRip5VVdkI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this week we will use the concepts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we will use the concepts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we will use the concepts of
+momentum and energy to examine an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and energy to examine an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and energy to examine an
+application of great importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of great importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of great importance
+collisions a collision is an event where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions a collision is an event where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions a collision is an event where
+two or more objects exert forces on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or more objects exert forces on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or more objects exert forces on each
+other over a short time interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other over a short time interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other over a short time interval and
+where the interaction forces dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the interaction forces dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the interaction forces dominate
+over any external forces common examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over any external forces common examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over any external forces common examples
+are collisions involving projectiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are collisions involving projectiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are collisions involving projectiles
+collisions of motor vehicles collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions of motor vehicles collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions of motor vehicles collisions
+and sports and collisions between atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sports and collisions between atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sports and collisions between atomic
+or subatomic particles it is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or subatomic particles it is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or subatomic particles it is worth
+noting that the colliding objects need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting that the colliding objects need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting that the colliding objects need
+not actually touch each other in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually touch each other in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually touch each other in the
+collision as long as the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision as long as the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision as long as the interaction
+force does not require a contact for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force does not require a contact for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force does not require a contact for
+example two positively charged protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two positively charged protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two positively charged protons
+shot towards each other will repel each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot towards each other will repel each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot towards each other will repel each
+other due to the Coulomb electric force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other due to the Coulomb electric force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other due to the Coulomb electric force
+their interaction can be treated as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their interaction can be treated as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their interaction can be treated as a
+collision even if they never actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision even if they never actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision even if they never actually
+touch we will see that momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch we will see that momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch we will see that momentum is
+always conserved in a collision as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always conserved in a collision as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always conserved in a collision as long
+as external forces can be entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as external forces can be entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as external forces can be entirely
+neglected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected
+however energy is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however energy is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however energy is not necessarily
+conserved this leads to the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved this leads to the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved this leads to the decision
+between elastic collisions where energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between elastic collisions where energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between elastic collisions where energy
+is conserved and inelastic collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conserved and inelastic collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conserved and inelastic collisions
+where energy is not conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where energy is not conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where energy is not conserved
+we will also derive a simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will also derive a simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will also derive a simple but
+powerful principle in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful principle in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful principle in the case of
+elastic collisions in one dimension that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collisions in one dimension that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collisions in one dimension that
+the relative velocity of one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative velocity of one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative velocity of one particle
+with respect to the other is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the other is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the other is simply
+reversed by the collision
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MuEW9pG9oxE.txt b/MuEW9pG9oxE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11be96dfa8940a452eca61c047c92f4e1e5dde67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MuEW9pG9oxE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so three things to mention one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so three things to mention one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so three things to mention one was
+you remember last time I made a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember last time I made a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember last time I made a list of
+six or seven different situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or seven different situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or seven different situations where
+they X equal B and problems that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they X equal B and problems that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they X equal B and problems that could
+arise the last one was when a was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise the last one was when a was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise the last one was when a was just
+way too big to fit into core but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too big to fit into core but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too big to fit into core but in the
+middle were other methods so other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle were other methods so other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle were other methods so other
+issues like columns being nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues like columns being nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues like columns being nearly
+dependent when gram-schmidt will come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent when gram-schmidt will come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent when gram-schmidt will come up
+first I want to say that I know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I want to say that I know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I want to say that I know there
+are typos in the two pages I I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typos in the two pages I I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typos in the two pages I I thought
+you might just like to see the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just like to see the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just like to see the very
+first draft of two pages of the book so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first draft of two pages of the book so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first draft of two pages of the book so
+people sometimes ask me how long does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes ask me how long does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes ask me how long does
+the book take to write so I started when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book take to write so I started when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book take to write so I started when
+1806 five started a year ago so I'm into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 five started a year ago so I'm into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 five started a year ago so I'm into
+the second year and it usually takes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second year and it usually takes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second year and it usually takes two
+years and the system is I write by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and the system is I write by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and the system is I write by hand
+so I wrote those opening pages that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wrote those opening pages that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wrote those opening pages that you
+saw two pages by hand then I scan them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw two pages by hand then I scan them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw two pages by hand then I scan them
+to Mumbai where my best friend in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mumbai where my best friend in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mumbai where my best friend in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+types them with typos no problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types them with typos no problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types them with typos no problem because
+I'm gonna make so many changes that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna make so many changes that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna make so many changes that a
+few typos are nothing anyway so he scans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few typos are nothing anyway so he scans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few typos are nothing anyway so he scans
+them back to me typed and then I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back to me typed and then I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back to me typed and then I start
+making changes if I'm lucky and have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making changes if I'm lucky and have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making changes if I'm lucky and have the
+chance to talk about it in here then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to talk about it in here then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to talk about it in here then I
+realize better things to do and I scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize better things to do and I scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize better things to do and I scan
+back to him and back to me and back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to him and back to me and back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to him and back to me and back to
+him and back to me so that's where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and back to me so that's where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and back to me so that's where that
+two years disappear anyway I'm quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years disappear anyway I'm quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years disappear anyway I'm quite
+happy with those two pages until I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with those two pages until I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with those two pages until I start
+improving them okay and one other topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving them okay and one other topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving them okay and one other topic
+from the past that I thought was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the past that I thought was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the past that I thought was that
+came out in class wasn't in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out in class wasn't in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out in class wasn't in the notes
+yet do you remember the day that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet do you remember the day that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet do you remember the day that we
+minimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized
+different norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different norm
+l1 or l2 or max L infinity norm for with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 or l2 or max L infinity norm for with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 or l2 or max L infinity norm for with
+the condition of solving with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition of solving with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition of solving with a
+constraint that this equation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that this equation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that this equation was
+satisfied I'm in 2d to be able to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied I'm in 2d to be able to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied I'm in 2d to be able to draw a
+picture and the constraint is one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and the constraint is one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and the constraint is one line
+and that's about what the line looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's about what the line looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's about what the line looks
+like so I'm gonna draw here again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so I'm gonna draw here again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so I'm gonna draw here again so
+what I'm doing is putting some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing is putting some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing is putting some numbers
+in to that insight that I drew about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to that insight that I drew about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to that insight that I drew about a
+week ago do you remember that because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week ago do you remember that because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week ago do you remember that because I
+thought that really illustrates why how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that really illustrates why how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that really illustrates why how
+L 1 and L 2 and L infinity are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L 1 and L 2 and L infinity are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L 1 and L 2 and L infinity are different
+let's let me draw the L 2 1 here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let me draw the L 2 1 here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let me draw the L 2 1 here so
+where's the point on this line so the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the point on this line so the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the point on this line so the X
+has to lie on this line and where is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to lie on this line and where is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to lie on this line and where is the
+point that has the smallest sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that has the smallest sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that has the smallest sum of
+squares norm standard L 2 norm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares norm standard L 2 norm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares norm standard L 2 norm so
+geometrically where is that point well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically where is that point well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically where is that point well
+what does the set of points with norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the set of points with norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the set of points with norm
+one look like for L 2 it's a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one look like for L 2 it's a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one look like for L 2 it's a circle
+right so we just blow that circle up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we just blow that circle up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we just blow that circle up or
+shrink it down until it touches this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink it down until it touches this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink it down until it touches this
+thing and now it'll touch where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and now it'll touch where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and now it'll touch where it
+touches it'll touch where our radius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches it'll touch where our radius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches it'll touch where our radius is
+perpendicular so there's the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so there's the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so there's the circle
+there's our best point in L 2 because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our best point in L 2 because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our best point in L 2 because if
+because if we picked another point we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we picked another point we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we picked another point we'd
+have to blow the norm that norm would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to blow the norm that norm would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to blow the norm that norm would
+have to be bigger to go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be bigger to go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be bigger to go through that
+point so that's clearly the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so that's clearly the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so that's clearly the first one
+and and actually we can probably see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually we can probably see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually we can probably see
+what it is because those if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is because those if we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is because those if we know
+those are perpendicular I know the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are perpendicular I know the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are perpendicular I know the slope
+of this line so I think that the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this line so I think that the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this line so I think that the slope
+of this line is something like 3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this line is something like 3/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this line is something like 3/4
+probably coming from there or maybe 4/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably coming from there or maybe 4/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably coming from there or maybe 4/3
+I can we'll figure it out I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can we'll figure it out I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can we'll figure it out I think it's
+four thirds yeah I think that I'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thirds yeah I think that I'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thirds yeah I think that I'll find
+that point then the most interesting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point then the most interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point then the most interesting one
+was the l1 norm because what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the l1 norm because what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the l1 norm because what was the
+shape of the unit ball for l1 a diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the unit ball for l1 a diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the unit ball for l1 a diamond
+right a diamond so the diamond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a diamond so the diamond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a diamond so the diamond that
+first touches the line is here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first touches the line is here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first touches the line is here that's
+the winning point and if the line is 3 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning point and if the line is 3 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning point and if the line is 3 X
+1 plus 4 X 2 equal 1 then I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 4 X 2 equal 1 then I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 4 X 2 equal 1 then I know that
+that point is X X 1 will be 0 and X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is X X 1 will be 0 and X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is X X 1 will be 0 and X 2
+will be 1/4 so that's the winning point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 1/4 so that's the winning point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 1/4 so that's the winning point
+in l1 and I think I calculated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in l1 and I think I calculated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in l1 and I think I calculated this
+right that's a winning point in l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a winning point in l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a winning point in l2
+I think will be let's see this goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think will be let's see this goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think will be let's see this goes up
+to I I'm so moving down the line I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I I'm so moving down the line I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I I'm so moving down the line I think
+this would have three twenty fifths for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have three twenty fifths for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have three twenty fifths for
+twenty fifths I won't stop to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty fifths I won't stop to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty fifths I won't stop to derive
+that but at least now this yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but at least now this yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but at least now this yeah that
+slope is looking like 4/3 goes up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is looking like 4/3 goes up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is looking like 4/3 goes up for
+when it crosses three and that four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it crosses three and that four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it crosses three and that four and
+the three came from there and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three came from there and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three came from there and of course
+you notice I've chosen that I've scaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice I've chosen that I've scaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice I've chosen that I've scaled
+it to fit the line three times three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to fit the line three times three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to fit the line three times three
+fifths in 3 2015 9 25th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifths in 3 2015 9 25th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifths in 3 2015 9 25th
+Plus 16 25th 25th is 1 and finally what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus 16 25th 25th is 1 and finally what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus 16 25th 25th is 1 and finally what
+about L infinity what was the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about L infinity what was the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about L infinity what was the picture
+there what's the unit ball look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what's the unit ball look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what's the unit ball look like in
+2d for the max norm it's a square right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d for the max norm it's a square right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d for the max norm it's a square right
+so the square will hit there these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the square will hit there these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the square will hit there these two
+on the square are this is a 45-degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the square are this is a 45-degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the square are this is a 45-degree
+line now on that square it hits it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now on that square it hits it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now on that square it hits it at
+that sharp point and so the x1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sharp point and so the x1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sharp point and so the x1 and the
+x2 are equal and I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 are equal and I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 are equal and I think they're
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+let's see if they're equal if me if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if they're equal if me if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if they're equal if me if we
+made them 1/7 that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made them 1/7 that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made them 1/7 that would be
+then I have three sevenths plus four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have three sevenths plus four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have three sevenths plus four
+sevens equals 7/7 yeah I think we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens equals 7/7 yeah I think we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens equals 7/7 yeah I think we make
+some one seventh one seventh then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some one seventh one seventh then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some one seventh one seventh then so
+that would be the X infinity point 3/7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the X infinity point 3/7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the X infinity point 3/7
+plus 4/7 gives one so why do I mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4/7 gives one so why do I mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4/7 gives one so why do I mention
+this first because when I did it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first because when I did it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first because when I did it before
+I just threw pictures without really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just threw pictures without really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just threw pictures without really
+solving the problem and secondly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem and secondly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem and secondly because
+in thinking of ahead about projects this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thinking of ahead about projects this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thinking of ahead about projects this
+is the kind of project that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of project that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of project that I would
+think is quite interesting obviously as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is quite interesting obviously as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is quite interesting obviously as
+this is P equal 1 this is P equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is P equal 1 this is P equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is P equal 1 this is P equal to
+this is P equal infinity and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is P equal infinity and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is P equal infinity and I guess
+it's pretty clear from the pictures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clear from the pictures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clear from the pictures that
+as P increases this point starts up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as P increases this point starts up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as P increases this point starts up here
+and moves down the line and ends up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moves down the line and ends up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moves down the line and ends up here
+and I have no idea like what to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have no idea like what to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have no idea like what to move
+what the solution is for a different P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solution is for a different P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solution is for a different P
+and how it moves and to make it make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it moves and to make it make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it moves and to make it make it
+more about project what happens in 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about project what happens in 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about project what happens in 3d
+what happens in 3d in 3d if I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in 3d in 3d if I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in 3d in 3d if I have one
+equation in 3d then I have a plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in 3d then I have a plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in 3d then I have a plane and
+these this would become a diamond a 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this would become a diamond a 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this would become a diamond a 3d
+diamond this would be a 3d sphere this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond this would be a 3d sphere this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond this would be a 3d sphere this
+would be a 3d cube they would expand to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a 3d cube they would expand to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a 3d cube they would expand to
+hit that plane and I don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit that plane and I don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit that plane and I don't know how many
+zeroes you get in that case so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroes you get in that case so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroes you get in that case so that
+would be the case of one one equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the case of one one equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the case of one one equation so
+there'd be a plane that these diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a plane that these diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a plane that these diamond
+Q's sphere and Q expand until they hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q's sphere and Q expand until they hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q's sphere and Q expand until they hit
+it or you could have two constraints two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or you could have two constraints two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or you could have two constraints two
+equations so if we had two equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so if we had two equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so if we had two equations and
+three unknowns that would be a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns that would be a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns that would be a line
+again but would we get how many zeroes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but would we get how many zeroes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but would we get how many zeroes
+would we get in these different cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we get in these different cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we get in these different cases
+how sparse is l1 gonna be okay can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sparse is l1 gonna be okay can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sparse is l1 gonna be okay can I
+just that's like a recapture of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's like a recapture of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's like a recapture of what we
+did I thought it was a it's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I thought it was a it's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I thought it was a it's nice
+occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally
+have pictures showing what what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pictures showing what what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pictures showing what what a
+solution where the solution is now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution where the solution is now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution where the solution is now I'm
+coming to the to the topic of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the to the topic of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the to the topic of the day
+which is gram-schmidt and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is gram-schmidt and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is gram-schmidt and so
+gram-schmidt number one is the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt number one is the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt number one is the standard
+way that would be taught in 1806 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that would be taught in 1806 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that would be taught in 1806 and the
+result is so what's gram-schmidt about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is so what's gram-schmidt about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is so what's gram-schmidt about
+and I'll just put down here general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just put down here general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just put down here general
+facts of gram-schmidt we start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts of gram-schmidt we start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts of gram-schmidt we start with a
+matrix a it's got n columns but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a it's got n columns but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a it's got n columns but they're
+not orthogonal and in fact they may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not orthogonal and in fact they may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not orthogonal and in fact they may be
+badly conditioned columns might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly conditioned columns might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly conditioned columns might be
+nearly dependent on the others I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly dependent on the others I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly dependent on the others I'm gonna
+assume the columns are independent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the columns are independent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the columns are independent but
+they might be barely independent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be barely independent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be barely independent so
+gram-schmidt so they're those lines then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt so they're those lines then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt so they're those lines then
+would be sort of like pointing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sort of like pointing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sort of like pointing very
+nearly parallel but gram-schmidt opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly parallel but gram-schmidt opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly parallel but gram-schmidt opens
+up the picture to get a matrix q an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the picture to get a matrix q an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the picture to get a matrix q an
+orthogonal matrix with columns Q 1 to Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix with columns Q 1 to Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix with columns Q 1 to Q
+n which are orthonormal so it gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which are orthonormal so it gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which are orthonormal so it gets a
+perfect basis of Q's and so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect basis of Q's and so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect basis of Q's and so that's what
+gram-schmidt does and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt does and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt does and these are
+different ways to do it different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to do it different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to do it different ways
+to organize the computation I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organize the computation I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organize the computation I really
+only put the standard way in what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only put the standard way in what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only put the standard way in what is
+this mysterious R I claim that so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mysterious R I claim that so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mysterious R I claim that so they
+come these these the Q's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come these these the Q's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come these these the Q's are
+combinations of the A's so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the A's so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the A's so there's some
+matrix to tell me what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix to tell me what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix to tell me what those
+combinations are or if I go back go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations are or if I go back go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations are or if I go back go
+backwards and say well the A's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and say well the A's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and say well the A's are
+combinations of the Q's that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the Q's that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the Q's that's what I'm
+about to do if I say each a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to do if I say each a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to do if I say each a is a
+combination of Q's that means that my a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of Q's that means that my a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of Q's that means that my a
+may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may
+Trix is my Q matrix time some are matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trix is my Q matrix time some are matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trix is my Q matrix time some are matrix
+which tells me the combinations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me the combinations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me the combinations right
+when I multiply by R on the right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply by R on the right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply by R on the right I'm
+taking combinations of the columns of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking combinations of the columns of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking combinations of the columns of Q
+and getting the columns of a so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting the columns of a so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting the columns of a so just
+like Lu it's kind of you go forward with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Lu it's kind of you go forward with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Lu it's kind of you go forward with
+the algorithm to reach you here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm to reach you here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm to reach you here we go
+forward with the algorithm to reach Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward with the algorithm to reach Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward with the algorithm to reach Q
+but then when we want to understand put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when we want to understand put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when we want to understand put
+it put it in one simple equation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it put it in one simple equation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it put it in one simple equation it
+turns out to be like better to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be like better to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be like better to go
+backwards and say how is the original a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and say how is the original a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and say how is the original a
+related to the final Q and there has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the final Q and there has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the final Q and there has to
+be some R ok I always feel when I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some R ok I always feel when I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some R ok I always feel when I talk
+about gram-schmidt I usually end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about gram-schmidt I usually end with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about gram-schmidt I usually end with
+that equal Q R and of course the MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equal Q R and of course the MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equal Q R and of course the MATLAB
+command is exactly Q R so in MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command is exactly Q R so in MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command is exactly Q R so in MATLAB
+you're asking for the command would be Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking for the command would be Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking for the command would be Q
+R of a instead of Lu of a so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of a instead of Lu of a so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of a instead of Lu of a so it would
+give you a Q and R that's what MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a Q and R that's what MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a Q and R that's what MATLAB
+will output now as I say Q is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will output now as I say Q is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will output now as I say Q is the thing
+we're constructing R is the combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constructing R is the combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constructing R is the combinations
+that we need to get what we want and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to get what we want and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to get what we want and so
+it's a little it comes at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little it comes at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little it comes at the end
+what the heck was R but actually R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck was R but actually R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck was R but actually R is
+really a simple idea so I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a simple idea so I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a simple idea so I want to show
+that at the beginning instead of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the beginning instead of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the beginning instead of the end
+okay so I'm going to move Q over here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to move Q over here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to move Q over here as
+Q inverse but what is Q inverse Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q inverse but what is Q inverse Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q inverse but what is Q inverse Q
+transpose right because I've created an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right because I've created an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right because I've created an
+orthogonal matrix so this mysterious R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix so this mysterious R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix so this mysterious R
+is Q transpose a and let me just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Q transpose a and let me just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Q transpose a and let me just put
+here the let me sort of make it grow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the let me sort of make it grow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the let me sort of make it grow out
+into matrices that has the Q's along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into matrices that has the Q's along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into matrices that has the Q's along the
+rows Q transpose of course QN transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows Q transpose of course QN transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows Q transpose of course QN transpose
+Q 1 transpose I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 1 transpose I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 1 transpose I just
+I'm transposing the matrix above it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm transposing the matrix above it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm transposing the matrix above it so
+these columns become rows times the A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these columns become rows times the A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these columns become rows times the A's
+a 1 to a n so what is a typical entry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 to a n so what is a typical entry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 to a n so what is a typical entry in
+our that's really why I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our that's really why I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our that's really why I want to say
+nothing mysterious about this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing mysterious about this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing mysterious about this you can
+see what you end up with it'll be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you end up with it'll be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you end up with it'll be right
+in front of us here what is a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of us here what is a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of us here what is a typical
+what is the entry in row I column J of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the entry in row I column J of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the entry in row I column J of
+our ok this this says that all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ok this this says that all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ok this this says that all those
+entries in our our Qi transpose times AJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in our our Qi transpose times AJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in our our Qi transpose times AJ
+right that's the old way to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the old way to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the old way to multiply
+matrices and on it's the best way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and on it's the best way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and on it's the best way for
+this a row times a column in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a row times a column in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a row times a column in other words
+the ours are just the inner product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ours are just the inner product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ours are just the inner product the
+dot product of the Q's with the 8th of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product of the Q's with the 8th of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product of the Q's with the 8th of
+the Q's with the A's that's that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q's with the A's that's that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q's with the A's that's that's sort
+of like nothing mysterious about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like nothing mysterious about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like nothing mysterious about our
+because Q is an orthogonal matrix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Q is an orthogonal matrix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Q is an orthogonal matrix we
+were able to put it over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to put it over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to put it over here
+get a nice expression for R and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a nice expression for R and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a nice expression for R and see what
+it really is so are you good you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is so are you good you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is so are you good you can do
+are at the end or on the route but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the end or on the route but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the end or on the route but it's
+just the inner product of the Q's with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the inner product of the Q's with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the inner product of the Q's with
+the A's ok now what's gram-schmidt can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's ok now what's gram-schmidt can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's ok now what's gram-schmidt can I
+I'm sort of thinking you've seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of thinking you've seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of thinking you've seen the
+basic ideas of gram-schmidt but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic ideas of gram-schmidt but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic ideas of gram-schmidt but let's
+review so I start with I start with a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review so I start with I start with a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review so I start with I start with a so
+what does gram-schmidt begin with a 1 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does gram-schmidt begin with a 1 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does gram-schmidt begin with a 1 it
+takes that first column so so these a z'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes that first column so so these a z'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes that first column so so these a z'
+are not orthogonal generally but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not orthogonal generally but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not orthogonal generally but the
+first direction is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first direction is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first direction is okay
+I have no complaints about the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no complaints about the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no complaints about the first
+direction except that a one might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction except that a one might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction except that a one might not be
+a unit vector so q1 will just be a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit vector so q1 will just be a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit vector so q1 will just be a one
+over its norm to have a unit vector the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over its norm to have a unit vector the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over its norm to have a unit vector the
+whole idea of gram-schmidt is in q2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of gram-schmidt is in q2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of gram-schmidt is in q2 so
+what is q2 the whole idea is coming here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is q2 the whole idea is coming here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is q2 the whole idea is coming here
+yeah it's the only thing you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's the only thing you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's the only thing you need to
+know and the picture shows it so q2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and the picture shows it so q2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and the picture shows it so q2 I
+start with a - but it's not orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a - but it's not orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a - but it's not orthogonal
+to a-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a-1
+so what do I do I figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I do I figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I do I figure out the
+component of a queue of a2 in the a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of a queue of a2 in the a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of a queue of a2 in the a one
+direction and I remove it so I take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and I remove it so I take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and I remove it so I take that
+vector away and I'm left with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector away and I'm left with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector away and I'm left with this
+vector so there is a vector I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so there is a vector I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so there is a vector I'll call
+that a 2 so a2 is the original little a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a 2 so a2 is the original little a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a 2 so a2 is the original little a2
+with the a One Direction removed so a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the a One Direction removed so a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the a One Direction removed so a2
+is like so what what's the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like so what what's the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like so what what's the formula for
+what I just did this is the hole the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just did this is the hole the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just did this is the hole the key
+step that that gram-schmidt repeats over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that that gram-schmidt repeats over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that that gram-schmidt repeats over
+and over and over again it's truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and over again it's truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and over again it's truly
+boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring
+okay so it subtracts well remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it subtracts well remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it subtracts well remember that
+this is the same direction as q1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same direction as q1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same direction as q1 and
+it's better to work with q1 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to work with q1 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to work with q1 because
+we've found that guy we've got it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've found that guy we've got it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've found that guy we've got it and we
+know we know it's a unit vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know it's a unit vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know it's a unit vector so
+here's my linear algebra question what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my linear algebra question what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my linear algebra question what's
+the component of a 2 that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component of a 2 that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component of a 2 that I want to
+subtract off its the component in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off its the component in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off its the component in the
+direction of Q 1 it's this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of Q 1 it's this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of Q 1 it's this in the
+direction of Q 1 and let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of Q 1 and let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of Q 1 and let me just
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+so obviously that angle is coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously that angle is coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously that angle is coming into
+it so that'll be an a 2 transpose Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that'll be an a 2 transpose Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that'll be an a 2 transpose Q 1
+times Q 1 that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Q 1 that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Q 1 that's it
+that's the component that we removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe I maybe I'd prefer to write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I maybe I'd prefer to write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I maybe I'd prefer to write it as
+q1 transpose a - I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 transpose a - I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 transpose a - I don't know
+doesn't matter of course the tube dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter of course the tube dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter of course the tube dot
+products are there saying maybe I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are there saying maybe I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are there saying maybe I will
+just yeah yeah well okay now what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah yeah well okay now what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah yeah well okay now what is
+supposed to what does what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to what does what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to what does what does that
+vector supposed to achieve it's supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector supposed to achieve it's supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector supposed to achieve it's supposed
+to be this vector this is this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this vector this is this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this vector this is this vector
+I'm really going to call a two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really going to call a two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really going to call a two because
+it's on in the right direction for q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on in the right direction for q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on in the right direction for q2
+but it is not yet normal so what is q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not yet normal so what is q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not yet normal so what is q2
+then so I'm saying this guy got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so I'm saying this guy got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so I'm saying this guy got the
+direction right this thing subtracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right this thing subtracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right this thing subtracted
+off this vector got that direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this vector got that direction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this vector got that direction right
+it got it as a - what is q2 now that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got it as a - what is q2 now that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got it as a - what is q2 now that I
+want to finish I've got the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to finish I've got the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to finish I've got the direction
+all I want to do is get it to be a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want to do is get it to be a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want to do is get it to be a unit
+vector so I just take a 2 over its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so I just take a 2 over its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so I just take a 2 over its
+normal that double step is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal that double step is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal that double step is the whole
+thing in gram-schmidt the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in gram-schmidt the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in gram-schmidt the whole thing
+subtract off the components in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off the components in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off the components in the
+directions already set and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions already set and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions already set and you get
+something in a totally new direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a totally new direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a totally new direction
+called a capital A and then you divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a capital A and then you divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a capital A and then you divide
+by its length to make it a unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its length to make it a unit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its length to make it a unit vector
+and that gives you the new Q so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you the new Q so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you the new Q so you see
+just to show that we've got the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show that we've got the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show that we've got the point
+what about the next step aiming for q3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the next step aiming for q3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the next step aiming for q3
+so tell me what a 3 should be a 3 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tell me what a 3 should be a 3 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tell me what a 3 should be a 3 I'm
+gonna start with this and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start with this and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start with this and I'm going to
+subtract off some stuff what am I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off some stuff what am I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off some stuff what am I going
+to subtract off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract off
+is the component III transpose right x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the component III transpose right x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the component III transpose right x
+q1 q1 and I didn't yet check that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 q1 and I didn't yet check that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 q1 and I didn't yet check that that
+makes that this came out orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that this came out orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that this came out orthogonal to
+q1 I'll come back to that now I have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 I'll come back to that now I have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 I'll come back to that now I have I
+have I done everything I should do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I done everything I should do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I done everything I should do here
+with a three no I've got one more step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a three no I've got one more step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a three no I've got one more step
+to take and I should take the two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take and I should take the two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take and I should take the two steps
+separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately
+it's called modified gram-schmidt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called modified gram-schmidt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called modified gram-schmidt and
+what I want to do is subtract off the q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is subtract off the q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is subtract off the q2
+component so what what multiple of q2 do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so what what multiple of q2 do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so what what multiple of q2 do
+I need to because q2 has been set by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to because q2 has been set by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to because q2 has been set by the
+time I get to a3 so what what goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a3 transpose Q 2 thanks thanks you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a3 transpose Q 2 thanks thanks you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a3 transpose Q 2 thanks thanks you if
+you look at a code say a MATLAB code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a code say a MATLAB code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a code say a MATLAB code to
+do gram-schmidt Oh what's the final q3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do gram-schmidt Oh what's the final q3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do gram-schmidt Oh what's the final q3
+then normalize it so you take a 3 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then normalize it so you take a 3 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then normalize it so you take a 3 which
+is in the right direction and you divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the right direction and you divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the right direction and you divide
+by its length to get a unit vector yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its length to get a unit vector yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its length to get a unit vector yeah
+let me just come back and write and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just come back and write and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just come back and write and
+recheck that I did it right that I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recheck that I did it right that I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recheck that I did it right that I got
+the right direction so what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction so what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction so what do I mean by
+the right direction what should I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction what should I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction what should I have
+what should I check about that guy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I check about that guy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I check about that guy I
+should check that its inner product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should check that its inner product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should check that its inner product with
+q1 is it if this is the right direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 is it if this is the right direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 is it if this is the right direction
+to go that way then I should check I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go that way then I should check I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go that way then I should check I
+have to check hopefully I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check hopefully I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check hopefully I got the
+formula right that it's dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right that it's dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right that it's dot product
+inner product with Q 1 is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with Q 1 is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with Q 1 is 0
+thank you so let me just so is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so let me just so is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so let me just so is it
+obvious that it is take the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that it is take the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that it is take the inner
+product of the dot product of that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the dot product of that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the dot product of that with
+q1 what do you get you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 what do you get you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 what do you get you get
+you get the same number Q 1 a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same number Q 1 a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same number Q 1 a 2
+transpose Q 1 you get that number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q 1 you get that number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q 1 you get that number and
+over here you're getting a Q 1 transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you're getting a Q 1 transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you're getting a Q 1 transpose
+Q 1 transpose with Q 1 so I'm you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 1 transpose with Q 1 so I'm you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 1 transpose with Q 1 so I'm you see
+what I'm doing and Bobby it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing and Bobby it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing and Bobby it looks like
+it would have been better I check that Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have been better I check that Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have been better I check that Q
+1 transpose a 2 is 0 yeah it is Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 transpose a 2 is 0 yeah it is Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 transpose a 2 is 0 yeah it is Q 1
+transpose a 2 here Q 1 transpose a 2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a 2 here Q 1 transpose a 2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a 2 here Q 1 transpose a 2 or
+a 2 transpose Q 1 I don't mind and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 transpose Q 1 I don't mind and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 transpose Q 1 I don't mind and I
+have another Q 1 transpose Q 1 here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another Q 1 transpose Q 1 here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another Q 1 transpose Q 1 here and
+what is that what is Q 1 transpose Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that what is Q 1 transpose Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that what is Q 1 transpose Q 1
+it is 1 so check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's gram-schmidt standard Ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's gram-schmidt standard Ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's gram-schmidt standard Ram
+Smit which you have met before now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smit which you have met before now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smit which you have met before now I'm
+ready for a better gram-schmidt you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for a better gram-schmidt you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for a better gram-schmidt you
+could say I'm better gram-schmidt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say I'm better gram-schmidt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say I'm better gram-schmidt
+because here so what's it going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here so what's it going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here so what's it going to be
+the difference here I took the A's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference here I took the A's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference here I took the A's in
+their original order now suppose I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their original order now suppose I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their original order now suppose I did
+that with elimination elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with elimination elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with elimination elimination
+usually we write as acting on the row so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we write as acting on the row so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we write as acting on the row so
+so thinking of elimination I'm seeing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thinking of elimination I'm seeing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thinking of elimination I'm seeing in
+the rows what would be the danger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows what would be the danger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows what would be the danger in
+taking the rows in order doing no row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the rows in order doing no row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the rows in order doing no row
+exchanges just figure out the pivot each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges just figure out the pivot each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges just figure out the pivot each
+time and kill the rest of the column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and kill the rest of the column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and kill the rest of the column and
+then move on so taking the rows in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move on so taking the rows in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move on so taking the rows in the
+order they came whatever it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order they came whatever it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order they came whatever it might be
+what's the risk and what why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the risk and what why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the risk and what why would
+MATLAB not do that because something can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB not do that because something can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB not do that because something can
+be very small and totally blow up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very small and totally blow up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very small and totally blow up your
+calculation and that's that pivot number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and that's that pivot number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and that's that pivot number
+sort of the question is you know if a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the question is you know if a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the question is you know if a2
+is very near a one so let me draw a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very near a one so let me draw a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very near a one so let me draw a new
+picture so here's the risk so a1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so here's the risk so a1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so here's the risk so a1 was
+whatever it was if a 2 is really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was if a 2 is really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was if a 2 is really close
+to the same direction then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same direction then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same direction then I'm
+subtracting off almost all of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting off almost all of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting off almost all of it and
+I've got some tiny little bit for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some tiny little bit for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some tiny little bit for the
+new direction that's like the pivot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new direction that's like the pivot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new direction that's like the pivot in
+elimination it's the number that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination it's the number that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination it's the number that sort of
+measures what's new what's a new row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures what's new what's a new row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures what's new what's a new row and
+elimination or the new column in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination or the new column in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination or the new column in
+gram-schmidt gives you and if that's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt gives you and if that's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt gives you and if that's too
+small I mean like in elimination we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small I mean like in elimination we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small I mean like in elimination we
+would as I say we would never use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would as I say we would never use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would as I say we would never use an
+elimination code on a general matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination code on a general matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination code on a general matrix
+that didn't check the size of the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't check the size of the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't check the size of the pivot
+and exchange rows when necessary well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exchange rows when necessary well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exchange rows when necessary well
+similarly with gram-schmidt it can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly with gram-schmidt it can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly with gram-schmidt it can take
+those columns in order that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those columns in order that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those columns in order that's the
+standard gram-schmidt taking the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard gram-schmidt taking the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard gram-schmidt taking the columns
+in order but only if it checks each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order but only if it checks each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order but only if it checks each time
+that a little bit that a little bit well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit that a little bit well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit that a little bit well
+that the in the new part what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the in the new part what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the in the new part what would be
+the new part is is big enough to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new part is is big enough to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new part is is big enough to be able
+to we have to divide by the thing and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we have to divide by the thing and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we have to divide by the thing and if
+that a2 is tiny is a tiny vector this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a2 is tiny is a tiny vector this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a2 is tiny is a tiny vector this is
+dividing by a 2 and and onwards is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by a 2 and and onwards is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by a 2 and and onwards is
+building in roundoff error that we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in roundoff error that we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in roundoff error that we can't
+remove again it's we're stuck with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove again it's we're stuck with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove again it's we're stuck with it so
+that's the column exchange column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the column exchange column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the column exchange column
+pivoting idea in a sort of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting idea in a sort of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting idea in a sort of a more
+professional gram-schmidt and it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional gram-schmidt and it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional gram-schmidt and it needs
+to do it so i have to be able to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so i have to be able to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so i have to be able to check
+compare this this little bit if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this this little bit if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this this little bit if it is
+little with what what am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little with what what am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little with what what am I going to
+compare with in elimination I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with in elimination I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with in elimination I looked
+down the rest of the column for a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the rest of the column for a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the rest of the column for a bigger
+number here I want to know I guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here I want to know I guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here I want to know I guess what
+I have to do is I have to find this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do is I have to find this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do is I have to find this this
+component not just from a2 but from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component not just from a2 but from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component not just from a2 but from all
+the remaining A's and I'll pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining A's and I'll pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining A's and I'll pick the
+biggest so there in in that sentence I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest so there in in that sentence I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest so there in in that sentence I
+said the main idea of column exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the main idea of column exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the main idea of column exchanges
+is once you get q1 set which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is once you get q1 set which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is once you get q1 set which was
+certainly q1 was the easiest one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly q1 was the easiest one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly q1 was the easiest one in the
+world but maybe even for q1 oh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but maybe even for q1 oh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but maybe even for q1 oh I guess
+it could even happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could even happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could even happen
+you like that would be starting like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like that would be starting like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like that would be starting like
+starting with a0 up in the upper left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a0 up in the upper left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a0 up in the upper left
+corner for elimination like like what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner for elimination like like what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner for elimination like like what a
+way to start the day here if a1 if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to start the day here if a1 if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to start the day here if a1 if my
+matrix a had a tiny little a1 then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a had a tiny little a1 then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a had a tiny little a1 then I
+should look for a bigger one to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look for a bigger one to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look for a bigger one to get the
+very first Q chosen let's suppose give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first Q chosen let's suppose give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first Q chosen let's suppose give
+ourselves a reasonable chance here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves a reasonable chance here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves a reasonable chance here let's
+suppose a one was a decent size so so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a one was a decent size so so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a one was a decent size so so as
+I've drawn then but a 2 might not or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn then but a 2 might not or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn then but a 2 might not or the
+next step might not be if I use a 2 as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step might not be if I use a 2 as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step might not be if I use a 2 as I
+say it could be same direction as a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it could be same direction as a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it could be same direction as a1
+virtually and then I'm just working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually and then I'm just working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually and then I'm just working with
+that little piece so what's the what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little piece so what's the what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little piece so what's the what do
+I have to do differently I have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do differently I have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do differently I have to be
+able to compare this little piece with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compare this little piece with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compare this little piece with
+all the other potential possibilities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other potential possibilities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other potential possibilities so
+so let me just write down what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write down what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write down what you have
+to do you have to do in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you have to do in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you have to do in a different
+order so this is now with column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so this is now with column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so this is now with column
+pivoting column exchange column pivoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting column exchange column pivoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting column exchange column pivoting
+allowed or as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed or as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed or as possible
+so to make it possible I have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make it possible I have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make it possible I have to find
+not only a to the piece of Q of little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only a to the piece of Q of little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only a to the piece of Q of little a
+- I have to find a to the piece I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I have to find a to the piece I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I have to find a to the piece I'm just
+gonna copy that I have to take my second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna copy that I have to take my second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna copy that I have to take my second
+column subtract off the q1 part and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column subtract off the q1 part and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column subtract off the q1 part and that
+could be small so I have to compare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be small so I have to compare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be small so I have to compare it
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+oh I haven't I haven't written this page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I haven't I haven't written this page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I haven't I haven't written this page
+up so I haven't got a notation in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I haven't got a notation in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I haven't got a notation in mind
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+let me I won't I won't give it a name I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I won't I won't give it a name I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I won't I won't give it a name I
+have to also compute at this step before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to also compute at this step before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to also compute at this step before
+deciding before deciding q2 this is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding before deciding q2 this is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding before deciding q2 this is non
+describing how do how to decide q2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how do how to decide q2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how do how to decide q2 the
+second vector and I'm saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second vector and I'm saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second vector and I'm saying that the
+way to decide q2 is not only to look not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to decide q2 is not only to look not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to decide q2 is not only to look not
+only to take the piece of a2 but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to take the piece of a2 but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to take the piece of a2 but also
+the piece of a3 look at this piece and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of a3 look at this piece and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of a3 look at this piece and
+look at all the other pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now what will be my policy standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what will be my policy standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what will be my policy standard
+gram-schmidt accepted this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt accepted this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt accepted this one and
+didn't look at these but now I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look at these but now I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look at these but now I'm gonna
+look at them all and I'm gonna take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them all and I'm gonna take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them all and I'm gonna take the
+largest I'm gonna take the largest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest I'm gonna take the largest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest I'm gonna take the largest and
+that will be a 2 thought I want so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be a 2 thought I want so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be a 2 thought I want so it
+might not be this one if this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be this one if this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be this one if this guy is
+largest then I'm taking column 3 first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest then I'm taking column 3 first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest then I'm taking column 3 first
+and that will be my a2 and then I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be my a2 and then I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be my a2 and then I'll say
+fine and then Q 2 will be this that a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and then Q 2 will be this that a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and then Q 2 will be this that a2
+over its normal you see the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over its normal you see the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over its normal you see the difference
+it's not exciting and you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not exciting and you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not exciting and you might think
+wait a minute this is a heck of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute this is a heck of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute this is a heck of a lot
+more work but it isn't it isn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work but it isn't it isn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work but it isn't it isn't actually
+more work because these are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work because these are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work because these are all the
+things these ones that look like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things these ones that look like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things these ones that look like we're
+paying a price we're computing all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying a price we're computing all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying a price we're computing all these
+alternatives but we had to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives but we had to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives but we had to do that
+eventually anyway do you see that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually anyway do you see that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually anyway do you see that let me
+say it again and and that the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again and and that the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again and and that the standard
+way took all the components like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way took all the components like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way took all the components like for
+here a standard way waited until you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a standard way waited until you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a standard way waited until you got
+to column 3 and then subtract it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to column 3 and then subtract it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to column 3 and then subtract it off
+both pieces waited until you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both pieces waited until you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both pieces waited until you got to
+column 4 subtracted off three pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column 4 subtracted off three pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column 4 subtracted off three pieces
+this way you're subtracting off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you're subtracting off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you're subtracting off the
+first piece as soon as you know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first piece as soon as you know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first piece as soon as you know what it
+should be as soon as you know q1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be as soon as you know q1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be as soon as you know q1 you
+remove it from all the remaining vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it from all the remaining vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it from all the remaining vectors
+and you look to sees what's the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look to sees what's the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look to sees what's the biggest
+you pick the biggest one I said maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick the biggest one I said maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick the biggest one I said maybe
+it's this guy so you move that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this guy so you move that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this guy so you move that one
+you're some permutation matrix is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're some permutation matrix is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're some permutation matrix is going
+to move it to the second column see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move it to the second column see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move it to the second column see it
+started in the third column but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in the third column but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in the third column but I'm
+gonna move it to the second because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna move it to the second because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna move it to the second because it's
+the biggest then I do the right thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest then I do the right thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest then I do the right thing I
+find q2 and now I go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- sir
+the third acute or toward q3 and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third acute or toward q3 and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third acute or toward q3 and how
+will I find q3 it'll be I'll say olive I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I find q3 it'll be I'll say olive I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I find q3 it'll be I'll say olive I
+want to pick the biggest column to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick the biggest column to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick the biggest column to work
+with so I subtract off the q2 components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so I subtract off the q2 components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so I subtract off the q2 components
+this is like easy to say but I had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like easy to say but I had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like easy to say but I had never
+liked figured it out before so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked figured it out before so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked figured it out before so let me
+just say it again and then I'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it again and then I'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it again and then I'll leave
+that with you how do I get q3 I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with you how do I get q3 I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with you how do I get q3 I've got
+I've fixed two columns they happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've fixed two columns they happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've fixed two columns they happen to be
+maybe not necessarily the first two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not necessarily the first two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not necessarily the first two but
+two columns two queues are set and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns two queues are set and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns two queues are set and I'm
+looking for the next one okay I go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the next one okay I go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the next one okay I go on
+and I look at all the remaining columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look at all the remaining columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look at all the remaining columns
+all of which have had subtracted off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of which have had subtracted off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of which have had subtracted off
+their q1 and q2 parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their q1 and q2 parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their q1 and q2 parts
+so I've orthogonalize with respect to q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've orthogonalize with respect to q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've orthogonalize with respect to q1
+and q2 I look at all the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q2 I look at all the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q2 I look at all the remaining
+things that I have to work with and pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I have to work with and pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I have to work with and pick
+the biggest just like picking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest just like picking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest just like picking the
+biggest number to go into the pivot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest number to go into the pivot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest number to go into the pivot okay
+that's that's I don't think I can say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's I don't think I can say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's I don't think I can say it
+any more without just repeating myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more without just repeating myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more without just repeating myself
+and I bring it here into class because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I bring it here into class because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I bring it here into class because I
+had not sort of appreciated the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not sort of appreciated the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not sort of appreciated the point
+that that no extra work was involved you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that no extra work was involved you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that no extra work was involved you
+just did these subtraction off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did these subtraction off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did these subtraction off
+subtractions for all the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtractions for all the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtractions for all the remaining
+columns of a before you start on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of a before you start on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of a before you start on the
+next job is that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next job is that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next job is that okay
+eventually the notes will describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the notes will describe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the notes will describe that
+maybe they even do yeah I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they even do yeah I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they even do yeah I think they
+even do I wrote it but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even do I wrote it but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even do I wrote it but I didn't
+understand it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it now
+little improvement okay so yes yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little improvement okay so yes yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little improvement okay so yes yeah yeah
+only we don't call them pivots or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only we don't call them pivots or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only we don't call them pivots or we
+should maybe we should I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should maybe we should I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should maybe we should I don't know what
+word is used to get the biggest column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word is used to get the biggest column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word is used to get the biggest column
+remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining
+or something yeah yeah yeah each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something yeah yeah yeah each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something yeah yeah yeah each time
+right it's just you know if the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just you know if the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just you know if the columns
+were in a stupid order this puts them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in a stupid order this puts them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in a stupid order this puts them in
+the right order okay finally come these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right order okay finally come these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right order okay finally come these
+weird names cried off Russian are no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird names cried off Russian are no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird names cried off Russian are no the
+actually I don't know what he isn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't know what he isn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't know what he isn't I
+shouldn't admit that on the tape so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the what's the idea there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the idea there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's the idea there so
+again we're solving ax equal B so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're solving ax equal B so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're solving ax equal B so this
+is gonna be cried off what's what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be cried off what's what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be cried off what's what was
+his idea well I want to solve ax equal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his idea well I want to solve ax equal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his idea well I want to solve ax equal B
+a is a big matrix pretty big of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a big matrix pretty big of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a big matrix pretty big of course I
+don't plan to invert it that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't plan to invert it that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't plan to invert it that would be
+insane what I can do with a big matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane what I can do with a big matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane what I can do with a big matrix a
+especially if it's sparse which made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's sparse which made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's sparse which made it
+so that that would be a large sparse a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that would be a large sparse a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that would be a large sparse a
+would be a good would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good would be a good
+candidate for Krylov so what is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate for Krylov so what is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate for Krylov so what is it that
+you can do cheap and fast with a large I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do cheap and fast with a large I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do cheap and fast with a large I
+mean really large but really sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean really large but really sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean really large but really sparse
+matrix a you can do a matrix times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a you can do a matrix times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a you can do a matrix times a
+vector and here's our matrix and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and here's our matrix and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and here's our matrix and there's
+our vector so or yeah we could start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our vector so or yeah we could start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our vector so or yeah we could start
+with a vector B we can multiply a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vector B we can multiply a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vector B we can multiply a times
+B we can multiply a times a times B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we can multiply a times a times B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we can multiply a times a times B and
+of course I write it that way I never I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I write it that way I never I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I write it that way I never I
+never I mean like if you multiply a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never I mean like if you multiply a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never I mean like if you multiply a a
+times a first then like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a first then like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a first then like you know
+turn in your MATLAB account you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn in your MATLAB account you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn in your MATLAB account you just
+have to do it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it that way
+okay and then you keep going which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you keep going which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you keep going which of
+course that's a squared B but you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's a squared B but you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's a squared B but you didn't
+form a squared and then on up to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a squared and then on up to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a squared and then on up to in the
+end you get to some a to the say K K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you get to some a to the say K K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you get to some a to the say K K
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+be but of course that's computed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but of course that's computed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but of course that's computed as a
+times the previous one which was eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the previous one which was eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the previous one which was eight
+times the previous one so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the previous one so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the previous one so there is a
+bunch of vectors which are likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of vectors which are likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of vectors which are likely to be
+independent that so they span a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent that so they span a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent that so they span a space
+and it's called the Krylov space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called the Krylov space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called the Krylov space so
+there's these span they're combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these span they're combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these span they're combinations
+combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+give-give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I don't like that letter K cuz that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't like that letter K cuz that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't like that letter K cuz that's
+also Krylov so what shall I say J so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Krylov so what shall I say J so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Krylov so what shall I say J so I
+have J vector z' the original B a B a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have J vector z' the original B a B a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have J vector z' the original B a B a
+squared B up to that so combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared B up to that so combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared B up to that so combinations
+give the Krylov space say it will name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the Krylov space say it will name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the Krylov space say it will name
+it after crying off and we need we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after crying off and we need we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after crying off and we need we need
+a subscript J to show how big it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subscript J to show how big it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subscript J to show how big it is it's
+dimension so so that will be the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so so that will be the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so so that will be the idea
+well let me complete the idea the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me complete the idea the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me complete the idea the idea
+will be so there combination so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be so there combination so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be so there combination so that's a
+space a subspace pretty big if we do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a subspace pretty big if we do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a subspace pretty big if we do if
+J is big and I'm going to look for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is big and I'm going to look for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is big and I'm going to look for the
+best solution in that space so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best solution in that space so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best solution in that space so I'm going
+to I'm not going to solve ax equal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm not going to solve ax equal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm not going to solve ax equal B
+exactly I'm gonna find the best solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I'm gonna find the best solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I'm gonna find the best solution
+the closest solution the least square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest solution the least square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest solution the least square
+solution in this Krylov space I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in this Krylov space I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in this Krylov space I'm gonna
+let J be pretty big so this space has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let J be pretty big so this space has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let J be pretty big so this space has
+got plenty of vectors in it I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got plenty of vectors in it I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got plenty of vectors in it I have a
+basis for this space what I and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for this space what I and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for this space what I and some
+combination of these basis vectors will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these basis vectors will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these basis vectors will
+be my X J so I again XJ will be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my X J so I again XJ will be the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my X J so I again XJ will be the best
+vector or the closest vector the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or the closest vector the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or the closest vector the closest
+vector in this Krylov space KJ the bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in this Krylov space KJ the bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in this Krylov space KJ the bet
+will be the best vector in that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the best vector in that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the best vector in that space
+the closest one so I know what the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest one so I know what the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest one so I know what the space
+is I've reduced the dimension down to J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I've reduced the dimension down to J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I've reduced the dimension down to J
+and I can find this best factor there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can find this best factor there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can find this best factor there's
+just one catch and it's the same catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one catch and it's the same catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one catch and it's the same catch
+that gram-schmidt we're aiming to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gram-schmidt we're aiming to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gram-schmidt we're aiming to help
+to to remove that is this basis that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to remove that is this basis that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to remove that is this basis that I'm
+right now I'm working with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm working with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm working with all
+combinations of these guys and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these guys and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these guys and those
+could be very very dependent that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very very dependent that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very very dependent that might
+be a terrible basis anytime you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a terrible basis anytime you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a terrible basis anytime you wanted
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+big computations what kind of a basis do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big computations what kind of a basis do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big computations what kind of a basis do
+you want yes so what sort of a basis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want yes so what sort of a basis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want yes so what sort of a basis is
+good to find to project on to to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to find to project on to to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to find to project on to to find
+the best solution within that subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best solution within that subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best solution within that subspace
+so you're sort of finding a projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're sort of finding a projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're sort of finding a projection
+and you've got you've got vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got you've got vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got you've got vectors that
+span the space so you know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span the space so you know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span the space so you know what you're
+projecting on to but those vectors might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting on to but those vectors might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting on to but those vectors might
+not be they might be nearly dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be they might be nearly dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be they might be nearly dependent
+they might all be pointing almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might all be pointing almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might all be pointing almost the
+same direction in which case your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction in which case your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction in which case your
+calculations are terrible so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are terrible so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are terrible so what do you
+do orthe orthogonalize right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do orthe orthogonalize right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do orthe orthogonalize right and that's
+where our nolde comes in and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our nolde comes in and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our nolde comes in and there's
+also a Hungarian guy named LAN shows so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a Hungarian guy named LAN shows so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a Hungarian guy named LAN shows so
+that's what they contribute is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they contribute is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they contribute is how to
+orthogonalize that basis and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalize that basis and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalize that basis and then once
+you've done that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that you
+have an orthogonal basis and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an orthogonal basis and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an orthogonal basis and of course
+an orthogonal basis is perfect to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal basis is perfect to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal basis is perfect to do a
+projection do you see everybody has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection do you see everybody has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection do you see everybody has to
+know that why is an orthogonal basis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that why is an orthogonal basis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that why is an orthogonal basis so
+great orthonormal even let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great orthonormal even let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great orthonormal even let's just
+remember suppose I have a vector X it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember suppose I have a vector X it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember suppose I have a vector X it's
+unknown here but suppose I suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown here but suppose I suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown here but suppose I suppose I
+have it and I want to write it as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it and I want to write it as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it and I want to write it as our
+combination of these orthonormal guys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these orthonormal guys so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these orthonormal guys so
+you say yeah what is it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say yeah what is it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say yeah what is it about
+orthonormal Q's that makes this easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal Q's that makes this easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal Q's that makes this easy to
+do which it would not be with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do which it would not be with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do which it would not be with a
+arbitrary basis so this this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary basis so this this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary basis so this this is really
+cute I'm see right Q times this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute I'm see right Q times this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute I'm see right Q times this vector
+of C's column the Q the Q's are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C's column the Q the Q's are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C's column the Q the Q's are in the
+columns of Q the C's we're multiplying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of Q the C's we're multiplying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of Q the C's we're multiplying a
+matrix by a vector that's just okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by a vector that's just okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by a vector that's just okay it's
+a combination of the columns that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of the columns that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of the columns that's what
+we get and what's the point of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get and what's the point of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get and what's the point of when
+these when the Q's are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these when the Q's are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these when the Q's are orthogonal
+what's the answer we can get the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the answer we can get the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the answer we can get the answer
+straight away so we here we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight away so we here we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight away so we here we're trying to
+we're trying to find the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to find the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to find the coefficients
+with respect to the basis vectors Q of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the basis vectors Q of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the basis vectors Q of a
+given vector X and what's the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given vector X and what's the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given vector X and what's the answer to
+that question the point is usually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question the point is usually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question the point is usually to
+find their coefficients C would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find their coefficients C would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find their coefficients C would have to
+be Q inverse X we'd have to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Q inverse X we'd have to solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Q inverse X we'd have to solve that
+system of equations we do have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations we do have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations we do have to solve
+that system of equations but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system of equations but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system of equations but what
+where's the payoff from or thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the payoff from or thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the payoff from or thought
+whoreson normal basis q inverse is Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoreson normal basis q inverse is Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoreson normal basis q inverse is Q
+transpose that's the payoff so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that's the payoff so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that's the payoff so it's
+telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that to find c1 how do I find c1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to find c1 how do I find c1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to find c1 how do I find c1 this
+this says take the first q1 transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says take the first q1 transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says take the first q1 transpose
+with X that I'll say the same thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X that I'll say the same thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X that I'll say the same thing here
+take the first component the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first component the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first component the first
+vector with X that'll be about c1 Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with X that'll be about c1 Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with X that'll be about c1 Q 1
+transpose Q 1 I'm just taking the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q 1 I'm just taking the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q 1 I'm just taking the dot
+product of everything there with Q 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of everything there with Q 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of everything there with Q 1 and
+then a C 2 Q 1 transpose Q 2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a C 2 Q 1 transpose Q 2 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a C 2 Q 1 transpose Q 2 and so on
+but what's good it tell me again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's good it tell me again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's good it tell me again the
+these are all 0 and the Q 1 transpose Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all 0 and the Q 1 transpose Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all 0 and the Q 1 transpose Q
+1 is 1 so it's perfect C 1 is Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is 1 so it's perfect C 1 is Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is 1 so it's perfect C 1 is Q 1
+transpose X and that's exactly what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X and that's exactly what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X and that's exactly what that
+tells us the first component is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us the first component is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us the first component is the
+first row of Q transpose which is Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of Q transpose which is Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of Q transpose which is Q 1
+transpose with X yeah so that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose with X yeah so that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose with X yeah so that's the idea
+so that's the idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea here
+that's the reason for our nolde and lan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason for our nolde and lan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason for our nolde and lan
+shows being famous is that they figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows being famous is that they figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows being famous is that they figured
+out a good way to orthogonalize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a good way to orthogonalize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a good way to orthogonalize that
+basis yeah yeah do we want to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis yeah yeah do we want to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis yeah yeah do we want to see what
+they did or just those would be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did or just those would be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did or just those would be in the
+notes it's a well how do you do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it's a well how do you do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it's a well how do you do it so
+this is the basis this is our not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the basis this is our not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the basis this is our not good
+basis and then our good basis is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and then our good basis is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and then our good basis is going
+to be Q's so I'll take B to be Q 1 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Q's so I'll take B to be Q 1 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Q's so I'll take B to be Q 1 will
+be what what would be the right choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what what would be the right choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what what would be the right choice
+for Q 1 well I'll take the first vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Q 1 well I'll take the first vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Q 1 well I'll take the first vector
+and normalize it but it just we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normalize it but it just we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normalize it but it just we're just
+doing gram-schmidt what would q to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing gram-schmidt what would q to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing gram-schmidt what would q to be
+how would I find Q 2 following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I find Q 2 following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I find Q 2 following the
+gram-schmidt idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt idea
+I take a B I subtract off its component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a B I subtract off its component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a B I subtract off its component
+in this q1 direction and I normalize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this q1 direction and I normalize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this q1 direction and I normalize and
+all they are no Leland shows algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they are no Leland shows algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they are no Leland shows algorithm
+is is that same gram-schmidt idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that same gram-schmidt idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that same gram-schmidt idea
+applied to these Krylov vectors so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to these Krylov vectors so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to these Krylov vectors so so so
+are know the land shows are no lease for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are know the land shows are no lease for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are know the land shows are no lease for
+any matrix and LAN choices for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any matrix and LAN choices for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any matrix and LAN choices for a
+symmetric matrix where you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix where you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix where you get some
+special benefit so what they did is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special benefit so what they did is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special benefit so what they did is just
+you could say now they just wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say now they just wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say now they just wrote down
+gram-schmidt in fact probably up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt in fact probably up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-schmidt in fact probably up the
+standard gram-schmidt because we this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard gram-schmidt because we this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard gram-schmidt because we this is
+a case where we really don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where we really don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where we really don't want to
+exchange columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange columns
+I don't want suddenly to be pushed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want suddenly to be pushed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want suddenly to be pushed into
+this one I'd rather take them in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I'd rather take them in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I'd rather take them in order
+because it just turns out right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just turns out right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just turns out right and that
+that this is in the note so let me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is in the note so let me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is in the note so let me tell
+you where this is this would be section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where this is this would be section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where this is this would be section
+2.1 so part two of the book which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 so part two of the book which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 so part two of the book which is
+where we are and the first section so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are and the first section so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are and the first section so
+what is what all together is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what all together is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what all together is in this
+first section when you look at it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first section when you look at it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first section when you look at it that
+section is standard numerical linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is standard numerical linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is standard numerical linear
+algebra what any course in and MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra what any course in and MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra what any course in and MIT
+offers 18.3 i'm not sure of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers 18.3 i'm not sure of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers 18.3 i'm not sure of the number
+330 maybe which is all all things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+330 maybe which is all all things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+330 maybe which is all all things like
+this Krylov would be there are no they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Krylov would be there are no they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Krylov would be there are no they
+land shows of course gram and schmidt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land shows of course gram and schmidt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land shows of course gram and schmidt
+would be there that's five people who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be there that's five people who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be there that's five people who've
+thought of the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of the same thing
+and so that section 2-1 summarizes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that section 2-1 summarizes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that section 2-1 summarizes what
+what's in really good a lot of textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in really good a lot of textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in really good a lot of textbooks
+and let me mention a favorite a book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me mention a favorite a book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me mention a favorite a book by
+professor and and bow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or the Bible so this is maybe a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Bible so this is maybe a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Bible so this is maybe a moment
+to tell you about two two books on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about two two books on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about two two books on
+classical numerical linear algebra what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical numerical linear algebra what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical numerical linear algebra what
+you do for matrices of order a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do for matrices of order a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do for matrices of order a thousand
+not for matrices of order millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for matrices of order millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for matrices of order millions
+that's that you have to rethink so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that you have to rethink so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that you have to rethink so
+trophies and bow isn't called numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trophies and bow isn't called numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trophies and bow isn't called numerical
+linear algebra and do you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and do you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and do you know the
+authors of the Bible of of numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors of the Bible of of numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors of the Bible of of numerical
+linear algebra so that's a textbook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra so that's a textbook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra so that's a textbook and
+what I'm down we're gonna write down now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm down we're gonna write down now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm down we're gonna write down now
+finally is 750 pages it's grown to in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally is 750 pages it's grown to in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally is 750 pages it's grown to in in
+its fourth edition it's the Bible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its fourth edition it's the Bible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its fourth edition it's the Bible for
+all numerical linear algebra people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all numerical linear algebra people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all numerical linear algebra people and
+it's written by golem and van loans so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written by golem and van loans so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written by golem and van loans so
+gene Golub was a remarkable guy he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene Golub was a remarkable guy he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene Golub was a remarkable guy he
+probably didn't write more than about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably didn't write more than about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably didn't write more than about
+eleven pages of this Charley wrote most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven pages of this Charley wrote most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven pages of this Charley wrote most
+of it but golem was a amazing person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but golem was a amazing person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but golem was a amazing person who
+traveled the world and connected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled the world and connected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled the world and connected people
+and left behind papers to be written and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and left behind papers to be written and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and left behind papers to be written and
+and books to be written and so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and books to be written and so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and books to be written and so that this
+ghaliban loan is now in the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghaliban loan is now in the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghaliban loan is now in the fourth
+volume and it has so much good stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and it has so much good stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and it has so much good stuff and
+references that it's like the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references that it's like the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references that it's like the good
+reference and this is the good textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and this is the good textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and this is the good textbook
+if you were going to teach a course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were going to teach a course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were going to teach a course on
+numerical linear algebra so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical linear algebra so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical linear algebra so I think
+that's I've come to the point to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I've come to the point to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I've come to the point to to
+finish so I'm really have finished along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish so I'm really have finished along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish so I'm really have finished along
+with the extra attraction of the of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the extra attraction of the of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the extra attraction of the of this
+different problem I finished with ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem I finished with ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem I finished with ax
+equal B and well at least I'm now I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal B and well at least I'm now I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal B and well at least I'm now I now
+move on to what to do with really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to what to do with really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to what to do with really
+really large matrices
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NIZFPnHtrBA.txt b/NIZFPnHtrBA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5d95c1df5ae4625a83bcab4aa645a786dfb49bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NIZFPnHtrBA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9171 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so that is um electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so that is um electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so that is um electron
+affinity but honestly chemists don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity but honestly chemists don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity but honestly chemists don't
+really talk so much about electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talk so much about electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talk so much about electron
+Affinity they prefer to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity they prefer to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity they prefer to talk about
+electro negativity um and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro negativity um and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro negativity um and these are
+highly related terms so this was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly related terms so this was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly related terms so this was also
+recopied although um completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recopied although um completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recopied although um completely
+identical I think between the handouts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical I think between the handouts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical I think between the handouts I
+just thought it was weird to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought it was weird to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought it was weird to have
+recopied this and not this so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recopied this and not this so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recopied this and not this so your
+handout for today is is perfect on on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout for today is is perfect on on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout for today is is perfect on on uh
+this point so electron uh negativity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so electron uh negativity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so electron uh negativity the
+net ability of an electron to or an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net ability of an electron to or an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net ability of an electron to or an atom
+to attract an electron from another atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attract an electron from another atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attract an electron from another atom
+so you can see that electron affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that electron affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that electron affinity
+and electro negativity are very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electro negativity are very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electro negativity are very similar
+in fact all of these terms are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact all of these terms are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact all of these terms are highly
+related to each other and this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each other and this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each other and this idea of
+electro negativity of this as a term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro negativity of this as a term for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro negativity of this as a term for
+a way of thinking about atoms initiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of thinking about atoms initiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of thinking about atoms initiated
+with Linus Pauling but here I have up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Linus Pauling but here I have up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Linus Pauling but here I have up a
+different picture um I have uh Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different picture um I have uh Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different picture um I have uh Robert
+milikin and the reason why I picked this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milikin and the reason why I picked this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milikin and the reason why I picked this
+picture is because he um helped a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is because he um helped a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is because he um helped a few
+years after lonus paen came up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after lonus paen came up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after lonus paen came up with this
+idea coming up with an equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea coming up with an equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea coming up with an equation that
+help people think better about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people think better about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people think better about what
+electr negativity is and another reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr negativity is and another reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr negativity is and another reason
+why I picked his picture to put up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I picked his picture to put up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I picked his picture to put up here
+um instead of lonus Pauling is that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of lonus Pauling is that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of lonus Pauling is that he
+was an MIT undergraduate he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an MIT undergraduate he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an MIT undergraduate he was a
+chemistry major I'm not sure in uh 1917
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry major I'm not sure in uh 1917
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry major I'm not sure in uh 1917
+or whenever that was the yearbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whenever that was the yearbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whenever that was the yearbook
+picture um when he took what whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um when he took what whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um when he took what whether I
+don't think it was 5111 at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it was 5111 at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it was 5111 at that point
+but at some point he was here studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point he was here studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point he was here studying
+chemistry just just like you and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry just just like you and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry just just like you and then
+when he got a faculty position later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he got a faculty position later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he got a faculty position later on
+um he uh did some beautiful work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he uh did some beautiful work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he uh did some beautiful work that
+had to do with bonding that he got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do with bonding that he got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do with bonding that he got the
+Nobel Prize so some of you may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize so some of you may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize so some of you may have a
+Nobel Prize in chemistry one day and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize in chemistry one day and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize in chemistry one day and uh
+so you want to make sure your yearbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to make sure your yearbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to make sure your yearbook
+picture um is at least as good as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um is at least as good as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um is at least as good as this
+one uh for uh other generations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh for uh other generations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh for uh other generations of
+professors to show your picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors to show your picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors to show your picture and
+describe uh the work that you did to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh the work that you did to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh the work that you did to
+contribute to the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the field of
+chemistry oh and he was born in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry oh and he was born in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry oh and he was born in
+Massachusetts too so he is uh he is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts too so he is uh he is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts too so he is uh he is a
+native to this area in more than one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native to this area in more than one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native to this area in more than one way
+all right so the way that he and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the way that he and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the way that he and this is
+a little bit more of a squishy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more of a squishy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more of a squishy uh
+definition so electron negativity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so electron negativity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so electron negativity is
+proportional to a half um and ie stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a half um and ie stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a half um and ie stands
+for what ionization energy and EA are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what ionization energy and EA are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what ionization energy and EA are
+electron affinity that we just discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity that we just discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity that we just discussed
+all right so it's it's related to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's it's related to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's it's related to these
+other terms that we have already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms that we have already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms that we have already talked
+about so let's let's think about then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so let's let's think about then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so let's let's think about then
+what this means so we can consider an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means so we can consider an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means so we can consider an
+atom with high electr negativity and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom with high electr negativity and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom with high electr negativity and an
+atom with low electr negativity and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom with low electr negativity and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom with low electr negativity and we
+want to think about whether an atom with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about whether an atom with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about whether an atom with
+high electr negativity is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high electr negativity is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high electr negativity is going to be an
+electron acceptor or an electron donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron acceptor or an electron donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron acceptor or an electron donor
+and that you can tell me and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you can tell me and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you can tell me and that is
+going to be a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a clicker
+question so you can try to grab your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so you can try to grab your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so you can try to grab your
+hand out while clicking at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we'll take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds yes 88% that's great of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds yes 88% that's great of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds yes 88% that's great of course
+if you looked and said if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked and said if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked and said if you didn't
+believe it could be a donor then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it could be a donor then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it could be a donor then that
+ruled out three of the four but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled out three of the four but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled out three of the four but that's
+okay those are those are good things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are those are good things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are those are good things um
+so yes if it has high electro negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes if it has high electro negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes if it has high electro negativity
+it's going to be an electron acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be an electron acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be an electron acceptor
+and part of the reason for that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the reason for that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the reason for that is that
+it has a high affinity for electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a high affinity for electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a high affinity for electrons and
+another part of the reason for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of the reason for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of the reason for that is
+that if you look at the equation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the equation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the equation when
+you have a high ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a high ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a high ionization energy
+something that is a high ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is a high ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is a high ionization
+energy um is not going to want to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um is not going to want to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um is not going to want to be um
+is not going to be a good donor so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be a good donor so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be a good donor so that
+wouldn't make sense so both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make sense so both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make sense so both of those
+both of those terms having high in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those terms having high in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those terms having high in both
+categories is consistent then with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories is consistent then with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories is consistent then with with
+this trend so let's take a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trend so let's take a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trend so let's take a little bit
+more of a look at that and why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a look at that and why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a look at that and why this is
+true so high electr negativity an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so high electr negativity an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so high electr negativity an atom
+with high electr negativity is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high electr negativity is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high electr negativity is an
+electron acceptor and then low would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron acceptor and then low would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron acceptor and then low would be
+a donor and so if we think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a donor and so if we think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a donor and so if we think about this
+and this is our periodic table um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our periodic table um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our periodic table um and
+again it's not going to be including our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's not going to be including our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's not going to be including our
+noble gases which really don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gases which really don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gases which really don't want to
+be accepting or donating anything so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accepting or donating anything so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accepting or donating anything so in
+this corner then we had our high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corner then we had our high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corner then we had our high
+ionization energy and we also saw last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy and we also saw last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy and we also saw last
+class that we had high electron affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that we had high electron affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that we had high electron affinity
+and we saw last class we had high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw last class we had high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw last class we had high
+ionization energy so it doesn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy so it doesn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy so it doesn't want to
+it doesn't want to give up an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't want to give up an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't want to give up an electron
+but it does want to accept one so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does want to accept one so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does want to accept one so we
+have things that are going to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things that are going to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things that are going to be good
+acceptors and down here we have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors and down here we have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors and down here we have low
+ionization energy so it's easy to donate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy so it's easy to donate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy so it's easy to donate
+an an electron oh let me just put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an electron oh let me just put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an electron oh let me just put these
+up sorry so we have then if you're high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up sorry so we have then if you're high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up sorry so we have then if you're high
+and high up here you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high up here you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high up here you have something
+that's a good acceptor and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good acceptor and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good acceptor and it's going to
+have a high electr negativity so high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high electr negativity so high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high electr negativity so high
+high means High over there and then down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high means High over there and then down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high means High over there and then down
+here we have low low which means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have low low which means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have low low which means you
+have low electro negativity low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low electro negativity low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low electro negativity low
+ionization energy it's easy to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy it's easy to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy it's easy to give
+something up low electron affinity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up low electron affinity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up low electron affinity it
+doesn't want electrons it's happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want electrons it's happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want electrons it's happy to
+give up electrons and if it gives up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up electrons and if it gives up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up electrons and if it gives up
+electrons then you can get a uh complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons then you can get a uh complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons then you can get a uh complete
+octet it can have a Nobel gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet it can have a Nobel gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet it can have a Nobel gas
+configuration so on this side you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so on this side you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so on this side you need
+electrons this side it's happy to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons this side it's happy to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons this side it's happy to give
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+up so um if we look then you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so um if we look then you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so um if we look then you know just
+at a periodic table again this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a periodic table again this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a periodic table again this makes
+sense we gain an electron over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we gain an electron over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we gain an electron over here we
+get our happy um Nobel gas configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our happy um Nobel gas configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our happy um Nobel gas configuration
+we lose electrons over here we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lose electrons over here we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lose electrons over here we do the
+same thing so that's a way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so that's a way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so that's a way to think
+about electr negativity all right so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electr negativity all right so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electr negativity all right so why
+should we care about electro negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we care about electro negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we care about electro negativity
+and that's because um a lot of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because um a lot of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because um a lot of atoms
+that are electr negative are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are electr negative are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are electr negative are used in
+pharmaceutical molecules um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical molecules um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical molecules um and that
+this gives them special properties so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives them special properties so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives them special properties so to
+hear in in uh their own words we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear in in uh their own words we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear in in uh their own words we're
+going to hear from a former EUR oper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hear from a former EUR oper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hear from a former EUR oper uh
+Katarina talking about um why you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katarina talking about um why you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katarina talking about um why you should
+care about electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negativity my name is Karina kitka I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity my name is Karina kitka I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity my name is Karina kitka I
+come from Ukraine and I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from Ukraine and I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from Ukraine and I'm interested in
+how microorganisms fight each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how microorganisms fight each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how microorganisms fight each
+other humans are very smart they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other humans are very smart they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other humans are very smart they have
+found chemical ways to make new drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found chemical ways to make new drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found chemical ways to make new drugs
+and so we spend a lot of time and money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we spend a lot of time and money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we spend a lot of time and money
+on making a new antibiotic and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on making a new antibiotic and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on making a new antibiotic and then we
+put it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into
+people and we hope for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and we hope for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and we hope for the
+best bacteria are also very very smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best bacteria are also very very smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best bacteria are also very very smart
+and they somehow learn to resist this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they somehow learn to resist this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they somehow learn to resist this
+new antibiotic that we just made bugs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new antibiotic that we just made bugs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new antibiotic that we just made bugs on
+the other hand have been fighting each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand have been fighting each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand have been fighting each
+other with the same molecules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other with the same molecules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other with the same molecules for
+thousands and thousands of years and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of years and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of years and we
+see no resistance developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see no resistance developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see no resistance developing
+there so we want to learn what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we want to learn what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we want to learn what it is
+about the antibiotics that bugs make to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the antibiotics that bugs make to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the antibiotics that bugs make to
+affect each other that makes them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect each other that makes them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect each other that makes them so
+difficult to develop resistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to develop resistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to develop resistance to
+normally living organisms use 20 amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally living organisms use 20 amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally living organisms use 20 amino
+acids but these bugs get very tricky in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids but these bugs get very tricky in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids but these bugs get very tricky in
+building their anti other bogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building their anti other bogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building their anti other bogs
+molecules so to add the functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so to add the functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so to add the functionality
+bugs can do chemistry on the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs can do chemistry on the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs can do chemistry on the building
+blocks the amino acids themselves and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks the amino acids themselves and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks the amino acids themselves and so
+one of the things that they can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that they can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that they can do is
+chlorinate carbons which activates these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorinate carbons which activates these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorinate carbons which activates these
+carbons for future chemistry the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons for future chemistry the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons for future chemistry the protein
+I study the halogenase sh2 takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I study the halogenase sh2 takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I study the halogenase sh2 takes
+chloride ion from the environment and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride ion from the environment and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride ion from the environment and a
+molecule of threonine the amino acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of threonine the amino acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of threonine the amino acid and
+puts those together forming a chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts those together forming a chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts those together forming a chlorine
+carbon Bond since chlorine is so electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon Bond since chlorine is so electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon Bond since chlorine is so electr
+negative when bonded to carbon it pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative when bonded to carbon it pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative when bonded to carbon it pulls
+electrons away from the carbon atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons away from the carbon atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons away from the carbon atom and
+so it makes the carbon to which it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes the carbon to which it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes the carbon to which it is
+attached much more reactive toward other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached much more reactive toward other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached much more reactive toward other
+molecules and this increased reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and this increased reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and this increased reactivity
+at least partially accounts for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least partially accounts for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least partially accounts for the
+antibiotic effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic effect of the
+molecule I'm hoping to figure out how C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule I'm hoping to figure out how C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule I'm hoping to figure out how C2
+positions all the atoms in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions all the atoms in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions all the atoms in such a way
+that they react In This Very controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they react In This Very controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they react In This Very controlled
+very appropriate manner so that later we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very appropriate manner so that later we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very appropriate manner so that later we
+could maybe re-engineer this or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could maybe re-engineer this or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could maybe re-engineer this or other
+proteins to make them do chemistry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins to make them do chemistry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins to make them do chemistry that
+we want them to do my hope is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want them to do my hope is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want them to do my hope is that we
+could understand seru well enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could understand seru well enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could understand seru well enough that
+we'll be able to remake it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to remake it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to remake it into a
+protein that will actively participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that will actively participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that will actively participate
+in synthesis of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+antibiotics so that is uh Katarina and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics so that is uh Katarina and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics so that is uh Katarina and
+so how adding halogens because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how adding halogens because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how adding halogens because they are
+so electronegative is actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so electronegative is actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so electronegative is actually a very
+important area um and I'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important area um and I'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important area um and I'll give you a
+couple more examples I also haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more examples I also haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more examples I also haven't
+watched that video in a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched that video in a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched that video in a little bit and
+she said she was from the Ukraine she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said she was from the Ukraine she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said she was from the Ukraine she's
+technically now part of Russia I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically now part of Russia I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically now part of Russia I think
+from part of Russia so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from part of Russia so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from part of Russia so
+um anyway that's a topic for a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway that's a topic for a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway that's a topic for a different
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+um so um this is this is big business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um this is this is big business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um this is this is big business
+actually putting halogens on things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually putting halogens on things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually putting halogens on things and
+a lot if you start looking at if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot if you start looking at if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot if you start looking at if you
+become interested if you're taking an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become interested if you're taking an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become interested if you're taking an
+antibiotic or something start looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic or something start looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic or something start looking at
+what the the molecule is start counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the molecule is start counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the molecule is start counting
+how many halogens are on that molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many halogens are on that molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many halogens are on that molecule
+um you will find a lot um so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will find a lot um so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will find a lot um so a lot of
+antibiotics have halogens either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics have halogens either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics have halogens either
+chlorides or uh Florine um as shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorides or uh Florine um as shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorides or uh Florine um as shown here
+also a very common anti-depressant has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a very common anti-depressant has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a very common anti-depressant has
+it um another example of something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um another example of something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um another example of something that
+is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an
+anti-diabetic huge numbers of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-diabetic huge numbers of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-diabetic huge numbers of molecules
+have halogens added to them some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have halogens added to them some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have halogens added to them some of
+these are derived from natural products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are derived from natural products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are derived from natural products
+so um nature was making these molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um nature was making these molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um nature was making these molecules
+to kill other bugs as you heard about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill other bugs as you heard about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill other bugs as you heard about in
+the video um other times uh it was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video um other times uh it was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video um other times uh it was uh
+they came up with this molecule and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with this molecule and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with this molecule and they
+said well we need to make it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well we need to make it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well we need to make it a little
+bit different um it's being uh consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different um it's being uh consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different um it's being uh consumed
+too fast it's broken down too fast in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast it's broken down too fast in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast it's broken down too fast in
+the body let's add some halogens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body let's add some halogens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body let's add some halogens so
+sometimes it's sort of a a man-made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's sort of a a man-made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's sort of a a man-made
+tailoring but often it's a tailoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailoring but often it's a tailoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailoring but often it's a tailoring
+that nature came up with so why why all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature came up with so why why all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature came up with so why why all
+these halogens what's the benefit of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these halogens what's the benefit of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these halogens what's the benefit of of
+having a carbon Florine Bond instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a carbon Florine Bond instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a carbon Florine Bond instead of
+carbon hydrogen and one uh reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon hydrogen and one uh reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon hydrogen and one uh reason is
+that having a FL Florine this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having a FL Florine this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having a FL Florine this really
+electr negative atom on say an aerrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr negative atom on say an aerrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr negative atom on say an aerrow
+ring like this one it actually sucks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring like this one it actually sucks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring like this one it actually sucks the
+electrons out of the ring and makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons out of the ring and makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons out of the ring and makes it
+what we call or organic chemists like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call or organic chemists like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call or organic chemists like to
+call electron pore so it just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call electron pore so it just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call electron pore so it just kind of
+hauls those electrons away and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hauls those electrons away and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hauls those electrons away and when you
+make something electron uh poor so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something electron uh poor so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something electron uh poor so by
+repl replacing CH with CF that can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repl replacing CH with CF that can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repl replacing CH with CF that can make
+a potential drug molecule electron por
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential drug molecule electron por
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential drug molecule electron por
+and what this does often is make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this does often is make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this does often is make it
+harder to oxidize the molecule so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to oxidize the molecule so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to oxidize the molecule so we're
+going to talk about oxidation reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about oxidation reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about oxidation reduction
+much later in the semester and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much later in the semester and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much later in the semester and we'll
+come back to this idea but this turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this idea but this turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this idea but this turns
+out to be really important because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be really important because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be really important because the
+way that the body metabolizes or breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the body metabolizes or breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the body metabolizes or breaks
+down these molecules is that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these molecules is that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these molecules is that it can
+oxidize it and there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize it and there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize it and there are a number of
+enzymes in your liver which will oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes in your liver which will oxidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes in your liver which will oxidize
+and break apart these these drugs and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and break apart these these drugs and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and break apart these these drugs and so
+if you make it harder to oxidize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make it harder to oxidize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make it harder to oxidize that
+makes the drug more stable in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the drug more stable in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the drug more stable in your body
+so if you want to take a drug you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to take a drug you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to take a drug you want
+it to last for a while um and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to last for a while um and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to last for a while um and especially
+if it's something an antibiotic you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's something an antibiotic you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's something an antibiotic you want
+it to last till it kills all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to last till it kills all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to last till it kills all of the
+bacteria not just half of them um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria not just half of them um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria not just half of them um and
+and most medicines you need them to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most medicines you need them to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most medicines you need them to to
+be around for them to have their effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be around for them to have their effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be around for them to have their effect
+so you want to tailor those molecules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to tailor those molecules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to tailor those molecules so
+that they don't get broken down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't get broken down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't get broken down as
+easily in the body and so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily in the body and so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily in the body and so this is one
+reason and this is big business and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and this is big business and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and this is big business and a
+lot of the times adding those halogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the times adding those halogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the times adding those halogens
+is actually revolves pretty toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually revolves pretty toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually revolves pretty toxic
+chemicals so um some people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals so um some people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals so um some people like
+Katarina are interested in using enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katarina are interested in using enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katarina are interested in using enzymes
+to do it instead um some people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it instead um some people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it instead um some people who are
+still using organic synthesis examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still using organic synthesis examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still using organic synthesis examples
+um is uh Steve Buck wald's laboratory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is uh Steve Buck wald's laboratory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is uh Steve Buck wald's laboratory in
+fact if you go to almost any top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you go to almost any top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you go to almost any top
+chemistry Department I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Department I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Department I think there's
+someone who's trying to find out new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's trying to find out new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's trying to find out new
+methods of putting halogens on molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods of putting halogens on molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods of putting halogens on molecules
+um it's it's a it's a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's a it's a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's a it's a very important
+area in designing new molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in designing new molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in designing new molecules and
+improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving
+them okay so that is electr negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so that is electr negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so that is electr negativity
+so you know one atom added to a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know one atom added to a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know one atom added to a big
+number of atoms can change the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms can change the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms can change the property
+of the molecule by sucking electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule by sucking electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule by sucking electrons
+away um and now we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away um and now we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away um and now we're going to talk
+about Atomic um and ionic radius and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Atomic um and ionic radius and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Atomic um and ionic radius and
+also isoelectric atoms so atomic radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also isoelectric atoms so atomic radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also isoelectric atoms so atomic radius
+these Trends are pretty good we're back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Trends are pretty good we're back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Trends are pretty good we're back
+to some pretty good fewer glitches so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some pretty good fewer glitches so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some pretty good fewer glitches so
+what is the atomic radius so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the atomic radius so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the atomic radius so here we
+have 2 r two times the atomic radius so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 r two times the atomic radius so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 r two times the atomic radius so
+the atomic radius is defined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic radius is defined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic radius is defined by the
+value of r that has about 90% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of r that has about 90% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of r that has about 90% of the
+electron density I mean technically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density I mean technically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density I mean technically an
+electron could be infinitely or close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron could be infinitely or close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron could be infinitely or close to
+infinitely far away but pretty much most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely far away but pretty much most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely far away but pretty much most
+of them are going to be about n within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are going to be about n within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are going to be about n within
+90% you call that the radius of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% you call that the radius of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% you call that the radius of the atom
+so there are Trends Trends are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are Trends Trends are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are Trends Trends are are
+pretty good so across the periodic T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good so across the periodic T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good so across the periodic T
+table what matters is the Z effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table what matters is the Z effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table what matters is the Z effective
+see everything we've learned about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see everything we've learned about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see everything we've learned about it
+comes back if you didn't learn it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back if you didn't learn it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back if you didn't learn it on
+exam one still learn it because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam one still learn it because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam one still learn it because we're
+going to use it again um across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it again um across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it again um across the
+periodic tables the effective matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic tables the effective matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic tables the effective matters
+down the periodic table n or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the periodic table n or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the periodic table n or the
+principal quantum number matters so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number matters so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number matters so how
+do these matter so across uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these matter so across uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these matter so across uh the
+periodic table the effective is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table the effective is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table the effective is going to
+do what increase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decrease so it's it's going to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease so it's it's going to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease so it's it's going to increase
+across the periodic table and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the periodic table and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the periodic table and this
+results in a decrease in the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a decrease in the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a decrease in the atomic
+radius so again it increases going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius so again it increases going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius so again it increases going
+across the periodic table because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the periodic table because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the periodic table because you're
+adding you're adding both electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding you're adding both electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding you're adding both electrons and
+protons but the electrons are not giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons but the electrons are not giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons but the electrons are not giving
+you complete shielding so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you complete shielding so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you complete shielding so you're not
+cancelling out every proton with every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling out every proton with every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling out every proton with every
+electron so overall you get an increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so overall you get an increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so overall you get an increase
+um in the Z effective and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the Z effective and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the Z effective and because of
+that when you have this increased um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you have this increased um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you have this increased um
+this this increased Z it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this increased Z it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this increased Z it's kind of
+pulling the electrons in um and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the electrons in um and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the electrons in um and then it
+isn't until you go down uh the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't until you go down uh the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't until you go down uh the periodic
+table when n increases that um you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table when n increases that um you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table when n increases that um you start
+to see the radius increase so there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the radius increase so there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the radius increase so there the
+electrons are getting farther farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are getting farther farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are getting farther farther
+away and so you are getting this bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and so you are getting this bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and so you are getting this bigger
+thing so I like to think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so I like to think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so I like to think about it as
+sort of the mom at the park there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the mom at the park there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the mom at the park there's some
+moms you know their kids are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms you know their kids are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms you know their kids are sort of
+running running everywhere but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running running everywhere but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running running everywhere but other
+ones are sort of you know hauling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are sort of you know hauling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are sort of you know hauling you
+know hauling their kids in they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hauling their kids in they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hauling their kids in they have
+this positive force seems to keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive force seems to keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive force seems to keep them
+all sort of in the general area and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of in the general area and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of in the general area and so
+they're shrinking the size of their kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shrinking the size of their kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shrinking the size of their kids
+play area with this force that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play area with this force that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play area with this force that they're
+exerting but if the kids get too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerting but if the kids get too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerting but if the kids get too far
+away it's like yeah they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it's like yeah they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it's like yeah they're not going to
+hear you call they're not going to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear you call they're not going to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear you call they're not going to hear
+you jump up and down they're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you jump up and down they're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you jump up and down they're not going
+to see you and uh so they're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see you and uh so they're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see you and uh so they're just going
+to be out there and the radius of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be out there and the radius of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be out there and the radius of your
+kids is going to be farther away um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids is going to be farther away um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids is going to be farther away um so
+we can look at these Trends um if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at these Trends um if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at these Trends um if we're
+over here in the beginning we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here in the beginning we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here in the beginning we're
+starting on this side we're going across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting on this side we're going across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting on this side we're going across
+the periodic table we go go down then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table we go go down then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table we go go down then we
+have a jump up when we increase n then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a jump up when we increase n then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a jump up when we increase n then
+we go down again then we have a jump up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go down again then we have a jump up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go down again then we have a jump up
+when we increase n we go down again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we increase n we go down again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we increase n we go down again
+except over here there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except over here there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except over here there's a little
+glitch those de electrons they're back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitch those de electrons they're back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitch those de electrons they're back
+they're going to they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to they're going to
+they're going to give you a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to give you a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to give you a couple of
+glitches I love D electrons we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches I love D electrons we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches I love D electrons we're going
+to talk about them more around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about them more around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about them more around
+Thanksgiving that's my favorite part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving that's my favorite part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving that's my favorite part of
+the course those D electrons are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course those D electrons are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course those D electrons are always
+causing trouble okay then we go up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing trouble okay then we go up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing trouble okay then we go up again
+then we go down and go up and go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go down and go up and go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go down and go up and go down
+those are pretty good those are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are pretty good those are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are pretty good those are pretty
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+trends all right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends all right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends all right okay so
+um ions ions are different than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ions ions are different than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ions ions are different than their
+neutral parent once again so we saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral parent once again so we saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral parent once again so we saw this
+uh before that when you start filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before that when you start filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before that when you start filling
+the the 3D the energy levels change um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the 3D the energy levels change um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the 3D the energy levels change um
+so ions can have different properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ions can have different properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ions can have different properties
+than their neutral parents and so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than their neutral parents and so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than their neutral parents and so if we
+have two kinds of ions we can have cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two kinds of ions we can have cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two kinds of ions we can have cat
+ions which are positively charged and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions which are positively charged and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions which are positively charged and so
+a positively charged ion will have lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positively charged ion will have lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positively charged ion will have lost
+an electron and so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron and so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron and so it's going to be
+smaller than its parent and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than its parent and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than its parent and so we can
+see here uh lithium and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here uh lithium and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here uh lithium and then in the
+center that's lithium plus so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center that's lithium plus so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center that's lithium plus so when you
+lose the electron the radius actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the electron the radius actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the electron the radius actually
+shrinks quite a bit it's like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinks quite a bit it's like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinks quite a bit it's like that that
+electron was just really kind of causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron was just really kind of causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron was just really kind of causing
+a bigger radius and when it's finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger radius and when it's finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger radius and when it's finally
+gone um you're at a smaller a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone um you're at a smaller a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone um you're at a smaller a smaller
+size over there um anions negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size over there um anions negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size over there um anions negatively
+charged ions so they're gaining an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged ions so they're gaining an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged ions so they're gaining an
+electron and their radius is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and their radius is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and their radius is larger than
+their parent parent and so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parent parent and so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parent parent and so you can see
+over here we have oxygen in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we have oxygen in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we have oxygen in the center
+oxygen minus 2 is much larger and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen minus 2 is much larger and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen minus 2 is much larger and again
+we can see some of the other Trends some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see some of the other Trends some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see some of the other Trends some
+of them are the same um the ionic radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are the same um the ionic radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are the same um the ionic radius
+also um in will increase when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um in will increase when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um in will increase when we're
+going down a group so when n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down a group so when n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down a group so when n is
+increasing so from lithium to sodium we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing so from lithium to sodium we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing so from lithium to sodium we
+have an increase from Florine to top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an increase from Florine to top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an increase from Florine to top of
+the periodic table to chlorine so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table to chlorine so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table to chlorine so we
+still as we increase n increase in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still as we increase n increase in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still as we increase n increase in size
+but you have to think about the ions did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to think about the ions did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to think about the ions did
+it lose an electron or did it gain an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lose an electron or did it gain an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lose an electron or did it gain an
+electron to think about how its size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to think about how its size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to think about how its size
+changeed with respect to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changeed with respect to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changeed with respect to its
+parent so um why uh why does this matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent so um why uh why does this matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent so um why uh why does this matter
+um there's uh one example of if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's uh one example of if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's uh one example of if you like
+if you're interested in in biology um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in in biology um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in in biology um or
+anything to do with the brain or neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with the brain or neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with the brain or neurons
+um then you should care about ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you should care about ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you should care about ion
+channels so they're channels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels so they're channels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels so they're channels and
+membranes that bring ions in and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes that bring ions in and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes that bring ions in and this is
+really important um so ion channels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important um so ion channels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important um so ion channels are
+in muscle cells and in neurons so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in muscle cells and in neurons so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in muscle cells and in neurons so if you
+want to move or think something that MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move or think something that MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move or think something that MIT
+students generally like to do both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students generally like to do both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students generally like to do both of
+those things you need ion channels to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things you need ion channels to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things you need ion channels to do
+that so ion channels should be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so ion channels should be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so ion channels should be important
+to you and you want ion channels they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and you want ion channels they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and you want ion channels they
+regulate the influx of of ions into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate the influx of of ions into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate the influx of of ions into the
+cell and allow for really rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and allow for really rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and allow for really rapid
+responses which is also really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses which is also really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses which is also really important
+and amazingly they High selective for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amazingly they High selective for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amazingly they High selective for
+certain ions so this is important it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ions so this is important it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ions so this is important it
+needs to be tightly regulated say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be tightly regulated say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be tightly regulated say how
+much sodium you have in there how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sodium you have in there how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sodium you have in there how much
+potassium that you have coming in and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium that you have coming in and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium that you have coming in and if
+the Ion channel took potassium and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ion channel took potassium and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ion channel took potassium and was
+supposed to take sodium that would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to take sodium that would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to take sodium that would not
+be good so um the these channels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good so um the these channels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good so um the these channels are
+designed by nature to be highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by nature to be highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by nature to be highly
+selective and so they care to be highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective and so they care to be highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective and so they care to be highly
+selective and you're telling about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective and you're telling about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective and you're telling about a
+plus one maybe or another plus one they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one maybe or another plus one they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one maybe or another plus one they
+have to think about the radius so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about the radius so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about the radius so why
+don't you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you tell me
+um what uh the differential is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what uh the differential is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what uh the differential is in the
+radius from smallest to largest for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius from smallest to largest for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius from smallest to largest for
+these three different ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+great so uh most people most people got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so uh most people most people got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so uh most people most people got
+that right let's uh just kind of take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right let's uh just kind of take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right let's uh just kind of take
+take a look at that so here we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at that so here we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at that so here we want to
+think about the neutral and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the neutral and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the neutral and then this
+one has one less electron so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has one less electron so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has one less electron so that's
+going to be smaller and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be smaller and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be smaller and then when you
+compare potassium with sodium you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare potassium with sodium you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare potassium with sodium you have
+to think about n and so this is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about n and so this is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about n and so this is down
+farther so that's going to be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther so that's going to be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther so that's going to be bigger
+than sodium so here we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sodium so here we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sodium so here we're thinking about
+the difference in electron uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in electron uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in electron uh
+configuration and here we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and here we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and here we're thinking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+n all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n all right so
+amazingly these channels have it figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly these channels have it figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly these channels have it figured
+out and so look at this this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so look at this this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so look at this this is about
+significant figures there's too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures there's too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures there's too many
+people lost points on significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people lost points on significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people lost points on significant
+figures I have to say on the exam um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures I have to say on the exam um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures I have to say on the exam um so
+make sure you learn them but if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you learn them but if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you learn them but if you if
+you had say you say oh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had say you say oh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had say you say oh what's the
+difference between one to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between one to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between one to three
+significant figures the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures the difference is
+sort of the potassium versus uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the potassium versus uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the potassium versus uh the
+sodium radius so 1.38 * 10us 10 1.02 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium radius so 1.38 * 10us 10 1.02 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium radius so 1.38 * 10us 10 1.02 *
+10 Theus 10 those seem like pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Theus 10 those seem like pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Theus 10 those seem like pretty small
+numbers does it really matter if it's 02
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers does it really matter if it's 02
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers does it really matter if it's 02
+versus 38 and the answer is yes you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 38 and the answer is yes you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 38 and the answer is yes you'd be
+dead um if nature could not distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead um if nature could not distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead um if nature could not distinguish
+between these significant figures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these significant figures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these significant figures for
+you so so these channels are designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so so these channels are designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so so these channels are designed to
+be selective at that kind of atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be selective at that kind of atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be selective at that kind of atomic
+scale and only went one ion in and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and only went one ion in and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and only went one ion in and so
+Rod McKinnon who's a crystallographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod McKinnon who's a crystallographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod McKinnon who's a crystallographer
+won a Nobel Prize for solving some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won a Nobel Prize for solving some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won a Nobel Prize for solving some of
+the structures of these ion channels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures of these ion channels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures of these ion channels and
+this just shows a ribbon drawing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows a ribbon drawing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows a ribbon drawing and
+this shows an all atom drawing of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows an all atom drawing of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows an all atom drawing of a
+channel and there's an ion going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and there's an ion going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and there's an ion going through
+that's its hole and its radius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's its hole and its radius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's its hole and its radius is
+perfect for that ion and the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect for that ion and the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect for that ion and the other one
+even though it's not that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's not that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's not that many
+significant figures different doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures different doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures different doesn't
+fit and that's pretty amazing nature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and that's pretty amazing nature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and that's pretty amazing nature is
+truly amazing that's the hole that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly amazing that's the hole that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly amazing that's the hole that makes
+a perfect hole just for the one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect hole just for the one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect hole just for the one kind of
+ion that it's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion that it's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion that it's supposed to
+accept all right so now there are um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept all right so now there are um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept all right so now there are um one
+more definition that we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more definition that we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more definition that we're going to do
+there are things that can have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that can have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that can have the same
+electron configuration those are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration those are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration those are called
+ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO
+electronic and let's think about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic and let's think about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic and let's think about those
+they don't necessarily have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily have the same
+same size but they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size but they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size but they have the same
+electron configuration and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration and I'm just
+going to write these out so why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write these out so why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write these out so why don't we
+think around um other ones near neon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think around um other ones near neon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think around um other ones near neon
+noble grass that would have that exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble grass that would have that exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble grass that would have that exact
+configuration so how do we get Florine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so how do we get Florine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so how do we get Florine
+to have that configuration what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that configuration what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that configuration what does it
+need to do gain or lose an electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do gain or lose an electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do gain or lose an electron and
+how many what would its state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be so what what do I write what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so what what do I write what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so what what do I write what's the
+thing for Florine that is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for Florine that is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for Florine that is going to be
+the same electron configuration just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same electron configuration just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same electron configuration just in
+terms of its charge I'd write F What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its charge I'd write F What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its charge I'd write F What
+minus for o what am I going to write for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus for o what am I going to write for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus for o what am I going to write for
+oxygen what am I going to write two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen what am I going to write two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen what am I going to write two
+minus and say nitrogen will stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and say nitrogen will stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and say nitrogen will stop there
+what's that three minus great let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that three minus great let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that three minus great let's go
+on the other side what about for sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side what about for sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side what about for sodium
+what does sodium have to do to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does sodium have to do to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does sodium have to do to have that
+configuration Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+NG 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NG 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NG 2
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aluminum okay and silicon four plus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum okay and silicon four plus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum okay and silicon four plus so
+you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the
+idea and now we can think about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and now we can think about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and now we can think about which
+will have bigger and which will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have bigger and which will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have bigger and which will have
+smaller radi as well so are these going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller radi as well so are these going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller radi as well so are these going
+to be bigger or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so they're going to have larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're going to have larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're going to have larger
+radii than their parents and on because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radii than their parents and on because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radii than their parents and on because
+they've all gained and then over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've all gained and then over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've all gained and then over
+here these will be smaller since they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these will be smaller since they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these will be smaller since they've
+lost electrons compared to their parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost electrons compared to their parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost electrons compared to their parent
+ion okay so let's just do one what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion okay so let's just do one what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion okay so let's just do one what
+should be very fast clicker question it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be very fast clicker question it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be very fast clicker question it
+is a clicker competition after all so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a clicker competition after all so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a clicker competition after all so we
+got to get in some extra clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get in some extra clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get in some extra clicker
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this should be very fast I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think all right let's just do 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all right let's just do 10 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all right let's just do 10 more
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have a periodic table up here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a periodic table up here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a periodic table up here in
+case you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it yeah okay that's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah okay that's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah okay that's not going to
+distinguish the recitations very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the recitations very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the recitations very much
+yeah so you just have to look at what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you just have to look at what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you just have to look at what is
+nearby and think about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby and think about how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby and think about how many
+electrons it needs to gain or lose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it needs to gain or lose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it needs to gain or lose to
+have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same
+configuration all right bonds now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration all right bonds now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration all right bonds now we're
+up to bonds there are three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to bonds there are three types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to bonds there are three types of
+bonds we will discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds we will discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds we will discuss
+today or we probably won't get to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or we probably won't get to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or we probably won't get to them
+all today after all the handout stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all today after all the handout stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all today after all the handout stuff
+but anyway that we will discuss in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway that we will discuss in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway that we will discuss in the
+class over time now some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class over time now some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class over time now some of you have
+probably figured out almost everyone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figured out almost everyone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figured out almost everyone has
+probably figured out that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figured out that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figured out that one of the
+things I love to do is teach chemistry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I love to do is teach chemistry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I love to do is teach chemistry I
+love to teach chemistry some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to teach chemistry some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to teach chemistry some of you have
+come to my office hours or pizza forums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to my office hours or pizza forums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to my office hours or pizza forums
+or even paid attention to some of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even paid attention to some of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even paid attention to some of my
+slides about office hours May realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides about office hours May realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides about office hours May realize
+that I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I love
+dogs so I love teaching chemistry and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs so I love teaching chemistry and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs so I love teaching chemistry and I
+love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+dogs what is the most amazing thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs what is the most amazing thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs what is the most amazing thing that
+you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think
+of dogs teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemistry so now I'm going to let dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so now I'm going to let dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so now I'm going to let dogs
+welcome to dogs teaching chemistry tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to dogs teaching chemistry tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to dogs teaching chemistry tell
+you about bonding our lesson is chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about bonding our lesson is chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about bonding our lesson is chemical
+bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding
+chemical bonds are what holds atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bonds are what holds atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bonds are what holds atoms
+together a chemical bond is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a chemical bond is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a chemical bond is an
+attraction between atoms that allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between atoms that allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between atoms that allows the
+formation of a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a chemical
+substance the electrons that participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance the electrons that participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance the electrons that participate
+in a chemical bond are called veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a chemical bond are called veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a chemical bond are called veence
+electrons these are electrons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons these are electrons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons these are electrons that are
+found in an atoms outermost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in an atoms outermost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in an atoms outermost
+Shell let's take a look at the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shell let's take a look at the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shell let's take a look at the types of
+chemical bonds that can be formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bonds that can be formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bonds that can be formed
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms an ionic bond is formed when one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms an ionic bond is formed when one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms an ionic bond is formed when one
+of the atoms will lose its electron to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atoms will lose its electron to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atoms will lose its electron to
+the other atom this results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other atom this results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other atom this results in a
+positively charged ion called a cat ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged ion called a cat ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged ion called a cat ion
+and a negatively charged ion called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a negatively charged ion called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a negatively charged ion called an
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ion positive and negative attract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion positive and negative attract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion positive and negative attract and
+the result is an ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bond calent chemical bonds involve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond calent chemical bonds involve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond calent chemical bonds involve the
+sharing of a pair of valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing of a pair of valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing of a pair of valence electrons
+by two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two atoms
+there is also what is called polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also what is called polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also what is called polar
+calent bonds these are Cove valent Bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calent bonds these are Cove valent Bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calent bonds these are Cove valent Bonds
+in which the sharing of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the sharing of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the sharing of the electron
+pair is unequal the result is a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair is unequal the result is a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair is unequal the result is a bond
+where the electron pair is displaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electron pair is displaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electron pair is displaced
+toward the more electronegative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the more electronegative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the more electronegative
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+atom thanks for watching and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom thanks for watching and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom thanks for watching and we'll see
+you guys next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the there's I think one other one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's I think one other one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's I think one other one but
+that is totally the best one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is totally the best one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is totally the best one and
+everything they say is exactly right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they say is exactly right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they say is exactly right so
+it's really exciting I even love it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really exciting I even love it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really exciting I even love it when
+they had the two like they put two balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the two like they put two balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the two like they put two balls
+in there that they were sharing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there that they were sharing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there that they were sharing you know
+it's just a really very well done okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a really very well done okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a really very well done okay
+so now you probably you know filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you probably you know filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you probably you know filled in
+some of your notes here but in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your notes here but in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your notes here but in case you
+missed some of them I will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed some of them I will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed some of them I will tell you
+exactly what the dogs just told you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the dogs just told you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the dogs just told you um
+the dogs had it completely correct um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dogs had it completely correct um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dogs had it completely correct um so
+uh ionic bonds is the transfer of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ionic bonds is the transfer of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ionic bonds is the transfer of an
+electron as you saw and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as you saw and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as you saw and then the
+generation of a cation and an anion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of a cation and an anion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of a cation and an anion that
+are attracted to each other due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are attracted to each other due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are attracted to each other due to the
+charge um so the bonding comes from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge um so the bonding comes from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge um so the bonding comes from that
+attraction between the positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between the positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between the positively
+charged chared and the negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged chared and the negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged chared and the negatively
+charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged
+atom and uh an example that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and uh an example that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and uh an example that you're
+probably all familiar with is table salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all familiar with is table salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all familiar with is table salt
+n ACL and so you have na+ and cl minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n ACL and so you have na+ and cl minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n ACL and so you have na+ and cl minus
+that are attracted to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are attracted to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are attracted to each other and
+form these bonds which creates table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form these bonds which creates table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form these bonds which creates table
+salt so um let's uh see how far we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt so um let's uh see how far we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt so um let's uh see how far we can
+get in thinking about really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in thinking about really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in thinking about really this
+interaction between ionic bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between ionic bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between ionic bonds and
+we'll see what we can get through ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what we can get through ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what we can get through ionic
+bonds we might have to wait till calent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds we might have to wait till calent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds we might have to wait till calent
+bonds uh till till Monday but let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds uh till till Monday but let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds uh till till Monday but let's see
+if we can finish this so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can finish this so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can finish this so uh the
+formation of NAC um uh from neutral Na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of NAC um uh from neutral Na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of NAC um uh from neutral Na
+and neutral CL will first involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neutral CL will first involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neutral CL will first involve
+forming your cations and your anions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming your cations and your anions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming your cations and your anions so
+you have na going to na+ plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have na going to na+ plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have na going to na+ plus an
+electron and so here you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and so here you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and so here you're talking
+about a process where the energy um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a process where the energy um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a process where the energy um is
+going to be equal to the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the ionization
+energy again so we're we're not moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy again so we're we're not moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy again so we're we're not moving
+far away from these terms because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from these terms because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from these terms because you're
+talking about I ionizing um a neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about I ionizing um a neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about I ionizing um a neutral
+atom to to na+ and there's a value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to to na+ and there's a value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to to na+ and there's a value for
+that and then we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we are talking about
+neutral CL neutral chlorine going to CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral CL neutral chlorine going to CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral CL neutral chlorine going to CL
+minus and so it's gaining an electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and so it's gaining an electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and so it's gaining an electron so
+here the process you're talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the process you're talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the process you're talking about is
+um the the electron affinity and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the electron affinity and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the electron affinity and so the
+energy change here is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change here is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change here is equal to the
+negative um U electron affinity which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative um U electron affinity which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative um U electron affinity which is
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+349 in this case so this is a favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+349 in this case so this is a favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+349 in this case so this is a favor
+aable process here uh to uh to gain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aable process here uh to uh to gain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aable process here uh to uh to gain this
+extra electron and so overall the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra electron and so overall the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra electron and so overall the the
+Delta e here is negative so now if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta e here is negative so now if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta e here is negative so now if we're
+going to talk about this process here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this process here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this process here um
+we have two of these so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two of these so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two of these so we're going to
+go we're going to put these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we're going to put these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we're going to put these guys
+together so we need both of those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we need both of those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we need both of those to
+ionize and so we can add up what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize and so we can add up what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize and so we can add up what uh
+energy difference we should expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy difference we should expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy difference we should expect to
+form na+ and cl minus together from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form na+ and cl minus together from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form na+ and cl minus together from
+their parents and so we have now A Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents and so we have now A Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents and so we have now A Plus
+we've added these two together a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've added these two together a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've added these two together a plus
+145 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+145 K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+145 K per
+mole so this seems weird it's plus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole so this seems weird it's plus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole so this seems weird it's plus um
+and so now we're seeing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we're seeing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we're seeing that the
+formation of these ions from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of these ions from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of these ions from their
+neutral atoms has this positive value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral atoms has this positive value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral atoms has this positive value
+which means it requires energy but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it requires energy but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it requires energy but we
+think about n you know NAC as being this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about n you know NAC as being this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about n you know NAC as being this
+natural table salt thing so uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural table salt thing so uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural table salt thing so uh you know
+why why is why is there so much uh table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is why is there so much uh table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is why is there so much uh table
+salt if this requires energy to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt if this requires energy to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt if this requires energy to do it
+and the answer is that this is only part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is that this is only part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is that this is only part
+of the process you need to form your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process you need to form your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process you need to form your
+cats and anions but then you have energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats and anions but then you have energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats and anions but then you have energy
+of them coming together so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them coming together so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them coming together so they're
+attracted to each other and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to each other and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to each other and that's a
+really important part of forming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important part of forming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important part of forming the
+bond and they're attracted by a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and they're attracted by a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and they're attracted by a simple
+camic relationship here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camic relationship here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camic relationship here so the
+attraction between the positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between the positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between the positively
+charged and the negatively charged ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and the negatively charged ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and the negatively charged ion
+um has an energy ofus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has an energy ofus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has an energy ofus
+589 k per mole so overall then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+589 k per mole so overall then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+589 k per mole so overall then if you
+consider both forming Na na+ and Cl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider both forming Na na+ and Cl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider both forming Na na+ and Cl
+minus and the attraction between them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and the attraction between them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and the attraction between them we
+have a negative Delta e of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative Delta e of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative Delta e of
+444 so the net energy here is in favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+444 so the net energy here is in favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+444 so the net energy here is in favor
+of uh forming na AC we have a decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh forming na AC we have a decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh forming na AC we have a decrease
+in energy this is a stable compound so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy this is a stable compound so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy this is a stable compound so
+let's look at where this number comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at where this number comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at where this number comes
+from so we just put this up that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so we just put this up that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so we just put this up that's the
+Kum uh thing but let's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kum uh thing but let's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kum uh thing but let's actually
+calculate this and see where that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this and see where that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this and see where that number
+comes from so we're back to kulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from so we're back to kulic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from so we're back to kulic
+equations again we never get very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations again we never get very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations again we never get very far
+away they turns out to be very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away they turns out to be very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away they turns out to be very important
+in chemistry so we have the colic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemistry so we have the colic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemistry so we have the colic
+potential we have Z's our charge on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential we have Z's our charge on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential we have Z's our charge on our
+ions we have the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions we have the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions we have the absolute value of the
+charge of an electron squared um over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of an electron squared um over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of an electron squared um over
+four Pi our permitivity constant and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Pi our permitivity constant and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Pi our permitivity constant and R
+our distance between those ions and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our distance between those ions and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our distance between those ions and for
+NAC the bond length or the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAC the bond length or the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAC the bond length or the distance
+between na+ and cl minus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between na+ and cl minus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between na+ and cl minus is
+2.36 angstroms so we can use that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.36 angstroms so we can use that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.36 angstroms so we can use that and
+just plug it into the equation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug it into the equation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug it into the equation and we
+have plus one for the sodium minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus one for the sodium minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus one for the sodium minus one
+for chloride so overall this will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chloride so overall this will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chloride so overall this will be a
+negative uh term and if you work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh term and if you work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh term and if you work out the
+math it's minus 9.77 4 * 10 theus1 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math it's minus 9.77 4 * 10 theus1 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math it's minus 9.77 4 * 10 theus1 19th
+jewles and where does we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewles and where does we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewles and where does we have three
+significant figures what's limiting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures what's limiting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures what's limiting our
+sign significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign significant
+figures what yeah the bond length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures what yeah the bond length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures what yeah the bond length is
+limiting it here always uh I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting it here always uh I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting it here always uh I'm just
+going to talk about significant figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about significant figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about significant figures
+for a while uh until test two when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while uh until test two when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while uh until test two when you
+can demonstrate I can stop talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can demonstrate I can stop talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can demonstrate I can stop talking about
+significant figures all right so then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures all right so then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures all right so then we
+want to convert to Kil per mole because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convert to Kil per mole because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convert to Kil per mole because
+that was the number I gave you was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the number I gave you was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the number I gave you was in
+kog per mole so uh we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kog per mole so uh we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kog per mole so uh we have our
+conversion factor between jewels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion factor between jewels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion factor between jewels and
+kilog and I guess I should mention up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilog and I guess I should mention up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilog and I guess I should mention up
+here kums cancel um and our meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here kums cancel um and our meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here kums cancel um and our meters
+cancel so we're left in Jewels up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel so we're left in Jewels up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel so we're left in Jewels up there
+units are also important um then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are also important um then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are also important um then we can
+use avagadro's number because we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use avagadro's number because we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use avagadro's number because we were
+given kles per mole and we can get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given kles per mole and we can get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given kles per mole and we can get out
+the number I gave you before so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number I gave you before so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number I gave you before so this
+number really just comes right out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number really just comes right out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number really just comes right out of
+this equation um minus 589 K per mole so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation um minus 589 K per mole so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation um minus 589 K per mole so
+we have our ionization energy to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our ionization energy to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our ionization energy to tell us
+about forming ions we have our electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about forming ions we have our electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about forming ions we have our electron
+affinity and now we have the culic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity and now we have the culic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity and now we have the culic
+relationship so I said before this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so I said before this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so I said before this is
+what I showed you before that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I showed you before that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I showed you before that we have
+this attraction that's favorable we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this attraction that's favorable we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this attraction that's favorable we have
+forming the ions which was um had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the ions which was um had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the ions which was um had a
+positive energy associated with it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive energy associated with it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive energy associated with it but
+overall this process is uh has a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall this process is uh has a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall this process is uh has a lower
+energy it forms a bond but this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it forms a bond but this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it forms a bond but this is just
+based on this calculation so we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this calculation so we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this calculation so we can ask
+what is the experimental measurement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the experimental measurement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the experimental measurement for
+this interaction and we note that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interaction and we note that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interaction and we note that it's
+somewhat different so we have instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different so we have instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different so we have instead
+of-4 44 we have-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of-4 44 we have-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of-4 44 we have-
+411 K per mole so why the difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+411 K per mole so why the difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+411 K per mole so why the difference so
+again our ionic model which just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again our ionic model which just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again our ionic model which just
+considers ionization energy electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considers ionization energy electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considers ionization energy electron
+affinity and that positive kic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity and that positive kic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity and that positive kic
+interaction and our experimental result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and our experimental result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and our experimental result
+so problems with this model that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so problems with this model that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so problems with this model that uh we
+did up here include um that we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did up here include um that we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did up here include um that we only
+thought about favorable interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about favorable interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about favorable interactions
+they're also going to be some that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also going to be some that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also going to be some that are
+not favorable you know Pro protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not favorable you know Pro protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not favorable you know Pro protons
+against other protons repulsion electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against other protons repulsion electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against other protons repulsion electron
+electron repulsion um so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron repulsion um so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron repulsion um so there's some
+negatives there's it's never all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives there's it's never all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives there's it's never all
+positive in any relationship whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive in any relationship whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive in any relationship whether
+it's sodium chloride or anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sodium chloride or anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sodium chloride or anything else
+always some negatives and we ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always some negatives and we ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always some negatives and we ignore
+those um and the result of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um and the result of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um and the result of this is that
+you're going to get a larger Delta e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a larger Delta e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a larger Delta e
+predicted than the experimental value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted than the experimental value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted than the experimental value so
+it seems like this is more favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like this is more favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like this is more favorable
+like that's a stronger Bond a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's a stronger Bond a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's a stronger Bond a stronger
+interaction but really if some repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction but really if some repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction but really if some repulsion
+that's that's overestimated it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's overestimated it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's overestimated it's really
+going to be a lower value which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lower value which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lower value which is what
+you see in the experiment also we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the experiment also we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the experiment also we just
+said that sodium plus was one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that sodium plus was one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that sodium plus was one point
+charge and cl minus was another it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and cl minus was another it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and cl minus was another it's
+more complicated their interactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated their interactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated their interactions are
+more complicated than that and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than that and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than that and we
+ignored quantum mechanics but in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored quantum mechanics but in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored quantum mechanics but in doing
+that we did pretty well if we had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did pretty well if we had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did pretty well if we had one
+significant figure we would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figure we would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figure we would have been
+perfect um so to one significant can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect um so to one significant can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect um so to one significant can
+figure these approximations work really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure these approximations work really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure these approximations work really
+well okay that's it for today and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay that's it for today and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay that's it for today and I will
+see you Monday have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weekend all right let's let's just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend all right let's let's just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend all right let's let's just take
+10 more seconds on the clicker question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great so people are getting the hang of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so people are getting the hang of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so people are getting the hang of
+this if you hadn't yet there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you hadn't yet there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you hadn't yet there's still
+time so uh as you're going across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so uh as you're going across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so uh as you're going across the
+periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+table um you are increasing Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um you are increasing Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um you are increasing Z and
+increasing the Z effective as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the Z effective as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the Z effective as well
+because you don't have total shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have total shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have total shielding
+so aluminum is the correct answer it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so aluminum is the correct answer it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so aluminum is the correct answer it has
+a lower Z effective and so therefore a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower Z effective and so therefore a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower Z effective and so therefore a
+smaller ionization held energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller ionization held energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller ionization held energy the
+electrons aren't held as tightly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons aren't held as tightly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons aren't held as tightly all
+right so we're talking about chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're talking about chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're talking about chemical
+bonds and it seems like an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and it seems like an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and it seems like an appropriate
+topic to talk about when we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic to talk about when we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic to talk about when we're also
+talking about bonding as a community so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about bonding as a community so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about bonding as a community so
+that seems like a good thing so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like a good thing so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like a good thing so a
+chemical bond is an arrangement of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond is an arrangement of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond is an arrangement of atoms
+um so that they come together in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that they come together in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that they come together in such a
+way that they're lower in energy than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they're lower in energy than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they're lower in energy than
+they were when they were apart so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were when they were apart so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were when they were apart so
+they're more stable together than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more stable together than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more stable together than they
+were apart and that's a chemical bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were apart and that's a chemical bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were apart and that's a chemical bond so
+this is page five of the handout from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is page five of the handout from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is page five of the handout from
+last time and excitingly we have lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and excitingly we have lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and excitingly we have lecture
+10 handouts today so there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 handouts today so there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 handouts today so there's lots of
+lots of things working today all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things working today all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things working today all right
+so this is lower in energy I.E more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is lower in energy I.E more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is lower in energy I.E more
+negative when these atoms come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative when these atoms come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative when these atoms come together
+so a chemical bond as you uh saw um last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a chemical bond as you uh saw um last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a chemical bond as you uh saw um last
+time with those wonderful dogs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with those wonderful dogs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with those wonderful dogs uh
+sharing a ptoy a calent bond is a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing a ptoy a calent bond is a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing a ptoy a calent bond is a bond
+where the electrons are shared between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are shared between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are shared between
+these two atoms and each atom is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two atoms and each atom is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two atoms and each atom is giving
+up one Bond um to to share so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one Bond um to to share so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one Bond um to to share so we can
+think about this more graphically of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this more graphically of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this more graphically of
+what what is happening and we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is happening and we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is happening and we have this
+little plot on your notes where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little plot on your notes where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little plot on your notes where you're
+going to be filling in a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be filling in a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be filling in a bunch of
+details so we have the internuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so we have the internuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so we have the internuclear
+distance R the distance between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R the distance between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R the distance between the two
+nuclei and we're back to hydrogen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and we're back to hydrogen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and we're back to hydrogen for
+the moment so we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment so we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment so we're going to talk about
+a bond between two H atoms and on uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond between two H atoms and on uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond between two H atoms and on uh the
+axis over here we have energy so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis over here we have energy so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis over here we have energy so we have
+energy versus the distance between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy versus the distance between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy versus the distance between these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+hydrogens so at Zero Energy we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens so at Zero Energy we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens so at Zero Energy we just have
+the hydrogens by themselves they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogens by themselves they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogens by themselves they're not
+interacting with each other in any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other in any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other in any kind
+of way that lowers either one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way that lowers either one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way that lowers either one of their
+energies there's no interaction uh no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies there's no interaction uh no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies there's no interaction uh no no
+energy change they're not interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change they're not interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change they're not interacting
+down here at this dash line we do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here at this dash line we do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here at this dash line we do have a
+bond so we formed H2 the hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond so we formed H2 the hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond so we formed H2 the hydrogen atoms
+are interacting with each other and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interacting with each other and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interacting with each other and this
+is is lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is lower in
+energy so what does this uh plot look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so what does this uh plot look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so what does this uh plot look
+like then um if you if you draw energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then um if you if you draw energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then um if you if you draw energy
+versus this distance so up here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus this distance so up here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus this distance so up here it's
+above and higher energy above zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and higher energy above zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and higher energy above zero this
+is unfavorable going down to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unfavorable going down to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unfavorable going down to this uh
+dashed line and then going back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line and then going back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line and then going back up to
+zero so let's think about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so let's think about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so let's think about what's
+happening here and there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here and there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here and there's a bunch of
+different kinds of interactions you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of interactions you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of interactions you can
+have between those two hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have between those two hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have between those two hydrogen atoms
+um their repulsive interactions nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their repulsive interactions nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their repulsive interactions nuclear
+nuclear repulsion electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear repulsion electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear repulsion electron electron
+repulsion and their positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and their positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and their positive
+interactions like the electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions like the electron nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions like the electron nuclear
+the positive and negative so up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive and negative so up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive and negative so up here
+these atoms are very close together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these atoms are very close together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these atoms are very close together and
+that is they're really too close and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they're really too close and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they're really too close and
+that's unfavorable two objects trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unfavorable two objects trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unfavorable two objects trying to
+occupy the same space at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy the same space at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy the same space at the same time
+is unfavorable but as you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unfavorable but as you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unfavorable but as you start
+separating out these atoms then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating out these atoms then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating out these atoms then they
+become U more comfortable and you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become U more comfortable and you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become U more comfortable and you get to
+a distance where you have the sharing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance where you have the sharing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance where you have the sharing of
+electrons they're next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they're next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they're next to each other
+they're interacting in a positive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interacting in a positive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interacting in a positive way
+and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+sharing but then if you bring them too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing but then if you bring them too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing but then if you bring them too
+far apart they're no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart they're no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart they're no longer
+communicating with each other we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with each other we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with each other we don't
+even know where one of them is at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know where one of them is at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know where one of them is at this
+point they're just kind of infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they're just kind of infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they're just kind of infinitely
+far apart no interaction so we go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart no interaction so we go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart no interaction so we go from
+too close to just right to too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close to just right to too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close to just right to too far
+away so this distance here that has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so this distance here that has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so this distance here that has this
+minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum
+energy okay um so we have this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay um so we have this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay um so we have this um
+minimum energy here and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum energy here and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum energy here and that's the
+distance in which you have this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in which you have this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in which you have this really
+favorable um interaction this Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable um interaction this Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable um interaction this Bond
+length that's the bond length between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length that's the bond length between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length that's the bond length between
+those two hydrogens right here now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two hydrogens right here now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two hydrogens right here now we
+can think about this energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about this energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about this energy difference
+over here and it has a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and it has a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and it has a special
+name so this is um the dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so this is um the dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so this is um the dissociation
+energy or Delta e subd sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or Delta e subd sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or Delta e subd sometimes it's
+just called Big capital D in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called Big capital D in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called Big capital D in your
+textbook so this is the energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook so this is the energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook so this is the energy that's
+needed to dissociate those atoms so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to dissociate those atoms so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to dissociate those atoms so if
+the atoms come together and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms come together and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms come together and they're
+lower in energy if you then want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in energy if you then want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in energy if you then want to
+break them apart you need to put energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break them apart you need to put energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break them apart you need to put energy
+in so that they can be broken apart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that they can be broken apart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that they can be broken apart and
+that's called the dissociation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the dissociation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the dissociation energy
+and if it's a really big number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a really big number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a really big number that
+means it's very hard to dissociate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's very hard to dissociate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's very hard to dissociate them
+and if it's a small number it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a small number it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a small number it's pretty
+easy so this is our dissociation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so this is our dissociation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so this is our dissociation energy
+here here so for hydrogen this value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here so for hydrogen this value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here so for hydrogen this value is
+424 K per mole and if we were putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+424 K per mole and if we were putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+424 K per mole and if we were putting it
+on this axis here it would be right down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this axis here it would be right down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this axis here it would be right down
+here so it's going to be a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's going to be a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's going to be a negative
+value on this axis we're below zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value on this axis we're below zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value on this axis we're below zero so
+the negative of the dissociation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the dissociation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the dissociation energy
+is found down here minus 424 K per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is found down here minus 424 K per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is found down here minus 424 K per mole
+and if you wanted to break that Bond you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you wanted to break that Bond you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you wanted to break that Bond you
+would need to put in energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to put in energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to put in energy so
+dissociation energy is positive it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy is positive it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy is positive it's the
+energy you need to put in to break those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you need to put in to break those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you need to put in to break those
+bonds so we can think about this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so we can think about this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so we can think about this plot
+now and uh consider looking at the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and uh consider looking at the plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and uh consider looking at the plot
+and evaluating what you can and cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluating what you can and cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluating what you can and cannot
+say about different kinds of compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about different kinds of compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about different kinds of compounds
+their bond lengths and also their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bond lengths and also their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bond lengths and also their
+dissociation energies so are we good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energies so are we good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energies so are we good
+people mostly got this written down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mostly got this written down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mostly got this written down and
+uh today for some of the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today for some of the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today for some of the people who
+wanted to come late we can uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to come late we can uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to come late we can uh we can
+post versions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post versions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post versions of this
+too all right so now let's consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too all right so now let's consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too all right so now let's consider this
+plot and ask which bond is stronger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and ask which bond is stronger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and ask which bond is stronger so
+we have hydrogene and we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have hydrogene and we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have hydrogene and we also have
+molecular nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular nitrogen
+N2 and in your dashed line you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and in your dashed line you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and in your dashed line you have
+nitrogen and2 and in the solid line you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and2 and in the solid line you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and2 and in the solid line you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+hydrogene so can you just uh look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogene so can you just uh look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogene so can you just uh look at
+this plot and tell me which is stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot and tell me which is stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot and tell me which is stronger
+is nitrogen or hydrogene stronger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nitrogen or hydrogene stronger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nitrogen or hydrogene stronger and
+you can just yell out what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just yell out what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just yell out what you
+think yeah so nitrogen is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah so nitrogen is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah so nitrogen is going to be
+stronger here and people knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger here and people knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger here and people knew that
+because it's a deeper well so you go way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a deeper well so you go way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a deeper well so you go way
+farther down there's more stabilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther down there's more stabilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther down there's more stabilization
+it's a lower energy a lower negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lower energy a lower negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lower energy a lower negative
+value of energy so that means it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of energy so that means it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of energy so that means it's going
+to have a greater dissociation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a greater dissociation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a greater dissociation energy
+you'd have to put in more energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to put in more energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to put in more energy to
+dissociate nitrogen nitrogen than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate nitrogen nitrogen than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate nitrogen nitrogen than uh
+these these uh two um sub molecules here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these uh two um sub molecules here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these uh two um sub molecules here
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+hydrogene all right so we can also look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogene all right so we can also look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogene all right so we can also look
+at this plot and ask the question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this plot and ask the question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this plot and ask the question which
+has a shorter Bond what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a shorter Bond what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a shorter Bond what do you think
+which bond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which bond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which bond is
+shorter nitrogen as well right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter nitrogen as well right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter nitrogen as well right so
+nitrogen is also the shorter Bond and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen is also the shorter Bond and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen is also the shorter Bond and we
+know this because this is increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this because this is increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this because this is increasing
+distance and this is closer to the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and this is closer to the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and this is closer to the axis
+so this has a shorter distance and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has a shorter distance and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has a shorter distance and later
+we're going to be doing uh Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be doing uh Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be doing uh Lewis
+structures and other things of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and other things of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and other things of nitrogen
+and Discover it has a triple bond which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Discover it has a triple bond which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Discover it has a triple bond which
+you may already know and we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may already know and we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may already know and we'll talk more
+about nitrogen's amazing triple bond as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nitrogen's amazing triple bond as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nitrogen's amazing triple bond as
+we go along um and so that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go along um and so that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go along um and so that's a very
+short Bond and a very very strong bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Bond and a very very strong bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Bond and a very very strong bond
+as well so you should be able to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so you should be able to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so you should be able to look at
+these plots and evaluate um what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plots and evaluate um what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plots and evaluate um what kind of
+dissociation energy it would have it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy it would have it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy it would have it's
+is bigger or smaller and also what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger or smaller and also what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger or smaller and also what kind
+of distance you expect between them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distance you expect between them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distance you expect between them and
+you should be able to draw these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to draw these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to draw these kinds
+of plots um on the exam if ask in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plots um on the exam if ask in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plots um on the exam if ask in just
+kind of uh simple detail not nothing too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh simple detail not nothing too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh simple detail not nothing too
+fancy all right so in terms of bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy all right so in terms of bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy all right so in terms of bond
+strengths um carbon monoxide has one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths um carbon monoxide has one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths um carbon monoxide has one of
+the uh strongest bonds so it has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh strongest bonds so it has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh strongest bonds so it has a very
+large dissociation energy and iodide I2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large dissociation energy and iodide I2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large dissociation energy and iodide I2
+has one of the weaker ones and later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one of the weaker ones and later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one of the weaker ones and later in
+the semester we're going to be doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester we're going to be doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester we're going to be doing a
+demo that shows why that's kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo that shows why that's kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo that shows why that's kind of cool
+that a weak uh Bond leads to some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a weak uh Bond leads to some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a weak uh Bond leads to some uh
+cool cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool cool
+demos okay so those are coent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos okay so those are coent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos okay so those are coent
+bonds and actually could you just close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and actually could you just close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and actually could you just close
+that door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that door
+please all right so let's finish polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please all right so let's finish polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please all right so let's finish polar
+coent and then we'll we'll have our Our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent and then we'll we'll have our Our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent and then we'll we'll have our Our
+Moment of Silence and maybe it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moment of Silence and maybe it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moment of Silence and maybe it'll be
+silent in the hallway by then as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent in the hallway by then as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent in the hallway by then as well
+all right so polar Cove valent bonds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so polar Cove valent bonds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so polar Cove valent bonds so
+last time the dog showed you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the dog showed you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the dog showed you that you
+can have equal sharing and unequal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have equal sharing and unequal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have equal sharing and unequal
+sharing and if those of you who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing and if those of you who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing and if those of you who've
+watched dogs uh play with pulley toys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched dogs uh play with pulley toys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched dogs uh play with pulley toys
+most of the time the sharing is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time the sharing is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time the sharing is pretty
+unequal and so whenever you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal and so whenever you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal and so whenever you see that
+again you can think Cove valent and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can think Cove valent and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can think Cove valent and tell
+your friends and they'll be like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends and they'll be like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends and they'll be like I don't
+know what happened to you at MIT those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happened to you at MIT those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happened to you at MIT those
+are two dogs playing what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two dogs playing what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two dogs playing what are you
+talking about um so this is unequal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um so this is unequal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um so this is unequal
+sharing of electrons between two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing of electrons between two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing of electrons between two atoms
+and this happens when those atoms have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this happens when those atoms have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this happens when those atoms have a
+very different electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different electro
+negativity so in general a bond uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity so in general a bond uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity so in general a bond uh
+between two atoms is considered a polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two atoms is considered a polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two atoms is considered a polar
+calent bond um when the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calent bond um when the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calent bond um when the difference in
+electro negativity between the atoms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro negativity between the atoms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro negativity between the atoms is
+greater than4 and less than 1.7 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than4 and less than 1.7 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than4 and less than 1.7 and
+that's lonus pauling's uh scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lonus pauling's uh scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lonus pauling's uh scale and
+works quite well so if we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works quite well so if we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works quite well so if we look at this
+little plot we could see that carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little plot we could see that carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little plot we could see that carbon
+hydrogen bond only has a point4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond only has a point4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond only has a point4
+difference so that would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so that would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so that would not be
+considered a polar calent bond but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a polar calent bond but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a polar calent bond but
+nitrogen hydrogen is a difference that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen hydrogen is a difference that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen hydrogen is a difference that
+is greater than 04 so that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than 04 so that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than 04 so that would be a
+polar bond and so you can use the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar bond and so you can use the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar bond and so you can use the these
+values to think about whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to think about whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to think about whether you're
+going to have unequal sharing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have unequal sharing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have unequal sharing and the
+more electronegative um element is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more electronegative um element is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more electronegative um element is going
+to be pulling on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pulling on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pulling on those
+electrons we also can use this to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we also can use this to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we also can use this to think
+about polar molecules and this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about polar molecules and this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about polar molecules and this is kind
+of a little bit of a flash forward to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little bit of a flash forward to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little bit of a flash forward to a
+Friday's lecture we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday's lecture we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday's lecture we're going to talk
+about shapes of molecules because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about shapes of molecules because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about shapes of molecules because a
+polar molecule has to have a pole has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar molecule has to have a pole has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar molecule has to have a pole has to
+have polar bonds but also has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have polar bonds but also has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have polar bonds but also has to have
+those bonds arranged in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bonds arranged in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bonds arranged in such a way that
+there's a net difference there's net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a net difference there's net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a net difference there's net
+dipole there's a net kind of pulling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole there's a net kind of pulling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole there's a net kind of pulling of
+those electrons in a different way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons in a different way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons in a different way so
+here is carbon dioxide a molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is carbon dioxide a molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is carbon dioxide a molecule that
+causes uh uh global warming yes I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes uh uh global warming yes I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes uh uh global warming yes I said
+it on the videotape yes I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the videotape yes I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the videotape yes I believe that
+human beings are responsible for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are responsible for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are responsible for some of
+the global warming and we should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global warming and we should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global warming and we should do
+something about it um this molecule does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it um this molecule does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it um this molecule does
+have polar bonds so we have carbon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have polar bonds so we have carbon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have polar bonds so we have carbon in
+the middle and oxygen here so carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and oxygen here so carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and oxygen here so carbon and
+oxygen have an electr negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen have an electr negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen have an electr negativity
+difference greater than 04 but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference greater than 04 but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference greater than 04 but it's not
+really a polar molecule it's a non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a polar molecule it's a non-polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a polar molecule it's a non-polar
+molecule and that's because of its shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and that's because of its shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and that's because of its shape
+so shape matters um so we have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shape matters um so we have we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shape matters um so we have we have
+pulling of electrons one way but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling of electrons one way but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling of electrons one way but we have
+equal and opposite pulling of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite pulling of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite pulling of electrons
+other way this would be really cool if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way this would be really cool if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way this would be really cool if
+the dogs could have done this as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dogs could have done this as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dogs could have done this as well so
+in this case we have a a non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we have a a non-polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we have a a non-polar
+molecule that has polar bonds now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that has polar bonds now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that has polar bonds now
+there's only very few cases where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only very few cases where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only very few cases where this
+would actually be true um and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be true um and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be true um and you you
+really need to think about the shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to think about the shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to think about the shape and
+so that's why we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we're going to talk about
+shape another molecule um that also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape another molecule um that also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape another molecule um that also uh
+has uh uh polar bonds is water so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh uh polar bonds is water so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh uh polar bonds is water so here
+we have polar bonds between the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have polar bonds between the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have polar bonds between the oxygen
+and the hydrogen so oxygen and hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hydrogen so oxygen and hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hydrogen so oxygen and hydrogen
+greater than 04 but in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 04 but in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 04 but in this case the
+shape of water is such that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of water is such that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of water is such that they don't
+kind of cancel out and you do have net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cancel out and you do have net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cancel out and you do have net
+dipole you do have a net charge on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole you do have a net charge on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole you do have a net charge on that
+molecule makes it a polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule makes it a polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule makes it a polar
+molecule so um we need to know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so um we need to know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so um we need to know about the
+shape and we need to know about electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and we need to know about electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and we need to know about electr
+negativity so in large um organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity so in large um organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity so in large um organic
+molecule sometimes we just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule sometimes we just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule sometimes we just talk about
+the number of polar bonds and then think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of polar bonds and then think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of polar bonds and then think
+about whether that's likely to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether that's likely to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether that's likely to be a
+polar molecule or not you can't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar molecule or not you can't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar molecule or not you can't always
+think about the shape of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the shape of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the shape of something
+really complicated in what direction all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated in what direction all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated in what direction all
+of the pulling and um of electrons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pulling and um of electrons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pulling and um of electrons is
+going but we can at least count polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going but we can at least count polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going but we can at least count polar
+bonds so here are two vitamins vitamin A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so here are two vitamins vitamin A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so here are two vitamins vitamin A
+and vitamin B9 which I think is also B10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vitamin B9 which I think is also B10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vitamin B9 which I think is also B10
+and a number of other B's um its name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a number of other B's um its name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a number of other B's um its name is
+folic acid um they kept finding it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folic acid um they kept finding it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folic acid um they kept finding it again
+and again so there's a whole gap of uh B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again so there's a whole gap of uh B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again so there's a whole gap of uh B
+vitamins where they're like oh B9 folic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamins where they're like oh B9 folic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamins where they're like oh B9 folic
+acid B10 also folic acid um b11 think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid B10 also folic acid um b11 think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid B10 also folic acid um b11 think
+also folic acid B12 is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also folic acid B12 is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also folic acid B12 is something
+different though um so anyway this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different though um so anyway this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different though um so anyway this this
+is a very important V vitamin and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important V vitamin and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important V vitamin and I'm
+actually going to come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to come back to this
+molecule later in the course um but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule later in the course um but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule later in the course um but we
+can think about how many polar bonds it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about how many polar bonds it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about how many polar bonds it
+has and that's a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question and there you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and there you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and there you have the
+molecules up here to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at all right let's just take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all right let's just take 10 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all right let's just take 10 more
+seconds it takes a while to count but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds it takes a while to count but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds it takes a while to count but I
+think you probably can answer it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you probably can answer it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you probably can answer it without
+maybe fully counting all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them all right so over here now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right so over here now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right so over here now the
+answer is the folic acid and I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is the folic acid and I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is the folic acid and I'll just
+highlight you might not have found all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight you might not have found all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight you might not have found all
+of these polar bonds but you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these polar bonds but you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these polar bonds but you should have
+at least seen that this one really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least seen that this one really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least seen that this one really
+didn't have many vitamin A only has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have many vitamin A only has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have many vitamin A only has one
+um so we have polar bonds down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have polar bonds down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have polar bonds down here
+between carbon and oxygen over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between carbon and oxygen over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between carbon and oxygen over here
+carbon and oxygen nitrogen hydrogen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and oxygen nitrogen hydrogen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and oxygen nitrogen hydrogen um
+carbon oxygen again nitrogen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon oxygen again nitrogen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon oxygen again nitrogen with
+hydrogen oxygen with hydrogen nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen oxygen with hydrogen nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen oxygen with hydrogen nitrogen
+with hydrogen over here so um folic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hydrogen over here so um folic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hydrogen over here so um folic acid
+is quite polar and if we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite polar and if we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite polar and if we're going to
+think now about whether it is a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now about whether it is a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now about whether it is a water
+soluble vitamin or a fat soluble vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble vitamin or a fat soluble vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble vitamin or a fat soluble vitamin
+which is is something that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is something that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is something that a lot of
+times your uh supplements will uh tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times your uh supplements will uh tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times your uh supplements will uh tell
+you about um if it's water soluble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about um if it's water soluble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about um if it's water soluble and
+we'll talk about this more later like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this more later like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this more later like
+dissolves likes so water likes polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves likes so water likes polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves likes so water likes polar
+molecules which makes folic acid water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules which makes folic acid water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules which makes folic acid water
+soluble and makes vitamin A fat soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble and makes vitamin A fat soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble and makes vitamin A fat soluble
+it's not very polar doesn't dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very polar doesn't dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very polar doesn't dissolve
+very well in water and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well in water and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well in water and this kind of
+turns out to uh be important in that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to uh be important in that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to uh be important in that if
+you read your vitamin supplement if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read your vitamin supplement if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read your vitamin supplement if you
+take vitamin supplements it'll often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take vitamin supplements it'll often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take vitamin supplements it'll often
+tell you interesting things like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you interesting things like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you interesting things like how
+many hundred times over the daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hundred times over the daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hundred times over the daily
+recommended allowance this vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended allowance this vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended allowance this vitamin
+tablet is and if things are water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet is and if things are water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet is and if things are water
+soluble it doesn't matter so much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble it doesn't matter so much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble it doesn't matter so much that
+you're taking way more than your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking way more than your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking way more than your body
+actually needs you just have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually needs you just have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually needs you just have a very
+expensive pee um but if it's fat soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive pee um but if it's fat soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive pee um but if it's fat soluble
+then it's going to stay in your body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to stay in your body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to stay in your body and
+you don't need it and it can be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need it and it can be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need it and it can be a little
+bit toxic so try to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit toxic so try to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit toxic so try to think about the
+vitamins not everything even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamins not everything even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamins not everything even though
+vitamins are good for you they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamins are good for you they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamins are good for you they're not
+good in every kind of amount that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in every kind of amount that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in every kind of amount that you
+could take so um you want you will now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take so um you want you will now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take so um you want you will now
+use your knowledge of polar bonds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your knowledge of polar bonds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your knowledge of polar bonds to
+figure out whether you should be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether you should be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether you should be taking
+certain vitamin supplements
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NXPvXI603RA.txt b/NXPvXI603RA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b2d44737636d5a2eb811e5312a723ccf8b8d1e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NXPvXI603RA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in order to learn more about the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to learn more about the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to learn more about the subject
+we must do the wave packets so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must do the wave packets so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must do the wave packets so this is
+the place where you really connect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where you really connect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where you really connect this
+neat solution of Schrodinger's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat solution of Schrodinger's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat solution of Schrodinger's equation
+the energy eigenstates to a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy eigenstates to a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy eigenstates to a physical
+problem so we'll do our wave packets hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so we'll do our wave packets hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so we'll do our wave packets hmm
+okay so we've been doing wave packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've been doing wave packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've been doing wave packets
+for a while so I think it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while so I think it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while so I think it's not going to
+be that difficult we've also been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that difficult we've also been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that difficult we've also been
+talking about stationary face and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about stationary face and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about stationary face and you
+practice that so you have the math ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that so you have the math ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that so you have the math ready
+we should not have a great difficulty so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should not have a great difficulty so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should not have a great difficulty so
+let's do wave packets wave packets with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do wave packets wave packets with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do wave packets wave packets with
+I'm going to use a equals one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a equals one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a equals one in the
+solution I've erased every solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I've erased every solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I've erased every solution and
+will work with eager ATAR than V not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work with eager ATAR than V not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work with eager ATAR than V not to
+begin with the reason I want to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with the reason I want to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with the reason I want to work
+with in greater than V not is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in greater than V not is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in greater than V not is because
+there's a transmitted wave so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transmitted wave so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transmitted wave so that's
+kind of nice so how am I going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice so how am I going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice so how am I going to do
+that okay I'm going to write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay I'm going to write it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay I'm going to write it this
+following way so here is a solution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way so here is a solution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way so here is a solution with
+a equals to one e to the I KX plus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals to one e to the I KX plus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals to one e to the I KX plus K
+minus K bar over k plus k bar e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K bar over k plus k bar e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K bar over k plus k bar e to the
+minus I K X and this was for X less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I K X and this was for X less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I K X and this was for X less than
+zero and indeed when this was there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and indeed when this was there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and indeed when this was there was
+an a there was a B if a is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a there was a B if a is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a there was a B if a is equal to one
+remember we solve for the ratio of B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we solve for the ratio of B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we solve for the ratio of B to
+a and it was this number so I've put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and it was this number so I've put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and it was this number so I've put it
+there I'm just writing it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm just writing it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm just writing it a little
+differently but this is you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but this is you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but this is you know a
+solution and for x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and for x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and for x-ray
+later than zero this is the solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later than zero this is the solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later than zero this is the solution is
+C which was 2 K over k plus k bar e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which was 2 K over k plus k bar e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which was 2 K over k plus k bar e to
+the I K bar X okay now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I K bar X okay now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I K bar X okay now we have to
+superpose things but I will do it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superpose things but I will do it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superpose things but I will do it very
+slowly first is this a solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly first is this a solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly first is this a solution of the
+full Schrodinger equation now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Schrodinger equation now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Schrodinger equation now is the
+solution of a time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of a time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of a time independent
+Schrodinger equation what do I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation what do I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation what do I need to
+make it the solution of the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the solution of the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the solution of the full
+Schrodinger equation I need e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation I need e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation I need e to the
+minus i DT over H and I need it here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i DT over H and I need it here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i DT over H and I need it here as
+well and this you know is a sign now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and this you know is a sign now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and this you know is a sign now of
+X and T it's two options for X less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and T it's two options for X less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and T it's two options for X less than
+0 and H less than 0 and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and H less than 0 and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and H less than 0 and those are
+solutions so far so good now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so far so good now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so far so good now I'm going
+to multiply each solution so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply each solution so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply each solution so this is a
+solution of the full Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the full Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the full Schrodinger
+equation not just the time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation not just the time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation not just the time independent
+one all of it it has two expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all of it it has two expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all of it it has two expressions
+because there's a little discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a little discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a little discontinuity
+in the middle but as a whole it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle but as a whole it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle but as a whole it's a
+solution that is the solution you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that is the solution you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that is the solution you know
+some mathematicians would put a theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mathematicians would put a theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mathematicians would put a theta
+function here theta of minus X and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here theta of minus X and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here theta of minus X and add
+this with a theta of X so that it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a theta of X so that it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a theta of X so that it this
+one exists for less than X X less than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one exists for less than X X less than 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one exists for less than X X less than 0
+and this one exists for less great and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one exists for less great and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one exists for less great and
+so I will not do that I will write cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will not do that I will write cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will not do that I will write cases
+but the philosophy is the same so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the philosophy is the same so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the philosophy is the same so let's
+multiply by a number f of K F of K still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a number f of K F of K still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a number f of K F of K still
+a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution
+kay is fixed so this is just a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kay is fixed so this is just a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kay is fixed so this is just a number
+now superposition that will still be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now superposition that will still be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now superposition that will still be a
+solution if I do the same superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if I do the same superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if I do the same superposition
+in the two formulas integral DK and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two formulas integral DK and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two formulas integral DK and
+integral DK that's still a solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DK that's still a solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DK that's still a solution of
+the Schrodinger equation now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation now I want to
+ask you what limits I should use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you what limits I should use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you what limits I should use for
+that integral and if anybody has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral and if anybody has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral and if anybody has an
+opinion on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion on that
+it might naively be minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might naively be minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might naively be minus infinity to
+infinity and that might be good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and that might be good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and that might be good but
+maybe it's not so good okay it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not so good okay it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not so good okay it's not so
+good why is not so good minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good why is not so good minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good why is not so good minus infinity
+to infinity or would I have to do from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity or would I have to do from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity or would I have to do from
+minus infinity on my force does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity on my force does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity on my force does anybody
+force me now you're superimposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force me now you're superimposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force me now you're superimposing
+solutions for different values of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for different values of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for different values of K
+you're superimposing you had a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're superimposing you had a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're superimposing you had a solution
+and another solution for anarchy another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another solution for anarchy another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another solution for anarchy another
+solution what goes wrong if I go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution what goes wrong if I go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution what goes wrong if I go from
+minus infinity to infinity yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity yes that's
+right you see ah here this wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see ah here this wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see ah here this wave packet
+is going to be going in the positive x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be going in the positive x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be going in the positive x
+direction positive direction as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction positive direction as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction positive direction as long as
+K is positive it's just the direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is positive it's just the direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is positive it's just the direction is
+determined by the relative sign between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the relative sign between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the relative sign between
+despondence E is positive and K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despondence E is positive and K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despondence E is positive and K is
+positive this moves to the right as low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this moves to the right as low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this moves to the right as low
+if I start putting things where K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start putting things where K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start putting things where K is
+negative I'm gonna start producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative I'm gonna start producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative I'm gonna start producing
+things that move to the left and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that move to the left and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that move to the left and to the
+right and a terrible confusion so yes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and a terrible confusion so yes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and a terrible confusion so yes to
+go 0 to infinity 0 to infinity and f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go 0 to infinity 0 to infinity and f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go 0 to infinity 0 to infinity and f of
+K what is it well in our usual picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what is it well in our usual picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what is it well in our usual picture
+K F of K is some function that is peaked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K F of K is some function that is peaked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K F of K is some function that is peaked
+around some K naught and this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some K naught and this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some K naught and this whole
+thing is size of X and T the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is size of X and T the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is size of X and T the full
+solution of a wave packet so now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of a wave packet so now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of a wave packet so now you see
+what how the a B and C coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how the a B and C coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how the a B and C coefficients
+enter into the construction of a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into the construction of a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into the construction of a wave
+packet I look back at the textbook which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet I look back at the textbook which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet I look back at the textbook which
+I learned quantum mechanics and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned quantum mechanics and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned quantum mechanics and it's a
+book by Schiff it's a very good book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by Schiff it's a very good book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by Schiff it's a very good book
+it's an old book I think it was probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an old book I think it was probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an old book I think it was probably
+written in the 60s and it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the 60s and it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the 60s and it goes through
+some discussion of wave packets and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discussion of wave packets and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discussion of wave packets and then
+presents a joule says with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents a joule says with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents a joule says with a
+supercomputer we've been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercomputer we've been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercomputer we've been able to
+evaluate numerically these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate numerically these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate numerically these things
+something you can do now with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can do now with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can do now with three
+seconds in your laptop and it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds in your laptop and it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds in your laptop and it was the
+only way to do this so you produce an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to do this so you produce an F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to do this so you produce an F
+of K you fix the energy and send in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K you fix the energy and send in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K you fix the energy and send in a
+wave packet and see what happens you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet and see what happens you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet and see what happens you can
+do numerical experiments with wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do numerical experiments with wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do numerical experiments with wave
+packet and see how the packet gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and see how the packet gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and see how the packet gets
+distorted at the obstacle and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted at the obstacle and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted at the obstacle and how it
+eventually bounces back or or reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually bounces back or or reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually bounces back or or reflects
+so it's very very nice so there is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very very nice so there is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very very nice so there is our
+solution now we're going to say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now we're going to say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now we're going to say a few
+things about it I want to split it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about it I want to split it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about it I want to split it a
+little bit so let's go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do we split it I say um let's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we split it I say um let's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we split it I say um let's the
+solution is this whole thing so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is this whole thing so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is this whole thing so let's
+call the incident wave that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the incident wave that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the incident wave that is going to
+be defined for X less than zero and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined for X less than zero and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined for X less than zero and P
+this is for X less than zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for X less than zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for X less than zero and the
+incident wave packet is the K 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave packet is the K 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave packet is the K 0 to
+infinity f of K e to the ikx e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity f of K e to the ikx e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity f of K e to the ikx e to the
+minus IET over H bar and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus IET over H bar and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus IET over H bar and this is just
+defined for X less than zero and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for X less than zero and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for X less than zero and that's
+so important that I write it here for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important that I write it here for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important that I write it here for X
+less than zero you have an incident wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero you have an incident wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero you have an incident wave
+packet and then you also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and then you also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and then you also have a
+reflected wave plot wave packet X less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected wave plot wave packet X less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected wave plot wave packet X less
+than zero P is the second part DK f of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero P is the second part DK f of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero P is the second part DK f of k
+k - K bar over k plus k bar e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k - K bar over k plus k bar e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k - K bar over k plus k bar e to the I
+minus I K X e to the minus IET over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I K X e to the minus IET over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I K X e to the minus IET over H
+bar it's also for X less than zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar it's also for X less than zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar it's also for X less than zero and
+we have a transmitted side transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a transmitted side transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a transmitted side transmitted
+for X greater than zero and T and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X greater than zero and T and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X greater than zero and T and that
+would be 0 to infinity D K F of K - K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 0 to infinity D K F of K - K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 0 to infinity D K F of K - K
+over K + k bar e to the IKr X e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K + k bar e to the IKr X e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K + k bar e to the IKr X e to the
+minus I P over H bar ok lots of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I P over H bar ok lots of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I P over H bar ok lots of writing
+but that's important and notice given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's important and notice given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's important and notice given
+our def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our def
+Nations the total sigh of X and T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations the total sigh of X and T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations the total sigh of X and T is
+equal to sorry incident plus plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sorry incident plus plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sorry incident plus plus I
+reflected for X less than zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected for X less than zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected for X less than zero and the
+total wave function of X and K is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wave function of X and K is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wave function of X and K is equal
+to sigh are transmitted for X greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sigh are transmitted for X greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sigh are transmitted for X greater
+than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lots of equations will give you a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of equations will give you a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of equations will give you a second
+to to copy them or if you are copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to copy them or if you are copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to copy them or if you are copying
+them so now comes up if if we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so now comes up if if we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so now comes up if if we really
+want to understand this we have to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand this we have to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand this we have to push
+it a little further and perhaps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little further and perhaps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little further and perhaps in
+exercises we will do some numerix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises we will do some numerix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises we will do some numerix to
+play with this thing as well so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with this thing as well so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with this thing as well so I want
+to do stationary phase approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do stationary phase approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do stationary phase approximation
+here otherwise we don't see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here otherwise we don't see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here otherwise we don't see what this
+packets how they're moving so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets how they're moving so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets how they're moving so you have
+some practice already with this you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practice already with this you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practice already with this you're
+supposed to have a phase whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have a phase whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have a phase whose
+derivative is zero and it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is zero and it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is zero and it's very very
+slowly at that place where there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly at that place where there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly at that place where there could
+be a contribution now every integral has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a contribution now every integral has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a contribution now every integral has
+the F of K so that still dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F of K so that still dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F of K so that still dominates
+everything of course you see if F of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything of course you see if F of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything of course you see if F of K
+is very narrow you pretty much could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very narrow you pretty much could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very narrow you pretty much could
+evaluate this function at the value of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this function at the value of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this function at the value of K
+naught and get a rather accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and get a rather accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and get a rather accurate
+interpretation of the the answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the the answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the the answer the
+main difficulty would be to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main difficulty would be to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main difficulty would be to do the
+leftover part of the integral but up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover part of the integral but up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover part of the integral but up
+again here we can identify faces we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here we can identify faces we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here we can identify faces we're
+going to take f of K to be localized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take f of K to be localized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take f of K to be localized and
+to be real so there's no face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be real so there's no face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be real so there's no face
+associated with it and there's no faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it and there's no faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it and there's no faces
+associated with this quantities either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this quantities either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this quantities either
+so the faces are up there so let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the faces are up there so let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the faces are up there so let's take
+for example sorry incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example sorry incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example sorry incident
+what is the stationary phase condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the stationary phase condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the stationary phase condition
+would be that the derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that the derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that the derivative with
+respect to K that you're integrating of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K that you're integrating of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K that you're integrating of
+the phase K X minus e T over H bar must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase K X minus e T over H bar must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase K X minus e T over H bar must
+be evaluated at K naught and must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be evaluated at K naught and must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be evaluated at K naught and must be
+equal to zero so that's our stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so that's our stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so that's our stationary
+phase approximation for the top-end row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase approximation for the top-end row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase approximation for the top-end row
+now remember that e is equal to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember that e is equal to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember that e is equal to H
+squared K squared over 2m so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared K squared over 2m so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared K squared over 2m so what does
+this give you that the peak of the pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this give you that the peak of the pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this give you that the peak of the pulse
+of the wave packet is localized at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave packet is localized at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave packet is localized at the
+place where the following condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where the following condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where the following condition
+holds X minus de DK with an H bar will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds X minus de DK with an H bar will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds X minus de DK with an H bar will
+give you an H K T over m evaluated at K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an H K T over m evaluated at K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an H K T over m evaluated at K
+naught equals 0 so this will be x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught equals 0 so this will be x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught equals 0 so this will be x equals
+H Bar K naught over m T that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Bar K naught over m T that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Bar K naught over m T that's where the
+incident wave is propagating now look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave is propagating now look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave is propagating now look at
+that incident wave what does it do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incident wave what does it do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incident wave what does it do for
+negative time as time is infinite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative time as time is infinite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative time as time is infinite and
+negative x is negative and it's far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative x is negative and it's far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative x is negative and it's far away
+yes the packet is very much to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the packet is very much to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the packet is very much to the left
+of the barrier at time equal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the barrier at time equal minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the barrier at time equal minus
+infinity and that's consistent because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and that's consistent because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and that's consistent because
+psy incident is only defined for X less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psy incident is only defined for X less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psy incident is only defined for X less
+than 0 so only define there so as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 so only define there so as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 so only define there so as long
+as T is negative yes the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as T is negative yes the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as T is negative yes the center of the
+packet is moving in while maybe draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is moving in while maybe draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is moving in while maybe draw it
+here the center of the packet is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the center of the packet is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the center of the packet is moving
+in from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from minus
+Trinity into the wall and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trinity into the wall and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trinity into the wall and that is the
+picture the packet is here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the packet is here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the packet is here and it's
+moving like that and that's t- there sai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving like that and that's t- there sai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving like that and that's t- there sai
+incident is coming from the left into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident is coming from the left into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident is coming from the left into
+the barrier and that's okay but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrier and that's okay but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrier and that's okay but then
+what happens with Sai incident as T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with Sai incident as T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with Sai incident as T is
+positive as T is positive try incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive as T is positive try incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive as T is positive try incident
+well you know it's just another interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know it's just another interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know it's just another interval
+you might do it and see what you get but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do it and see what you get but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do it and see what you get but
+we can see what we will get roughly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see what we will get roughly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see what we will get roughly when
+T is positive the answer would be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is positive the answer would be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is positive the answer would be you
+get something if you have positive x but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something if you have positive x but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something if you have positive x but
+say incident is only for negative X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say incident is only for negative X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say incident is only for negative X so
+for negative X you cannot satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for negative X you cannot satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for negative X you cannot satisfy the
+stationarity condition and therefore for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationarity condition and therefore for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationarity condition and therefore for
+negative x and positive time T positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative x and positive time T positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative x and positive time T positive
+side incident is nothing it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side incident is nothing it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side incident is nothing it's a little
+wiggle it's probably something a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle it's probably something a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle it's probably something a little
+bit look at it with Mathematica there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit look at it with Mathematica there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit look at it with Mathematica there
+will be something but you're for an it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be something but you're for an it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be something but you're for an it
+for positive T since you only look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive T since you only look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive T since you only look at
+negative x you don't satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative x you don't satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative x you don't satisfy
+stationarity so you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationarity so you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationarity so you're not going to get
+much so that's interesting somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so that's interesting somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so that's interesting somehow
+automatically psi incident just exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically psi incident just exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically psi incident just exists
+for a negative time for time near zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a negative time for time near zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a negative time for time near zero
+is very interesting because somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very interesting because somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very interesting because somehow
+stationary phase continuous s you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase continuous s you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase continuous s you still
+get something but we're going to you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something but we're going to you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something but we're going to you're
+going to see what the packet does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see what the packet does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see what the packet does is it
+hit the thing okay let's do the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the thing okay let's do the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the thing okay let's do the second
+one of sigh reflected DDK this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of sigh reflected DDK this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of sigh reflected DDK this time
+would be K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be K
+our with a different sign minus KX minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our with a different sign minus KX minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our with a different sign minus KX minus
+et over h-bar at K not equals zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+et over h-bar at K not equals zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+et over h-bar at K not equals zero for
+the reflected wave the face is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflected wave the face is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflected wave the face is really
+the same yeah this factor is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same yeah this factor is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same yeah this factor is a little
+more complicated but it doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated but it doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated but it doesn't have any
+phase in it is real soap nor it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in it is real soap nor it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in it is real soap nor it so I
+just change a sign so this time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change a sign so this time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change a sign so this time I'm
+going to get the change of sign X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the change of sign X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the change of sign X is
+equal minus h-bar K naught over m P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus h-bar K naught over m P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus h-bar K naught over m P and
+this says that for T positive you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that for T positive you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that for T positive you get
+things and in fact as T's positive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and in fact as T's positive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and in fact as T's positive you
+are at X negative I remember fly reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at X negative I remember fly reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at X negative I remember fly reflect
+that is only defined for X negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is only defined for X negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is only defined for X negative so
+you can't satisfy stationary and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't satisfy stationary and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't satisfy stationary and you're
+going to get something so for T positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get something so for T positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get something so for T positive
+you're going to get as T increases I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get as T increases I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get as T increases I
+think that goes more and more to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that goes more and more to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that goes more and more to the
+left as you would explain expect so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left as you would explain expect so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left as you would explain expect so you
+will get a sigh reflected going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get a sigh reflected going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get a sigh reflected going to the
+left I will leave for you to do the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I will leave for you to do the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I will leave for you to do the side
+transmitted it's a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted it's a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted it's a little different
+because you have now K bar and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have now K bar and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have now K bar and you'll
+have to take the derivative of K bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the derivative of K bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the derivative of K bar
+with respect to K it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to K it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to K it's going to be a
+little more interesting example but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more interesting example but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more interesting example but the
+answer is that this one moves as x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that this one moves as x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that this one moves as x
+equals H Bar K bar over m t k bar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals H Bar K bar over m t k bar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals H Bar K bar over m t k bar is
+really the momentum on the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the momentum on the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the momentum on the right and
+since i transmitted exists only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i transmitted exists only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i transmitted exists only for
+positive x this can be satisfied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive x this can be satisfied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive x this can be satisfied this
+relation or concern can be said that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation or concern can be said that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation or concern can be said that i
+for positive T for positive T there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive T for positive T there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive T for positive T there will
+be a transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trans i transmitted admitted the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans i transmitted admitted the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans i transmitted admitted the site
+transmitted certainly exists for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted certainly exists for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted certainly exists for
+negative t but for negative p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative t but for negative p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative t but for negative p
+stationerity would want X to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationerity would want X to be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationerity would want X to be negative
+let's not define so for negative T on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not define so for negative T on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not define so for negative T on
+the right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right yes
+sy transmitted maybe it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy transmitted maybe it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy transmitted maybe it's a little bit
+of something especially for times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something especially for times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something especially for times that
+are not too negative but the picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too negative but the picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too negative but the picture is
+that stationary face tells you that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stationary face tells you that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stationary face tells you that this
+packets ply incident pretty much exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets ply incident pretty much exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets ply incident pretty much exists
+just for negative T and sorry reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for negative T and sorry reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for negative T and sorry reflected
+and sight transmitted exists for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sight transmitted exists for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sight transmitted exists for
+positive T and these are consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive T and these are consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive T and these are consequences of
+the fact that try incident imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that try incident imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that try incident imply
+reflectance is for negative X the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance is for negative X the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance is for negative X the other
+exists for positive x and that couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists for positive x and that couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists for positive x and that couple
+with stationarity produces the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stationarity produces the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stationarity produces the physical
+picture that you are that you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that you are that you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that you are that you expect
+intuitively that the incident wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively that the incident wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively that the incident wave is
+just something part of the solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something part of the solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something part of the solution that
+exists just at the beginning then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists just at the beginning then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists just at the beginning then
+somehow it whistles away some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it whistles away some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it whistles away some of it
+becomes transmitted some of it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes transmitted some of it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes transmitted some of it becomes
+reflected
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NoIwRNQ8qLs.txt b/NoIwRNQ8qLs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b17dfc5c4896fcd2077c723da89060dae614dec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NoIwRNQ8qLs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello everybody one of the great things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody one of the great things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody one of the great things
+about making these videos is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making these videos is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making these videos is that we can
+introduce small Concepts that otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce small Concepts that otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce small Concepts that otherwise
+might fall through the cracks so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might fall through the cracks so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might fall through the cracks so I want
+to introduce the concept of ties and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce the concept of ties and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce the concept of ties and how
+we represent them in music 21 and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent them in music 21 and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent them in music 21 and how
+you might represent them in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might represent them in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might represent them in your own
+project so let's go ahead and import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so let's go ahead and import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so let's go ahead and import
+from music 21 note stream and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from music 21 note stream and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from music 21 note stream and the new
+tii module and we can go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tii module and we can go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tii module and we can go ahead and
+create a stream of a measure we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a stream of a measure we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a stream of a measure we'll call
+M and let's create two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and let's create two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and let's create two
+notes and let's doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and let's doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and let's doesn't really matter
+when you make them just make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make them just make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make them just make sure that
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+um that they're at the same pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they're at the same pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they're at the same pitch
+because otherwise we can't tie them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise we can't tie them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise we can't tie them
+that's pretty good and uh we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good and uh we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good and uh we'll say
+We'll create a time signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll create a time signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll create a time signature
+it's why I usually eventually will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's why I usually eventually will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's why I usually eventually will
+import Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import Star
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+to4 and let's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to4 and let's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to4 and let's put
+m. append time signature m. append Note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. append time signature m. append Note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. append time signature m. append Note
+One actually we could just put more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One actually we could just put more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One actually we could just put more than
+one thing in and we'll show these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing in and we'll show these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing in and we'll show these two
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+and now while it's doing that we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now while it's doing that we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now while it's doing that we'll go
+ahead and get n1's tie will be a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and get n1's tie will be a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and get n1's tie will be a new
+tie. TI object and it will be a start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie. TI object and it will be a start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie. TI object and it will be a start
+and two tie will be a tie. TI object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two tie will be a tie. TI object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two tie will be a tie. TI object and
+it will be stop and now where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be stop and now where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be stop and now where we
+show The Measure we have what we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show The Measure we have what we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show The Measure we have what we should
+have written as a half note right but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written as a half note right but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written as a half note right but we
+can go ahead and let's create another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and let's create another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and let's create another
+measure and here's a course um where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and here's a course um where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and here's a course um where we
+would be more likely to do this at make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be more likely to do this at make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be more likely to do this at make
+a quarter rest that's the default but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter rest that's the default but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter rest that's the default but
+just to show it and so we can by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show it and so we can by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show it and so we can by the way
+put um objects in more than one stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put um objects in more than one stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put um objects in more than one stream
+and so this is something that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is something that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is something that's going to
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+um sometimes we'll put the first note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes we'll put the first note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes we'll put the first note
+in and now we'll create M3 is a stream.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and now we'll create M3 is a stream.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and now we'll create M3 is a stream.
+measure and M three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and M three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and M three
+dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots
+append and two o you know I really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append and two o you know I really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append and two o you know I really do
+care about having uh all our measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about having uh all our measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about having uh all our measures
+sort of appear and P is a stream. part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of appear and P is a stream. part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of appear and P is a stream. part
+we go ahead and put inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go ahead and put inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go ahead and put inside the
+stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+M2 and pend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 and pend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 and pend
+M3 and let's go ahead and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M3 and let's go ahead and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M3 and let's go ahead and show
+that great so this shows kind of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great so this shows kind of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great so this shows kind of how
+ties might work now here's the thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties might work now here's the thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties might work now here's the thing if
+we do forn in um well p. recurse do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do forn in um well p. recurse do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do forn in um well p. recurse do
+notes and we try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and we try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and we try to figure
+out how many notes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many notes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many notes there
+are well looks like there's three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well looks like there's three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well looks like there's three of
+them but if we listen to this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but if we listen to this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but if we listen to this piece
+obviously we're just going to hear two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're just going to hear two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're just going to hear two
+notes so what can we do well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so what can we do well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so what can we do well we can
+create a new part we'll say P2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new part we'll say P2 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new part we'll say P2 equals
+part. trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. trip
+ties and now if we do forn in well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties and now if we do forn in well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties and now if we do forn in well
+actually let's show this and we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's show this and we'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's show this and we'll show
+it as a text file we'll see here that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a text file we'll see here that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a text file we'll see here that uh
+we only have two notes now but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have two notes now but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have two notes now but in this
+next measure this note the C only begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next measure this note the C only begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next measure this note the C only begins
+one quarter note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quarter note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quarter note
+in so we've reduced what we've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we've reduced what we've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we've reduced what we've done is
+we've taken this these two e there tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken this these two e there tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken this these two e there tied
+and we can replace them with one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can replace them with one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can replace them with one half
+note in fact we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note in fact we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note in fact we can look at
+this that's our note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's our note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's our note
+and duration it's a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+note when we strip ties we create things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note when we strip ties we create things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note when we strip ties we create things
+sometimes that don't really musically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that don't really musically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that don't really musically
+exists we have a measure that has a tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists we have a measure that has a tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists we have a measure that has a tie
+signature of 24 has a quarter rest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature of 24 has a quarter rest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature of 24 has a quarter rest and
+then it has a half note in it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has a half note in it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has a half note in it that
+really can't work so you can't really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't work so you can't really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't work so you can't really do
+P2 do show and expect something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 do show and expect something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 do show and expect something that
+that looks right because that that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks right because that that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks right because that that just
+wouldn't work but instead in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work but instead in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work but instead in terms of
+iterating for n inp2 do recurse we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating for n inp2 do recurse we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating for n inp2 do recurse we'll
+say notes and rests we buers that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say notes and rests we buers that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say notes and rests we buers that let's
+print NS offset and and and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print NS offset and and and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print NS offset and and and we can see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um and we could even do measure number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we could even do measure number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we could even do measure number
+ha this would totally have saved you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha this would totally have saved you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha this would totally have saved you
+time on problems at three wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on problems at three wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on problems at three wouldn't have
+um oops uh we'll go back and do call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oops uh we'll go back and do call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oops uh we'll go back and do call
+these number equals one measures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these number equals one measures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these number equals one measures are
+auton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbered and now when we go back here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered and now when we go back here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered and now when we go back here we
+can see the rest is in measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the rest is in measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the rest is in measure
+one then the not e is in measure one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then the not e is in measure one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then the not e is in measure one at
+offset one in fact let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset one in fact let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset one in fact let's
+print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's we should see that e's in measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we should see that e's in measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we should see that e's in measure
+one at offset one is a half note and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at offset one is a half note and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at offset one is a half note and the
+C is in measure two at offset one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is in measure two at offset one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is in measure two at offset one is a
+coordin I'd make this longer but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordin I'd make this longer but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordin I'd make this longer but that's
+basically all there is to do with ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all there is to do with ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all there is to do with ties
+thanks fisting
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Nt44I1OYkFw.txt b/Nt44I1OYkFw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c925a4e6ea05ddb746641ab2bae0b3268c54739e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Nt44I1OYkFw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the last part of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the last part of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the last part of the course
+we'll discuss the fluid mechanics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss the fluid mechanics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss the fluid mechanics of
+indoor spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor spaces
+in particular going beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular going beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular going beyond the
+approximation of a well-mixed room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of a well-mixed room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of a well-mixed room
+when considering airborne disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when considering airborne disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when considering airborne disease
+transmission so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission so
+for example we will consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we will consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we will consider the
+occupants of a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupants of a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupants of a room
+and their respiratory activity so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their respiratory activity so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their respiratory activity so when
+they breathe especially if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they breathe especially if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they breathe especially if they're not
+wearing a mask or if they cough they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing a mask or if they cough they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing a mask or if they cough they're
+going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have
+turbulent plumes emitting from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent plumes emitting from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent plumes emitting from their
+mouth which will then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth which will then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth which will then be
+convected throughout the room and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convected throughout the room and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convected throughout the room and will
+influence other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence other people
+also the heat of the body relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the heat of the body relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the heat of the body relative to
+the to the room can lead to warmer air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the room can lead to warmer air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the room can lead to warmer air
+which is rising so that essentially sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rising so that essentially sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rising so that essentially sort
+of a chimney of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chimney of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chimney of
+thermal plume rising from an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal plume rising from an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal plume rising from an individual
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+heterogeneities in the flow and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneities in the flow and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneities in the flow and in the
+concentration of aerosol particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of aerosol particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of aerosol particles
+may not always be well mixed we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not always be well mixed we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not always be well mixed we'll talk
+about different types of ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different types of ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different types of ventilation
+how for example cold air will sink from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how for example cold air will sink from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how for example cold air will sink from
+the place where it's inserted and warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where it's inserted and warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where it's inserted and warm
+air will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air will
+will rise and that may or may not lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rise and that may or may not lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rise and that may or may not lead
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+sufficient wick mixing to remain well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient wick mixing to remain well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient wick mixing to remain well
+mixed and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed and we'll talk about
+how to modify our criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to modify our criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to modify our criterion
+for airborne disease transmission in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for airborne disease transmission in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for airborne disease transmission in a
+well-mixed room to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed room to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed room to account
+for some of these changes in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of these changes in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of these changes in particular
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+heightened risk of short-range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heightened risk of short-range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heightened risk of short-range
+transmission from being directly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission from being directly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission from being directly in the
+path of respiratory puffs and plumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of respiratory puffs and plumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of respiratory puffs and plumes
+emanating from an infected person
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ORbfdLUl0ik.txt b/ORbfdLUl0ik.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f6472f6416fa0be564046b51ff40b30b526e26c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ORbfdLUl0ik.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I think things have been getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think things have been getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think things have been getting
+pretty derp IV lately so I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty derp IV lately so I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty derp IV lately so I wanted to
+shift gears to something a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift gears to something a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift gears to something a little bit
+more practical so I started alluding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more practical so I started alluding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more practical so I started alluding to
+this hypothetical radiation source I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothetical radiation source I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothetical radiation source I
+might have right here and things like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have right here and things like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have right here and things like if
+you have a source of known activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a source of known activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a source of known activity
+which we calculated yesterday and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we calculated yesterday and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we calculated yesterday and you
+have a detector of unknown efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a detector of unknown efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a detector of unknown efficiency
+how do you know what the efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know what the efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know what the efficiency is
+how do you know what let's say your dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know what let's say your dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know what let's say your dose
+distance relationship is and how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance relationship is and how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance relationship is and how do you
+calculate all this stuff so let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate all this stuff so let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate all this stuff so let's take
+the general situation that were starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general situation that were starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general situation that were starting
+to work out let's say we have a Geiger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out let's say we have a Geiger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out let's say we have a Geiger
+counter right here that's our GM tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter right here that's our GM tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter right here that's our GM tube
+and we have a point source it's emitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a point source it's emitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a point source it's emitting
+things in all directions let's go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in all directions let's go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in all directions let's go with
+this stuff from yesterday let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff from yesterday let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff from yesterday let's say it's
+a cobalt-60 source right that was it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cobalt-60 source right that was it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cobalt-60 source right that was it's
+now zero point five two micro Curie the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now zero point five two micro Curie the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now zero point five two micro Curie the
+question is how many counts do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how many counts do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how many counts do you
+expect in this detector when it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect in this detector when it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect in this detector when it's a
+certain distance away so I've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance away so I've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance away so I've actually
+laser cut out a little Geiger counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser cut out a little Geiger counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser cut out a little Geiger counter
+jig from a previous class and you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jig from a previous class and you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jig from a previous class and you guys
+can all do this too who here has been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all do this too who here has been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all do this too who here has been to
+the IDC before couple the International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IDC before couple the International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IDC before couple the International
+Design Center so they've got a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design Center so they've got a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design Center so they've got a laser
+cutter that you can sign up to use which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter that you can sign up to use which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter that you can sign up to use which
+is where I did this and it's set to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I did this and it's set to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I did this and it's set to just
+take a Geiger counter and put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a Geiger counter and put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a Geiger counter and put your
+sources at some fixed distance away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources at some fixed distance away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources at some fixed distance away so
+you can discover the dose distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can discover the dose distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can discover the dose distance
+relationship with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with things
+speaking of does anybody know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of does anybody know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of does anybody know what the
+relationship is between dose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is between dose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is between dose and
+distance or measured activity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or measured activity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or measured activity and
+distance yeah Luke close it's let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance yeah Luke close it's let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance yeah Luke close it's let's say
+the measured activity would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measured activity would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measured activity would be
+proportional to one of the 1 over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to one of the 1 over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to one of the 1 over R
+squared now who knows where this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now who knows where this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now who knows where this comes
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+I'll move the source a bit away to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move the source a bit away to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move the source a bit away to
+lessen the beeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah exactly if you were to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah exactly if you were to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah exactly if you were to draw
+hypothetical sphere around this source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical sphere around this source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical sphere around this source
+right here then you've got a let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here then you've got a let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here then you've got a let's say
+you've got a detector that's roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a detector that's roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a detector that's roughly
+rectangular with a fixed area let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular with a fixed area let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular with a fixed area let's say
+it's got a half length L and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a half length L and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a half length L and a half
+width W then the area I'm sorry let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width W then the area I'm sorry let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width W then the area I'm sorry let's
+just say length L which W the area would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say length L which W the area would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say length L which W the area would
+be just L times W and actually what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just L times W and actually what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just L times W and actually what's
+what Chris mentioned as the solid angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Chris mentioned as the solid angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Chris mentioned as the solid angle
+subtended by this detector right here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtended by this detector right here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtended by this detector right here as
+in other words at a certain distance R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words at a certain distance R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words at a certain distance R
+away how much of this sphere how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away how much of this sphere how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away how much of this sphere how much of
+the area of this sphere does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of this sphere does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of this sphere does this
+detector take up in other words how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector take up in other words how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector take up in other words how many
+of these gamma rays are going to go in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these gamma rays are going to go in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these gamma rays are going to go in a
+different direction than the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction than the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction than the detector
+versus how many will actually enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus how many will actually enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus how many will actually enter the
+detector and a simple formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and a simple formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and a simple formula for the
+solid angle is just the surface area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle is just the surface area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle is just the surface area of
+whatever you've got over R squared it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you've got over R squared it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you've got over R squared it's
+kind of a it's a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a it's a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a it's a pretty good
+approximation to the solid angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the solid angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the solid angle of
+something for very long distances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for very long distances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for very long distances and
+it's probably the one that you'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably the one that you'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably the one that you'll see in
+the reading but I wanted to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading but I wanted to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading but I wanted to show you the
+actual formula in this case for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual formula in this case for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual formula in this case for a
+rectangle solid angle comparison good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle solid angle comparison good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle solid angle comparison good
+that's up there so on the let's say on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's up there so on the let's say on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's up there so on the let's say on
+the x axis right here this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x axis right here this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x axis right here this would be
+distance from the source to the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the source to the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the source to the detector
+in meters and I've said that we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in meters and I've said that we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in meters and I've said that we've got
+some sort of a detector that is 2.5 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a detector that is 2.5 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a detector that is 2.5 by
+10 meters in size that's an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 meters in size that's an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 meters in size that's an enormous
+detector let's actually switch it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector let's actually switch it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector let's actually switch it to the
+units right here so this is roughly 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units right here so this is roughly 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units right here so this is roughly 10
+centimeters long so let's change our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters long so let's change our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters long so let's change our
+length to 0.1 and what's you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length to 0.1 and what's you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length to 0.1 and what's you think the
+width of this Geiger counter is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of this Geiger counter is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of this Geiger counter is in
+meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+centimeter 0.01 we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter 0.01 we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter 0.01 we're gonna have to
+change our axes so we can actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our axes so we can actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our axes so we can actually see
+the graph so instead of looking all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph so instead of looking all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph so instead of looking all the
+way up to 15 meters away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to 15 meters away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to 15 meters away
+let's look one meter away maybe less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look one meter away maybe less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look one meter away maybe less
+this whole thing is probably 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing is probably 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing is probably 50
+centimeters and we'll take a look there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters and we'll take a look there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters and we'll take a look there
+and what we notice is that except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we notice is that except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we notice is that except for
+extremely short distances this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely short distances this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely short distances this
+approximate formula for the solid angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate formula for the solid angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate formula for the solid angle
+or in other words if I were to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words if I were to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words if I were to draw a
+sphere around this source that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere around this source that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere around this source that's the
+radius of the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the distance between the
+source and the detector how much of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and the detector how much of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and the detector how much of that
+spheres area does the Ted Tector take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres area does the Ted Tector take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres area does the Ted Tector take up
+this actual formulas approximate formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actual formulas approximate formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actual formulas approximate formula
+the blue curve is a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue curve is a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue curve is a pretty good
+approximation of the red curve until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the red curve until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the red curve until you
+get really really close to like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really really close to like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really really close to like five
+centimeters away or about this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters away or about this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters away or about this distance
+right here so anyone know why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so anyone know why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so anyone know why this
+formula would break down what happens as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula would break down what happens as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula would break down what happens as
+R goes to zero what happens to our solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R goes to zero what happens to our solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R goes to zero what happens to our solid
+angle or our approximation for our solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle or our approximation for our solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle or our approximation for our solid
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+goes to infinity right Kenneth detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity right Kenneth detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity right Kenneth detector
+actually take up infinity area on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take up infinity area on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take up infinity area on
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+never mind that unit sphere not quite if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind that unit sphere not quite if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind that unit sphere not quite if
+you were to take this detector and bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to take this detector and bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to take this detector and bring
+the radius down to zero so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius down to zero so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius down to zero so that the
+source and the detector if not counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and the detector if not counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and the detector if not counting
+for the thickness of the plastic were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the thickness of the plastic were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the thickness of the plastic were
+right up side each other if that solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up side each other if that solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up side each other if that solid
+angle went to will infinity then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle went to will infinity then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle went to will infinity then the
+count should go to infinity and does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count should go to infinity and does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count should go to infinity and does not
+compute does anyone know how many first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute does anyone know how many first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute does anyone know how many first
+of all who's here has heard of solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all who's here has heard of solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all who's here has heard of solid
+angle before so a little more than half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle before so a little more than half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle before so a little more than half
+of you so solid angle is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you so solid angle is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you so solid angle is kind of the
+that's getting clicky I'm going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's getting clicky I'm going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's getting clicky I'm going to turn
+that off solid angle is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off solid angle is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off solid angle is kind of the
+analog to regular old angle except in 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog to regular old angle except in 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog to regular old angle except in 3d
+so instead of looking at things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of looking at things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of looking at things in
+radians this has the unit of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians this has the unit of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians this has the unit of what's
+called ster radians d radians with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ster radians d radians with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ster radians d radians with a
+full sphere taking up for pi ster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full sphere taking up for pi ster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full sphere taking up for pi ster
+radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians
+interestingly enough for pi is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough for pi is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough for pi is also the
+surface area of a unit sphere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area of a unit sphere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area of a unit sphere with
+radius of one so that's where this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of one so that's where this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of one so that's where this comes
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+if something were to completely cover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something were to completely cover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something were to completely cover a
+unit sphere like if you were to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sphere like if you were to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sphere like if you were to let's
+say in case a light source in tin foil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in case a light source in tin foil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in case a light source in tin foil
+completely and say how much of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and say how much of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and say how much of that
+solid angle does the tin foil in case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle does the tin foil in case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle does the tin foil in case it
+would be 4 pi ster radians regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 4 pi ster radians regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 4 pi ster radians regardless of
+the size of the sphere how much tin foil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the sphere how much tin foil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the sphere how much tin foil
+you had to use so this pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to use so this pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to use so this pretty simple
+formula isn't the best approximation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula isn't the best approximation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula isn't the best approximation for
+it and I'm not going to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'm not going to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'm not going to go through the
+derivation because like I said today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation because like I said today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation because like I said today is
+going to be of a more practical nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of a more practical nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of a more practical nature
+there is a more complex and rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a more complex and rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a more complex and rigorous
+formula for the solid angle of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the solid angle of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the solid angle of something
+let's say in this case a rectangle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in this case a rectangle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in this case a rectangle of
+length L and width W from a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length L and width W from a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length L and width W from a certain
+distance R or in this case on our graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R or in this case on our graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R or in this case on our graph
+X away from the sphere and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X away from the sphere and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X away from the sphere and you can
+actually see that red curve right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see that red curve right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see that red curve right there
+once you get to a few centimeters away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get to a few centimeters away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get to a few centimeters away
+it's pretty close anyone want to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty close anyone want to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty close anyone want to guess
+what the maximum value of the red curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the maximum value of the red curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the maximum value of the red curve
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+if I take this source and slam it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take this source and slam it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take this source and slam it right
+up next to the detector how much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up next to the detector how much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up next to the detector how much of the
+detector is I'm sorry how much of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector is I'm sorry how much of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector is I'm sorry how much of that
+sphere the detector subtending to PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere the detector subtending to PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere the detector subtending to PI
+half the sphere because it's this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the sphere because it's this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the sphere because it's this let's
+say this whole side of the source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this whole side of the source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this whole side of the source is
+completely obscured by the Tector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely obscured by the Tector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely obscured by the Tector and
+this whole side is free to move and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole side is free to move and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole side is free to move and if
+you look really closely yep at zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look really closely yep at zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look really closely yep at zero the
+correct formula does give you 2 pi sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct formula does give you 2 pi sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct formula does give you 2 pi sir
+radians which is to say that half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians which is to say that half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians which is to say that half the
+gamma rays leaving this source would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays leaving this source would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays leaving this source would
+enter the detector I didn't say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the detector I didn't say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the detector I didn't say anything
+about get counted yet that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about get counted yet that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about get counted yet that's where the
+detector efficiency comes in and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector efficiency comes in and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector efficiency comes in and that's
+something we're gonna be measuring today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're gonna be measuring today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're gonna be measuring today
+which is why I have my big bag of burnt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I have my big bag of burnt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I have my big bag of burnt
+bananas these are the ashes of roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas these are the ashes of roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas these are the ashes of roughly
+50 pounds of bananas charred to a crisp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 pounds of bananas charred to a crisp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 pounds of bananas charred to a crisp
+at about 250 Fahrenheit for 12 hours in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 250 Fahrenheit for 12 hours in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 250 Fahrenheit for 12 hours in
+most of the dorms and a couple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the dorms and a couple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the dorms and a couple of the
+frat houses so last year I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frat houses so last year I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frat houses so last year I had the
+students everyone take home about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students everyone take home about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students everyone take home about 50
+pounds of bananas or 50 bananas I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds of bananas or 50 bananas I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds of bananas or 50 bananas I forget
+which one it was a lot and we did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one it was a lot and we did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one it was a lot and we did some
+distributed labor so everybody peeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed labor so everybody peeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed labor so everybody peeled
+the bananas put them in the oven baked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bananas put them in the oven baked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bananas put them in the oven baked
+them separated off the tin foil baked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them separated off the tin foil baked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them separated off the tin foil baked
+off as much water and sugar as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as much water and sugar as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as much water and sugar as possible
+to concentrate the potassium-40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concentrate the potassium-40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concentrate the potassium-40
+in the bananas so there's a reason I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bananas so there's a reason I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bananas so there's a reason I've
+been using potassium-40 has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using potassium-40 has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using potassium-40 has a lot of
+examples in this class because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in this class because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in this class because you're
+full of it that's pretty much the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of it that's pretty much the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of it that's pretty much the short
+answer of it if you eat bananas which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer of it if you eat bananas which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer of it if you eat bananas which I
+think most of you guys do you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of you guys do you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of you guys do you're in
+taking a fair bit of radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a fair bit of radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a fair bit of radioactive
+potassium which is a positron emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium which is a positron emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium which is a positron emitter
+and also does electron capture and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also does electron capture and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also does electron capture and all
+that fun stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fun stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fun stuff
+so today what we're gonna be doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today what we're gonna be doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today what we're gonna be doing is
+calculating the activity of one banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the activity of one banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the activity of one banana
+but that's kind of a very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's kind of a very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's kind of a very difficult
+thing to do so anyone know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do so anyone know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do so anyone know how
+radioactive one banana actually is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive one banana actually is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive one banana actually is in
+any units at all whatever it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any units at all whatever it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any units at all whatever it is it's
+very very very very little one banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very very little one banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very very little one banana
+contains a minuscule but measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a minuscule but measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a minuscule but measurable
+amount of radioactivity and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of radioactivity and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of radioactivity and one of the
+ways to boost your confidence on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to boost your confidence on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to boost your confidence on any
+sort of radiation measurement is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of radiation measurement is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of radiation measurement is to
+boost your signal strength or to boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost your signal strength or to boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost your signal strength or to boost
+your counting time and because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counting time and because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counting time and because I don't
+want to count for the next seven years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count for the next seven years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count for the next seven years
+we've concentrated the ashes of 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've concentrated the ashes of 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've concentrated the ashes of 50
+pounds of bananas and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds of bananas and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds of bananas and he
+to boost your signal strength which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boost your signal strength which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boost your signal strength which is
+going to boost your count rate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to boost your count rate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to boost your count rate which is
+the intro I want to give to statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intro I want to give to statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intro I want to give to statistics
+certainty and counting so let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty and counting so let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty and counting so let's take the
+one of the homework problems as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the homework problems as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the homework problems as a
+motivating example you guys does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating example you guys does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating example you guys does anyone
+notice the extra credit problem on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the extra credit problem on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the extra credit problem on the
+homework let's start talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework let's start talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework let's start talking about how
+we go about that that should motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go about that that should motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go about that that should motivate
+the rest of the day so I'll pull up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the day so I'll pull up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the day so I'll pull up that
+problem set number four which by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set number four which by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set number four which by the way
+is due Thursday not Tuesday because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due Thursday not Tuesday because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due Thursday not Tuesday because we
+have no class on Tuesday that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no class on Tuesday that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no class on Tuesday that was a
+surprise to me but whatever I'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise to me but whatever I'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise to me but whatever I'll still
+be here we don't get holidays just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here we don't get holidays just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here we don't get holidays just you
+guys so bonus question go do this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so bonus question go do this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so bonus question go do this so we
+all know that smoking is a major source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that smoking is a major source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that smoking is a major source
+of radioactivity and if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radioactivity and if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radioactivity and if you think about
+it it's not just the smoke that contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not just the smoke that contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not just the smoke that contains
+those radiation particles it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those radiation particles it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those radiation particles it's got to be
+the cigarettes cigars and other smokable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cigarettes cigars and other smokable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cigarettes cigars and other smokable
+--zz themselves and so I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+--zz themselves and so I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+--zz themselves and so I was thinking
+there's no better concentrated source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no better concentrated source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no better concentrated source of
+smoking radioactivity than a smoke shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking radioactivity than a smoke shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking radioactivity than a smoke shop
+there's one out of a alewife at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one out of a alewife at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one out of a alewife at the end
+of the teeth is probably of some closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the teeth is probably of some closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the teeth is probably of some closer
+to campus but I know there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to campus but I know there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to campus but I know there's a whole
+bunch that are tea accessible and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch that are tea accessible and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch that are tea accessible and so I
+was thinking it'd be neat for us to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking it'd be neat for us to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking it'd be neat for us to find
+out how radioactive is it to work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how radioactive is it to work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how radioactive is it to work in a
+smoke shop because there's all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke shop because there's all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke shop because there's all these
+radon decay oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radon decay oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radon decay oh yeah
+you actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you serious but you got to be 18 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you serious but you got to be 18 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you serious but you got to be 18 to
+smoke interesting we may have to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke interesting we may have to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke interesting we may have to leave
+the city for this what about Somerville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+berries yeah I don't think it is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berries yeah I don't think it is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berries yeah I don't think it is where
+I'm from Swampscott I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from Swampscott I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from Swampscott I don't think it's
+uh I don't think it's 21 but that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think it's 21 but that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think it's 21 but that's kind
+of up on the commuter rail so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of up on the commuter rail so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of up on the commuter rail so you don't
+to go to Swampscott at any rate I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to Swampscott at any rate I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to Swampscott at any rate I would
+think that okay it's probably a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that okay it's probably a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that okay it's probably a fairly
+radioactive place to work but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive place to work but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive place to work but the
+question is how long would you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how long would you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how long would you actually
+have to bring a detector in and count in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to bring a detector in and count in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to bring a detector in and count in
+order to be sure that there's any sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be sure that there's any sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be sure that there's any sort
+of measurable difference and so without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurable difference and so without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurable difference and so without
+deriving all of the stuff about binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving all of the stuff about binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving all of the stuff about binomial
+poison and normal statistics I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison and normal statistics I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison and normal statistics I'll say
+that's in the reading for today I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the reading for today I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the reading for today I want
+to show you some practical uses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you some practical uses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you some practical uses and
+applications of this stuff let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of this stuff let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of this stuff let's say you
+were to measure some count rate in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to measure some count rate in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to measure some count rate in some
+experiment and we'll put this in units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and we'll put this in units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and we'll put this in units
+of counts per minute which would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of counts per minute which would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of counts per minute which would be the
+number of counts divided by the counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of counts divided by the counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of counts divided by the counting
+time that's about as simple as it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's about as simple as it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's about as simple as it gets
+from Poisson statistics you can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Poisson statistics you can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Poisson statistics you can say that
+the standard deviation of that count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation of that count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation of that count
+rate is actually just the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is actually just the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is actually just the square root of
+the count rate divided by time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count rate divided by time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count rate divided by time and
+that's kind of the simple thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the simple thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the simple thing right
+here but usually in these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but usually in these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but usually in these sorts of
+experiments if you want to know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments if you want to know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments if you want to know how much
+more radioactive is one place than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more radioactive is one place than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more radioactive is one place than
+another you have to take a background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you have to take a background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you have to take a background
+count so if I wanted to know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so if I wanted to know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so if I wanted to know how much
+activity that source was giving off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that source was giving off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that source was giving off
+there is lots of background radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is lots of background radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is lots of background radiation
+that we'll be going over in about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll be going over in about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll be going over in about a
+month I would have to sit here for quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month I would have to sit here for quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month I would have to sit here for quite
+a while and wait for the slow clicks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and wait for the slow clicks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and wait for the slow clicks of
+whatever background radiations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever background radiations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever background radiations in the
+room there we go to cause to get enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room there we go to cause to get enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room there we go to cause to get enough
+of a count rate going on you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a count rate going on you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a count rate going on you can imagine
+the slower the count rate the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slower the count rate the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slower the count rate the less
+certain you can be that the number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain you can be that the number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain you can be that the number that
+you're measuring is actually accurate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring is actually accurate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring is actually accurate so
+the idea here is that this standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is that this standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is that this standard
+deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation
+is a measure of confidence that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of confidence that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of confidence that your
+values actually right so the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values actually right so the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values actually right so the two things
+that you can do let's yeah the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do let's yeah the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do let's yeah the two
+things you can do to decrease this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do to decrease this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do to decrease this
+standard deviation you could increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation you could increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation you could increase
+your counting time right those looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counting time right those looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counting time right those looks
+like why is there a C on top that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is there a C on top that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is there a C on top that
+doesn't look right it actually is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look right it actually is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look right it actually is okay
+yeah yeah there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah there we go
+so by Counting for longer you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by Counting for longer you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by Counting for longer you can
+decrease your standard deviation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease your standard deviation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease your standard deviation this is
+going to take forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take forever
+it actually takes about 67 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually takes about 67 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually takes about 67 minutes
+because we've already done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've already done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've already done this
+calculation to get a 95% confidence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to get a 95% confidence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to get a 95% confidence on
+5% uncertainty for this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% uncertainty for this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% uncertainty for this sort of
+background count I mean how many concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background count I mean how many concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background count I mean how many concept
+we had so far like 12 14 yeah not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had so far like 12 14 yeah not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had so far like 12 14 yeah not very
+many then you've got to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many then you've got to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many then you've got to be able to
+subtract that count rate from whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract that count rate from whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract that count rate from whatever
+your source actually is and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your source actually is and the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your source actually is and the way that
+you actually measure this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually measure this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually measure this is pretty
+straightforward the May the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward the May the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward the May the way that you
+do error subtraction is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do error subtraction is not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do error subtraction is not as
+straightforward so let's say we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so let's say we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so let's say we're going
+to separate these two experiments into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate these two experiments into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate these two experiments into a
+background experiment which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background experiment which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background experiment which we're
+actually going to do in an hour when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to do in an hour when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to do in an hour when we
+want to count these banana ashes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count these banana ashes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count these banana ashes we're
+gonna have to put we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to put we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to put we're gonna have to
+count radiation coming from the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count radiation coming from the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count radiation coming from the detector
+itself which will account for cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself which will account for cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself which will account for cosmic
+rays contamination in the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays contamination in the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays contamination in the detector
+whatever else might have been spilled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever else might have been spilled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever else might have been spilled in
+there from previous samples and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there from previous samples and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there from previous samples and we're
+also going to take some sort of gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to take some sort of gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to take some sort of gross
+count rate background which will be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count rate background which will be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count rate background which will be our
+background plus the net count rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background plus the net count rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background plus the net count rate of
+our actual source and that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our actual source and that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our actual source and that's what we're
+going for so the net count rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for so the net count rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for so the net count rate is
+pretty easy just the gross count rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy just the gross count rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy just the gross count rate
+minus the background let's keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the background let's keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the background let's keep the
+symbols the same minus the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols the same minus the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols the same minus the background
+count rate does anyone know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count rate does anyone know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count rate does anyone know how to
+quantify the uncertainty of this net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify the uncertainty of this net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify the uncertainty of this net
+count rate you just add the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone
+well in this case we have to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this case we have to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this case we have to account for
+the fact that radiation emission from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that radiation emission from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that radiation emission from
+anything is a truly random process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is a truly random process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is a truly random process so
+it's actually random you there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually random you there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually random you there is no
+correlation between when one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between when one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between when one particle
+leaves and the next particle is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and the next particle is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and the next particle is going to
+leave and because it's a truly random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave and because it's a truly random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave and because it's a truly random
+process these errors in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process these errors in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process these errors in the background
+rate and the growth rate could add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the growth rate could add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the growth rate could add
+together or could subtract from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or could subtract from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or could subtract from each
+other in other words one might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in other words one might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in other words one might be a
+little higher than it should be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little higher than it should be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little higher than it should be one
+might be a little lower than it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little lower than it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little lower than it should
+be if you just add together the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you just add together the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you just add together the two
+standard deviations you actually always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations you actually always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations you actually always
+get an over estimate of the true error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because you're not accounting for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not accounting for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not accounting for the
+fact that these two experiments may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these two experiments may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these two experiments may have
+partially canceling errors so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially canceling errors so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially canceling errors so in this
+case this that would be your worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this that would be your worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this that would be your worst case
+scenario which is not your most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario which is not your most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario which is not your most likely
+scenario what you actually want is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario what you actually want is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario what you actually want is to do
+what's called uncertainty in quadrature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called uncertainty in quadrature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called uncertainty in quadrature
+where you actually add up the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you actually add up the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you actually add up the sum of the
+square roots of those errors kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots of those errors kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots of those errors kind of
+looks like the magnitude of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the magnitude of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the magnitude of a vector
+doesn't it kind of looks exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it kind of looks exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it kind of looks exactly like
+the magnitude of a vector so in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a vector so in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a vector so in this way
+you're accounting for the fact that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're accounting for the fact that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're accounting for the fact that more
+error in each experiment does increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in each experiment does increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in each experiment does increase
+the error on whatever net experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error on whatever net experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error on whatever net experiment
+you're doing but not linearly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing but not linearly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing but not linearly because
+sometimes you have partially canceling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have partially canceling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have partially canceling
+errors and with enough statistics if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and with enough statistics if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and with enough statistics if you
+count for long enough or you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for long enough or you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for long enough or you count
+enough counts then these things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough counts then these things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough counts then these things on
+average are going to add in quadrature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average are going to add in quadrature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average are going to add in quadrature
+which will come out to and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will come out to and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will come out to and I want to
+make sure you don't have any typos so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you don't have any typos so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you don't have any typos so
+I'll just keep the notes with me so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just keep the notes with me so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just keep the notes with me so you
+need the background count over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the background count over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the background count over the
+background x squared plus those there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background x squared plus those there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background x squared plus those there we
+go and so now I'd like to pose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and so now I'd like to pose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and so now I'd like to pose a
+question to you the same one that's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to you the same one that's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to you the same one that's here
+in the in the what is it and the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the what is it and the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the what is it and the problem
+set how long do you have to count in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set how long do you have to count in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set how long do you have to count in the
+smoke shop to be 95% sure that let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke shop to be 95% sure that let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke shop to be 95% sure that let's say
+your counter eights 5 percent uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counter eights 5 percent uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counter eights 5 percent uncertain
+and we're going to spend the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to spend the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to spend the rest of
+today's class taking apart that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class taking apart that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class taking apart that
+statement and getting at what it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and getting at what it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and getting at what it should
+be so again what we want to say is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so again what we want to say is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so again what we want to say is how
+do you know that we're 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that we're 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that we're 95
+percent confident of our count rate plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent confident of our count rate plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent confident of our count rate plus
+or minus five percent error that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus five percent error that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus five percent error that's the
+main question for today does anyone know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main question for today does anyone know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main question for today does anyone know
+how we'd start anyone get to the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we'd start anyone get to the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we'd start anyone get to the reading
+today see some smiles okay we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today see some smiles okay we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today see some smiles okay we'll start
+from scratch then all right so who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch then all right so who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch then all right so who's
+here has heard of a normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has heard of a normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has heard of a normal distribution
+before Wrigley LA to you guys great the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Wrigley LA to you guys great the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Wrigley LA to you guys great the
+idea here is that with enough counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that with enough counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that with enough counting
+statistics this very rare event binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics this very rare event binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics this very rare event binomial
+distribution approaches a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution approaches a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution approaches a normal
+distribution where you can say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution where you can say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution where you can say if you
+measure a certain count rate let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a certain count rate let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a certain count rate let's say
+this would be your mean count rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be your mean count rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be your mean count rate and
+if you measure some other count rate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you measure some other count rate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you measure some other count rate to
+limits of plus or minus 1 Sigma or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of plus or minus 1 Sigma or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of plus or minus 1 Sigma or one
+standard deviation 1 Sigma gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation 1 Sigma gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation 1 Sigma gives you
+about 68% confidence in your result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 68% confidence in your result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 68% confidence in your result
+confident ya spelled it right the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident ya spelled it right the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident ya spelled it right the reason
+for that is that if you go plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is that if you go plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is that if you go plus or minus
+1 Sigma away from your true average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Sigma away from your true average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Sigma away from your true average
+right here you filled in 68 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here you filled in 68 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here you filled in 68 percent of
+the area under this normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under this normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under this normal distribution
+similarly if you go plus 2 Sigma or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you go plus 2 Sigma or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you go plus 2 Sigma or
+minus 2 Sigma it's around 95% confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 Sigma it's around 95% confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 Sigma it's around 95% confident
+3 Sigma is getting towards 99 point what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 Sigma is getting towards 99 point what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 Sigma is getting towards 99 point what
+was the number again I think it's 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the number again I think it's 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the number again I think it's 6
+maybe it's more like 98.5 percent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's more like 98.5 percent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's more like 98.5 percent and
+then so on and so on and so on there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so on and so on and so on there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so on and so on and so on there's
+actually society is called Six Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually society is called Six Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually society is called Six Sigma
+societies and the way that they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies and the way that they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies and the way that they get
+their name is we're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their name is we're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their name is we're so
+confident of things we can predict them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident of things we can predict them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident of things we can predict them
+to Six Sigma which is some ninety-nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Six Sigma which is some ninety-nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Six Sigma which is some ninety-nine
+point a large number of nines percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a large number of nines percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a large number of nines percentage
+of the area under a normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the area under a normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the area under a normal distribution
+so if I ask you how long do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I ask you how long do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I ask you how long do you have to
+count to be 95% confident in your result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count to be 95% confident in your result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count to be 95% confident in your result
+you have to give an answer that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to give an answer that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to give an answer that will
+relate two times this standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate two times this standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate two times this standard deviation
+and now we know the formula for standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we know the formula for standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we know the formula for standard
+deviation of this net counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of this net counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of this net counting
+experiment so we can formulate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so we can formulate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so we can formulate our
+equation dust Li let's say in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation dust Li let's say in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation dust Li let's say in order to
+be 95% confident in other words - Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 95% confident in other words - Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 95% confident in other words - Sigma
+that our counting rate is within five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our counting rate is within five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our counting rate is within five
+percent of the actual value in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the actual value in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the actual value in other
+words plus or minus five percent error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words plus or minus five percent error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words plus or minus five percent error
+we put our error percentage here and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put our error percentage here and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put our error percentage here and our
+true net count rate there so this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true net count rate there so this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true net count rate there so this part
+right here tells us the 95 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here tells us the 95 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here tells us the 95 percent
+confidence this part right here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence this part right here is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence this part right here is our
+five percent error that part right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent error that part right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent error that part right there
+is our count rate so then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our count rate so then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our count rate so then we can
+substitute in our expression for Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in our expression for Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in our expression for Sigma
+our uncertainty in quadrature and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uncertainty in quadrature and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uncertainty in quadrature and find
+out things like well depends on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out things like well depends on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out things like well depends on what the
+information were given is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information were given is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information were given is let's say
+before you go to the smoke shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go to the smoke shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go to the smoke shop
+you take your Geiger counter and for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take your Geiger counter and for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take your Geiger counter and for an
+extremely long time you count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely long time you count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely long time you count the
+background counts somewhere so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background counts somewhere so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background counts somewhere so let's say
+in this problem the known quantities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem the known quantities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem the known quantities we
+know our background count rate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our background count rate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our background count rate because
+you can do that at your leisure at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that at your leisure at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that at your leisure at home
+and when I did to this that came out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I did to this that came out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I did to this that came out to
+about 25 counts per minute and known is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 counts per minute and known is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 counts per minute and known is
+the background counting time and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background counting time and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background counting time and when I
+did this to get within 95% confidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this to get within 95% confidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this to get within 95% confidence of
+5% error had to do this for 67 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% error had to do this for 67 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% error had to do this for 67 minutes
+and now all that's left is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now all that's left is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now all that's left is we want to
+relate our net count rate and our gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate our net count rate and our gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate our net count rate and our gross
+counting time or our gross count rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time or our gross count rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time or our gross count rate in
+our gross counting time because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gross counting time because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gross counting time because it's
+like the same thing so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same thing so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same thing so this is actually
+how you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you decide
+how long you have to sit in the smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long you have to sit in the smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long you have to sit in the smoke
+shop to count in order to satisfy what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop to count in order to satisfy what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop to count in order to satisfy what
+we asked for 95% confidence that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we asked for 95% confidence that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we asked for 95% confidence that your
+counter eight is five percent error so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter eight is five percent error so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter eight is five percent error so
+let's start substituting this out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start substituting this out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start substituting this out that's
+not mine so we can get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll take that expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll take that expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll take that expression and
+substitute it everything we can so 0.05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute it everything we can so 0.05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute it everything we can so 0.05
+CN equals to Sigma and there's our Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN equals to Sigma and there's our Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN equals to Sigma and there's our Sigma
+expression it's all rewrite right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression it's all rewrite right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression it's all rewrite right here
+so we have C V over T V squared + cg /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have C V over T V squared + cg /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have C V over T V squared + cg /
+TG squared okay what's next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TG squared okay what's next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TG squared okay what's next
+how do we relate TG and CG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's start with the easy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's start with the easy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's start with the easy stuff
+right what can we cancel or square or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what can we cancel or square or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what can we cancel or square or
+whatever just somebody yell it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep so we have numbers for C B and T B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so we have numbers for C B and T B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so we have numbers for C B and T B
+but not C G and T G we have not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not C G and T G we have not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not C G and T G we have not yet
+answered the question when you go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered the question when you go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered the question when you go into
+the smoke shop and talk to the owner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smoke shop and talk to the owner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smoke shop and talk to the owner and
+he says fine you're gonna sit here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says fine you're gonna sit here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says fine you're gonna sit here with
+a radiation detector how long do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radiation detector how long do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radiation detector how long do you
+have to be here looking all weird you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be here looking all weird you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be here looking all weird you
+want to have an answer and so if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have an answer and so if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have an answer and so if you get
+some initial estimate of CG you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial estimate of CG you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial estimate of CG you can tell
+him this is my approximate T G at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him this is my approximate T G at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him this is my approximate T G at which
+point he or she you'll say yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point he or she you'll say yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point he or she you'll say yes or no
+depending on how they're feeling so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how they're feeling so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how they're feeling so why
+don't we just start / - right / - 0.025
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we just start / - right / - 0.025
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we just start / - right / - 0.025
+we can square both sides and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can square both sides and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can square both sides and there's a
+CN there square both sides we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN there square both sides we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN there square both sides we end up
+with 0.006 - 5 CN squared equals CB / T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 0.006 - 5 CN squared equals CB / T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 0.006 - 5 CN squared equals CB / T
+V squared plus C G / TG squared there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V squared plus C G / TG squared there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V squared plus C G / TG squared there's
+lots of ways to go about it I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways to go about it I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways to go about it I want to
+make sure I do the efficient one oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I do the efficient one oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I do the efficient one oh I'm
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+those aren't Squared's because those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't Squared's because those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't Squared's because those are
+already our standard deviations had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already our standard deviations had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already our standard deviations had the
+square root in them there we go that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root in them there we go that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root in them there we go that's
+more like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like it
+okay what's next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's next
+we got too many variables yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going
+isn't there still a what because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there still a what because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there still a what because in this
+case the standard deviation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the standard deviation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the standard deviation is the
+square root of the count rate over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the count rate over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the count rate over the
+time so the standard deviation squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the standard deviation squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the standard deviation squared
+is just count rate over time was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just count rate over time was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just count rate over time was there
+in Perley or expression we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Perley or expression we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Perley or expression we have to
+correct yup that's where it came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct yup that's where it came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct yup that's where it came from
+that's right that's not because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's not because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's not because that's
+right there we go good good tracing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there we go good good tracing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there we go good good tracing out
+that okay now that everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now that everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now that everything is
+corrected here what's next we got too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected here what's next we got too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected here what's next we got too
+many variables yeah not quite because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many variables yeah not quite because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many variables yeah not quite because
+there's a count rate in here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a count rate in here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a count rate in here so the
+units of standard deviation if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of standard deviation if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of standard deviation if this is
+square root of count rate over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of count rate over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of count rate over time
+which is the same as number of counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same as number of counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same as number of counts
+times time over time right yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times time over time right yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times time over time right yeah because
+again account rate is I'm sorry is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again account rate is I'm sorry is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again account rate is I'm sorry is a
+number over - uh where'd it go yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number over - uh where'd it go yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number over - uh where'd it go yeah
+number over x squared that doesn't sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number over x squared that doesn't sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number over x squared that doesn't sound
+right though let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hold on I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+although the standard deviations got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the standard deviations got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the standard deviations got to
+have the same units as the count rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same units as the count rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same units as the count rate
+itself because they're they're additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself because they're they're additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself because they're they're additive
+right because they usually expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they usually expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they usually expressed
+some count rate plus or minus either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some count rate plus or minus either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some count rate plus or minus either
+Sigma or two Sigma's that they've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma or two Sigma's that they've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma or two Sigma's that they've got to
+have the same count rate so standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same count rate so standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same count rate so standard
+deviations are expressed in counts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations are expressed in counts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations are expressed in counts per
+minute if your counts are expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute if your counts are expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute if your counts are expressed in
+counts per in it okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts per in it okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts per in it okay cool
+so you got too many variables but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got too many variables but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got too many variables but it's
+easy to get rid of one of them either CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get rid of one of them either CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get rid of one of them either CN
+or CG do you have a question great okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or CG do you have a question great okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or CG do you have a question great okay
+so you're gonna say the same thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna say the same thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna say the same thing that
+I was gonna do cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was gonna do cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was gonna do cool
+so we'll take out our CN and we'll stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll take out our CN and we'll stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll take out our CN and we'll stick
+in a CG minus CB okay and we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a CG minus CB okay and we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a CG minus CB okay and we're trying
+to isolate T G as a function of CG or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to isolate T G as a function of CG or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to isolate T G as a function of CG or
+vice versa there's a lot of C G's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa there's a lot of C G's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa there's a lot of C G's and
+not a lot of T geez so let's just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of T geez so let's just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of T geez so let's just keep
+the TG on its own so we'll have 0.000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TG on its own so we'll have 0.000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TG on its own so we'll have 0.000
+six-to-five cg minus CB squared and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-to-five cg minus CB squared and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-to-five cg minus CB squared and I'm
+going to subtract CB over TB from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to subtract CB over TB from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to subtract CB over TB from both
+sides minus CB over TB equals cg / TG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides minus CB over TB equals cg / TG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides minus CB over TB equals cg / TG
+and do I have to go through the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do I have to go through the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do I have to go through the rest of
+the math with you guys think at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math with you guys think at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math with you guys think at this
+point we've got it pretty much solved we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we've got it pretty much solved we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we've got it pretty much solved we
+divide everything by CG flip it over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide everything by CG flip it over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide everything by CG flip it over and
+you end up with actually I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with actually I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with actually I've already
+written out the expression which I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out the expression which I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out the expression which I want
+to show you guys here back to smoke shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you guys here back to smoke shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you guys here back to smoke shop
+counting time so I want to show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time so I want to show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time so I want to show you some
+of the implications of this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the implications of this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the implications of this expression
+that number right there is just a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number right there is just a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number right there is just a more
+exact part a bit of to Sigma instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact part a bit of to Sigma instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact part a bit of to Sigma instead of
+0.05 and let's see yeah instead of 0.05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 and let's see yeah instead of 0.05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 and let's see yeah instead of 0.05
+we had something much much closer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had something much much closer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had something much much closer so
+what I want us to look at is this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want us to look at is this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want us to look at is this graph
+right here we've got a nice relation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here we've got a nice relation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here we've got a nice relation now
+between the count rate in counts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the count rate in counts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the count rate in counts per
+minute and the require was of the gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and the require was of the gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and the require was of the gross
+count rate and the required counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count rate and the required counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count rate and the required counting
+time to get to that five percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get to that five percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get to that five percent
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+well there's a couple of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a couple of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a couple of interesting
+bits about this equation what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits about this equation what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits about this equation what are some
+of the features you notice yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes if the count rate is extremely low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if the count rate is extremely low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if the count rate is extremely low
+it's going to take an infinite amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take an infinite amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take an infinite amount of
+time you're actually right on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're actually right on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're actually right on some
+levels so if we have that expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so if we have that expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so if we have that expression
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+so let me just actually get it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just actually get it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just actually get it all the
+way out so we can see because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out so we can see because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out so we can see because I want to
+show you some of the math related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some of the math related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some of the math related
+implications for this so if we had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for this so if we had our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for this so if we had our
+counting time is what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time is what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time is what do we have
+CG over 0.0 let's say 2 5 CG minus CB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CG over 0.0 let's say 2 5 CG minus CB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CG over 0.0 let's say 2 5 CG minus CB
+squared minus CB over TB at what point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus CB over TB at what point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus CB over TB at what point
+is this equation undefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's right for the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right for the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right for the condition
+so like Sean said for the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like Sean said for the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like Sean said for the condition
+where 0.025 CG minus CB let's just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where 0.025 CG minus CB let's just call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where 0.025 CG minus CB let's just call
+it C net squared minus equals CB over TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it C net squared minus equals CB over TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it C net squared minus equals CB over TB
+this equations actually undefined which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equations actually undefined which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equations actually undefined which
+means that if your CB and TV let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if your CB and TV let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if your CB and TV let's say
+if the uncertainty whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the uncertainty whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the uncertainty whoops
+stepped on the cord if your uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped on the cord if your uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped on the cord if your uncertainty
+from your background counting great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your background counting great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your background counting great
+experiment is such that you can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is such that you can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is such that you can never
+get the total uncertainty down to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the total uncertainty down to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the total uncertainty down to let's
+say five percent error with 95 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five percent error with 95 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five percent error with 95 percent
+confidence you can't actually run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence you can't actually run that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence you can't actually run that
+experiment because these uncertainties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because these uncertainties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because these uncertainties
+are added in quadrature if you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are added in quadrature if you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are added in quadrature if you're trying
+to reduce Sigma down to a value below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce Sigma down to a value below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce Sigma down to a value below
+that already how can you do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already how can you do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already how can you do that you
+can't have a negative standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a negative standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a negative standard deviation
+right so what this actually means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what this actually means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what this actually means is
+that when you're designing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're designing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're designing this
+experiment even if you count for 67
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment even if you count for 67
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment even if you count for 67
+minutes at 25 counts per minute like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes at 25 counts per minute like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes at 25 counts per minute like we
+can now out in the air that might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now out in the air that might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now out in the air that might not be
+enough to discern the activity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to discern the activity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to discern the activity of the
+smoke shop or the source or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke shop or the source or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke shop or the source or whatever you
+happen to be looking at to 95 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be looking at to 95 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be looking at to 95 percent
+confidence within 5 percent error and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence within 5 percent error and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence within 5 percent error and so
+let's actually look at that on the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually look at that on the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually look at that on the graph
+if we keep on scrolling up just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we keep on scrolling up just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we keep on scrolling up just by
+adding stuff to the y-axis eventually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding stuff to the y-axis eventually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding stuff to the y-axis eventually we
+see that it gets all straight and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it gets all straight and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it gets all straight and right
+here at about 49 counts a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at about 49 counts a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at about 49 counts a minute
+suspiciously close to the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspiciously close to the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspiciously close to the background
+counts you'll never actually be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts you'll never actually be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts you'll never actually be able to
+get within this confidence and error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get within this confidence and error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get within this confidence and error
+interval so there's always some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so there's always some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so there's always some
+trade-offs you can make in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs you can make in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs you can make in your
+experiment let's see there it is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment let's see there it is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment let's see there it is so the
+sometimes do you necessarily have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes do you necessarily have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes do you necessarily have to be
+95% confident of your result depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% confident of your result depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% confident of your result depends on
+what you're doing or do you necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing or do you necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing or do you necessarily
+have to get within 5% error that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get within 5% error that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get within 5% error that's
+probably the one you can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the one you can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the one you can start to
+sacrifice the first so usually you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice the first so usually you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice the first so usually you want
+to be confident of whatever result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be confident of whatever result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be confident of whatever result
+you're saying and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying and be
+confident that you're giving acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that you're giving acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that you're giving acceptable
+bounce so you can remain at 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce so you can remain at 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce so you can remain at 95%
+confidence which means where that heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence which means where that heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence which means where that heart
+go yeah over here which means keep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah over here which means keep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah over here which means keep your
+to Sigma but you can then increase your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sigma but you can then increase your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sigma but you can then increase your
+allowable percent error so if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable percent error so if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable percent error so if you can't
+get within 5% error and I believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get within 5% error and I believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get within 5% error and I believe the
+homework doesn't actually say that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework doesn't actually say that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework doesn't actually say that for a
+reason yeah we don't tell you whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason yeah we don't tell you whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason yeah we don't tell you whatever
+to choose but we do say try to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose but we do say try to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose but we do say try to get to
+95% confidence so then the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% confidence so then the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% confidence so then the question is
+for a reasonable counting time how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a reasonable counting time how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a reasonable counting time how what
+- what error can you get within 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- what error can you get within 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- what error can you get within 95%
+confidence the more air you allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence the more air you allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence the more air you allow the
+shorter time you have to account for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter time you have to account for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter time you have to account for and
+I want to show you graphically how some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you graphically how some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you graphically how some
+of that stuff interplays at each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that stuff interplays at each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that stuff interplays at each other
+let's say you were to increase your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you were to increase your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you were to increase your
+counting time which we can do here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time which we can do here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time which we can do here with
+this slider so for the same background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slider so for the same background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slider so for the same background
+counting rate if you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting rate if you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting rate if you increase the
+counting time what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time what happens to the
+uncertainty on your background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty on your background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty on your background
+experiment does it go up down or nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment does it go up down or nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment does it go up down or nothing
+it's gonna go down yeah count for longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna go down yeah count for longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna go down yeah count for longer
+the uncertainty goes down I'm gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty goes down I'm gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty goes down I'm gonna have
+to change the bounds here to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the bounds here to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the bounds here to something
+more reasonable so we were at 67 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reasonable so we were at 67 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reasonable so we were at 67 minutes
+and now notice as you increase your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now notice as you increase your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now notice as you increase your
+counting time even though you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time even though you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time even though you haven't
+changed the counting rate it then takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the counting rate it then takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the counting rate it then takes
+less time to distinguish whatever your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less time to distinguish whatever your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less time to distinguish whatever your
+source is so let's say count for less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is so let's say count for less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is so let's say count for less
+time in the background you have to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the background you have to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the background you have to count
+for more time in the experiment until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more time in the experiment until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more time in the experiment until it
+just kind of explodes count for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of explodes count for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of explodes count for more
+time in the background you have to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the background you have to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the background you have to count
+for less time in the experiment in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for less time in the experiment in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for less time in the experiment in order
+to get to the uncertainty in confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the uncertainty in confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the uncertainty in confidence
+you want to get to so like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get to so like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get to so like if you
+doubled your background count time from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled your background count time from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled your background count time from
+67 minutes to 134 then you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67 minutes to 134 then you can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67 minutes to 134 then you can measure
+count rates as low as 42 counts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count rates as low as 42 counts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count rates as low as 42 counts per
+minute growths so when you start going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute growths so when you start going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute growths so when you start going
+into the smoke shop you can let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the smoke shop you can let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the smoke shop you can let's say
+count for a few minutes get some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for a few minutes get some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for a few minutes get some very
+crude estimate of the counting rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude estimate of the counting rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude estimate of the counting rate and
+then decide how long you have to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decide how long you have to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decide how long you have to let
+your background accumulate so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your background accumulate so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your background accumulate so you can
+distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+the activity in the smoke shop - within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity in the smoke shop - within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity in the smoke shop - within
+some confidence in some error yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's definitely location dependent so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely location dependent so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely location dependent so we
+will get into background counts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get into background counts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get into background counts and
+sources of background radiation in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of background radiation in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of background radiation in about
+a month but to give you a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month but to give you a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month but to give you a quick
+flash-forward depends on your elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash-forward depends on your elevation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash-forward depends on your elevation
+to say how much of the atmospheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say how much of the atmospheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say how much of the atmospheres
+protect you from cosmic rays definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect you from cosmic rays definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect you from cosmic rays definitely
+depends on location so in New Hampshire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on location so in New Hampshire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on location so in New Hampshire
+the background counts quite a bit higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background counts quite a bit higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background counts quite a bit higher
+because there's a lot of granite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of granite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of granite
+deposits and granite can be upwards of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits and granite can be upwards of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits and granite can be upwards of
+52 parts per million uranium um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 parts per million uranium um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 parts per million uranium um
+radium Conway granite in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radium Conway granite in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radium Conway granite in particular
+named after Conway New Hampshire is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after Conway New Hampshire is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after Conway New Hampshire is
+pretty rich in radium or where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rich in radium or where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rich in radium or where you're
+from oh there you go okay yeah it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from oh there you go okay yeah it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from oh there you go okay yeah it's also
+neat you can use you can use background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat you can use you can use background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat you can use you can use background
+counts as a radiation altima tur one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as a radiation altima tur one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as a radiation altima tur one of
+my graduate students actually built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graduate students actually built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graduate students actually built a
+Geiger counter interface to an Arduino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger counter interface to an Arduino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger counter interface to an Arduino
+where you could actually tell what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could actually tell what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could actually tell what the
+height you were flying at is by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height you were flying at is by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height you were flying at is by the
+amount of background radiation increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of background radiation increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of background radiation increase
+so certainly it's going to depend where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly it's going to depend where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly it's going to depend where
+you are right but you want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are right but you want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are right but you want to make sure
+that you're in an area to answer Shawn's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're in an area to answer Shawn's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're in an area to answer Shawn's
+question representative of where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question representative of where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question representative of where the
+smoke shop is so you can't go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke shop is so you can't go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke shop is so you can't go into the
+reactor and drop this in the core and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and drop this in the core and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and drop this in the core and
+say I'm doing a background count that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm doing a background count that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm doing a background count that's
+not enough that's not a valid experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough that's not a valid experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough that's not a valid experiment
+so yeah you'd want to be I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you'd want to be I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you'd want to be I don't know
+same block right that would be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same block right that would be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same block right that would be pretty
+good and then go in there and see can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and then go in there and see can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and then go in there and see can
+you measure any sort of increase get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure any sort of increase get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure any sort of increase get a
+crude estimate of your CG your gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude estimate of your CG your gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude estimate of your CG your gross
+count rate use this formula right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count rate use this formula right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count rate use this formula right here
+to estimate how much time you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate how much time you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate how much time you'd have to
+wait so for example let's shrink our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait so for example let's shrink our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait so for example let's shrink our
+y-axis down a little and be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis down a little and be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis down a little and be more
+optimistic than we probably should let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic than we probably should let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic than we probably should let's
+say you go in there and you get a count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you go in there and you get a count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you go in there and you get a count
+rate of a hundred counts per minute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of a hundred counts per minute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of a hundred counts per minute that
+would that would surprise me you'd only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that would surprise me you'd only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that would surprise me you'd only
+have to count for an extra 28 minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to count for an extra 28 minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to count for an extra 28 minutes to
+nail that net count rate with 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail that net count rate with 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail that net count rate with 95%
+confidence to five percent error let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence to five percent error let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence to five percent error let's
+say now what happens if we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now what happens if we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now what happens if we increase the
+allowable percent error so let's say 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable percent error so let's say 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable percent error so let's say 10
+percent error would be acceptable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent error would be acceptable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent error would be acceptable we
+just take that number double it then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take that number double it then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take that number double it then all
+of a sudden you don't have to count for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden you don't have to count for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden you don't have to count for
+nearly as long so again at five percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as long so again at five percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as long so again at five percent
+error which means 0.25 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error which means 0.25 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error which means 0.25 here
+at a hundred counts per min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a hundred counts per min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a hundred counts per min
+you'd have to count for well about 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to count for well about 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to count for well about 30
+minutes if you're willing to accept 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes if you're willing to accept 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes if you're willing to accept 10
+percent error that goes down to 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent error that goes down to 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent error that goes down to 7
+minutes and 18 seconds so do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and 18 seconds so do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and 18 seconds so do you guys
+see the general interplay between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the general interplay between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the general interplay between
+confidence percent error counting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence percent error counting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence percent error counting time
+and counting rate who hears built an NSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and counting rate who hears built an NSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and counting rate who hears built an NSA
+Geiger counter before awesome so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger counter before awesome so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger counter before awesome so this is
+definitely a try it at home kids kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a try it at home kids kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a try it at home kids kind of
+thing if you want to find out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you want to find out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you want to find out is
+something radioactive this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something radioactive this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something radioactive this is what you
+can actually use to find out answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually use to find out answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually use to find out answer the
+question is it discernibly radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is it discernibly radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is it discernibly radioactive
+to within some limit of error or limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to within some limit of error or limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to within some limit of error or limit
+of confidence that's what we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of confidence that's what we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of confidence that's what we're gonna be
+doing here with a much much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here with a much much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here with a much much much more
+sensitive detector so the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive detector so the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive detector so the only thing
+missing from our complete picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing from our complete picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing from our complete picture of
+going from the activity of a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from the activity of a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from the activity of a source
+which we've shown you how to count to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've shown you how to count to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've shown you how to count to
+dealing with the solid angle which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the solid angle which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the solid angle which is
+just a simple formula to dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple formula to dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple formula to dealing with
+statistics and uncertainty is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and uncertainty is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and uncertainty is now the
+efficiency of this detector out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of this detector out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of this detector out of the
+number of radiation quanta or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of radiation quanta or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of radiation quanta or whatever
+that enter the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enter the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enter the detector
+how many interact and how many leave out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many interact and how many leave out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many interact and how many leave out
+the other side that's what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side that's what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side that's what we're gonna
+be spending most of the next month on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spending most of the next month on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spending most of the next month on
+when we do ion photon electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do ion photon electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do ion photon electron and
+neutron interactions with matter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron interactions with matter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron interactions with matter so
+we'll find out what's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find out what's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find out what's the probability
+per unit length that each one undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit length that each one undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit length that each one undergo
+that interaction what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interaction what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interaction what kind of
+interactions do they undergo and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions do they undergo and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions do they undergo and then
+we'll complete this actual picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll complete this actual picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll complete this actual picture so
+you can take a source of let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a source of let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a source of let's say
+unknown activity put in a known distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown activity put in a known distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown activity put in a known distance
+away from a known detector with a known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from a known detector with a known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from a known detector with a known
+efficiency and back out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and back out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and back out what the
+activity of that source is with accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of that source is with accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of that source is with accuracy
+that's what you're going to start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're going to start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're going to start doing
+on this homework as well for the banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this homework as well for the banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this homework as well for the banana
+lab well the only thing you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab well the only thing you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab well the only thing you don't know
+is the activity of this bag of bananas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the activity of this bag of bananas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the activity of this bag of bananas
+but we're going to give you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to give you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to give you all the
+information like the efficiency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like the efficiency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like the efficiency of the
+detector and the geometry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and the geometry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and the geometry of the
+detector and you're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and you're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and you're going to be able to
+measure the number of potassium-40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the number of potassium-40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the number of potassium-40
+counts that the detector picks up so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts that the detector picks up so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts that the detector picks up so by
+taking let's see for us we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking let's see for us we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking let's see for us we have some
+space left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space left
+we had a little bit here so by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a little bit here so by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a little bit here so by taking
+that number of counts and dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number of counts and dividing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number of counts and dividing by
+let's say the efficiency of the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the efficiency of the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the efficiency of the detector
+where that efficiency is going to range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that efficiency is going to range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that efficiency is going to range
+from zero to one probably much closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to one probably much closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to one probably much closer to
+zero and also dividing by let's say your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and also dividing by let's say your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and also dividing by let's say your
+solid angle over 4pi to account for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle over 4pi to account for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle over 4pi to account for how
+many of the emitted potassium-40 gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the emitted potassium-40 gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the emitted potassium-40 gamma
+rays actually get into the detector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dividing by two gamma rays per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by two gamma rays per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by two gamma rays per
+disintegration I think that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration I think that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration I think that's what we
+had last time or was that cobalt-60 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had last time or was that cobalt-60 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had last time or was that cobalt-60 yeah
+we've been using cobalt-60 as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been using cobalt-60 as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been using cobalt-60 as an example
+so remember we had two gamma rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we had two gamma rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we had two gamma rays
+emitted per cobalt-60 disintegration on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted per cobalt-60 disintegration on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted per cobalt-60 disintegration on
+average then you can get to the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average then you can get to the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average then you can get to the actual
+activity of the source once you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of the source once you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of the source once you know the
+activity of this bag of bananas you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of this bag of bananas you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of this bag of bananas you can
+then divide by either the mass of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then divide by either the mass of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then divide by either the mass of one
+banana or the number of bananas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana or the number of bananas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana or the number of bananas or
+whatever to get the final answer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to get the final answer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to get the final answer that's
+we're gonna spend the rest of today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna spend the rest of today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna spend the rest of today
+doing so since it's getting on 505 of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so since it's getting on 505 of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so since it's getting on 505 of do
+you guys have any questions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have any questions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have any questions about what
+we cover today or what we're about to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cover today or what we're about to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cover today or what we're about to go
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not necessarily let's say you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily let's say you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily let's say you were to
+encase your detector in an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encase your detector in an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encase your detector in an infinite
+medium of radiation material right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of radiation material right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of radiation material right then
+you could subtract every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could subtract every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could subtract every single
+gamma-ray your solid angle would be four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma-ray your solid angle would be four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma-ray your solid angle would be four
+pi so if your solid angle is four pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so if your solid angle is four pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so if your solid angle is four pi
+then that would equal ish the area over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that would equal ish the area over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that would equal ish the area over
+r-squared of your thing but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared of your thing but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared of your thing but this is
+actually not that good of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not that good of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not that good of an
+approximation when you put a source very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation when you put a source very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation when you put a source very
+very up close to a detector so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very up close to a detector so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very up close to a detector so there are
+actual formulas for solid angle where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual formulas for solid angle where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual formulas for solid angle where
+the the real formula for solid angle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the real formula for solid angle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the real formula for solid angle you
+actually end up having to do a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end up having to do a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end up having to do a surface
+integral of the sine let's say the which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the sine let's say the which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the sine let's say the which
+accounts for the fact that the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the fact that the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the fact that the object
+that you have might be lets say tilted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have might be lets say tilted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have might be lets say tilted
+towards or away from the detector times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards or away from the detector times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards or away from the detector times
+some differential D theta D was it D Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some differential D theta D was it D Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some differential D theta D was it D Phi
+D theta of this unit sphere so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D theta of this unit sphere so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D theta of this unit sphere so you'll
+have to integrate to say how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to integrate to say how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to integrate to say how many of
+these little D 5 D Thetas are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little D 5 D Thetas are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little D 5 D Thetas are actually
+subtended by your detector and the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtended by your detector and the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtended by your detector and the value
+of that actual surface integral gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that actual surface integral gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that actual surface integral gives
+you the real solid angle that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the real solid angle that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the real solid angle that's the
+super simple x1 if you just know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super simple x1 if you just know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super simple x1 if you just know the
+area of something and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of something and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of something and you know that
+you're kind of far away but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of far away but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of far away but again
+whenever possible use the exact formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever possible use the exact formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever possible use the exact formula
+so any other questions yeah Shawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the two gammas / cobalt-60 this one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two gammas / cobalt-60 this one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two gammas / cobalt-60 this one that
+accounts for the fact that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the fact that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the fact that if you
+remember the decay diagram for cobalt-60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the decay diagram for cobalt-60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the decay diagram for cobalt-60
+how does that decay by beta emission it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that decay by beta emission it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that decay by beta emission it
+goes to one energy level and it tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to one energy level and it tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to one energy level and it tends to
+go down by two Danna gamma decays to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down by two Danna gamma decays to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down by two Danna gamma decays to
+nickel 60 so each time it gives off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel 60 so each time it gives off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel 60 so each time it gives off a
+gamma ray to one level and a gamma ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma ray to one level and a gamma ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma ray to one level and a gamma ray
+to another level so in this case one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another level so in this case one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another level so in this case one
+Becker l of cobalt 60 would give off two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Becker l of cobalt 60 would give off two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Becker l of cobalt 60 would give off two
+gamma rays per second so if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays per second so if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays per second so if you are
+measuring a number of counts of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring a number of counts of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring a number of counts of each
+count one gamma ray was responsible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count one gamma ray was responsible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count one gamma ray was responsible you
+have to then divide by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to then divide by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to then divide by the number of
+gamma rays per disintegration on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays per disintegration on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays per disintegration on average
+in order to get the actual activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get the actual activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get the actual activity of
+that source so member activity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that source so member activity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that source so member activity is
+measured in disintegrations not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in disintegrations not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in disintegrations not in
+number of gamma rays emitted that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of gamma rays emitted that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of gamma rays emitted that's the
+difference here dose you'd actually care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here dose you'd actually care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here dose you'd actually care
+about how many gamma rays you absorb but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how many gamma rays you absorb but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how many gamma rays you absorb but
+activity is how many atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is how many atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is how many atoms are
+disintegrating per second yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the units of cobalt-60 oh this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of cobalt-60 oh this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of cobalt-60 oh this would be
+like atoms of cobalt-60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like atoms of cobalt-60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like atoms of cobalt-60
+and those gamma rays would be gammas per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those gamma rays would be gammas per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those gamma rays would be gammas per
+atom so in this case it's like - sorry -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so in this case it's like - sorry -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so in this case it's like - sorry -
+gamma rays per atom of cobalt-60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays per atom of cobalt-60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays per atom of cobalt-60
+disintegrating or better yet per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrating or better yet per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrating or better yet per
+disintegration so you've got to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration so you've got to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration so you've got to know
+what material you're looking at in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what material you're looking at in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what material you're looking at in order
+to know how many gammas are how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how many gammas are how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how many gammas are how many
+betas or more that you're gonna get per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas or more that you're gonna get per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas or more that you're gonna get per
+disintegration who hears heard of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration who hears heard of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration who hears heard of this
+uncertainty and quadrature before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and quadrature before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and quadrature before this
+couple folks okay yeah the idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple folks okay yeah the idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple folks okay yeah the idea here is
+that again if you just add the arrows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again if you just add the arrows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again if you just add the arrows up
+you're probably over estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably over estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably over estimating the
+error and selling yourself short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and selling yourself short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and selling yourself short
+cool that case if there's no questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool that case if there's no questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool that case if there's no questions
+let's go do this so follow me to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go do this so follow me to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go do this so follow me to the
+counting lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is my counting lab these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is my counting lab these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is my counting lab these
+are three high purity germanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three high purity germanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three high purity germanium
+detectors have you explained high purity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors have you explained high purity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors have you explained high purity
+germanium detectors okay have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium detectors okay have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium detectors okay have you
+explained any detectors okay well here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained any detectors okay well here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained any detectors okay well here
+down in here there's a little high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in here there's a little high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in here there's a little high
+purity germanium crystal with a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity germanium crystal with a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity germanium crystal with a couple
+thousand volts across it when a gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand volts across it when a gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand volts across it when a gamma
+ray goes into it make some electron hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray goes into it make some electron hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray goes into it make some electron hole
+pairs nod when I say electron hole pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs nod when I say electron hole pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs nod when I say electron hole pairs
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+and basically you get more hole electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically you get more hole electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically you get more hole electron
+hole pairs the more energy of the gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole pairs the more energy of the gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole pairs the more energy of the gamma
+you have so you collect the current from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so you collect the current from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so you collect the current from
+that and you know you get a little pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you know you get a little pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you know you get a little pulse
+of current and the height of the pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of current and the height of the pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of current and the height of the pulse
+tells you how many hole pairs you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how many hole pairs you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how many hole pairs you had
+and then back it up to what the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back it up to what the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back it up to what the energy
+of your gamma was that works fine if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your gamma was that works fine if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your gamma was that works fine if you
+collect all of the gamma energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect all of the gamma energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect all of the gamma energy you
+don't always quite do that but anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always quite do that but anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always quite do that but anyway so
+that's how the United are y'all can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the United are y'all can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the United are y'all can
+scoop shop if there's not a whole lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoop shop if there's not a whole lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoop shop if there's not a whole lot to
+see in there but it's worth a look I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in there but it's worth a look I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in there but it's worth a look I
+mean there's not you can't really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's not you can't really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's not you can't really see
+the crystal there's just a aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal there's just a aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal there's just a aluminum
+cylinder in there the black part is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder in there the black part is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder in there the black part is just
+a carbon fiber window because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon fiber window because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon fiber window because you don't
+want to cut off the low-energy gammas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cut off the low-energy gammas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cut off the low-energy gammas so
+it's got a really thin carbon fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a really thin carbon fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a really thin carbon fiber
+window on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's with the hundreds of pounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's with the hundreds of pounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's with the hundreds of pounds of
+copper on the side there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper on the side there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper on the side there's not a
+hundreds of pounds of copper on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of pounds of copper on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of pounds of copper on this
+side these guys are LED which does two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side these guys are LED which does two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side these guys are LED which does two
+things it shields the detectors from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it shields the detectors from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it shields the detectors from the
+activity out here from you guys from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity out here from you guys from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity out here from you guys from the
+activities coming out of here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities coming out of here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities coming out of here because
+sometimes I'm counting very low activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I'm counting very low activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I'm counting very low activity
+samples and it also if I'm counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and it also if I'm counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and it also if I'm counting
+something that has a lot of activity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a lot of activity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a lot of activity it
+shields us from that activity so it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shields us from that activity so it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shields us from that activity so it kind
+of goes both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goes both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goes both ways
+the reason there's copper is if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason there's copper is if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason there's copper is if you get
+a high-energy gamma ray into some lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high-energy gamma ray into some lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high-energy gamma ray into some lead
+it makes x-rays it makes it very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes x-rays it makes it very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes x-rays it makes it very nice
+75k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75k
+you guys know KTV good awesome you makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know KTV good awesome you makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know KTV good awesome you makes
+a really nice 75 ke V gamma x-ray that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice 75 ke V gamma x-ray that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice 75 ke V gamma x-ray that
+interferes with trying to count things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferes with trying to count things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferes with trying to count things
+around 75 k UV because we're getting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 75 k UV because we're getting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 75 k UV because we're getting all
+these x-rays coming out of lid so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these x-rays coming out of lid so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these x-rays coming out of lid so you
+line it with copper which makes a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it with copper which makes a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it with copper which makes a lower
+energy x-ray and filters out the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy x-ray and filters out the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy x-ray and filters out the light
+x-rays so anyway yeah so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays so anyway yeah so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays so anyway yeah so this is just
+these I've got two germanium detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I've got two germanium detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I've got two germanium detectors
+that one's also germanium it's a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one's also germanium it's a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one's also germanium it's a well
+detector so it's got a little one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so it's got a little one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so it's got a little one
+centimeter hole in it so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter hole in it so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter hole in it so if you can
+stick a sample like right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a sample like right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a sample like right in the
+germanium they're hooked up through in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium they're hooked up through in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium they're hooked up through in a
+little electronic box and go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little electronic box and go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little electronic box and go into the
+computer over there that does all a peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer over there that does all a peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer over there that does all a peak
+height analysis oh yeah liquid nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height analysis oh yeah liquid nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height analysis oh yeah liquid nitrogen
+Dewar thanks for pointing yeah you cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dewar thanks for pointing yeah you cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dewar thanks for pointing yeah you cool
+the electronics and the dent everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronics and the dent everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronics and the dent everything
+down so you cuts out the thermal noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so you cuts out the thermal noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so you cuts out the thermal noise
+because you're looking for really tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're looking for really tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're looking for really tiny
+little signals here so you cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little signals here so you cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little signals here so you cool
+everything down and that way it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything down and that way it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything down and that way it's not
+too noisy these guys are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too noisy these guys are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too noisy these guys are okay
+warming up it doesn't destroy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming up it doesn't destroy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming up it doesn't destroy the
+detector the old detectors you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector the old detectors you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector the old detectors you have to
+keep cold all the time and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep cold all the time and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep cold all the time and if they
+warmed up then they were just paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmed up then they were just paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmed up then they were just paper
+weights but so this is just the counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights but so this is just the counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights but so this is just the counting
+lab I've got an actual sample counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab I've got an actual sample counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab I've got an actual sample counting
+in here right now we'll take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here right now we'll take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here right now we'll take a look at
+the spectrum in a minute you're bananas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum in a minute you're bananas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum in a minute you're bananas
+we're gonna go here and see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go here and see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go here and see if we can
+yeah cuz it would be nice if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cuz it would be nice if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cuz it would be nice if I could
+close the lid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops almost well we'll smash this down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops almost well we'll smash this down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops almost well we'll smash this down I
+know here wouldn't you guys do this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here wouldn't you guys do this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here wouldn't you guys do this you
+smash that down till it fits in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smash that down till it fits in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smash that down till it fits in there
+although don't break the bag oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although don't break the bag oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although don't break the bag oh okay
+we'll get another bag it's okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get another bag it's okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get another bag it's okay it's
+just banana ash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just banana ash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just banana ash
+we'll find another bag it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find another bag it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find another bag it's okay
+you know I'm all about I'm all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm all about I'm all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm all about I'm all about
+making mistakes yeah yeah yeah just be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making mistakes yeah yeah yeah just be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making mistakes yeah yeah yeah just be a
+little more gentle we'll throw some duct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more gentle we'll throw some duct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more gentle we'll throw some duct
+tape on it and it'll be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape on it and it'll be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape on it and it'll be fine
+so you're looking for potassium-40 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're looking for potassium-40 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're looking for potassium-40 in
+your bananas correct where else do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bananas correct where else do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bananas correct where else do you
+think we got potassium-40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we got potassium-40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we got potassium-40
+or do you think there's any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you think there's any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you think there's any other
+potassium-40 in the room Yeah right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium-40 in the room Yeah right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium-40 in the room Yeah right so
+when you do the banana count we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do the banana count we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do the banana count we
+frequently take a spectrum on this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently take a spectrum on this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently take a spectrum on this with
+the lead closed and we always see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead closed and we always see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead closed and we always see
+potassium-40 there's potassium-40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium-40 there's potassium-40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium-40 there's potassium-40
+everywhere so after we get the count of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so after we get the count of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so after we get the count of
+the bananas we'll take a background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bananas we'll take a background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bananas we'll take a background
+count you'll want to subtract the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count you'll want to subtract the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count you'll want to subtract the two
+signals your so ahead of me okay um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals your so ahead of me okay um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals your so ahead of me okay um I
+think that's all but is this gonna fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's all but is this gonna fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's all but is this gonna fit
+now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough
+I've got this thing I've got a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this thing I've got a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this thing I've got a whole
+bunch of little spacers if I'm counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little spacers if I'm counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little spacers if I'm counting
+something that's hot and by hot I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's hot and by hot I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's hot and by hot I mean
+radioactive hot I like you know I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive hot I like you know I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive hot I like you know I'll
+space it out a little further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it out a little further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it out a little further
+no that's fine we just got to close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's fine we just got to close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's fine we just got to close the
+lid and okay if I've got something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lid and okay if I've got something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lid and okay if I've got something
+that's very radioactive all just space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very radioactive all just space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very radioactive all just space
+it out away from the detector if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out away from the detector if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out away from the detector if you've
+got something that's really hot it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something that's really hot it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something that's really hot it just
+kind of swamps out the electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there you go is there anything else I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go is there anything else I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go is there anything else I
+want to say in here no let's move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say in here no let's move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say in here no let's move this
+way this is the spectrum I'm collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is the spectrum I'm collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is the spectrum I'm collecting
+on MIT one right now I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on MIT one right now I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on MIT one right now I don't know how
+long has that been going half a day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long has that been going half a day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long has that been going half a day and
+less than that anyway so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than that anyway so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than that anyway so this is a
+sample of quartz that was irradiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of quartz that was irradiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of quartz that was irradiated
+next to the reactor you guys are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the reactor you guys are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the reactor you guys are going
+to do shorts in like a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do shorts in like a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do shorts in like a month
+did you bring your samples okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you bring your samples okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you bring your samples okay good
+anyway this is a sample of quartz that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is a sample of quartz that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is a sample of quartz that
+was irradiated in the same spot you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was irradiated in the same spot you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was irradiated in the same spot you guys
+are going to do your radiation sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do your radiation sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do your radiation sort of
+in the graphite region of the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graphite region of the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graphite region of the reactor
+the reason we're running it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we're running it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we're running it is the
+people who are looking at this quartz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are looking at this quartz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are looking at this quartz
+want to run it for 80 hours and we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run it for 80 hours and we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run it for 80 hours and we'd
+like to know if there are any impurities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know if there are any impurities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know if there are any impurities
+in it that'll cause grief meaning a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that'll cause grief meaning a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that'll cause grief meaning a lot
+of activity when it comes out so we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activity when it comes out so we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activity when it comes out so we went
+for a short period I think this ran six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a short period I think this ran six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a short period I think this ran six
+hours and it's just a little tiny piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and it's just a little tiny piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and it's just a little tiny piece
+and so I can look at the gamma spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I can look at the gamma spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I can look at the gamma spectrum
+coming out of this so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this so you can see
+there's a whole mess of Peaks in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole mess of Peaks in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole mess of Peaks in here
+this one yes see that - see that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one yes see that - see that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one yes see that - see that little
+peak right there can you nod yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak right there can you nod yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak right there can you nod yeah okay
+so that's the full spectrum that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the full spectrum that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the full spectrum that's the
+peak that's a tungsten 1:87 peak so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak that's a tungsten 1:87 peak so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak that's a tungsten 1:87 peak so I
+did put up one little thing right behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did put up one little thing right behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did put up one little thing right behind
+you see that's the okay and have you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that's the okay and have you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that's the okay and have you all
+seen the chart of the nuclides this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the chart of the nuclides this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the chart of the nuclides this
+thing every day good I've got one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing every day good I've got one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing every day good I've got one of
+these on every wall in every lab in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these on every wall in every lab in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these on every wall in every lab in
+office and a little handbook yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and a little handbook yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and a little handbook yeah so the
+tungsten 1-86 activates into tungsten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten 1-86 activates into tungsten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten 1-86 activates into tungsten
+187 so I mean if you've looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+187 so I mean if you've looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+187 so I mean if you've looked at the
+chart of the nuclides you can tell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart of the nuclides you can tell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart of the nuclides you can tell that
+there's all the sort of parameters you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all the sort of parameters you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all the sort of parameters you
+would need to calculate you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to calculate you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to calculate you know how
+much activation you'd get based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much activation you'd get based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much activation you'd get based on
+Neutron flux and time and cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron flux and time and cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron flux and time and cross the
+twenty-eight point 43 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-eight point 43 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-eight point 43 that's the
+abundance of that isotope you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance of that isotope you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance of that isotope you can see
+the Sigma Gamma 38 that's the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sigma Gamma 38 that's the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sigma Gamma 38 that's the cross
+section for thermal neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section for thermal neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section for thermal neutrons
+and so that's how likely you'll get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's how likely you'll get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's how likely you'll get from
+186 to one-eighty-seven one-eighty-seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+186 to one-eighty-seven one-eighty-seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+186 to one-eighty-seven one-eighty-seven
+that's the half-life 23.9 hours so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the half-life 23.9 hours so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the half-life 23.9 hours so with
+all of that and underneath the 23.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that and underneath the 23.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that and underneath the 23.9
+you've got what the gammas are 685 479
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got what the gammas are 685 479
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got what the gammas are 685 479
+it's got a whole mess of gamma so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a whole mess of gamma so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a whole mess of gamma so that's
+a bunch of the gammas in here from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of the gammas in here from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of the gammas in here from that
+so you could knowing how big that peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could knowing how big that peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could knowing how big that peak
+is what the efficiency of the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the efficiency of the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the efficiency of the detector
+is for collecting that peak in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for collecting that peak in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for collecting that peak in that
+geometry it's the half-life the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry it's the half-life the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry it's the half-life the cross
+set you know that whole mess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you know that whole mess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you know that whole mess of
+parameters you could back calculate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you could back calculate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you could back calculate how
+much tungsten is in the sample so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much tungsten is in the sample so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much tungsten is in the sample so that's
+kind of how naa works which I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how naa works which I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how naa works which I assume
+you've explained okay there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've explained okay there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've explained okay there you go
+but that's not how I do anyway so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not how I do anyway so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not how I do anyway so right
+right no no no so there's there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no no no so there's there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no no no so there's there's two
+things you could do one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could do one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could do one of the things
+you could do is you take all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is you take all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is you take all those
+nuclear parameters and you calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear parameters and you calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear parameters and you calculate it
+just from the peak height the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the peak height the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the peak height the other way
+that everybody who does naa almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody who does naa almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody who does naa almost
+everybody who does naa is you run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who does naa is you run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who does naa is you run a
+standard material and if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard material and if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard material and if you guys
+chemists anything put your life you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists anything put your life you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists anything put your life you all
+took some chemistry at some point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took some chemistry at some point okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took some chemistry at some point okay
+so you've run a standard which means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've run a standard which means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've run a standard which means a
+material that you know how much tungsten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that you know how much tungsten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that you know how much tungsten
+is in it or how much a whole mess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in it or how much a whole mess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in it or how much a whole mess of
+other things are so I run a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things are so I run a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things are so I run a bunch of
+different standards so along with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different standards so along with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different standards so along with this
+pizza piece of quartz I ran a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza piece of quartz I ran a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza piece of quartz I ran a standard
+irradiated it at the same time I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated it at the same time I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated it at the same time I'll
+count the quartz and then I'll count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the quartz and then I'll count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the quartz and then I'll count the
+standard and by comparing the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and by comparing the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and by comparing the peak
+heights and doing all the decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heights and doing all the decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heights and doing all the decay
+Corrections and the weight Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections and the weight Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections and the weight Corrections
+then I calculate how much tungsten is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I calculate how much tungsten is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I calculate how much tungsten is in
+my sample so I don't actually use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sample so I don't actually use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sample so I don't actually use the
+cross sections or the flux or any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sections or the flux or any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sections or the flux or any of
+that other stuff all of those parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other stuff all of those parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other stuff all of those parameters
+disappear notably the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear notably the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear notably the detector
+efficiency disappears out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency disappears out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency disappears out of the
+equation because that's the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because that's the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because that's the parameter
+that you usually to have the fuzziest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you usually to have the fuzziest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you usually to have the fuzziest
+idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about
+and so you get you reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get you reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get you reduce the
+uncertainty in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in your in your
+concentration by doing this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration by doing this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration by doing this sort of
+comparative method with a standard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative method with a standard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative method with a standard that
+all makes sense okay yeah so when we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all makes sense okay yeah so when we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all makes sense okay yeah so when we run
+shorts I guess in a month we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts I guess in a month we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts I guess in a month we'll take
+whatever your samples are I've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your samples are I've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your samples are I've had
+feedback about oh god you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about oh god you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about oh god you don't want to
+run that many samples but we'll figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run that many samples but we'll figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run that many samples but we'll figure
+out how many samples we'll run oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many samples we'll run oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many samples we'll run oh that's
+a lot of shorts yeah so I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of shorts yeah so I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of shorts yeah so I'll show you
+how the shorts get run so when we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the shorts get run so when we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the shorts get run so when we run
+your shorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shorts
+we'll run your samples and we'll run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll run your samples and we'll run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll run your samples and we'll run
+standards and then you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and then you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and then you can do the
+comparative method or if you feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative method or if you feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative method or if you feel like
+it you can do the other method depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can do the other method depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can do the other method depending
+on what exercise you're gonna do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what exercise you're gonna do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what exercise you're gonna do the
+other method you don't want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other method you don't want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other method you don't want to do this
+standard method okay not practical well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard method okay not practical well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard method okay not practical well
+if the computer goes down you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the computer goes down you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the computer goes down you can't get
+any data anyway I can do the comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any data anyway I can do the comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any data anyway I can do the comparative
+one on an envelope anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on an envelope anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on an envelope anyway
+okay well we'll run standards or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we'll run standards or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we'll run standards or not
+depending on how you guys are feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you guys are feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you guys are feeling
+yeah so that's that oh right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's that oh right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's that oh right so let's
+count your bananas okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count your bananas okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count your bananas okay so this is
+detector two we did an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector two we did an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector two we did an energy
+calibration earlier today so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration earlier today so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration earlier today so yeah
+actually these are I've got a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these are I've got a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these are I've got a couple of
+little button sources have you seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little button sources have you seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little button sources have you seen the
+button sources yes so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button sources yes so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button sources yes so that's just a
+couple of cobalt-60 lines and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of cobalt-60 lines and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of cobalt-60 lines and a
+caesium-137 line down in here and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caesium-137 line down in here and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caesium-137 line down in here and I know
+where those energies are so that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those energies are so that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those energies are so that just
+gets used to calibrate the detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there you go there they are they're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go there they are they're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go there they are they're kind
+of small there cuz my buttons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of small there cuz my buttons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of small there cuz my buttons are
+probably 30 years old yeah so anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 30 years old yeah so anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 30 years old yeah so anyway so
+we cleared that out and we just hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cleared that out and we just hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cleared that out and we just hit
+start and we're not gonna see anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and we're not gonna see anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and we're not gonna see anything
+for a while where are we anyway you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while where are we anyway you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while where are we anyway you are
+banana peak will end up out in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana peak will end up out in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana peak will end up out in here
+yeah so that's it'll take a while we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's it'll take a while we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's it'll take a while we're
+gonna let this count till Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna let this count till Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna let this count till Tuesday
+because why not I don't feel like coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why not I don't feel like coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why not I don't feel like coming
+in over the weekend and turning it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in over the weekend and turning it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in over the weekend and turning it off
+so so yeah so I mean this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yeah so I mean this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yeah so I mean this is just
+picking up all the gammas coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up all the gammas coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up all the gammas coming out of
+the bananas and everything else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bananas and everything else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bananas and everything else that
+happens to get through the lid and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to get through the lid and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to get through the lid and all
+the contamination on the inside of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contamination on the inside of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contamination on the inside of that
+and we just let it count and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just let it count and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just let it count and then you
+guys can calculate how much potassium-40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can calculate how much potassium-40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can calculate how much potassium-40
+is in your ashes you'll need to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in your ashes you'll need to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in your ashes you'll need to do the
+background subtraction I will give ya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background subtraction I will give ya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background subtraction I will give ya
+I've got we collect background spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got we collect background spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got we collect background spectra
+you know once a month or so so I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know once a month or so so I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know once a month or so so I'll give
+you a background spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a background spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a background spectra
+I will provide the efficiency for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will provide the efficiency for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will provide the efficiency for this
+geometry which is pretty poorly defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry which is pretty poorly defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry which is pretty poorly defined
+because I've got a program that'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got a program that'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got a program that'll do
+that and I can't give you the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I can't give you the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I can't give you the program
+and it's the pain in the neck to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the pain in the neck to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the pain in the neck to run
+anyway if we've got a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if we've got a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if we've got a really
+well-defined geometry that's not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined geometry that's not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined geometry that's not a big
+bag usually I try to count sort of point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag usually I try to count sort of point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag usually I try to count sort of point
+sources so I've got an efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources so I've got an efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources so I've got an efficiency
+standard that I can use that I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard that I can use that I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard that I can use that I know what
+the disintegrations in that are at a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disintegrations in that are at a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disintegrations in that are at a lot
+of energies and I use that to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energies and I use that to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energies and I use that to do an
+efficiency calibration usually but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency calibration usually but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency calibration usually but I
+don't have an efficiency standard that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an efficiency standard that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an efficiency standard that's
+that big it's just a point source I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big it's just a point source I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big it's just a point source I
+think that's the practical naa from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the practical naa from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the practical naa from this
+end that all makes sense I want you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that all makes sense I want you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that all makes sense I want you guys
+to mad about him to nod yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mad about him to nod yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mad about him to nod yeah
+my dessert well time because we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my dessert well time because we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my dessert well time because we were
+just talking about this all week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about this all week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about this all week
+good deal for neutron activation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal for neutron activation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal for neutron activation that's
+kind of a real common part of the chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a real common part of the chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a real common part of the chart
+so there's the manganese iron cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the manganese iron cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the manganese iron cobalt
+nickel one of the things that you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel one of the things that you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel one of the things that you like
+what you like usually when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you like usually when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you like usually when you're doing
+naa is you want a nice thermal Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naa is you want a nice thermal Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naa is you want a nice thermal Neutron
+spectrum you know what thermal Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you know what thermal Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you know what thermal Neutron
+spectra means real slow neutrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra means real slow neutrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra means real slow neutrons and
+they'll just give you sort of an n gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll just give you sort of an n gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll just give you sort of an n gamma
+reaction so on that chart I earn fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so on that chart I earn fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so on that chart I earn fifty
+eight iron 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight iron 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight iron 59
+that's a nice you know in gamma reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice you know in gamma reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice you know in gamma reaction
+and that's the one I use to analyze for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the one I use to analyze for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the one I use to analyze for
+iron if you're near the reactor you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron if you're near the reactor you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron if you're near the reactor you're
+also getting some fast neutrons which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also getting some fast neutrons which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also getting some fast neutrons which
+can give you an NP reaction so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you an NP reaction so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you an NP reaction so if you're
+looking on the chart there cobalt 59 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking on the chart there cobalt 59 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking on the chart there cobalt 59 if
+you get an NP reaction will also make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an NP reaction will also make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an NP reaction will also make
+the iron 59 and that's a pain in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron 59 and that's a pain in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron 59 and that's a pain in the
+neck because then because if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck because then because if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck because then because if you've got
+iron you've always got a little cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron you've always got a little cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron you've always got a little cobalt
+floating around you maybe need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around you maybe need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around you maybe need to do a
+correction so in practical terms when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction so in practical terms when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction so in practical terms when
+you're running naa you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running naa you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running naa you really want to
+have you want to avoid having all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you want to avoid having all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you want to avoid having all these
+fast reactions there's usually an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactions there's usually an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactions there's usually an energy
+threshold for the fast reactions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for the fast reactions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for the fast reactions like
+one MeV PV or so yeah okay right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one MeV PV or so yeah okay right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one MeV PV or so yeah okay right the
+place where we do the radiations is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where we do the radiations is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where we do the radiations is very
+thermal got a very low fast spectrum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal got a very low fast spectrum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal got a very low fast spectrum so
+I don't usually have to worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't usually have to worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't usually have to worry about that
+there's a couple of times I actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of times I actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of times I actually use
+the fast n P reaction if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast n P reaction if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast n P reaction if I want to
+measure nickel you can see nickel 58 an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure nickel you can see nickel 58 an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure nickel you can see nickel 58 an
+NP reaction to get your cobalt 58 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP reaction to get your cobalt 58 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP reaction to get your cobalt 58 and
+since there's not a good reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's not a good reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's not a good reaction and
+gamma from cobalt 57 cobalt 57 isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma from cobalt 57 cobalt 57 isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma from cobalt 57 cobalt 57 isn't
+around usually so that's how I measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around usually so that's how I measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around usually so that's how I measure
+nickel using an NP reaction and I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel using an NP reaction and I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel using an NP reaction and I need
+to put the rabbits in to where I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the rabbits in to where I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the rabbits in to where I've got
+a fast flux in the reactor which I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fast flux in the reactor which I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fast flux in the reactor which I got a
+couple of spots for that I try not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of spots for that I try not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of spots for that I try not to
+have to measure a nickel because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to measure a nickel because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to measure a nickel because it's
+pain in the neck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain in the neck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain in the neck
+but sometimes people want to know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes people want to know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes people want to know a
+nickel and we talked a little about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel and we talked a little about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel and we talked a little about you
+know what we've run in here four types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we've run in here four types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we've run in here four types
+of samples every night okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of samples every night okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of samples every night okay
+okay so back 15 20 25 years ago we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so back 15 20 25 years ago we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so back 15 20 25 years ago we did a
+ton of environmental samples in this lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of environmental samples in this lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of environmental samples in this lab
+we had a whole like three grad students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a whole like three grad students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a whole like three grad students
+myself included who did atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself included who did atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself included who did atmospheric
+particulate matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulate matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulate matter
+rain water snow we even did some fog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain water snow we even did some fog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain water snow we even did some fog
+collection which is kind of fun ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection which is kind of fun ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection which is kind of fun ice
+cores which are old particulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores which are old particulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores which are old particulate
+deposition and it was all for trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition and it was all for trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition and it was all for trace
+elements in those kind of environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in those kind of environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in those kind of environmental
+samples also lake sediments other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples also lake sediments other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples also lake sediments other
+analytical methods have gotten a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical methods have gotten a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical methods have gotten a lot
+better and so they've kind of caught up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and so they've kind of caught up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and so they've kind of caught up
+to naa and you don't need a reactor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to naa and you don't need a reactor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to naa and you don't need a reactor to
+run those so the environmental side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run those so the environmental side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run those so the environmental side of
+this is kind of quieted down a lot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of quieted down a lot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of quieted down a lot but
+it's still useful for a bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still useful for a bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still useful for a bunch of things
+and so that's you know I do some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's you know I do some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's you know I do some work
+here now I also work in the import group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I also work in the import group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I also work in the import group
+so that's a lot of my time rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a lot of my time rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a lot of my time rather than
+just this this lab practical things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this this lab practical things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this this lab practical things
+let's go take a look at a couple other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go take a look at a couple other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go take a look at a couple other
+labs you're not on wheels you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs you're not on wheels you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs you're not on wheels you don't have
+a Steadicam okay okay you got a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Steadicam okay okay you got a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Steadicam okay okay you got a question
+the weirdest thing I've been asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weirdest thing I've been asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weirdest thing I've been asked to
+count that's already activated or okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count that's already activated or okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count that's already activated or okay
+mm-hmm I don't know brain tissue fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm I don't know brain tissue fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm I don't know brain tissue fish
+samples that we actually did the fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that we actually did the fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that we actually did the fresh
+fish samples and you want to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish samples and you want to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish samples and you want to kind of
+homogenized those and we had this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenized those and we had this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenized those and we had this kind
+of titanium blender that you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of titanium blender that you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of titanium blender that you remember
+the bass-o-matic we had this titanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bass-o-matic we had this titanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bass-o-matic we had this titanium
+blender that we dropped the fish in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blender that we dropped the fish in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blender that we dropped the fish in and
+you hook completely homogenized the fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hook completely homogenized the fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hook completely homogenized the fish
+and then you took a little sample of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you took a little sample of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you took a little sample of it
+and freeze-dried it and then analyzed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and freeze-dried it and then analyzed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and freeze-dried it and then analyzed it
+for mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah right cuz I mean you guys saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right cuz I mean you guys saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right cuz I mean you guys saw the
+rabbits are only this big and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits are only this big and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits are only this big and the
+samples I want are only that big and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples I want are only that big and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples I want are only that big and so
+to get a representative fish you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a representative fish you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a representative fish you want to
+kind of make a fish smoothie and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make a fish smoothie and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make a fish smoothie and then
+take a sample out of that we did have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sample out of that we did have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sample out of that we did have a
+guy who came to me and was promising he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who came to me and was promising he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who came to me and was promising he
+we're gonna do this giant study using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do this giant study using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do this giant study using
+fingernails and toenails for nutritional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingernails and toenails for nutritional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingernails and toenails for nutritional
+analysis I mean he was working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I mean he was working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I mean he was working with a
+group that looks at zinc deficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that looks at zinc deficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that looks at zinc deficiencies
+and fingernails and toenails will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fingernails and toenails will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fingernails and toenails will give
+you a good record of how much zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good record of how much zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good record of how much zinc
+you've had over the last you know a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had over the last you know a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had over the last you know a week
+or month or whatever depends where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or month or whatever depends where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or month or whatever depends where you
+cut the nails and so I was going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the nails and so I was going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the nails and so I was going to get
+you know a couple hundred African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a couple hundred African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a couple hundred African
+children's toenails that didn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's toenails that didn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's toenails that didn't happen
+but I did analyze my own toenails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I did analyze my own toenails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I did analyze my own toenails
+well it's if you if you went to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's if you if you went to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's if you if you went to somebody
+who was a little suspicious of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a little suspicious of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a little suspicious of you
+asking for toenails is a lot easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for toenails is a lot easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for toenails is a lot easier than
+asking for a blood sample because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for a blood sample because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for a blood sample because people
+will give up toenails it's not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give up toenails it's not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give up toenails it's not a big
+deal you all have you ever seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal you all have you ever seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal you all have you ever seen the
+movie or read the book civil action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie or read the book civil action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie or read the book civil action
+about the Superfund site in Woburn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Superfund site in Woburn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Superfund site in Woburn it
+was a big old Superfund site and Woburn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big old Superfund site and Woburn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big old Superfund site and Woburn
+had arsenic and chromium contamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had arsenic and chromium contamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had arsenic and chromium contamination
+there used to be a lab I forget which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there used to be a lab I forget which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there used to be a lab I forget which
+building it was in that did a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it was in that did a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it was in that did a ton of
+research there one of the things we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research there one of the things we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research there one of the things we did
+and in this lab was we collected baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this lab was we collected baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this lab was we collected baby
+hair samples from people's scrapbooks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair samples from people's scrapbooks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair samples from people's scrapbooks so
+we had baby hair going back 50 60 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had baby hair going back 50 60 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had baby hair going back 50 60 years
+dated because everybody knew how old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dated because everybody knew how old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dated because everybody knew how old
+their kid was and they knew and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kid was and they knew and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kid was and they knew and we
+analyzed the hair samples for arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed the hair samples for arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed the hair samples for arsenic
+and chromium and then we plotted out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chromium and then we plotted out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chromium and then we plotted out
+where they were when the head sample was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were when the head sample was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were when the head sample was
+taken and how close they were to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken and how close they were to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken and how close they were to some
+contaminated Wells and because we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated Wells and because we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated Wells and because we did a
+fairly short of radiation after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly short of radiation after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly short of radiation after a while
+the activities died down we gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activities died down we gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activities died down we gave the
+samples back and so that was and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples back and so that was and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples back and so that was and we
+found that it didn't correlate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that it didn't correlate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that it didn't correlate with the
+well water or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well water or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well water or
+the time when the contamination was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time when the contamination was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time when the contamination was the
+worst which made people happy sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst which made people happy sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst which made people happy sort of in
+retrospect you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospect you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospect you know that the
+contamination from that area didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination from that area didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination from that area didn't get
+into the weld water so anyway that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the weld water so anyway that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the weld water so anyway that one
+of my samples and the hair is a pain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my samples and the hair is a pain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my samples and the hair is a pain in
+the neck to work with so I hope none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neck to work with so I hope none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neck to work with so I hope none of
+you give me hair samples I won't run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me hair samples I won't run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me hair samples I won't run
+them okay so let's go down the hall this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so let's go down the hall this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so let's go down the hall this
+way you all got to follow so this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you all got to follow so this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you all got to follow so this is I
+mean it's just a fine powder and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's just a fine powder and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's just a fine powder and it's
+fly-ash from a coal-fired power plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly-ash from a coal-fired power plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly-ash from a coal-fired power plant
+fly-ash means the ash that goes up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly-ash means the ash that goes up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly-ash means the ash that goes up the
+smokestack as opposed to bottom ash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokestack as opposed to bottom ash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokestack as opposed to bottom ash
+which is what falls down and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what falls down and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what falls down and so they
+collect whole you know hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect whole you know hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect whole you know hundreds of
+kilograms of fly ash just homogenize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms of fly ash just homogenize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms of fly ash just homogenize it
+sieve it send it out to all a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sieve it send it out to all a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sieve it send it out to all a lot of
+labs to analyze NIST is really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs to analyze NIST is really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs to analyze NIST is really good at
+this take all the data and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take all the data and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take all the data and so this is
+this ash is characterized for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ash is characterized for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ash is characterized for about
+twenty elements or so so when I run my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty elements or so so when I run my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty elements or so so when I run my
+samples if I were to run your samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples if I were to run your samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples if I were to run your samples
+with standards I'd run a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with standards I'd run a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with standards I'd run a little bit of
+this five six seven milligrams and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this five six seven milligrams and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this five six seven milligrams and I
+know what the the concentrations are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the the concentrations are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the the concentrations are on
+this and so that's how I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so that's how I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so that's how I do the
+comparative method and so I got you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative method and so I got you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative method and so I got you know
+this and they all look the same you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they all look the same you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they all look the same you know
+this is some soil from Montana next to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some soil from Montana next to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some soil from Montana next to a
+mine so it's nicely contaminated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine so it's nicely contaminated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine so it's nicely contaminated with
+some metals this is my IAEA mercury in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some metals this is my IAEA mercury in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some metals this is my IAEA mercury in
+hair standard but again it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair standard but again it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair standard but again it's just a
+little powder and this is kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little powder and this is kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little powder and this is kind of what
+everybody uses for standards and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uses for standards and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uses for standards and you
+just kind of have a whole collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of have a whole collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of have a whole collection of
+them and depending on what elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and depending on what elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and depending on what elements
+you're looking for you try to mix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for you try to mix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for you try to mix and
+match them so you get cover what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match them so you get cover what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match them so you get cover what you
+want without having to run five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want without having to run five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want without having to run five or six
+off my hot lab or one of my hot labs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off my hot lab or one of my hot labs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off my hot lab or one of my hot labs you
+guys last week or whatever it was I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys last week or whatever it was I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys last week or whatever it was I came
+by so this is the rabbit those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so this is the rabbit those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so this is the rabbit those of you
+who weren't there these are I call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who weren't there these are I call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who weren't there these are I call these
+these are called rabbits because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called rabbits because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called rabbits because it's
+the little thing that runs through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little thing that runs through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little thing that runs through
+the pneumatic tube you guys are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pneumatic tube you guys are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pneumatic tube you guys are doing
+parable nips later today yeah when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parable nips later today yeah when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parable nips later today yeah when
+you're sitting at the control panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting at the control panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting at the control panel
+there's a button I think it's to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a button I think it's to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a button I think it's to the
+left and it says insert rabbit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and it says insert rabbit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and it says insert rabbit and
+that's what this is referring to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is referring to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is referring to for
+longer radiations there's a spot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer radiations there's a spot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer radiations there's a spot in the
+basement in the reactor where they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement in the reactor where they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement in the reactor where they can
+get these and they send them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these and they send them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these and they send them into the
+radiation location for shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation location for shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation location for shorter
+radiations like what you guys are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiations like what you guys are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiations like what you guys are going
+to be doing in a month I send them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing in a month I send them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing in a month I send them in
+from here that's okay you just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here that's okay you just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here that's okay you just don't
+want to bump into that thing yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bump into that thing yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bump into that thing yeah so
+this is one end of the pneumatic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one end of the pneumatic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one end of the pneumatic system
+and so I can put a couple of samples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I can put a couple of samples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I can put a couple of samples in
+here I stick it in that little tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I stick it in that little tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I stick it in that little tube
+there call a control room and say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there call a control room and say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there call a control room and say okay
+turn a bunch of knobs and switches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a bunch of knobs and switches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a bunch of knobs and switches and
+whatnot and it goes shook and in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot and it goes shook and in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot and it goes shook and in about
+15 seconds it's next to the rillette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 seconds it's next to the rillette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 seconds it's next to the rillette
+neck to the core of the reactor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck to the core of the reactor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck to the core of the reactor in the
+graphite I usually run shorts I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite I usually run shorts I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite I usually run shorts I'll
+usually irradiated for about 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually irradiated for about 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually irradiated for about 10 minutes
+we usually let the sample sit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually let the sample sit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually let the sample sit in the
+reactor for a little while so the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor for a little while so the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor for a little while so the very
+short half-life stuff decays away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short half-life stuff decays away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short half-life stuff decays away and
+then it comes back out here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it comes back out here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it comes back out here and the
+whole thing just kind of shoots out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing just kind of shoots out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing just kind of shoots out
+there and bounces into here and then pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and bounces into here and then pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and bounces into here and then pop
+open the rabbit and in that hood pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the rabbit and in that hood pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the rabbit and in that hood pull
+the samples out I usually try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples out I usually try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples out I usually try to
+repackage the samples so this is partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repackage the samples so this is partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repackage the samples so this is partly
+why I asked for stuff that's kind of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I asked for stuff that's kind of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I asked for stuff that's kind of one
+or two good solid pieces because then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two good solid pieces because then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two good solid pieces because then I
+can take it out of whatever it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take it out of whatever it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take it out of whatever it was
+radiated in put it in a clean bag or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiated in put it in a clean bag or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiated in put it in a clean bag or
+vial and that way we don't have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vial and that way we don't have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vial and that way we don't have to do a
+blank subtraction for the sample that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank subtraction for the sample that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank subtraction for the sample that
+makes sense because otherwise if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because otherwise if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because otherwise if I take
+like a little vial in or radiate it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little vial in or radiate it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little vial in or radiate it and
+then count it I'll also have whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then count it I'll also have whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then count it I'll also have whatever
+elements are in the vial on the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in the vial on the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in the vial on the thing
+for when I'm running standards and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when I'm running standards and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when I'm running standards and this
+is when you won't if we're not running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you won't if we're not running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you won't if we're not running
+standards you don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards you don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards you don't have to worry about
+this that powdered standard stuff I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that powdered standard stuff I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that powdered standard stuff I'd
+never get that out of a bag because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get that out of a bag because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get that out of a bag because
+you'd never get all of it out and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd never get all of it out and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd never get all of it out and I'd
+have contamination everywhere if ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have contamination everywhere if ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have contamination everywhere if ice
+cutting open those bags so I do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting open those bags so I do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting open those bags so I do have to
+do a bag correction for those so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a bag correction for those so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a bag correction for those so when I
+do in a radiation I always radiate a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a radiation I always radiate a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a radiation I always radiate a few
+just empty bags and then you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just empty bags and then you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just empty bags and then you do a
+correction for those because the bags of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction for those because the bags of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction for those because the bags of
+God aluminum and antimony and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God aluminum and antimony and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God aluminum and antimony and a bunch of
+things in them yeah and so then like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in them yeah and so then like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in them yeah and so then like I
+take a couple of samples I throw them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a couple of samples I throw them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a couple of samples I throw them in
+a lead pig so I got a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lead pig so I got a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lead pig so I got a whole bunch of
+these floating around and I run it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these floating around and I run it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these floating around and I run it down
+the hall and throw it on a detector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hall and throw it on a detector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hall and throw it on a detector and
+we count it when are we doing shorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we count it when are we doing shorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we count it when are we doing shorts
+I'll radiate two samples at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll radiate two samples at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll radiate two samples at a time
+because I have two detectors what I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have two detectors what I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have two detectors what I used
+to have four detectors I ran four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have four detectors I ran four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have four detectors I ran four
+samples at a time so you irradiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples at a time so you irradiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples at a time so you irradiated
+repackage it count it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repackage it count it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repackage it count it
+while that sample those pair of samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while that sample those pair of samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while that sample those pair of samples
+are counting you come down here you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are counting you come down here you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are counting you come down here you are
+radiate the next two so that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate the next two so that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate the next two so that you know
+you're just kind of always radiating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just kind of always radiating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just kind of always radiating and
+counting I usually do a ten minute of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting I usually do a ten minute of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting I usually do a ten minute of
+radiation for shorts I'll do it fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation for shorts I'll do it fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation for shorts I'll do it fairly
+quick count five minutes right after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick count five minutes right after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick count five minutes right after I
+get the sample down there and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the sample down there and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the sample down there and that's
+looking for stuff with half lights sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for stuff with half lights sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for stuff with half lights sort
+of under 10 minutes the shortest half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of under 10 minutes the shortest half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of under 10 minutes the shortest half
+life I look for is for aluminum it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I look for is for aluminum it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I look for is for aluminum it's two
+and a quarter minutes but things usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a quarter minutes but things usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a quarter minutes but things usually
+have a lot of aluminum in them so I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of aluminum in them so I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of aluminum in them so I see
+if I see aluminum pretty well for shorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I see aluminum pretty well for shorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I see aluminum pretty well for shorts
+I'll count all the way up to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll count all the way up to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll count all the way up to about
+sodium which is almost fifteen hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium which is almost fifteen hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium which is almost fifteen hour
+half-life longer stuff I'll do a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life longer stuff I'll do a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life longer stuff I'll do a longer
+radiation account there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation account there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation account there's a little
+overlap on my shorts and Long's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap on my shorts and Long's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap on my shorts and Long's that
+helps me do QA on things and if I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps me do QA on things and if I run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps me do QA on things and if I run
+two standards I'll check you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two standards I'll check you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two standards I'll check you know the
+concentrations from one standards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations from one standards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations from one standards the
+other there's another little q8 thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's another little q8 thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's another little q8 thing I
+don't know what else we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what else we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what else we got
+questions it's pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what do we got oh yeah yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what do we got oh yeah yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what do we got oh yeah yeah okay
+yeah there was a lot of archeology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there was a lot of archeology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there was a lot of archeology that
+did you know naa got used for that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know naa got used for that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know naa got used for that a lot
+I don't think we ever did it here Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we ever did it here Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we ever did it here Fred
+Frye who's a professor retired now from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frye who's a professor retired now from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frye who's a professor retired now from
+EOBs Earth atmospheric and Planetary he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EOBs Earth atmospheric and Planetary he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EOBs Earth atmospheric and Planetary he
+did a lot of geological samples and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of geological samples and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of geological samples and yeah
+there's I forget where it was it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I forget where it was it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I forget where it was it they
+did all the archaeology one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did all the archaeology one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did all the archaeology one of the
+things na is really good for is rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things na is really good for is rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things na is really good for is rare
+earth elements which are hard to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth elements which are hard to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth elements which are hard to measure
+by other methods I mean I didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other methods I mean I didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other methods I mean I didn't get
+very low limits on that and by picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low limits on that and by picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low limits on that and by picking
+out various rare earths and the ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out various rare earths and the ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out various rare earths and the ratios
+you can help identify where things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can help identify where things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can help identify where things are
+from in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you give me a little tiny piece of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give me a little tiny piece of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give me a little tiny piece of it
+I mean you know I mean the well see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know I mean the well see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know I mean the well see
+that's the rabbit so it's definitely got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the rabbit so it's definitely got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the rabbit so it's definitely got
+to fit in there the thing I really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit in there the thing I really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit in there the thing I really like
+yeah excuse me where's my vials yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah excuse me where's my vials yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah excuse me where's my vials yeah I
+used to have some smaller ones up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have some smaller ones up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have some smaller ones up here
+but so you know that's should definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so you know that's should definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so you know that's should definitely
+fit in one of those like to see that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in one of those like to see that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in one of those like to see that guy
+my usual description of what size sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my usual description of what size sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my usual description of what size sample
+I like is if it's a piece that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like is if it's a piece that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like is if it's a piece that you would
+pick up with a pair of tweezers so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up with a pair of tweezers so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up with a pair of tweezers so not
+too small to pick up with you know to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small to pick up with you know to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small to pick up with you know to be
+able to find so no powders but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find so no powders but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find so no powders but you know
+and you could maybe get it with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could maybe get it with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could maybe get it with your
+fingers but 20 milligrams 50 milligrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers but 20 milligrams 50 milligrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers but 20 milligrams 50 milligrams
+100 milligrams is just in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 milligrams is just in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 milligrams is just in the right
+ballpark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nope doesn't matter but we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope doesn't matter but we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope doesn't matter but we'll look at
+what comes in and yeah I might veto some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes in and yeah I might veto some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes in and yeah I might veto some
+things or not we'll see well we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or not we'll see well we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or not we'll see well we got
+bricks everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks everywhere
+so when I when I get the sample out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I when I get the sample out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I when I get the sample out of
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+I do the repackaging in here and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the repackaging in here and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the repackaging in here and so this
+is just shielding between the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just shielding between the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just shielding between the samples
+I'm working on and myself I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working on and myself I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working on and myself I don't have
+my toe simony on now but I usually I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my toe simony on now but I usually I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my toe simony on now but I usually I've
+got the symmetry and a ring badge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the symmetry and a ring badge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the symmetry and a ring badge and
+then it kind of comes over here and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it kind of comes over here and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it kind of comes over here and I do
+the this is where the heat sealer is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is where the heat sealer is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is where the heat sealer is so
+I can I you know heat seal it here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I you know heat seal it here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I you know heat seal it here and
+then I'll have a pig over here oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll have a pig over here oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll have a pig over here oh yeah
+these are just painted lead bricks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just painted lead bricks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just painted lead bricks and
+you know these have been here longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these have been here longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these have been here longer
+than I have so and you don't sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I have so and you don't sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I have so and you don't sometimes
+things just are somewhere and you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just are somewhere and you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just are somewhere and you never
+move them yeah these they think older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them yeah these they think older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them yeah these they think older
+than me too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than me too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than me too so
+this lab has been doing any a she's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lab has been doing any a she's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lab has been doing any a she's I
+don't know since the 70s I think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know since the 70s I think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know since the 70s I think so
+anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the full-size bricks this like that size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full-size bricks this like that size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full-size bricks this like that size
+2 inches by 4 inches by 8 inches weighs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 inches by 4 inches by 8 inches weighs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 inches by 4 inches by 8 inches weighs
+about 25 pounds there's usually a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 pounds there's usually a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 pounds there's usually a bunch
+of them floating around that one's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them floating around that one's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them floating around that one's not
+quite full-size you know they're heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite full-size you know they're heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite full-size you know they're heavy
+they're lit okay when people ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lit okay when people ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lit okay when people ask me
+because I work in the reactor as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I work in the reactor as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I work in the reactor as well
+they say is there anything dangerous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say is there anything dangerous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say is there anything dangerous in
+the reactor the dangerous thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor the dangerous thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor the dangerous thing is
+dropping wet bricks on your feet that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping wet bricks on your feet that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping wet bricks on your feet that's
+why I've got steel toast if I miss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I've got steel toast if I miss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I've got steel toast if I miss the
+toe yeah probably break my I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toe yeah probably break my I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toe yeah probably break my I don't want
+to think about it and they move much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it and they move much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it and they move much
+bigger things in the reactor when you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger things in the reactor when you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger things in the reactor when you if
+you toward the reactor yet yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you toward the reactor yet yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you toward the reactor yet yeah so I
+mean there's that giant crane there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's that giant crane there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's that giant crane there and
+they move you know five tonne pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move you know five tonne pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move you know five tonne pieces of
+shielding and that's the other dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding and that's the other dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding and that's the other dangerous
+thing and there's dropping really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and there's dropping really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and there's dropping really big
+things we've never dropped anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've never dropped anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've never dropped anything that
+big I think somebody dropped a steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I think somebody dropped a steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I think somebody dropped a steel
+plate on their foot once that was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate on their foot once that was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate on their foot once that was about
+the worst of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst of it
+you know like four foot half inch steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like four foot half inch steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like four foot half inch steel
+boom yeah okay good yeah you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom yeah okay good yeah you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom yeah okay good yeah you know when
+people trip and fall off ladders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trip and fall off ladders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trip and fall off ladders and
+it's the usual industrial accidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good yeah yeah I mean I've broken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good yeah yeah I mean I've broken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good yeah yeah I mean I've broken a
+few but not not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few but not not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few but not not here
+sure and I'll see you guys in a month or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and I'll see you guys in a month or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and I'll see you guys in a month or
+something and have fun running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and have fun running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and have fun running the
+reactor oh good day folks you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor oh good day folks you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor oh good day folks you guys are
+here to do an experiment on the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to do an experiment on the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to do an experiment on the reactor
+it's in two parts the first part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in two parts the first part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in two parts the first part is
+raising reactor power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first is raising reactor power using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is raising reactor power using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is raising reactor power using
+a low earth absorber called a regulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low earth absorber called a regulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low earth absorber called a regulating
+rod and then the second part will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod and then the second part will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod and then the second part will be
+lowering reactor power using a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering reactor power using a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering reactor power using a high
+worth absorber and the high worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth absorber and the high worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth absorber and the high worth
+absorber things would move much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber things would move much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber things would move much faster
+and we don't want to run into a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't want to run into a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't want to run into a chance
+of you accidentally going too high so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you accidentally going too high so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you accidentally going too high so
+that's why we use the low worth absorber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we use the low worth absorber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we use the low worth absorber
+on the way up and a high worth absorber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the way up and a high worth absorber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the way up and a high worth absorber
+on the way down okay and I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the way down okay and I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the way down okay and I just want to
+show you the controls with me today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the controls with me today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the controls with me today is
+Tim to actually do this experiment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim to actually do this experiment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim to actually do this experiment we
+need to licensed people in here one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to licensed people in here one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to licensed people in here one that
+least has a senior reactor operator both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least has a senior reactor operator both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least has a senior reactor operator both
+Tim and I are both senior licenses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim and I are both senior licenses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim and I are both senior licenses so
+that we have that covered the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have that covered the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have that covered the only way
+you can actually do these manipulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do these manipulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do these manipulations
+are if you're in my training program on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if you're in my training program on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if you're in my training program on
+the training supervisor for the facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training supervisor for the facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training supervisor for the facility
+or you're in a program that needs you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're in a program that needs you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're in a program that needs you to
+actually operate the reactor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually operate the reactor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually operate the reactor and the
+program you guys are in fits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you guys are in fits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you guys are in fits that
+definition okay so I just want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition okay so I just want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition okay so I just want to show
+you some of the controls of the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of the controls of the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of the controls of the reactor
+first we have our shin blade controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have our shin blade controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have our shin blade controller
+this basically moves one of six shim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically moves one of six shim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically moves one of six shim
+blades at a time the one that's selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades at a time the one that's selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades at a time the one that's selected
+has a slide on it and we can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a slide on it and we can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a slide on it and we can change
+which one selected with the shim blade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one selected with the shim blade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one selected with the shim blade
+selector switch this switch here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selector switch this switch here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selector switch this switch here is a
+regulating rod this one will allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating rod this one will allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating rod this one will allow you
+to move the regulating rod up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move the regulating rod up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move the regulating rod up and down
+our blades are fixed speed meaning they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our blades are fixed speed meaning they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our blades are fixed speed meaning they
+can only move at a at the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only move at a at the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only move at a at the exact same
+rate at all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at all times
+moving the shim blade in upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the shim blade in upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the shim blade in upward
+direction or the regulator rod in upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the regulator rod in upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the regulator rod in upward
+direction take underhand grip and pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction take underhand grip and pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction take underhand grip and pull
+up or twist upwards until it stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or twist upwards until it stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or twist upwards until it stops
+we get just a little bit doesn't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get just a little bit doesn't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get just a little bit doesn't move
+anything you have to move all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you have to move all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you have to move all the way
+until it stops and then the absorber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it stops and then the absorber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it stops and then the absorber
+will move in the outward direction if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move in the outward direction if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move in the outward direction if
+you want the blade to stop just release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the blade to stop just release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the blade to stop just release
+it it's spring-loaded and will go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's spring-loaded and will go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's spring-loaded and will go back
+to the neutral position and stop moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the neutral position and stop moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the neutral position and stop moving
+if you want to drive something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to drive something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to drive something in the
+inward position take an overhand grip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward position take an overhand grip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward position take an overhand grip
+and twist downwards and that will drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twist downwards and that will drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twist downwards and that will drive
+the absorber in once again let go it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorber in once again let go it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorber in once again let go it'll
+snap back up and stop the motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap back up and stop the motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap back up and stop the motion of the
+blade while the regulating rod the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade while the regulating rod the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade while the regulating rod the
+experiment we're doing is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we're doing is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we're doing is basically
+changing rack of power by half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing rack of power by half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing rack of power by half a
+megawatt and we're currently at 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt and we're currently at 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt and we're currently at 500
+kilowatts we're gonna bring it bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts we're gonna bring it bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts we're gonna bring it bring the
+reactor up to one megawatt and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor up to one megawatt and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor up to one megawatt and then
+bring it back down to 500 kilowatts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back down to 500 kilowatts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back down to 500 kilowatts so
+before we can do this you have to log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we can do this you have to log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we can do this you have to log
+into our log book as a trainee on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our log book as a trainee on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our log book as a trainee on
+console we'll show you the proper way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console we'll show you the proper way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console we'll show you the proper way to
+make the entries as you make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the entries as you make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the entries as you make those
+entries you'll go ahead and then do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries you'll go ahead and then do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries you'll go ahead and then do the
+actual movement itself okay so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual movement itself okay so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual movement itself okay so the first
+one is going to be using a regulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going to be using a regulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going to be using a regulating
+rod to move the rack for power up what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod to move the rack for power up what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod to move the rack for power up what's
+the reactive power we have about nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactive power we have about nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactive power we have about nine
+different instruments that tell us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instruments that tell us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instruments that tell us what
+the reactive power is at all times but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactive power is at all times but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactive power is at all times but
+the ones we're going to be paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we're going to be paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we're going to be paying
+attention to our channel 7 and channel 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to our channel 7 and channel 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to our channel 7 and channel 9
+these two channels are what we use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two channels are what we use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two channels are what we use to
+basically tell us what the reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tell us what the reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tell us what the reactive
+power is channel 7 is what we control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is channel 7 is what we control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is channel 7 is what we control
+our automatic control act if you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our automatic control act if you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our automatic control act if you watch
+the regulating rod you'll see it move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulating rod you'll see it move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulating rod you'll see it move up
+and down on its own that's because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down on its own that's because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down on its own that's because it's
+changing power based on what it sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing power based on what it sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing power based on what it sees
+channel 7 is doing so if channel 7 sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel 7 is doing so if channel 7 sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel 7 is doing so if channel 7 sees
+that the power level is going too low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the power level is going too low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the power level is going too low
+it'll cause a regular rod to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll cause a regular rod to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll cause a regular rod to drive
+outwards to increase the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards to increase the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards to increase the amount of
+neutrons making the rack part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons making the rack part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons making the rack part of the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+channel 9 is a linear power channel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel 9 is a linear power channel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel 9 is a linear power channel and
+it basically tells us what the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically tells us what the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically tells us what the power
+level is based on our chart that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is based on our chart that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is based on our chart that we
+create so it's not showing you megawatts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create so it's not showing you megawatts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create so it's not showing you megawatts
+or kilowatts or anything like that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kilowatts or anything like that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kilowatts or anything like that it's
+showing you a current coming from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a current coming from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a current coming from a
+chamber and that current is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber and that current is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber and that current is then
+converted into megawatts and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into megawatts and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into megawatts and so forth
+so right now we're at 500 kilowatts 8.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now we're at 500 kilowatts 8.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now we're at 500 kilowatts 8.5
+micro amps on this channel and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro amps on this channel and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro amps on this channel and that's
+8.5 micro amps equals 500 kilowatts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.5 micro amps equals 500 kilowatts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.5 micro amps equals 500 kilowatts
+you're gonna be bringing the rapper up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be bringing the rapper up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be bringing the rapper up
+to 1 megawatt and since it's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 megawatt and since it's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 megawatt and since it's a linear
+it'll be double that so 17.1 now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be double that so 17.1 now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be double that so 17.1 now you
+want to be careful when you raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be careful when you raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be careful when you raise
+reactive power so when you start to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive power so when you start to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive power so when you start to add
+power to the reactor by raising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to the reactor by raising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to the reactor by raising the
+regulating rod you don't want to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating rod you don't want to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating rod you don't want to bring
+it you don't want to keep raising it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you don't want to keep raising it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you don't want to keep raising it
+until you reach your value because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reach your value because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reach your value because you
+have to actually stop the power increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually stop the power increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually stop the power increase
+as well so we have two rules that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so we have two rules that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so we have two rules that we
+have to follow one at the power level or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to follow one at the power level or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to follow one at the power level or
+at we have period there at the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at we have period there at the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at we have period there at the period
+the reactor period is the amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor period is the amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor period is the amount of time
+it takes you out to power to increase at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes you out to power to increase at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes you out to power to increase at
+the power level we're at we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power level we're at we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power level we're at we're not
+allowed to go shorter than a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to go shorter than a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to go shorter than a hundred
+second period okay so here is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period okay so here is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period okay so here is one of
+three period meters one here one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three period meters one here one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three period meters one here one here
+which is selectable between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is selectable between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is selectable between two
+different meters so as you're pulling up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meters so as you're pulling up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meters so as you're pulling up
+the regulating rod one of the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulating rod one of the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulating rod one of the things you
+have to watch is to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to watch is to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to watch is to make sure that the
+reactor period doesn't go shorter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor period doesn't go shorter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor period doesn't go shorter than
+100 second period if it does you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 second period if it does you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 second period if it does you have to
+stop following blades the other thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop following blades the other thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop following blades the other thing we
+have to watch for is to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to watch for is to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to watch for is to make sure that
+the power level Channel nine doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power level Channel nine doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power level Channel nine doesn't
+exceed where you're going to not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed where you're going to not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed where you're going to not only
+not exceed but we also want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exceed but we also want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exceed but we also want to make sure
+that you can actually control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually control the
+reactor it's called feasibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor it's called feasibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor it's called feasibility of
+control and what that means is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and what that means is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and what that means is when you
+get to about 80 percent of the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to about 80 percent of the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to about 80 percent of the power
+level you're going to since we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you're going to since we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you're going to since we're going
+up to one megawatt that's about 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to one megawatt that's about 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to one megawatt that's about 800
+kilowatts you want to be able to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts you want to be able to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts you want to be able to drive
+the absorber in and hold the absorber in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorber in and hold the absorber in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorber in and hold the absorber in
+you'll buy the regulating rod inwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll buy the regulating rod inwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll buy the regulating rod inwards
+and watch that channel nine value it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch that channel nine value it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch that channel nine value it'll
+slow until it actually starts to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow until it actually starts to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow until it actually starts to go down
+again once it reaches that value and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again once it reaches that value and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again once it reaches that value and you
+see it going down you now know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it going down you now know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it going down you now know that you
+could control the reactor and keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could control the reactor and keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could control the reactor and keep it
+from going away rack power increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going away rack power increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going away rack power increasing
+continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously
+so what we're going to do is have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is have you
+when you reach 80% of the power level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you reach 80% of the power level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you reach 80% of the power level
+you're going to which happens to be 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to which happens to be 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to which happens to be 800
+kilowatts you're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts you're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts you're going to start
+increasing or lengthening a period by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing or lengthening a period by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing or lengthening a period by
+driving the absorber back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the absorber back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the absorber back in the
+regulating rod and you'll keep holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating rod and you'll keep holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating rod and you'll keep holding
+it in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in on
+you see the number not only stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the number not only stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the number not only stop
+increasing but actually go down a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing but actually go down a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing but actually go down a little
+bit as soon as you see it go down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit as soon as you see it go down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit as soon as you see it go down a
+little bit let go the regulating rod you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit let go the regulating rod you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit let go the regulating rod you
+haven't stopped the power at this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't stopped the power at this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't stopped the power at this time
+you just increased how or you decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just increased how or you decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just increased how or you decrease
+how fast it's going up and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast it's going up and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast it's going up and then the
+power level still go up but a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power level still go up but a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power level still go up but a much
+slower rate than it was before and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower rate than it was before and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower rate than it was before and once
+it reaches the power level you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reaches the power level you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reaches the power level you want to
+stop at the one megawatt keep driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at the one megawatt keep driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at the one megawatt keep driving
+the regulating rod in to hold it at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulating rod in to hold it at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulating rod in to hold it at that
+power level once you're at that power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power level once you're at that power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power level once you're at that power
+level you're going to make an entry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you're going to make an entry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you're going to make an entry in
+the log book that basically says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log book that basically says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log book that basically says you
+made it to the power level you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it to the power level you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it to the power level you're going
+to and then we'll go down in power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and then we'll go down in power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and then we'll go down in power so
+once again you make an entry in the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again you make an entry in the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again you make an entry in the log
+book that says I'm going to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that says I'm going to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that says I'm going to lower
+reactor power to 500 kilowatts and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor power to 500 kilowatts and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor power to 500 kilowatts and then
+this time we'll use a shim blade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time we'll use a shim blade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time we'll use a shim blade the
+shim blade is worth a lot more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shim blade is worth a lot more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shim blade is worth a lot more than a
+regulating rod about ten times the shim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating rod about ten times the shim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating rod about ten times the shim
+blade excuse me of the regulating rod so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade excuse me of the regulating rod so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade excuse me of the regulating rod so
+things will happen much faster so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will happen much faster so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will happen much faster so you'll
+be able to drive this in and rack power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to drive this in and rack power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to drive this in and rack power
+will change much faster than before same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change much faster than before same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change much faster than before same
+thing as you get closer to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as you get closer to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as you get closer to the power
+level you start at 500 kilowatts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you start at 500 kilowatts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you start at 500 kilowatts you
+don't want to under shoot and go too low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to under shoot and go too low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to under shoot and go too low
+so at around 600 kilowatts or so start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at around 600 kilowatts or so start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at around 600 kilowatts or so start
+driving a shim blade out to slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving a shim blade out to slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving a shim blade out to slow down
+how quickly the power levels going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly the power levels going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly the power levels going down
+okay and once you get back to the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and once you get back to the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and once you get back to the place
+where you started at we'll use a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you started at we'll use a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you started at we'll use a regular
+rod regulating rod to fine tune it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod regulating rod to fine tune it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod regulating rod to fine tune it to
+keep the rack of power where we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the rack of power where we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the rack of power where we want to
+be there'll be another logbook entry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there'll be another logbook entry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there'll be another logbook entry and
+your time round console will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time round console will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time round console will be
+completed okay so with us today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed okay so with us today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed okay so with us today we
+actually have to MIT soon so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to MIT soon so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to MIT soon so our
+actually my training program and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my training program and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my training program and they've
+actually done a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done a lot of these
+manipulations already Sarah let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll take I'll take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take I'll take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take I'll take those
+so normally we sit and watch if at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally we sit and watch if at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally we sit and watch if at any
+time you don't feel comfortable doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you don't feel comfortable doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you don't feel comfortable doing
+something let us know we'll ask you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something let us know we'll ask you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something let us know we'll ask you just
+to take your hands off the console and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take your hands off the console and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take your hands off the console and
+we'll take care of doing whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take care of doing whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take care of doing whatever is
+necessary to keep the reactor safe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to keep the reactor safe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to keep the reactor safe but
+be aware we're a factor of 10 lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware we're a factor of 10 lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware we're a factor of 10 lower than
+where we would automatically scram at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we would automatically scram at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we would automatically scram at so
+it'd be very difficult for you to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be very difficult for you to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be very difficult for you to get to
+someplace where it would cause a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace where it would cause a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace where it would cause a problem
+without us being able to stop it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without us being able to stop it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without us being able to stop it okay so
+our normal I don't know if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our normal I don't know if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our normal I don't know if you want to
+move or anything but we the supervisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move or anything but we the supervisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move or anything but we the supervisor
+normally sits like kind of right in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally sits like kind of right in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally sits like kind of right in your
+way so that they can keep an eye on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that they can keep an eye on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that they can keep an eye on
+what's happening okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can go ahead and make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go ahead and make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go ahead and make the
+announcement that your that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement that your that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement that your that were
+starting power manipulations and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting power manipulations and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting power manipulations and then
+the last verse to make announcing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last verse to make announcing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last verse to make announcing that
+we're done with our manipulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now the reactors on auto control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the reactors on auto control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the reactors on auto control
+and when we do these manipulations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do these manipulations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do these manipulations the
+reactor opera is going to take manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor opera is going to take manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor opera is going to take manual
+control that'll cause an alarm to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that'll cause an alarm to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that'll cause an alarm to come
+in and this only happened for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and this only happened for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and this only happened for the first
+time so one of the things she's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so one of the things she's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so one of the things she's going to
+do after she makes our logbook entry no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do after she makes our logbook entry no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do after she makes our logbook entry no
+we'll do that at the end is she'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that at the end is she'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that at the end is she'll take
+manual control the reactor and alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual control the reactor and alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual control the reactor and alarm
+will come in on console and she'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in on console and she'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in on console and she'll
+answer it and that should be the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it and that should be the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it and that should be the only
+time you hear this alarm because we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you hear this alarm because we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you hear this alarm because we'll
+leave it on manual control until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it on manual control until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it on manual control until the
+final participant has done their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final participant has done their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final participant has done their
+manipulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now she's pulling up the Reg rod all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she's pulling up the Reg rod all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she's pulling up the Reg rod all the
+way you see the Reg rod number going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you see the Reg rod number going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you see the Reg rod number going up
+the period is getting shorter it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period is getting shorter it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period is getting shorter it's no
+longer at infinity it's going closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer at infinity it's going closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer at infinity it's going closer to
+a hundred second and channel seven and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred second and channel seven and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred second and channel seven and
+channel nine are increasing in value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another way you can see it is we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can see it is we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can see it is we have a
+display on in front of the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display on in front of the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display on in front of the operator
+those three displays two of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three displays two of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three displays two of them are
+just for evaluation only we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for evaluation only we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for evaluation only we don't
+actually use those to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use those to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use those to control the
+reactor they're based on a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor they're based on a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor they're based on a system that
+haven't been approved yet but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been approved yet but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been approved yet but we're
+testing them to see how well they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing them to see how well they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing them to see how well they work
+so you can see that the power level on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the power level on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the power level on
+the far left is going up the middle one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far left is going up the middle one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far left is going up the middle one
+is showing what the actual power level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing what the actual power level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing what the actual power level
+we saw a 500 kilowatts sorry up to 630
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw a 500 kilowatts sorry up to 630
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw a 500 kilowatts sorry up to 630
+kilowatts and increasing and the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts and increasing and the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts and increasing and the period
+that was at an infinity is now around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was at an infinity is now around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was at an infinity is now around
+160 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so she's watching until she sees the 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's watching until she sees the 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's watching until she sees the 800
+kilowatt value here on channel 7 channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt value here on channel 7 channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt value here on channel 7 channel
+9 and she started to drive in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 and she started to drive in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 and she started to drive in the
+regular rod so she's slowing down how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular rod so she's slowing down how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular rod so she's slowing down how
+quick the power increases bowing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick the power increases bowing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick the power increases bowing and you
+see the period lengthening it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the period lengthening it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the period lengthening it's no
+longer at 150 160 seconds it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer at 150 160 seconds it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer at 150 160 seconds it's going
+closer to infinity again so she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to infinity again so she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to infinity again so she's
+proving that she could stop the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that she could stop the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that she could stop the reactor
+power if she continued driving in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power if she continued driving in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power if she continued driving in this
+regulating rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she's closing in on the one megawatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the things the note is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things the note is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things the note is that when
+she started the wrecker I was around Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she started the wrecker I was around Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she started the wrecker I was around Oh
+300 oh three ten and she's almost right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 oh three ten and she's almost right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 oh three ten and she's almost right
+back to there when you raised reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to there when you raised reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to there when you raised reactive
+power you basically open up a valve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you basically open up a valve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you basically open up a valve and
+let more neutrons in and when you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let more neutrons in and when you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let more neutrons in and when you get to
+the place where you want to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where you want to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where you want to be you
+basically close that valve again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically close that valve again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically close that valve again
+so you basically add reactivity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you basically add reactivity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you basically add reactivity and then
+stop that reactivity in addition by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop that reactivity in addition by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop that reactivity in addition by
+bringing the absorbers back to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing the absorbers back to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing the absorbers back to about
+where they started from now okay one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they started from now okay one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they started from now okay one
+megawatt go ahead and make your logbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt go ahead and make your logbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt go ahead and make your logbook
+entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once again she has experience she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again she has experience she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again she has experience she's
+been doing startups and power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing startups and power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing startups and power
+manipulations for a while when the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations for a while when the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations for a while when the rest
+of you sit down here will guide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you sit down here will guide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you sit down here will guide you
+through those the logbook entries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those the logbook entries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those the logbook entries that
+she's making uh so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep so one of the things that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so one of the things that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so one of the things that could
+change the reactor is xenon it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the reactor is xenon it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the reactor is xenon it's a
+poison that built into the reactor while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison that built into the reactor while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison that built into the reactor while
+we operate poison in that it absorbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we operate poison in that it absorbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we operate poison in that it absorbs
+neutrons not leading the fission and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons not leading the fission and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons not leading the fission and it
+has to make ways of being made in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to make ways of being made in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to make ways of being made in two
+ways of having removed one is direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of having removed one is direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of having removed one is direct
+from fission and the other is decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fission and the other is decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fission and the other is decay
+that's the way it's produced the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way it's produced the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way it's produced the way it
+goes away is basically absorbing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away is basically absorbing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away is basically absorbing a
+neutron and decaying to another isotope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron and decaying to another isotope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron and decaying to another isotope
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yep his blade sucks and what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep his blade sucks and what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep his blade sucks and what happens is
+when we lower reactive power the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we lower reactive power the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we lower reactive power the way we
+remove most of the xenon from Verna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove most of the xenon from Verna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove most of the xenon from Verna
+basically the neutrons being absorbed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the neutrons being absorbed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the neutrons being absorbed by
+the by the fission process the the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by the fission process the the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by the fission process the the fact
+that we don't have the reactor at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have the reactor at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have the reactor at a very
+high power means that the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high power means that the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high power means that the amount of
+xenon in the core isn't being removed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xenon in the core isn't being removed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xenon in the core isn't being removed so
+we actually start the power would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually start the power would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually start the power would
+actually want to go down on the tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to go down on the tunnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to go down on the tunnel
+so you would have to do a lot or regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would have to do a lot or regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would have to do a lot or regions
+and for a while that's a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a while that's a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a while that's a very large
+amount of reactivity that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of reactivity that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of reactivity that has to be
+compensated for for this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated for for this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated for for this experiment
+though we actually shut down the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we actually shut down the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we actually shut down the reactor
+yesterday and we started up early this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and we started up early this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and we started up early this
+morning so it's not a big factor as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so it's not a big factor as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so it's not a big factor as it
+normally would be after doing one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally would be after doing one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally would be after doing one of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+blowing reactor power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I think we'd be able to get at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think we'd be able to get at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think we'd be able to get at least
+one more person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once again she's long reactor power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again she's long reactor power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again she's long reactor power
+you can see on the period meter she's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see on the period meter she's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see on the period meter she's at
+a negative period and the reactor power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative period and the reactor power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative period and the reactor power
+is decreasing she's almost at 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decreasing she's almost at 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decreasing she's almost at 500
+kilowatts she's uh driving the absorber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts she's uh driving the absorber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts she's uh driving the absorber
+out again to slow down how quickly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again to slow down how quickly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again to slow down how quickly the
+power levels going down and when she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power levels going down and when she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power levels going down and when she's
+done the shin blade will end up about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the shin blade will end up about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the shin blade will end up about at
+the same point where started to thirteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point where started to thirteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point where started to thirteen
+point four two inches out of the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four two inches out of the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four two inches out of the bottom
+of the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we closed cops say what the regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we closed cops say what the regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we closed cops say what the regarding
+you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that's the end of the exercise
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QNpj-gOXW9M.txt b/QNpj-gOXW9M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..47473677d7646829b6a5b06208842d899c964961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QNpj-gOXW9M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is lecture
+20 and this is the final lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 and this is the final lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 and this is the final lecture on
+determinants um and it's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants um and it's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants um and it's about the
+applications so we worked hard in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so we worked hard in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so we worked hard in the
+last two lectures to get a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two lectures to get a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two lectures to get a formula for
+the determinant and the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant and the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant and the properties of
+the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant
+now to use the determinant and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to use the determinant and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to use the determinant and and
+always this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always this
+determinant packs all this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant packs all this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant packs all this information
+into a into a single number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a into a single number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a into a single number
+and that number can give us formulas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that number can give us formulas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that number can give us formulas for
+all sorts of uh things that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of uh things that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of uh things that we've been
+calculating already without formulas now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating already without formulas now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating already without formulas now
+what was a inverse so so I'm be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was a inverse so so I'm be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was a inverse so so I'm be
+beginning with the formula for a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with the formula for a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with the formula for a inverse
+two 2x two formula we know right the 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 2x two formula we know right the 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 2x two formula we know right the 2x
+two formula for a inverse the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two formula for a inverse the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two formula for a inverse the inverse of
+a b c d inverse is one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant times d a - b -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+somehow I want to see what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I want to see what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I want to see what's going on
+for 3x3 and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 3x3 and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 3x3 and n
+byn and actually maybe you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn and actually maybe you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn and actually maybe you can see
+what's going on from this 2x two case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on from this 2x two case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on from this 2x two case so
+there's a formula for the inverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a formula for the inverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a formula for the inverse and
+what did I divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I divide
+by the determinant so what I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the determinant so what I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the determinant so what I'm looking
+for is a Formula where it has one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is a Formula where it has one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is a Formula where it has one over
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+determinant and and you remember why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and and you remember why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and and you remember why
+that makes good sense because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes good sense because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes good sense because then
+that's perfect as long as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perfect as long as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perfect as long as the the
+determinant isn't zero and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant isn't zero and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant isn't zero and that's
+exactly when there is an inverse but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when there is an inverse but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when there is an inverse but now
+I have to ask can we recognize any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to ask can we recognize any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to ask can we recognize any of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+stuff do you recognize what that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff do you recognize what that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff do you recognize what that number
+D is from the past from last from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is from the past from last from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is from the past from last from the
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+lecture my hint is think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture my hint is think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture my hint is think
+co-actors CU my formula is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors CU my formula is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors CU my formula is going to be
+my formula for the inverse is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my formula for the inverse is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my formula for the inverse is going to
+be one over the determinant times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one over the determinant times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one over the determinant times a
+matrix of co-actors so that you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of co-actors so that you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of co-actors so that you remember
+that D what's that the co-actor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D what's that the co-actor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D what's that the co-actor of
+remember co-actors if that's the one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember co-actors if that's the one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember co-actors if that's the one one
+co-actor because if I strike out row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor because if I strike out row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor because if I strike out row and
+column one I'm left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one I'm left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one I'm left with
+d and what's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and what's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and what's minus
+B okay which co-actor is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay which co-actor is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay which co-actor is that
+one Co minus B is the co-actor of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Co minus B is the co-actor of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Co minus B is the co-actor of C
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+if I strike out the C I'm left with a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I strike out the C I'm left with a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I strike out the C I'm left with a B
+there and why in the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and why in the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and why in the minus
+sign because this C was in a 2 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign because this C was in a 2 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign because this C was in a 2 one
+position and 2 + one is odd so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and 2 + one is odd so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and 2 + one is odd so there was
+a minus went into the co-actor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus went into the co-actor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus went into the co-actor and
+that's it okay I'll write down next what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it okay I'll write down next what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it okay I'll write down next what
+my formula is here's the big formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my formula is here's the big formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my formula is here's the big formula for
+the a for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a for a
+inverse it's one over the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse it's one over the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse it's one over the determinant of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some
+Matrix and that Matrix is the Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and that Matrix is the Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and that Matrix is the Matrix of
+co-actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors
+C only one thing I it turn you'll see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C only one thing I it turn you'll see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C only one thing I it turn you'll see I
+have to I transpose it so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to I transpose it so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to I transpose it so this is the
+Matrix of co-actors the what I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of co-actors the what I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of co-actors the what I'll just
+why don't we just call it the co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just call it the co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just call it the co-actor
+Matrix so the one one entry of of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so the one one entry of of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so the one one entry of of C
+is the co is the one one co-actor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the co is the one one co-actor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the co is the one one co-actor the
+thing that we get by throwing away row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we get by throwing away row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we get by throwing away row
+and column one it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D and uh because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and uh because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and uh because of the
+transpose what I see up here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what I see up here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what I see up here is the
+co-actor of this guy down here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor of this guy down here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor of this guy down here right
+that's where the transpose came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the transpose came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the transpose came
+in what I see here this is the co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what I see here this is the co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what I see here this is the co-actor
+not of this one because I've transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of this one because I've transposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of this one because I've transposed
+this is the co-actor of the B when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the co-actor of the B when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the co-actor of the B when I
+throw away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away the
+B the B row and the B column I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the B row and the B column I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the B row and the B column I'm left
+with c and then I have that minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with c and then I have that minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with c and then I have that minus sign
+again and of course the 22 entry is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and of course the 22 entry is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and of course the 22 entry is the
+co-actor of D and that's this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor of D and that's this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor of D and that's this a
+okay so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's the
+formula but we got to think why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but we got to think why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but we got to think why I
+mean it worked in this 2x two case but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it worked in this 2x two case but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it worked in this 2x two case but a
+lot of other formulas would have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other formulas would have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other formulas would have worked
+just as well we have to see why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well we have to see why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well we have to see why that's
+true in other words why is it so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in other words why is it so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in other words why is it so this is
+what I aim to to to uh find and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I aim to to to uh find and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I aim to to to uh find and and
+let's just sort of look to see what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just sort of look to see what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just sort of look to see what is
+that telling us that tells us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that telling us that tells us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that telling us that tells us that the
+formula that the expression for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that the expression for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that the expression for a
+inverse let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse let's look at a
+3X3 and I just write down a a b c d e f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 and I just write down a a b c d e f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 and I just write down a a b c d e f
+ghi and I'm looking for its inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghi and I'm looking for its inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghi and I'm looking for its inverse
+and what kind of a formula do I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of a formula do I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of a formula do I see
+there I mean what the determinant is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean what the determinant is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean what the determinant is a
+bunch of products of three factors right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of products of three factors right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of products of three factors right
+the determinant of this Matrix will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of this Matrix will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of this Matrix will
+involve a eii and bf time G and C * D *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a eii and bf time G and C * D *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a eii and bf time G and C * D *
+H and minus ceg and so on so things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and minus ceg and so on so things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and minus ceg and so on so things with
+three factors go in here things with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three factors go in here things with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three factors go in here things with how
+many F how many uh factors do things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many F how many uh factors do things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many F how many uh factors do things in
+the uh in The co-factor Matrix have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in The co-factor Matrix have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in The co-factor Matrix have
+what's a typical co-actor what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a typical co-actor what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a typical co-actor what's the
+co-actor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor of
+a the co-actor of a the one one entry up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the co-actor of a the one one entry up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the co-actor of a the one one entry up
+here in the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the inverse
+is I throw away the row and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I throw away the row and column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I throw away the row and column
+containing a and I take the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a and I take the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a and I take the determinant
+of what's left that's the co-actor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's left that's the co-actor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's left that's the co-actor and
+that's EI minus FH products of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's EI minus FH products of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's EI minus FH products of two
+things I'm just making the observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm just making the observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm just making the observation
+the determinative of a involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinative of a involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinative of a involves
+products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entries and the then the co-actor Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and the then the co-actor Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and the then the co-actor Matrix
+involves products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves products
+of of n minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of n minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of n minus1
+entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+like we never noticed any of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we never noticed any of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we never noticed any of this stuff
+when we were Computing the inverse by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were Computing the inverse by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were Computing the inverse by
+the ga Jordan method or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ga Jordan method or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ga Jordan method or whatever you
+remember how we did it we took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how we did it we took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how we did it we took the
+Matrix a we tucked the identity next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a we tucked the identity next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a we tucked the identity next to
+it we did elimination till a became the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we did elimination till a became the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we did elimination till a became the
+identity and then that the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and then that the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and then that the identity
+suddenly was a inverse well that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly was a inverse well that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly was a inverse well that was
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+numerically but we never knew what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically but we never knew what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically but we never knew what was
+going on basically and now we see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on basically and now we see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on basically and now we see what
+the formula is in terms of letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is in terms of letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is in terms of letters
+what's the algebra instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the algebra instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the algebra instead of the
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+okay but I have to say why this is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I have to say why this is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I have to say why this is right
+right I still this is that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I still this is that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I still this is that's a pretty
+magic formula where does it come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic formula where does it come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic formula where does it come from
+well I'll just check it having having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll just check it having having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll just check it having having
+got it up there let me I'll I'll say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it up there let me I'll I'll say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it up there let me I'll I'll say how
+can we check what do I want to check I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we check what do I want to check I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we check what do I want to check I
+want to check that a times its inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check that a times its inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check that a times its inverse
+gives the identity so I I want to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the identity so I I want to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the identity so I I want to check
+that a * this thing a * this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a * this thing a * this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a * this thing a * this
+now I'm going to write in the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to write in the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to write in the inverse
+gives the identity so I check that a * C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the identity so I check that a * C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the identity so I check that a * C
+transpose let me bring the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose let me bring the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose let me bring the determinant
+up here determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here determinant of
+a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times the
+identity that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that's my
+job that that that's it that if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job that that that's it that if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job that that that's it that if this is
+true and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and it
+is then then I've correctly identified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then then I've correctly identified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then then I've correctly identified a
+inverse as C transpose divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse as C transpose divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse as C transpose divided by the
+determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant
+okay but why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but why is this
+true why is that true let me let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true why is that true let me let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true why is that true let me let me put
+down what I'm doing here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what I'm doing here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what I'm doing here I have
+a here here's a here's A1 one I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here here's a here's A1 one I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here here's a here's A1 one I'm I'm
+doing this multiplication along to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this multiplication along to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this multiplication along to
+a1n and then down in this last row will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1n and then down in this last row will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1n and then down in this last row will
+be an a N1 along to a NN and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an a N1 along to a NN and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an a N1 along to a NN and I'm
+multiplying by The co-actor Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by The co-actor Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by The co-actor Matrix
+transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed
+so when I transpose it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I transpose it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I transpose it'll be
+C11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C11
+C12 down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C12 down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C12 down to
+c1n notice usually that one coming first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1n notice usually that one coming first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1n notice usually that one coming first
+would mean I'm in row one but I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean I'm in row one but I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean I'm in row one but I've
+transposed so that's those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed so that's those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed so that's those are the
+co-actors this First Column are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors this First Column are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors this First Column are the
+co-actors from Row one and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors from Row one and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors from Row one and then the last
+column would be the co-actors from row N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column would be the co-actors from row N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column would be the co-actors from row N
+and why should that come out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why should that come out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why should that come out to be
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+good in fact why should it come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in fact why should it come out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in fact why should it come out to
+be as good as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as good as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as good as this
+well you can tell me what the one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can tell me what the one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can tell me what the one one
+entry in the product is this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the product is this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the product is this is like
+you're seeing the main point if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing the main point if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing the main point if you just
+tell me one entry what do I get up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me one entry what do I get up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me one entry what do I get up there
+in the one one entry when I do this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one one entry when I do this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one one entry when I do this row
+of of ENT of this Row from a times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of ENT of this Row from a times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of ENT of this Row from a times this
+column of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of
+co-actors what what will I get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors what what will I get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors what what will I get there
+because we have seen this I mean we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have seen this I mean we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have seen this I mean we're
+right building exactly on what the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right building exactly on what the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right building exactly on what the last
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+reached uh so this is a11 * C11 a12 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached uh so this is a11 * C11 a12 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached uh so this is a11 * C11 a12 *
+C12 a1n * c1n what does that what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C12 a1n * c1n what does that what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C12 a1n * c1n what does that what does
+that sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum up
+to that's the co that's the co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that's the co that's the co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that's the co that's the co-actor
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+determinant that's the this co-factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant that's the this co-factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant that's the this co-factor
+formula which I wrote which I which I we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which I wrote which I which I we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which I wrote which I which I we
+got last time the determinant of a is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got last time the determinant of a is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got last time the determinant of a is if
+I use Row one let let I equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use Row one let let I equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use Row one let let I equal
+1 then I have a11 * its co-actor a12 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then I have a11 * its co-actor a12 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then I have a11 * its co-actor a12 *
+its co-actor and so on and that gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its co-actor and so on and that gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its co-actor and so on and that gives me
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+determinant and it worked in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and it worked in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and it worked in this in
+this case uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh this
+row times this thing is sure enough a D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row times this thing is sure enough a D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row times this thing is sure enough a D
+minus BC but this formula says it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus BC but this formula says it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus BC but this formula says it always
+works so up here in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so up here in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so up here in this in this
+position I'm getting determinant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I'm getting determinant of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I'm getting determinant of a
+what about in the 2 two position row two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about in the 2 two position row two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about in the 2 two position row two
+* column 2 there what what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* column 2 there what what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* column 2 there what what is that
+that's just the co-actors that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the co-actors that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the co-actors that's just
+row2 * its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row2 * its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row2 * its
+co-actors so if of course I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors so if of course I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors so if of course I get the
+determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant
+again and in the last here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and in the last here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and in the last here this is the
+last row times its co-actors exactly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last row times its co-actors exactly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last row times its co-actors exactly you
+see we're realizing that the co-factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we're realizing that the co-factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we're realizing that the co-factor
+formula is just this sum of products so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is just this sum of products so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is just this sum of products so
+of course we think hey we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we think hey we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we think hey we've got a
+matrix multiplication there and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication there and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication there and we get
+determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+great but there's one more idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but there's one more idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but there's one more idea here
+right what else what have I not so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what else what have I not so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what else what have I not so I
+haven't got that formula completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got that formula completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got that formula completely
+proved yet because I've still got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved yet because I've still got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved yet because I've still got to do
+all the off diagonal stuff which I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the off diagonal stuff which I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the off diagonal stuff which I want
+to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero
+right I just want this to be determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just want this to be determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just want this to be determinant
+of a times the identity and then I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a times the identity and then I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a times the identity and then I'm I'm
+a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a happy
+person so why should that be why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so why should that be why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so why should that be why should
+it be that one row times the co-actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be that one row times the co-actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be that one row times the co-actors
+from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a different
+row which become a column because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row which become a column because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row which become a column because I
+transpose give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose give
+Zer in other words the co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer in other words the co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer in other words the co-actor
+formula gives the determinant if the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula gives the determinant if the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula gives the determinant if the row
+and the and the co-actors you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the co-actors you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the co-actors you know if
+the if the entries of a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the entries of a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the entries of a and the
+co-actors are for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors are for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors are for the same
+row but for some reason if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row but for some reason if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row but for some reason if I take the
+co-actors from the fir the entries from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors from the fir the entries from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors from the fir the entries from
+the first row and the co-actors from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row and the co-actors from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row and the co-actors from the
+second row for some reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row for some reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row for some reason I
+automatically get zero and it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically get zero and it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically get zero and it's sort of
+like interesting to say why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like interesting to say why does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like interesting to say why does that
+happen and can I just check that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and can I just check that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and can I just check that of
+course we know it happens uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we know it happens uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we know it happens uh in this
+case here are the numbers from Row one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here are the numbers from Row one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here are the numbers from Row one
+and here are the co-actors from row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the co-actors from row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the co-actors from row
+two right those are the numbers in row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right those are the numbers in row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right those are the numbers in row
+one and these are the co-actors from row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and these are the co-actors from row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and these are the co-actors from row
+two two cuz the co-actor of C is minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two cuz the co-actor of C is minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two cuz the co-actor of C is minus B
+and the co-actor of D is a and sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the co-actor of D is a and sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the co-actor of D is a and sure
+enough that row times this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that row times this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that row times this column
+gives please say it zero right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives please say it zero right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives please say it zero right okay so
+now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how
+come how come can we even see it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come how come can we even see it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come how come can we even see it in this
+2x two case why why well I mean I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x two case why why well I mean I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x two case why why well I mean I guess
+we in one way we certainly do see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in one way we certainly do see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in one way we certainly do see it
+because it's right here I mean do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's right here I mean do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's right here I mean do we
+just do it and we get zero but we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it and we get zero but we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it and we get zero but we want
+to think of some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of some reason
+why the answer is zero some reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the answer is zero some reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the answer is zero some reason that
+we can use in the N byend case so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use in the N byend case so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use in the N byend case so let
+here here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinking we must be if we're getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking we must be if we're getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking we must be if we're getting the
+answer zero we suspect that what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer zero we suspect that what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer zero we suspect that what we're
+doing somehow we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing somehow we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing somehow we're taking the
+determinant of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of some
+Matrix that has two equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that has two equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that has two equal
+rows so I believe that if we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows so I believe that if we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows so I believe that if we multiply
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+by the co-actors from some other row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the co-actors from some other row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the co-actors from some other row
+we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking the
+determinant yeah what Matrix are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant yeah what Matrix are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant yeah what Matrix are we
+taking the determinant of here it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the determinant of here it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the determinant of here it's this
+is it we're when we do that times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it we're when we do that times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it we're when we do that times this
+we're really taking can I put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really taking can I put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really taking can I put this in
+little letters down here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little letters down here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little letters down here I'm
+taking let me look at the Matrix a b a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking let me look at the Matrix a b a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking let me look at the Matrix a b a
+b let me call that Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b let me call that Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b let me call that Matrix a
+a s a screwed up okay all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a s a screwed up okay all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a s a screwed up okay all right so now
+that Matrix is certainly singular so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix is certainly singular so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix is certainly singular so if
+we find its determinant we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find its determinant we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find its determinant we're going to
+get zero but I claim that if we find its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero but I claim that if we find its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero but I claim that if we find its
+determinant by the co-actor rule go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant by the co-actor rule go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant by the co-actor rule go
+along the first row we would take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the first row we would take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the first row we would take a
+times the co-actor of a and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the co-actor of a and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the co-actor of a and what is the
+co so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co so
+see how oh no I I'll let me go along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how oh no I I'll let me go along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how oh no I I'll let me go along the
+second row okay so let's see which if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row okay so let's see which if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row okay so let's see which if I
+take I know I've got a singular Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I know I've got a singular Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I know I've got a singular Matrix
+here and I believe that when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I believe that when I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I believe that when I do this
+multiplication what I'm doing is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication what I'm doing is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication what I'm doing is using
+the co-actor formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-actor formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-actor formula for the
+determinant and I know I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and I know I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and I know I'm going to get
+zero let me try this again so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let me try this again so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let me try this again so the
+co-actor formula for the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor formula for the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor formula for the determinant
+says I should take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I should take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I should take a
+a Time its co-actor which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time its co-actor which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time its co-actor which is this
+B plus b * this time its co-actor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B plus b * this time its co-actor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B plus b * this time its co-actor which
+is this minus a okay that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this minus a okay that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this minus a okay that's what we're
+doing apart from a sign here oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing apart from a sign here oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing apart from a sign here oh yeah
+so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+know there might be a minus multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there might be a minus multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there might be a minus multiplying
+everything so if I take this determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so if I take this determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so if I take this determinant
+it's a the determinant of this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a the determinant of this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a the determinant of this the
+determinant of a screwed up is a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a screwed up is a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a screwed up is a times
+its co-actor which is B plus the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its co-actor which is B plus the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its co-actor which is B plus the second
+guy times its co-factor which is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy times its co-factor which is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy times its co-factor which is minus
+a and of course I get the answer zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and of course I get the answer zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and of course I get the answer zero
+and this is exactly what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is exactly what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is exactly what's happening in
+that in that uh row times this wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+column okay that's the 2x two picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column okay that's the 2x two picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column okay that's the 2x two picture
+and it's just the same here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just the same here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just the same here that the
+reason I get a zero up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I get a zero up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I get a zero up in the
+is the reason I get a zero is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reason I get a zero is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reason I get a zero is that when
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+multiply the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the first
+row of a and the last row of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of a and the last row of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of a and the last row of the
+co-actor matrix it's as if I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor matrix it's as if I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor matrix it's as if I'm taking
+the determinant of this screwed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of this screwed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of this screwed up
+Matrix that has first and last rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identical the book pins this down more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical the book pins this down more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical the book pins this down more
+specific more carefully than I can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific more carefully than I can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific more carefully than I can do in
+the lecture I I hope you're seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture I I hope you're seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture I I hope you're seeing the
+point that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that this is an
+identity that that that it's a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that that that it's a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that that that it's a beautiful
+identity and it tells us what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and it tells us what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and it tells us what the
+inverse of the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the Matrix
+is so it gives us the inverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it gives us the inverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it gives us the inverse the
+formula for the inverse okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the inverse okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the inverse okay so that's
+the first goal of my lecture was to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first goal of my lecture was to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first goal of my lecture was to find
+this formula it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula it's done
+okay and of course I can invert now uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course I can invert now uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course I can invert now uh I
+I I can I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can I sort of
+like I can see what Happ I can answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can see what Happ I can answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can see what Happ I can answer
+questions like this suppose I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like this suppose I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like this suppose I have a
+matrix and let me move the one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and let me move the one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and let me move the one one
+entry what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry what happens to the
+inverse just just think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse just just think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse just just think about that
+question suppose I have some Matrix I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question suppose I have some Matrix I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question suppose I have some Matrix I
+just write down some nice non- singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down some nice non- singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down some nice non- singular
+matrix it's got an inverse and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's got an inverse and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's got an inverse and then I
+move the one one entry a little bit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the one one entry a little bit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the one one entry a little bit I
+add one to it for example what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one to it for example what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one to it for example what happens
+to the inverse Matrix well this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inverse Matrix well this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inverse Matrix well this formula
+should tell me I have to look to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should tell me I have to look to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should tell me I have to look to see
+what happens to the determinant and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the determinant and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the determinant and what
+happens to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to all the
+co-actors and uh the picture it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors and uh the picture it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors and uh the picture it's it's
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+there it's all there we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's all there we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's all there we can
+really understand how the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand how the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand how the inverse
+changes when the Matrix changes okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes when the Matrix changes okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes when the Matrix changes okay now
+my second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second
+application is to let me put that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is to let me put that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is to let me put that over
+here is to ax equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B well of course the solution is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well of course the solution is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well of course the solution is a
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+B but now I have a formula for a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but now I have a formula for a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but now I have a formula for a inverse
+a inverse is one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant times this C transpose time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant times this C transpose time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant times this C transpose time
+B I now know what a inverse is so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I now know what a inverse is so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I now know what a inverse is so now I
+just have to say what have I got here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to say what have I got here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to say what have I got here is
+there any way to to make this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any way to to make this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any way to to make this formula
+this this answer which is the one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this answer which is the one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this answer which is the one and
+only answer it's the very same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only answer it's the very same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only answer it's the very same answer
+we' got on the first day of the Class by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we' got on the first day of the Class by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we' got on the first day of the Class by
+elimination now I'm now I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination now I'm now I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination now I'm now I've got a
+formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the
+answer can I play with it further to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer can I play with it further to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer can I play with it further to see
+what's going on and Kramer this Kramer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and Kramer this Kramer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and Kramer this Kramer's
+rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is
+exactly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh
+that a a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a a way of
+looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+formula okay so this is a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay so this is a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay so this is a formula for
+x here's my formula well of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here's my formula well of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here's my formula well of course the
+first thing I see from the formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I see from the formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I see from the formula is
+that the answer X always has that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer X always has that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer X always has that in the
+determinant I'm not surprised there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant I'm not surprised there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant I'm not surprised there's a
+division by the determinant but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division by the determinant but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division by the determinant but then I
+have to say a little more carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say a little more carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say a little more carefully
+what's going on up here here and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on up here here and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on up here here and let me
+tell you what Kramer's rule is let let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what Kramer's rule is let let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what Kramer's rule is let let
+me take X1 the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take X1 the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take X1 the first
+component so this is the first component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so this is the first component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so this is the first component
+of the answer then there'll be a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer then there'll be a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer then there'll be a second
+component and uh all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and uh all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and uh all the other
+components can I take just the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can I take just the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can I take just the first
+component of this formula well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this formula well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this formula well I
+certainly have determinant of a Down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly have determinant of a Down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly have determinant of a Down
+Under And what the heck is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Under And what the heck is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Under And what the heck is the
+first so what do I get in C transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so what do I get in C transposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so what do I get in C transposed
+B what's the first entry of C transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what's the first entry of C transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what's the first entry of C transpose
+B that's what I have to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's what I have to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's what I have to ask
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+well what's the first entry of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the first entry of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the first entry of C
+transpose B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose B okay
+the this B is let me let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this B is let me let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this B is let me let me tell you
+what it is I I somehow I'm multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is I I somehow I'm multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is I I somehow I'm multiplying
+co-actors by the entries of B right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors by the entries of B right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors by the entries of B right in
+this product co-actors from The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product co-actors from The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product co-actors from The Matrix
+entries of B so anytime I'm multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of B so anytime I'm multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of B so anytime I'm multiplying
+co-actors by numbers I think I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors by numbers I think I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors by numbers I think I'm getting
+the determinant of something and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of something and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of something and let me
+call that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that something
+B1 so this is this is a matrix this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 so this is this is a matrix this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 so this is this is a matrix this is a
+this is a The Matrix whose determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a The Matrix whose determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a The Matrix whose determinant
+is coming out of that and we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming out of that and we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming out of that and we'll we'll
+see what it is X2 will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it is X2 will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it is X2 will be the
+determinant of some other Matrix B2 also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of some other Matrix B2 also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of some other Matrix B2 also
+divided by determinant of a so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by determinant of a so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by determinant of a so now I
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+Kramer just had a good idea he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kramer just had a good idea he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kramer just had a good idea he he
+realized what Matrix it was what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized what Matrix it was what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized what Matrix it was what these
+B1 and B2 and B3 and so on matrices were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 and B2 and B3 and so on matrices were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 and B2 and B3 and so on matrices were
+let me write them on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underneath okay so what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath okay so what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath okay so what is this
+B1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 this
+B1 is the Matrix that has B in its first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 is the Matrix that has B in its first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 is the Matrix that has B in its first
+column and otherwise the rest of it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and otherwise the rest of it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and otherwise the rest of it is a
+so it other wise it has the rest the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it other wise it has the rest the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it other wise it has the rest the The
+nus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1
+Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of
+a it's it's it's the Matrix with it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's it's it's the Matrix with it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's it's it's the Matrix with it's
+it's just the Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the Matrix a
+with column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with column
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+replaced by the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by the right hand
+side by the right hand side B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because somehow when I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow when I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow when I take the
+determinant of this guy it's giving me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this guy it's giving me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this guy it's giving me
+this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix
+multiplication well how could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication well how could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication well how could that
+be well how could so what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well how could so what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well how could so what's what's the
+determinant formula I'll use here I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant formula I'll use here I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant formula I'll use here I'll
+use co-actors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use co-actors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use co-actors of
+course and I might as well use co-actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and I might as well use co-actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and I might as well use co-actors
+down column one so when I use co-actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down column one so when I use co-actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down column one so when I use co-actors
+down column one I'm taking the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down column one I'm taking the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down column one I'm taking the first
+entry of B times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of B times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of B times
+what times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what times the
+co-actor C11 do you see that when I when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor C11 do you see that when I when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor C11 do you see that when I when
+I use co-actors here I take the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use co-actors here I take the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use co-actors here I take the first
+entry here B1 let's call it times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry here B1 let's call it times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry here B1 let's call it times the
+co-actor there but what's that co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor there but what's that co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor there but what's that co-actor
+and by my little hand waving is meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by my little hand waving is meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by my little hand waving is meant to
+indicate that it's a matrix of one size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that it's a matrix of one size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that it's a matrix of one size
+smaller the co-actor and it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the co-actor and it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the co-actor and it's exactly
+C11 well that's just what we wanted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C11 well that's just what we wanted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C11 well that's just what we wanted the
+this first entry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first entry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first entry is
+C11 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C11 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C11 time
+B1 and then the next entry is whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 and then the next entry is whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 and then the next entry is whatever
+is C 21 * B2 and so on and sure enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C 21 * B2 and so on and sure enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C 21 * B2 and so on and sure enough
+if I look here when I'm when I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look here when I'm when I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look here when I'm when I do the
+co-actor expansion B2 is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor expansion B2 is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor expansion B2 is getting
+multiplied by the right thing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the right thing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the right thing and so
+on so there's Kramer's Rule and the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so there's Kramer's Rule and the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so there's Kramer's Rule and the book
+gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+another kind of cute proof without uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of cute proof without uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of cute proof without uh
+without building so much on co-actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without building so much on co-actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without building so much on co-actors
+but here we've got co-actors so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we've got co-actors so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we've got co-actors so I
+thought I'd just give you this proof so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd just give you this proof so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd just give you this proof so
+what is B in general what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is B in general what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is B in general what is
+BJ this is the uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ this is the uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ this is the uh this is a
+with column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with column
+J replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J replaced
+by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so that's that's the it's that DET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that's that's the it's that DET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that's that's the it's that DET
+it's the determinant of that Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the determinant of that Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the determinant of that Matrix that
+you divide by determinant of a to get XJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by determinant of a to get XJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by determinant of a to get XJ
+so X let me change this general formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X let me change this general formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X let me change this general formula
+XJ the jth one is the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ the jth one is the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ the jth one is the determinant of
+BJ divided by the determinant of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ divided by the determinant of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ divided by the determinant of a and
+now we've said what BJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've said what BJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've said what BJ
+is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so Kramer found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so Kramer found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so Kramer found a
+rule and we could ask him okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and we could ask him okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and we could ask him okay great
+good work Kramer but is your rule any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good work Kramer but is your rule any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good work Kramer but is your rule any
+good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in
+practice so he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so he says
+well you couldn't ask a better rule than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you couldn't ask a better rule than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you couldn't ask a better rule than
+mine right because it's just all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine right because it's just all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine right because it's just all you
+have to do is find the determinant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is find the determinant of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is find the determinant of a
+and these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these other
+determinants so I guess I just he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants so I guess I just he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants so I guess I just he just
+says well all you have to do is find n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well all you have to do is find n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well all you have to do is find n
+plus one determinants the the NBS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one determinants the the NBS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one determinants the the NBS and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and
+actually uh I remember reading there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh I remember reading there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh I remember reading there was
+a book popular book that that kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book popular book that that kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book popular book that that kids
+interested in math read when I was a kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in math read when I was a kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in math read when I was a kid
+interested in math called mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in math called mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in math called mathematics
+for the million or something by a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the million or something by a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the million or something by a guy
+named Bell and it had a little page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Bell and it had a little page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Bell and it had a little page
+about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear
+algebra and it said uh so it explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and it said uh so it explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and it said uh so it explained
+elimination in a very complicated way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination in a very complicated way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination in a very complicated way I
+certainly didn't understand it and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly didn't understand it and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly didn't understand it and and
+it made it you know it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it made it you know it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it made it you know it sort of
+said well there is this formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well there is this formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well there is this formula for
+elimination but look at this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination but look at this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination but look at this great
+formula Kramer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula Kramer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula Kramer's
+rule so it certainly said Kramer's rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so it certainly said Kramer's rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so it certainly said Kramer's rule
+was the way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the way to go
+go but actually Kramer's rule is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but actually Kramer's rule is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but actually Kramer's rule is a
+disastrous way to go because to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disastrous way to go because to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disastrous way to go because to compute
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+determinants uh takes like approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants uh takes like approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants uh takes like approximately
+forever so uh it's it's so I actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so uh it's it's so I actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so uh it's it's so I actually I
+now think of that book title as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think of that book title as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think of that book title as being
+mathematics for the millionaire because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics for the millionaire because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics for the millionaire because
+you'd have to be able to pay for uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to be able to pay for uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to be able to pay for uh a
+hopelessly long calculation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopelessly long calculation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopelessly long calculation where
+elimination of course produced the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination of course produced the X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination of course produced the X's
+uh uh in an instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in an instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in an instant
+but having a formula allows you to with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but having a formula allows you to with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but having a formula allows you to with
+with letters you know allows you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with letters you know allows you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with letters you know allows you to do
+algebra instead of uh algorithms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra instead of uh algorithms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra instead of uh algorithms so
+there's some value in the Kramer's rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some value in the Kramer's rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some value in the Kramer's rule
+formula for x and in the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for x and in the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for x and in the explicit
+formula for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for for a
+inverse it's it's there're they're nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse it's it's there're they're nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse it's it's there're they're nice
+formulas but I just don't want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas but I just don't want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas but I just don't want you to
+use them that's that's what I comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them that's that's what I comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them that's that's what I comes to
+if you had to and mat lab would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had to and mat lab would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had to and mat lab would never
+never do it I mean it would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do it I mean it would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do it I mean it would use
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+okay now I'm ready for number three in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'm ready for number three in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'm ready for number three in
+today's list of amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's list of amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's list of amazing
+connections coming through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections coming through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections coming through the
+determinant and that number three is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and that number three is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and that number three is the
+fact that the determinant gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the determinant gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the determinant gives a
+volume okay so now so that's my final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume okay so now so that's my final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume okay so now so that's my final
+topic for the the among these it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for the the among these it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for the the among these it's this
+my number three application that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my number three application that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my number three application that the
+determinant is actually equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is actually equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is actually equals the
+volume of something can I use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of something can I use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of something can I use this
+little space to consider a special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space to consider a special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space to consider a special case
+and then I'll use the far board to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll use the far board to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll use the far board to think
+about the general rule so what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the general rule so what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the general rule so what am I
+going to prove I I I or or or claim I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove I I I or or or claim I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove I I I or or or claim I
+claim that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that the
+determinant of the Matrix is the volum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the Matrix is the volum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the Matrix is the volum
+volume of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of a
+box okay and you say which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box okay and you say which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box okay and you say which
+box fair enough okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box fair enough okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box fair enough okay
+so let's see I'm in shall we say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see I'm in shall we say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see I'm in shall we say we're
+in say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say
+3x3 should we suppose let's let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 should we suppose let's let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 should we suppose let's let's say
+3x3 so so we can really we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 so so we can really we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 so so we can really we're we're
+talking about boxes in three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about boxes in three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about boxes in three dimensions
+and 3x3 matrices and so all do just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3x3 matrices and so all do just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3x3 matrices and so all do just you
+could guess what the box is here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could guess what the box is here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could guess what the box is here's
+here's uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's uh three
+dimensions okay now I take the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions okay now I take the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions okay now I take the first row
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+Matrix a11 a22 a sorry a11 a12 a13 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a11 a22 a sorry a11 a12 a13 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a11 a22 a sorry a11 a12 a13 that
+that row is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row is a
+vector it goes to some point that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it goes to some point that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it goes to some point that point
+will be and that edge going to it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be and that edge going to it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be and that edge going to it will
+be an edge of the box and that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an edge of the box and that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an edge of the box and that point
+will be a corner of the box so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a corner of the box so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a corner of the box so here
+here's 0 00 0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 0 00 0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 0 00 0 of
+course and here's the first row of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and here's the first row of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and here's the first row of the
+Matrix A1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix A1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix A1 1
+a12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12
+a13 so that's one edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 so that's one edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 so that's one edge of the
+Box another edge of the box is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box another edge of the box is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box another edge of the box is to the
+second row of the Matrix row two can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row of the Matrix row two can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row of the Matrix row two can I
+just call it there Row Two and a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it there Row Two and a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it there Row Two and a third
+row of the Box will be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of the Box will be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of the Box will be two
+the third row third edge of the Box will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third row third edge of the Box will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third row third edge of the Box will
+be given by Row three so so there's Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by Row three so so there's Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by Row three so so there's Row
+three that that that the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that that that the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that that that the coordinates
+what are the coordinates of that corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the coordinates of that corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the coordinates of that corner
+of the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the box
+a31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a31
+a32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a32
+a33 so I've got that edge of the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 so I've got that edge of the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a33 so I've got that edge of the box
+that edge of the box that edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge of the box that edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge of the box that edge of the
+box and that's all I need now I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and that's all I need now I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and that's all I need now I just
+finish out the box right I just make I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish out the box right I just make I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish out the box right I just make I
+make a sorry box the proper word of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a sorry box the proper word of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a sorry box the proper word of
+course is parallel a pipen but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is parallel a pipen but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is parallel a pipen but for
+obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+reasons uh I wrote box okay so uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons uh I wrote box okay so uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons uh I wrote box okay so uh okay
+so there's the there's the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the there's the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the there's the bottom of the
+box there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box there are the
+four Edge sides of the Box there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Edge sides of the Box there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Edge sides of the Box there's the
+top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the
+box you right it's the box that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box you right it's the box that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box you right it's the box that has
+these three edges and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three edges and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three edges and then it's
+completed to a to a uh each you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed to a to a uh each you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed to a to a uh each you know
+each side is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallelogram and it's that box whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram and it's that box whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram and it's that box whose
+volume is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant
+that's now it's possible that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now it's possible that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now it's possible that the
+determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is
+negative so we have to just say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so we have to just say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so we have to just say what's
+going on in that case if the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in that case if the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in that case if the determinant
+is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative
+then the the volume we we should take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the volume we we should take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the volume we we should take
+the absolute value really so the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value really so the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value really so the volume
+if we if we think of volume is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we think of volume is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we think of volume is positive
+we should take the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should take the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should take the absolute value of the
+determinant but the the sign what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant but the the sign what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant but the the sign what does
+the sign of the determin it always must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of the determin it always must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of the determin it always must
+tell us something and somehow it it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us something and somehow it it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us something and somehow it it will
+tell us whether these three is a whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us whether these three is a whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us whether these three is a whether
+it's a right-handed box or a left-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a right-handed box or a left-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a right-handed box or a left-handed
+box if we if we reversed two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box if we if we reversed two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box if we if we reversed two of the
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we would go between a right-handed box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would go between a right-handed box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would go between a right-handed box
+and a left-handed box we wouldn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a left-handed box we wouldn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a left-handed box we wouldn't change
+the volume but we would change the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume but we would change the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume but we would change the the
+cyc the cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyc the cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyc the cyclic
+order so that I won't worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so that I won't worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so that I won't worry about that
+and so one special case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one special case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one special case is
+what a equal identity Matrix so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a equal identity Matrix so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a equal identity Matrix so let's
+take that special case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that special case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that special case a
+equal identity Matrix is the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal identity Matrix is the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal identity Matrix is the formula
+determinant of identity Matrix does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of identity Matrix does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of identity Matrix does that
+equal the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Box well what is the Box what's the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box well what is the Box what's the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box well what is the Box what's the box
+if a is the identity Matrix then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is the identity Matrix then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is the identity Matrix then these
+three rows are the three coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three rows are the three coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three rows are the three coordinate
+vectors and the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and the box
+is it's a cube it's the unit cube so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a cube it's the unit cube so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a cube it's the unit cube so if
+if a is the identity Matrix of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is the identity Matrix of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is the identity Matrix of course
+our formula is right well actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our formula is right well actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our formula is right well actually that
+proves property one that the volume has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves property one that the volume has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves property one that the volume has
+property one actually we could we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property one actually we could we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property one actually we could we could
+we could get this thing if we if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could get this thing if we if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could get this thing if we if we can
+show that the Box volume has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the Box volume has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the Box volume has the same
+three properties that Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three properties that Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three properties that Define the
+determinant then it must be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant so that's like the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so that's like the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so that's like the the the
+elegant way to prove this to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant way to prove this to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant way to prove this to prove this
+amazing fact that the determinant equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing fact that the determinant equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing fact that the determinant equals
+the volume first we'll check it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume first we'll check it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume first we'll check it for the
+identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix
+that's fine the box is a cube and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine the box is a cube and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine the box is a cube and its
+volume is one and the determinant is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is one and the determinant is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is one and the determinant is one
+and and one agrees with one now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and one agrees with one now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and one agrees with one now let me
+take one let me go up one level to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one let me go up one level to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one let me go up one level to an
+orthogonal Matrix because I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal Matrix because I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal Matrix because I'd like to
+take this chance to bring in chapter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this chance to bring in chapter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this chance to bring in chapter the
+the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+chapter suppose I have an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter suppose I have an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter suppose I have an orthogonal
+Matrix what did that mean that I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what did that mean that I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what did that mean that I always
+called those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called those things
+Q what was the point of suppose I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q what was the point of suppose I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q what was the point of suppose I have
+suppose instead of the identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose instead of the identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose instead of the identity Matrix
+I'm now going to take a equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now going to take a equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now going to take a equal
+Q an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix what what was that what was Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what what was that what was Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what what was that what was Q
+then that was a matrix whose columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that was a matrix whose columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that was a matrix whose columns
+were orthonormal right those were its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were orthonormal right those were its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were orthonormal right those were its
+columns were unit vectors perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns were unit vectors perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns were unit vectors perpendicular
+unit vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what kind of a box have we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what kind of a box have we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what kind of a box have we got
+now what kind of a box comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what kind of a box comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what kind of a box comes from the
+rows or the columns I don't mind because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows or the columns I don't mind because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows or the columns I don't mind because
+the determinant is the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant is the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant is the determinant of
+the transpose so I'm never worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose so I'm never worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose so I'm never worried about
+that what kind of a box what shape box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what kind of a box what shape box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what kind of a box what shape box
+have we got if the Matrix is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we got if the Matrix is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we got if the Matrix is an
+orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's
+another Cube It's a cube again how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Cube It's a cube again how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Cube It's a cube again how is it
+different from the identity Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+rotated it's just the orthogonal Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated it's just the orthogonal Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated it's just the orthogonal Matrix
+Cube doesn't have to be the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube doesn't have to be the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube doesn't have to be the identity
+matrix it's just the unit cube but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's just the unit cube but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's just the unit cube but
+turned in space so sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in space so sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in space so sure
+enough it's a unit cube and its volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it's a unit cube and its volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it's a unit cube and its volume
+is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one
+now is the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the determinant
+one what's the determinant of Q we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the determinant of Q we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the determinant of Q we
+believe that the determinant of Q better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the determinant of Q better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the determinant of Q better
+be one or minus one so that our formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one or minus one so that our formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one or minus one so that our formula
+checks out in that if we can't check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks out in that if we can't check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks out in that if we can't check it
+in these easy cases where we got a cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these easy cases where we got a cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these easy cases where we got a cube
+we're not going to get it in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to get it in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to get it in the general
+case so why is the determinant of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so why is the determinant of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so why is the determinant of Q
+equal 1 or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 or minus
+one what do we know about Q what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what do we know about Q what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what do we know about Q what's the
+one Matrix statement of the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Matrix statement of the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Matrix statement of the properties
+of q a matrix with orthonormal columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q a matrix with orthonormal columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q a matrix with orthonormal columns
+has satisfies a certain equation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has satisfies a certain equation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has satisfies a certain equation what
+what is that it's if we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that it's if we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that it's if we have this
+orthogonal Matrix then the the fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal Matrix then the the fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal Matrix then the the fact this
+the the the way to say what it what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the way to say what it what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the way to say what it what it's
+properties are is this Q Prime Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are is this Q Prime Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are is this Q Prime Q
+transpose Q equals I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q equals I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q equals I
+right that's what those are the matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what those are the matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what those are the matrices
+that get the name Q the matrices that Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get the name Q the matrices that Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get the name Q the matrices that Q
+transposed Q is I okay now from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed Q is I okay now from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed Q is I okay now from that
+tell me why is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me why is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me why is the
+determinant one or minus one how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant one or minus one how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant one or minus one how do I
+out of this fact this may even be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this fact this may even be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this fact this may even be a
+homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework
+problem it's there in the in the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's there in the in the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's there in the in the list of
+exercises in the book and let's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises in the book and let's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises in the book and let's just do
+it how do I get how do I discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how do I get how do I discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how do I get how do I discover that
+the determinant of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of Q
+is one or maybe minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one or maybe minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one or maybe minus
+one I take determinants on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I take determinants on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I take determinants on both sides
+everybody says so I won't I'll I won't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody says so I won't I'll I won't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody says so I won't I'll I won't I
+take determinants of both sides on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take determinants of both sides on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take determinants of both sides on the
+right hand side so I when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so I when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so I when I take
+determinants of both sides let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants of both sides let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants of both sides let me just
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+it take the determinant of take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinants the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants the determinant of the
+identity is one what's the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is one what's the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is one what's the determinant
+of that product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule nine is paying off now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule nine is paying off now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule nine is paying off now the
+determinant of a product is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a product is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a product is the
+determinant of this guy maybe I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this guy maybe I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this guy maybe I'll put
+it y I'll use that symbol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it y I'll use that symbol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it y I'll use that symbol for
+determinant it's the determinant of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant it's the determinant of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant it's the determinant of that
+guy times the determinant of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy times the determinant of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy times the determinant of the other
+guy and then what's the determinant of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and then what's the determinant of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and then what's the determinant of Q
+transpose it's the same as the deter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it's the same as the deter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it's the same as the deter of
+Q rule 10 pays off so this is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q rule 10 pays off so this is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q rule 10 pays off so this is just this
+thing squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing squared
+so that determinant squared is one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that determinant squared is one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that determinant squared is one and
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+enough it's one or minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great so in these special cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so in these special cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so in these special cases of
+Cubes we really do have determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cubes we really do have determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cubes we really do have determinant
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+volume now can I just push that to non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume now can I just push that to non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume now can I just push that to non
+cubes let me push it first to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectangles rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles rectangular
+boxes where I'm just multiplying the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes where I'm just multiplying the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes where I'm just multiplying the the
+edges are let me keep all the 90° angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are let me keep all the 90° angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are let me keep all the 90° angles
+because those are that that makes my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are that that makes my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are that that makes my
+life easy and just stretch the stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life easy and just stretch the stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life easy and just stretch the stretch
+the edges suppose I stretch that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges suppose I stretch that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges suppose I stretch that first
+Edge suppose this first Edge I double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge suppose this first Edge I double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge suppose this first Edge I double
+suppose I double that that first Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keeping the other edges the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the other edges the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the other edges the
+same what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same what happens to the
+volume it doubles right we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it doubles right we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it doubles right we know that the
+volume of a cube doubles in fact because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of a cube doubles in fact because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of a cube doubles in fact because
+we know that the new Cube would sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the new Cube would sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the new Cube would sit
+right on top of I mean the new the added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on top of I mean the new the added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on top of I mean the new the added
+Cube would sit right and would fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube would sit right and would fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube would sit right and would fit
+probably a geometer would say congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a geometer would say congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a geometer would say congruent
+or something would go right in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something would go right in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something would go right in in the
+other one we'd have two we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one we'd have two we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one we'd have two we have two
+identical cubes total volume is now two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical cubes total volume is now two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical cubes total volume is now two
+okay so if if I double an edge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if if I double an edge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if if I double an edge the
+volume doubles what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant if I double uh the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant if I double uh the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant if I double uh the first row
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix what what's the effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix what what's the effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix what what's the effect on the
+determinant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant it
+also doubles right and that was rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also doubles right and that was rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also doubles right and that was rule
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+3A remember rule 3 3 a was that if I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3A remember rule 3 3 a was that if I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3A remember rule 3 3 a was that if I I
+could if I had a factor in in row one t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if I had a factor in in row one t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if I had a factor in in row one t
+i could Factor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could Factor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could Factor it
+out so if if I have a factor two in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so if if I have a factor two in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so if if I have a factor two in that
+Row one I can Factor it out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one I can Factor it out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one I can Factor it out of the
+determinant it agrees with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant it agrees with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant it agrees with the the
+volume of the box has that factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the box has that factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the box has that factor
+to so so volume satisfies this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so so volume satisfies this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so so volume satisfies this property
+3A and now I really am close but I but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3A and now I really am close but I but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3A and now I really am close but I but
+to get to the very end of this proof I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the very end of this proof I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the very end of this proof I
+have to get away from right angles I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get away from right angles I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get away from right angles I
+have to allow the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to allow the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to allow the possibility
+of uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh other
+angles and or or what's saying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and or or what's saying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and or or what's saying the same
+thing I have to check that the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I have to check that the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I have to check that the volume
+also satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also satisfies
+3B so can I can I just so this is n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3B so can I can I just so this is n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3B so can I can I just so this is n of
+proof that so I'm determinant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that so I'm determinant of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that so I'm determinant of a
+equals volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box and where am I right now this volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and where am I right now this volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and where am I right now this volume
+has properties properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has properties properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has properties properties
+one no problem if the box is the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no problem if the box is the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no problem if the box is the cube
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+is if if the box is the unit cube its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if if the box is the unit cube its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if if the box is the unit cube its
+volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is
+one property two was if I reverse two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one property two was if I reverse two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one property two was if I reverse two
+rows but that doesn't change the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows but that doesn't change the Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows but that doesn't change the Box
+and it doesn't change the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't change the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't change the absolute value
+so no problem there property 3A was if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no problem there property 3A was if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no problem there property 3A was if I
+M you remember what 3A was so property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M you remember what 3A was so property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M you remember what 3A was so property
+one was about the identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was about the identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was about the identity Matrix
+property two was about a plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property two was about a plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property two was about a plus or minus
+sign that I don't care about property 3A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that I don't care about property 3A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that I don't care about property 3A
+was a factor T in a row but now I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a factor T in a row but now I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a factor T in a row but now I've got
+property 3B to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property 3B to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property 3B to deal
+with what was property 3B this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what was property 3B this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what was property 3B this is a
+great way to review these uh properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to review these uh properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to review these uh properties
+so that 3B the property 3B said Let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that 3B the property 3B said Let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that 3B the property 3B said Let's do
+let's do 2x two so said that if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do 2x two so said that if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do 2x two so said that if I had a
++ a prime b + B Prime C
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ a prime b + B Prime C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ a prime b + B Prime C
+D that this equal what so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D that this equal what so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D that this equal what so this is
+property 3B this is the linearity in row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property 3B this is the linearity in row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property 3B this is the linearity in row
+one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by
+itself so CD is staying the same and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so CD is staying the same and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so CD is staying the same and I
+can split this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can split this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can split this into
+a and a prime B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime that's property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's property
+3B at least in the 2x two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3B at least in the 2x two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3B at least in the 2x two
+case and what am I I I wanted now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and what am I I I wanted now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and what am I I I wanted now to
+show show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show show that the
+volume which two 2 by2 that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which two 2 by2 that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which two 2 by2 that means
+area has this has this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just
+emphasize that we have got we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that we have got we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that we have got we're getting
+this is a Formula then for the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Formula then for the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Formula then for the area of a
+parallelogram the area of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram the area of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram the area of this
+parallelogram can I just draw it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram can I just draw it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram can I just draw it okay
+here's the here's the parallelogram I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the here's the parallelogram I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the here's the parallelogram I
+have the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the row
+AB that's the first row that's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB that's the first row that's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB that's the first row that's the point
+ab and I tack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab and I tack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab and I tack
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+CD CD coming out of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD CD coming out of here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD CD coming out of here
+and I complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallelogram so this is C so well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram so this is C so well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram so this is C so well I
+better make it look right it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better make it look right it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better make it look right it's really
+this one that has coordinates CD and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that has coordinates CD and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that has coordinates CD and
+this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has
+coordinates well whatever the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates well whatever the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates well whatever the sum
+is and of course starting at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 so we all know this is a plus c b plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so we all know this is a plus c b plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so we all know this is a plus c b plus
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+uh rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather
+than I'm I'm pausing on that proof for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I'm I'm pausing on that proof for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I'm I'm pausing on that proof for a
+minute just to going back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute just to going back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute just to going back to our
+formula because I want you to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula because I want you to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula because I want you to see that
+unlike Kramer's rule that I wasn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike Kramer's rule that I wasn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike Kramer's rule that I wasn't that
+impressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed
+by I'm very impressed by this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by I'm very impressed by this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by I'm very impressed by this formula
+for the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the area of a
+parallelogram and what's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram and what's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram and what's our
+formula what what's the area of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what what's the area of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what what's the area of that
+parallelogram if I had asked you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram if I had asked you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram if I had asked you that
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+year you would have said okay the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you would have said okay the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you would have said okay the area
+of a parallelogram is the base times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a parallelogram is the base times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a parallelogram is the base times the
+height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+right so you would have figured out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you would have figured out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you would have figured out what
+this base the how long that base was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this base the how long that base was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this base the how long that base was
+it's like the square root of A2 + b^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the square root of A2 + b^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the square root of A2 + b^2
+and then you would have figured out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would have figured out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would have figured out how
+much is this height whatever it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is this height whatever it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is this height whatever it is it's
+horrible this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean we got square roots and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we got square roots and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we got square roots and in that
+height there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height there would be
+other revolting stuff but now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other revolting stuff but now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other revolting stuff but now what's the
+formula that we now know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it's the
+determinant of our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix it's just a D minus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c no square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c no square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c no square
+roots totally rememberable because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots totally rememberable because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots totally rememberable because it's
+exactly a formula that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a formula that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a formula that we've been
+studying the whole uh for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the whole uh for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the whole uh for three
+lectures okay that that that's um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay that that that's um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay that that that's um you
+know that's the most important point I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's the most important point I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's the most important point I'm
+making here is that if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making here is that if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making here is that if you know the
+coordinates of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of a
+box of the coiners then you have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box of the coiners then you have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box of the coiners then you have a great
+formula for the volume area or volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the volume area or volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the volume area or volume
+that doesn't involve any lengths or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't involve any lengths or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't involve any lengths or any
+angles or any Heights but just involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles or any Heights but just involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles or any Heights but just involves
+the coordinates that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates that you've
+got and similarly what's the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and similarly what's the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and similarly what's the area of
+this triangle suppose I chop that off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle suppose I chop that off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle suppose I chop that off
+and say what about because you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say what about because you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say what about because you might
+often be interested in a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often be interested in a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often be interested in a triangle
+instead of a parallelogram what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a parallelogram what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a parallelogram what's the
+area of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangle now there again everybody would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle now there again everybody would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle now there again everybody would
+have said the area of a triangle is half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said the area of a triangle is half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said the area of a triangle is half
+the base times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+height and in some cases if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and in some cases if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and in some cases if you know the
+base that's that's and the height that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base that's that's and the height that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base that's that's and the height that's
+fine but here we what we know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but here we what we know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but here we what we know is the
+coordinates of the corners we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the corners we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the corners we know the
+vertices and so what's the area of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangle if I know these if I know AB CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle if I know these if I know AB CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle if I know these if I know AB CD
+and 0 0 what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 0 what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 0 what's the what's the
+area it's just half so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it's just half so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it's just half so
+it's just half of this so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just half of this so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just half of this so this is this
+is AB a minus BC for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is AB a minus BC for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is AB a minus BC for the
+parallelogram and 1/2 of that 1 half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram and 1/2 of that 1 half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram and 1/2 of that 1 half of
+a D minus BC for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangle so I I just I mean this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle so I I just I mean this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle so I I just I mean this is a
+totally trivial remark to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally trivial remark to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally trivial remark to say well
+divide by two but it's just that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by two but it's just that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by two but it's just that you
+more often see triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often see triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often see triangles
+and you feel you know the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you feel you know the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you feel you know the formula for
+the area but the good formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area but the good formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area but the good formula for the
+area is this one and I'm just going to J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is this one and I'm just going to J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is this one and I'm just going to J
+I'm just going to say one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to say one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to say one more thing
+about the area of a triangle it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the area of a triangle it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the area of a triangle it's just
+because it's it's you know it's so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's you know it's so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's you know it's so great
+to have a good formula for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good formula for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good formula for something
+what if our triangle did not start at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if our triangle did not start at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if our triangle did not start at 0
+0 what if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 what if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 what if our
+triangle what if we had this what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle what if we had this what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle what if we had this what if we
+had so I'm coming back to triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again but let me let me put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangle somewhere it's I'm I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle somewhere it's I'm I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle somewhere it's I'm I'm saying
+with triangles I'm just in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with triangles I'm just in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with triangles I'm just in two
+Dimensions but I'm going to allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions but I'm going to allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions but I'm going to allow you to
+give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me any three corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in those six numbers must determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in those six numbers must determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in those six numbers must determine
+the area and what's the formula the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area and what's the formula the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area and what's the formula the area
+is going to be it's going to be there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be it's going to be there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be it's going to be there'll
+be that half of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that half of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that half of a
+parallelogram I mean basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram I mean basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram I mean basically this
+can't be completely new right we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be completely new right we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be completely new right we've got
+the area when we we know the area when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area when we we know the area when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area when we we know the area when
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+0 now we just want to lift our s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 now we just want to lift our s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 now we just want to lift our s
+slightly and get the area when all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and get the area when all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and get the area when all so
+let me write down what it what it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write down what it what it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write down what it what it comes
+out to be it turns out that if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be it turns out that if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be it turns out that if you do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+X1 y1 and a one X2 Y 2 and a 1 X3 Y3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 y1 and a one X2 Y 2 and a 1 X3 Y3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 y1 and a one X2 Y 2 and a 1 X3 Y3 and
+a one that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one that that
+works that that's determinant symbol of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that that's determinant symbol of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that that's determinant symbol of
+course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's
+just if I gave you that determinate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if I gave you that determinate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if I gave you that determinate to
+find you might subtract this Row from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you might subtract this Row from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you might subtract this Row from
+this it would kill that one subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it would kill that one subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it would kill that one subtract
+this row from this it would kill that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row from this it would kill that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row from this it would kill that
+one then you'd have a simple determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you'd have a simple determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you'd have a simple determinant
+to do with differences and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with differences and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with differences and it would
+it this little subtraction what I did re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this little subtraction what I did re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this little subtraction what I did re
+was equivalent to moving the triangle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equivalent to moving the triangle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equivalent to moving the triangle to
+start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the
+origin I did it fast because time is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin I did it fast because time is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin I did it fast because time is up
+and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't
+complete that proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that proof of
+3B I I'll leave the the book has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3B I I'll leave the the book has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3B I I'll leave the the book has a
+carefully drawn figure to show why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully drawn figure to show why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully drawn figure to show why that
+works but I hope you saw the main point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but I hope you saw the main point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but I hope you saw the main point
+is that for area and volume determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for area and volume determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for area and volume determinant
+gives a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a great
+formula okay and next lectures are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay and next lectures are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay and next lectures are about
+igen values so we're really into the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values so we're really into the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values so we're really into the big
+stuff thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ShGBRUx2ub8.txt b/ShGBRUx2ub8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..696f972b2e3c061d309e972cb2c7e0fa8cc504c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ShGBRUx2ub8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today I'm going to
+continue uh the idea of setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue uh the idea of setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue uh the idea of setting up
+integrals and what we'll deal with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and what we'll deal with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and what we'll deal with is
+volumes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slices by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing
+and it's lucky that this is after lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's lucky that this is after lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's lucky that this is after lunch
+maybe it's after breakfast for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's after breakfast for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's after breakfast for some of
+you because there's a the typical uh way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because there's a the typical uh way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because there's a the typical uh way
+of introducing this subject is with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of introducing this subject is with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of introducing this subject is with a
+food an ology there's a lot of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food an ology there's a lot of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food an ology there's a lot of ways of
+slicing up food and we'll give a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing up food and we'll give a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing up food and we'll give a few
+more examples than just this one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples than just this one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples than just this one but
+suppose you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have
+well suppose you have a loaf of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose you have a loaf of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose you have a loaf of
+bread here so here's our loaf of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bread and I hope that looks a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread and I hope that looks a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread and I hope that looks a little bit
+like a loaf of bread it's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a loaf of bread it's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a loaf of bread it's supposed to be
+sitting on the on the kitchen counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the on the kitchen counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the on the kitchen counter
+ready to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to be
+eaten uh and in order to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten uh and in order to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten uh and in order to figure out how
+much bread there is there one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bread there is there one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bread there is there one way of
+doing it is to cut it into slices now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it is to cut it into slices now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it is to cut it into slices now
+you probably know that bread is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably know that bread is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably know that bread is often
+sliced like this there are even machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliced like this there are even machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliced like this there are even machines
+to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+and with this set up here I'll draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this set up here I'll draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this set up here I'll draw the
+slice with a little bit of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice with a little bit of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice with a little bit of a more
+colorful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful
+decoration so here's our red slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bread it's coming around like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread it's coming around like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread it's coming around like this and
+it comes back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes back down
+behind all right so here's our our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind all right so here's our our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind all right so here's our our our
+bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread
+slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and what I'd like to figure out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what I'd like to figure out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what I'd like to figure out is
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume so first of all there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so first of all there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so first of all there's the
+thickness of the bread which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the bread which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the bread which is this
+Dimension the thickness is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension the thickness is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension the thickness is this
+Dimension DX here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the only other dimension that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only other dimension that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only other dimension that I'm
+going to give because this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give because this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give because this is a very
+qualitative analysis for now is the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative analysis for now is the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative analysis for now is the what
+I'll call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area and that's the area of the face of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and that's the area of the face of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and that's the area of the face of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+slice and so the area of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice and so the area of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice and so the area of one
+slice which I'll denote by Delta V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice which I'll denote by Delta V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice which I'll denote by Delta V
+that's a chunk of volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a chunk of volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a chunk of volume is
+approximately the area times the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the area times the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the area times the change
+in X and in the limit that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X and in the limit that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X and in the limit that's going to
+be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and maybe the areas of the slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and maybe the areas of the slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and maybe the areas of the slices
+vary there might be a little hole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary there might be a little hole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary there might be a little hole in the
+middle of the bread somewhere maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the bread somewhere maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the bread somewhere maybe it
+gets a little small on one side so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little small on one side so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little small on one side so it
+might CH change as X changes then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might CH change as X changes then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might CH change as X changes then the
+whole volume you get by adding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you like this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slice and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice and this is the
+sum and you should think of it uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and you should think of it uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and you should think of it uh in a
+sort of intuitive way as being analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of intuitive way as being analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of intuitive way as being analogous
+to the remon sum where you would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the remon sum where you would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the remon sum where you would take
+each slice individually and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each slice individually and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each slice individually and that would
+look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so
+that's just a superficial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a superficial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a superficial and
+uh intuitive way of looking at it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intuitive way of looking at it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intuitive way of looking at it now
+we're only going to talk about one kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to talk about one kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to talk about one kind
+of systematic slices already on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systematic slices already on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systematic slices already on your
+problem set you had an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set you had an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set you had an example of a
+slice of some region uh but we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of some region uh but we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of some region uh but we're only
+going to talk systematically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk systematically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk systematically about
+something called solids of revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea here is this suppose you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is this suppose you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is this suppose you have
+some shape some graph which is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shape some graph which is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shape some graph which is maybe
+looks like this and now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and now I'm going to
+revolve it this is the the xaxis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolve it this is the the xaxis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolve it this is the the xaxis and
+this is the y- AIS in this case I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the y- AIS in this case I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the y- AIS in this case I'm
+going to revolve it around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xaxis if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis if you do that
+then the shape that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is
+maybe like this if I can draw it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like this if I can draw it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like this if I can draw it a
+little bit it's maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it's maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it's maybe a
+football all right so that's the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football all right so that's the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football all right so that's the shape
+that you get if you take this uh piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get if you take this uh piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get if you take this uh piece
+of disc and you and you revolve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disc and you and you revolve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disc and you and you revolve it
+around if you had made this copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if you had made this copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if you had made this copy
+underneath it still would have been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it still would have been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it still would have been the
+same region so we only pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same region so we only pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same region so we only pay attention to
+what's above the axis here all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's above the axis here all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's above the axis here all right so
+that's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea
+now I'm going to apply the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to apply the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to apply the method of
+slices to figure out the volume of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices to figure out the volume of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices to figure out the volume of such
+regions and give you a general formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and give you a general formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and give you a general formula
+and then apply it in a specific case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then apply it in a specific case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then apply it in a specific case I
+want to take one little slice of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take one little slice of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take one little slice of this
+this football maybe a football wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this football maybe a football wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this football maybe a football wouldn't
+work too well maybe it should be we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work too well maybe it should be we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work too well maybe it should be we
+should go back to a loaf of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go back to a loaf of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go back to a loaf of
+bread anyway the key point is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread anyway the key point is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread anyway the key point is that you
+never really have to draw a 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really have to draw a 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really have to draw a 3D
+picture and 3D pictures are of awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and 3D pictures are of awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and 3D pictures are of awful
+they're very hard to deal with and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very hard to deal with and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very hard to deal with and it's
+hard to visualize with them and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to visualize with them and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to visualize with them and one of
+the reasons why we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why we're dealing with
+solids of revolution is that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids of revolution is that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids of revolution is that we don't
+have as many visualization problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as many visualization problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as many visualization problems so
+we're only going to deal with this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to deal with this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to deal with this and
+then you have to imagine from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to imagine from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to imagine from the the
+the two-dimensional cross-section what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-dimensional cross-section what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-dimensional cross-section what
+the three-dimensional picture looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-dimensional picture looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-dimensional picture looks like
+so we'll do a little bit of an exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll do a little bit of an exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll do a little bit of an exercise
+with the three-dimensional picture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the three-dimensional picture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the three-dimensional picture but
+ultimately you should be used to getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately you should be used to getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately you should be used to getting
+used to drawing 2D diagrams always to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to drawing 2D diagrams always to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to drawing 2D diagrams always to
+depict the three-dimensional situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depict the three-dimensional situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depict the three-dimensional situation
+since it's much harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw the first step is to consider what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the first step is to consider what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the first step is to consider what
+this slice is over here and again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slice is over here and again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slice is over here and again it's
+going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have
+width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX and we're going to consider what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and we're going to consider what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and we're going to consider what it
+looks like over on the 3D picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like over on the 3D picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like over on the 3D picture so
+it's it starts out being more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it starts out being more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it starts out being more or less
+like this but then we're going to sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but then we're going to sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but then we're going to sweep
+it around we're we're we're revolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around we're we're we're revolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around we're we're we're revolving
+around the xaxis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the xaxis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the xaxis so
+spitting around this way and if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spitting around this way and if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spitting around this way and if you take
+this and think of it as being on a hinge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and think of it as being on a hinge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and think of it as being on a hinge
+which is down on the x-axis it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is down on the x-axis it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is down on the x-axis it's going
+to swing down and swoop around and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swing down and swoop around and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swing down and swoop around and come
+back swing around and that traces out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back swing around and that traces out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back swing around and that traces out uh
+something over here which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over here which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over here which I'm going to
+draw this way it traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this way it traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this way it traces
+out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a
+disc all right so it's hard for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc all right so it's hard for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc all right so it's hard for me to
+draw and I'm not going to try too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard maybe I I draw drew it more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard maybe I I draw drew it more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard maybe I I draw drew it more like a
+wheel looking like a wheel but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel looking like a wheel but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel looking like a wheel but anyway
+it's this little flat disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this little flat disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this little flat disc
+here and so the method that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so the method that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so the method that I'm
+describing for uh figuring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing for uh figuring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing for uh figuring out the
+volume is called the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is called the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is called the method of
+diss this is going to be our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method now I'm going to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method now I'm going to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method now I'm going to apply the
+reasoning that I have up on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning that I have up on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning that I have up on the the
+previous Blackboard here namely I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Blackboard here namely I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Blackboard here namely I need
+to get the volume of this chunk and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the volume of this chunk and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the volume of this chunk and the
+way I'm going to get the volume of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to get the volume of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to get the volume of this
+chunk is by figuring out its thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk is by figuring out its thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk is by figuring out its thickness
+and its area its cross-sectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its area its cross-sectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its area its cross-sectional
+area and that's not too difficult to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and that's not too difficult to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and that's not too difficult to do
+if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this
+height so this height is what we usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height so this height is what we usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height so this height is what we usually
+call y y is usually a function of X it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call y y is usually a function of X it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call y y is usually a function of X it's
+varying this particular distance is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying this particular distance is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying this particular distance is y
+then the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the area of the
+face is easy to calculate because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is easy to calculate because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is easy to calculate because it's a
+a a circle or a disc if you like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a circle or a disc if you like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a circle or a disc if you like with
+this radius so its area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radius so its area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radius so its area
+is pi y^ 2 so that's if you like the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi y^ 2 so that's if you like the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi y^ 2 so that's if you like the uh
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+dimensions and then the thickness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX so so the incremental volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so so the incremental volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so so the incremental volume is
+this so this is the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Diss and this is the uh integrand now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diss and this is the uh integrand now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diss and this is the uh integrand now
+there's one peculiar thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one peculiar thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one peculiar thing about this
+formula and uh there more peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and uh there more peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and uh there more peculiar
+things about this formula but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this formula but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this formula but there's
+one peculiar thing that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one peculiar thing that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one peculiar thing that you should
+notice immediately which is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice immediately which is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice immediately which is that I'm
+integrating with respect to X and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating with respect to X and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating with respect to X and I
+haven't yet told you what Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yet told you what Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yet told you what Y
+is well that will depend on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well that will depend on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well that will depend on what
+function y equal F ofx I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function y equal F ofx I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function y equal F ofx I
+use so we have to plug that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so we have to plug that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so we have to plug that in
+eventually if we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually if we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually if we're actually going to
+calculate something we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate something we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate something we're going to have
+to figure that out there's another very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure that out there's another very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure that out there's another very
+important point which is that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point which is that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point which is that in order
+to get a definite integral something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a definite integral something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a definite integral something I
+haven't mentioned we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't mentioned we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't mentioned we're going to have to
+figure out where we're starting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where we're starting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where we're starting and
+where we're ending the picture which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're ending the picture which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're ending the picture which is
+something we dealt with last time in 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we dealt with last time in 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we dealt with last time in 2D
+pictures all right so let's let's deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures all right so let's let's deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures all right so let's let's deal
+with an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh we'll switch over from a football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we'll switch over from a football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we'll switch over from a football
+to a soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ball I'm going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball I'm going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball I'm going to take a
+circle and we'll say it has radius a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and we'll say it has radius a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and we'll say it has radius a so
+this is zero and this is a and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero and this is a and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero and this is a and I'm
+putting it in this particular spot for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it in this particular spot for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it in this particular spot for a
+reason you can do this in lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you can do this in lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you can do this in lots of
+different ways but I'm picking this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but I'm picking this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but I'm picking this one
+to make a certain exercise that on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a certain exercise that on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a certain exercise that on your
+homework easier for you because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework easier for you because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework easier for you because I'm
+doing half of it for you right now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing half of it for you right now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing half of it for you right now all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+yeah appreciated yeah I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah appreciated yeah I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah appreciated yeah I'm sure
+especially today it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially today it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially today it's
+appreciated so again the formula has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated so again the formula has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated so again the formula has to
+do with keeping track of these slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with keeping track of these slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with keeping track of these slices
+here and we're sweeping things around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're sweeping things around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're sweeping things around so
+the full region that we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full region that we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full region that we're talking about
+is the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the volume of the
+ball of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball of
+radius a that's what what our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius a that's what what our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius a that's what what our goal is to
+figure out what the the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the the volume of the
+ball of radius a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is all right again as I say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right again as I say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right again as I say that the
+thing sweeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing sweeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing sweeps
+around uh coming out of the Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh coming out of the Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh coming out of the Blackboard
+spitting around on this on this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spitting around on this on this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spitting around on this on this x
+axis all right so the setup is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis all right so the setup is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis all right so the setup is the
+following it's always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it's always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it's always the
+same here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same here's our
+formula and we need to figure out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and we need to figure out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and we need to figure out what's
+going on with that formula and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with that formula and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with that formula and so we
+need to solve for y as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and in order to do that what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and in order to do that what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and in order to do that what we're
+going to do is just write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is just write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is just write down the
+equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circle this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circle it's centered at a0 So that's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it's centered at a0 So that's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it's centered at a0 So that's its
+formula and now there's one nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and now there's one nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and now there's one nice thing
+which is that we really didn't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we really didn't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we really didn't need to
+find the formula for y we only need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the formula for y we only need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the formula for y we only need to
+find the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the formula for
+y^2 so let's just solve for y^2 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 so let's just solve for y^2 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 so let's just solve for y^2 and we
+won't have to solve a quadratic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have to solve a quadratic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have to solve a quadratic or
+anything take a square root that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything take a square root that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything take a square root that's
+nice this is a s - x^ 2 - 2 ax + a 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice this is a s - x^ 2 - 2 ax + a 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice this is a s - x^ 2 - 2 ax + a 2 the
+a s's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a s's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a s's
+cancel these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel these two terms
+cancel and so the formula here is 2 ax -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and so the formula here is 2 ax -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and so the formula here is 2 ax -
+x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now that is what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now that is what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now that is what's known as
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+integrand well except for this factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand well except for this factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand well except for this factor of
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+here and so the answer for the volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so the answer for the volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so the answer for the volume is
+going to be the integral of Pi times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the integral of Pi times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the integral of Pi times
+this integrant 2 a x - x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX and that's just the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and that's just the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and that's just the same thing as
+this but now there's also the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but now there's also the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but now there's also the issue of
+the limits which is a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits which is a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits which is a completely
+separate problem which we also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the range of
+X is from this leftmost point to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is from this leftmost point to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is from this leftmost point to the
+rightmost point so X varies starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost point so X varies starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost point so X varies starts at
+zero and it goes all the way up to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it goes all the way up to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it goes all the way up to what
+what's the Top Value here 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Top Value here 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Top Value here 2
+a and so now I have a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so now I have a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so now I have a completely
+specified integral again and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified integral again and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified integral again and this was
+the theme last time the whole goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme last time the whole goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme last time the whole goal is to
+get ourselves to a complete formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ourselves to a complete formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ourselves to a complete formula for
+something with an integrand and limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with an integrand and limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with an integrand and limits
+and then we'll be able to calculate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll be able to calculate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll be able to calculate now
+we're we're we have clear sailing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're we have clear sailing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're we have clear sailing to the
+end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem all right so let's just finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right so let's just finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right so let's just finish
+it off we have the volume is if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off we have the volume is if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off we have the volume is if I take
+the anti-derivative of that that's Pi *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative of that that's Pi *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative of that that's Pi *
+uh ax^2 whose derivative is 2 ax - x Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ax^2 whose derivative is 2 ax - x Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ax^2 whose derivative is 2 ax - x Cub
+over 3 that's the thing whose derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3 that's the thing whose derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3 that's the thing whose derivative
+is - x^2 evaluated at 0 and 2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is equal to um Pi * let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is equal to um Pi * let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is equal to um Pi * let's see
+um uh 2^2 is four so this is 4 a cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 2^2 is four so this is 4 a cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 2^2 is four so this is 4 a cubed
+minus uh 8 a cubed over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh 8 a cubed over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh 8 a cubed over 3
+right and so all told that is let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so all told that is let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so all told that is let's see
+12/3 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12/3 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12/3 -
+8/3 pi a cubed which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 pi a cubed which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 pi a cubed which is uh
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+formula 4/3 pi a cub so it worked we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula 4/3 pi a cub so it worked we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula 4/3 pi a cub so it worked we got
+it we got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me
+just point out uh a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point out uh a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point out uh a couple of other
+things about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this
+formula the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the first one
+is that from this point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that from this point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that from this point of
+view we've actually accomplished more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view we've actually accomplished more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view we've actually accomplished more
+than just finding the volume of the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just finding the volume of the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just finding the volume of the ball
+we've also found the volume of a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also found the volume of a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also found the volume of a bunch
+of intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intermediate
+regions which I can draw schematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions which I can draw schematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions which I can draw schematically
+this way if I chop this thing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way if I chop this thing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way if I chop this thing and this
+portion is X here then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion is X here then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion is X here then the
+anti-derivative here this region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative here this region here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative here this region here
+which maybe I'll fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe I'll fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe I'll fill in
+with this region here which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this region here which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this region here which I'm going to
+call V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call V of
+X is the volume of the portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is the volume of the portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is the volume of the portion of the
+sphere volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere volume of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of
+width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ball and well the formula for it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and well the formula for it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and well the formula for it is that
+it's the the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the volume
+is equal to Pi ax^2 - XB 3 that's it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Pi ax^2 - XB 3 that's it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Pi ax^2 - XB 3 that's it so
+we've got something which is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got something which is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got something which is actually a
+lot more information for instance if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more information for instance if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more information for instance if you
+plug in x equals u a not surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in x equals u a not surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in x equals u a not surprisingly
+and this is this is a good idea to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is a good idea to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is a good idea to do
+because it checks that we've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it checks that we've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it checks that we've actually
+got a correct formula here so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a correct formula here so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a correct formula here so if you
+like you can call this a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+check if you check check V of a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if you check check V of a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if you check check V of a this
+should be the volume of a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the volume of a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the volume of a half
+ball that's half way if I go over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball that's half way if I go over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball that's half way if I go over here
+and I only go up to a that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I only go up to a that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I only go up to a that's exactly
+half of the ball that had better be half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the ball that had better be half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the ball that had better be half
+so let's just see V of a in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just see V of a in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just see V of a in this case is
+pi and then I have a cubed minus a cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and then I have a cubed minus a cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and then I have a cubed minus a cub
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+3 and that turns out to be pi times a CO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and that turns out to be pi times a CO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and that turns out to be pi times a CO
+total of 2/3 a cubed which is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of 2/3 a cubed which is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of 2/3 a cubed which is which is
+indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half now on your problem set what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half now on your problem set what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half now on your problem set what you're
+going to want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to look
+at is is this full formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is is this full formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is is this full formula
+here of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chunk and what it's going to be good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk and what it's going to be good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk and what it's going to be good for
+is is a a real life problem that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a a real life problem that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a a real life problem that is a
+problem that really came up over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that really came up over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that really came up over the
+summer and uh this fall at uh a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and uh this fall at uh a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and uh this fall at uh a couple
+of universities near here where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of universities near here where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of universities near here where people
+were trying to figure out uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to figure out uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to figure out uh a
+phenomenon which is well uh known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+namely if you have a a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles uh in a um in a fluid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh in a um in a fluid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh in a um in a fluid and
+maybe the size of these things is is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the size of these things is is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the size of these things is is uh
+is one micron that is the radius is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one micron that is the radius is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one micron that is the radius is one
+micron and then you have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron and then you have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron and then you have a bunch of
+other little particles which are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other little particles which are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other little particles which are a lot
+smaller maybe 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nanom then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom then what
+happens is that the particles the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the particles the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the particles the big
+particles like to hug each other they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles like to hug each other they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles like to hug each other they
+like to Clump together it's very they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to Clump together it's very they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to Clump together it's very they're
+very nice friendly characters so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice friendly characters so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice friendly characters so what
+what's the explanation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the explanation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the explanation for
+this the explanation is that actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the explanation is that actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the explanation is that actually uh
+they are not quite as friendly as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not quite as friendly as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not quite as friendly as they
+might seem what's really happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might seem what's really happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might seem what's really happening is
+that the little guys are shoving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the little guys are shoving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the little guys are shoving them
+around and pushing them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and pushing them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and pushing them together and
+they're they have sharp elbows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they have sharp elbows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they have sharp elbows the
+little ones and they're pushing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ones and they're pushing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ones and they're pushing them
+don't don't like them to be around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't like them to be around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't like them to be around and
+and and they're pushing them together um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're pushing them together um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're pushing them together um
+but there's actually another possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's actually another possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's actually another possibility
+which is that they also will stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that they also will stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that they also will stick to
+the sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides of the
+container all right so so there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container all right so so there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container all right so so there are two
+things that actually happen here and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that actually happen here and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that actually happen here and if
+you want to get a quantitative handle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get a quantitative handle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get a quantitative handle on
+how much of this happens it has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of this happens it has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of this happens it has to do
+with how much space these things take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how much space these things take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how much space these things take up
+and so the issue is some kind of overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the issue is some kind of overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the issue is some kind of overlap
+between a band around one sphere and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a band around one sphere and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a band around one sphere and a
+band around the other sphere and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band around the other sphere and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band around the other sphere and this
+overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap
+region is what you have to calculate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is what you have to calculate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is what you have to calculate you
+have to calculate what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate what's in
+here and you can do that uh using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can do that uh using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can do that uh using this
+this formula here it's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula here it's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula here it's not even
+difficult all right so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult all right so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult all right so this is this is
+if you just cut it in half turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just cut it in half turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just cut it in half turns out to
+be two of these guys and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two of these guys and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two of these guys and then you're
+you're on your way to figuring out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on your way to figuring out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on your way to figuring out this
+problem and the question is which do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the question is which do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the question is which do
+they prefer do they prefer to touch each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prefer do they prefer to touch each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prefer do they prefer to touch each
+other or do they prefer to touch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other or do they prefer to touch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other or do they prefer to touch the
+wall do they all cluster to the wall so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall do they all cluster to the wall so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall do they all cluster to the wall so
+you can actually see this in Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see this in Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see this in Solutions
+what they do and the question is to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do and the question is to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do and the question is to what
+extent do they prefer one configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent do they prefer one configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent do they prefer one configuration
+to the other all right so that's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other all right so that's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other all right so that's a real
+live problem which really comes up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live problem which really comes up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live problem which really comes up and
+came up just this year and frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up just this year and frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up just this year and frequently
+comes up and which is solved by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up and which is solved by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up and which is solved by our
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculation okay so now I have I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay so now I have I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay so now I have I called
+this method one for solids of revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method one for solids of revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method one for solids of revolution
+which is called the method of Diss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the method of Diss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the method of Diss and
+now I need to tell you about the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to tell you about the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to tell you about the uh
+other standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method which is called the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shells uh all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is this is our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is our second
+method I'm going to illustrate this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I'm going to illustrate this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I'm going to illustrate this one
+with a holiday themed example here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a holiday themed example here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a holiday themed example here this
+is supposed to be a witch's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be a witch's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be a witch's
+cauldron whoops witch witches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cauldron whoops witch witches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cauldron whoops witch witches
+well well maybe more than one Wich will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well maybe more than one Wich will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well maybe more than one Wich will
+will'll have this cauldron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will'll have this cauldron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will'll have this cauldron
+here all right so here's this shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so here's this shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so here's this shape and
+we're going to figure out how much how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to figure out how much how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to figure out how much how
+much liquid is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I'm going to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to plot
+this maybe I'll put this down just a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maybe I'll put this down just a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maybe I'll put this down just a bit
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and I'm going to make it a parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is y =
+x^2 and I'm going to make the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and I'm going to make the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and I'm going to make the top
+height be y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height be y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height be y =
+a all right so here's my situation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right so here's my situation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right so here's my situation and I
+want to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out how
+much liquid is in here now the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much liquid is in here now the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much liquid is in here now the reason
+why I presented the problem in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I presented the problem in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I presented the problem in this form
+of course is really to get you used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is really to get you used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is really to get you used to
+these things and the First new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and the First new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and the First new thing
+that I want you to get used to is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to get used to is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to get used to is the
+idea that now we can also revolve around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that now we can also revolve around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that now we can also revolve around
+the Y AIS not just the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y AIS not just the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y AIS not just the X
+AIS so this one is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS so this one is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS so this one is going to be
+revolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolved
+around the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Y
+AIS and that's what happens if you spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and that's what happens if you spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and that's what happens if you spin
+the parabola around you get this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parabola around you get this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parabola around you get this kind of
+shape this kind of solid shape here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I'm going to use the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to use the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to use the same kind of
+slicing that I did before but it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing that I did before but it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing that I did before but it's going
+to look totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look totally
+different namely I'll draw it as in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different namely I'll draw it as in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different namely I'll draw it as in in
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+again I'm going to take a little slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm going to take a little slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm going to take a little slice
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here and now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now I want to
+imagine what happens if it gets revolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what happens if it gets revolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what happens if it gets revolved
+around the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AIS this time it's not a disc actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS this time it's not a disc actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS this time it's not a disc actually
+if IID revolved this around the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if IID revolved this around the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if IID revolved this around the other
+way it would would have had a hole in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it would would have had a hole in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it would would have had a hole in it
+which is also possible to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also possible to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also possible to do
+that's practically the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's practically the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's practically the same as the
+method of discs you'll maybe discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of discs you'll maybe discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of discs you'll maybe discuss
+that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in
+recitation uh anyway we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation uh anyway we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation uh anyway we're going to
+revolve it around this way so again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolve it around this way so again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolve it around this way so again I
+need to sweep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sweep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sweep it
+around swing it around like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around swing it around like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around swing it around like
+this and I'll draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shape it's going to sweep around in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape it's going to sweep around in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape it's going to sweep around in a
+circle and maybe it'll have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and maybe it'll have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and maybe it'll have a little bit
+of thickness to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is the thing that people call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shell right this is the shell so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell right this is the shell so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell right this is the shell so-called
+shell of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method I would maybe call it a cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I would maybe call it a cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I would maybe call it a cylinder
+and another way of thinking about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another way of thinking about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another way of thinking about it is
+that you can maybe wrap up a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can maybe wrap up a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can maybe wrap up a piece of
+paper and WR like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this there there it is there's a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there there it is there's a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there there it is there's a there's
+a cylinder you can see very thin right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cylinder you can see very thin right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cylinder you can see very thin right
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+thin all right now the reason why I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin all right now the reason why I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin all right now the reason why I use
+the piece of paper as an example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of paper as an example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of paper as an example of this
+is that I'm going to have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I'm going to have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I'm going to have to figure out
+the volume of this thing its thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of this thing its thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of this thing its thickness
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usual is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX its height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what well actually I have to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what well actually I have to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what well actually I have to use the
+diagram to see that the Top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram to see that the Top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram to see that the Top
+Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value
+is a and the bottom value is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a and the bottom value is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a and the bottom value is what we
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+Y so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so the
+height is equal to I'm sorry A minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height is equal to I'm sorry A minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height is equal to I'm sorry A minus
+y now again this is an incredibly risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y now again this is an incredibly risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y now again this is an incredibly risky
+thing here and I've done this before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and I've done this before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and I've done this before I
+pointed this out on the very first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed this out on the very first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed this out on the very first day
+of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lecture
+the letter Y represents a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter Y represents a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter Y represents a lot of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+things and in Disguise when I call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and in Disguise when I call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and in Disguise when I call this
+y I mean Y is equal to x^2 in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I mean Y is equal to x^2 in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I mean Y is equal to x^2 in other
+words the interesting curve I don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the interesting curve I don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the interesting curve I don't mean
+y equals a which is the other part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general you might think of it as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you might think of it as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you might think of it as being
+equal to Y top minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Y top minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Y top minus y
+bottom so there of course two y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom so there of course two y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom so there of course two y's
+involved in Disguise but we have a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in Disguise but we have a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in Disguise but we have a short
+hand and the sort of uninteresting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and the sort of uninteresting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and the sort of uninteresting one
+we call by it's we just evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call by it's we just evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call by it's we just evaluate
+immediately and the interesting one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and the interesting one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and the interesting one we
+leave as a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave as a symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave as a symbol
+y all right now the last bit that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y all right now the last bit that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y all right now the last bit that I have
+to do I claim in order to figure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I claim in order to figure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I claim in order to figure this
+out is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circumference and the reason for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference and the reason for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference and the reason for that is
+that if I think of this thing as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I think of this thing as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I think of this thing as like
+this tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tube
+or or or piece of paper here in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or piece of paper here in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or piece of paper here in order to
+figure out how much stuff there is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much stuff there is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much stuff there is here
+all I have to do is unfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it's its size it's the the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's its size it's the the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's its size it's the the whole
+quantity of paper here is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of paper here is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of paper here is the same
+whether it's rolled up like this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's rolled up like this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's rolled up like this or
+whether it's stretched out so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's stretched out so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's stretched out so if I
+unwrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it looks like what well it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it looks like what well it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it looks like what well it looks like
+a kind of a slab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a slab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a slab
+right it looks like just a a slab like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and again the thickness is DX the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and again the thickness is DX the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and again the thickness is DX the
+height is a minus y and now we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height is a minus y and now we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height is a minus y and now we can see
+that the length here is all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the length here is all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the length here is all the way
+around it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's the
+circumference all right so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference all right so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference all right so this is going
+to be the circumference when I unwrap it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the circumference when I unwrap it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the circumference when I unwrap it
+and in order to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to figure out the
+circumference I need to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference I need to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference I need to figure out the
+radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+so the radius is on this diagram is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the radius is on this diagram is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the radius is on this diagram is
+right over there this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radius and that distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and that distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and that distance is
+X so this length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so this length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so this length
+here is X and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circumference is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference is 2
+pix and this height is is is still a a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pix and this height is is is still a a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pix and this height is is is still a a y
+a minus y sorry and the thickness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus y sorry and the thickness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus y sorry and the thickness is
+still is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is still
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right so in total we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so in total we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so in total we're just
+going to multiply these numbers together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to multiply these numbers together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to multiply these numbers together
+to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume we have in other words words DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume we have in other words words DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume we have in other words words DV
+is equal to the product of the uh 2 pix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the product of the uh 2 pix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the product of the uh 2 pix
+Dimension the a minus y Dimension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension the a minus y Dimension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension the a minus y Dimension and
+the DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimension incidentally dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension incidentally dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension incidentally dimensional
+analysis is very useful and important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is very useful and important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is very useful and important in
+these problems you can see that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems you can see that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems you can see that there
+are three lengths being multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three lengths being multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three lengths being multiplied
+together so we'll get a volume in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we'll get a volume in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we'll get a volume in the
+end something cubic and we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end something cubic and we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end something cubic and we will be
+coming back to that because it's a quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to that because it's a quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to that because it's a quite
+subtle issue sometimes all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle issue sometimes all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle issue sometimes all right so
+here's the formula and let's simplify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the formula and let's simplify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the formula and let's simplify it
+a little bit we have 2 pi x * uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit we have 2 pi x * uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit we have 2 pi x * uh
+remember uh uh first I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh uh first I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh uh first I have to
+substitute otherwise I'm never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute otherwise I'm never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute otherwise I'm never going to
+be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to
+integrate and then I rewrite that as 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and then I rewrite that as 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and then I rewrite that as 2
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ax uh minus X2 whoops X cubed DX better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax uh minus X2 whoops X cubed DX better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax uh minus X2 whoops X cubed DX better
+not get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get that
+wrong and now the last little bit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and now the last little bit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and now the last little bit here
+that I had better be careful about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had better be careful about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had better be careful about in
+order to figure out what the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to figure out what the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to figure out what the total
+volume is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limits so the volume is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits so the volume is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits so the volume is going to be the
+integral of this quantity 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of this quantity 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of this quantity 2
+pi ax - x Cub DX and now I have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi ax - x Cub DX and now I have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi ax - x Cub DX and now I have to pay
+attention to what the limits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now here you have to be careful X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here you have to be careful X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here you have to be careful X is
+possibly the the the the the uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly the the the the the uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly the the the the the uh you have
+to always go back to the the 2D diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always go back to the the 2D diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always go back to the the 2D diagram
+I went to it immediately but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to it immediately but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to it immediately but that's
+that's the whole point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point is that
+everything gets read off from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets read off from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets read off from this
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+here when you take this guy and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you take this guy and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you take this guy and you
+sweep it around you take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep it around you take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep it around you take care of
+everything that's to the left so we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's to the left so we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's to the left so we only
+have to count what's to the right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to count what's to the right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to count what's to the right we
+don't have to count anything over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to count anything over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to count anything over here
+because it's taken care of when we sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's taken care of when we sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's taken care of when we sweep
+around so the starting place is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so the starting place is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so the starting place is going to
+be xal 0 that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be xal 0 that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be xal 0 that's where we
+start and where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and where we
+end is the farthest rightmost spot for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is the farthest rightmost spot for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is the farthest rightmost spot for X
+which is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is down
+here now you got to watch out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now you got to watch out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now you got to watch out about
+where that is in the Y variable it's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that is in the Y variable it's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that is in the Y variable it's up
+at yals a but in the X variable we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at yals a but in the X variable we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at yals a but in the X variable we can
+see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's
+what it's the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's the square root of
+a all right so these these limits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right so these these limits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right so these these limits but
+this is where you're gonna you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you're gonna you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you're gonna you're going
+to focus all your attention on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus all your attention on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus all your attention on the
+integrant and getting it just right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrant and getting it just right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrant and getting it just right and
+then you're going to lose your Steam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to lose your Steam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to lose your Steam and
+not pay attention to the limits they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pay attention to the limits they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pay attention to the limits they're
+equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally
+important you have no hope of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you have no hope of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you have no hope of getting
+the right answer without getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer without getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer without getting the
+limits right right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits right right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits right right so this is the
+integral from 0 toare < TK of a again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 toare < TK of a again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 toare < TK of a again
+that's just because yal a uh and Y = x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just because yal a uh and Y = x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just because yal a uh and Y = x^2
+implies X = < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies X = < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies X = < TK
+a that's that upper limit there and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's that upper limit there and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's that upper limit there and now
+uh we're we're ready to uh carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're we're ready to uh carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're we're ready to uh carry out
+this to evaluate this integral so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to evaluate this integral so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to evaluate this integral so we get
+two uh sorry we get 2 pi ax that's Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh sorry we get 2 pi ax that's Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh sorry we get 2 pi ax that's Pi
+ax^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax^
+2 um now maybe I'll leave the the twoos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um now maybe I'll leave the the twoos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um now maybe I'll leave the the twoos
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+there 2 pi ax^2 is the anti-derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 2 pi ax^2 is the anti-derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 2 pi ax^2 is the anti-derivative
+of of this A2 over two and then here x 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this A2 over two and then here x 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this A2 over two and then here x 4
+4 evaluated at0 and < TK of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and finally let's see what is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally let's see what is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally let's see what is that um
+that's 2 piun * um a^ 2 / 2 - a^ 2 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2 piun * um a^ 2 / 2 - a^ 2 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2 piun * um a^ 2 / 2 - a^ 2 4
+which is a total of a fourth right 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a total of a fourth right 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a total of a fourth right 2 pi
+* a^ 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* a^ 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* a^ 2 over
+4 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 which is
+um pi/ 2 a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question right so the question is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right so the question is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right so the question is why
+did I integrate only from the middle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I integrate only from the middle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I integrate only from the middle to
+this end instead of all the way from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end instead of all the way from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end instead of all the way from
+over here minus < TK of a all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here minus < TK of a all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here minus < TK of a all the way to
+the plus end and the reason is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus end and the reason is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus end and the reason is that you
+have to you have to look at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you have to look at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you have to look at what's
+happening with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with the
+rotation this red guy when I swept it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation this red guy when I swept it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation this red guy when I swept it
+around I counted the stuff to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I counted the stuff to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I counted the stuff to the right
+and the left so in other words I've if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the left so in other words I've if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the left so in other words I've if
+if I just rotate the right half of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just rotate the right half of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just rotate the right half of this
+I'm covering the left half so if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm covering the left half so if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm covering the left half so if I did
+it if I counted the stuff from minus squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if I counted the stuff from minus squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if I counted the stuff from minus squ
+of8 I would be doing it twice I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of8 I would be doing it twice I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of8 I would be doing it twice I would be
+doubling what I need right so it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling what I need right so it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling what I need right so it's too
+much another way of saying it is if if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much another way of saying it is if if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much another way of saying it is if if I
+wanted to take the whole region if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to take the whole region if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to take the whole region if I
+rotated around only 180° only Pi that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated around only 180° only Pi that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated around only 180° only Pi that
+would fill up the whole region if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fill up the whole region if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fill up the whole region if I did
+both halves and then instead of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both halves and then instead of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both halves and then instead of a a
+circumference instead of a 2 pix I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference instead of a 2 pix I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference instead of a 2 pix I could
+use a PIX but then and I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a PIX but then and I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a PIX but then and I would have
+double what I had so the there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double what I had so the there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double what I had so the there are two
+ways of looking at it the the same goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of looking at it the the same goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of looking at it the the same goes
+actually for the football case when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for the football case when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for the football case when I
+have that football I didn't count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that football I didn't count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that football I didn't count the
+bottom part because when I swung it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom part because when I swung it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom part because when I swung it
+around the x-axis the top part sufficed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the x-axis the top part sufficed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the x-axis the top part sufficed
+and I could ignore the bottom half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question oh good question the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question oh good question the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question oh good question the question
+is when do you know uh how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when do you know uh how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when do you know uh how do you know
+when to take uh the rectangle to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to take uh the rectangle to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to take uh the rectangle to be
+vertical or horizontal so far we've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical or horizontal so far we've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical or horizontal so far we've only
+done vertical rectangles and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done vertical rectangles and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done vertical rectangles and I'm going
+to do a horizontal example in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a horizontal example in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a horizontal example in a second
+and the answer to the question of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer to the question of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer to the question of when
+you do it is this you can always set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it is this you can always set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it is this you can always set it
+up both ways one way may be a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up both ways one way may be a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up both ways one way may be a difficult
+calculation and one may one way may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and one may one way may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and one may one way may be
+an easier calculation yesterday we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easier calculation yesterday we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easier calculation yesterday we did
+it or sorry the last time yeah I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or sorry the last time yeah I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or sorry the last time yeah I guess
+it was yesterday we did it with with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was yesterday we did it with with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was yesterday we did it with with and
+the horizontal and the vertical were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal and the vertical were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal and the vertical were
+were quite different in character one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quite different in character one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quite different in character one of
+them was really a mess and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was really a mess and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was really a mess and one of them
+was a little easier so very often one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little easier so very often one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little easier so very often one
+will be easier than the other every once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be easier than the other every once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be easier than the other every once
+in a while one of them is impossible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while one of them is impossible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while one of them is impossible and
+the other one is possible in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is possible in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is possible in other words
+the difference in difficulty can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in difficulty can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in difficulty can be
+extreme so you don't know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme so you don't know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme so you don't know that in
+advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance
+yeah another question the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah another question the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah another question the question is
+did we just find the volume when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we just find the volume when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we just find the volume when you
+when you rotate this green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you rotate this green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you rotate this green
+region around or did we find the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region around or did we find the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region around or did we find the volume
+when we rotate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we rotate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we rotate this
+whole region in other words just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole region in other words just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole region in other words just the
+right half or the or the right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half or the or the right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half or the or the right and the
+left half the answer is both the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half the answer is both the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half the answer is both the region
+that you get is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get is the
+same you always get this cauldron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you always get this cauldron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you always get this cauldron
+whether you take this right half and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you take this right half and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you take this right half and you
+rotate it around or you take both and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it around or you take both and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it around or you take both and
+you rotate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rotate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rotate it
+around okay so the answer to both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay so the answer to both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay so the answer to both of
+those questions is the same and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions is the same and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions is the same and it's
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it it it so the if you rotated them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it it it so the if you rotated them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it it it so the if you rotated them
+both around and you only wanted to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both around and you only wanted to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both around and you only wanted to cover
+things once you would rotate halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things once you would rotate halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things once you would rotate halfway
+around if you only by 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if you only by 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if you only by 180
+degrees that's true but you can rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees that's true but you can rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees that's true but you can rotate
+around as many times as you want you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as many times as you want you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as many times as you want you're
+still covering the same thing over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still covering the same thing over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still covering the same thing over and
+over and over over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over over and over
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+okay okay so let's let's go on I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's let's go on I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's let's go on I have a
+I have a very subtle point that I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a very subtle point that I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a very subtle point that I need
+to discuss with you in order to go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss with you in order to go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss with you in order to go on to
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so so here's my and and I I do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here's my and and I I do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here's my and and I I do want to
+get to the point of of horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the point of of horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the point of of horizontal
+crosssections as well so let's let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssections as well so let's let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssections as well so let's let's uh
+continue here so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue here so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue here so the first
+thing that I want to point out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I want to point out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I want to point out to you
+now is I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is I want you to
+beware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+units there's something a little fishy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units there's something a little fishy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units there's something a little fishy
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+problem and it can be summarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it can be summarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it can be summarized
+in the character of the answer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the character of the answer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the character of the answer which is
+just a little bit not clear namely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit not clear namely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit not clear namely it
+looks like it's a squared right and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's a squared right and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's a squared right and we
+know that a is in units and we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a is in units and we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a is in units and we should
+have gotten uh cubic units so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten uh cubic units so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten uh cubic units so there's
+something a little bit tricky about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit tricky about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit tricky about this
+question and so I want to illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and so I want to illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and so I want to illustrate the
+Paradox right now so suppose that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox right now so suppose that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox right now so suppose that a is
+100 cm and suppose the units are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 cm and suppose the units are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 cm and suppose the units are
+CM then the formula for the volume isk /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM then the formula for the volume isk /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM then the formula for the volume isk /
+2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 *
+100 squared and the units we must take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 squared and the units we must take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 squared and the units we must take
+are centim cubed despite the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are centim cubed despite the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are centim cubed despite the fact that
+you kind of want to square the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of want to square the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of want to square the
+centimeters but that's not what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters but that's not what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters but that's not what this
+problem says okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem says okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem says okay so this is the
+situation that we've we've got now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that we've we've got now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that we've we've got now if
+you work out what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work out what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work out what this
+is to figure out what the volume of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out what the volume of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out what the volume of this
+cauldron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cauldron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cauldron
+is what you find is that it's Pi / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you find is that it's Pi / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you find is that it's Pi / 2
+time well uh 10 4th power is 10 * 1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well uh 10 4th power is 10 * 1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well uh 10 4th power is 10 * 1,000
+cm cubed right and those are otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm cubed right and those are otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm cubed right and those are otherwise
+known as liters so this is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as liters so this is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as liters so this is approximately
+10 pi over 2 L which is about 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l so that's how much was in The Cauldron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so that's how much was in The Cauldron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so that's how much was in The Cauldron
+under this uh uh choice of units now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this uh uh choice of units now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this uh uh choice of units now I'm
+I'm going to make another choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make another choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make another choice of
+units now and we're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units now and we're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units now and we're going to make a
+comparison suppose that the units are 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meter looks like it should be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter looks like it should be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter looks like it should be the same
+but if I calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I calculate the
+volume it's going to be Pi / 2 and 1^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it's going to be Pi / 2 and 1^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it's going to be Pi / 2 and 1^
+2ar * m cubed right that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar * m cubed right that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar * m cubed right that's what the
+formula tells us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula tells us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula tells us to
+do and if you calculate that that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and if you calculate that that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and if you calculate that that out
+that's < / 2 * 100 um cm cubed and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's < / 2 * 100 um cm cubed and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's < / 2 * 100 um cm cubed and with
+this uh unit notation we really do want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh unit notation we really do want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh unit notation we really do want
+to cube the centimeters and Cube the 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cube the centimeters and Cube the 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cube the centimeters and Cube the 100
+so we get pi/ 2 and here we get 10 6 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get pi/ 2 and here we get 10 6 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get pi/ 2 and here we get 10 6 cm
+cubed and that comes out to uh Pi over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and that comes out to uh Pi over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and that comes out to uh Pi over2
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+1,000 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 uh
+L or other words about 1,600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l so I I'd like to ask you first to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so I I'd like to ask you first to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so I I'd like to ask you first to
+contemplate this and this is a paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplate this and this is a paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplate this and this is a paradox
+and this is a serious Paradox if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a serious Paradox if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a serious Paradox if you
+really want to apply problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to apply problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to apply problems you
+actually have to understand what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to understand what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to understand what your
+answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers
+mean so what do you think is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so what do you think is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so what do you think is going on
+here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes right so the question is how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so the question is how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right so the question is how could
+either of these make sense how am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these make sense how am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these make sense how am I
+dealing with the units in either case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the units in either case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the units in either case
+all right so now I'm going to explain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I'm going to explain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I'm going to explain to
+you uh the answer because this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh the answer because this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh the answer because this is really
+quite puzzling but it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resolution the the answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution the the answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution the the answer to this
+question is that both answers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct all right this is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct all right this is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct all right this is correct
+reasoning in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases what's the matter is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases what's the matter is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases what's the matter is that you have
+to interpret the equation Y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret the equation Y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret the equation Y =
+x2 in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways two
+ways so let me explain what they are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so let me explain what they are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so let me explain what they are for
+instance you can take y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you can take y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you can take y =
+x^2 uh with uh in centimet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so y = x^2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so y = x^2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so y = x^2 in
+cm in which case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm in which case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm in which case the
+picture looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following a is equal to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cm and this distance here which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm and this distance here which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm and this distance here which is the
+this is the this is the x value this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is the x value this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is the x value this is
+10 all right this is 10 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 all right this is 10 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 all right this is 10 cm
+and that's what the relationship means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the relationship means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the relationship means
+so the top of the cauldron if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the top of the cauldron if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the top of the cauldron if you like
+this distance here is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance here is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance here is 20
+cmers this is actually very badly drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cmers this is actually very badly drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cmers this is actually very badly drawn
+to scale it's actually very very deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale it's actually very very deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale it's actually very very deep
+this thing it's a rather skinny deep one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing it's a rather skinny deep one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing it's a rather skinny deep one
+okay so this is very much not to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is very much not to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is very much not to scale
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+picture the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the other
+picture is interpreting y x2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+met and that's more like what I had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met and that's more like what I had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met and that's more like what I had in
+mind actually I had in mind this big vat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind actually I had in mind this big vat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind actually I had in mind this big vat
+here and this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this distance
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is 1
+meter and then the square root of one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter and then the square root of one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter and then the square root of one is
+one so this distance here is also 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this distance here is also 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this distance here is also 1
+M and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and the
+top is 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now it's not that crazy and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now it's not that crazy and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now it's not that crazy and in
+fact it's easy to check that it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's easy to check that it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's easy to check that it's pretty
+reasonable in terms of scale that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable in terms of scale that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable in terms of scale that this
+thing has 16 lers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has 16 lers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has 16 lers in
+it and this guy has 1,600 lers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it all right so you actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so you actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so you actually have to
+know what your symbols mean when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what your symbols mean when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what your symbols mean when you're
+dealing with these kinds of Applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with these kinds of Applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with these kinds of Applied
+problems and if you're ever really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and if you're ever really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and if you're ever really going
+to do some some real consequences you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some some real consequences you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some some real consequences you
+have to know what what it is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know what what it is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know what what it is that what
+the units mean and the problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units mean and the problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units mean and the problem with the
+equation yal x^2 is that it's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yal x^2 is that it's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yal x^2 is that it's the one
+that violated scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C okay um so uh the question is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay um so uh the question is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay um so uh the question is whether
+the formula V equals a half sorry Pi / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula V equals a half sorry Pi / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula V equals a half sorry Pi / 2
+a^2 this is the correct answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a^2 this is the correct answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a^2 this is the correct answer to the
+problem but it is not consistent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it is not consistent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it is not consistent in
+units if you plug in a equals some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units if you plug in a equals some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units if you plug in a equals some
+number of centimeters some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of centimeters some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of centimeters some number of
+millimeters some number of inches and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters some number of inches and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters some number of inches and so
+on every single time you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every single time you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every single time you'll get a
+different answer and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inconsistent in other words this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent in other words this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent in other words this formula
+violates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates
+scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling
+ex if you interpret if you make if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex if you interpret if you make if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex if you interpret if you make if if
+you if you study each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you study each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you study each step
+correctly you will discover that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly you will discover that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly you will discover that these
+are the consistent and correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the consistent and correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the consistent and correct
+statements what I'm writing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements what I'm writing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements what I'm writing on the
+Blackboard and this makes sense in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard and this makes sense in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard and this makes sense in a
+unitless sense but then if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitless sense but then if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitless sense but then if you actually
+stick units on them one of them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick units on them one of them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick units on them one of them they
+both are correct and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are correct and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are correct and one of them
+describes this situation and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes this situation and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes this situation and one of them
+describes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes this
+situation and it's a mistake to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and it's a mistake to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and it's a mistake to think of
+this as being one meter and cubing The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as being one meter and cubing The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as being one meter and cubing The
+Meters all right that's that will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meters all right that's that will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meters all right that's that will be an
+error that will that will cause you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this one is just unitless and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one is just unitless and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one is just unitless and then
+the meters cubed got converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so I I I encourage you to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I I I encourage you to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I I I encourage you to study
+this on your own so now I'm going to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on your own so now I'm going to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on your own so now I'm going to I'm
+going to introduce the next problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce the next problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce the next problem
+we'll have to solve it next time but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to solve it next time but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to solve it next time but the
+reason why I spend all the time on units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I spend all the time on units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I spend all the time on units
+is that otherwise it would be impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that otherwise it would be impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that otherwise it would be impossible
+for you to believe me when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to believe me when I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to believe me when I do this
+next calculation all right because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next calculation all right because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next calculation all right because we're
+trying to get a real answer out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a real answer out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a real answer out of a
+real question and I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real question and I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real question and I'm going to make
+conversions between centimeters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions between centimeters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions between centimeters and
+meters back and forth and we have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters back and forth and we have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters back and forth and we have to get
+it consistent in order to have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it consistent in order to have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it consistent in order to have the right
+answer so there was a a reason for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so there was a a reason for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so there was a a reason for for
+uh illustrating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh illustrating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh illustrating this
+Pitfall so the second the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitfall so the second the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitfall so the second the next thing
+that i' like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i' like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i' like to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+is I'd like to I'd like to boil the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'd like to I'd like to boil the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'd like to I'd like to boil the
+water in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in the
+uh in the witch's cauldron all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the witch's cauldron all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the witch's cauldron all right
+this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh
+definitely seasonally appropriate since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely seasonally appropriate since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely seasonally appropriate since
+we're approaching Halloween and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're approaching Halloween and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're approaching Halloween and we'll
+work it out uh fully next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it out uh fully next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it out uh fully next
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+now I'm going to introduce another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to introduce another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to introduce another
+feature into the problem and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature into the problem and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature into the problem and this is the
+one that I want you to understand now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I want you to understand now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I want you to understand now
+we'll set it all up tomorrow but right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll set it all up tomorrow but right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll set it all up tomorrow but right
+now I need you to understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need you to understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need you to understand what the
+new main idea that we're going to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new main idea that we're going to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new main idea that we're going to we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's the new physical feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's the new physical feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's the new physical feature
+that I'm going to add to this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to add to this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to add to this problem is
+that if when you're boiling when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if when you're boiling when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if when you're boiling when the
+when witches are boiling this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when witches are boiling this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when witches are boiling this this
+water the temperature of the water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the temperature of the water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the temperature of the water is
+not the same at each level in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same at each level in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same at each level in the
+kettle at the bottom of the kettle where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kettle at the bottom of the kettle where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kettle at the bottom of the kettle where
+you're heating it up it's at its highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're heating it up it's at its highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're heating it up it's at its highest
+temperature so at the bottom it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so at the bottom it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so at the bottom it's going
+to be say 100° that is it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be say 100° that is it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be say 100° that is it's going to be
+totally boiling 100° C and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally boiling 100° C and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally boiling 100° C and at the
+top it's going to be say 70°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh right it's very cold outside in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right it's very cold outside in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right it's very cold outside in fact
+it's it's 0 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outside which is the the temperature at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside which is the the temperature at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside which is the the temperature at
+which all witches operate I think anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all witches operate I think anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all witches operate I think anyway
+so so so they're boiling their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so they're boiling their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so they're boiling their their
+their their stuff and the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their stuff and the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their stuff and the question that
+we're going to ask is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to ask is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to ask is how much
+heat how much heat do they need to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat how much heat do they need to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat how much heat do they need to do it
+now they don't the thing starts out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they don't the thing starts out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they don't the thing starts out at
+at 0° C and we're going to heat it up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0° C and we're going to heat it up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0° C and we're going to heat it up to
+this temperature configuration here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temperature configuration here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temperature configuration here but
+it's it's rising from 100 down here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's rising from 100 down here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's rising from 100 down here to
+70 up here so the the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 up here so the the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 up here so the the temperature is
+varying in height and for Simplicity I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying in height and for Simplicity I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying in height and for Simplicity I'm
+going to make the formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make the formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make the formula for the
+temperature be um 100 at the top and 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature be um 100 at the top and 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature be um 100 at the top and 70
+at the B uh sorry 70 at the b top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the B uh sorry 70 at the b top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the B uh sorry 70 at the b top and
+100 at the bottom so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 at the bottom so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 at the bottom so it's going to be
+100 - 30 y we'll we'll let the level be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 - 30 y we'll we'll let the level be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 - 30 y we'll we'll let the level be
+be one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one here
+uh sorry 30 I said three I wrote three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry 30 I said three I wrote three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry 30 I said three I wrote three
+but I meant 30 all right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I meant 30 all right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I meant 30 all right so this is the
+situation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+now it's the the point about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's the the point about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's the the point about this
+problem is we're going to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is we're going to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is we're going to figure out the
+total temperature the total amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total temperature the total amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total temperature the total amount of
+heat that you need to add in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that you need to add in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that you need to add in order to
+heat this thing up that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat this thing up that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat this thing up that's going to be
+temperature times volume and but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature times volume and but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature times volume and but some
+places will count more than others these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places will count more than others these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places will count more than others these
+will hotter but there's less water down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hotter but there's less water down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hotter but there's less water down
+here there's this is wider up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's this is wider up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's this is wider up here so
+there's more water up here so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more water up here so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more water up here so there
+various things that are varying in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things that are varying in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things that are varying in this
+problem now the only way to set it up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now the only way to set it up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now the only way to set it up so
+that it works is to chop things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works is to chop things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works is to chop things up
+horizontally instead of vertically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally instead of vertically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally instead of vertically
+because it's on the horizontal levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's on the horizontal levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's on the horizontal levels
+that the temperature is constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the temperature is constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the temperature is constant so
+we'll have an easy calculation for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have an easy calculation for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have an easy calculation for how
+much it takes to heat up a layer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it takes to heat up a layer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it takes to heat up a layer a
+horizontal layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal layer
+when we rotate this guy around the Y AIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we rotate this guy around the Y AIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we rotate this guy around the Y AIS
+that is which kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is which kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is which kind of
+shape it's a dis so actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape it's a dis so actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape it's a dis so actually this is
+going to be an easier problem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an easier problem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an easier problem this is
+going to be a dis problem not a shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a dis problem not a shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a dis problem not a shell
+problem but we're going to have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but we're going to have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but we're going to have to work
+things out with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out with respect to the
+Dy variation in other words the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy variation in other words the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy variation in other words the integral
+will be with respect to Dy so we will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be with respect to Dy so we will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be with respect to Dy so we will do
+that next time we'll figure out how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time we'll figure out how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time we'll figure out how much
+heat it takes to uh boil the kettle
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SiKnNaJTdf0.txt b/SiKnNaJTdf0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e1acbca96d4583328945ec8ed6e810932fe4c66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SiKnNaJTdf0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello computational music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello computational music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello computational music
+researchers we're going to continue our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers we're going to continue our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers we're going to continue our
+study of corpora and what we can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of corpora and what we can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of corpora and what we can do with
+the Corpus of music by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Corpus of music by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Corpus of music by talking about
+some research that I did with Sophia H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some research that I did with Sophia H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some research that I did with Sophia H
+Sun who was a visiting student at MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun who was a visiting student at MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun who was a visiting student at MIT in
+2006 to 2017 and graduated in 2018 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 to 2017 and graduated in 2018 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 to 2017 and graduated in 2018 from
+Wellsley College we've published our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wellsley College we've published our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wellsley College we've published our
+work as emotion painting lyric affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as emotion painting lyric affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as emotion painting lyric affect
+and musical relationships and a large Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and musical relationships and a large Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and musical relationships and a large Le
+cheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheet
+Corpus so this is work that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus so this is work that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus so this is work that's about
+looking at a large musical Corpus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a large musical Corpus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a large musical Corpus and
+also looking at words and how music and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also looking at words and how music and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also looking at words and how music and
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+interact words and musical moments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact words and musical moments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact words and musical moments are
+generally both felt to have intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally both felt to have intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally both felt to have intrinsic
+emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions
+but while the emotional context of text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but while the emotional context of text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but while the emotional context of text
+is determined at least in part from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determined at least in part from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determined at least in part from the
+semantics that is the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics that is the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics that is the meaning of
+individual words and sentences the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual words and sentences the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual words and sentences the
+emotional content of individual musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional content of individual musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional content of individual musical
+parameters is far less well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is far less well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is far less well
+defined this lack of definition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined this lack of definition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined this lack of definition is
+especially acute in written musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially acute in written musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially acute in written musical
+scores that are separated from the oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores that are separated from the oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores that are separated from the oral
+and visual components of particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visual components of particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visual components of particular
+performances or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances or
+recordings so a major question for music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings so a major question for music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings so a major question for music
+perception or the psychology of music is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception or the psychology of music is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception or the psychology of music is
+is do particular musical features such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do particular musical features such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do particular musical features such
+as consonants and dissonants beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as consonants and dissonants beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as consonants and dissonants beat
+placement and Pitch height when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement and Pitch height when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement and Pitch height when they
+separated from the performative elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from the performative elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from the performative elements
+do they still carry particular emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they still carry particular emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they still carry particular emotional
+meanings such as acceleration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings such as acceleration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings such as acceleration or
+sadness it might not be possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness it might not be possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness it might not be possible to
+answer such a question directly but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer such a question directly but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer such a question directly but we
+can approach the answer indirectly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can approach the answer indirectly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can approach the answer indirectly by
+asking are there musical features that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking are there musical features that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking are there musical features that
+are used in conjunction with texts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used in conjunction with texts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used in conjunction with texts and
+are associated with particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with particular
+sentiments or emotions with such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiments or emotions with such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiments or emotions with such
+regularity that we might believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity that we might believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity that we might believe that
+the musical features themselves are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical features themselves are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical features themselves are used
+to to strengthen the effect of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to strengthen the effect of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to strengthen the effect of these
+affects and emotions or do they indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects and emotions or do they indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects and emotions or do they indeed
+carry that affect or emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry that affect or emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry that affect or emotion
+themselves the problem with making such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves the problem with making such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves the problem with making such
+connections with the traditional musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections with the traditional musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections with the traditional musical
+analysis is that there's no perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is that there's no perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is that there's no perfect
+correlation between any musical feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between any musical feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between any musical feature
+and any emotional state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any emotional state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any emotional state
+we might think at least in Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might think at least in Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might think at least in Western
+common practice tradition that words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common practice tradition that words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common practice tradition that words
+conting Joy would tend to be higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conting Joy would tend to be higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conting Joy would tend to be higher in
+Pitch than the notes around them or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitch than the notes around them or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitch than the notes around them or the
+notes preceding it and it's easy to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes preceding it and it's easy to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes preceding it and it's easy to find
+examples to confirm this theory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to confirm this theory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to confirm this theory in
+Schubert's Gretchen on SPID Rod or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schubert's Gretchen on SPID Rod or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schubert's Gretchen on SPID Rod or
+Gretchen at the spinning wheel one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gretchen at the spinning wheel one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gretchen at the spinning wheel one of
+his leads every single time the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his leads every single time the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his leads every single time the word
+hers which is the German for heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hers which is the German for heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hers which is the German for heart
+appears or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears or
+smile or zor magic your cuse kiss it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile or zor magic your cuse kiss it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile or zor magic your cuse kiss it's
+always at the same pitch height or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always at the same pitch height or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always at the same pitch height or
+higher than the preceding note and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the preceding note and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the preceding note and
+always in the upper register for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singer so it might sound like this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer so it might sound like this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer so it might sound like this is an
+easy connection but then a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy connection but then a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy connection but then a little bit of
+Elvis enters into your head but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elvis enters into your head but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elvis enters into your head but
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+help falling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+love in this song by Elvis originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in this song by Elvis originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love in this song by Elvis originally
+written by George Weiss and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by George Weiss and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by George Weiss and others
+called can't help falling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called can't help falling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called can't help falling in
+love we always hear the words love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love we always hear the words love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love we always hear the words love and
+darling below the previous note even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darling below the previous note even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darling below the previous note even in
+an expression as magistic or the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression as magistic or the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression as magistic or the full
+word painting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word painting as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word painting as
+falling even that is set with a rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling even that is set with a rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling even that is set with a rising
+motion so this says that individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so this says that individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so this says that individual
+pieces some here and some there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces some here and some there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces some here and some there might
+have clear relationships among text and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clear relationships among text and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clear relationships among text and
+emotion and musical features teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and musical features teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and musical features teachers
+but across a large Corpus the aggregated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but across a large Corpus the aggregated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but across a large Corpus the aggregated
+experience of listening to common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of listening to common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of listening to common
+practice or folk or popular music is far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice or folk or popular music is far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice or folk or popular music is far
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+muddled to clarify this we can turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddled to clarify this we can turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddled to clarify this we can turn to
+Corpus studies especially computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus studies especially computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus studies especially computational
+analysis of large repertories of musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of large repertories of musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of large repertories of musical
+encoded data sets whose sheer volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded data sets whose sheer volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded data sets whose sheer volume
+makes it impossible for human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it impossible for human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it impossible for human
+researchers to analyze all these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers to analyze all these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers to analyze all these pieces
+manually with comput methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually with comput methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually with comput methods for
+extracting connections among music text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting connections among music text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting connections among music text
+and emotion we can find statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emotion we can find statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emotion we can find statistically
+significant Trends in music a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Trends in music a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Trends in music a
+relationships that stand out from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that stand out from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that stand out from a
+large Corpus even if the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Corpus even if the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Corpus even if the magnitude of
+the trend itself is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small Sophia's son and I used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Sophia's son and I used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Sophia's son and I used a
+repository of lead sheets that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository of lead sheets that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository of lead sheets that is
+Melodies with lyrics and chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melodies with lyrics and chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melodies with lyrics and chord
+symbols there were n about 1900 songs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols there were n about 1900 songs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols there were n about 1900 songs
+189 9 5 in total that were in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+189 9 5 in total that were in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+189 9 5 in total that were in English
+language that the encodings seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that the encodings seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that the encodings seem to be
+high quality and that there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality and that there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality and that there were no
+duplicates this is a repository called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicates this is a repository called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicates this is a repository called
+wikip phonia that used to be freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wikip phonia that used to be freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wikip phonia that used to be freely
+available on the internet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available on the internet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available on the internet and
+unfortunately their license expired and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately their license expired and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately their license expired and
+now uh is only available to those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh is only available to those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh is only available to those who
+had downloaded it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had downloaded it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had downloaded it
+beforehand in these 1900 songs there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand in these 1900 songs there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand in these 1900 songs there's
+about 200,000 notes and a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200,000 notes and a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200,000 notes and a little bit
+less than that in terms of the the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than that in terms of the the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than that in terms of the the words
+and 70,000 chords so this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 70,000 chords so this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 70,000 chords so this is a big
+repository to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository to look
+at we also used a second Corpus but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at we also used a second Corpus but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at we also used a second Corpus but this
+one not a musical Corpus this is an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not a musical Corpus this is an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not a musical Corpus this is an open
+crowdsource database of 14,000 common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdsource database of 14,000 common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdsource database of 14,000 common
+English words that was made Mohammad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English words that was made Mohammad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English words that was made Mohammad
+anney of the national research Council
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anney of the national research Council
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anney of the national research Council
+of Canada and each of these words has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Canada and each of these words has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Canada and each of these words has
+been coded according to the aects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been coded according to the aects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been coded according to the aects that
+they have for instance words with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have for instance words with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have for instance words with the
+affect of anticipation include skewed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect of anticipation include skewed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect of anticipation include skewed or
+recreational or Zeal Holiness intimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreational or Zeal Holiness intimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreational or Zeal Holiness intimately
+harbringer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harbringer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harbringer
+birthday something I think we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday something I think we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday something I think we all
+anticipate or plan and we can also look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate or plan and we can also look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate or plan and we can also look
+at words that have that effect and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at words that have that effect and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at words that have that effect and that
+effect alone so for instance if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect alone so for instance if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect alone so for instance if we look
+at uh discust we see slim dong barf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh discust we see slim dong barf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh discust we see slim dong barf
+diarrhea gratuitous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diarrhea gratuitous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diarrhea gratuitous
+heartworm things that all only have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartworm things that all only have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartworm things that all only have this
+particular affect together with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular affect together with a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular affect together with a small
+list of what we call stop words these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of what we call stop words these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of what we call stop words these
+are words that have no affect and appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are words that have no affect and appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are words that have no affect and appear
+too commonly such as the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too commonly such as the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too commonly such as the and
+us she he about 60% of all the words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us she he about 60% of all the words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us she he about 60% of all the words in
+the Psalms could be classified according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Psalms could be classified according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Psalms could be classified according
+to affect or not having affect in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect or not having affect in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect or not having affect in the
+stop list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop list
+mutal and there are at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutal and there are at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutal and there are at least
+2,000 in instances of each affect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 in instances of each affect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 in instances of each affect and
+some with over 12,000 that appeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some with over 12,000 that appeared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some with over 12,000 that appeared in
+the scorpus so there were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scorpus so there were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scorpus so there were in the
+repository there were 2853 songs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository there were 2853 songs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository there were 2853 songs that
+had anger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them also in the in the Corpus were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them also in the in the Corpus were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them also in the in the Corpus were
+25,000 words that were coded as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25,000 words that were coded as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25,000 words that were coded as being
+mutual and then of those plus stop words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual and then of those plus stop words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual and then of those plus stop words
+there were about 12,000 words that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were about 12,000 words that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were about 12,000 words that we
+can be pretty sure to be neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be pretty sure to be neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be pretty sure to be neutral
+and then 100 sorry 123,000 that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 100 sorry 123,000 that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 100 sorry 123,000 that could be
+believed to be neutral and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed to be neutral and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed to be neutral and then
+183,000 is all of the comprehensive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+183,000 is all of the comprehensive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+183,000 is all of the comprehensive uh
+words that did not fill foot fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that did not fill foot fit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that did not fill foot fit into
+one of these 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aects sun and I use Music 21 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aects sun and I use Music 21 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aects sun and I use Music 21 to
+automatically label every instance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically label every instance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically label every instance of
+the word in the data set alongside one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word in the data set alongside one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word in the data set alongside one
+value that we are measuring at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we are measuring at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we are measuring at the time
+so for instance this is the song Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance this is the song Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance this is the song Green
+sleeves uh also known of at Christmas as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeves uh also known of at Christmas as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeves uh also known of at Christmas as
+What Child Is This and in this excerpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What Child Is This and in this excerpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What Child Is This and in this excerpt
+every word except for U the word alas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every word except for U the word alas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every word except for U the word alas
+was identified by the composer by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was identified by the composer by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was identified by the composer by the
+computer as being somewhere in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer as being somewhere in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer as being somewhere in the data
+set but only two words in this excerpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but only two words in this excerpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but only two words in this excerpt
+had a particular aect that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a particular aect that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a particular aect that had been
+identified they a identified love as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified they a identified love as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified they a identified love as as
+joy and positive and wrong as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joy and positive and wrong as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joy and positive and wrong as
+negative so then we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so then we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so then we looked at
+particular values that we could measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular values that we could measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular values that we could measure
+for instance the one that I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance the one that I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance the one that I talked about
+earlier about Pitch height so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier about Pitch height so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier about Pitch height so we're
+going to look for each word look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look for each word look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look for each word look at the
+first syllable How many semmit tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first syllable How many semmit tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first syllable How many semmit tones
+above or below the previous note does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above or below the previous note does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above or below the previous note does
+that word appear so my is two semitones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word appear so my is two semitones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word appear so my is two semitones
+or a whole Step Above AAS uh love is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a whole Step Above AAS uh love is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a whole Step Above AAS uh love is two
+semmit tones above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semmit tones above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semmit tones above
+my going forward wrong is four semitones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my going forward wrong is four semitones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my going forward wrong is four semitones
+below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+me with measurements like this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me with measurements like this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me with measurements like this we can
+test the first Theory do positive words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the first Theory do positive words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the first Theory do positive words
+rise in pitch and negative words descend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise in pitch and negative words descend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise in pitch and negative words descend
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pitch here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitch here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitch here
+is our graph of the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our graph of the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our graph of the results
+for for this particular measurement what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this particular measurement what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this particular measurement what
+we call the relative pitch measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the relative pitch measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the relative pitch measurement
+and what we can do on the left are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we can do on the left are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we can do on the left are the
+10 aects or emotions that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 aects or emotions that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 aects or emotions that we were
+looking at anger anticipation discust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at anger anticipation discust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at anger anticipation discust
+fear Joy negative positive sadness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear Joy negative positive sadness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear Joy negative positive sadness
+surprise and trust and we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise and trust and we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise and trust and we can look at
+words with that connotation compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words with that connotation compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words with that connotation compared to
+the neutral words that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutral words that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutral words that had been
+identified in the National research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified in the National research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified in the National research
+Council Canada data set and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council Canada data set and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council Canada data set and we can see
+that uh for instance looking across at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for instance looking across at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for instance looking across at
+the Top Line um to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Top Line um to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Top Line um to the
+highlighted to the highlighted figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted to the highlighted figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted to the highlighted figure
+that anger was a little bit higher well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anger was a little bit higher well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anger was a little bit higher well
+there's a plus sign so it was higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plus sign so it was higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plus sign so it was higher
+than the neutal thing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the neutal thing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the neutal thing but the
+0.89 is the P value that is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.89 is the P value that is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.89 is the P value that is our
+confidence how often would such a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence how often would such a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence how often would such a value
+happen by chance and um you subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen by chance and um you subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen by chance and um you subtract
+from one so 1 minus .89 whatever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one so 1 minus .89 whatever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one so 1 minus .89 whatever it's
+about 10% chance it would happened um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10% chance it would happened um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10% chance it would happened um by
+chance that all the words for anger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that all the words for anger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that all the words for anger
+would be higher and usually we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be higher and usually we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be higher and usually we don't
+think of P values that are below 0.95 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of P values that are below 0.95 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of P values that are below 0.95 or
+95% uh chance or 5% chance of happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% uh chance or 5% chance of happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% uh chance or 5% chance of happening
+accidentally we don't think of those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally we don't think of those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally we don't think of those as
+uh having meaning in fact when you do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having meaning in fact when you do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having meaning in fact when you do um
+what we call a multiple comparison set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a multiple comparison set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a multiple comparison set
+where we're looking at a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're looking at a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're looking at a lot of things
+that once we really want P values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once we really want P values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once we really want P values that
+are much better than 05 01 001 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much better than 05 01 001 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much better than 05 01 001 and so
+on and so in this chart anger doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so in this chart anger doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so in this chart anger doesn't
+have a particular color on the NRC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular color on the NRC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular color on the NRC
+neutral set there's no no Stitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral set there's no no Stitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral set there's no no Stitch
+significant value there nor does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant value there nor does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant value there nor does
+anticipation disgust or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation disgust or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation disgust or
+fear but joy on the other hand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear but joy on the other hand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear but joy on the other hand is
+labeled with a uh sort of a darker blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with a uh sort of a darker blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with a uh sort of a darker blue
+meaning that this is statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that this is statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that this is statistically
+significant the three stars show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant the three stars show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant the three stars show how
+statistically significant so words with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant so words with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant so words with
+Joy are higher than neutral words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joy are higher than neutral words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joy are higher than neutral words
+negative words didn't have any sort of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative words didn't have any sort of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative words didn't have any sort of P
+value but positive words had a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but positive words had a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but positive words had a slight
+positive uh correlation they're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh correlation they're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh correlation they're a little
+bit higher but if we go down surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit higher but if we go down surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit higher but if we go down surprise
+was a strong thing so words with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a strong thing so words with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a strong thing so words with
+surprise were higher than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise were higher than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise were higher than other
+words we can look at other parts and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we can look at other parts and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we can look at other parts and for
+instance on the right um side this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance on the right um side this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance on the right um side this
+triangular chart we can look at how each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular chart we can look at how each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular chart we can look at how each
+affect correlates with another a effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect correlates with another a effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect correlates with another a effect
+so we can see that surprise is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see that surprise is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see that surprise is slightly
+statistically significantly higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significantly higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significantly higher than
+words about anger or slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about anger or slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about anger or slightly
+statistically significantly higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significantly higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significantly higher than
+BS about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS about
+negative the column just to the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the column just to the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the column just to the right of
+the yellow highlighted chart are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow highlighted chart are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow highlighted chart are the
+stop words compared to the A and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop words compared to the A and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop words compared to the A and and
+every single emotion or word is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single emotion or word is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single emotion or word is higher
+in Pitch than a stop or you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Pitch than a stop or you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Pitch than a stop or you know just
+think about when I say the it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when I say the it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when I say the it's pretty
+low we don't tend to put this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low we don't tend to put this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low we don't tend to put this kind of
+high emphasis on stops so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high emphasis on stops so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high emphasis on stops so I'm going to
+show some of the things that that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some of the things that that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some of the things that that came
+up comparing these affects to neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up comparing these affects to neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up comparing these affects to neutral
+words because this seems to be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words because this seems to be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words because this seems to be the the
+most fun and um interesting part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fun and um interesting part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fun and um interesting part of the
+research so all of this this whole chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so all of this this whole chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so all of this this whole chart
+will get reduced to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get reduced to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get reduced to a
+single column in this chart and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single column in this chart and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single column in this chart and so we
+can see the relative pitch that Joy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the relative pitch that Joy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the relative pitch that Joy
+positive and surprise are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and surprise are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and surprise are
+higher here is the key for the chart so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher here is the key for the chart so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher here is the key for the chart so
+I don't show how much higher or how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't show how much higher or how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't show how much higher or how much
+lower in pitch or how much more positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in pitch or how much more positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in pitch or how much more positive
+or negative just the mag just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or negative just the mag just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or negative just the mag just the
+direction in terms of the colors so blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in terms of the colors so blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in terms of the colors so blue
+colors tend to be high in some way and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors tend to be high in some way and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors tend to be high in some way and M
+and brown colors are lower and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brown colors are lower and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brown colors are lower and then the
+intensity of the shade shows the P value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the shade shows the P value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the shade shows the P value
+um so the first things that are shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first things that are shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first things that are shaded
+happen only 1% chance um that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen only 1% chance um that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen only 1% chance um that they're
+Happening by chance and then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening by chance and then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening by chance and then the next
+shade is uh 1110th of 1% then going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade is uh 1110th of 1% then going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade is uh 1110th of 1% then going down
+100th 1% 1,000th 1% one uh 10,000 1% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100th 1% 1,000th 1% one uh 10,000 1% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100th 1% 1,000th 1% one uh 10,000 1% and
+you can see on the right as 10 to the -5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see on the right as 10 to the -5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see on the right as 10 to the -5
+-6 7 you'll see some of the charts were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-6 7 you'll see some of the charts were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-6 7 you'll see some of the charts were
+really showing things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really showing things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really showing things that are
+absolutely positively not by chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely positively not by chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely positively not by chance
+things with 10 to the -200 or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more one of the things that we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more one of the things that we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more one of the things that we thought
+was really interesting we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really interesting we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really interesting we looked at the
+beat strength of every note so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat strength of every note so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat strength of every note so we
+compared to the prevailing time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the prevailing time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the prevailing time
+signature which is quite often 44 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature which is quite often 44 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature which is quite often 44 and
+we're able to figure out what's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to figure out what's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to figure out what's on the
+beat and what's off the beat and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat and what's off the beat and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat and what's off the beat and one of
+the things we can see looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we can see looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we can see looking at the
+blue parts that words conting joy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue parts that words conting joy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue parts that words conting joy and
+positive emotions are really much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive emotions are really much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive emotions are really much more
+common to happen on the beat similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to happen on the beat similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to happen on the beat similarly
+with surprise and trust but looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with surprise and trust but looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with surprise and trust but looking at
+things that happen off the beat or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen off the beat or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen off the beat or on
+weak beats that's where you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak beats that's where you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak beats that's where you put the
+words for anger or syncopate disgust or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for anger or syncopate disgust or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for anger or syncopate disgust or
+fear or negative emotions tend to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear or negative emotions tend to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear or negative emotions tend to happen
+on weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on weaker
+beats similarly we can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats similarly we can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats similarly we can look at the
+length of notes that um almost nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of notes that um almost nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of notes that um almost nothing
+has um a a positive correlation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has um a a positive correlation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has um a a positive correlation that
+that say that is longer than you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say that is longer than you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say that is longer than you would
+expect but these negative emotions anger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect but these negative emotions anger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect but these negative emotions anger
+disgust fear and and just the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgust fear and and just the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgust fear and and just the general
+negative tend to be on shter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative tend to be on shter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative tend to be on shter
+notes so that we're we're really um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so that we're we're really um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so that we're we're really um just
+sort of spitting out these short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of spitting out these short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of spitting out these short
+emotions intriguing ly when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions intriguing ly when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions intriguing ly when we look at
+the overall pitch the the pitch of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall pitch the the pitch of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall pitch the the pitch of a
+note compared to the average pitch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note compared to the average pitch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note compared to the average pitch of
+the entire song there's basically no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire song there's basically no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire song there's basically no
+correlation we don't tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation we don't tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation we don't tend to
+sing happy things high and set things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing happy things high and set things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing happy things high and set things
+low only a little bit with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low only a little bit with positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low only a little bit with positive
+Happy Joy surprising things do we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happy Joy surprising things do we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happy Joy surprising things do we set
+them a little bit higher than what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit higher than what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit higher than what was
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+before did look at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before did look at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before did look at at
+consonants What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants What
+notes with what words are set to notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes with what words are set to notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes with what words are set to notes
+that are part of a consonant chord we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of a consonant chord we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of a consonant chord we
+remember these are lead sheets so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these are lead sheets so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these are lead sheets so we
+have the melody the words and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the melody the words and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the melody the words and also the
+underlying chords we can see some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying chords we can see some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying chords we can see some of
+these U negative emotions anger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these U negative emotions anger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these U negative emotions anger but
+especially sadness and sub um are are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially sadness and sub um are are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially sadness and sub um are are on
+more dissonant thing um notes than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dissonant thing um notes than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dissonant thing um notes than the
+dissonant chords than the prevailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonant chords than the prevailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonant chords than the prevailing
+peace but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace but also
+somewhat surprising Joy maybe that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat surprising Joy maybe that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat surprising Joy maybe that's a
+way you emphasize joyful words or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you emphasize joyful words or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you emphasize joyful words or
+surprising words you put them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising words you put them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising words you put them on
+slightly um slightly more dissonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly um slightly more dissonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly um slightly more dissonant
+words looked at two ways of classifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words looked at two ways of classifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words looked at two ways of classifying
+the mode of a piece so major or minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode of a piece so major or minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode of a piece so major or minor
+and um we looked at do certain emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we looked at do certain emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we looked at do certain emotions
+appear more in songs that are in minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear more in songs that are in minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear more in songs that are in minor
+versus in major and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus in major and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus in major and this is something
+that I at least have always been taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I at least have always been taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I at least have always been taught
+and I think many of us have been taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think many of us have been taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think many of us have been taught
+that you know minor pieces are sad maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know minor pieces are sad maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know minor pieces are sad maybe
+minor pieces are sad but their words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor pieces are sad but their words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor pieces are sad but their words
+aren't any sadder than major mode pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any sadder than major mode pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any sadder than major mode pieces
+There's no distinction between major and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no distinction between major and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no distinction between major and
+minor uh when we look at the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor uh when we look at the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor uh when we look at the whole
+piece so instead we used um and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so instead we used um and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so instead we used um and by the
+way we will be looking later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we will be looking later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we will be looking later in the
+semester and how we can computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and how we can computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and how we can computationally
+measure the key of a piece U when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the key of a piece U when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the key of a piece U when we get
+to Carol uh Carol Crum hansel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Carol uh Carol Crum hansel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Carol uh Carol Crum hansel's
+work so we thought maybe you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so we thought maybe you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so we thought maybe you know maybe
+it's not the whole piece but maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the whole piece but maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the whole piece but maybe that
+these you know sad emotions appear in A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know sad emotions appear in A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know sad emotions appear in A
+Minor section or piece using a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minor section or piece using a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minor section or piece using a lot of
+minor chords within a larger piece so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor chords within a larger piece so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor chords within a larger piece so we
+looked at the local mode just the mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the local mode just the mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the local mode just the mode
+of the four measures on either side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the four measures on either side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the four measures on either side of
+uh I think the support measures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the support measures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the support measures on
+either side of a word and there we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of a word and there we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of a word and there we found
+a very small correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small correlation
+but it was exactly the opposite we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was exactly the opposite we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was exactly the opposite we
+expected in a local um section we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected in a local um section we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected in a local um section we use
+Brown to represent minor in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown to represent minor in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown to represent minor in this case
+and blue to represent major joy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue to represent major joy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue to represent major joy and
+positive emotions tend to appear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive emotions tend to appear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive emotions tend to appear a
+little bit more in locally minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces what it might be is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces what it might be is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces what it might be is that there's
+not this connotation of sadness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this connotation of sadness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this connotation of sadness or
+negative or anger with minor but about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or anger with minor but about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or anger with minor but about
+not knowing where you are so we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing where you are so we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing where you are so we looked
+at the tonal certainty how how clear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the tonal certainty how how clear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the tonal certainty how how clear is
+it what key we're in and here we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what key we're in and here we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what key we're in and here we found
+some correlations that were negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some correlations that were negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some correlations that were negative
+that is to say anger and negative words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say anger and negative words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say anger and negative words
+tend to appear a little bit more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to appear a little bit more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to appear a little bit more in
+tonally uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonally uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonally uncertain
+passages now this isn't necessarily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages now this isn't necessarily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages now this isn't necessarily a
+guide to composers for what to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to composers for what to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to composers for what to do but
+what composers have done what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what composers have done what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what composers have done what people
+have done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+past so what did we learn by doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past so what did we learn by doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past so what did we learn by doing all
+this words conting joy and surprise are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this words conting joy and surprise are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this words conting joy and surprise are
+higher in Pitch than the surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in Pitch than the surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in Pitch than the surrounding
+context but negative connotations such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but negative connotations such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but negative connotations such
+as anger or disgust are not lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as anger or disgust are not lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as anger or disgust are not lower in
+Pitch than a neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitch than a neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitch than a neutral
+word positive words are not highlighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word positive words are not highlighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word positive words are not highlighted
+with consequences if anything it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with consequences if anything it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with consequences if anything it's
+slightly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly the
+opposite in one measure of dissonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite in one measure of dissonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite in one measure of dissonance
+however words conting sadness are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however words conting sadness are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however words conting sadness are more
+common but negative words appear more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common but negative words appear more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common but negative words appear more
+often in passages of tonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in passages of tonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in passages of tonal
+uncertainty finally mode has almost no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty finally mode has almost no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty finally mode has almost no
+correlation with the emotion of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation with the emotion of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation with the emotion of words
+whether we're talking about the mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're talking about the mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're talking about the mode of
+the pieace or whether the chord at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieace or whether the chord at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieace or whether the chord at that
+moment is major or minor though surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is major or minor though surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is major or minor though surprise
+and anticipation do get minor chords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anticipation do get minor chords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anticipation do get minor chords
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often it may be that this connection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it may be that this connection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it may be that this connection of
+minor with sad is one of these cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor with sad is one of these cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor with sad is one of these cases of
+a purely musical connection that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a purely musical connection that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a purely musical connection that is to
+say we've learned to hear minor music as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we've learned to hear minor music as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we've learned to hear minor music as
+sad regardless of what the words are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad regardless of what the words are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad regardless of what the words are
+about and this is something that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and this is something that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and this is something that as a
+music historian I know hasn't been true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music historian I know hasn't been true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music historian I know hasn't been true
+all throughout music's history uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all throughout music's history uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all throughout music's history uh there
+were times when uh a pure major cordin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were times when uh a pure major cordin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were times when uh a pure major cordin
+was considered harsh or a little bit sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was considered harsh or a little bit sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was considered harsh or a little bit sad
+and that's not the case today but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not the case today but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not the case today but but
+maybe when people do consistently report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe when people do consistently report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe when people do consistently report
+in music psychology surveys that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in music psychology surveys that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in music psychology surveys that they
+hear sadness in minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear sadness in minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear sadness in minor
+pieces that there's something happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that there's something happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that there's something happening
+that's not fully explained in the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not fully explained in the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not fully explained in the words
+so there's always more research to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always more research to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always more research to
+happen and I just want to thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and I just want to thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and I just want to thank you for
+allowing me to share what Sophia son and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing me to share what Sophia son and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing me to share what Sophia son and
+myself have found
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SmFwFdESMHI.txt b/SmFwFdESMHI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..835bb5a09e5576172bb9931957e5127ccb9c70c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SmFwFdESMHI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13366 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer high quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu let's get started drop date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu let's get started drop date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu let's get started drop date
+is coming up so if you didn't do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming up so if you didn't do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming up so if you didn't do very
+well in the midterm and you haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the midterm and you haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the midterm and you haven't been
+doing your homework and haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your homework and haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your homework and haven't been
+going to recitation I would strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to recitation I would strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to recitation I would strongly
+consider uh drop date uh and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh drop date uh and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh drop date uh and you can see
+your Tas to get some idea of what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Tas to get some idea of what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Tas to get some idea of what your
+grades are uh and what you're likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades are uh and what you're likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades are uh and what you're likely to
+do if you keep on you know per getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you keep on you know per getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you keep on you know per getting
+the same performance you've had so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same performance you've had so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same performance you've had so
+far now today we're going to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far now today we're going to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far now today we're going to switch
+gears again and cover the last topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears again and cover the last topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears again and cover the last topic for
+the course uh for the remainder of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course uh for the remainder of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course uh for the remainder of the
+course we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're going to talk about
+probability it's one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it's one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it's one of the most
+important subjects in all of math or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important subjects in all of math or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important subjects in all of math or
+computer science in fact I was at a frat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science in fact I was at a frat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science in fact I was at a frat
+last night for dinner and they asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night for dinner and they asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night for dinner and they asked me
+what my favorite algorithm was and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my favorite algorithm was and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my favorite algorithm was and I
+couldn't really think about what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't really think about what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't really think about what my
+favorite algorithm was but in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite algorithm was but in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite algorithm was but in terms of
+one of the most important subjects for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important subjects for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important subjects for
+you to know about after induction it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know about after induction it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know about after induction it's
+probably probability uh it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probability uh it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probability uh it's really
+important across math and computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important across math and computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important across math and computer
+science most of the upper level courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science most of the upper level courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science most of the upper level courses
+you take in computer science are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take in computer science are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take in computer science are going
+to use probability they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use probability they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use probability they're going to
+expect you to know the basics you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to know the basics you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to know the basics you know
+for example when you're designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example when you're designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example when you're designing
+algorithms in 006 or 604 six uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in 006 or 604 six uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in 006 or 604 six uh you're
+going to be designing in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be designing in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be designing in some cases
+probabilistic algorithms algorithms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic algorithms algorithms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic algorithms algorithms that
+flip coins or Generate random numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip coins or Generate random numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip coins or Generate random numbers to
+get the result and by using Randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the result and by using Randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the result and by using Randomness
+they run faster if you're doing software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run faster if you're doing software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run faster if you're doing software
+engineering later you're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering later you're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering later you're going to use
+probability when you analyze system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability when you analyze system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability when you analyze system
+performance or build hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or build hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or build hash
+tables uh probability is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables uh probability is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables uh probability is used in
+information theory in coding theory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information theory in coding theory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information theory in coding theory in
+cryptography in fact our nation's codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography in fact our nation's codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography in fact our nation's codes
+their security depends on probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their security depends on probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their security depends on probabilistic
+analysis because the bad guys are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis because the bad guys are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis because the bad guys are using
+probabilistic algorithms to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic algorithms to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic algorithms to break the
+crypto system and we'll give an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system and we'll give an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system and we'll give an example
+of that in another week or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in another week or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in another week or
+so probability is obviously important if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probability is obviously important if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probability is obviously important if
+you're doing Game Theory or if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing Game Theory or if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing Game Theory or if you like
+to gamble uh really critical in gambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gamble uh really critical in gambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gamble uh really critical in gambling
+in fact we're going to analyze a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we're going to analyze a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we're going to analyze a lot of
+different gambling games over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gambling games over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gambling games over the next
+few weeks and for fun we'll play some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks and for fun we'll play some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks and for fun we'll play some in
+class in fact we'll play one later today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in fact we'll play one later today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in fact we'll play one later today
+and it's amazing how often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's amazing how often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's amazing how often
+the intuition is wrong you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition is wrong you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition is wrong you think the
+answer goes one way and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer goes one way and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer goes one way and then it's
+actually the other probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the other probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the other probability is
+important in the study of fall tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the study of fall tolerance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the study of fall tolerance
+for example how do you figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example how do you figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example how do you figure out the
+probability there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there's going to be some
+critical failure that causes the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical failure that causes the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical failure that causes the space
+shuttle to crash or a critical failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle to crash or a critical failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle to crash or a critical failure
+that causes a nuclear plant to melt down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes a nuclear plant to melt down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes a nuclear plant to melt down
+that's done through probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done through probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done through probabilistic
+analysis and we'll do some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and we'll do some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and we'll do some examples of
+that probability comes up in everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability comes up in everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability comes up in everyday
+life we just had an election and running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life we just had an election and running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life we just had an election and running
+up to the election you get all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the election you get all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the election you get all these
+polls that say that so and so is ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls that say that so and so is ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls that say that so and so is ahead
+of so and so by three points with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so and so by three points with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so and so by three points with an
+error of margin of error of Five Points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of margin of error of Five Points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of margin of error of Five Points
+so it's a statistical Dead Heat is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a statistical Dead Heat is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a statistical Dead Heat is what
+they say what the heck does that mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say what the heck does that mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say what the heck does that mean uh
+in fact usually they've got it screwed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact usually they've got it screwed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact usually they've got it screwed
+up and we're going to spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and we're going to spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and we're going to spend the
+recitation where you're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation where you're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation where you're going to do a
+margin of error analysis for a poll and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of error analysis for a poll and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of error analysis for a poll and
+see how many people you need to pull to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how many people you need to pull to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how many people you need to pull to
+get a pretty accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a pretty accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a pretty accurate
+result comes up in medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result comes up in medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result comes up in medical
+studies does cholesterol cause cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies does cholesterol cause cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies does cholesterol cause cause
+heart disease does smoking cause lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease does smoking cause lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease does smoking cause lung
+cancer how effective is a certain drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer how effective is a certain drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer how effective is a certain drug
+say you get tested for a disease and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you get tested for a disease and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you get tested for a disease and it
+comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back
+positive well there's false positives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive well there's false positives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive well there's false positives
+and false negatives what are the chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and false negatives what are the chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and false negatives what are the chances
+you really have the disease so the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have the disease so the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have the disease so the list
+goes on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on and
+on uh in fact we're going to see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh in fact we're going to see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh in fact we're going to see all
+these examples we got eight lectures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples we got eight lectures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples we got eight lectures and
+eight recitations and there's just no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight recitations and there's just no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight recitations and there's just no
+end of interesting examples where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of interesting examples where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of interesting examples where
+probability comes into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability comes into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability comes into play
+the bad news is probability is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad news is probability is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad news is probability is probably
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+misunderstood subject in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood subject in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood subject in all of
+mathematics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and the
+Sciences in fact Mark Twain once said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences in fact Mark Twain once said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences in fact Mark Twain once said
+there's three kinds of lies lies damned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three kinds of lies lies damned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three kinds of lies lies damned
+lies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies and
+statistics meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics meaning
+probability because it's so easy to lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability because it's so easy to lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability because it's so easy to lie
+with statistics and we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with statistics and we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with statistics and we're going to see
+lots of lots of examples of that um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of lots of examples of that um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of lots of examples of that um in
+fact newspaper articles you know have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact newspaper articles you know have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact newspaper articles you know have
+all sorts of things that are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things that are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things that are just
+horribly fallacious based on statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly fallacious based on statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly fallacious based on statistics
+and we'll see examples in fact we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see examples in fact we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see examples in fact we're
+going to even debunk a very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to even debunk a very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to even debunk a very famous
+article published research paper by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article published research paper by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article published research paper by some
+famous computer scientists at Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous computer scientists at Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous computer scientists at Berkeley
+where they got to a conclusion using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they got to a conclusion using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they got to a conclusion using a
+very standard method you see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very standard method you see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very standard method you see all the
+time completely fallacious and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time completely fallacious and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time completely fallacious and we'll see
+that so you can think of that as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you can think of that as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you can think of that as I'm
+going to teach you how to lie with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to teach you how to lie with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to teach you how to lie with
+Statistics even better how not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics even better how not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics even better how not to be
+taken in by incorrect arguments using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken in by incorrect arguments using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken in by incorrect arguments using
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+Theory now at MIT it's probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory now at MIT it's probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory now at MIT it's probably the
+subject that most often trips up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that most often trips up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that most often trips up
+students in their PHD qualifying exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in their PHD qualifying exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in their PHD qualifying exams
+you know there's no better way than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's no better way than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's no better way than to
+to strike Terror in the heart of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to strike Terror in the heart of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to strike Terror in the heart of a
+student than to be sitting there and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student than to be sitting there and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student than to be sitting there and ask
+them a question while they they're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a question while they they're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a question while they they're at
+the board what's the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board what's the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board what's the probability that
+Foo happens it's like Panic sets in when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foo happens it's like Panic sets in when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foo happens it's like Panic sets in when
+they've got to do a problemistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got to do a problemistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got to do a problemistic
+analysis and now MIT PhD students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and now MIT PhD students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and now MIT PhD students are
+good you know they can crank out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know they can crank out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know they can crank out the
+most horrendous calculation no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most horrendous calculation no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most horrendous calculation no problem
+come up with really clever ideas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with really clever ideas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with really clever ideas to
+solve problems but you get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems but you get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems but you get into
+probability it gets into trouble in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it gets into trouble in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it gets into trouble in fact
+even the other faculty sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the other faculty sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the other faculty sitting there
+starts squirming around when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts squirming around when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts squirming around when this
+question's being posed you know and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question's being posed you know and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question's being posed you know and um
+there probability questions are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there probability questions are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there probability questions are and
+we'll see some examples today are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see some examples today are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see some examples today are always
+always the best at faculty parties just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the best at faculty parties just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the best at faculty parties just
+can ruin people's whole night you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ruin people's whole night you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ruin people's whole night you know
+what's the probability this happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability this happens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability this happens and
+it's some weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some weird
+answer um now the strange thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer um now the strange thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer um now the strange thing about
+this well first strange thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well first strange thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well first strange thing is that
+our human intuition is terrible and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our human intuition is terrible and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our human intuition is terrible and you
+will see that uh you're intuition will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that uh you're intuition will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that uh you're intuition will
+be wrong just the way our brains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong just the way our brains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong just the way our brains are
+created you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created you know
+genetically but the good news is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically but the good news is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically but the good news is that
+probability can be very simple if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability can be very simple if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability can be very simple if you
+force yourself to just go to the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force yourself to just go to the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force yourself to just go to the basic
+principles which we're going to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles which we're going to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles which we're going to cover
+and go through the basic template of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go through the basic template of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go through the basic template of how
+to solve a problem which we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a problem which we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a problem which we're going to
+cover it is easy and you can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover it is easy and you can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover it is easy and you can't go
+wrong the TR the key is forcing yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong the TR the key is forcing yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong the TR the key is forcing yourself
+to just actually write it down follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just actually write it down follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just actually write it down follow
+the basic principles and get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic principles and get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic principles and get to the
+answer as opposed to saying oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as opposed to saying oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as opposed to saying oh the
+answer's that and here's why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer's that and here's why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer's that and here's why because
+it's amazing how often you'll be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing how often you'll be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing how often you'll be wrong
+if you just try to rely on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just try to rely on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just try to rely on your
+intuition now we're going to start today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition now we're going to start today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition now we're going to start today
+our study probability with a uh a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our study probability with a uh a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our study probability with a uh a famous
+simple game and the game is known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple game and the game is known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple game and the game is known as the
+Monty Hall problem now do you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monty Hall problem now do you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monty Hall problem now do you all know
+who Monty Hall was you're probably too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Monty Hall was you're probably too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Monty Hall was you're probably too
+young yeah okay not many people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young yeah okay not many people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young yeah okay not many people know
+Monty Hall was but back in the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monty Hall was but back in the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monty Hall was but back in the 1970s
+there was a very popular daytime TV show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a very popular daytime TV show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a very popular daytime TV show
+a game show called Let's Make a Deal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game show called Let's Make a Deal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game show called Let's Make a Deal and
+it was the it was a great show it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the it was a great show it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the it was a great show it's the
+precursor of Wheel of Fortune if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor of Wheel of Fortune if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor of Wheel of Fortune if you're
+old enough to have seen that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old enough to have seen that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old enough to have seen that and then
+Deal or No Deal after that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deal or No Deal after that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deal or No Deal after that there's
+always some game show that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always some game show that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always some game show that's really
+popular anyway back in the 70s it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular anyway back in the 70s it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular anyway back in the 70s it was
+Let's Make a Deal and um Monty Hall was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's Make a Deal and um Monty Hall was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's Make a Deal and um Monty Hall was
+the host how many people have ever heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the host how many people have ever heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the host how many people have ever heard
+of Let's Make a Deal raise your hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Let's Make a Deal raise your hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Let's Make a Deal raise your hand if
+you ever heard of that oh okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever heard of that oh okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever heard of that oh okay so it
+still has some Fame good all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has some Fame good all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has some Fame good all right now
+uh Monty Hall of course was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Monty Hall of course was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Monty Hall of course was the
+precursor of Pat SE Jack of Wheel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor of Pat SE Jack of Wheel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor of Pat SE Jack of Wheel of
+Fortune and Howie Mandel you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortune and Howie Mandel you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortune and Howie Mandel you know from
+deal of No Deal and his assistant was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of No Deal and his assistant was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of No Deal and his assistant was
+Carol Merill she was also famous as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol Merill she was also famous as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol Merill she was also famous as the
+the beautiful assistant now and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beautiful assistant now and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beautiful assistant now and let's
+make a deal the TV audience would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a deal the TV audience would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a deal the TV audience would come
+dressed up in Wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed up in Wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed up in Wild
+costumes and Monty would go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costumes and Monty would go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costumes and Monty would go into the
+audience and pick out a contestant from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and pick out a contestant from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and pick out a contestant from
+the audience based on how Wild their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience based on how Wild their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience based on how Wild their
+costume was you know somebody that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costume was you know somebody that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costume was you know somebody that would
+look interesting for TV and what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look interesting for TV and what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look interesting for TV and what he
+would do is he'd buy a piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is he'd buy a piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is he'd buy a piece of the
+costume maybe their hat or shirt or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costume maybe their hat or shirt or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costume maybe their hat or shirt or
+something and give them a hundred bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and give them a hundred bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and give them a hundred bucks
+for a piece of their costume and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piece of their costume and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piece of their costume and then he
+would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say
+hey look you know if you give me back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey look you know if you give me back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey look you know if you give me back
+the $100 I just gave you I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the $100 I just gave you I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the $100 I just gave you I'm going to
+let you have your choice of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you have your choice of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you have your choice of what's
+behind door number one door number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind door number one door number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind door number one door number two
+or door number three or sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or door number three or sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or door number three or sometimes it
+would be box number one box number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be box number one box number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be box number one box number two
+and box number three now because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and box number three now because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and box number three now because people
+had seen the game show before they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had seen the game show before they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had seen the game show before they knew
+that behind one of the doors was a brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behind one of the doors was a brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behind one of the doors was a brand
+new car or underneath one of the boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new car or underneath one of the boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new car or underneath one of the boxes
+was a diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a diamond
+ring and behind the other doors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and behind the other doors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and behind the other doors were
+goats or donkeys or something totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goats or donkeys or something totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goats or donkeys or something totally
+useless so one of the three doors has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless so one of the three doors has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless so one of the three doors has a
+big prize the other two got got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big prize the other two got got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big prize the other two got got
+nothing um but because anybody would pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing um but because anybody would pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing um but because anybody would pay
+$100 for a one in three chance at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 for a one in three chance at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 for a one in three chance at the
+car they played and they're on national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car they played and they're on national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car they played and they're on national
+TV so they give the $100 back to Monty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV so they give the $100 back to Monty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV so they give the $100 back to Monty
+and they pick a door say door number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pick a door say door number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pick a door say door number
+one Monty wouldn't open door number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Monty wouldn't open door number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Monty wouldn't open door number one
+right away what he would do is say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away what he would do is say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away what he would do is say okay
+you sure you like that all right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sure you like that all right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sure you like that all right uh
+Carol can you please reveal what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol can you please reveal what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol can you please reveal what's
+behind door number three so Carol opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind door number three so Carol opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind door number three so Carol opens
+up door number three and there's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up door number three and there's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up door number three and there's one of
+the donkeys sitting there or a goat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the donkeys sitting there or a goat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the donkeys sitting there or a goat
+sitting there well now there's only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there well now there's only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there well now there's only two
+doors left one of them has the car so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors left one of them has the car so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors left one of them has the car so
+he'd ask the contestant well you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd ask the contestant well you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd ask the contestant well you've seen
+the goat there's a car behind one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goat there's a car behind one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goat there's a car behind one of the
+two doors do you want to stick with door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two doors do you want to stick with door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two doors do you want to stick with door
+number one or do you want to switch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one or do you want to switch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one or do you want to switch and
+get door number two and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get door number two and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get door number two and then the
+audience is screaming you know switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is screaming you know switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is screaming you know switch
+stick you know door number one door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick you know door number one door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick you know door number one door
+number two you know the guy's wife there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two you know the guy's wife there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two you know the guy's wife there
+screaming at him and everything and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming at him and everything and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming at him and everything and you
+know he's got a you know he's got a pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's got a you know he's got a pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's got a you know he's got a pick
+so he picks one and you know if he picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he picks one and you know if he picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he picks one and you know if he picks
+the car well his wife's thrilled they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car well his wife's thrilled they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car well his wife's thrilled they
+live happily ever after he's a hero on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live happily ever after he's a hero on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live happily ever after he's a hero on
+national TV and if he picks the goat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national TV and if he picks the goat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national TV and if he picks the goat you
+know he's looking at a divorce and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's looking at a divorce and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's looking at a divorce and you
+know his career is ruined uh so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know his career is ruined uh so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know his career is ruined uh so it's
+pretty important that he gets the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important that he gets the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important that he gets the right
+strategy here now the question we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy here now the question we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy here now the question we're
+going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at
+today is whether or not the contestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is whether or not the contestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is whether or not the contestant
+should switch playing this game now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should switch playing this game now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should switch playing this game now
+before we do the analysis we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do the analysis we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do the analysis we're going to
+actually play the game in class I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play the game in class I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play the game in class I got
+three boxes here uh the game we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three boxes here uh the game we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three boxes here uh the game we're going
+to play is the same idea the prizes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play is the same idea the prizes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play is the same idea the prizes are
+a little different instead of a diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different instead of a diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different instead of a diamond
+ring or brand new car we've got uh $10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring or brand new car we've got uh $10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring or brand new car we've got uh $10
+tusky gift certificates you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tusky gift certificates you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tusky gift certificates you know your
+tuition only goes so far here um instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition only goes so far here um instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition only goes so far here um instead
+of donkeys or goats we got something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of donkeys or goats we got something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of donkeys or goats we got something
+much better the ever popular nerd Pride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better the ever popular nerd Pride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better the ever popular nerd Pride
+pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket
+protector uh and just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protector uh and just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protector uh and just to be
+clear this is not the prize the gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this is not the prize the gift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this is not the prize the gift
+certificate here this is much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate here this is much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate here this is much much
+better uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh
+now in terms of uh Monty Hall we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in terms of uh Monty Hall we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in terms of uh Monty Hall we don't
+have him but you have me uh but I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have him but you have me uh but I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have him but you have me uh but I am
+very happy to report that we're bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy to report that we're bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy to report that we're bringing
+Carol Merill out of retirement she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol Merill out of retirement she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol Merill out of retirement she's
+coming and making a special appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and making a special appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and making a special appearance
+today I hope at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I hope at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I hope at
+6042 do we have car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yes we have Carol that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scary oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jesus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay as you can see the years have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as you can see the years have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as you can see the years have not
+been kind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been kind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been kind to
+Carol and your tuition only does go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol and your tuition only does go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol and your tuition only does go so
+far now we need uh three volunteers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far now we need uh three volunteers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far now we need uh three volunteers
+we're gonna play the game three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna play the game three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna play the game three times
+all right got a couple there want don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right got a couple there want don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right got a couple there want don't
+you come down we got three volunteers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come down we got three volunteers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come down we got three volunteers
+here all right we get the boxes set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right we get the boxes set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right we get the boxes set
+up and Carol why don't you set those up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and Carol why don't you set those up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and Carol why don't you set those up
+and load them up with uh there's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and load them up with uh there's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and load them up with uh there's these
+are the gift certificates that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the gift certificates that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the gift certificates that's the
+pocket protector there all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket protector there all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket protector there all right now
+don't look you got to get back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look you got to get back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look you got to get back over
+there so you can't see no no no he's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can't see no no no he's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can't see no no no he's got
+the film going you know here we go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film going you know here we go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film going you know here we go all
+right so uh Carol is going to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh Carol is going to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh Carol is going to put the
+prize in one of the boxes and the pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize in one of the boxes and the pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize in one of the boxes and the pocket
+protectors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protectors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protectors in the
+other all right now I want you all to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other all right now I want you all to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other all right now I want you all to be
+thinking you know what's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you know what's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you know what's the right
+strategy here is it better to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy here is it better to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy here is it better to switch
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+matter what are the chances of winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what are the chances of winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what are the chances of winning
+one and three one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and three one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and three one and
+two all right so who's our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right so who's our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right so who's our first
+volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer
+here all right come on over we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right come on over we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right come on over we're going
+to write your name on the board because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write your name on the board because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write your name on the board because
+we're going to keep track of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to keep track of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to keep track of what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+here what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Terren all right now first thing you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terren all right now first thing you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terren all right now first thing you got
+to do Terren is pick a box as your basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do Terren is pick a box as your basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do Terren is pick a box as your basic
+choice to start two number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice to start two number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice to start two number two
+okay all right you picked number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right you picked number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right you picked number
+two interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two interesting
+choice now uh Carol can you show him one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice now uh Carol can you show him one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice now uh Carol can you show him one
+of the other boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right which one was that you showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right which one was that you showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right which one was that you showed
+there you revealed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three and what was under number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three pocket protector oh God you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pocket protector oh God you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pocket protector oh God you may
+never live this down Carol okay have EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never live this down Carol okay have EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never live this down Carol okay have EV
+all right now Terren as you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now Terren as you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now Terren as you know one of
+these has the gift certificate one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these has the gift certificate one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these has the gift certificate one of
+them has another pocket protector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has another pocket protector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has another pocket protector and
+now you got to decide are you g to stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you got to decide are you g to stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you got to decide are you g to stick
+with number two or are you gonna switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with number two or are you gonna switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with number two or are you gonna switch
+in fact class you know teren may need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact class you know teren may need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact class you know teren may need
+some help here figuring this out so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some help here figuring this out so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some help here figuring this out so what
+do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recommend he is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend he is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend he is going to
+switch all right and Carol can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch all right and Carol can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch all right and Carol can you
+reveal his prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what did you get oh he gets the prize so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you get oh he gets the prize so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you get oh he gets the prize so
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+wins very nice okay so you get $0 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins very nice okay so you get $0 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins very nice okay so you get $0 at
+tuskies well done who's next what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuskies well done who's next what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuskies well done who's next what's your
+name chinua chinua how do I spell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name chinua chinua how do I spell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name chinua chinua how do I spell that
+chin yeah all right easy okay now Chua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chin yeah all right easy okay now Chua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chin yeah all right easy okay now Chua
+which we got new prizes loaded in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we got new prizes loaded in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we got new prizes loaded in there
+all right now it may not be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now it may not be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now it may not be the same as
+last time okay what box do you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time okay what box do you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time okay what box do you like
+number three number three which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three number three which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three number three which one is
+number three is that the one close to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three is that the one close to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three is that the one close to me
+yeah that is okay number three all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that is okay number three all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that is okay number three all right
+Carol can you show him one of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol can you show him one of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol can you show him one of the other
+boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please Carol shows you number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please Carol shows you number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please Carol shows you number
+two all right shinua what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right shinua what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right shinua what do you think
+you want to stick or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stick or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stick or
+switch you want to stick with three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch you want to stick with three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch you want to stick with three or
+switch to one one had it last time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switch he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch he's going to
+switch okay so that means you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch okay so that means you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch okay so that means you are
+picking number one Carol can you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking number one Carol can you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking number one Carol can you show
+him what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him what he's
+won another gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won another gift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won another gift
+certificate all right now Carol it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate all right now Carol it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate all right now Carol it is
+okay to use a different box for the gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to use a different box for the gift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to use a different box for the gift
+certificate you we can move them around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate you we can move them around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate you we can move them around
+all right who's our last contestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right who's our last contestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right who's our last contestant
+what's your name Ty okay that's good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your name Ty okay that's good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your name Ty okay that's good uh
+well yeah you got turn around no peeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay Ty what's your first choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay Ty what's your first choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay Ty what's your first choice
+one box number one yeah that's been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one box number one yeah that's been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one box number one yeah that's been the
+one with the uh gift certificate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the uh gift certificate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the uh gift certificate for
+sure Carol can you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure Carol can you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure Carol can you show
+me another box way too many cameras in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me another box way too many cameras in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me another box way too many cameras in
+this room this is not good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room this is not good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room this is not good for
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+Carol okay Carol was revealed box number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol okay Carol was revealed box number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol okay Carol was revealed box number
+two switch his work twice in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two switch his work twice in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two switch his work twice in a
+row take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row take them
+both just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one we're getting some Theory here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're getting some Theory here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're getting some Theory here
+now what do you think Ty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do you think Ty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do you think Ty
+switch all right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch all right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch all right what
+happened what do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what do you know
+all right now gentlemen I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now gentlemen I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now gentlemen I'd like you to
+explain why each in turn why did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why each in turn why did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why each in turn why did you
+switch why I switch it seems like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maity what you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maity what you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maity what you're talking about
+okay you have faith in these guys all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have faith in these guys all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have faith in these guys all
+right how about you cha why' you switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how about you cha why' you switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how about you cha why' you switch
+um I was told that it's more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was told that it's more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was told that it's more likely to
+be if you switch and you believe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you switch and you believe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you switch and you believe what
+you hear huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sounding good yeah that 2/3 thing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding good yeah that 2/3 thing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding good yeah that 2/3 thing well
+as you can see you're guaranteed to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see you're guaranteed to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see you're guaranteed to win
+if you switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you switch
+right all right thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right thank you very much
+enjoy the ice cream okay so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the ice cream okay so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the ice cream okay so how many
+people think it helps to switch raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think it helps to switch raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think it helps to switch raise
+your hand if you think it helps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand if you think it helps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand if you think it helps to
+switch how many people think it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch how many people think it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch how many people think it does not
+help to switch raise your hand anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to switch raise your hand anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to switch raise your hand anybody
+oh everybody likes the switch thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh everybody likes the switch thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh everybody likes the switch thing here
+uh does this data help you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does this data help you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does this data help you decide
+no anything could to happen with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no anything could to happen with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no anything could to happen with three
+trials in fact we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials in fact we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials in fact we'll talk about
+statistical inference and statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical inference and statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical inference and statistical
+sampling later um if you switch what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling later um if you switch what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling later um if you switch what do
+you think the odds of winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the odds of winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the odds of winning
+are 100% okay who likes 100% raas your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 100% okay who likes 100% raas your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 100% okay who likes 100% raas your
+hand well I got a couple uh how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand well I got a couple uh how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand well I got a couple uh how many
+people think it's 5050 if you switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think it's 5050 if you switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think it's 5050 if you switch
+yeah a lot how many people think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a lot how many people think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a lot how many people think it's
+worse than 5050 if you switch not many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than 5050 if you switch not many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than 5050 if you switch not many
+how many people think it's better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think it's better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think it's better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's most I think most of you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's most I think most of you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's most I think most of you there
+pretty close all right now the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close all right now the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close all right now the answers
+to these questions are very easy to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these questions are very easy to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these questions are very easy to work
+out and we're going to do it we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we're going to do it we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we're going to do it we're going
+to figure out the probability exactly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the probability exactly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the probability exactly if
+you use mathematics but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use mathematics but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use mathematics but it's really
+tricky if you try to use Intuition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky if you try to use Intuition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky if you try to use Intuition or
+hand waving arguments now for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand waving arguments now for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand waving arguments now for example
+this game Carol wants to leave yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game Carol wants to leave yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game Carol wants to leave yeah
+Carol all right let's give Carol a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol all right let's give Carol a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol all right let's give Carol a hand
+here she did a wonderful job well done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here she did a wonderful job well done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here she did a wonderful job well done
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+yikes oh man probably I'm G to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yikes oh man probably I'm G to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yikes oh man probably I'm G to get in
+trouble here too now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble here too now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble here too now you know
+this okay um for example this game this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay um for example this game this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay um for example this game this
+particular version of it was the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular version of it was the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular version of it was the subject
+of a series of articles in Parade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a series of articles in Parade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a series of articles in Parade
+Magazine this is parade an old version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine this is parade an old version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine this is parade an old version
+of Parade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Parade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Parade
+Magazine and what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine and what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine and what I'm going to do is
+hand out the series of Articles or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand out the series of Articles or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand out the series of Articles or the
+TA are going to help me hand these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TA are going to help me hand these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TA are going to help me hand these
+out there was three of them with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there was three of them with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there was three of them with a lot
+of right ends here let me give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right ends here let me give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right ends here let me give you a
+bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle
+here here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here you
+go here we go I'll give the rest a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oscar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now Merill has a column every week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now Merill has a column every week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now Merill has a column every week
+in parade and people write in questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parade and people write in questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parade and people write in questions
+usually about their love life and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually about their love life and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually about their love life and uh
+weird things and she answers them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird things and she answers them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird things and she answers them and
+she's well qualified to do this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's well qualified to do this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's well qualified to do this because
+she's listed in the Guinness Book of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's listed in the Guinness Book of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's listed in the Guinness Book of
+World Records as having the highest IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Records as having the highest IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Records as having the highest IQ
+of a human being ever at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a human being ever at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a human being ever at
+228 and so you know she's in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+228 and so you know she's in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+228 and so you know she's in some sense
+qualified to answer any question that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified to answer any question that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified to answer any question that is
+written in now in September of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in now in September of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in now in September of
+1990 and we're passing out the Articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 and we're passing out the Articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 and we're passing out the Articles
+now and it shows the first the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and it shows the first the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and it shows the first the first
+article this guy named Craig Whitaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article this guy named Craig Whitaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article this guy named Craig Whitaker
+writes in and asks Marilyn if you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes in and asks Marilyn if you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes in and asks Marilyn if you should
+switch in this game so you can all read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch in this game so you can all read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch in this game so you can all read
+that it says suppose you're on a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it says suppose you're on a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it says suppose you're on a game
+show and you're given the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show and you're given the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show and you're given the choice of
+three doors behind one door is a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three doors behind one door is a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three doors behind one door is a car
+behind the others goats you pick a door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the others goats you pick a door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the others goats you pick a door
+say number one and the host who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say number one and the host who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say number one and the host who knows
+what's behind the doors opens another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's behind the doors opens another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's behind the doors opens another
+one say door three which has a goat he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one say door three which has a goat he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one say door three which has a goat he
+says to you do you want to pick door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to you do you want to pick door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to you do you want to pick door
+number two is it to your advantage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two is it to your advantage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two is it to your advantage to
+switch now Marilyn writes back saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch now Marilyn writes back saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch now Marilyn writes back saying
+very plainly yes you should switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very plainly yes you should switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very plainly yes you should switch the
+first door had a one and three chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first door had a one and three chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first door had a one and three chance of
+winning the second door has a two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the second door has a two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the second door has a two and
+three chance here's a good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three chance here's a good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three chance here's a good way to
+visualize what's going on Suppose there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize what's going on Suppose there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize what's going on Suppose there
+are a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a million
+doors you pick door number one then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors you pick door number one then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors you pick door number one then the
+host who knows what's behind the doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host who knows what's behind the doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host who knows what's behind the doors
+reveals every other door but one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+777777 well it would sort of look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+777777 well it would sort of look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+777777 well it would sort of look like
+777777 is the one with the car and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+777777 is the one with the car and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+777777 is the one with the car and you'd
+switch pretty fast all right that's her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch pretty fast all right that's her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch pretty fast all right that's her
+argument that is not exactly a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that is not exactly a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that is not exactly a proof
+okay that the answer is you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that the answer is you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that the answer is you should
+switch or that the probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch or that the probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch or that the probability is
+2/3 all right now because she's giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 all right now because she's giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 all right now because she's giving
+another problem with a million doors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem with a million doors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem with a million doors but
+you got a problem with three doors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a problem with three doors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a problem with three doors and
+as we'll in recitation tomorrow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll in recitation tomorrow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll in recitation tomorrow the
+number of doors actually matters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of doors actually matters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of doors actually matters in
+terms of some strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of some strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of some strategies
+here um so people weren't convinced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so people weren't convinced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so people weren't convinced by
+this and so if you look to the next page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so if you look to the next page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so if you look to the next page
+you see people writing in there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see people writing in there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see people writing in there's a lot
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+rins the first one's by Robert Sachs who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rins the first one's by Robert Sachs who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rins the first one's by Robert Sachs who
+is actually I I looked him up on Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually I I looked him up on Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually I I looked him up on Google
+and he's on the faculty at George Mason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's on the faculty at George Mason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's on the faculty at George Mason
+University uh I also noticed that in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University uh I also noticed that in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University uh I also noticed that in his
+history he got his ba from har Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history he got his ba from har Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history he got his ba from har Harvard
+so that should tell you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should tell you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should tell you something about
+the quality of his response here he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of his response here he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of his response here he says
+since you seem to enjoy coming straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you seem to enjoy coming straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you seem to enjoy coming straight
+to the point I'll do the same you blew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point I'll do the same you blew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point I'll do the same you blew
+it let me explain if one door is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me explain if one door is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me explain if one door is shown
+to be a loser that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a loser that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a loser that information
+information changes the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information changes the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information changes the probability of
+either remaining Choice neither of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either remaining Choice neither of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either remaining Choice neither of which
+has any reason to be more likely then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has any reason to be more likely then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has any reason to be more likely then
+and so the answer is one half of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the answer is one half of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the answer is one half of having
+the car then he says as a professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car then he says as a professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car then he says as a professional
+mathematician I'm very concerned with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician I'm very concerned with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician I'm very concerned with a
+general Public's lack of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Public's lack of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Public's lack of mathematical
+skills please help by confessing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills please help by confessing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills please help by confessing your
+error and in the future be more careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and in the future be more careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and in the future be more careful
+just a little gratuitous extra statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little gratuitous extra statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little gratuitous extra statement
+there uh next we've got a PhD from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh next we've got a PhD from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh next we've got a PhD from
+Florida Scott Smith who says you blew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida Scott Smith who says you blew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida Scott Smith who says you blew it
+and you blew it big since you seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you blew it big since you seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you blew it big since you seem to
+have difficulty grasping the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have difficulty grasping the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have difficulty grasping the basic
+principles that work here I'll explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that work here I'll explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that work here I'll explain
+after the host reveals a goat you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the host reveals a goat you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the host reveals a goat you now
+have a one and two chance of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one and two chance of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one and two chance of being
+correct whether you change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct whether you change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct whether you change your
+selection or not the doors the odds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection or not the doors the odds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection or not the doors the odds are
+the same there is enough mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same there is enough mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same there is enough mathematical
+illiteracy in this country and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illiteracy in this country and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illiteracy in this country and we don't
+need the world's highest IQ propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the world's highest IQ propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the world's highest IQ propagating
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+shame well now this guy is right about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shame well now this guy is right about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shame well now this guy is right about
+that one point about mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one point about mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one point about mathematical
+illiteracy in the country uh the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illiteracy in the country uh the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illiteracy in the country uh the next
+guy Barry Pastak you know lists himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Barry Pastak you know lists himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Barry Pastak you know lists himself
+as California faculty Association he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as California faculty Association he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as California faculty Association he
+actually was president of the California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was president of the California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was president of the California
+faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty
+Association he says your answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association he says your answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association he says your answer to the
+question is an error but if it is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is an error but if it is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is an error but if it is any
+any consolation many of my academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any consolation many of my academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any consolation many of my academic
+colleagues have also been stumped by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues have also been stumped by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues have also been stumped by
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem okay so next page Marilyn writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so next page Marilyn writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so next page Marilyn writes
+back you know and she says you know good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you know and she says you know good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you know and she says you know good
+Heavens with so much learned opposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heavens with so much learned opposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heavens with so much learned opposition
+I'll bet this is going to keep math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll bet this is going to keep math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll bet this is going to keep math
+classes all over the country busy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes all over the country busy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes all over the country busy on
+Monday and it did it was a huge uproar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday and it did it was a huge uproar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday and it did it was a huge uproar
+at the time about this so now she tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time about this so now she tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time about this so now she tries
+to explain it some more with shells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain it some more with shells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain it some more with shells and
+stuff under the shells and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff under the shells and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff under the shells and so forth
+trying to argue it um and then she says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to argue it um and then she says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to argue it um and then she says
+just try the experiment six times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try the experiment six times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try the experiment six times or
+something and you'll see you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you'll see you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you'll see you know but
+it's not really convincing it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really convincing it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really convincing it's not a
+proof she's sort of waving hands at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof she's sort of waving hands at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof she's sort of waving hands at it
+to give you some idea why she thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some idea why she thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some idea why she thinks
+she's right but when I look at the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's right but when I look at the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's right but when I look at the hand
+waving here versus the hand waving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving here versus the hand waving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving here versus the hand waving on
+those faculty well there it's all hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those faculty well there it's all hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those faculty well there it's all hand
+waving all right so you go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving all right so you go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving all right so you go to the next
+page and now the letters are getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and now the letters are getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and now the letters are getting a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+nastier uh we got another University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nastier uh we got another University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nastier uh we got another University of
+Florida guy he says may I suggest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida guy he says may I suggest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida guy he says may I suggest you
+obtain and refer to a standard textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain and refer to a standard textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain and refer to a standard textbook
+on probability before you try to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on probability before you try to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on probability before you try to answer
+a question of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question of this type
+again then Robert Smith Georgia State I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again then Robert Smith Georgia State I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again then Robert Smith Georgia State I
+am sure you will receive many letters on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am sure you will receive many letters on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am sure you will receive many letters on
+this topic from high school and college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic from high school and college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic from high school and college
+students perhaps you should keep a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students perhaps you should keep a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students perhaps you should keep a few
+addresses for help with future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses for help with future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses for help with future
+columns these are great uh now this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns these are great uh now this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns these are great uh now this next
+guy Ray Bobo now he's a real guy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Ray Bobo now he's a real guy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Ray Bobo now he's a real guy I
+looked him up too he it's not fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked him up too he it's not fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked him up too he it's not fake
+that's his his real name and I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his his real name and I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his his real name and I got to
+say if if my name was Bobo I'd think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if if my name was Bobo I'd think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if if my name was Bobo I'd think
+twice before writing into Parade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice before writing into Parade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice before writing into Parade
+Magazine you know especially if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine you know especially if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine you know especially if I'm
+wrong anyway here's Bobo you are utterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong anyway here's Bobo you are utterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong anyway here's Bobo you are utterly
+incorrect about the game show question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect about the game show question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect about the game show question
+and I hope this controversy Will Call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope this controversy Will Call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope this controversy Will Call
+some public attention to the serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some public attention to the serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some public attention to the serious
+National crisis in mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National crisis in mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National crisis in mathematical
+education well that's fair uh if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education well that's fair uh if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education well that's fair uh if you can
+admit your error you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit your error you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit your error you will have
+contributed constructively towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed constructively towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed constructively towards the
+solution of a deplorable situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of a deplorable situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of a deplorable situation and
+here's great how many iate irate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's great how many iate irate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's great how many iate irate
+mathematicians are needed to get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians are needed to get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians are needed to get you to
+change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your
+mind well that's proof by intimidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind well that's proof by intimidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind well that's proof by intimidation
+right you know it's not here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know it's not here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know it's not here's the
+reason why just so many irate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why just so many irate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why just so many irate
+mathematicians said it they must must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians said it they must must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians said it they must must be
+right ah the next guy I am in shock that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ah the next guy I am in shock that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ah the next guy I am in shock that
+after being corrected by at least three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after being corrected by at least three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after being corrected by at least three
+mathematicians you still did not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians you still did not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians you still did not see
+your mistake as if three mathematicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mistake as if three mathematicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mistake as if three mathematicians
+that's sort of the criteria for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the criteria for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the criteria for
+correctness uh oh this guy's bad uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness uh oh this guy's bad uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness uh oh this guy's bad uh
+maybe women look at math problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe women look at math problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe women look at math problems
+differently than men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than men
+oo well maybe it's a good thing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oo well maybe it's a good thing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oo well maybe it's a good thing in this
+case I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I don't
+know uh oh then we have Glenn Caulkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh oh then we have Glenn Caulkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh oh then we have Glenn Caulkins
+you are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the
+goat uh finally this guy uh US Army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat uh finally this guy uh US Army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goat uh finally this guy uh US Army
+Research Institute little scary you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Institute little scary you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Institute little scary you made
+a mistake but look at the positive side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake but look at the positive side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake but look at the positive side
+if all those phds were wrong the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all those phds were wrong the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all those phds were wrong the country
+would be in some very serious is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trouble all right now Marilyn writes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble all right now Marilyn writes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble all right now Marilyn writes an
+even longer response uh because she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even longer response uh because she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even longer response uh because she's
+getting zillions of letters 90% voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting zillions of letters 90% voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting zillions of letters 90% voting
+against her that she's wrong uh she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against her that she's wrong uh she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against her that she's wrong uh she
+agains now suggests a nationwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agains now suggests a nationwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agains now suggests a nationwide
+experiment so that Nationwide You' do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so that Nationwide You' do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so that Nationwide You' do
+the sample a million times and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample a million times and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample a million times and get the
+answer which really wouldn't prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which really wouldn't prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which really wouldn't prove it
+either then we go to the last page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either then we go to the last page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either then we go to the last page
+there's one last letter and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one last letter and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one last letter and this is what
+finished the uh controversy in the Press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the uh controversy in the Press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the uh controversy in the Press
+uh comes from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comes from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comes from MIT
+you are indeed correct my colleagues at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are indeed correct my colleagues at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are indeed correct my colleagues at
+work had a ball with this problem and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work had a ball with this problem and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work had a ball with this problem and I
+dare say that most of them including me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dare say that most of them including me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dare say that most of them including me
+at first thought you were wrong uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first thought you were wrong uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first thought you were wrong uh so
+maybe that 50,000 a year somebody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that 50,000 a year somebody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that 50,000 a year somebody is
+paying for education is worth something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for education is worth something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for education is worth something
+because MIT came in and agreed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because MIT came in and agreed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because MIT came in and agreed with
+her okay it turns out that Marilyn was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her okay it turns out that Marilyn was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her okay it turns out that Marilyn was
+correct in her statement that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct in her statement that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct in her statement that you should
+switch and that if you switch you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and that if you switch you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and that if you switch you have a
+two-thirds chance of winning so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds chance of winning so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds chance of winning so if you
+don't which you got a one-third chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't which you got a one-third chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't which you got a one-third chance
+of winning uh provided that Monty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of winning uh provided that Monty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of winning uh provided that Monty is
+guaranteed to open a door with a goat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to open a door with a goat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to open a door with a goat
+you know and that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that's that's the
+Assumption here and the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption here and the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption here and the proof is
+simple although Marilyn's reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple although Marilyn's reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple although Marilyn's reasoning
+wasn't so convincing I didn't think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so convincing I didn't think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so convincing I didn't think and
+all those phds that wrote in with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those phds that wrote in with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those phds that wrote in with those
+stupid letters that they're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid letters that they're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid letters that they're probably
+intelligent people after all they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent people after all they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent people after all they got
+Advanced degrees in mathematics and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced degrees in mathematics and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced degrees in mathematics and most
+of them were faculty teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were faculty teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were faculty teaching
+mathematics a little scary uh but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics a little scary uh but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics a little scary uh but they
+just weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just weren't
+following the basic principles they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the basic principles they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the basic principles they were
+following their intuition they didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following their intuition they didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following their intuition they didn't go
+through the basic steps to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the basic steps to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the basic steps to figure out
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+probability so that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so that's what we're going
+to do we're going to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're going to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're going to go through the
+basic steps now and see how to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic steps now and see how to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic steps now and see how to solve it
+and we will use these steps to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will use these steps to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will use these steps to solve
+pretty much every problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much every problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much every problem in
+probability okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay so the
+key the first step is to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key the first step is to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key the first step is to look at the
+sample space of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space of possible
+outcomes so let me define sample space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so let me define sample space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so let me define sample space
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcome the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space for an experiment or probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game you can treat this Monty Hall game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you can treat this Monty Hall game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you can treat this Monty Hall game
+as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set of all possible out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all possible out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all possible out
+comes things that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes things that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes things that could
+happen in fact let me Define an outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in fact let me Define an outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in fact let me Define an outcome
+also known as an atomic event or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as an atomic event or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as an atomic event or a
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcome also known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome also known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome also known
+as a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sample
+point we'll use those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we'll use those terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we'll use those terms
+interchangeably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consists of all the information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of all the information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of all the information about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment including and that's after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment including and that's after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment including and that's after
+after it has been performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+including the values of all random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choices for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for example
+say we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we want to
+know the probability of winning in Monty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the probability of winning in Monty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the probability of winning in Monty
+Hall if you switch all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall if you switch all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall if you switch all right let's
+figure that out so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out so in that
+case we're going to Define an outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're going to Define an outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're going to Define an outcome of
+the Monty Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Monty Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Monty Hall
+game or sample point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm assuming in this case we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm assuming in this case we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm assuming in this case we know
+you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switch and the contestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switches consists of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things first the box with the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where did Carol put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did Carol put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did Carol put
+it second the Box chosen by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contestant and third the box that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+revealed once you know those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed once you know those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed once you know those three
+things you know everything about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know everything about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know everything about what
+happened all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened all
+right for example let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for example let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for example let's look at a
+typical sample point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say I took sample point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+213 this is the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prize is in box two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+player picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player picks
+first box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and Carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reveals box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three okay now in this case in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay now in this case in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay now in this case in this
+outcome did the contestant win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes because we're assuming for hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes because we're assuming for hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes because we're assuming for hence
+forth for most the rest of the day we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth for most the rest of the day we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth for most the rest of the day we're
+assuming the switch case because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the switch case because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the switch case because we're
+going to analyze that so that's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to analyze that so that's fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to analyze that so that's fixed
+they switch they come in knowing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they switch they come in knowing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they switch they come in knowing they're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+switch so the prize is in two all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch so the prize is in two all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch so the prize is in two all right
+prize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is
+here the player started here Carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the player started here Carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the player started here Carol
+revealed three and when they switch I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed three and when they switch I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed three and when they switch I
+got the prize so in this outcome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the prize so in this outcome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the prize so in this outcome the
+player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player
+won okay now does every three Tuple here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won okay now does every three Tuple here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won okay now does every three Tuple here
+correspond to a sample point or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a sample point or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a sample point or a
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+outcome no what's an example of a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome no what's an example of a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome no what's an example of a sample
+point with numbers one two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with numbers one two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with numbers one two and three
+that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah very good yep so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah very good yep so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah very good yep so for
+example uh one two one is not a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point it's not an the set the uh sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's not an the set the uh sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's not an the set the uh sample
+space because we can't reveal the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because we can't reveal the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because we can't reveal the box
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+prize similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize similarly
+211 is not a sample point because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+211 is not a sample point because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+211 is not a sample point because we
+can't reveal the box that the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't reveal the box that the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't reveal the box that the player
+picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah once or actually no if they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah once or actually no if they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah once or actually no if they're the
+same right so if the player picked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right so if the player picked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right so if the player picked the
+box with the prize which never happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box with the prize which never happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box with the prize which never happened
+in our case for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our case for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our case for example
+112 and 113 are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible right because you could put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible right because you could put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible right because you could put the
+prize here the player could pick it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize here the player could pick it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize here the player could pick it now
+Cara has a choice if ring two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cara has a choice if ring two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cara has a choice if ring two or
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+okay so these are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's figure out a nice way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's figure out a nice way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's figure out a nice way
+of characterizing all outcomes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of characterizing all outcomes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of characterizing all outcomes in the
+sample space now to do this we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space now to do this we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space now to do this we're going
+to set up a tree and we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up a tree and we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up a tree and we're going to use
+a the called the tree method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the called the tree method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the called the tree method to
+construct the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space getting all the outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the first thing we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the first thing we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the first thing we do is
+figure out where the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is and we'll represent that as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and we'll represent that as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and we'll represent that as sort of
+like a decision tree there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a decision tree there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a decision tree there's three
+choices it's in box one box two or box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices it's in box one box two or box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices it's in box one box two or box
+three then the next thing is the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then the next thing is the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then the next thing is the box
+that the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picked and we'll continue our decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked and we'll continue our decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked and we'll continue our decision
+tree here each of these now has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+branches and they're labeled one two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three and then the last step is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then the last step is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then the last step is which
+box is revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in this case if the prize is in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this case if the prize is in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this case if the prize is in one
+and the player chose one there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the player chose one there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the player chose one there's two
+possibilities we could reveal two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities we could reveal two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities we could reveal two or
+reveal three so we get one two here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal three so we get one two here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal three so we get one two here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what about
+here priz is in box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here priz is in box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here priz is in box
+one box two was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one box two was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one box two was
+revealed uh sorry player picked box two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed uh sorry player picked box two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed uh sorry player picked box two
+prizes in one player picks two how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes in one player picks two how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes in one player picks two how many
+choices for which box is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for which box is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for which box is
+revealed one and which box is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed one and which box is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed one and which box is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed
+three all right this is sample point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three all right this is sample point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three all right this is sample point one
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+three and here we've got 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and here we've got 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and here we've got 1
+three two is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choice all right and let's do maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice all right and let's do maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice all right and let's do maybe I'll
+fill the whole thing out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the whole thing out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the whole thing out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one three going to run out of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but two two now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but two two now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but two two now this
+splits into one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits into one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits into one and
+three all right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three all right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three all right so we have
+here 2 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 2 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 2 two
+one 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 2
+23 and let me uh the last one 2 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and let me uh the last one 2 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and let me uh the last one 2 three
+one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now I'll bring these up over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'll bring these up over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'll bring these up over here
+I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two then I've got three 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and finally I've got three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and finally I've got three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and finally I've got three three
+with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two
+choices one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right that is now the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that is now the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that is now the construction
+of the entire sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entire sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entire sample
+space all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space all the possible
+outcomes how many sample points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes how many sample points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes how many sample points are
+there here how many possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcomes 12 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes 12 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes 12 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
+12 okay uh let's see which ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 okay uh let's see which ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 okay uh let's see which ones
+correspond to victory for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to victory for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to victory for the
+player let's label each one is a win for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player let's label each one is a win for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player let's label each one is a win for
+the player or a loss for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player or a loss for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player or a loss for the
+player what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player what's this
+one yeah prizes and one the player chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah prizes and one the player chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah prizes and one the player chose
+one where the prize was and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where the prize was and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where the prize was and then
+switched away from it loss what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched away from it loss what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched away from it loss what about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one loss same reason what about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one loss same reason what about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one loss same reason what about this
+one that's a win the prize is here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a win the prize is here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a win the prize is here the
+player went there and switched so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player went there and switched so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player went there and switched so they
+wound up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up there
+wi and these are all winds for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi and these are all winds for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi and these are all winds for the same
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this
+one uh 221 the player got it right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh 221 the player got it right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh 221 the player got it right to
+start with and then switched away that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with and then switched away that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with and then switched away that's
+a loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loss
+loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss
+win win win and here the player got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win win win and here the player got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win win win and here the player got it
+right they switched away they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they switched away they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they switched away they
+lose all right so we've labeled every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose all right so we've labeled every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose all right so we've labeled every
+outcome as to whether the player who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome as to whether the player who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome as to whether the player who's
+switching wins or loses how many sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching wins or loses how many sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching wins or loses how many sample
+points lead to Victory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points lead to Victory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points lead to Victory
+six one two three four five six out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six one two three four five six out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six one two three four five six out of
+12 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 uh
+oh was Marilyn wrong is it really Bobo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh was Marilyn wrong is it really Bobo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh was Marilyn wrong is it really Bobo
+was right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right it's
+5050 half the sample points lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Victory what's missing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victory what's missing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victory what's missing here
+yeah first two are identical Chosen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah first two are identical Chosen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah first two are identical Chosen and
+the Box chosen first each of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Box chosen first each of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Box chosen first each of those two
+sample points coming from that are half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample points coming from that are half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample points coming from that are half
+as the single sample points that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the single sample points that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the single sample points that's right
+what we're missing here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're missing here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're missing here is the
+likelihood of an outcome the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of an outcome the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of an outcome the probability
+that this is what happens we're missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what happens we're missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what happens we're missing
+one more thing and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing and this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing and this is really
+critical when you're making your sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical when you're making your sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical when you're making your sample
+spaces you need to make sure you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces you need to make sure you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces you need to make sure you get the
+probabilities assigned to each event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities assigned to each event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities assigned to each event
+they're not necessarily equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessarily equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessarily equally
+likely all right in fact what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely all right in fact what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely all right in fact what we need to
+do is to construct the probability space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to construct the probability space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to construct the probability space
+so let's define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+consists of a sample space which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of a sample space which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of a sample space which we've
+already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked
+about that's just all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcomes and a probability function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that maps and we call this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps and we call this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps and we call this function
+usually PR uh we'll have sometimes it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually PR uh we'll have sometimes it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually PR uh we'll have sometimes it'll
+be F or something like that um but PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be F or something like that um but PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be F or something like that um but PR
+Maps the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps the sample
+space s to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space s to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space s to the real
+numbers such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that first for every outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first for every outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first for every outcome
+in the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sample
+space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the
+probability is between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is between zero and
+one of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of that
+outcome and two if you sum up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and two if you sum up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and two if you sum up the
+probabilities of all the outcomes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all the outcomes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all the outcomes you
+get one so the sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one so the sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one so the sum over all
+outcomes of the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of the probability of the
+outcome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is
+one all right so the sample space is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so the sample space is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so the sample space is all
+the outcomes the probability space at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes the probability space at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes the probability space at in
+has this extra thing the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this extra thing the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this extra thing the probability of
+each outcome and really it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each outcome and really it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each outcome and really it could be
+anything as long as the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything as long as the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything as long as the probability of
+every outcome is between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every outcome is between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every outcome is between zero and one
+and they all add up to one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all add up to one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all add up to one that's
+it all right now there's a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right now there's a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right now there's a natural
+interpretation of what the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of what the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of what the probability
+function is and that is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is and that is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is and that is the probability
+of a sample Point well should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sample Point well should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sample Point well should be the
+probability of its outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is sort of where you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of where you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of where you get to
+Maryland saying Hey try it a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maryland saying Hey try it a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maryland saying Hey try it a million
+times and you'll see two-thirds of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and you'll see two-thirds of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and you'll see two-thirds of the
+time roughly you get the right that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time roughly you get the right that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time roughly you get the right that you
+win so for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win so for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win so for every
+outcome the probability of that outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome the probability of that outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome the probability of that outcome
+that real number should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability that when you run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that when you run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that when you run the
+experiment W is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcome in other words if probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome in other words if probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome in other words if probability of
+w were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w were a
+half what that means is if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half what that means is if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half what that means is if you you
+should get that half the time roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get that half the time roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get that half the time roughly
+speaking we'll get into really details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking we'll get into really details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking we'll get into really details
+of that later in other words you toss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that later in other words you toss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that later in other words you toss a
+Fair coin you flip it well you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin you flip it well you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin you flip it well you might say
+a probability half of a heads right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability half of a heads right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability half of a heads right and
+so that this function would then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this function would then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this function would then be
+probability of heads is is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads is is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads is is one
+now assigning the right probabilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now assigning the right probabilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now assigning the right probabilities to
+the outcomes is 95% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes is 95% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes is 95% of the
+work uh in fact if you screw that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh in fact if you screw that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh in fact if you screw that up
+you're doomed just you can't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doomed just you can't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doomed just you can't get the
+right answer so for example if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer so for example if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer so for example if we just
+said okay each of these is probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay each of these is probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay each of these is probability
+112th we'd get Bobo's answer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+112th we'd get Bobo's answer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+112th we'd get Bobo's answer is the
+probability of winning so that's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of winning so that's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of winning so that's not too
+good um now to get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um now to get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um now to get the right
+probabilities for the Monty Hall problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities for the Monty Hall problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities for the Monty Hall problem
+we have to make some assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to make some assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to make some assumptions
+so let's write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down so the first assumption we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so the first assumption we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so the first assumption we're going
+to make is is that Carol put the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is is that Carol put the prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is is that Carol put the prize
+in a random box they're all equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a random box they're all equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a random box they're all equally
+likely so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely so the
+prize is in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is in each
+box with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box with
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+one3 the next assumption we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 the next assumption we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 the next assumption we're going to
+make is that the player didn't see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is that the player didn't see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is that the player didn't see which
+box has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box has the
+prize okay in other words and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize okay in other words and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize okay in other words and more
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+no matter where the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the player picks each box with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the player picks each box with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the player picks each box with
+probability one3 so the player is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one3 so the player is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one3 so the player is making
+a effectively a random choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and there's one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and there's one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and there's one more
+assumption we're going to make anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we're going to make anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we're going to make anybody
+have any ideas about what's left to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any ideas about what's left to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any ideas about what's left to make
+as an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an assumption
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I guess if Carol's the one who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess if Carol's the one who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess if Carol's the one who's
+opening the bo she knows where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the bo she knows where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the bo she knows where all the
+prizes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes are
+yeah okay so what assumption should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make yeah that she picks a box at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make yeah that she picks a box at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make yeah that she picks a box at random
+if she has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she has a
+choice all right so we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice all right so we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice all right so we're going to make
+that assumption so that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter where the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is if Carol has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choice she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice she
+picks each box with probability one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now why is this third one important why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is this third one important why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is this third one important why
+might that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might that really
+matter anybody think of a reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter anybody think of a reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter anybody think of a reason why
+that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be
+relevant what if Carol had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant what if Carol had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant what if Carol had
+some strategy in mind that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some strategy in mind that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some strategy in mind that the
+contestant knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant knew
+about you think of why that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you think of why that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you think of why that might be
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were able to produce information based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to produce information based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to produce information based
+off of that then there's higher figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of that then there's higher figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of that then there's higher figure
+out yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah in
+fact several years ago when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact several years ago when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact several years ago when I was
+lecturing I said in fact it could make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing I said in fact it could make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing I said in fact it could make a
+difference that there is a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that there is a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that there is a way that
+Carol can convey information to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol can convey information to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol can convey information to the
+player by of the two she's choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player by of the two she's choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player by of the two she's choosing
+which one to pick like if she has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one to pick like if she has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one to pick like if she has a
+choice of two or three say she always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of two or three say she always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of two or three say she always
+picks the bigger one three well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks the bigger one three well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks the bigger one three well that
+might tell you information about she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tell you information about she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tell you information about she
+didn't pick two so maybe it has to Happ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't pick two so maybe it has to Happ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't pick two so maybe it has to Happ
+or she I don't know um in fact that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she I don't know um in fact that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she I don't know um in fact that's
+wrong and it doesn't matter in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and it doesn't matter in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and it doesn't matter in the case
+of three boxes this assumption we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three boxes this assumption we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three boxes this assumption we're
+going to make it because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it because we're going to
+do the analysis with it but for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the analysis with it but for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the analysis with it but for three
+boxes you can show that it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes you can show that it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes you can show that it really
+doesn't matter for this assumption but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter for this assumption but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter for this assumption but
+if you go to four boxes it does and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to four boxes it does and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to four boxes it does and so
+in recitation tomorrow you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation tomorrow you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation tomorrow you're going to
+consider the four box version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the four box version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the four box version of this
+game and if Carol has a strategy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and if Carol has a strategy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and if Carol has a strategy that
+the player knows about you can improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player knows about you can improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player knows about you can improve
+the player's chances of winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player's chances of winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player's chances of winning
+all right but not for three it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but not for three it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but not for three it turns out
+in any case when you're doing a setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case when you're doing a setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case when you're doing a setting
+up a problem you got to set up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a problem you got to set up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a problem you got to set up your
+assumptions otherwise you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions otherwise you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions otherwise you don't get
+anywhere these are sort of like axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere these are sort of like axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere these are sort of like axioms
+all right same kind of thing it's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right same kind of thing it's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right same kind of thing it's fine
+to make assumptions just State what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make assumptions just State what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make assumptions just State what they
+are now of course you also want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now of course you also want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now of course you also want them to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh all right so maybe we're gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so maybe we're gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so maybe we're gonna go
+back now and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now and figure out
+how to get the probabilities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get the probabilities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get the probabilities of the
+sample points or the outcomes for Monty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample points or the outcomes for Monty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample points or the outcomes for Monty
+Hall let's go do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall let's go do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall let's go do
+that and maybe I'll draw them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and maybe I'll draw them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and maybe I'll draw them in a
+different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here what I'm going to do is label every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I'm going to do is label every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I'm going to do is label every
+edge with a probability associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge with a probability associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge with a probability associated with
+taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that
+step so if the box is if the prize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so if the box is if the prize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so if the box is if the prize is
+placed in each box with probability one3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed in each box with probability one3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed in each box with probability one3
+that says this happens with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says this happens with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says this happens with probability
+1/3 that's 1/3 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 that's 1/3 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 that's 1/3 and that's
+1/3 same thing here assumption two says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 same thing here assumption two says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 same thing here assumption two says
+that no matter where the prize is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter where the prize is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter where the prize is say
+it's in box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in box
+one the player chooses each box of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the player chooses each box of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the player chooses each box of
+probably oneir so given that the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably oneir so given that the prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably oneir so given that the prize
+is in box one the player chooses one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in box one the player chooses one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in box one the player chooses one
+with 1/3 two with 1/3 three with 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1/3 two with 1/3 three with 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1/3 two with 1/3 three with 1/3
+same if the prize is in box two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if the prize is in box two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if the prize is in box two
+so I label every edge here with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I label every edge here with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I label every edge here with a
+probability all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability all
+right now I go to this level and I'm at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I go to this level and I'm at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I go to this level and I'm at
+this note I'm in the state where priz is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this note I'm in the state where priz is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this note I'm in the state where priz is
+in box one player selected box one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in box one player selected box one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in box one player selected box one so
+Carol has a choice of two or three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol has a choice of two or three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol has a choice of two or three to
+reveal and she's going to reveal each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal and she's going to reveal each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal and she's going to reveal each
+one with probability a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with probability a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with probability a
+half so I label a half on each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so I label a half on each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so I label a half on each of these
+because that's what we've assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we've assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we've assumed
+what probability do I put on this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here probability one because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here probability one because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here probability one because there's no
+choice Carol has to do it same here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice Carol has to do it same here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice Carol has to do it same here and
+I get a half a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a half a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a half a half
+one uh one one a half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh one one a half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh one one a half a
+half all right so I've labeled every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half all right so I've labeled every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half all right so I've labeled every
+edge with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge with its
+probability pretty simple because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability pretty simple because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability pretty simple because it was
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+assumed now I've got to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed now I've got to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed now I've got to get a
+probability for each outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for each outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for each outcome
+and we do that with the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability of a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point is the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops on the path leading to the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops on the path leading to the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops on the path leading to the outcome
+the path in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree leading to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcome or the sample point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what this says is just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what this says is just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what this says is just really
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+simple the probability this sample point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple the probability this sample point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple the probability this sample point
+is a thir time a thir times a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thir time a thir times a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thir time a thir times a half
+118 probability of this sample point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+118 probability of this sample point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+118 probability of this sample point is
+a thir A3 * a thir * a half 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thir A3 * a thir * a half 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thir A3 * a thir * a half 1
+18th what's the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th what's the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th what's the probability of this
+sample Point going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample Point going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample Point going to be
+here 1 nth I get a thir time a thir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1 nth I get a thir time a thir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1 nth I get a thir time a thir
+times well this guy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times well this guy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times well this guy was
+one is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nth um the next one here is a third time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth um the next one here is a third time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth um the next one here is a third time
+a thir * 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thir * 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thir * 1 1
+nth same thing here a thir * a thir * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth same thing here a thir * a thir * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth same thing here a thir * a thir * 1
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+9th then I get a third time a thir time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th then I get a third time a thir time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th then I get a third time a thir time
+a half for eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half for eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half for eight
+and I keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I keep on
+going this will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this will be a
+ninth uh this one is a one so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth uh this one is a one so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth uh this one is a one so it's a
+9th a 9th an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th a 9th an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th a 9th an
+18th and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+18th okay now that's the rule and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th okay now that's the rule and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th okay now that's the rule and you
+always do this you can sort of see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do this you can sort of see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do this you can sort of see why
+it works you'll understand after another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works you'll understand after another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works you'll understand after another
+week why for sure why it works but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week why for sure why it works but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week why for sure why it works but
+intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know to get to this outcome these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to get to this outcome these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to get to this outcome these
+are the choices we had to make first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the choices we had to make first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the choices we had to make first the
+Box had to be sorry the prize had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box had to be sorry the prize had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box had to be sorry the prize had to be
+in box one there's a one in three chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in box one there's a one in three chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in box one there's a one in three chance
+of that happening now in those one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that happening now in those one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that happening now in those one out
+of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three
+chances the chance to player also picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances the chance to player also picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances the chance to player also picked
+box one onethird of the time of onethird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box one onethird of the time of onethird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box one onethird of the time of onethird
+of the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time that
+happens right a third of the time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right a third of the time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right a third of the time you're
+here and of that a third of those times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and of that a third of those times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and of that a third of those times
+you get to he that's a third times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to he that's a third times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to he that's a third times a
+third or a ninth and then a half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third or a ninth and then a half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third or a ninth and then a half of
+those times Carol happened to reveal box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those times Carol happened to reveal box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those times Carol happened to reveal box
+two that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's an
+18th all right so do you see why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th all right so do you see why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th all right so do you see why that
+might make sense why you're multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make sense why you're multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make sense why you're multiplying
+these because at every step you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these because at every step you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these because at every step you have a
+chance to diverge and the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to diverge and the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to diverge and the probability
+you take the step that we're following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the step that we're following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the step that we're following
+here say in this case a half that cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here say in this case a half that cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here say in this case a half that cuts
+down the chance you land here by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the chance you land here by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the chance you land here by that
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+one2 any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right for now you can take it on faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for now you can take it on faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for now you can take it on faith
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+see why after we do a few more of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why after we do a few more of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why after we do a few more of these
+over the next week or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next week or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next week or
+so any questions there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any questions there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any questions there is that
+okay okay oh yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right on this one only one choice so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on this one only one choice so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on this one only one choice so it
+happens with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with probability
+one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now
+any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay all right uh so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay all right uh so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay all right uh so now we
+can figure out the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out the probability of
+winning well probability of winning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning well probability of winning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning well probability of winning is
+we have a ninth a ninth there's three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a ninth a ninth there's three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a ninth a ninth there's three of
+them four of them five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them four of them five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them four of them five
+six right so the probability of winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six right so the probability of winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six right so the probability of winning
+here is 6 * 1 9th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because you just sum up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just sum up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just sum up the
+probabilities of the winning sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the winning sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the winning sample
+points there's six of winning they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points there's six of winning they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points there's six of winning they're
+each one nth and that's 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so Marilyn was right there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Marilyn was right there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Marilyn was right there's a
+two-third chance of winning if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-third chance of winning if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-third chance of winning if you
+switch and now this is a formal argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and now this is a formal argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and now this is a formal argument
+that gives you that answer and the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you that answer and the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you that answer and the nice
+thing is it works for pretty much every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is it works for pretty much every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is it works for pretty much every
+problem you ever think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you ever think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you ever think
+about now in general if you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now in general if you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now in general if you want to know
+the probability of any event you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of any event you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of any event you can
+follow this same method and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this same method and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this same method and let me
+Define what an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is simply a subset of outcomes a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a subset of outcomes a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a subset of outcomes a subset
+of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space for example we could Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for example we could Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for example we could Define the
+event of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of
+losing let's call eel Isabel to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing let's call eel Isabel to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing let's call eel Isabel to be the
+event that player loses the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loses with a switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strategy all right now to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy all right now to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy all right now to compute the
+probability of an event we just add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an event we just add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an event we just add the
+probabilities of the outcomes in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the outcomes in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the outcomes in that
+set all right let's that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+formally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability that an event occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum call an event e let's say an event e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum call an event e let's say an event e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum call an event e let's say an event e
+it's a subset of a sample space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a subset of a sample space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a subset of a sample space the
+probability that e occurs is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that e occurs is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that e occurs is the sum
+over the sample points in E of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the sample points in E of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the sample points in E of the
+probability of those sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of those sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of those sample
+points so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so for
+example the probability of the event e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the probability of the event e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the probability of the event e
+where the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the player
+loses well there's six sample points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses well there's six sample points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses well there's six sample points
+where the player loses each with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the player loses each with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the player loses each with
+probability 11/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+18 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 so it's
+1/3 is the probability the player loses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 is the probability the player loses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 is the probability the player loses
+on the switch strategy and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the switch strategy and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the switch strategy and that's not
+surprising because you either win or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because you either win or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because you either win or you
+lose the probabilities have to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the probabilities have to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the probabilities have to add to
+one so if you won with probability 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you won with probability 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you won with probability 2/3
+you lose with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one3 okay
+all right so Marilyn was right much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so Marilyn was right much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so Marilyn was right much
+better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to
+switch um we'll do a bunch more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch um we'll do a bunch more examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch um we'll do a bunch more examples
+with Monty Hall tomorrow are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Monty Hall tomorrow are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Monty Hall tomorrow are there any
+other questions on Monty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on Monty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on Monty
+Hall change gears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall change gears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall change gears
+yeah so You' shown that when you switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so You' shown that when you switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so You' shown that when you switch
+you um like you're more likely to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um like you're more likely to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um like you're more likely to win
+than to lose but you didn't show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to lose but you didn't show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to lose but you didn't show that
+that's not also true when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not also true when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not also true when you don't
+switch ah good question what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch ah good question what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch ah good question what happens if
+you're playing the stay strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing the stay strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing the stay strategy
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+show right maybe you win two-thirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show right maybe you win two-thirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show right maybe you win two-thirds of
+the time when you stay maybe maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time when you stay maybe maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time when you stay maybe maybe not
+right because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if
+I win when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I win when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I win when I
+switch what would have happened if I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stayed I'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed I'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed I'd have
+lost because if I win when I switch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost because if I win when I switch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost because if I win when I switch it
+means the prize is over there so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the prize is over there so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the prize is over there so if I
+stay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay I'm going to
+lose which means that if I do the stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose which means that if I do the stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose which means that if I do the stay
+strategy I'm going to lose two-thirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy I'm going to lose two-thirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy I'm going to lose two-thirds of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+time all right so you're right I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so you're right I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so you're right I didn't
+cover that but we can it's not too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that but we can it's not too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that but we can it's not too hard
+in this case because the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case because the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case because the probability of
+winning on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning on a
+switch equals the probability of losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch equals the probability of losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch equals the probability of losing
+on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stick so the probability that you win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick so the probability that you win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick so the probability that you win
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switch equals the probability you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch equals the probability you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch equals the probability you
+lose with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose with
+stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strategy all right and they're both two3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy all right and they're both two3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy all right and they're both two3
+because they're the same this is two3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're the same this is two3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're the same this is two3 so
+in fact the chance what's then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the chance what's then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the chance what's then the
+chance you win with the stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you win with the stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you win with the stick
+strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy
+oneir and that's sort of you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneir and that's sort of you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneir and that's sort of you know where
+Marilyn was coming from because she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marilyn was coming from because she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marilyn was coming from because she said
+well if you pick the box right the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you pick the box right the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you pick the box right the first
+time which is what you need to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is what you need to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is what you need to get to
+win with a stick strategy well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win with a stick strategy well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win with a stick strategy well the
+chance you pick the right box is one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you pick the right box is one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance you pick the right box is one and
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+and showing them you know a goat over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing them you know a goat over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing them you know a goat over
+here didn't matter it's still one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here didn't matter it's still one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here didn't matter it's still one and
+three now that's gets a that in that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now that's gets a that in that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now that's gets a that in that's
+intuition but it can get you in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition but it can get you in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition but it can get you in trouble
+because say you you picked this box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because say you you picked this box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because say you you picked this box and
+Carol showed you both of these boxes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol showed you both of these boxes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carol showed you both of these boxes and
+they had pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had pocket
+protectors then what do you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protectors then what do you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protectors then what do you know about
+the probability you you won with a stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability you you won with a stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability you you won with a stick
+It's one oh so things did change there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one oh so things did change there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one oh so things did change there
+all right so you have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you have to be a little
+careful about how you reason okay uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about how you reason okay uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about how you reason okay uh you
+got to do this stick with that stay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do this stick with that stay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do this stick with that stay with
+that and you'll always be fine for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you'll always be fine for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you'll always be fine for your
+strategy so the really the key is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy so the really the key is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy so the really the key is to
+resist the temptation to just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist the temptation to just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist the temptation to just sort of
+use your intuition to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your intuition to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your intuition to think about
+it all right now this is a pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right now this is a pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right now this is a pretty simple
+example um so now I'm going to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so now I'm going to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so now I'm going to do one
+that's a little more interesting and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little more interesting and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little more interesting and a
+little more devious in a sense so I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more devious in a sense so I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more devious in a sense so I need
+a volunteer we're going to do a gambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a volunteer we're going to do a gambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a volunteer we're going to do a gambling
+game so I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so I need a
+volunteer all right now he's raised his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer all right now he's raised his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer all right now he's raised his
+hands before I even said what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands before I even said what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands before I even said what the
+criteria are uh first you got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria are uh first you got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria are uh first you got to be
+confident you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability well you can fake it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability well you can fake it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability well you can fake it but
+second and more importantly you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and more importantly you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and more importantly you got to
+have some money in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some money in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some money in your
+pocket or you got to borrow someone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket or you got to borrow someone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket or you got to borrow someone the
+way down you got a few bucks there yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down you got a few bucks there yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down you got a few bucks there yes
+all right come on down that's really all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right come on down that's really all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right come on down that's really all
+that matters you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now in this game there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this game there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this game there's three
+dice yeah well that's because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice yeah well that's because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice yeah well that's because you're
+smart okay so let me show you the dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart okay so let me show you the dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart okay so let me show you the dice
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops and these of course are not normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and these of course are not normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and these of course are not normal
+dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so dice a has a two a six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so dice a has a two a six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so dice a has a two a six and
+a seven and they're the same on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seven and they're the same on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seven and they're the same on the
+reverse side so it's a six-sided die and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse side so it's a six-sided die and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse side so it's a six-sided die and
+it's fair when you roll it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fair when you roll it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fair when you roll it the
+probability a comes up two is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a comes up two is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a comes up two is going to
+be a third all right same for six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a third all right same for six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a third all right same for six and
+for seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for seven
+oh we're just getting started all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're just getting started all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're just getting started all right
+dice B has a one five and a nine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice B has a one five and a nine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice B has a one five and a nine and
+dice C has a three four and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice C has a three four and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice C has a three four and an
+eight all right so I got they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight all right so I got they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight all right so I got they're all
+different numbers the numbers from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers the numbers from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers the numbers from one
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+nine so just so we're really clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine so just so we're really clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine so just so we're really clear the
+probability that a comes up three is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a comes up three is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a comes up three is a
+third the same for the probability a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third the same for the probability a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third the same for the probability a
+comes up six is a third and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up six is a third and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up six is a third and so
+on ah yes I do mean two good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ah yes I do mean two good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ah yes I do mean two good all right
+good you're paying attention that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you're paying attention that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you're paying attention that's good
+some hope all right now here's the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hope all right now here's the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hope all right now here's the game
+we're each gonna pick a die and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're each gonna pick a die and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're each gonna pick a die and we're
+gonna roll our die and the higher die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna roll our die and the higher die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna roll our die and the higher die
+wins we're going to roll them once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins we're going to roll them once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins we're going to roll them once the
+higher one wins and the loser pays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher one wins and the loser pays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher one wins and the loser pays the
+winner a dollar and uh no tears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner a dollar and uh no tears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner a dollar and uh no tears
+okay got that that was good he's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay got that that was good he's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay got that that was good he's already
+trying to figure out which one to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out which one to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out which one to pick
+uh so let's put your Dollar on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we go I have a five do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go I have a five do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go I have a five do you have
+change uh I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh I might have
+change all right let see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all right let see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all right let see
+here yes I do have change you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yes I do have change you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yes I do have change you have a
+dollar all right well for now anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar all right well for now anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar all right well for now anyway
+let's put the dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put the dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put the dollar
+there on the table it's GNA be a 20 next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the table it's GNA be a 20 next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the table it's GNA be a 20 next
+is oh we're just getting warmed up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh we're just getting warmed up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh we're just getting warmed up here
+okay now uh there is What's Your Name by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh there is What's Your Name by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh there is What's Your Name by
+the way will will okay nice nice to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way will will okay nice nice to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way will will okay nice nice to meet
+you will here we go all right now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will here we go all right now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will here we go all right now there
+is one problem here I don't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one problem here I don't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one problem here I don't really have
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+dice so we're going to have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice so we're going to have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice so we're going to have to do a
+mathematical version of this bet oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical version of this bet oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical version of this bet oh
+you're always gonna win then so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always gonna win then so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always gonna win then so what
+we're GNA do is pretend that we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're GNA do is pretend that we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're GNA do is pretend that we did a
+roll head tohe head and whichever one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll head tohe head and whichever one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll head tohe head and whichever one is
+more likely to win we're gonna assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to win we're gonna assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to win we're gonna assume
+the role came out that way all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role came out that way all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role came out that way all right now
+I know you've been studying those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you've been studying those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you've been studying those three
+three guys there those three dice I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three guys there those three dice I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three guys there those three dice I'm
+going to be fair and let you pick first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fair and let you pick first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fair and let you pick first
+which one you like like and now as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you like like and now as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you like like and now as you
+as you look at this you know think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you look at this you know think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you look at this you know think about
+you guys can help him out here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can help him out here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can help him out here if you
+can figure out which one's best this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out which one's best this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out which one's best this has
+got a couple good siiz numbers you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a couple good siiz numbers you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a couple good siiz numbers you know
+two of these beat these this has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these beat these this has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these beat these this has the
+biggest number but well it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest number but well it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest number but well it's the
+smallest this has two to two small guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest this has two to two small guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest this has two to two small guys
+in it you know and you want to pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it you know and you want to pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it you know and you want to pick the
+one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's
+likely they do all out to the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely they do all out to the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely they do all out to the same thing
+that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true
+yeah which one do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on no he's pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first all right what which one do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first all right what which one do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first all right what which one do you
+want here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will what's your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will what's your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will what's your best
+one a does look pretty good you got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a does look pretty good you got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a does look pretty good you got two
+solid numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid numbers
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+thereat a looks like it beats up on C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereat a looks like it beats up on C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereat a looks like it beats up on C
+pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true I don't know a a looks pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I don't know a a looks pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I don't know a a looks pretty good
+to us which one you like here well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us which one you like here well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us which one you like here well we'll
+try them out there we'll play more games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try them out there we'll play more games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try them out there we'll play more games
+okay A a all right will likes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and I'm G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and I'm G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and I'm G to
+pick uh I'm going to go with see I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick uh I'm going to go with see I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick uh I'm going to go with see I'm
+going to give you a Fighting Chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a Fighting Chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a Fighting Chance
+right because we figured a beat C for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we figured a beat C for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we figured a beat C for
+sure right because you got a couple six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure right because you got a couple six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure right because you got a couple six
+and seven beat up three and four pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven beat up three and four pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven beat up three and four pretty
+good and yeah I I'm going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and yeah I I'm going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and yeah I I'm going to pick
+C all right and now we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all right and now we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all right and now we're going to do
+figure out which one's more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one's more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one's more likely to
+win and we're going to make the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win and we're going to make the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win and we're going to make the tree
+diagram all right so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram all right so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram all right so here's a
+you've got two six and seven of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two six and seven of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two six and seven of your
+choices and they're each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/3 and then for mine I've got 3 Four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and8 3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and8 3 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and8 3 four
+and8 three four and eight and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and8 three four and eight and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and8 three four and eight and they're
+all one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chance all right so I make my tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance all right so I make my tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance all right so I make my tree
+here and get squished at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get squished at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get squished at the bottom
+they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all
+oneir all right now we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneir all right now we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneir all right now we're going to see
+who wins C or a there's nine outomes who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wins C or a there's nine outomes who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wins C or a there's nine outomes who
+wins this outcome you the whole top oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins this outcome you the whole top oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins this outcome you the whole top oh I
+do yeah I get all these that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah I get all these that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah I get all these that's good
+you're in trouble already what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble already what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble already what happens
+here though who wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you six speeds three six speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you six speeds three six speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you six speeds three six speeds
+four you win those I got you here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you win those I got you here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you win those I got you here all
+right then you win seven beats three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you win seven beats three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you win seven beats three
+three a wins seven beats four a wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three a wins seven beats four a wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three a wins seven beats four a wins
+it's tied but oh my eight beat your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tied but oh my eight beat your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tied but oh my eight beat your
+seven all right so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven all right so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven all right so let's see
+here there's one two three four five for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's one two three four five for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's one two three four five for
+me each at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me each at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me each at a
+nth all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth all right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna
+win right now in this case the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win right now in this case the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win right now in this case the sample
+space is uniform every probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is uniform every probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is uniform every probability is
+the same for the outcomes they're all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for the outcomes they're all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for the outcomes they're all a
+nth a third time a thir a thir time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth a third time a thir a thir time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth a third time a thir a thir time a
+third all right and so that's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third all right and so that's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third all right and so that's a case
+where we say the sample space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say the sample space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say the sample space is
+uniform don't go anywhere we're g to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform don't go anywhere we're g to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform don't go anywhere we're g to do
+some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the sample space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform if every sample Point has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform if every sample Point has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform if every sample Point has the
+same probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in which case the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case the probability of the
+sample point would be one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample point would be one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample point would be one in the
+cardinality of the sample space in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of the sample space in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of the sample space in this
+case there's nine points that each have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's nine points that each have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's nine points that each have
+probability 1 nth and in this case C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 nth and in this case C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 nth and in this case C
+beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with
+probability 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 5
+9ths all right that means I win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9ths all right that means I win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9ths all right that means I win the
+dollar all right so uh you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar all right so uh you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar all right so uh you have some
+more money in there that wallet I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money in there that wallet I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money in there that wallet I might
+change for you so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for you so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for you so what we're going to do
+is play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is play
+again and you've learned something now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you've learned something now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you've learned something now
+that c beats a so we play again you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c beats a so we play again you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c beats a so we play again you're
+probably not going to want to pick pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to want to pick pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to want to pick pick
+a fact C is surprisingly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact C is surprisingly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact C is surprisingly good
+there now I'll let you wager more if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now I'll let you wager more if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now I'll let you wager more if you
+want to win your dollar back you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to win your dollar back you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to win your dollar back you want to
+do double or nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you you always get to pick second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you always get to pick second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you always get to pick second
+though yeah yeah I'm gonna I gotta be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though yeah yeah I'm gonna I gotta be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though yeah yeah I'm gonna I gotta be
+fair here I gotta let you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first so all you got got a couple Buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so all you got got a couple Buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so all you got got a couple Buck
+we'll do double or nothing what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do double or nothing what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do double or nothing what do you
+say I'll make change for you there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'll make change for you there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'll make change for you there you
+go here here's five bucks I'll change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here here's five bucks I'll change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here here's five bucks I'll change
+your five and then we'll bet two how's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your five and then we'll bet two how's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your five and then we'll bet two how's
+that actually I got a $2 bill here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I got a $2 bill here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I got a $2 bill here here
+we go wait got two bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go wait got two bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go wait got two bucks
+there we go all right double or nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go all right double or nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go all right double or nothing
+uh will what do you like you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will what do you like you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will what do you like you know you're
+not obviously not going to pick a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obviously not going to pick a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obviously not going to pick a that
+just got beat by C what do you like B or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C wow one of them's got to be best one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C wow one of them's got to be best one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C wow one of them's got to be best one
+of them's got to be best here you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them's got to be best here you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them's got to be best here you just
+got to figure out which one it is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to figure out which one it is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to figure out which one it is it's a
+tournament I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+I so I I won't pick a that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure that's good you figured out you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that's good you figured out you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that's good you figured out you're
+screwed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed
+here that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's very
+good all right so uh yeah so he's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right so uh yeah so he's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right so uh yeah so he's sort
+of he's doing great he's figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of he's doing great he's figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of he's doing great he's figured out
+because he went through this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he went through this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he went through this sort of
+like this method what all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this method what all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this method what all the possible
+outcomes were and he's discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes were and he's discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes were and he's discovered that
+no matter what he picks I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what he picks I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what he picks I'm going to
+beat him all right so let's see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat him all right so let's see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat him all right so let's see why
+that's the case so let's see so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case so let's see so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case so let's see so because
+you figured it out I won't take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figured it out I won't take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figured it out I won't take your
+money this time well we'll do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money this time well we'll do some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money this time well we'll do some more
+in a minute so say will picked uh say he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute so say will picked uh say he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute so say will picked uh say he
+picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked
+C and say that then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and say that then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and say that then I will
+pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+B all right so on C there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B all right so on C there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B all right so on C there's three
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+three four and eight and then on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four and eight and then on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four and eight and then on my
+choice of B there's one five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nine all right so I get one five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine all right so I get one five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine all right so I get one five and
+nine and now we can see who wins here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and now we can see who wins here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and now we can see who wins here
+well C wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well C wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well C wins
+there loses here loses there C wins here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there loses here loses there C wins here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there loses here loses there C wins here
+and B wins the next two then C wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B wins the next two then C wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B wins the next two then C wins
+these and B wins the Ty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and B wins the Ty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and B wins the Ty
+breaker so B beats C with probability 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+9ths all right so you don't want to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9ths all right so you don't want to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9ths all right so you don't want to pick
+a you don't want to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you don't want to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you don't want to pick
+C you want to tie a bet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B I mean look you got B beats C we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I mean look you got B beats C we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I mean look you got B beats C we just
+showed that c beats a I mean that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that c beats a I mean that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that c beats a I mean that's a
+sure bet if I ever saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure bet if I ever saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure bet if I ever saw
+one what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah
+still so if you pick B what am I I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so if you pick B what am I I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so if you pick B what am I I going
+to do well you going pick a I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do well you going pick a I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do well you going pick a I'm going to
+pick a let's see how that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a let's see how that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a let's see how that works
+out all right so B has one five and nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right so B has one five and nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right so B has one five and nine
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+is yeah two six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven okay so well you're going to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven okay so well you're going to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven okay so well you're going to lose
+all three there a wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three there a wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three there a wins
+those a wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those a wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those a wins
+uh no you win B wins there but a wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no you win B wins there but a wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no you win B wins there but a wins
+the next two and then you win the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so a
+oops a wins again five n of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops a wins again five n of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops a wins again five n of the
+time so how is this possible we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so how is this possible we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so how is this possible we've got a
+beats B beats C beats a all five NS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats B beats C beats a all five NS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats B beats C beats a all five NS
+how is that possible did we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistake well why isn't it possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake well why isn't it possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake well why isn't it possible
+whoever said probabilities were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever said probabilities were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever said probabilities were
+transitive right I mean You' sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive right I mean You' sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive right I mean You' sort of
+think there's a best of the three die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a best of the three die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a best of the three die
+but for any one that you pick that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for any one that you pick that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for any one that you pick that he
+picks I can find one that's better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks I can find one that's better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks I can find one that's better and
+it goes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes in a
+cycle all right so you'd think picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle all right so you'd think picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle all right so you'd think picking
+first you got a shot to pick the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you got a shot to pick the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you got a shot to pick the best
+one but picking second always wins this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but picking second always wins this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but picking second always wins this
+game if you pick the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game if you pick the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game if you pick the right
+one all right you know since you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right you know since you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right you know since you did
+good and figured that out I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and figured that out I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and figured that out I'm going to
+give you a special opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a special opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a special opportunity
+here all right now I'm gonna let I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right now I'm gonna let I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right now I'm gonna let I'm
+Gonna Let You Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gonna Let You Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gonna Let You Go
+second all right so I'm gonna pick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second all right so I'm gonna pick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second all right so I'm gonna pick one
+and I'm gonna let you pick after me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna let you pick after me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna let you pick after me and
+then we're gonna bet there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna bet there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna bet there's going to be
+a little twist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little twist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little twist to
+it but you want to pick second right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you want to pick second right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you want to pick second right I
+don't know what you do after that though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what you do after that though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what you do after that though
+yeah all right well let me tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right well let me tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right well let me tell you what
+I'm going to do you know just to make I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do you know just to make I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do you know just to make I
+want to do a different analysis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a different analysis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a different analysis we
+already did these three so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did these three so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did these three so what I'm
+going to do is an analysis where we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is an analysis where we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is an analysis where we we
+roll them twice you know otherwise it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll them twice you know otherwise it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll them twice you know otherwise it's
+the same basic thing but I want to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same basic thing but I want to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same basic thing but I want to do an
+analysis with more outcomes here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis with more outcomes here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis with more outcomes here because
+we sort of beat this to death so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of beat this to death so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of beat this to death so I'm
+going to go first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go first and
+um let's see what what do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see what what do I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see what what do I want to
+pick well what should I pick if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick well what should I pick if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick well what should I pick if I'm
+going to do this I guess I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this I guess I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this I guess I'll
+pick B all right so I'm going to pick B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all right how much you want to bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right how much you want to bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right how much you want to bet
+here I'm GNA let you win your money back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm GNA let you win your money back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm GNA let you win your money back
+I'll let you bet up to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you bet up to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you bet up to 10
+bucks your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choice what what do you want to bet here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice what what do you want to bet here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice what what do you want to bet here
+we got to put some money on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to put some money on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to put some money on the table
+make it a little interesting so you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a little interesting so you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a little interesting so you pick
+one I pick another yeah you pick you R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I pick another yeah you pick you R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I pick another yeah you pick you R
+you roll a different after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you roll a different after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you roll a different after that
+no same ones the die don't change I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no same ones the die don't change I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no same ones the die don't change I'm
+picking B and I'm going to roll it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking B and I'm going to roll it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking B and I'm going to roll it a
+couple times and I'm going to add up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple times and I'm going to add up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple times and I'm going to add up my
+score and then you get to pick whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and then you get to pick whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and then you get to pick whatever
+die you want I'm going to let you pick I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die you want I'm going to let you pick I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die you want I'm going to let you pick I
+mean I'm going to let you pick the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm going to let you pick the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm going to let you pick the one
+that beats it you roll yours a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beats it you roll yours a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beats it you roll yours a couple
+times and now we see which one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and now we see which one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and now we see which one has the
+higher sum who's more likely to win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher sum who's more likely to win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher sum who's more likely to win the
+total like if you roll a n and n and i r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total like if you roll a n and n and i r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total like if you roll a n and n and i r
+seven seven yeah then I'm going to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seven yeah then I'm going to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seven yeah then I'm going to win
+cuz I get 18 you got 14 if I roll a nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I get 18 you got 14 if I roll a nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I get 18 you got 14 if I roll a nine
+and a one I get a 10 you roll a six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a one I get a 10 you roll a six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a one I get a 10 you roll a six and
+a seven you beat me at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seven you beat me at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seven you beat me at
+1 all right so which one do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 all right so which one do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 all right so which one do you want to
+pick you could Pi see but you got put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick you could Pi see but you got put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick you could Pi see but you got put
+put the money on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the money on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the money on the table
+here whatever you want to bet you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here whatever you want to bet you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here whatever you want to bet you know I
+want to give you a chance to win your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a chance to win your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a chance to win your
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back no what's the probability he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back no what's the probability he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back no what's the probability he's
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+lose got a te card well what else you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose got a te card well what else you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose got a te card well what else you
+got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in
+there I'll take the Shaw's card we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'll take the Shaw's card we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'll take the Shaw's card we can
+what's that worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that worth
+that's worth a few bucks here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth a few bucks here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth a few bucks here all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh I'm picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm picking
+B which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picking I really got his head messed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking I really got his head messed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking I really got his head messed up
+now dos on the table take that and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now dos on the table take that and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now dos on the table take that and run
+yeah we already saw it I give you a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we already saw it I give you a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we already saw it I give you a hint
+here a beats B five nths of the time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a beats B five nths of the time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a beats B five nths of the time a
+comes up higher than b so if we roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up higher than b so if we roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up higher than b so if we roll
+them twice your odds got even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them twice your odds got even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them twice your odds got even better
+than a beats B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right all right so will goes with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right so will goes with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right so will goes with a
+will that was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that was a big
+mistake all right now how how could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake all right now how how could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake all right now how how could it
+be a mistake a beats B five nths of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a mistake a beats B five nths of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a mistake a beats B five nths of the
+time now what we're gonna do is make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now what we're gonna do is make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now what we're gonna do is make the
+decision tree we roll B twice we roll a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree we roll B twice we roll a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree we roll B twice we roll a
+twice all right let's see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice all right let's see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice all right let's see what happens
+it's this is a nasty one to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is a nasty one to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is a nasty one to write down
+in fact you'll start seeing this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you'll start seeing this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you'll start seeing this when
+you do these tree method things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do these tree method things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do these tree method things
+sometimes the trees get a little hairy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the trees get a little hairy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the trees get a little hairy
+so we got a sort of approximate a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got a sort of approximate a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got a sort of approximate a little
+bit so here's B right I got five and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so here's B right I got five and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so here's B right I got five and N
+for my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my first
+roll and then I got one five and N for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and then I got one five and N for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and then I got one five and N for
+my second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roll and I add these up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and I add these up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and I add these up
+yeah yeah see if you read the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah see if you read the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah see if you read the notes
+ahead sometimes that helps uh six here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead sometimes that helps uh six here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead sometimes that helps uh six here
+are my outcomes these are the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my outcomes these are the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my outcomes these are the numbers
+I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+get all right these are my my nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all right these are my my nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all right these are my my nine
+values your nine values you got 2 six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values your nine values you got 2 six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values your nine values you got 2 six
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+seven then each 2 six and seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven then each 2 six and seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven then each 2 six and seven
+again so we add those up you got 4 8 9 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so we add those up you got 4 8 9 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so we add those up you got 4 8 9 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 9 13 and 14 and now we have each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 9 13 and 14 and now we have each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 9 13 and 14 and now we have each one
+of these against each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these against each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these against each one of these
+because there's 81 outcomes I got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's 81 outcomes I got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's 81 outcomes I got four
+levels to the tree and rather than draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels to the tree and rather than draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels to the tree and rather than draw
+four levels of this three are tree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four levels of this three are tree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four levels of this three are tree to
+get 81 outcomes I'm going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 81 outcomes I'm going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 81 outcomes I'm going to say that
+each one of these corresponds to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these corresponds to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these corresponds to this
+tree right that has nine leaves and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree right that has nine leaves and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree right that has nine leaves and now
+we can just count up how many times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just count up how many times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just count up how many times I
+win I only get twoes well two got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win I only get twoes well two got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win I only get twoes well two got
+nothing that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that's a
+zero let's see how many times six wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let's see how many times six wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let's see how many times six wins
+one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one
+time 10 one two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 10 one two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 10 one two three four five
+all right got that six wins we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right got that six wins we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right got that six wins we already
+decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided
+once 10 we decided already wins five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once 10 we decided already wins five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once 10 we decided already wins five
+times 14 wins 1 two 3 four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 14 wins 1 two 3 four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 14 wins 1 two 3 four five six
+seven eight and ties once a tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven eight and ties once a tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven eight and ties once a tie
+one 10 we already got was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 10 we already got was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 10 we already got was
+five 14 we already got was eight in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 14 we already got was eight in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 14 we already got was eight in a
+tie and finally I get 18 wins every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie and finally I get 18 wins every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie and finally I get 18 wins every
+time so let's add this up I got 17 22 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let's add this up I got 17 22 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let's add this up I got 17 22 30
+35 36 41 42 times plus half the ties out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 36 41 42 times plus half the ties out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 36 41 42 times plus half the ties out
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+81 how much money is on this Shaw's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+card oh smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy how did this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy how did this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy how did this happen
+a is more likely to beat b higher than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is more likely to beat b higher than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is more likely to beat b higher than b
+but you roll them twice and it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you roll them twice and it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you roll them twice and it's less
+likely to be as large on the Su well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be as large on the Su well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be as large on the Su well why
+not it's just our intuition is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's just our intuition is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's just our intuition is all
+screwed up but the math is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up but the math is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up but the math is
+straightforward in fact an amazing thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward in fact an amazing thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward in fact an amazing thing
+happens if you roll them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you roll them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you roll them
+twice they reverse completely a is worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice they reverse completely a is worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice they reverse completely a is worse
+than b is worse than C is worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b is worse than C is worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b is worse than C is worse than
+a if you roll them twice if you roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if you roll them twice if you roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if you roll them twice if you roll
+three times something else happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times something else happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times something else happens in
+fact it was known for a long time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it was known for a long time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it was known for a long time that
+this phenomenon happens with one roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phenomenon happens with one roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phenomenon happens with one roll
+and when I was making lecture notes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I was making lecture notes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I was making lecture notes a
+few years ago I noticed they reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago I noticed they reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago I noticed they reverse
+with two roles and then we did a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two roles and then we did a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two roles and then we did a class
+project to discover what happens with K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to discover what happens with K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to discover what happens with K
+rolles and it turns out that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolles and it turns out that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolles and it turns out that you can get
+every possible combination you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible combination you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible combination you know in
+some number of roles a beats both b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of roles a beats both b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of roles a beats both b and
+c and b beats C other Comm number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and b beats C other Comm number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and b beats C other Comm number of
+roles a beats them both and C beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles a beats them both and C beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles a beats them both and C beats
+beats B and then motivated by that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats B and then motivated by that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats B and then motivated by that some
+researchers out in San Diego showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers out in San Diego showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers out in San Diego showed that
+there's arbitrarily strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's arbitrarily strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's arbitrarily strange
+dice uh now not with just three sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice uh now not with just three sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice uh now not with just three sides
+but with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with more
+sides such that for any tournament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides such that for any tournament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides such that for any tournament
+remember a tournament from graph Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a tournament from graph Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a tournament from graph Theory
+where you everybody beats you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you everybody beats you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you everybody beats you know
+between a pair of players one player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of players one player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of players one player
+wins you can make the relation for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins you can make the relation for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins you can make the relation for any
+tournament show up for a particular set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament show up for a particular set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament show up for a particular set
+of dice by Rolling a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dice by Rolling a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dice by Rolling a certain number of
+times all right which is just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times all right which is just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times all right which is just really
+fascinating you can prove that so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating you can prove that so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating you can prove that so these
+dice can get arbitrarily weird in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice can get arbitrarily weird in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice can get arbitrarily weird in terms
+of which Dy is likely to come up and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which Dy is likely to come up and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which Dy is likely to come up and be
+better than another die all right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than another die all right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than another die all right that's
+it for today let me give you your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for today let me give you your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for today let me give you your money
+back here and I got a gift certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here and I got a gift certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here and I got a gift certificate
+you can have for being a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have for being a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have for being a good
+sport here you go how much money did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport here you go how much money did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport here you go how much money did I
+take here I think only like $2 $2 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take here I think only like $2 $2 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take here I think only like $2 $2 all
+right there you go very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there you go very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there you go very good
+thanks so we'll do a lot more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so we'll do a lot more examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so we'll do a lot more examples
+over the next week or two
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TOb1tuEZ2X4.txt b/TOb1tuEZ2X4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..afff82abda22330ce59a4ed645aac4f06cd64803
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TOb1tuEZ2X4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so all right um so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so all right um so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so all right um so this is a
+233 so as you can see uh every node has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 so as you can see uh every node has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 so as you can see uh every node has
+so the two three is either two children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two three is either two children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two three is either two children
+or three children every node can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three children every node can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three children every node can have
+either one key or two keys and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one key or two keys and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one key or two keys and the
+correlation is that every uh for so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is that every uh for so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is that every uh for so if
+there are n keys in a node it has n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are n keys in a node it has n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are n keys in a node it has n
+plus1 children so the way that works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus1 children so the way that works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus1 children so the way that works is
+well in the similar similar to binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the similar similar to binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the similar similar to binary
+search Tre right so if you have value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search Tre right so if you have value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search Tre right so if you have value
+here the two children surrounding it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the two children surrounding it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the two children surrounding it so
+this side is less this side is more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side is less this side is more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side is less this side is more so
+it's essentially in sorted order going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially in sorted order going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially in sorted order going
+in an in order reversal so left left sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an in order reversal so left left sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an in order reversal so left left sh
+root right shell so in order it's sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root right shell so in order it's sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root right shell so in order it's sorted
+so generally a b tree will have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes uh so let's say n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes uh so let's say n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes uh so let's say n
+and n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+children and if you take anything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and if you take anything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and if you take anything in the
+Middle look at the two children all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle look at the two children all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle look at the two children all the
+keys in this sub tree are smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys in this sub tree are smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys in this sub tree are smaller than
+the key here and all the C Tre keys in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key here and all the C Tre keys in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key here and all the C Tre keys in
+this sube are larger than the key here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sube are larger than the key here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sube are larger than the key here
+so that's a general node okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a general node okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a general node okay so uh
+before we go into more details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go into more details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go into more details of the
+properties and everything so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and everything so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and everything so the
+question is why use be trees so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why use be trees so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why use be trees so let's
+like if we do a quick uh depth analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we do a quick uh depth analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we do a quick uh depth analysis
+we can see that the depth is still log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that the depth is still log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that the depth is still log
+in right is that clear to everyone sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right is that clear to everyone sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right is that clear to everyone sort
+of why the depth is log in because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why the depth is log in because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why the depth is log in because you
+have you have branching just just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have branching just just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have branching just just like
+in binary search trees in fact you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in binary search trees in fact you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in binary search trees in fact you have
+more branching but in any case the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more branching but in any case the depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more branching but in any case the depth
+is still log in but why use B trees over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still log in but why use B trees over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still log in but why use B trees over
+uh binary search trees anyone another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh binary search trees anyone another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh binary search trees anyone another
+reason why you would prefer to use be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you would prefer to use be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you would prefer to use be
+trees and not so like all the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and not so like all the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and not so like all the operations
+still log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still log
+in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guesses done okay well Okay the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses done okay well Okay the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses done okay well Okay the reason
+is well memory hierarchy so normally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well memory hierarchy so normally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well memory hierarchy so normally in
+algorithms you just assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms you just assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms you just assume that the
+computer has access to like memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer has access to like memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer has access to like memory and
+you can just like pick up things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just like pick up things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just like pick up things from
+dis and constant and do your operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis and constant and do your operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis and constant and do your operations
+with it and you don't worry about caches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and you don't worry about caches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and you don't worry about caches
+and everything but that's not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything but that's not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything but that's not how
+computers work right so in a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers work right so in a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers work right so in a computer
+you have so those if you have taken like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so those if you have taken like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so those if you have taken like
+some computer architecture class 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some computer architecture class 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some computer architecture class 64
+something you will know so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you will know so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you will know so that
+hierarchy as a CPU so let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy as a CPU so let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy as a CPU so let's try
+somewhere uh so you have your CPU and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh so you have your CPU and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh so you have your CPU and
+near your CPU have some registers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near your CPU have some registers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near your CPU have some registers you
+have your caches L1 L2 L3 whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your caches L1 L2 L3 whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your caches L1 L2 L3 whatever you
+have your RAM you have dis after that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your RAM you have dis after that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your RAM you have dis after that so
+dis is the slowest then you have your I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis is the slowest then you have your I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis is the slowest then you have your I
+don't know your Cloud whatever so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know your Cloud whatever so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know your Cloud whatever so like
+each level your your memory size grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each level your your memory size grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each level your your memory size grows
+and your access time grows as well so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your access time grows as well so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your access time grows as well so in
+the basic memory hierarchy model we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic memory hierarchy model we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic memory hierarchy model we have
+just two levels of hierarchy let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two levels of hierarchy let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two levels of hierarchy let's say
+so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have
+cache connected by A high bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache connected by A high bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache connected by A high bandwidth
+channel to the CPU and you have a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel to the CPU and you have a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel to the CPU and you have a low
+bandwidth channel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disk so the difference is so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk so the difference is so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk so the difference is so essentially
+you can consider that cash to have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can consider that cash to have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can consider that cash to have like
+infinite speed cash just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite speed cash just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite speed cash just like you
+whatever you can take you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can take you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can take you don't have any
+cost for bringing in stuff from cash so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for bringing in stuff from cash so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for bringing in stuff from cash so
+but but it's finite size so the way cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's finite size so the way cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's finite size so the way cash
+works is it has a bunch of words it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is it has a bunch of words it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is it has a bunch of words it has
+a finite finite number of words so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite finite number of words so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite finite number of words so let's
+each each word has size uh size B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each word has size uh size B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each word has size uh size B and
+let's say you have m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+words however hard disk is just let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words however hard disk is just let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words however hard disk is just let's
+say infinite memory but it has some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say infinite memory but it has some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say infinite memory but it has some some
+cost Associated to accessing things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost Associated to accessing things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost Associated to accessing things okay
+also when you access things from hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also when you access things from hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also when you access things from hard
+disk you copy them into cache and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk you copy them into cache and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk you copy them into cache and you
+copy a block of size B you take it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy a block of size B you take it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy a block of size B you take it up
+from the hard disk and you TR like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hard disk and you TR like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hard disk and you TR like you
+take a block and you put it into cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a block and you put it into cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a block and you put it into cache
+and you have to get rid of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to get rid of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to get rid of something
+because it's finite so what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's finite so what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's finite so what you want to
+do is you want to utilize those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you want to utilize those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you want to utilize those that
+that B Block efficiently you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B Block efficiently you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B Block efficiently you you you
+don't just want to like bring a B Block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just want to like bring a B Block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just want to like bring a B Block
+every time you want to access a new node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you want to access a new node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you want to access a new node
+in a binary search tree like normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a binary search tree like normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a binary search tree like normal
+operations are what you start on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are what you start on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are what you start on the
+root go to a node so but that's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root go to a node so but that's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root go to a node so but that's not very
+easily correlated with this right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily correlated with this right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily correlated with this right so if
+you want to utilize the entire block you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to utilize the entire block you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to utilize the entire block you
+would want something like a block which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want something like a block which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want something like a block which
+sort of goes down the tree but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of goes down the tree but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of goes down the tree but that's
+but that's not how Binet trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not how Binet trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not how Binet trees are
+stored Binet are stored this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored Binet are stored this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored Binet are stored this
+way so that's the nice thing about B Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that's the nice thing about B Be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that's the nice thing about B Be
+trees so since you can make so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees so since you can make so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees so since you can make so this is
+just a two three tree this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a two three tree this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a two three tree this is not a
+general b a general b tree will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general b a general b tree will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general b a general b tree will have a
+bunch of nodes and we'll come to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of nodes and we'll come to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of nodes and we'll come to that
+number but generally you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but generally you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but generally you want to make
+that number of nodes something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number of nodes something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number of nodes something like the
+uh cache what is the cach the word size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cache what is the cach the word size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cache what is the cach the word size
+in the cache so once you do that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cache so once you do that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cache so once you do that you can
+get an entire node from disk like work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an entire node from disk like work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an entire node from disk like work
+on that and then like get another entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and then like get another entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and then like get another entire
+node so like your height is reduced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so like your height is reduced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so like your height is reduced and
+you can do your operations much quicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do your operations much quicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do your operations much quicker
+because you don't are not accessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't are not accessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't are not accessing
+accessing dis every time you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing dis every time you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing dis every time you're going
+down a level I mean you are sorry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a level I mean you are sorry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a level I mean you are sorry you
+are accessing dis every time you go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accessing dis every time you go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accessing dis every time you go down
+a level but you're get like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level but you're get like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level but you're get like you're
+utilizing the whole block when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilizing the whole block when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilizing the whole block when you're
+accessing dis good sort of Mak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing dis good sort of Mak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing dis good sort of Mak
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+okay so let's write down the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's write down the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's write down the specific
+ifications for for be trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ifications for for be trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ifications for for be trees
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+good so so number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+children so okay first of all a b3e has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so okay first of all a b3e has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so okay first of all a b3e has
+something called a a branching Factor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a a branching Factor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a a branching Factor so
+in the 233 the branching factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 233 the branching factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 233 the branching factor is
+two so what that means is simply it Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so what that means is simply it Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so what that means is simply it Just
+Bounce the number of children so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bounce the number of children so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bounce the number of children so the
+number of children has to be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of children has to be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of children has to be greater
+than equal to two other than the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to two other than the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to two other than the root
+node the root node can have less than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node the root node can have less than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node the root node can have less than b
+children it's fine also it's upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children it's fine also it's upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children it's fine also it's upper
+bounded by 2 B plus 2B uh notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by 2 B plus 2B uh notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by 2 B plus 2B uh notice that
+this is a strict upper bound so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a strict upper bound so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a strict upper bound so you can
+have at most 2 B minus one keys in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at most 2 B minus one keys in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at most 2 B minus one keys in the
+children from a node also remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children from a node also remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children from a node also remember that
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keys the number of keys is 1 there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys the number of keys is 1 there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys the number of keys is 1 there's
+just one less than the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one less than the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one less than the number of
+children therefore these inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children therefore these inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children therefore these inequality
+that's that's not right there we go uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not right there we go uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not right there we go uh
+these inequalities just get reduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inequalities just get reduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inequalities just get reduced by
+one so you have one - one and you have 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you have one - one and you have 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you have one - one and you have 2
+b - one so number of keys can be between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b - one so number of keys can be between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b - one so number of keys can be between
+B minus one and 2 B minus 2 the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B minus one and 2 B minus 2 the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B minus one and 2 B minus 2 the rational
+for that will become clear see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that will become clear see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that will become clear see the the
+Tre no B is the branching so b b is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tre no B is the branching so b b is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tre no B is the branching so b b is the
+branching Factor so that is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching Factor so that is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching Factor so that is the number
+of children like it's not the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children like it's not the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children like it's not the number of
+children but it's it's bound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children but it's it's bound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children but it's it's bound on the
+number of children so like in the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of children so like in the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of children so like in the 2
+three Tre so B is equal to two and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Tre so B is equal to two and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Tre so B is equal to two and this
+is a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three3 so the two refers to you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three3 so the two refers to you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three3 so the two refers to you can have
+either two children or you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either two children or you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either two children or you can have
+three children so and so here the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three children so and so here the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three children so and so here the upper
+bound and children is 2 b - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and children is 2 b - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and children is 2 b - 1
+right 2 b - 1 is equal 3 so you can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 2 b - 1 is equal 3 so you can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 2 b - 1 is equal 3 so you can I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+two or three children and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three children and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three children and
+correspondingly you can have either one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly you can have either one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly you can have either one
+or two keys in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two keys in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two keys in the
+node makes sense cool okay so coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node makes sense cool okay so coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node makes sense cool okay so coming
+back to this so the root does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this so the root does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this so the root does not have
+have lower bound the root can have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lower bound the root can have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lower bound the root can have one
+child in any tree so you have a uh b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child in any tree so you have a uh b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child in any tree so you have a uh b
+equal to five tree the root can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to five tree the root can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to five tree the root can still
+have one child sorry not one child one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one child sorry not one child one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one child sorry not one child one
+key element two children all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key element two children all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key element two children all right
+that's good also it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good also it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good also it's completely
+balanced so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced so all the
+leaves are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depth so like you can so you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so like you can so you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so like you can so you can see it
+here right so all the so you don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so all the so you don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so all the so you don't you
+can't have like a dangling dangling node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have like a dangling dangling node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have like a dangling dangling node
+here this is not allowed you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is not allowed you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is not allowed you have to
+have a leaf you have to have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a leaf you have to have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a leaf you have to have something
+going down and everything ends at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down and everything ends at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down and everything ends at the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+level all right so that's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level all right so that's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level all right so that's the thing
+so also the leaves obviously don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also the leaves obviously don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also the leaves obviously don't have
+children so the this this condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so the this this condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so the this this condition is
+uh violated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh violated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh violated by the
+leaf okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf okay all right
+so that's the basic structure of B3 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the basic structure of B3 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the basic structure of B3 uh
+now so the first operation we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the first operation we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the first operation we'll
+consider on B trees is searching so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider on B trees is searching so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider on B trees is searching so that
+should be relatively straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be relatively straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be relatively straightforward
+right so remember how searching is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so remember how searching is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so remember how searching is done
+in the binary search tree you bring in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the binary search tree you bring in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the binary search tree you bring in a
+value X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value X
+compared to the key let's say x is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the key let's say x is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the key let's say x is less
+than K you go down this path let's say x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K you go down this path let's say x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K you go down this path let's say x
+is greater than K you go down this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than K you go down this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than K you go down this path
+so similarly in a b Tre so let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similarly in a b Tre so let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similarly in a b Tre so let's say you
+bring in a value let's say you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in a value let's say you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in a value let's say you are
+looking for 20 so you bring in 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for 20 so you bring in 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for 20 so you bring in 20
+compared to this 20 is less than 30 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this 20 is less than 30 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this 20 is less than 30 so
+go down here now you have three values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down here now you have three values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down here now you have three values
+sorry two values so where does 20 fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry two values so where does 20 fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry two values so where does 20 fit in
+here not here not here it fits here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not here not here it fits here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not here not here it fits here okay
+go down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down this
+tree you find 20 that's it so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you find 20 that's it so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you find 20 that's it so in general
+you bring in a k key K you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring in a k key K you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring in a k key K you look at this
+node and you go through all the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and you go through all the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and you go through all the values
+so uh something I forgot to mention so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh something I forgot to mention so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh something I forgot to mention so
+which should be clear all the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be clear all the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be clear all the all the
+keys in a node they're sorted one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys in a node they're sorted one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys in a node they're sorted one after
+the other so your values go like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so your values go like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so your values go like this so
+they're increasing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're increasing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're increasing in this
+way make sense okay so so you bring in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way make sense okay so so you bring in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way make sense okay so so you bring in a
+key look at all the keys in the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key look at all the keys in the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key look at all the keys in the node
+you're looking at pick the one pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at pick the one pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at pick the one pick the
+place where K fits in I unless it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where K fits in I unless it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where K fits in I unless it's
+already in the node then you're done you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the node then you're done you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the node then you're done you
+you found it otherwise let's say the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found it otherwise let's say the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found it otherwise let's say the K
+fits in between these two these two guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in between these two these two guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in between these two these two guys
+so you go down this child and continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go down this child and continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go down this child and continue
+so searching is log n similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so searching is log n similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so searching is log n similar to
+bsts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so searching is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so searching is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so searching is not very
+interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so next is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next is
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+insertion so insertion is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion so insertion is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion so insertion is a little more
+interesting than searching so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than searching so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than searching so what you
+do in insertion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in insertion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in insertion is
+you didn't this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't this room
+and this room foration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this room foration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this room foration
+oh okay well I guess we start we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay well I guess we start we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay well I guess we start we start
+run again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run again
+okay should we move back the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay should we move back the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay should we move back the original
+room okay let's let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so before we resume does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so before we resume does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so before we resume does anyone
+have any questions about the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about the structure
+of B trees we rush through that quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B trees we rush through that quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B trees we rush through that quite a
+lot quite fast so about how B trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot quite fast so about how B trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot quite fast so about how B trees are
+structured everyone good with that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured everyone good with that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured everyone good with that okay
+also any questions about searching in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also any questions about searching in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also any questions about searching in a
+b3e or a bstd or go ahead just a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b3e or a bstd or go ahead just a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b3e or a bstd or go ahead just a random
+question so the 38 there mhm it can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the 38 there mhm it can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the 38 there mhm it can only
+have two children yep so one value two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two children yep so one value two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two children yep so one value two
+children so like so like whatever is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so like so like whatever is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so like so like whatever is so
+you have some node in the B tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some node in the B tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some node in the B tree and
+whatever is below it is split into Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is below it is split into Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is below it is split into Parts
+by the elements so if you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the elements so if you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the elements so if you have n
+elements it splits it up into n n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements it splits it up into n n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements it splits it up into n n plus
+one segments so okay all right you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one segments so okay all right you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one segments so okay all right you said
+you said that the root didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said that the root didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said that the root didn't have to
+follow the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the rule
+no well you'll see when we do insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no well you'll see when we do insertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no well you'll see when we do insertion
+and deletion why that's necessary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deletion why that's necessary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deletion why that's necessary but
+like essentially like you can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially like you can consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially like you can consider
+that it's an invariant and all we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's an invariant and all we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's an invariant and all we have
+to do is preserve that invariant so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is preserve that invariant so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is preserve that invariant so yeah
+the root can have has it has still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root can have has it has still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root can have has it has still have
+less than two it it still has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than two it it still has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than two it it still has to have
+the upper bound but it it doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper bound but it it doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper bound but it it doesn't need
+to have lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have lower bound
+okay yeah how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah how do you
+choose uh with well the whole inter with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose uh with well the whole inter with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose uh with well the whole inter with
+the cach size so something something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cach size so something something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cach size so something something
+with that so like you probably want to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so like you probably want to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so like you probably want to B
+to be about your cach size so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about your cach size so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about your cach size so you can
+get the whole block in one go I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the whole block in one go I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the whole block in one go I don't
+I've never implemented the B3 so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never implemented the B3 so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never implemented the B3 so I I
+don't know how it's actually done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how it's actually done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how it's actually done in
+practice that is the reason so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that is the reason so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that is the reason so I'm
+assuming it's something to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming it's something to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming it's something to do with the
+dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash
+line like the 14 is it a both 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line like the 14 is it a both 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line like the 14 is it a both 10 and
+well it's not a child of either it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not a child of either it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not a child of either it's a
+child of this node so this node has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of this node so this node has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of this node so this node has two
+elements so it's being divided dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so it's being divided dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so it's being divided dividing
+the interval up into three three parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval up into three three parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval up into three three parts
+so it's a child it's in between 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a child it's in between 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a child it's in between 10 and
+17 is the point here so then this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 is the point here so then this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 is the point here so then this this
+node has has five children uh sorry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node has has five children uh sorry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node has has five children uh sorry uh
+no it has three children so don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it has three children so don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it has three children so don't think
+of every key as a node think of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every key as a node think of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every key as a node think of like the
+the whole unit as a node okay so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole unit as a node okay so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole unit as a node okay so like
+it's not so in a binary search tree you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so in a binary search tree you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so in a binary search tree you
+have one element but here every node has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one element but here every node has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one element but here every node has
+multiple elements that's the point of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple elements that's the point of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple elements that's the point of it
+okay anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyone
+else okay uh let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay uh let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay uh let's start with
+searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching
+so let's leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you have the formulas up there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have the formulas up there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have the formulas up there so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so insertion let's start with insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so insertion let's start with insertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so insertion let's start with insertion
+we already did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+searching okay so insertion is you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching okay so insertion is you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching okay so insertion is you bring
+in a new key K and you want to insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new key K and you want to insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new key K and you want to insert
+into the tree so what's the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tree so what's the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tree so what's the problem that
+could happen you can find the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen you can find the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen you can find the location
+where you want to insert just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to insert just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to insert just like
+searching right you just go down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching right you just go down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching right you just go down the
+tree and find where it should be placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and find where it should be placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and find where it should be placed
+but once you do place it you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you do place it you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you do place it you'll have a
+problem what is the problem the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what is the problem the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what is the problem the problem
+is that one of your nodes will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that one of your nodes will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that one of your nodes will become
+over full and that's not what you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over full and that's not what you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over full and that's not what you or
+full but whatever it it'll overflow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full but whatever it it'll overflow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full but whatever it it'll overflow and
+that's not what you want so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what you want so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what you want so you want
+some you want some way so you can manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you want some way so you can manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you want some way so you can manage
+that how do you manage that so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you manage that so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you manage that so I have
+this lovely prop here which I I'll hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lovely prop here which I I'll hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lovely prop here which I I'll hope
+to demonstrate yeah that's one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate yeah that's one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate yeah that's one okay
+so so here we have B =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here we have B =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here we have B =
+4 so let's first figure out so number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so let's first figure out so number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so let's first figure out so number of
+keys so what is the minimum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys so what is the minimum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys so what is the minimum number of
+keys anyone for b equal to four three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys anyone for b equal to four three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys anyone for b equal to four three
+precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely
+so what is the maximum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keys 3 4 into 2- 2 yeah correct 3 4 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys 3 4 into 2- 2 yeah correct 3 4 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys 3 4 into 2- 2 yeah correct 3 4 5
+it's not seven there's a strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not seven there's a strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not seven there's a strictly less
+than sign somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sign somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sign somewhere
+yes and you'll see why it's not seven in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and you'll see why it's not seven in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and you'll see why it's not seven in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+oh hypocritical with me okay um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh hypocritical with me okay um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh hypocritical with me okay um all
+right so as you can see 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as you can see 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as you can see 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 so
+some insertion happened is are the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some insertion happened is are the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some insertion happened is are the is
+the writing clear can everyone read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing clear can everyone read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing clear can everyone read the
+numbers good okay 49 looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers good okay 49 looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers good okay 49 looks a little
+anyway essentially these are all sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway essentially these are all sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway essentially these are all sorted
+this is the parent node doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the parent node doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the parent node doesn't matter
+what's over here all matters is 856 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's over here all matters is 856 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's over here all matters is 856 and
+and whatever is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between whatever okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between whatever okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between whatever okay
+um now so what we do when we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now so what we do when we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now so what we do when we have an
+over full node is what something what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over full node is what something what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over full node is what something what
+called a split operation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a split operation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a split operation so
+split and there's something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split and there's something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split and there's something which is
+called a merge which will come to later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a merge which will come to later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a merge which will come to later
+when we doing deletion but now so split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we doing deletion but now so split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we doing deletion but now so split
+is very very intuitively it splits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very intuitively it splits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very intuitively it splits the
+node into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node into two
+parts so what this does is when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so what this does is when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so what this does is when you have
+an over node so the number of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an over node so the number of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an over node so the number of elements
+here is is what 2 B- 1 which is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is what 2 B- 1 which is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is what 2 B- 1 which is just one
+over the max so what you do is you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the max so what you do is you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the max so what you do is you take
+the middle element and remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle element and remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle element and remove
+it and now you have split the nodee into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now you have split the nodee into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now you have split the nodee into
+two parts OB observe that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts OB observe that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts OB observe that there are
+three here and three here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here and three here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here and three here which is
+perfect and now what you do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and now what you do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and now what you do with the
+middle node so now you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle node so now you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle node so now you actually
+disrupted the structure of the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted the structure of the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted the structure of the tree
+because there was one pointer going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was one pointer going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was one pointer going in
+there was one child and now you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one child and now you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one child and now you have two
+children so somehow you need to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so somehow you need to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so somehow you need to adjust
+the parent node because the parent node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent node because the parent node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent node because the parent node
+had only one child well at least like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only one child well at least like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only one child well at least like
+the other children off to the side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other children off to the side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other children off to the side but
+here it only had only one child and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it only had only one child and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it only had only one child and now
+it's split apart so you do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's split apart so you do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's split apart so you do something
+very simple you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple you just
+insert this guy in here and then you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert this guy in here and then you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert this guy in here and then you say
+oh this Point's here and this Point's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this Point's here and this Point's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this Point's here and this Point's
+here make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense I'm going to get rid of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two okay so and like you can convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so and like you can convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so and like you can convince
+yourself that this preserves all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that this preserves all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that this preserves all the
+nice properties so your children have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice properties so your children have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice properties so your children have
+are been have nicely Fallen back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are been have nicely Fallen back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are been have nicely Fallen back into
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+interval your sequence is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval your sequence is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval your sequence is completely
+correct because this was the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because this was the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because this was the middle
+element of this so This divides this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of this so This divides this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of this so This divides this
+interval properly this is also between 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval properly this is also between 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval properly this is also between 8
+and 56 because this was in this node so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 56 because this was in this node so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 56 because this was in this node so
+so all the properties but there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the properties but there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the properties but there's one
+property that is a problem so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that is a problem so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that is a problem so you have
+just increased the size of the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just increased the size of the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just increased the size of the parent
+node by one so now it's possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node by one so now it's possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node by one so now it's possible that
+the parent node has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent node has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent node has
+overflowed so what do you do you split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflowed so what do you do you split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflowed so what do you do you split
+it again and you split it again and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again and you split it again and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again and you split it again and if
+you if at any point you're fine you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if at any point you're fine you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if at any point you're fine you look
+you look at the parent node and go okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the parent node and go okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the parent node and go okay
+that's fine that's that's in the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine that's that's in the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine that's that's in the range
+but every time it overflows you can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every time it overflows you can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every time it overflows you can keep
+going and how many times can you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and how many times can you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and how many times can you do this
+you can do this all the way up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this all the way up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this all the way up to the
+root and when you reach the root you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and when you reach the root you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and when you reach the root you
+either it's fine or the root is too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's fine or the root is too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's fine or the root is too big
+it's reached to 2 B minus one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reached to 2 B minus one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reached to 2 B minus one and then
+you split the root and you get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you split the root and you get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you split the root and you get one
+single node up there so that in answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single node up there so that in answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single node up there so that in answer
+to your question that is why you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your question that is why you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your question that is why you need
+that property in some sense not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property in some sense not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property in some sense not a very
+convincing argument but sort of hand but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing argument but sort of hand but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing argument but sort of hand but
+anyway so let's actually do an insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so let's actually do an insertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so let's actually do an insertion
+in this tree we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree we have
+here so we are going to insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+16 okay so 16 comes in here it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 okay so 16 comes in here it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 okay so 16 comes in here it's less
+than 30 goes to the left it's between 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 30 goes to the left it's between 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 30 goes to the left it's between 10
+and 17 goes in the middle 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 17 goes in the middle 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 17 goes in the middle 16
+and it's greater than 14 so we add 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here oh wait no don't mind o sorry just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh wait no don't mind o sorry just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh wait no don't mind o sorry just
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+second yeah okay no that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah all right that seems good all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right that seems good all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right that seems good all the
+properties is fine this is still has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties is fine this is still has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties is fine this is still has two
+elements which is the maximum but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements which is the maximum but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements which is the maximum but it's
+it's good it doesn't overflow okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good it doesn't overflow okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good it doesn't overflow okay uh
+let's insert something else let's insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so two goes to 30 goes down goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so two goes to 30 goes down goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so two goes to 30 goes down goes
+down and we have a problem because two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we have a problem because two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we have a problem because two
+has overflowed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has overflowed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has overflowed this
+note so we split and the way we split is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so we split and the way we split is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so we split and the way we split is
+we take the middle element so we split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the middle element so we split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the middle element so we split
+the node here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node here
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+and three goes up to the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three goes up to the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three goes up to the parent
+so three goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three goes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three goes here
+and all good except for the parent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all good except for the parent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all good except for the parent is
+Overflow so what do we do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overflow so what do we do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overflow so what do we do with the
+parent we split the parent again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent we split the parent again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent we split the parent again and
+this time I spit it down the middle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I spit it down the middle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I spit it down the middle the
+10 goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 goes
+up so okay let's get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so okay let's get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so okay let's get rid of
+this so now that you the turn the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now that you the turn the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now that you the turn the 10
+goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up
+here and you're good it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you're good it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you're good it's a bit
+fluttered so let me reposition the 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay did those two operations make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions yeah uh so just pick just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah uh so just pick just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah uh so just pick just pick
+the first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if the way we are doing it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the way we are doing it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the way we are doing it when
+your node is overflowing so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your node is overflowing so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your node is overflowing so you're
+inserting only one thing at a time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting only one thing at a time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting only one thing at a time right
+so if you're note is overflowing it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're note is overflowing it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're note is overflowing it'll
+be 2 T minus one which is an odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2 T minus one which is an odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2 T minus one which is an odd number
+always there are there might be a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there are there might be a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there are there might be a case
+where you get an even number if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get an even number if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get an even number if you do
+something weird maybe you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something weird maybe you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something weird maybe you have like
+there are like different ways to do be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are like different ways to do be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are like different ways to do be
+trees but if it does you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees but if it does you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees but if it does you can probably
+pick the one like any either of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the one like any either of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the one like any either of them and
+then the SP I'm not sure about I'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the SP I'm not sure about I'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the SP I'm not sure about I'll look
+into it but in general if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it but in general if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it but in general if you're doing
+it this way it it's always on so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way it it's always on so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way it it's always on so you
+don't have to worry about that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about that good
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+else um if we if we did reach all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else um if we if we did reach all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else um if we if we did reach all the
+way to the root and then went one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the root and then went one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the root and then went one more
+up yeah so what you would that R would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah so what you would that R would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah so what you would that R would
+have that R would have two children one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that R would have two children one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that R would have two children one
+one element and two children which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element and two children which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element and two children which is
+fine because we didn't put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because we didn't put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because we didn't put that
+restriction on the okay that's good how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction on the okay that's good how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction on the okay that's good how
+you doing your time okay you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing your time okay you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing your time okay you have some
+time all right let's jump into deletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right let's jump into deletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right let's jump into deletion
+unless anyone else has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions so so what oh yeah oh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so so what oh yeah oh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so so what oh yeah oh that's a
+good thank you so you are going down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thank you so you are going down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thank you so you are going down to
+the leaves at most like at most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves at most like at most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves at most like at most of the
+leaves once and you're going back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves once and you're going back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves once and you're going back up
+once so it's like log n plus log n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so it's like log n plus log n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so it's like log n plus log n and
+you're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good
+okay okay uh let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deletion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion okay
+so deletion is more complicated so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so deletion is more complicated so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so deletion is more complicated so the
+reason is it'll be clear so what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is it'll be clear so what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is it'll be clear so what the
+problem in deletion will be remove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in deletion will be remove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in deletion will be remove a
+node and a node is now Under full so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and a node is now Under full so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and a node is now Under full so
+it's it has less than B minus one keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it has less than B minus one keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it has less than B minus one keys
+in it suddenly so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it suddenly so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it suddenly so that's
+turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this
+around there we go is that okay good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there we go is that okay good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there we go is that okay good so
+again b equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again b equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again b equal to
+4 this node is the problem only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 this node is the problem only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 this node is the problem only two
+things in it so what do we do okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in it so what do we do okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in it so what do we do okay so
+before we go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go into
+that let's make this assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's make this assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's make this assumption
+that okay so there are two steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so there are two steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so there are two steps to
+deletion the first step is making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion the first step is making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion the first step is making the
+deletion at a leaf how do you do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion at a leaf how do you do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion at a leaf how do you do that so
+the way you make the deletion at a leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you make the deletion at a leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you make the deletion at a leaf
+is let's say you have have have a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say you have have have a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say you have have have a key
+you come down your B you know B tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come down your B you know B tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come down your B you know B tree and
+you're add a node now this node you real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're add a node now this node you real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're add a node now this node you real
+oh this key needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this key needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this key needs to be
+deleted but it's not the leaf so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted but it's not the leaf so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted but it's not the leaf so what do
+you do so you essentially what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do so you essentially what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do so you essentially what you do is
+you look at these two sub trees right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at these two sub trees right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at these two sub trees right so
+it might have only one sub if it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might have only one sub if it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might have only one sub if it's at
+the end it'll have only one actually no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it'll have only one actually no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it'll have only one actually no
+that's not true never mind ignore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true never mind ignore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true never mind ignore that
+if it's not a leaf it has two sub trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not a leaf it has two sub trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not a leaf it has two sub trees
+so either take the rightmost element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either take the rightmost element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either take the rightmost element in
+this sub tree which is a Leaf because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree which is a Leaf because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub tree which is a Leaf because
+you can always keep going down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always keep going down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always keep going down right
+right right right till you get your leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right till you get your leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right till you get your leaf
+or the leftmost element in this sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the leftmost element in this sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the leftmost element in this sub tree
+so that is just just the next element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is just just the next element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is just just the next element
+after this guy so you delete this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this guy so you delete this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this guy so you delete this and
+you bring this up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring this up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring this up to
+here we'll do an example of this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll do an example of this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll do an example of this and you
+it'll be clearer but you so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be clearer but you so you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be clearer but you so you take
+either the rightmost element to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the rightmost element to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the rightmost element to the left
+sub tree or leftmost element to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree or leftmost element to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree or leftmost element to the
+right sub tree and bring it up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sub tree and bring it up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sub tree and bring it up here so
+you sort of like moved the deletion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of like moved the deletion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of like moved the deletion to
+the leaf and now it's easier to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaf and now it's easier to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaf and now it's easier to deal
+with so we will come to that also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so we will come to that also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so we will come to that also just
+uh just just a note that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just just a note that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just just a note that this is not
+what is done in the resit this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is done in the resit this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is done in the resit this this
+algorithm for delici I think is not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for delici I think is not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for delici I think is not done
+in the recitation notes this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recitation notes this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recitation notes this is a
+different thing which I'll send out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing which I'll send out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing which I'll send out a
+link for later but I believe it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link for later but I believe it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link for later but I believe it works
+because I got from the I'll tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I got from the I'll tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I got from the I'll tell you a
+reference okay so once you move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay so once you move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay so once you move to the
+leaf so now let's let's look at this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf so now let's let's look at this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf so now let's let's look at this so
+this is a node that is under full and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a node that is under full and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a node that is under full and
+you want to fix it so how do you fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to fix it so how do you fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to fix it so how do you fix it
+so what you do is you look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you look at its
+siblings so in this case it has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings so in this case it has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings so in this case it has one
+sibling it can have up to two siblings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling it can have up to two siblings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling it can have up to two siblings
+it can have the left or the right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can have the left or the right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can have the left or the right okay
+so what you do is you look at a sibling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you look at a sibling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you look at a sibling
+and this sibling is actually one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sibling is actually one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sibling is actually one over
+the minimum and if it's one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum and if it's one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum and if it's one over the
+minimum then you're then you're it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum then you're then you're it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum then you're then you're it's
+really easy all you have to do is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy all you have to do is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy all you have to do is take
+the leftmost thing here or if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftmost thing here or if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftmost thing here or if the
+sibling is on this side take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling is on this side take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling is on this side take the
+rightmost thing here you and look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost thing here you and look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost thing here you and look and
+look at this parent so you bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this parent so you bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this parent so you bring the
+parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+down and you move the sibling up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and you move the sibling up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and you move the sibling up
+and there we go so you basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there we go so you basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there we go so you basically like
+trans so you are rotating the thing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans so you are rotating the thing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans so you are rotating the thing into
+place so you move the parent down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so you move the parent down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so you move the parent down into
+the under full node and you replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the under full node and you replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the under full node and you replace the
+parent by the leftmost thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent by the leftmost thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent by the leftmost thing here
+everyone see why that preserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything okay and also okay yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay and also okay yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay and also okay yeah and
+the and the child is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the child is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the child is also
+shifted make sure you see that so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted make sure you see that so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted make sure you see that so like
+the child which was in this sub tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child which was in this sub tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child which was in this sub tree is
+now in this sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this sub tree
+all right but then you can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but then you can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but then you can have the
+situation where you don't have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you don't have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you don't have a nice
+sibling to take care of your problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling to take care of your problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling to take care of your problems so
+in like this scenario this sibling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like this scenario this sibling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like this scenario this sibling is
+like barely full it has three things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like barely full it has three things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like barely full it has three things in
+it and it can't donate anything to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it can't donate anything to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it can't donate anything to you
+so what do you do in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do in that
+case so then you do something which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so then you do something which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so then you do something which is a
+parallel of the split operation you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel of the split operation you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel of the split operation you do a
+merge so what do you have so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge so what do you have so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge so what do you have so here you
+have B-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and here you have well B- 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+get 2bus 3 well you get another element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 2bus 3 well you get another element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 2bus 3 well you get another element
+you also take the parent so how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also take the parent so how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also take the parent so how you do
+the merge I'm just going to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merge I'm just going to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merge I'm just going to show you the
+merge first so the way you do it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge first so the way you do it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge first so the way you do it is you
+move the parent down and you merge these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seems
+okay so you move the parent node down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you move the parent node down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you move the parent node down
+merge these two and well now this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge these two and well now this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge these two and well now this comes
+together and this points into the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+node sort of clear what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node sort of clear what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node sort of clear what's going
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes well so you have yeah exactly so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well so you have yeah exactly so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well so you have yeah exactly so you
+you have decreased the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have decreased the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have decreased the size of the
+parent so it might be wonderful so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent so it might be wonderful so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent so it might be wonderful so you
+propagate anything else so are these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate anything else so are these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate anything else so are these all
+different techniques for so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different techniques for so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different techniques for so there are
+two cases right so either you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases right so either you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases right so either you have a
+sibling which has extra notes to donate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling which has extra notes to donate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling which has extra notes to donate
+to you or you don't if you don't then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you or you don't if you don't then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you or you don't if you don't then
+you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do
+thise what about that or is that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thise what about that or is that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thise what about that or is that just
+like no that that is moving it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no that that is moving it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no that that is moving it down to
+the leaf once you move the deletion down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaf once you move the deletion down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaf once you move the deletion down
+to the leaf so here you have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the leaf so here you have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the leaf so here you have have
+something now and now you move it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now and now you move it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now and now you move it all
+the way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back
+up okay so there are two cases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so there are two cases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so there are two cases so
+rotation so okay let's do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation so okay let's do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation so okay let's do an example
+that will make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make it
+clearer how are we doing on time 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer how are we doing on time 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer how are we doing on time 5
+minutes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes all
+right okay so we are going to delete 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we are going to delete 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we are going to delete 38
+the 38 is gone so but we want to move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 38 is gone so but we want to move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 38 is gone so but we want to move it
+down to the leaf so let's take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the leaf so let's take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the leaf so let's take an
+element let's say we take 41 so we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element let's say we take 41 so we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element let's say we take 41 so we take
+41 and move it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 and move it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 and move it up
+here 41 is the leftmost thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 41 is the leftmost thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 41 is the leftmost thing in the
+right sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sub
+tree so this vacancy doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so this vacancy doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so this vacancy doesn't really
+affect anything because this node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect anything because this node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect anything because this node is
+still has the right number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has the right number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has the right number of things
+because it still got one thing in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it still got one thing in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it still got one thing in it
+which is good so we're fine this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good so we're fine this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good so we're fine this is now
+40 just 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 just 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 just 48
+okay let's say we now delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say we now delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say we now delete
+41 so 41 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 so 41 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 so 41 is
+gone so now that 41 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone so now that 41 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone so now that 41 is
+gone what do you replace 40 what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone what do you replace 40 what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone what do you replace 40 what do you
+replace this Blank Spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with either this or this right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either this or this right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either this or this right just
+doesn't matter so let's just do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter so let's just do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter so let's just do this one
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+consistency so you have 48 here and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency so you have 48 here and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency so you have 48 here and now
+you have a problem because you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a problem because you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a problem because you have a
+blank box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank box
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you
+rotate yes no no right because sibling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate yes no no right because sibling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate yes no no right because sibling
+has is is barely full so what can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is is barely full so what can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is is barely full so what can you do
+so well you merge and how do you merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well you merge and how do you merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well you merge and how do you merge
+you move the 48 down and you combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move the 48 down and you combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move the 48 down and you combine
+everything so you have so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so you have so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so you have so this is this
+is kind of hard to understand but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of hard to understand but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of hard to understand but this
+is like a zero element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a zero element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a zero element
+node okay so so you when you merge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay so so you when you merge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay so so you when you merge you
+have 32 48 and nothing so it's just 3 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 32 48 and nothing so it's just 3 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 32 48 and nothing so it's just 3 48
+so so what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so this seems weird but this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so this seems weird but this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so this seems weird but this is just
+another empty node you just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another empty node you just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another empty node you just like
+propagated The Emptiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+upwards now you take this empty node and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards now you take this empty node and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards now you take this empty node and
+you look for its siblings again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look for its siblings again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look for its siblings again it
+sibling is well it it's it's it's barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling is well it it's it's it's barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling is well it it's it's it's barely
+full so what you do out you bring the 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full so what you do out you bring the 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full so what you do out you bring the 30
+down and you merge this so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so 30 comes down and there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 30 comes down and there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 30 comes down and there we
+go all the prop looks fine does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the prop looks fine does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the prop looks fine does that
+tree look good questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operation I'm sure it was not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+anything make sense okay let's let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything make sense okay let's let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything make sense okay let's let's do
+a deletion where we can actually do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deletion where we can actually do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deletion where we can actually do a
+rotation so let's go ahead and delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation so let's go ahead and delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation so let's go ahead and delete
+20 so you do your searching go down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so you do your searching go down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so you do your searching go down the
+tree you find the 20 and delete it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you find the 20 and delete it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you find the 20 and delete it it's
+gone now okay so you're left with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone now okay so you're left with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone now okay so you're left with just
+actually never mind we'll do another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually never mind we'll do another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually never mind we'll do another one
+so this doesn't do anything you you lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this doesn't do anything you you lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this doesn't do anything you you lost
+the 20 and you're left with the 24 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 and you're left with the 24 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 and you're left with the 24 it's
+fine so now you delete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so now you delete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so now you delete the
+24 so now that you got rid of the 24 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 so now that you got rid of the 24 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 so now that you got rid of the 24 you
+have a blank box here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a blank box here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a blank box here now
+but it sibling is not barely full it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it sibling is not barely full it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it sibling is not barely full it has
+something to donate so what will it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to donate so what will it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to donate so what will it do
+so anyone which which which elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyone which which which elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyone which which which elements are
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+rotate 16 16 17 right okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate 16 16 17 right okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate 16 16 17 right okay cool
+so 16 goes up 17 goes down and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 16 goes up 17 goes down and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 16 goes up 17 goes down and you're
+done you're consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you're consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you're consistent
+again okay so that was deletion so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so that was deletion so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so that was deletion so those
+those are the two cases for deletion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two cases for deletion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two cases for deletion uh
+does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make
+sense everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense everyone
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+questions okay so that's all the topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so that's all the topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so that's all the topics
+we were supposed to cover today uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were supposed to cover today uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were supposed to cover today uh any
+questions about any of the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any of the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any of the operations
+any of the other topics lecture anything
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TeNrTKjJJ5g.txt b/TeNrTKjJJ5g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39b194196fa8ff92a4b6199e4b6afc4a5f849adc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TeNrTKjJJ5g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8335 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh a little more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh a little more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh a little more about
+the normal Statum but then we'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal Statum but then we'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal Statum but then we'll spend
+the rest the time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest the time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest the time talking
+about Parkinson's disease and treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Parkinson's disease and treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Parkinson's disease and treatment
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Parkinson's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's and
+uh with methods that uh are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with methods that uh are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with methods that uh are being
+explored not just for Parkinson's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored not just for Parkinson's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored not just for Parkinson's but
+other diseases as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other diseases as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other diseases as
+well we ended on this rather difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we ended on this rather difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we ended on this rather difficult
+Network diagram the one thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network diagram the one thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network diagram the one thing that I
+note that's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that's missing
+here besides the obvious things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here besides the obvious things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here besides the obvious things like
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+I didn't put in the neocortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't put in the neocortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't put in the neocortical
+connections except the one from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections except the one from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections except the one from the
+phonus because it receives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonus because it receives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonus because it receives a
+sta connection actually the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sta connection actually the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sta connection actually the major
+output of the robis palus is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the robis palus is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the robis palus is to
+the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thalamus where is the VA of the thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thalamus where is the VA of the thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thalamus where is the VA of the thalamus
+project does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project does anybody
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+you know what the ventral posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the ventral posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the ventral posterior
+nucleus is it gets the spinothalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus is it gets the spinothalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus is it gets the spinothalamic
+tract in the dorsal the medial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract in the dorsal the medial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract in the dorsal the medial and
+muscus pathway carrying some of sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscus pathway carrying some of sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscus pathway carrying some of sensory
+information but that's the CLE part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but that's the CLE part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but that's the CLE part of
+the ventral nucleus the more anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral nucleus the more anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral nucleus the more anterior
+parts of the vental nucleus are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the vental nucleus are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the vental nucleus are related
+to motor areas of the cortex so the VL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to motor areas of the cortex so the VL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to motor areas of the cortex so the VL
+projects to the primary motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to the primary motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to the primary motor cortex
+that's in the middle and the VA projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the middle and the VA projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the middle and the VA projects
+to the premotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the premotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the premotor
+cortex okay both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex okay both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex okay both
+really both uh can can be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really both uh can can be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really both uh can can be considered
+motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor
+cortex the VA differs from the VL in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex the VA differs from the VL in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex the VA differs from the VL in
+that it's more concerned with movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's more concerned with movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's more concerned with movement
+patterns then whereas the motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns then whereas the motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns then whereas the motor cortex
+itself when stimulated moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself when stimulated moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself when stimulated moves
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+uh muscle groups controlling a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh muscle groups controlling a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh muscle groups controlling a single
+finger for example or wrist or elbow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger for example or wrist or elbow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger for example or wrist or elbow or
+single joint but what's missing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single joint but what's missing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single joint but what's missing from
+this that I wish I had more on was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that I wish I had more on was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that I wish I had more on was
+inputs to the subthalamic nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs to the subthalamic nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs to the subthalamic nucleus
+especially because that nucleus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because that nucleus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because that nucleus is
+providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing
+the uh the major excitatory projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the major excitatory projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the major excitatory projections
+to the globous paladis Ander the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obviously very important if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously very important if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously very important if you're
+missing that the whole system becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing that the whole system becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing that the whole system becomes
+imbalan and you get some pretty striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalan and you get some pretty striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalan and you get some pretty striking
+movement pathologies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement pathologies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement pathologies in
+humans the only thing I could find was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans the only thing I could find was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans the only thing I could find was
+there are projections coming in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are projections coming in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are projections coming in there
+excitatory projections from uh some meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory projections from uh some meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory projections from uh some meta
+sensory C cortical areas uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory C cortical areas uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory C cortical areas uh and
+some uh more directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh more directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh more directly
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+uh metry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh metry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh metry
+uh uh Pathways coming from below so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Pathways coming from below so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Pathways coming from below so what
+is what exactly that means you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what exactly that means you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what exactly that means you know what
+I would like to see is a good computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to see is a good computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to see is a good computer
+model of this entire system because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of this entire system because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of this entire system because
+that's obviously pretty complex and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously pretty complex and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously pretty complex and I
+think it would help us a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would help us a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would help us a lot in
+understanding how this whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how this whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how this whole system
+works but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but
+anyway the kind of connections we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the kind of connections we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the kind of connections we have
+here within inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here within inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here within inhibitory
+Pathways that are then uh connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways that are then uh connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways that are then uh connected to
+structures that inhibit further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that inhibit further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that inhibit further
+structures so you have inhibition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so you have inhibition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so you have inhibition of
+inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory
+Pathways obviously important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways obviously important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways obviously important in
+understanding the kind of things that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the kind of things that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the kind of things that go
+wrong with basil gameria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with basil gameria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with basil gameria
+disorders Parkinson's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorders Parkinson's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorders Parkinson's disease
+is the first example here that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first example here that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first example here that's where
+you get cell loss here in the substantia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get cell loss here in the substantia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get cell loss here in the substantia
+ and the the cells that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and the the cells that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and the the cells that are being
+lost are in the hars compact here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost are in the hars compact here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost are in the hars compact here that
+provides the dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the dopamine
+that tment and cage leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tment and cage leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tment and cage leads
+to that's one of the major things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that's one of the major things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that's one of the major things that
+happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in
+parin and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parin and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parin and this
+trium doesn't work well you get the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trium doesn't work well you get the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trium doesn't work well you get the most
+obvious thing is you get a treamer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious thing is you get a treamer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious thing is you get a treamer of
+rest and if they make an intentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and if they make an intentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and if they make an intentional
+movement they'll stop the treamer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement they'll stop the treamer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement they'll stop the treamer if
+they're just sitting still they they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just sitting still they they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just sitting still they they'll
+show this kind of tramor very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this kind of tramor very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this kind of tramor very
+characteristic with Parkinson disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic with Parkinson disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic with Parkinson disease
+but as the disease progresses you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as the disease progresses you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as the disease progresses you get an
+ayia they move less and less they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ayia they move less and less they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ayia they move less and less they have a
+characteristic gate it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic gate it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic gate it's very
+recognizable and then in the late stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable and then in the late stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable and then in the late stages
+of the disease there are other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disease there are other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disease there are other things
+that happen too cognitive uh deficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen too cognitive uh deficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen too cognitive uh deficiency
+show up uh other systems are clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up uh other systems are clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up uh other systems are clearly
+affected not just the dopamine Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected not just the dopamine Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected not just the dopamine Pathways
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ but it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ but it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ but it is that
+nigral degener ation that accounts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nigral degener ation that accounts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nigral degener ation that accounts for
+the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we
+uh see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see
+in when when Parkinson's diag disease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when when Parkinson's diag disease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when when Parkinson's diag disease is
+diagnosed then other diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed then other diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed then other diseases
+like you get cell loss in the statom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you get cell loss in the statom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you get cell loss in the statom
+Huntington's disease which is a genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington's disease which is a genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington's disease which is a genetic
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where
+uh it doesn't appear until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't appear until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't appear until it
+adulthood uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people initially it it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people initially it it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people initially it it looks like
+whenever they intend to move a limb they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they intend to move a limb they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they intend to move a limb they
+instead of moving the limb in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of moving the limb in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of moving the limb in a
+controlled way they make a ballistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled way they make a ballistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled way they make a ballistic
+type movement have any of you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type movement have any of you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type movement have any of you ever
+seen people with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen people with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen people with these
+things Parkinson's disease in in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Parkinson's disease in in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Parkinson's disease in in a in
+aged people is is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aged people is is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aged people is is more
+common uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh
+whether that's really Parkinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's really Parkinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's really Parkinson's
+disease it's they have Parkinson's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease it's they have Parkinson's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease it's they have Parkinson's like
+SYM symptoms because they begin losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SYM symptoms because they begin losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SYM symptoms because they begin losing
+cells through the vascular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells through the vascular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells through the vascular
+insufficiencies but anyway in in Korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficiencies but anyway in in Korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficiencies but anyway in in Korea
+uh or especially in Hemi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or especially in Hemi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or especially in Hemi
+bism in Hemi bism they have a a lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bism in Hemi bism they have a a lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bism in Hemi bism they have a a lesion
+of the subthalamic nucleus on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the subthalamic nucleus on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the subthalamic nucleus on one side
+and when they they make they intend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they they make they intend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they they make they intend to
+make a movement they make a ballist IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a movement they make a ballist IC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a movement they make a ballist IC
+movement that is a flinging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that is a flinging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that is a flinging
+movement uh the claim is that even these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement uh the claim is that even these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement uh the claim is that even these
+become involuntary to to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become involuntary to to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become involuntary to to what
+extent that's really true I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure but people say they didn't intend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but people say they didn't intend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but people say they didn't intend
+to doing that but on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing that but on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing that but on the other hand
+we're constantly making small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constantly making small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constantly making small
+movements basically their habits now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements basically their habits now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements basically their habits now
+cause them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause them
+problems because they can't they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because they can't they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because they can't they don't
+have normal control Huntington's Korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have normal control Huntington's Korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have normal control Huntington's Korea
+the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic
+disease uh they make riding movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease uh they make riding movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease uh they make riding movements
+that was named a Korea or Dance likee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was named a Korea or Dance likee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was named a Korea or Dance likee
+Movement but basically they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement but basically they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement but basically they're
+involuntary movements when people first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involuntary movements when people first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involuntary movements when people first
+getting it they tend to hide it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it they tend to hide it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it they tend to hide it you know
+as if pretend they were doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if pretend they were doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if pretend they were doing something
+intentionally but in fact it gets worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally but in fact it gets worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally but in fact it gets worse
+and worse until it becomes very obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worse until it becomes very obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worse until it becomes very obvious
+that they don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control so we think the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so we think the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so we think the double
+inhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh helps explain it because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh helps explain it because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh helps explain it because when you
+lose a lot of inhibition cells can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a lot of inhibition cells can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a lot of inhibition cells can
+become hyperactive and for is abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become hyperactive and for is abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become hyperactive and for is abnormal
+abnormally increased movement instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormally increased movement instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormally increased movement instead of
+lack of movement and in Parkinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of movement and in Parkinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of movement and in Parkinson's
+disease you get reduced movement except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease you get reduced movement except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease you get reduced movement except
+for the Trier but these others you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Trier but these others you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Trier but these others you get
+excessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's go back to a more inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to a more inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to a more inclusive
+view of the Statum and talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the Statum and talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the Statum and talk about in
+integrate the limic Statum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the limic Statum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the limic Statum with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we went through that a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we went through that a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we went through that a little bit in
+the last part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part
+uh the limic structures are here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the limic structures are here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the limic structures are here in the
+hemisphere and we're talking now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere and we're talking now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere and we're talking now in
+limic striatum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limic striatum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limic striatum the
+structures uh of the statom they get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh of the statom they get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh of the statom they get the
+output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of
+these limic system structures shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these limic system structures shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these limic system structures shown in
+the red stripes and we know are concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red stripes and we know are concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red stripes and we know are concern
+with motivation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with motivation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with motivation and
+emotion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and
+uh so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in
+a this is the view we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is the view we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is the view we
+want if you look at the Statum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want if you look at the Statum in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want if you look at the Statum in the
+hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere
+here the hemisphere is transparent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the hemisphere is transparent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the hemisphere is transparent you
+would see the striatum in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see the striatum in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see the striatum in these
+locations and the the entire ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and the the entire ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and the the entire ventral
+striatum I would include the amydala as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum I would include the amydala as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum I would include the amydala as
+part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of
+it we know that the amydala is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we know that the amydala is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we know that the amydala is actually
+a combination of palal and stotal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of palal and stotal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of palal and stotal
+structures but a good part of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but a good part of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but a good part of it is
+stotle and it functions in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stotle and it functions in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stotle and it functions in many ways
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+stotle like the dorsal striatum does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stotle like the dorsal striatum does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stotle like the dorsal striatum does for
+with its connections from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its connections from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its connections from
+neocortex the the ventral stom and the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex the the ventral stom and the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex the the ventral stom and the M
+do for the lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for the lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for the lit
+System including the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System including the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System including the formation of
+learned habits but the habits of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned habits but the habits of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned habits but the habits of course
+are very different for D St and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different for D St and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different for D St and the
+habits of feeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emotion I don't think I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion I don't think I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion I don't think I'm going to go
+through this in detail because it it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this in detail because it it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this in detail because it it but
+it's it's lar Swanson's more inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's lar Swanson's more inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's lar Swanson's more inclusive
+view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the
+striatum um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum um
+I will simply summarize it this way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will simply summarize it this way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will simply summarize it this way he
+of course has first the dorsal Statum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course has first the dorsal Statum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course has first the dorsal Statum
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+paladim uh somatic system card paman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paladim uh somatic system card paman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paladim uh somatic system card paman
+with its outputs to the Paladin which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its outputs to the Paladin which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its outputs to the Paladin which
+are the globous paladis two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the globous paladis two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the globous paladis two
+segments I just want to point out if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments I just want to point out if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments I just want to point out if any
+of you deal with rodents and you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you deal with rodents and you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you deal with rodents and you try to
+find that internal segment it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that internal segment it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that internal segment it's not it's
+very difficult because they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult because they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult because they basically
+cells embedded in the peduncle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells embedded in the peduncle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells embedded in the peduncle it's
+called the entopeduncular nucleus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the entopeduncular nucleus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the entopeduncular nucleus the
+nucleus enclosed by the peduncle but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus enclosed by the peduncle but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus enclosed by the peduncle but it
+is there nevertheless with these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there nevertheless with these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there nevertheless with these cells
+with the connections but in the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the connections but in the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the connections but in the larger
+animals the padum is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals the padum is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals the padum is quite
+separable but all these other structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable but all these other structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable but all these other structures
+you could call part of the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could call part of the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could call part of the ventral
+striatum but he includes the sepal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum but he includes the sepal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum but he includes the sepal
+nuclei and he calls it medial striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and he calls it medial striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and he calls it medial striatum
+padum and Amiga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padum and Amiga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padum and Amiga
+structures and he has the palatal part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and he has the palatal part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and he has the palatal part
+as the bed nucleus the stre of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terminology it's the way he some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology it's the way he some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology it's the way he some people
+really like to systematize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to systematize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to systematize this
+and and Swanson like to do that but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Swanson like to do that but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Swanson like to do that but in
+my I just take all of these structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my I just take all of these structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my I just take all of these structures
+and call it the ventral stot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call it the ventral stot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call it the ventral stot okay
+because there are a lot of similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a lot of similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a lot of similarities
+in in the way these structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the way these structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the way these structures
+function they're all getting outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they're all getting outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they're all getting outputs
+they're all getting outputs from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all getting outputs from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all getting outputs from the
+limit cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Regions they're all involved in habit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regions they're all involved in habit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regions they're all involved in habit
+formation uh pretty much parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation uh pretty much parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation uh pretty much parallel to the
+way the dorsal Statum works for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the dorsal Statum works for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the dorsal Statum works for the uh
+non factors and nonlimbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non factors and nonlimbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non factors and nonlimbic
+systems all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+can anyone answer question a for me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone answer question a for me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone answer question a for me just
+contrast the neocortical projections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast the neocortical projections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast the neocortical projections to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Pan versus the projections to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pan versus the projections to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pan versus the projections to the
+CL how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL how are they
+different why is it when we treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different why is it when we treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different why is it when we treat
+Parkinson's we're always dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's we're always dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's we're always dealing with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+butaman when actually the Cod a is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butaman when actually the Cod a is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butaman when actually the Cod a is also
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry it's because exactly the inputs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's because exactly the inputs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's because exactly the inputs to
+the putam are from the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the putam are from the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the putam are from the sensory
+motor areas of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor areas of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor areas of the
+neocortex some sensory and motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex some sensory and motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex some sensory and motor
+areas areas 31 and two area 4 area six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas areas 31 and two area 4 area six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas areas 31 and two area 4 area six
+in broadman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms why in question nine I I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms why in question nine I I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms why in question nine I I'm I'm
+trying to say here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say here uh
+why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you
+expect the Corpus Statum to be involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the Corpus Statum to be involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the Corpus Statum to be involved
+in almost all of the functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost all of the functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost all of the functions of
+neocortex the answer is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex the answer is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex the answer is very
+simple almost all the neocortex projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple almost all the neocortex projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple almost all the neocortex projects
+to the St you could say a similar thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the St you could say a similar thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the St you could say a similar thing
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+cerebellum all of those structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum all of those structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum all of those structures that
+get cerebella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cerebella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cerebella
+input you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know input from neoc so many neocortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know input from neoc so many neocortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know input from neoc so many neocortical
+areas project to the ponds which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas project to the ponds which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas project to the ponds which then
+projects to the cerebellum so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to the cerebellum so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to the cerebellum so we know
+that the cerebell then has got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cerebell then has got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cerebell then has got to be
+involved in more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in more than
+just simple coordination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple coordination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple coordination of
+movement because there's a coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement because there's a coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement because there's a coordination
+of a lot of things involve the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of things involve the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of things involve the timing
+adjustments that the cerebellum is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments that the cerebellum is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments that the cerebellum is so
+good at in this case it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at in this case it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at in this case it's the
+Statum that means when you have S Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum that means when you have S Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum that means when you have S Corpus
+stum pathology you can get many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stum pathology you can get many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stum pathology you can get many
+different problems besides but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems besides but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems besides but but the
+thing that people notice the most it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that people notice the most it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that people notice the most it's
+most common complaint of the people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common complaint of the people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common complaint of the people with
+damage to the corpest Statum or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to the corpest Statum or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to the corpest Statum or of
+course any of these diseases is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course any of these diseases is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course any of these diseases is the
+effects on this is just the picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on this is just the picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on this is just the picture that
+shows the central cortex here and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the central cortex here and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the central cortex here and by
+Central cortex we always means medent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central cortex we always means medent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central cortex we always means medent
+motor and premotor or supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor and premotor or supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor and premotor or supplementary
+motor area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor area
+there's a number of premotor areas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of premotor areas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of premotor areas the
+supplementary motor area is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them and it shows the projections from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and it shows the projections from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and it shows the projections from
+there in this reddish brown going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in this reddish brown going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in this reddish brown going to the
+panan lateral to the Cal peduncle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panan lateral to the Cal peduncle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panan lateral to the Cal peduncle this
+is where the lat lateral to the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the lat lateral to the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the lat lateral to the internal
+capsulation say and the internal capsule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsulation say and the internal capsule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsulation say and the internal capsule
+fits in here the cadate nucleus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in here the cadate nucleus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in here the cadate nucleus is
+mostly medial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it the anteriormost part is the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the anteriormost part is the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the anteriormost part is the largest
+call that the head of the Carter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the head of the Carter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the head of the Carter it's
+getting inputs from all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting inputs from all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting inputs from all the other
+cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical
+areas including some of these areas he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas including some of these areas he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas including some of these areas he's
+left this is from a picture in Roto he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left this is from a picture in Roto he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left this is from a picture in Roto he
+leaves some of these white including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves some of these white including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves some of these white including the
+visual areas here but in fact even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual areas here but in fact even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual areas here but in fact even in
+hamster that I've studied I I trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster that I've studied I I trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster that I've studied I I trace
+projections here from the visual areas I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections here from the visual areas I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections here from the visual areas I
+see the projections the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the projections the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the projections the C
+nucleus and it also includes prefrontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and it also includes prefrontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and it also includes prefrontal
+areas here all right and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas here all right and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas here all right and this is a
+updated view of the projections from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated view of the projections from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated view of the projections from
+cortex and they just show one section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and they just show one section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and they just show one section of
+the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex
+here how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how it
+projects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to
+the entire striatum both dorsal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire striatum both dorsal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire striatum both dorsal and
+ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral
+and also to the intralaminar and midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to the intralaminar and midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to the intralaminar and midline
+nuclei because these nuclei remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei because these nuclei remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei because these nuclei remember
+have direct projections to the St so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have direct projections to the St so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have direct projections to the St so
+that means this little area here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means this little area here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means this little area here the
+paraventricular nucleus one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraventricular nucleus one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraventricular nucleus one of the
+midline nuclei IT projects to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline nuclei IT projects to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline nuclei IT projects to this
+corner of the strle structures including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of the strle structures including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of the strle structures including
+where balis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where balis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where balis
+is and this area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this area of the
+cortex projects to that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex projects to that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex projects to that same
+area so you see it's a highly organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so you see it's a highly organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so you see it's a highly organized
+system the part most similar to Dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the part most similar to Dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the part most similar to Dorsal
+what we've been calling dorsal striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been calling dorsal striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been calling dorsal striatum
+involved in getting the input from cicin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in getting the input from cicin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in getting the input from cicin
+and motor cortex they're show in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motor cortex they're show in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motor cortex they're show in green
+here you can see here that that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see here that that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see here that that's going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the dorsal lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the
+striatum so ventral the ventral Statum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum so ventral the ventral Statum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum so ventral the ventral Statum
+is really ventr medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really ventr medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really ventr medial
+here there lateral and then from medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there lateral and then from medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there lateral and then from medial
+according to more recent studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to more recent studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to more recent studies of
+these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these
+projections and the input to the CATE is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and the input to the CATE is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and the input to the CATE is
+much more complex I I went through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complex I I went through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complex I I went through some
+of the studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the studies and
+found uh this kind of system where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found uh this kind of system where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found uh this kind of system where you
+got projections from orbital frontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got projections from orbital frontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got projections from orbital frontal
+cortex that form these huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex that form these huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex that form these huge
+columns uh imediately and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns uh imediately and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns uh imediately and they they
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+traced in that same position all around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced in that same position all around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced in that same position all around
+to the very tail of the card this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very tail of the card this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very tail of the card this is
+internal capsule in here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and here other parts of the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here other parts of the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here other parts of the dorsal
+lateral prefrontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral prefrontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral prefrontal
+cortex posterior parietal which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex posterior parietal which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex posterior parietal which is very
+far from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from the
+prefrontal see it's all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal see it's all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal see it's all these different
+areas here and here are projecting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas here and here are projecting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas here and here are projecting in
+this complex pattern to the cardi but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex pattern to the cardi but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex pattern to the cardi but
+it's actually more complex than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually more complex than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually more complex than that
+because if you look at the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at the actual
+studies like here they trace projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies like here they trace projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies like here they trace projections
+here from prefrontal areas and here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from prefrontal areas and here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from prefrontal areas and here from
+parietal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal
+cortex and then you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a part of the
+striatum you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum you see these
+uh it's not entirely blue here and pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not entirely blue here and pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not entirely blue here and pink
+here but in the middle here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but in the middle here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but in the middle here there's a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+interdigitation indicating that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdigitation indicating that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdigitation indicating that there's
+a lot we don't understand about how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot we don't understand about how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot we don't understand about how this
+is working that is the the striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working that is the the striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working that is the the striatum
+itself must be doing some integration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself must be doing some integration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself must be doing some integration of
+these inputs because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inputs because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inputs because this
+interdigitation of the projections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdigitation of the projections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdigitation of the projections of
+the anterior and posterior association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+areas the this area and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas the this area and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas the this area and this
+area those two projections tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area those two projections tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area those two projections tend to be
+very close to each other in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to each other in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to each other in the
+striatum why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum why is
+that to do that we have to understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to do that we have to understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to do that we have to understand a
+lot more about that cortex which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more about that cortex which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more about that cortex which we
+haven't talked so much about yet but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked so much about yet but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked so much about yet but in
+fact this pattern is not well understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this pattern is not well understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this pattern is not well understood
+this functions are not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+okay this just this slide is just talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this just this slide is just talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this just this slide is just talks
+about in clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in clinical
+neurology they talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurology they talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurology they talk about these
+different functional circuits involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functional circuits involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functional circuits involving
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Statum all of that's to be expected when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum all of that's to be expected when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum all of that's to be expected when
+you know that all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that all of these different
+cortical areas project there for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical areas project there for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical areas project there for example
+frontal eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal eye
+Fields frontal lobe we know are critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields frontal lobe we know are critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields frontal lobe we know are critical
+for intentional eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for intentional eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for intentional eye
+movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+uh can be affected by spal lesions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be affected by spal lesions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be affected by spal lesions well
+that area projects to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area projects to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area projects to the
+striatum just like the the motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum just like the the motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum just like the the motor cortex
+some of sensory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of sensory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of sensory cortex
+do other parts of the prefrontal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do other parts of the prefrontal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do other parts of the prefrontal cortex
+project there and because of that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project there and because of that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project there and because of that other
+cognitive functions and that are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive functions and that are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive functions and that are so
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+u in human functioning that depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u in human functioning that depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u in human functioning that depend on
+preformal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preformal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preformal
+cortex you'd expect them to be damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex you'd expect them to be damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex you'd expect them to be damaged
+just not as common in these basil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not as common in these basil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not as common in these basil
+ganglia diseases maybe it's because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia diseases maybe it's because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia diseases maybe it's because we
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know a lot of people go through life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of people go through life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of people go through life
+without actually exercising higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually exercising higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually exercising higher
+cognitive functions that well I say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive functions that well I say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive functions that well I say that
+with tongue and cheek but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tongue and cheek but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tongue and cheek but I think it's
+probably right so we don't notice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably right so we don't notice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably right so we don't notice it
+when they suffer a pathology they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they suffer a pathology they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they suffer a pathology they just
+think you had too much to drink a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you had too much to drink a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you had too much to drink a a
+little bit too often or he's getting old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too often or he's getting old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too often or he's getting old
+or this or that or in fact it can be due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TOS similarly the limic areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOS similarly the limic areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOS similarly the limic areas that
+affect mood and emotion because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect mood and emotion because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect mood and emotion because they
+project to the stradle areas as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to the stradle areas as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to the stradle areas as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+strle damage any pathologies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strle damage any pathologies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strle damage any pathologies of the
+strum that's a common area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strum that's a common area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strum that's a common area
+for Interruption of vascular supply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Interruption of vascular supply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Interruption of vascular supply to
+the core brain uh vessels that come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core brain uh vessels that come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core brain uh vessels that come in
+from the base of the brain go up through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the base of the brain go up through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the base of the brain go up through
+that ventral Statum and sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ventral Statum and sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ventral Statum and sometimes they
+reach the internal capsule as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the internal capsule as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the internal capsule as well so
+you'll get not just the movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get not just the movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get not just the movement
+disorders from the interruption of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorders from the interruption of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorders from the interruption of those
+axons the internal capsule you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons the internal capsule you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons the internal capsule you'll get
+changes in m and the motion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay uh another complication that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay uh another complication that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay uh another complication that I
+mentioned in the chapter is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the chapter is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the chapter is the
+striosomes this is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striosomes this is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striosomes this is an interesting
+compartmentalization it's little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmentalization it's little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmentalization it's little
+different from that inter digitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that inter digitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that inter digitation of
+the projections from the anterior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projections from the anterior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projections from the anterior and
+posterior association areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior association areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior association areas of
+Cortex this refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex this refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex this refers to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+projections of aceto Coline ains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections of aceto Coline ains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections of aceto Coline ains and
+the staining for colon esteras which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the staining for colon esteras which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the staining for colon esteras which you
+get in the stum there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the stum there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the stum there
+are areas in the striatum where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are areas in the striatum where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are areas in the striatum where there's
+almost no standing of the C but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no standing of the C but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no standing of the C but with
+these with colon estrias and other areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these with colon estrias and other areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these with colon estrias and other areas
+where there's heavy stain we call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's heavy stain we call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's heavy stain we call these
+triones where there's no no stain we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triones where there's no no stain we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triones where there's no no stain we
+know they have to be functionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have to be functionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have to be functionally
+different it's been very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's been very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's been very difficult to
+work out the the functional differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the the functional differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the the functional differences
+I I mentioned some of the recent work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I mentioned some of the recent work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I mentioned some of the recent work in
+that area in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area in
+B I think we talked about the lint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I think we talked about the lint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I think we talked about the lint of
+for oh these are about the cell types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oh these are about the cell types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oh these are about the cell types
+there's huge numbers but most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's huge numbers but most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's huge numbers but most of them
+are characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are characterized
+these are just structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just structural
+divisions where you have this large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions where you have this large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions where you have this large
+these large interneurons of the Statum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these large interneurons of the Statum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these large interneurons of the Statum
+this is throughout the Statum you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is throughout the Statum you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is throughout the Statum you get
+these cell types the seed of choline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cell types the seed of choline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cell types the seed of choline
+containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+that all they short axon interneurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all they short axon interneurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all they short axon interneurons
+using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the
+CTO so we know that that's why there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTO so we know that that's why there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTO so we know that that's why there's
+colon Ester staining and yet now we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon Ester staining and yet now we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon Ester staining and yet now we know
+there's these areas that don't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these areas that don't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these areas that don't get it
+we just don't know completely why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't know completely why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't know completely why that's
+true and there's many G cells that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and there's many G cells that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and there's many G cells that use
+Gaba there has to be because of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaba there has to be because of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaba there has to be because of all
+these inhibitory projections we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inhibitory projections we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inhibitory projections we know
+that the dorsal Statum projects directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dorsal Statum projects directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dorsal Statum projects directly
+to the with the gabic pathway IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the with the gabic pathway IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the with the gabic pathway IT
+projects to the G paladis both sigment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to the G paladis both sigment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to the G paladis both sigment
+with gabic Pathways but those Gaba cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gabic Pathways but those Gaba cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gabic Pathways but those Gaba cells
+the gabaergic cells can be further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gabaergic cells can be further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gabaergic cells can be further
+characterized in terms of peptides they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized in terms of peptides they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized in terms of peptides they
+contain like one type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain like one type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain like one type
+contains not only Gaba but substance p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains not only Gaba but substance p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains not only Gaba but substance p
+and in tends to project to the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in tends to project to the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in tends to project to the and
+to the internal segment of the globous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the internal segment of the globous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the internal segment of the globous
+pelic gabo withth and Keon those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pelic gabo withth and Keon those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pelic gabo withth and Keon those cells
+project to the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to the outer
+segment so they're using the same the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment so they're using the same the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment so they're using the same the M
+they're using the same main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using the same main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using the same main
+neurotransmitter but they're modulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter but they're modulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter but they're modulated
+by different peptides again not fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by different peptides again not fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by different peptides again not fully
+understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+but clearly they have some functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference this is where I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference this is where I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference this is where I mentioned
+striosomes and those cocoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striosomes and those cocoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striosomes and those cocoline
+interin I just want to say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interin I just want to say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interin I just want to say a little bit
+about these terms used for humans that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these terms used for humans that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these terms used for humans that
+lend to form nucleus did I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend to form nucleus did I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend to form nucleus did I talk about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+this shape right here is the Len to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shape right here is the Len to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shape right here is the Len to form
+nucleus the lens shaped nucleus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus the lens shaped nucleus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus the lens shaped nucleus the
+outer part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer part is
+panum and the inner parts are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panum and the inner parts are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panum and the inner parts are the two
+segments of is palus the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of is palus the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of is palus the output
+structures that's the Len of form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that's the Len of form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that's the Len of form
+nucleus there's the internal capsule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus there's the internal capsule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus there's the internal capsule and
+medial to it there's the Cod a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial to it there's the Cod a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial to it there's the Cod a
+nucleus it looks small here but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it looks small here but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it looks small here but you know
+this is a mean this is a big human brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mean this is a big human brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mean this is a big human brain
+so it's actually not so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually not so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually not so so
+small so you see the same thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so you see the same thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so you see the same thing on the
+two sides I think we saw this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides I think we saw this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides I think we saw this before
+when we talked about the output the Ansa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the output the Ansa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the output the Ansa
+the ancis the pathway that goes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ancis the pathway that goes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ancis the pathway that goes from the
+globous palatus here the loops around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globous palatus here the loops around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globous palatus here the loops around
+the internal capsu goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal capsu goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal capsu goes to the
+anterior ventral anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay
+so you can see if if you were doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see if if you were doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see if if you were doing a
+dissection how you would get to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection how you would get to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection how you would get to it and
+go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the syian Fisher here here it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syian Fisher here here it is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syian Fisher here here it is in the
+photograph you just push it apart you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph you just push it apart you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph you just push it apart you
+expose this buried cortex what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose this buried cortex what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose this buried cortex what is the
+buried cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried cortex
+called It's called The Island the insula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called It's called The Island the insula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called It's called The Island the insula
+Island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island
+cortex sort of a I guess it looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex sort of a I guess it looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex sort of a I guess it looked like
+that to anatomist going in through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to anatomist going in through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to anatomist going in through the
+fisure and finding that cortex down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisure and finding that cortex down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisure and finding that cortex down
+there uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh it's
+covering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering the
+outer part of the Statum here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paman there's another little layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paman there's another little layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paman there's another little layer of
+cells there between the paman and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells there between the paman and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells there between the paman and the
+neocortex called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex called the
+claustrum okay which gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claustrum okay which gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claustrum okay which gets very
+widespread inputs and I'm not spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread inputs and I'm not spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread inputs and I'm not spending
+time on that in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on that in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on that in the class
+now but we talked about temporization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but we talked about temporization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but we talked about temporization
+and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how
+that that forms I just wanted to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that forms I just wanted to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that forms I just wanted to point
+out that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that in this
+picture this these are the axons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this these are the axons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this these are the axons that
+form the internal capsule coming down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the internal capsule coming down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the internal capsule coming down
+through the St so if this is left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the St so if this is left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the St so if this is left
+hemisphere the card nucleus is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere the card nucleus is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere the card nucleus is on the
+other side of it okay it would go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of it okay it would go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of it okay it would go all
+the way around but back here what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around but back here what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around but back here what does
+it do well it the CATE goes all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do well it the CATE goes all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do well it the CATE goes all the way
+around so down here you see it below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so down here you see it below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so down here you see it below
+those ax so if you make a cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ax so if you make a cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ax so if you make a cross-section
+you can see the cardate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the cardate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the cardate
+there and there there's white matter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there there's white matter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there there's white matter in
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+cadate and the other the other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadate and the other the other parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadate and the other the other parts of
+the the putam and here we see white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the putam and here we see white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the putam and here we see white
+matter here between card and cutan or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter here between card and cutan or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter here between card and cutan or
+the whole L of nucleus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact and remember that if we follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and remember that if we follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and remember that if we follow the
+CATE all the way around right here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CATE all the way around right here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CATE all the way around right here it
+abuts the amula so this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuts the amula so this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuts the amula so this would be the
+position of the amula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so let's talk about Parkinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's talk about Parkinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's talk about Parkinson's
+disease now I'm sorry I didn't deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease now I'm sorry I didn't deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease now I'm sorry I didn't deal with
+I left a lot of things hanging there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I left a lot of things hanging there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I left a lot of things hanging there but
+it represents the way the field is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents the way the field is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents the way the field is to
+tell you the truth there's a lot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the truth there's a lot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the truth there's a lot we
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+so I want to talk about one of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to talk about one of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to talk about one of the major
+treatments that was developed in recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments that was developed in recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments that was developed in recent
+years that's interesting because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that's interesting because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that's interesting because it was
+based on neuroscientific study began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on neuroscientific study began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on neuroscientific study began
+with studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with studies of
+RADS and then moved to uh a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RADS and then moved to uh a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RADS and then moved to uh a new
+treatment for Parkinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for Parkinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for Parkinson's
+Disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disease
+using tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using tissue
+transplantation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplantation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplantation from
+fetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetal
+humans product of abortions they obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans product of abortions they obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans product of abortions they obtain
+in abortions tissue that would normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in abortions tissue that would normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in abortions tissue that would normally
+be thrown out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they were legally able to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were legally able to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were legally able to get that
+tissue and use them you will see about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue and use them you will see about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue and use them you will see about
+When what when how old they had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When what when how old they had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When what when how old they had to be
+but they were were always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from tissue that would have simply died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tissue that would have simply died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tissue that would have simply died
+if it wasn't used but then we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it wasn't used but then we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it wasn't used but then we'll talk
+about about new neurons for the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about new neurons for the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about new neurons for the adult
+brain not just implanted neurons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain not just implanted neurons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain not just implanted neurons but
+neurons that are either from stem cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that are either from stem cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that are either from stem cells
+or normally generated in the brain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or normally generated in the brain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or normally generated in the brain of
+adult animals mammals including humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult animals mammals including humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult animals mammals including humans
+we talked about that once before when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that once before when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that once before when we
+talked about the old factory bulb I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the old factory bulb I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the old factory bulb I
+talked about new neurons being generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about new neurons being generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about new neurons being generated
+in the lateral ventricles even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lateral ventricles even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lateral ventricles even in
+adulthood and how they migrate forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood and how they migrate forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood and how they migrate forward
+and they're into to the granular layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're into to the granular layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're into to the granular layer
+of the olfactory bulb where there cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the olfactory bulb where there cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the olfactory bulb where there cell
+turnover constantly those cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover constantly those cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover constantly those cells in
+thefactory bulb are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+replaced same thing happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced same thing happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced same thing happens in
+hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus
+so we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about
+that so let's talk first about the fetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's talk first about the fetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's talk first about the fetal
+nigral transplantation is a therapy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nigral transplantation is a therapy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nigral transplantation is a therapy for
+Parkinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's
+Disease my brain Imaging is a used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disease my brain Imaging is a used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disease my brain Imaging is a used to
+assess the success of those trans plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess the success of those trans plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess the success of those trans plant
+before any functional effects are seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before any functional effects are seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before any functional effects are seen
+they can find out if the cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surviving and then we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving and then we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving and then we'll talk about the
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells does everybody understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells does everybody understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells does everybody understand what
+Parkinson's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's disease
+is why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why is it
+that the we know the cells of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the we know the cells of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the we know the cells of the
+that produce dopamine are gradually lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produce dopamine are gradually lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produce dopamine are gradually lost
+in Parkinson disease why is it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Parkinson disease why is it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Parkinson disease why is it they
+don't see any symptoms of Parkinson dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any symptoms of Parkinson dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any symptoms of Parkinson dis
+Parkinson's disease until 80% of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's disease until 80% of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's disease until 80% of those
+cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gone any suggestions you remember what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone any suggestions you remember what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone any suggestions you remember what I
+said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in the
+book why don't you see symptoms until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book why don't you see symptoms until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book why don't you see symptoms until
+80% of them are gone you know in fact as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% of them are gone you know in fact as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% of them are gone you know in fact as
+we will see the treatments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see the treatments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see the treatments for
+it would be more successful if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be more successful if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be more successful if they
+could catch it early but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could catch it early but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could catch it early but they don't
+the reason seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason seems to
+be collateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be collateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be collateral
+sprouty when you re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouty when you re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouty when you re
+remove a small proportion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove a small proportion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove a small proportion of the
+dopamine containing cells the axons die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine containing cells the axons die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine containing cells the axons die
+going to the striatum dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the striatum dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the striatum dopamine
+accents but the remaining ones simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents but the remaining ones simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents but the remaining ones simply
+Sprout collaterals take over this past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprout collaterals take over this past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprout collaterals take over this past
+there's a lot of evidence for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of evidence for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of evidence for that
+because it happens in many systems not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it happens in many systems not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it happens in many systems not
+just in baby animal but in adult animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in baby animal but in adult animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in baby animal but in adult animals
+and get collateral sprouting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get collateral sprouting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get collateral sprouting into the
+denervated areas so for example if I cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denervated areas so for example if I cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denervated areas so for example if I cut
+remember I gave this example a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I gave this example a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I gave this example a long time
+ago chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago chapter
+13 you lose axons in your hand due to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 you lose axons in your hand due to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 you lose axons in your hand due to a
+an arm injury or maybe pressure too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arm injury or maybe pressure too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arm injury or maybe pressure too long
+on your arm transect some aons okay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your arm transect some aons okay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your arm transect some aons okay they
+well regrow but before they regrow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well regrow but before they regrow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well regrow but before they regrow you
+can lose function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lose function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lose function
+you can lose your ability to extend your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lose your ability to extend your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lose your ability to extend your
+hand for example I mentioned that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand for example I mentioned that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand for example I mentioned that that
+happened to me once and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to me once and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to me once and then what
+happens you don't have to wait for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you don't have to wait for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you don't have to wait for the
+Regeneration to occur before you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regeneration to occur before you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regeneration to occur before you get
+return of function why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of function why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of function why is that
+collateral sprouting because you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral sprouting because you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral sprouting because you haven't
+killed all the accents the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed all the accents the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed all the accents the remaining
+Ones Will Sprout over a period of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ones Will Sprout over a period of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ones Will Sprout over a period of about
+two weeks that will happen and you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks that will happen and you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks that will happen and you start
+getting most of your function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting most of your function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting most of your function
+back you have to have a lot adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you have to have a lot adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you have to have a lot adequate
+Innovation or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation or you
+feel extremely weak you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel extremely weak you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel extremely weak you have to have a
+lot of innovation to get those muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of innovation to get those muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of innovation to get those muscles
+to discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discharge
+properly okay but the same thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly okay but the same thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly okay but the same thing is
+happening in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the in the
+corri okay collateral sprouting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corri okay collateral sprouting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corri okay collateral sprouting and
+because it's ongoing it's probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's ongoing it's probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's ongoing it's probably the
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+why the gra making lesions gradually as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the gra making lesions gradually as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the gra making lesions gradually as
+a in a slow growing tumor it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a slow growing tumor it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a slow growing tumor it's also a
+lot harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot harder to
+detect because you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect because you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect because you're getting
+connections being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections being
+replaced it's when you make the lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced it's when you make the lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced it's when you make the lesion
+all at once you see the maximum effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at once you see the maximum effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at once you see the maximum effects
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delion anyway the most dramatic recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delion anyway the most dramatic recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delion anyway the most dramatic recovery
+discovery of a treatment concerns this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of a treatment concerns this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of a treatment concerns this
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+of tissue from fetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tissue from fetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tissue from fetal
+ uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ uh
+and this is what I mainly want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what I mainly want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what I mainly want to talk
+about here the fetal Nigro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transplantation they're basically taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplantation they're basically taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplantation they're basically taking
+nigral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nigral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nigral
+tissue just removed from a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue just removed from a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue just removed from a a
+fetus uh it's little chunks of tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetus uh it's little chunks of tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetus uh it's little chunks of tissue
+put in in a solution they suck them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in in a solution they suck them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in in a solution they suck them into
+a pipet and inject them it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pipet and inject them it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pipet and inject them it's basically
+what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're
+doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is
+it why do you think it might be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why do you think it might be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why do you think it might be true
+that the topographic organization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the topographic organization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the topographic organization of
+connections isn't a critical faction a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections isn't a critical faction a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections isn't a critical faction a
+fun factor in the functioning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun factor in the functioning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun factor in the functioning of the
+nigral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nigral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nigral
+connections they're not putting you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections they're not putting you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections they're not putting you're
+not causing a regeneration of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not causing a regeneration of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not causing a regeneration of to
+Statum you're just putting the nigral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum you're just putting the nigral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum you're just putting the nigral
+tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue
+directly into the Statum the normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into the Statum the normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into the Statum the normally
+the ratom doesn't contain dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratom doesn't contain dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratom doesn't contain dopamine
+cells but if they put the dopamine cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells but if they put the dopamine cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells but if they put the dopamine cells
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+midbrain what what do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain what what do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain what what do you think the
+accents are ever going to reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents are ever going to reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents are ever going to reach the
+statom it's a big distance in adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statom it's a big distance in adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statom it's a big distance in adult
+human it wouldn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes right that's part of the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right that's part of the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right that's part of the research
+that was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no but they were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no but they were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no but they were interested in
+working out the best ages of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out the best ages of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out the best ages of the human
+tissue because you know you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue because you know you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue because you know you don't want
+to go doing that procedure on humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go doing that procedure on humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go doing that procedure on humans
+when the fetal tissue is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the fetal tissue is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the fetal tissue is not in
+plentiful Supply especially because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plentiful Supply especially because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plentiful Supply especially because the
+putam they're putting it all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putam they're putting it all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putam they're putting it all in the
+paman because they're trying to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paman because they're trying to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paman because they're trying to treat
+these bad motor symptoms you see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bad motor symptoms you see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bad motor symptoms you see so
+they're not focused on the card nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not focused on the card nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not focused on the card nucleus
+they focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they focused on the
+panum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panum
+and the pamment is very large in adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pamment is very large in adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pamment is very large in adult
+human and those fetuses are very tiny so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and those fetuses are very tiny so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and those fetuses are very tiny so
+they and to get the problem is you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and to get the problem is you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and to get the problem is you put
+it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the
+panum the the axons from those new cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panum the the axons from those new cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panum the the axons from those new cells
+that they're putting in there don't grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're putting in there don't grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're putting in there don't grow
+very far they grow very very slowly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far they grow very very slowly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far they grow very very slowly and
+they don't grow uh very far we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't grow uh very far we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't grow uh very far we'll we'll
+review that quickly here but um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that quickly here but um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that quickly here but um so you
+need a number of fetuses to get a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a number of fetuses to get a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a number of fetuses to get a really
+adequate implant uh for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate implant uh for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate implant uh for one
+patient and that means it's hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and that means it's hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and that means it's hard to get
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+fetuses because there's a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetuses because there's a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetuses because there's a lot of people
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Parkinson yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson yeah
+even if they could do that and I'm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they could do that and I'm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they could do that and I'm I
+don't know of any research that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know of any research that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know of any research that really
+tried that but when in other systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried that but when in other systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried that but when in other systems
+they have tried and generally it fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have tried and generally it fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have tried and generally it fails
+because once systems contain a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once systems contain a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once systems contain a lot of
+myin the myin inhibits the growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myin the myin inhibits the growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myin the myin inhibits the growth of
+axons because of the nogo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons because of the nogo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons because of the nogo
+protein very difficult to get the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein very difficult to get the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein very difficult to get the growth
+uh if maybe if our knowledge of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if maybe if our knowledge of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if maybe if our knowledge of how to
+get it to happen we're a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it to happen we're a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it to happen we're a little more
+advanced we could create Pathways go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced we could create Pathways go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced we could create Pathways go you
+see the problem is you're putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the problem is you're putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the problem is you're putting the
+the dopamine directly the dopam cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopamine directly the dopam cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopamine directly the dopam cells
+directly into the paman that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into the paman that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into the paman that means the
+normal circuitry the normal stimulus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal circuitry the normal stimulus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal circuitry the normal stimulus for
+those Nal cells is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Nal cells is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Nal cells is
+missing okay but the the what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing okay but the the what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing okay but the the what they were
+counting on is and from this work on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting on is and from this work on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting on is and from this work on in
+Riot Riot research they got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riot Riot research they got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riot Riot research they got a lot of
+function backst in spite of all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function backst in spite of all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function backst in spite of all that
+okay so anyway we don't think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway we don't think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway we don't think the
+Topography is very important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topography is very important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topography is very important because
+we're just dealing with a as I point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just dealing with a as I point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just dealing with a as I point out
+here the action of dopamine release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the action of dopamine release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the action of dopamine release
+doesn't require higher information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require higher information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require higher information
+content it's a neurom modul it's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content it's a neurom modul it's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content it's a neurom modul it's simply
+changing the way those cells are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the way those cells are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the way those cells are working
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+putan uh so that's why we think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putan uh so that's why we think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putan uh so that's why we think it
+really doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theography yeah well that's another ISS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theography yeah well that's another ISS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theography yeah well that's another ISS
+isue isn't it striosomes versus non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isue isn't it striosomes versus non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isue isn't it striosomes versus non
+striosomes could drastically affect how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striosomes could drastically affect how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striosomes could drastically affect how
+it's working at least subtle aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working at least subtle aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working at least subtle aspects of
+movement and the way people learn habits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and the way people learn habits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and the way people learn habits
+and so forth maybe they can't learn much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth maybe they can't learn much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth maybe they can't learn much
+you know there need you like to look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there need you like to look to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there need you like to look to
+see how much do they really study these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how much do they really study these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how much do they really study these
+patients that do get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that do get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that do get some
+recovery but the question you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery but the question you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery but the question you're asking
+is a is a mauline you need to find those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a mauline you need to find those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a mauline you need to find those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out we know that the donor agent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we know that the donor agent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we know that the donor agent is
+critical and why would we expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and why would we expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and why would we expect that
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+U studies of the development the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U studies of the development the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U studies of the development the
+ontogeny of human dopamine producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontogeny of human dopamine producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontogeny of human dopamine producing
+cells indicate that they first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells indicate that they first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells indicate that they first
+appear 5 and A2 to 6 and2 weeks post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear 5 and A2 to 6 and2 weeks post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear 5 and A2 to 6 and2 weeks post
+conception and little processes grow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception and little processes grow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception and little processes grow out
+from those cells beginning at 8 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those cells beginning at 8 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those cells beginning at 8 weeks
+postconception and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postconception and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postconception and the
+axons first reached the striatum at 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons first reached the striatum at 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons first reached the striatum at 9
+weeks well once they it's all they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks well once they it's all they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks well once they it's all they've
+already grown all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already grown all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already grown all the way to the
+striatum we already know from various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum we already know from various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum we already know from various
+studies of animals that when you damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of animals that when you damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of animals that when you damage
+cells that have already grown a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that have already grown a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that have already grown a lot of
+processes that they become much more V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that they become much more V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that they become much more V
+vulnerable they're going to die if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable they're going to die if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable they're going to die if you
+damage them very much because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage them very much because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage them very much because then
+you're damaging all a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're damaging all a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're damaging all a lot of the
+processes okay so we it was predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes okay so we it was predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes okay so we it was predicted
+that you would have to in this early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have to in this early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have to in this early
+period before most of those processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period before most of those processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period before most of those processes
+the dendrites and accents have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dendrites and accents have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dendrites and accents have even
+grown okay and that's what they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown okay and that's what they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown okay and that's what they found
+and to do that research as you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that research as you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that research as you mentioned
+they're actually taking the human tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually taking the human tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually taking the human tissue
+and putting in an rat tree out when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting in an rat tree out when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting in an rat tree out when they
+found out that they could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that they could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that they could do that
+successfully they wanted to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully they wanted to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully they wanted to find out
+which ages to use so here's they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ages to use so here's they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ages to use so here's they took
+you see a lot of surviving cells the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a lot of surviving cells the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a lot of surviving cells the
+black indicates the dopamine actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black indicates the dopamine actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black indicates the dopamine actually
+it's t tyene hydroxy the enzyme that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's t tyene hydroxy the enzyme that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's t tyene hydroxy the enzyme that you
+always find in the dopamine processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find in the dopamine processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find in the dopamine processes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+cells they took it from a fetus 41 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they took it from a fetus 41 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they took it from a fetus 41 days
+postconception it survived very well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postconception it survived very well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postconception it survived very well in
+the rat Statum if they took it from 70 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat Statum if they took it from 70 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat Statum if they took it from 70 2
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+postconception that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postconception that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postconception that's
+after the accents of normally already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the accents of normally already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the accents of normally already
+started reaching the St then they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started reaching the St then they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started reaching the St then they didn't
+get good survival so they knew they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good survival so they knew they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good survival so they knew they had
+what that's how they found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's how they found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's how they found out
+the age range they had to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now how can they use Imaging of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how can they use Imaging of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how can they use Imaging of the
+living brain to assess transplant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+success by using fluro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success by using fluro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success by using fluro
+DOA which allows you to use positron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOA which allows you to use positron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOA which allows you to use positron
+emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission
+tomography and find evidence for living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography and find evidence for living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography and find evidence for living
+dopamine cells and of course if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine cells and of course if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine cells and of course if the
+patient dies they can use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient dies they can use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient dies they can use their
+anatomical methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical methods
+basically immunostaining for tyrosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically immunostaining for tyrosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically immunostaining for tyrosine
+hydroxic and they they can assess them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxic and they they can assess them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxic and they they can assess them
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mor okay you can read about florid doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mor okay you can read about florid doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mor okay you can read about florid doe
+online and how it's used the uh and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and how it's used the uh and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and how it's used the uh and this
+just mentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mentions
+the his histological procedure on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the his histological procedure on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the his histological procedure on the
+autopsy material to find out where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autopsy material to find out where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autopsy material to find out where those
+dopamine cells are and this is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine cells are and this is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine cells are and this is just some
+of the results the dark staining here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the results the dark staining here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the results the dark staining here is
+dopamine you don't get tyrosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine you don't get tyrosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine you don't get tyrosine
+hydroxylase unless it's in live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylase unless it's in live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylase unless it's in live
+cells and you see if you look in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and you see if you look in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and you see if you look in higher
+magnification there's a whole feltwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification there's a whole feltwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification there's a whole feltwork
+of processes dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processes dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processes dopamine
+has this is all from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this is all from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this is all from a
+graph because when they do these uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph because when they do these uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph because when they do these uh this
+is from a human brain with surviving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from a human brain with surviving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from a human brain with surviving
+graft fetal tissue there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graft fetal tissue there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graft fetal tissue there's a lot of
+dopamine Accents in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine Accents in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine Accents in
+parts of the putan if they get a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the putan if they get a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the putan if they get a long
+ways from where they put the implants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways from where they put the implants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways from where they put the implants in
+this is what it looks like almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it looks like almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it looks like almost
+nothing in the right because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in the right because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in the right because they don't
+grow very far okay here's where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow very far okay here's where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow very far okay here's where they're
+putting in Rat and you see very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in Rat and you see very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in Rat and you see very good
+survival here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and here you see them surviving how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here you see them surviving how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here you see them surviving how
+they use that to predict where when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use that to predict where when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use that to predict where when they
+would be successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be successful
+uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+humans so and I mentioned this it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so and I mentioned this it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so and I mentioned this it makes
+a big difference in where you put it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference in where you put it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference in where you put it and
+because the size of the human strum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the size of the human strum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the size of the human strum is
+so big this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so big this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so big this is about
+the the rate of growth I use six here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rate of growth I use six here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rate of growth I use six here to
+calculate that they would grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that they would grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that they would grow
+about a millimeter in 7 days at 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a millimeter in 7 days at 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a millimeter in 7 days at 6
+microns an hour uh and they we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns an hour uh and they we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns an hour uh and they we know that
+they never seem to grow more than about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never seem to grow more than about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never seem to grow more than about
+2 and2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and2 m
+remember this is adult tissue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is adult tissue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is adult tissue and
+there's a lot of inhibitory factors it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of inhibitory factors it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of inhibitory factors it's
+surprising for some people that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising for some people that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising for some people that they
+grow even that far okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow even that far okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow even that far okay
+so we know the locus is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know the locus is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know the locus is important
+because the functions of the stratum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the functions of the stratum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the functions of the stratum
+differ different parts and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ different parts and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ different parts and they're
+interested in the motor symptoms so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the motor symptoms so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the motor symptoms so they
+put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entainment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entainment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entainment
+okay so why do you think it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why do you think it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why do you think it's so
+FL it takes many months even longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FL it takes many months even longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FL it takes many months even longer than
+the accents have grown out according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accents have grown out according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accents have grown out according to
+the flopa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flopa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flopa
+results so we know that there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so we know that there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so we know that there's probably
+other aspects of maturation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects of maturation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects of maturation of the
+neurons require a lot of time so it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons require a lot of time so it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons require a lot of time so it it
+took a lot of patience doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a lot of patience doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a lot of patience doing
+this and I mention other issues that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I mention other issues that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I mention other issues that are
+involved lack of normal imput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved lack of normal imput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved lack of normal imput
+quits the the fact that Parkinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quits the the fact that Parkinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quits the the fact that Parkinson's
+disease involves other cell groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease involves other cell groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease involves other cell groups and
+just the dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the dopamine
+cells it involves norrine cells for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells it involves norrine cells for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells it involves norrine cells for
+example um we know less about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um we know less about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um we know less about the
+function of those groups in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of those groups in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of those groups in the
+stratum and I mentioned the plat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratum and I mentioned the plat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratum and I mentioned the plat
+sprouting in addition and but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting in addition and but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting in addition and but we don't
+the point is if the dopamine accents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is if the dopamine accents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is if the dopamine accents are
+shown Catal sprouting way what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown Catal sprouting way what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown Catal sprouting way what about
+other accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other accents
+when there's generation other accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's generation other accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's generation other accents
+can show claros problemin too so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show claros problemin too so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show claros problemin too so then
+the dopamine accents have to compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopamine accents have to compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopamine accents have to compete
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+those and the competition can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and the competition can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and the competition can take a
+very long time and it might not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time and it might not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time and it might not always
+be successful it's not easy to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be successful it's not easy to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be successful it's not easy to predict
+which accon actually R out usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which accon actually R out usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which accon actually R out usually the
+normal axons were RN out but now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal axons were RN out but now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal axons were RN out but now they're
+not from the same person they came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from the same person they came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from the same person they came from
+elsewhere does that mean they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere does that mean they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere does that mean they can
+compete just as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete just as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete just as well
+as the person's own dop cells good we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the person's own dop cells good we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the person's own dop cells good we
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know so I'm asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so I'm asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so I'm asking about
+Alternatives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives that
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+uh I think I won't take time to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think I won't take time to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think I won't take time to go
+through this we're going to read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this we're going to read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this we're going to read about
+it the stem cells are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the stem cells are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the stem cells are the most
+interesting the scientific studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the scientific studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the scientific studies
+indicate that for advanced Parkinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that for advanced Parkinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that for advanced Parkinson's
+patients there doesn't appear to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients there doesn't appear to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients there doesn't appear to be much
+use of using this procedure it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of using this procedure it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of using this procedure it just
+doesn't work it worked well though for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work it worked well though for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work it worked well though for
+people that are less severe that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are less severe that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are less severe that is the
+Parkinson's hasn't progressed as far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's hasn't progressed as far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson's hasn't progressed as far so
+for them it did work but of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them it did work but of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them it did work but of course they
+really concerned with those people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really concerned with those people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really concerned with those people with
+the more advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more advanced
+symptoms and they decided that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms and they decided that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms and they decided that the
+transplant procedure just wasn't good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplant procedure just wasn't good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplant procedure just wasn't good
+enough so they that led to other types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so they that led to other types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so they that led to other types
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+treatments the thing used in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments the thing used in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments the thing used in in the
+clinic there's two methods used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic there's two methods used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic there's two methods used in the
+clinic one is called deep brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic one is called deep brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic one is called deep brain
+stimulation if you go online and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation if you go online and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation if you go online and just
+type in deep brain stimulation you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in deep brain stimulation you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in deep brain stimulation you'll
+find all kinds of Articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all kinds of Articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all kinds of Articles
+because residents medical residents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because residents medical residents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because residents medical residents and
+hospitals love to be do research and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals love to be do research and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals love to be do research and get
+their names on paper so you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their names on paper so you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their names on paper so you'll find
+paper after paper after paper on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper after paper after paper on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper after paper after paper on their
+use of deep brain stimulation and yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of deep brain stimulation and yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of deep brain stimulation and yes it
+works very well you stimulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works very well you stimulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works very well you stimulate the
+goldest palus you stimulate the seic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldest palus you stimulate the seic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldest palus you stimulate the seic
+nucleus you can get effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus you can get effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus you can get effects
+okay often you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay often you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay often you can
+benefit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit the
+patients just remember they're missing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients just remember they're missing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients just remember they're missing a
+lot of the normal input and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the normal input and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the normal input and those
+Pathways that affect the system so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways that affect the system so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways that affect the system so if
+you stimulate artificially you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stimulate artificially you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stimulate artificially you can
+improve their symptoms that's what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their symptoms that's what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their symptoms that's what they
+find they also have gone in and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find they also have gone in and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find they also have gone in and just
+oblad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblad
+structures and if they do that right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and if they do that right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and if they do that right the
+problem here is predicting well how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is predicting well how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is predicting well how do
+you know you going get one chance bladed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you going get one chance bladed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you going get one chance bladed
+it's not you're not going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you're not going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you're not going to get a
+second chance but they have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chance but they have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chance but they have found
+specific lesions that they they base it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific lesions that they they base it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific lesions that they they base it
+on animal work first and they do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on animal work first and they do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on animal work first and they do get
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+benefits reducing the movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits reducing the movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits reducing the movement
+problems and I just mentioned examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and I just mentioned examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and I just mentioned examples
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+lesion uh let's uh I'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion uh let's uh I'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion uh let's uh I'll talk a little
+more about the neurogenesis things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the neurogenesis things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the neurogenesis things but
+make sure you read that and I'll answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you read that and I'll answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you read that and I'll answer
+any questions you have about it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions you have about it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions you have about it but
+there's a few very interesting issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few very interesting issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few very interesting issues
+here about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about using
+U both in these in stem cells which if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U both in these in stem cells which if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U both in these in stem cells which if
+you just look now do a search on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look now do a search on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look now do a search on the
+stem cell treatment for Parkinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell treatment for Parkinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell treatment for Parkinson's
+you'll see that it's a lot of recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it's a lot of recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it's a lot of recent
+things some of it's by patented cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things some of it's by patented cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things some of it's by patented cell
+lines which I think it's a horrible idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines which I think it's a horrible idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines which I think it's a horrible idea
+but the government has allowed it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the government has allowed it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the government has allowed it and so
+now that creates all problems PS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cause a lot of competition between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a lot of competition between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a lot of competition between
+groups and so forth but they are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and so forth but they are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and so forth but they are getting
+stem cells to work but it's not an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells to work but it's not an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cells to work but it's not an easy
+thing there's many issues getting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there's many issues getting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there's many issues getting those
+cells to do what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to do what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to do what you
+want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but I want to say a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I want to say a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I want to say a little bit about
+the normal stem cells we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal stem cells we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal stem cells we have
+creating new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating new
+neurons in the hippocampal formation not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the hippocampal formation not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the hippocampal formation not
+just in the old factory buls so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the old factory buls so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the old factory buls so we'll
+say a little bit about that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about that because
+we've talked about hippocampus before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about hippocampus before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about hippocampus before
+and then the main topic for next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the main topic for next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the main topic for next time
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+neocortex okay first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex okay first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex okay first
+uh chapter on NE cortex chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chapter on NE cortex chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chapter on NE cortex chapter
+32 and I posted questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and I posted questions on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and I posted questions on that
+chapter I've written questions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter I've written questions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter I've written questions for the
+next one two I'll get those posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one two I'll get those posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one two I'll get those posted
+probably later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably later
+today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UZiEFO3J8mE.txt b/UZiEFO3J8mE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5bb4fddf22069ac4e80c35791fe78a46ef0ff83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UZiEFO3J8mE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so today we going talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so today we going talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so today we going talk about
+partial differential equations and may I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations and may I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations and may I
+just give a quick review where we are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give a quick review where we are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give a quick review where we are so
+we're going to have a PD uh lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a PD uh lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a PD uh lecture
+today um then Professor Swan's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um then Professor Swan's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um then Professor Swan's going to
+do a review uh on Friday um there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a review uh on Friday um there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a review uh on Friday um there's no
+lecture on Monday but you have the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on Monday but you have the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on Monday but you have the uh
+the quiz to Monday night um Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz to Monday night um Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz to Monday night um Wednesday
+next week is uh is Veterans Day so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week is uh is Veterans Day so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week is uh is Veterans Day so it's
+a holidays no classes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a holidays no classes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a holidays no classes at
+MIT so uh so the next time I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT so uh so the next time I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT so uh so the next time I'll be
+lecturing to you will be a week from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing to you will be a week from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing to you will be a week from
+Friday um the homework uh following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday um the homework uh following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday um the homework uh following the
+quiz will be posted um and so you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz will be posted um and so you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz will be posted um and so you guys
+can go start on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go start on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go start on that
+um and that that homework involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that that homework involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that that homework involves a
+comma problem which for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma problem which for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma problem which for those of you who
+had trouble with comma might take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had trouble with comma might take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had trouble with comma might take some
+extra time since it's the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra time since it's the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra time since it's the first time
+you're doing it so I would suggest at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it so I would suggest at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it so I would suggest at
+least give it a try early I'm sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least give it a try early I'm sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least give it a try early I'm sure the
+TA would be very happy to help you to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TA would be very happy to help you to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TA would be very happy to help you to uh
+Force comol to cooperate Bend comma to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force comol to cooperate Bend comma to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force comol to cooperate Bend comma to
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all right
+um so we're going to talk about partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to talk about partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to talk about partial
+differential equations and as it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and as it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and as it sounds
+uh the what's different about partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the what's different about partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the what's different about partial
+differential equation is has partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is has partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is has partial
+derivatives in it um and so we have uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in it um and so we have uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in it um and so we have uh a
+lot of equations like this so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of equations like this so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of equations like this so for
+example I work a lot on um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation oops guess first May shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation oops guess first May shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation oops guess first May shouldn't
+do it's a poor choice isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay so this is the conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so this is the conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so this is the conservation
+equation uh for chemical species in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh for chemical species in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh for chemical species in a
+reacting flow um so the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting flow um so the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting flow um so the change in the
+mass fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass fraction of the
+species um at a point z a point XYZ at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species um at a point z a point XYZ at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species um at a point z a point XYZ at
+time T that differential is given by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T that differential is given by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T that differential is given by a
+diffusion term a convection term and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion term a convection term and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion term a convection term and a
+reaction term so this is a pretty famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction term so this is a pretty famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction term so this is a pretty famous
+equation this is part of the navier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is part of the navier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is part of the navier
+Stokes equations um for the whole whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes equations um for the whole whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes equations um for the whole whole
+reaction flow system uh which I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction flow system uh which I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction flow system uh which I hope you
+guys have seen already and for sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have seen already and for sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have seen already and for sure you
+will will see if you haven't seen them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will see if you haven't seen them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will see if you haven't seen them
+yet um and there's a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet um and there's a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet um and there's a lot of other
+partial differential equations I work a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations I work a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations I work a
+lot also in the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot also in the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot also in the Schrodinger equation
+that's another partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another partial differential
+equation and what special about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and what special about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and what special about the
+partial differ equations is that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differ equations is that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differ equations is that in this
+case the this partial der respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the this partial der respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the this partial der respect to
+time holding all the spatial coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time holding all the spatial coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time holding all the spatial coordinates
+fixed and these partial derivatives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and these partial derivatives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and these partial derivatives are
+respect to space holding time fixed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to space holding time fixed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to space holding time fixed okay
+A a very important thing about partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A a very important thing about partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A a very important thing about partial
+derivatives which you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which you probably have
+encountered in 1040 already is it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered in 1040 already is it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered in 1040 already is it really
+depends what you hold fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends what you hold fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends what you hold fixed
+um and and you and you get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you and you get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you and you get different
+results if you hold different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results if you hold different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results if you hold different things
+fixed now the implication when you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed now the implication when you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed now the implication when you write
+an equation like this is that whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation like this is that whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation like this is that whatever
+partials you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials you
+see that when I wrote this if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that when I wrote this if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that when I wrote this if I have
+this and it has a term that's like d^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it has a term that's like d^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it has a term that's like d^2
+DX s it's one of the terms in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX s it's one of the terms in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX s it's one of the terms in this
+thing this says T this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X the convention is oh boy I better hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the convention is oh boy I better hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the convention is oh boy I better hold
+X fixed and here it must be I must to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X fixed and here it must be I must to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X fixed and here it must be I must to
+hold T fixed because there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold T fixed because there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold T fixed because there's another one
+in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same
+equation now you can change coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now you can change coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now you can change coordinates
+however you want just really watch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you want just really watch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you want just really watch out
+that you carefully follow the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you carefully follow the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you carefully follow the rules
+about what you hold fixed when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you hold fixed when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you hold fixed when you
+change things otherwise you can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change things otherwise you can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change things otherwise you can cause
+all kinds of craziness all right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of craziness all right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of craziness all right now you
+guys probably took multivariable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys probably took multivariable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys probably took multivariable
+calculus at some point in your distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus at some point in your distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus at some point in your distance
+pass and they they told you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass and they they told you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass and they they told you very
+carefully what the rules were so follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully what the rules were so follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully what the rules were so follow
+them and I suppose when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I suppose when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I suppose when you're doing
+Thermo right now have you started to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermo right now have you started to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermo right now have you started to do
+all this partial derivative stuff yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this partial derivative stuff yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this partial derivative stuff yeah
+so you you've seen how completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you've seen how completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you've seen how completely
+confusing it can be with negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing it can be with negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing it can be with negative sign
+sign shown up all over the place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign shown up all over the place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign shown up all over the place and
+other things like this I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like this I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like this I don't know if
+you've encountered this yet at least I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've encountered this yet at least I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've encountered this yet at least I
+thought it was confusing when I took it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was confusing when I took it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was confusing when I took it
+um uh so just just beware it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so just just beware it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so just just beware it's the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um now often you do want to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now often you do want to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now often you do want to change the
+equation so you can write down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so you can write down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so you can write down an
+equation like this but for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like this but for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like this but for example if
+you have a special symmetry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a special symmetry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a special symmetry of the
+problem like it's cylindrical for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like it's cylindrical for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like it's cylindrical for
+example then you might want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example then you might want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example then you might want to change
+the cylindrical coordinates and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cylindrical coordinates and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cylindrical coordinates and then you
+have to just be careful that you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to just be careful that you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to just be careful that you write
+the correct lassan in cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct lassan in cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct lassan in cylindrical
+coordinates make sure it doesn't mess up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates make sure it doesn't mess up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates make sure it doesn't mess up
+anything about your uh what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about your uh what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about your uh what you're
+holding fixed um sometimes you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding fixed um sometimes you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding fixed um sometimes you might
+want to be crafty and and use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be crafty and and use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be crafty and and use some
+weirdo coordinates for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdo coordinates for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirdo coordinates for example if you
+wanted to solve the Schroder equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to solve the Schroder equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to solve the Schroder equation
+for H2 plus it turns out there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for H2 plus it turns out there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for H2 plus it turns out there's a
+special coordinate system called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special coordinate system called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special coordinate system called the
+elliptic coordinate system and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic coordinate system and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic coordinate system and in that
+coordinate system the partial differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system the partial differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system the partial differ
+equation is separable and so if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is separable and so if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is separable and so if you do
+it in that coordinate system you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in that coordinate system you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in that coordinate system you can
+actually solve an analytical solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve an analytical solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve an analytical solution
+which is pretty unusual for the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty unusual for the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty unusual for the shinger
+equation um but it's a pretty goofball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um but it's a pretty goofball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um but it's a pretty goofball
+coordinate system and you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and you really have to
+watch out when you when you convert to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out when you when you convert to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out when you when you convert to
+make sure you do it just right okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you do it just right okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you do it just right okay but
+it's just the rules chain Rule and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the rules chain Rule and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the rules chain Rule and the
+rules about how to keep track of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules about how to keep track of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules about how to keep track of of
+what's being held constant and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being held constant and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being held constant and when you
+change what's how being held constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what's how being held constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what's how being held constant
+how to how to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how to change
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now in principle this problem is like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in principle this problem is like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in principle this problem is like no
+different than the OD bvp problems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the OD bvp problems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the OD bvp problems we
+were just doing you just have a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just doing you just have a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just doing you just have a few more
+terms right and so you can use finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right and so you can use finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right and so you can use finite
+element you can use finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element you can use finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element you can use finite
+differences um you can use basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences um you can use basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences um you can use basis set
+methods um and it's really no different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods um and it's really no different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods um and it's really no different
+so all those those methods basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all those those methods basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all those those methods basically
+look the same you just get equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same you just get equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same you just get equations
+that have more unknowns in them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have more unknowns in them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have more unknowns in them um
+because uh for example if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh for example if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh for example if you're using
+finite element methods or basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element methods or basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element methods or basis set
+methods with a local basis set um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods with a local basis set um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods with a local basis set um you
+need to put points both in say the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put points both in say the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put points both in say the X
+Direction and the y direction and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and the y direction and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and the y direction and in
+this case the Z Direction and then May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the Z Direction and then May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the Z Direction and then May
+also in the time Direction so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the time Direction so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the time Direction so now you
+have a lot of mesh points in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of mesh points in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of mesh points in all
+different directions and so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions and so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions and so you get a
+lot of mesh points um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of mesh points um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of mesh points um and so
+fundamentally there's no problem but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally there's no problem but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally there's no problem but in
+practice there's a big problem that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there's a big problem that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there's a big problem that the
+number of unknowns gets to be so large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unknowns gets to be so large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unknowns gets to be so large
+so that's the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the main
+problem um so think about it if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um so think about it if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um so think about it if you have
+some kind of equation like this it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of equation like this it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of equation like this it's in
+three spatial dimensions and in time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three spatial dimensions and in time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three spatial dimensions and in time you
+know how many points do you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many points do you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many points do you think you
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+discretize uh Your solution in the spa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize uh Your solution in the spa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize uh Your solution in the spa
+in a space coordinate there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a space coordinate there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a space coordinate there might be
+somewhere maybe 100 I don't know points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere maybe 100 I don't know points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere maybe 100 I don't know points
+might be enough and so now I have X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be enough and so now I have X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be enough and so now I have X and
+Y and Z so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and Z so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and Z so I'll
+need well just in compol we just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need well just in compol we just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need well just in compol we just saw
+this this on Monday suppose I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this on Monday suppose I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this on Monday suppose I just have
+two Dimensions suppose I just have x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions suppose I just have x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions suppose I just have x and
+z and I uh start putting points in well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and I uh start putting points in well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and I uh start putting points in well
+I want to have some some points along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to have some some points along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to have some some points along
+this way and I want to have some points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and I want to have some points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and I want to have some points
+along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this
+way and so I actually have an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so I actually have an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so I actually have an unknown
+here and an unknown here here and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and an unknown here here and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and an unknown here here and one
+there and one there and one there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and one there and one there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and one there and one there and
+one there there's quite a few of them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there there's quite a few of them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there there's quite a few of them I
+think of how many points I have each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of how many points I have each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of how many points I have each of
+those is the a point where I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is the a point where I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is the a point where I have a
+little basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little basis
+function and each one of those has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and each one of those has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and each one of those has a
+magnitude of how how much weight I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of how how much weight I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of how how much weight I have
+on that basis function things I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that basis function things I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that basis function things I called
+the D's before in the basis functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D's before in the basis functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D's before in the basis functions
+and now I have a lot of them now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have a lot of them now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have a lot of them now it's
+going to be if I have say 100 points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be if I have say 100 points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be if I have say 100 points
+this way 100 points this way I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way 100 points this way I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way 100 points this way I have
+10,000 of these little points that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 of these little points that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 of these little points that means
+I have 10,000 unknowns I have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have 10,000 unknowns I have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have 10,000 unknowns I have to solve
+for 10,000 unknowns is a lot harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10,000 unknowns is a lot harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10,000 unknowns is a lot harder to
+solve for than 100 unknowns and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for than 100 unknowns and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for than 100 unknowns and if you
+saw on some of the problems we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw on some of the problems we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw on some of the problems we did in
+the O OD bvp problems even with 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the O OD bvp problems even with 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the O OD bvp problems even with 100
+unknowns we having a lot of trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns we having a lot of trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns we having a lot of trouble
+sometimes to get the real solution all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to get the real solution all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to get the real solution all
+right so you can just see how it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can just see how it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can just see how it just
+gets to be like a big numerical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to be like a big numerical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to be like a big numerical problem
+so that's two Dimensions the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's two Dimensions the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's two Dimensions the third
+dimension you'll get another 100 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension you'll get another 100 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension you'll get another 100 times
+as many points you might have a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many points you might have a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many points you might have a million
+unknowns and once you get up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and once you get up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and once you get up to a
+million unknowns it's starting to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million unknowns it's starting to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million unknowns it's starting to talk
+you know it's serious math now okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's serious math now okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's serious math now okay um
+even even for your good computers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even for your good computers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even for your good computers that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+have in addition it's not just you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in addition it's not just you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in addition it's not just you have
+the number of mesh points but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of mesh points but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of mesh points but it's the
+number of mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of mesh
+points times the number of variables at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points times the number of variables at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points times the number of variables at
+each mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each mesh
+point so in the um in the navier Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so in the um in the navier Stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so in the um in the navier Stokes
+equations what variables do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have louder velocity pressure velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have louder velocity pressure velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have louder velocity pressure velocity
+and pressure okay so you have pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure okay so you have pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure okay so you have pressure
+we have the different components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the different components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the different components of
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+right what else we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+what density yeah though yeah density or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what density yeah though yeah density or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what density yeah though yeah density or
+temperature something you need something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature something you need something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature something you need something
+yeah temperature might be so so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah temperature might be so so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah temperature might be so so maybe
+temperature would be what you might use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature would be what you might use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature would be what you might use
+and then you'd have a state function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd have a state function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd have a state function
+maybe would be these guys uh what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe would be these guys uh what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe would be these guys uh what else
+do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you
+have so then you'd have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so then you'd have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so then you'd have all these
+species right the mass fractions are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species right the mass fractions are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species right the mass fractions are all
+the species so you have like y species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the species so you have like y species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the species so you have like y species
+one Mass fraction species 2 however many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Mass fraction species 2 however many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Mass fraction species 2 however many
+you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got
+okay so that's a pretty big set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a pretty big set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a pretty big set of
+variables and you need to know these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and you need to know these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and you need to know these all
+these numbers at each point right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers at each point right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers at each point right so
+this might be how many we got 1 2 3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be how many we got 1 2 3 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be how many we got 1 2 3 four
+five plus however many species we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five plus however many species we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five plus however many species we have
+so this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is n
+species plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species plus
+5 times the M I told you the M was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 times the M I told you the M was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 times the M I told you the M was what
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+million so I maybe I have 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so I maybe I have 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so I maybe I have 10 million
+unknowns all right um so uh that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns all right um so uh that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns all right um so uh that the the
+issue to a large extent has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue to a large extent has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue to a large extent has to do with
+just can I solve it can I solve a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can I solve it can I solve a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can I solve it can I solve a system
+of 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 million
+unknowns 10 million equations 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns 10 million equations 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns 10 million equations 10 million
+unknowns all right so that's so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns all right so that's so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns all right so that's so that's
+going to be one big issue now the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one big issue now the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one big issue now the other
+issue is we still have the same problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is we still have the same problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is we still have the same problems
+we had in ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in ordinary differential
+equations that we have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we have to worry about
+numerical stability we have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical stability we have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical stability we have to worry
+about actually is the whole problem even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about actually is the whole problem even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about actually is the whole problem even
+stable to begin with physically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable to begin with physically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable to begin with physically um
+because it's not physical not stable pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not physical not stable pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not physical not stable pH
+physically then probably we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically then probably we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically then probably we're not going
+to be get a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be get a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be get a stable
+solution um so uh you have all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution um so uh you have all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution um so uh you have all those
+kinds of problems that we had before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems that we had before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems that we had before in
+the OD case and now it's just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OD case and now it's just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OD case and now it's just sort of
+Amplified by the fact now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified by the fact now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified by the fact now we have
+boundary conditions in more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions in more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions in more than one
+dimension so we have multiple chances to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so we have multiple chances to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so we have multiple chances to
+screw it up we're trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw it up we're trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw it up we're trying to figure out
+the how to set the boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how to set the boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how to set the boundary conditions
+correctly um and we have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um and we have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um and we have to worry about
+stability in all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability in all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability in all the different
+directions um so those are the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions um so those are the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions um so those are the different
+kinds of things we we have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things we we have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things we we have to worry
+about but it's all the same problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but it's all the same problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but it's all the same problems you
+had before it's just amplif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now because of this problem of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now because of this problem of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now because of this problem of the
+very large number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large number of of
+unknowns um currently if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns um currently if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns um currently if you have a
+problem that has like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that has like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that has like two
+Dimensions you can kind of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions you can kind of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions you can kind of very
+routinely solve it and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinely solve it and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinely solve it and things like
+console on your laptop you can usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console on your laptop you can usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console on your laptop you can usually
+do those when you get up to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those when you get up to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those when you get up to three
+dimensions you might be able to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions you might be able to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions you might be able to solve it
+or might not be able to solve it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or might not be able to solve it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or might not be able to solve it and it
+can be like a really big challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be like a really big challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be like a really big challenge
+sometimes to solve it and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to solve it and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to solve it and then in
+reality we have problems like the nav is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality we have problems like the nav is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality we have problems like the nav is
+four dimensions right because time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensions right because time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensions right because time as
+well so then that's gets to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so then that's gets to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so then that's gets to be really
+hard and then the Shing equation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and then the Shing equation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and then the Shing equation has
+three times the number of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times the number of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times the number of electrons
+dimensions in it so that gets like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in it so that gets like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in it so that gets like
+impossibly hard um and so specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibly hard um and so specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibly hard um and so specialized
+methods are developed to handle those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are developed to handle those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are developed to handle those
+systems with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with a lot of
+dimensionality um so like for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality um so like for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality um so like for the
+Shoring equation people almost always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shoring equation people almost always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shoring equation people almost always do
+it with basis set methods and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with basis set methods and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with basis set methods and there's
+been a huge effort over decades to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a huge effort over decades to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a huge effort over decades to
+figure out really clever basis sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out really clever basis sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out really clever basis sets that
+are really close to the real solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really close to the real solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really close to the real solutions
+so that you don't need to use too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you don't need to use too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you don't need to use too many
+basis functions to get in to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions to get in to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions to get in to get the
+good solution so that's a way to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good solution so that's a way to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good solution so that's a way to keep
+the number of variables down um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables down um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables down um in the
+uh in the navier Stokes World um I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the navier Stokes World um I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the navier Stokes World um I'll
+show you what what people do to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what what people do to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what what people do to try to
+deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that
+um there's many other problems I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's many other problems I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's many other problems I don't
+know all the problems in the world but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the problems in the world but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the problems in the world but
+in general when you have three or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general when you have three or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general when you have three or more
+dimensions in your PD system you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in your PD system you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in your PD system you you're
+looking up special tricks you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up special tricks you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up special tricks you're looking
+up how to people in this field deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up how to people in this field deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up how to people in this field deal with
+this particular pte special ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular pte special ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular pte special ways that
+are are good for that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are good for that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are good for that kind of
+PD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PD
+um all right so so I said one problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so so I said one problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so so I said one problem is
+that you could have that the the pte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have that the the pte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have that the the pte
+system itself can be intrinsically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system itself can be intrinsically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system itself can be intrinsically
+unstable so one example I know like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so one example I know like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so one example I know like that
+is uh detonation problems so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh detonation problems so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh detonation problems so if I have a
+system that has some explosive in it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has some explosive in it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has some explosive in it um
+or mixture of hydrogen oxygen even and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mixture of hydrogen oxygen even and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mixture of hydrogen oxygen even and I
+uh have it in a tube or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have it in a tube or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have it in a tube or something
+if I change my initial conditions I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change my initial conditions I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change my initial conditions I can
+go from the case where it's stable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from the case where it's stable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from the case where it's stable that
+it just sits there a hydrogen and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just sits there a hydrogen and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just sits there a hydrogen and oxygen
+or it could turn into a regular burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could turn into a regular burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could turn into a regular burning
+or if I change the conditions a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I change the conditions a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I change the conditions a little
+bit differently it could change into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently it could change into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently it could change into a
+detonation where it actually sets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detonation where it actually sets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detonation where it actually sets a
+shock wave down the tube faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock wave down the tube faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock wave down the tube faster than
+speed of sound totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound totally different
+situation so those kind of systems can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so those kind of systems can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so those kind of systems can
+be really sensitive to the um physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really sensitive to the um physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really sensitive to the um physical
+initial conditions right a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions right a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions right a very small
+spark can make a really big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark can make a really big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark can make a really big difference
+in a system like that and also in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a system like that and also in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a system like that and also in your
+numerical solution um if if the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solution um if if the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solution um if if the thing is
+physically sensitive it'll typically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically sensitive it'll typically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically sensitive it'll typically be
+sensitive also to numerical noise if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive also to numerical noise if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive also to numerical noise if you
+have numerical noise at some point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have numerical noise at some point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have numerical noise at some point that
+might be enough to kick it over from say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be enough to kick it over from say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be enough to kick it over from say
+not igniting it all to to having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not igniting it all to to having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not igniting it all to to having a
+detonation which is completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detonation which is completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detonation which is completely different
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but uh another case like in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh another case like in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh another case like in biology
+if you're trying to study the growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to study the growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to study the growth of
+a cell culture or the growth of a tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell culture or the growth of a tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell culture or the growth of a tumor
+um as you know if somebody has a tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as you know if somebody has a tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as you know if somebody has a tumor
+and one of the cancer cells mutates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the cancer cells mutates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the cancer cells mutates and
+does something different it can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something different it can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something different it can have a
+really different outcome of what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different outcome of what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different outcome of what happens
+to the patient what happens to the tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the patient what happens to the tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the patient what happens to the tumor
+the whole morphology can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole morphology can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole morphology can change
+completely everything about it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely everything about it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely everything about it can
+change and so that's a kind of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and so that's a kind of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and so that's a kind of system
+also can be very sensitive to to small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can be very sensitive to to small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can be very sensitive to to small
+details um you know a small change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details um you know a small change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details um you know a small change in
+one cell for example could be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cell for example could be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cell for example could be a really
+big difference um so this this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference um so this this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference um so this this is not
+just you know in combustion problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know in combustion problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know in combustion problems you
+have these kind of instabilities all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these kind of instabilities all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these kind of instabilities all
+kinds of problems have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems have this kind of
+thing um you can have just regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um you can have just regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um you can have just regular
+chemical reactors that can multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactors that can multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactors that can multiple
+steady States little tiny fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady States little tiny fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady States little tiny fluctuations
+can make it jump from one stud state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it jump from one stud state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it jump from one stud state to
+another one that's another pretty famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that's another pretty famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that's another pretty famous
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+problem um there's another class of pdes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um there's another class of pdes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um there's another class of pdes
+where it's stable in some sense um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's stable in some sense um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's stable in some sense um but
+it's causes this problem we call those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's causes this problem we call those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's causes this problem we call those
+hyperbolic um and those are uh like wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic um and those are uh like wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic um and those are uh like wave
+equations where the solutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations where the solutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations where the solutions are
+propagating waves so the equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating waves so the equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating waves so the equations of
+Acoustics the equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acoustics the equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acoustics the equations of
+electromagnetism are wave equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism are wave equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism are wave equations
+where basically a wave propagates more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically a wave propagates more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically a wave propagates more
+or less without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less without any
+damping so what happens then is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping so what happens then is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping so what happens then is you have
+some numerical noise that will make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numerical noise that will make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numerical noise that will make a
+little wavelet that will propagate more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wavelet that will propagate more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wavelet that will propagate more
+or less without any damping too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less without any damping too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less without any damping too and
+it'll keep bouncing back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll keep bouncing back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll keep bouncing back and forth
+inside your domain numerically and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your domain numerically and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your domain numerically and if
+you keep introducing numerical noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep introducing numerical noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep introducing numerical noise
+eventually the whole thing is just full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the whole thing is just full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the whole thing is just full
+of noise and it doesn't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of noise and it doesn't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of noise and it doesn't have much
+relation to the real physical solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to the real physical solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to the real physical solution
+so hyperbolic um systems of differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hyperbolic um systems of differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hyperbolic um systems of differential
+equations need special solution methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations need special solution methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations need special solution methods
+that in the in the numerical method it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the in the numerical method it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the in the numerical method it's
+carefully trying to damp out that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully trying to damp out that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully trying to damp out that kind
+of propagating wave that's coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of propagating wave that's coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of propagating wave that's coming from
+the noise and they set them up a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise and they set them up a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise and they set them up a special
+way I'm not going to talk about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm not going to talk about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm not going to talk about how you
+solve them in this class but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them in this class but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them in this class but that's
+there's a special whole group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a special whole group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a special whole group of
+solution methods that people use who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution methods that people use who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution methods that people use who are
+solving Acoustics equations or solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving Acoustics equations or solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving Acoustics equations or solving
+uh uh electromagnetic equations um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh electromagnetic equations um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh electromagnetic equations um if
+you get into solving uh shock wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into solving uh shock wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into solving uh shock wave
+equations actually work for Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations actually work for Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations actually work for Professor
+bazant he has like electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bazant he has like electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bazant he has like electrochemical
+shocks in some of his systems you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks in some of his systems you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks in some of his systems you have
+the same kind of thing you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of thing you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of thing you have to use
+special mathematics to correctly handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special mathematics to correctly handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special mathematics to correctly handle
+that um and special numerical tricks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and special numerical tricks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and special numerical tricks but
+we're not going get to that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going get to that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going get to that in this
+class if you if you get into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if you if you get into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if you if you get into those
+things you should take the PD class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you should take the PD class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you should take the PD class for
+hyperbolic equations and they'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic equations and they'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic equations and they'll tell
+you just all about the solvers for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just all about the solvers for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just all about the solvers for those
+kinds of things and special tricks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things and special tricks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things and special tricks and
+there's there Journal papers all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there Journal papers all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there Journal papers all about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um here we're going to focus primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here we're going to focus primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here we're going to focus primarily
+on two kinds of problems elliptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two kinds of problems elliptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two kinds of problems elliptic
+problems and parabolic problems and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and parabolic problems and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and parabolic problems and um
+and those problems are ones where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those problems are ones where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those problems are ones where
+there's some sort of some dissipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of some dissipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of some dissipation
+that's very significant and so in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very significant and so in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very significant and so in an
+elliptic problem um you introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic problem um you introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic problem um you introduce some
+numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical
+noise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and
+and as you solve it the numerical noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you solve it the numerical noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you solve it the numerical noise
+kind of goes away okay sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of goes away okay sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of goes away okay sort of like
+intrinsically stable all throughout now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically stable all throughout now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically stable all throughout now
+the real definition of of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real definition of of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real definition of of these things
+parabolic hyperbolic elliptic has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic hyperbolic elliptic has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic hyperbolic elliptic has to do
+with flow of information so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with flow of information so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with flow of information so in a
+hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic
+system um information there's regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um information there's regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um information there's regions of
+the domain that you can make a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain that you can make a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain that you can make a change
+here and it doesn't make any effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it doesn't make any effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it doesn't make any effect on
+some domain part over there and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some domain part over there and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some domain part over there and so that
+that causes because that is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes because that is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes because that is the real
+situation that also propagates into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that also propagates into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that also propagates into the
+numerical solution method um so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solution method um so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solution method um so for
+example if I'm modeling a shock wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I'm modeling a shock wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I'm modeling a shock wave
+that's moving faster than the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving faster than the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving faster than the speed of
+sound I can introduce any pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound I can introduce any pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound I can introduce any pressure
+fluctuation I want behind the shock wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation I want behind the shock wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation I want behind the shock wave
+and has no effect on the shock wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has no effect on the shock wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has no effect on the shock wave
+because this the pressure waves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this the pressure waves from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this the pressure waves from
+that pressure fluctuation are traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pressure fluctuation are traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pressure fluctuation are traveling
+speed of sound they won't catch up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound they won't catch up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound they won't catch up to
+the shock so they'll have no effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock so they'll have no effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock so they'll have no effect
+whatsoever so if I was judging what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever so if I was judging what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever so if I was judging what was
+happening by looking at what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening by looking at what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening by looking at what's happening
+in the shock I can introduce any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shock I can introduce any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shock I can introduce any kind of
+random noise I want back over up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random noise I want back over up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random noise I want back over up you
+know uh down stream of the shock I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh down stream of the shock I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh down stream of the shock I guess
+I don't know yeah and it won't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know yeah and it won't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know yeah and it won't make any
+difference at all and so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference at all and so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference at all and so that that's
+part of the reason why I need a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reason why I need a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reason why I need a special
+kind of solver um if I have a elliptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of solver um if I have a elliptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of solver um if I have a elliptic
+equation every Point affects every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation every Point affects every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation every Point affects every other
+point so that's a famous case for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so that's a famous case for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so that's a famous case for that
+is like this steady state heat equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this steady state heat equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this steady state heat equation
+right you have some some heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have some some heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have some some heat
+temperature Source here heat Source here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Source here heat Source here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Source here heat Source here
+and you have some coolness Source over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have some coolness Source over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have some coolness Source over
+here and there's some heat flowing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's some heat flowing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's some heat flowing from
+the hot to the cold and um and the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot to the cold and um and the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot to the cold and um and the heat
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+is kind of slow enough that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of slow enough that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of slow enough that everything
+sort affects everything else and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort affects everything else and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort affects everything else and so you
+actually have the heat is trying to Flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the heat is trying to Flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the heat is trying to Flow
+by every sort of every path and it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by every sort of every path and it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by every sort of every path and it's it
+has some there's some insulation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some there's some insulation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some there's some insulation that's
+resisting its flow and it depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resisting its flow and it depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resisting its flow and it depending on
+the contivity flow a certain way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contivity flow a certain way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contivity flow a certain way and
+those kind of equations are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of equations are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of equations are called
+elliptic and the methods that we use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic and the methods that we use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic and the methods that we use for
+the relaxation methods we showed are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relaxation methods we showed are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relaxation methods we showed are
+really good for those kinds of methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good for those kinds of methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good for those kinds of methods
+for those kind of problems and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those kind of problems and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those kind of problems and then
+another kind of problem that we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of problem that we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of problem that we get into
+a lot is like this one this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot is like this one this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot is like this one this is called
+parabolic and typically in the cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic and typically in the cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic and typically in the cases we
+see that are parabolic it's you have t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that are parabolic it's you have t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that are parabolic it's you have t
+as part of the problem and time always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the problem and time always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the problem and time always
+you know what we think should happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what we think should happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what we think should happen is
+that what happens in the future depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what happens in the future depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what happens in the future depends
+on what happens in the past but not vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what happens in the past but not vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what happens in the past but not vice
+versa right so um you would expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa right so um you would expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa right so um you would expect that
+when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're
+Computing what's happening at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing what's happening at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing what's happening at the next
+time point it's going to depend on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time point it's going to depend on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time point it's going to depend on what
+happened in earlier time points but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in earlier time points but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in earlier time points but if
+you tried to do it the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tried to do it the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tried to do it the other way around
+it would be kind of weird right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be kind of weird right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be kind of weird right you
+wouldn't expect that what in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't expect that what in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't expect that what in the future
+really affected stuff in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really affected stuff in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really affected stuff in the past
+so it naturally leads us to sort of pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it naturally leads us to sort of pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it naturally leads us to sort of pose
+it as an OD ivp or ivp kind of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an OD ivp or ivp kind of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an OD ivp or ivp kind of problem
+we know initially some time zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know initially some time zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know initially some time zero
+something and we're trying to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and we're trying to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and we're trying to calculate
+what happens at some later time all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at some later time all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at some later time all
+right and so those kind of problems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so those kind of problems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so those kind of problems we
+call parabolic and the methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call parabolic and the methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call parabolic and the methods that
+we're going to talk about mostly are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about mostly are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about mostly are
+ones we solving parabolic and elliptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems and you can read uh but be B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and you can read uh but be B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and you can read uh but be B in
+the middle of chapter six has a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of chapter six has a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of chapter six has a nice
+discussion just it has the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion just it has the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion just it has the mathematical
+definitions of what these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of what these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of what these things are
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right now even in a steady state problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now even in a steady state problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now even in a steady state problem
+um the problem can have a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the problem can have a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the problem can have a sort of
+directionality to it so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality to it so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality to it so if you have a
+problem that's very convective say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's very convective say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's very convective say you
+have a flow in a pipe and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a flow in a pipe and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a flow in a pipe and you have a
+nice fast velocity flow down the pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice fast velocity flow down the pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice fast velocity flow down the pipe
+what's happening downwind is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening downwind is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening downwind is very much
+affected by what happened upwind but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by what happened upwind but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by what happened upwind but not
+vice versa so if you you're doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa so if you you're doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa so if you you're doing some
+reaction up wind you know say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction up wind you know say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction up wind you know say you're
+burning some hydrogen you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning some hydrogen you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning some hydrogen you're going to
+get water vapor made up up wind and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get water vapor made up up wind and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get water vapor made up up wind and it's
+going to flow downwind and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to flow downwind and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to flow downwind and you're going
+to have steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have steam
+downwind um if I squirt a little of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwind um if I squirt a little of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwind um if I squirt a little of
+methane in downwind it doesn't necess do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane in downwind it doesn't necess do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane in downwind it doesn't necess do
+anything to what happened upwind I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to what happened upwind I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to what happened upwind I still
+have a hydrogen oxin flame up there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hydrogen oxin flame up there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hydrogen oxin flame up there and
+it's make burning and making steam do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's make burning and making steam do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's make burning and making steam do
+you see what I mean so it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I mean so it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I mean so it has a
+directionality even though I might do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality even though I might do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality even though I might do it
+as a steady state problem and not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a steady state problem and not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a steady state problem and not have
+time in it at all and you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in it at all and you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in it at all and you've probably
+already done this where you can convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done this where you can convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done this where you can convert
+like a flow reactor you can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a flow reactor you can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a flow reactor you can write it
+sort of as a time thing or as a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as a time thing or as a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as a time thing or as a space
+thing right time and space are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right time and space are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right time and space are sort of
+related by the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related by the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related by the velocity of the
+um and so that's we'll have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's we'll have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's we'll have similar
+kinds of phenomenon that it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of phenomenon that it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of phenomenon that it's almost
+like a parabolic Time system that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a parabolic Time system that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a parabolic Time system that if the
+flow is fast enough diffusion back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow is fast enough diffusion back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow is fast enough diffusion back up
+anything moving Upstream is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything moving Upstream is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything moving Upstream is is
+negligible it's all moving from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible it's all moving from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible it's all moving from the
+Upstream to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream to
+Downstream and so then uh you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream and so then uh you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream and so then uh you'll have
+the same kind of issues in fact you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of issues in fact you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of issues in fact you may
+even try to solve it by just starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even try to solve it by just starting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even try to solve it by just starting at
+at the Upstream end and Computing stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Upstream end and Computing stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Upstream end and Computing stuff
+and then propagating what what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then propagating what what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then propagating what what that
+output from that first one does to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from that first one does to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from that first one does to the
+next next one Downstream and then do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next next one Downstream and then do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next next one Downstream and then do one
+at a time and that'd be one possible way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time and that'd be one possible way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time and that'd be one possible way
+to try to solve those kind of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to solve those kind of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to solve those kind of problems
+that are highly convective as you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are highly convective as you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are highly convective as you as you
+slow the velocity down then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow the velocity down then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow the velocity down then the
+diffusion will start to fight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion will start to fight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion will start to fight the
+velocity more and more if you make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity more and more if you make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity more and more if you make this
+the velocity very slow the PEC number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity very slow the PEC number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity very slow the PEC number
+very low then you really have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low then you really have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low then you really have to worry
+about things diffusing back upstream and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things diffusing back upstream and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things diffusing back upstream and
+then it's a different situation okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a different situation okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a different situation okay and
+that that'll be more like more like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that'll be more like more like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that'll be more like more like the
+elliptic problems we had okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic problems we had okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic problems we had okay because
+the things Downstream would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things Downstream would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things Downstream would actually
+affect Upstream if the flow is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect Upstream if the flow is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect Upstream if the flow is really
+small but typically for our problems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but typically for our problems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but typically for our problems the
+velocity is always really high fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is always really high fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is always really high fact the
+numbers are really hard large and so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are really hard large and so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are really hard large and so not
+much goes from Downstream to Upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much goes from Downstream to Upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much goes from Downstream to Upstream
+it's almost all Upstream to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost all Upstream to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost all Upstream to
+Downstream um this leads to a a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream um this leads to a a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream um this leads to a a famous
+uh situation if you look in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situation if you look in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situation if you look in the in the
+textbook at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook at
+figures 6.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6.8 it's kind of a very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.8 it's kind of a very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.8 it's kind of a very famous
+problem um that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um that if you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so this just an OD problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so this just an OD problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so this just an OD problem
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay so this so I just have convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this so I just have convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this so I just have convection
+and diffusion no reaction very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diffusion no reaction very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diffusion no reaction very simple
+this problem you'd think that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem you'd think that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem you'd think that I could
+just do this by finite differences where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this by finite differences where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this by finite differences where
+I would put I could use the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would put I could use the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would put I could use the center
+difference for here and here and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference for here and here and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference for here and here and change
+this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into
+uh this obvious looking thing Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one it is n plus n+1 nus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it is n plus n+1 nus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it is n plus n+1 nus
+one over 2 Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over 2 Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over 2 Delta
+Z you think that that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z you think that that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z you think that that would be a
+reasonable thing to do right and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thing to do right and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thing to do right and you can
+do the same one here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same one here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same one here you can
+write this is like B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of plus minus I'm terrible with minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry right so these are the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry right so these are the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry right so these are the the the
+finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference
+formulas and so you could write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and so you could write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and so you could write these
+like this this thing is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this thing is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this thing is equal to zero
+and now it's just an algebraic problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's just an algebraic problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's just an algebraic problem
+to solve a system of equations you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a system of equations you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a system of equations you have
+a you have equation like this for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you have equation like this for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you have equation like this for every
+value of N and is the mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of N and is the mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of N and is the mesh
+points right you guys have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right you guys have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right you guys have done this
+before yes yes okay so famous problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before yes yes okay so famous problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before yes yes okay so famous problem is
+if you actually try to solve it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually try to solve it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually try to solve it this way
+um unless you make Delta Z really tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unless you make Delta Z really tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unless you make Delta Z really tiny
+you get crazy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get crazy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get crazy stuff
+so on figure 6.7 they actually show what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on figure 6.7 they actually show what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on figure 6.7 they actually show what
+happens for different values of of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for different values of of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for different values of of Delta
+c um so Rel or which is the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c um so Rel or which is the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c um so Rel or which is the different
+values of the what they call the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the what they call the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the what they call the local
+peklay number so there's a thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peklay number so there's a thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peklay number so there's a thing called
+local peklay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay um if you make the local PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay um if you make the local PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay um if you make the local PE
+number too large actually anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number too large actually anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number too large actually anywhere
+bigger than two and you try to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than two and you try to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than two and you try to solve
+this equation what you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation what you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation what you get is
+oscillations unphysical oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations unphysical oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations unphysical oscillations
+they'll make the Fe go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll make the Fe go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll make the Fe go
+negative it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's
+crazy um and it's I mean it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy um and it's I mean it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy um and it's I mean it looks like
+the simplest equation in the world right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest equation in the world right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest equation in the world right
+linear equations what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations what's what's the
+problem with this right but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this right but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this right but it doesn't
+work and um so then you can think of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and um so then you can think of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and um so then you can think of why
+doesn't it work and there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it work and there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it work and there's like
+multiple ways to explain this about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways to explain this about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways to explain this about why
+this doesn't work um I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't work um I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't work um I think that the
+best way to think about it is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to think about it is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to think about it is about the
+information flow so if the PE if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow so if the PE if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow so if the PE if the
+local peul number is large that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local peul number is large that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local peul number is large that means
+that Fe is just flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Fe is just flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Fe is just flowing
+downwind and the fusion is not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwind and the fusion is not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwind and the fusion is not doing
+much because the PE number is big and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because the PE number is big and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because the PE number is big and so
+uh you really shouldn't use this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you really shouldn't use this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you really shouldn't use this formula
+to calculate the flow because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the flow because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the flow because what
+happens downwind at Point N plus one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens downwind at Point N plus one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens downwind at Point N plus one I
+guess here we have the flow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess here we have the flow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess here we have the flow this
+way there's V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there's V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there's V
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+here's n minus one here's my point n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's n minus one here's my point n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's n minus one here's my point n
+here's n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's n plus
+one okay um I really should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay um I really should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay um I really should not
+include this right n plus one in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include this right n plus one in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include this right n plus one in this
+formula hope I have the signs right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula hope I have the signs right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula hope I have the signs right I
+apologize if I have them backwards um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize if I have them backwards um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize if I have them backwards um
+because I don't think that what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't think that what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't think that what happens
+Downstream should really affect this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream should really affect this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream should really affect this at
+all so really I would do better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so really I would do better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so really I would do better to
+change from this Center difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from this Center difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from this Center difference
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+to the up what's called the upwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the up what's called the upwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the up what's called the upwind
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+formula where they would say Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula where they would say Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula where they would say Okay
+instead let's use Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead let's use Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead let's use Fe
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+minus of nus one over Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus of nus one over Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus of nus one over Delta
+Z just use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z just use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z just use that
+instead of using this formula now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using this formula now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using this formula now you
+wouldn't think think that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't think think that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't think think that that would
+make much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make much
+difference but it makes a gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but it makes a gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but it makes a gigantic
+difference and so if you look in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and so if you look in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and so if you look in figure
+6.8 in the textbook you see you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.8 in the textbook you see you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.8 in the textbook you see you get
+perfectly stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly stable
+Solutions when you do that um and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions when you do that um and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions when you do that um and but
+where you do this one you get crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you do this one you get crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you do this one you get crazy
+oscillatory unphysical Solutions unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory unphysical Solutions unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory unphysical Solutions unless
+unless you choose Delta Z really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you choose Delta Z really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you choose Delta Z really
+tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny
+now there's other ways to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's other ways to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's other ways to look at this
+so so I think this is the correct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I think this is the correct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I think this is the correct the
+best way to think about it is this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to think about it is this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to think about it is this has
+to do with the information flow that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the information flow that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the information flow that if
+you try to make your solution depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to make your solution depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to make your solution depend on
+stuff that it doesn't really depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that it doesn't really depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that it doesn't really depend on
+so upwind does not really depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so upwind does not really depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so upwind does not really depend on
+downwind if you force it to by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwind if you force it to by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwind if you force it to by by
+choosing to include that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to include that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to include that information
+here you you end up with crazy stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you you end up with crazy stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you you end up with crazy stuff so
+that's that's one way to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's one way to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's one way to look at it
+another way to look at it is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to look at it is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to look at it is that if you
+really want to compute these derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to compute these derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to compute these derivatives
+you got to keep Delta Z small because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to keep Delta Z small because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to keep Delta Z small because
+we're we're taking a differential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're taking a differential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're taking a differential and
+we're turning it into a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're turning it into a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're turning it into a finite
+difference and if you take your Delta Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and if you take your Delta Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and if you take your Delta Z
+too big then uh it's a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big then uh it's a terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big then uh it's a terrible
+approximation to do this and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to do this and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to do this and you can
+look at it you can see that what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it you can see that what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it you can see that what we're
+doing is when we have this problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is when we have this problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is when we have this problem where
+the local PEC number is getting too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local PEC number is getting too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local PEC number is getting too
+large is we're actually choosing Delta Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large is we're actually choosing Delta Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large is we're actually choosing Delta Z
+bigger than the sort of the thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the sort of the thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the sort of the thickness of
+the solution so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution so if you look at the
+solution the the the analytical solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the the the analytical solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the the the analytical solution
+of this problem it's a it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this where this has a very very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where this has a very very thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where this has a very very thin
+layer at the end it's like the flow has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer at the end it's like the flow has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer at the end it's like the flow has
+pushed all your stuff to the one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed all your stuff to the one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed all your stuff to the one side
+and if you choose your Delta Z to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you choose your Delta Z to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you choose your Delta Z to be
+from here to here that's how big your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here that's how big your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here that's how big your
+Delta Z is and then you're Computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Z is and then you're Computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Z is and then you're Computing the
+derivative of this point halfway along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this point halfway along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this point halfway along
+from here to whatever this is you comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to whatever this is you comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to whatever this is you comp
+your derivative like that it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your derivative like that it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your derivative like that it's not a
+very good not a very accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good not a very accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good not a very accurate
+representation of what the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what the real
+derivative is here and in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is here and in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is here and in fact you
+really should have a bunch of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should have a bunch of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should have a bunch of points
+here and here and here and here and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and here and here and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and here and here and here
+to really resolve the sharp edge and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really resolve the sharp edge and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really resolve the sharp edge and so
+you did something really crazy to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did something really crazy to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did something really crazy to use a
+big value of delta Z to start with okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big value of delta Z to start with okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big value of delta Z to start with okay
+so that's another way to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another way to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another way to look at this
+problem now the fix by doing this upwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now the fix by doing this upwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now the fix by doing this upwind
+differencing I think the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differencing I think the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differencing I think the best way to
+look at this is saying well I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this is saying well I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this is saying well I'm just
+going to make sure I only depend I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sure I only depend I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sure I only depend I only
+make the equations depend on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the equations depend on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the equations depend on what's
+upwind with the convective term because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwind with the convective term because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwind with the convective term because
+there's nothing convecting from downwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing convecting from downwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing convecting from downwind
+so just leave that out so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just leave that out so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just leave that out so that's a
+that's a conceptual way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a conceptual way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a conceptual way to think about
+it another way to think about it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it another way to think about it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it another way to think about it which
+is explain in the text is that by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is explain in the text is that by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is explain in the text is that by doing
+this you're introducing another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're introducing another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're introducing another thing
+called num iCal diffusion where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called num iCal diffusion where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called num iCal diffusion where you're
+actually effectively increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually effectively increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually effectively increasing the
+diffusivity because this is a very poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity because this is a very poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity because this is a very poor
+approximation to the differential this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the differential this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the differential this
+is a asymmetrical finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a asymmetrical finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a asymmetrical finite difference
+formula it's not a very good Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's not a very good Value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's not a very good Value
+Estimate of the derivative if Delta Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Estimate of the derivative if Delta Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Estimate of the derivative if Delta Z is
+Big um but you can uh write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big um but you can uh write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big um but you can uh write it out
+carefully and write this out and say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and write this out and say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and write this out and say oh
+this actually is sort of like this plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually is sort of like this plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually is sort of like this plus
+an effective diffusivity chosen very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective diffusivity chosen very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective diffusivity chosen very
+carefully so the terms cancel out just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so the terms cancel out just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so the terms cancel out just
+right and it turns out if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it turns out if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it turns out if you look at it
+that way the effective diffusion you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way the effective diffusion you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way the effective diffusion you've
+added by using this instead of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added by using this instead of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added by using this instead of that is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+enough um to make the local PEC number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um to make the local PEC number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um to make the local PEC number
+if you compute it with effect of this de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compute it with effect of this de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compute it with effect of this de
+effective to stay less than two which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to stay less than two which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to stay less than two which is
+what you need as a condition to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need as a condition to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need as a condition to make
+this NE to make this numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this NE to make this numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this NE to make this numeric
+stable all right so I strongly suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable all right so I strongly suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable all right so I strongly suggest
+to read the there only two pages long in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read the there only two pages long in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read the there only two pages long in
+the textbook it's very clear just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook it's very clear just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook it's very clear just write
+just look at it and see if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at it and see if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at it and see if you haven't
+seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this
+before um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there's a similar thing and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a similar thing and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a similar thing and it might
+be relevant to the compol problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be relevant to the compol problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be relevant to the compol problem that
+um Kristen showed you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Kristen showed you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Kristen showed you on
+Monday is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday is you
+can in that case there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in that case there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in that case there was
+a uh a region of the boundary here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a region of the boundary here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a region of the boundary here that
+had some concentration c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some concentration c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some concentration c
+not and then there was a over here see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and then there was a over here see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and then there was a over here see
+not the concentration was zero in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the concentration was zero in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the concentration was zero in the
+boundary is zero here it's some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary is zero here it's some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary is zero here it's some number
+17 whatever number it was okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 whatever number it was okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 whatever number it was okay and
+um if you think of how to model what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you think of how to model what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you think of how to model what's
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+on one way to look at it is I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one way to look at it is I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one way to look at it is I have a
+diffusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusive
+flux coming in from the drug patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux coming in from the drug patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux coming in from the drug patch
+diffusing the drug into the flow and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing the drug into the flow and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing the drug into the flow and I
+have this big giant flow flowing along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this big giant flow flowing along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this big giant flow flowing along
+here and the flow gets slower as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the flow gets slower as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the flow gets slower as they
+get closer to the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer to the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer to the wall
+um because of the friction with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because of the friction with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because of the friction with the
+wall and so if I look somewhere right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and so if I look somewhere right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and so if I look somewhere right in
+here I could just draw a little control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I could just draw a little control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I could just draw a little control
+volume and look what's happening I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and look what's happening I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and look what's happening I have
+a diffusive flux coming in here I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diffusive flux coming in here I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diffusive flux coming in here I don't
+have any drug up here so there's no drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any drug up here so there's no drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any drug up here so there's no drug
+coming in here but I have drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here but I have drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here but I have drug
+leaving so basically it's coming up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving so basically it's coming up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving so basically it's coming up and
+it's making a right-and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's making a right-and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's making a right-and
+turn and so then I could think of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and so then I could think of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and so then I could think of well
+if I was going to try figure what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was going to try figure what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was going to try figure what's the
+steady state concentration of drug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state concentration of drug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state concentration of drug in
+there I could say well there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I could say well there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I could say well there's a certain
+amount of drug entering from the diffus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of drug entering from the diffus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of drug entering from the diffus
+of flux which would be this times d c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flux which would be this times d c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flux which would be this times d c
+Dy if this is the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy if this is the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy if this is the Y
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+X um and then this part over here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X um and then this part over here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X um and then this part over here would
+be uh the velocity actually just times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh the velocity actually just times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh the velocity actually just times
+the concentration I have in here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration I have in here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration I have in here right
+how much is uh blowing out and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is uh blowing out and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is uh blowing out and there
+probably my units are screwed up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably my units are screwed up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably my units are screwed up so
+there's well maybe not it's okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+units are screwed up you guys got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are screwed up you guys got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are screwed up you guys got it
+right um it's probably an area something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um it's probably an area something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um it's probably an area something
+to do with this size right one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with this size right one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with this size right one here
+too all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too all
+right is right it's right okay um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is right it's right okay um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is right it's right okay um so you
+can compute uh what the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute uh what the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute uh what the steady state
+concentration would be if stuff's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration would be if stuff's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration would be if stuff's coming
+in and flowing out and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and flowing out and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and flowing out and so this is the
+find a volume view of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a volume view of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a volume view of this kind of
+problem um and so you can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and so you can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and so you can write the
+equations that way instead and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that way instead and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that way instead and what you
+really care about are what the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about are what the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about are what the velocity
+flows and the diffusive fluxes are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and the diffusive fluxes are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and the diffusive fluxes are one
+of these boundaries around the around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these boundaries around the around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these boundaries around the around
+the point so you don't try to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point so you don't try to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point so you don't try to compute
+things right at the point you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right at the point you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right at the point you can
+compute around it and one way to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute around it and one way to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute around it and one way to look at
+this is we just did find a differencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we just did find a differencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we just did find a differencing
+we were looking at what was happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at what was happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at what was happening
+when coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when coming
+in okay and and then this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay and and then this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay and and then this is actually a
+center difference around this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center difference around this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center difference around this this
+interface which is halfway between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface which is halfway between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface which is halfway between the
+two points and so actually this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points and so actually this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points and so actually this is a a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+approximation for the finite volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for the finite volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for the finite volume
+point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of
+view is this all right now these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view is this all right now these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view is this all right now these are all
+different ways to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to write down the
+equations all of them are correct in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations all of them are correct in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations all of them are correct in the
+limit that Delta Z goes to zero right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit that Delta Z goes to zero right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit that Delta Z goes to zero right if
+you have an infinite number of mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an infinite number of mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an infinite number of mesh
+points all these are exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points all these are exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points all these are exactly the same
+but they lead to different really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they lead to different really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they lead to different really
+different numerical properties when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numerical properties when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numerical properties when
+Delta Z is large and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Z is large and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Z is large and and you know
+they're all inaccurate when Delta Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all inaccurate when Delta Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all inaccurate when Delta Z is
+large so it's all about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so it's all about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so it's all about what happens
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+inaccuracies methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccuracies methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccuracies methods
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right now we can go ahead and and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we can go ahead and and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we can go ahead and and take
+any problem even really complicated 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem even really complicated 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem even really complicated 3D
+problems or 4D problems like this and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or 4D problems like this and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or 4D problems like this and we
+can um write them with relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um write them with relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um write them with relaxation
+methods and what we're basically doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and what we're basically doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and what we're basically doing
+in problem like this is turning it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in problem like this is turning it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in problem like this is turning it into
+some function of Y is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of Y is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of Y is equal to zero
+where Y is the value of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Y is the value of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Y is the value of all the
+unknowns okay um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns okay um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns okay um and
+and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of
+equations right so I might have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right so I might have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right so I might have you know
+100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 million
+equations and and 100 million unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and and 100 million unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and and 100 million unknowns
+that are the values of every state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the values of every state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the values of every state
+variable at every state point at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable at every state point at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable at every state point at all
+times um and I can write it down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um and I can write it down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um and I can write it down right
+by finding differences by finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finding differences by finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finding differences by finding
+Elements by find volumes any way I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements by find volumes any way I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements by find volumes any way I want
+I can write down an expression like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write down an expression like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write down an expression like this
+and and I know in the limit as as I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I know in the limit as as I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I know in the limit as as I make
+the number of elements of Y go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of elements of Y go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of elements of Y go to
+Infinity it will actually be the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity it will actually be the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity it will actually be the real
+solution okay and the problem is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and the problem is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and the problem is my
+computer can't handle infinite infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer can't handle infinite infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer can't handle infinite infinite
+number of unknowns in fact it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unknowns in fact it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unknowns in fact it's even
+going to have trouble with 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have trouble with 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have trouble with 100 million
+unknowns and so I have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and so I have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and so I have to figure out
+what to do so how would I solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do so how would I solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do so how would I solve this
+normally is I would take the Jacobian of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally is I would take the Jacobian of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally is I would take the Jacobian of
+this and I would do I'd take an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I would do I'd take an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I would do I'd take an initial
+guess and I'd update it I'd have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and I'd update it I'd have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and I'd update it I'd have the
+Jacobian times my change from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian times my change from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian times my change from the
+initial guas to be equal negative f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guas to be equal negative f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guas to be equal negative f
+right right that's what you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right that's what you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right that's what you guys have
+done this a million times this Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this a million times this Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this a million times this Newton
+rson is how you find uh improved from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rson is how you find uh improved from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rson is how you find uh improved from an
+initial gas you have to provide some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial gas you have to provide some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial gas you have to provide some
+initial gas this is actually pretty hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial gas this is actually pretty hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial gas this is actually pretty hard
+if you have 100 million unknowns you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have 100 million unknowns you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have 100 million unknowns you
+have to provide a value of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to provide a value of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to provide a value of the initial
+guas for every one of the 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guas for every one of the 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guas for every one of the 100 million
+but somehow you did it and now and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow you did it and now and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow you did it and now and now
+you want to refine that gas and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to refine that gas and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to refine that gas and this is
+the formula for it and so you just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for it and so you just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for it and so you just use
+backslash right but the problem here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash right but the problem here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash right but the problem here is
+that now f is 100 million long vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now f is 100 million long vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now f is 100 million long vector
+and this is 100 million squared Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is 100 million squared Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is 100 million squared Matrix
+and 100 million squared is pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 100 million squared is pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 100 million squared is pretty big
+right 10 to the 16 elements in it so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10 to the 16 elements in it so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10 to the 16 elements in it so I'm
+not going to just write that Matrix down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to just write that Matrix down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to just write that Matrix down
+directly like this now we cleverly chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly like this now we cleverly chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly like this now we cleverly chose
+local basis functions so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local basis functions so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local basis functions so this is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+sparse um this Jacobian so most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse um this Jacobian so most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse um this Jacobian so most of the
+numbers of of those 10 to the 16th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of of those 10 to the 16th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of of those 10 to the 16th
+numbers in this Matrix are zero so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this Matrix are zero so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this Matrix are zero so I
+don't have to represent them but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to represent them but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to represent them but there
+still might be quite a few right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still might be quite a few right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still might be quite a few right
+probably the diagonal elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the diagonal elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the diagonal elements are
+nonzero so that's like 10 to the E of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero so that's like 10 to the E of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero so that's like 10 to the E of
+them right there and I got probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right there and I got probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right there and I got probably a
+couple other bands so I don't know might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other bands so I don't know might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other bands so I don't know might
+be 10 the 9th non-zero elements inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 10 the 9th non-zero elements inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 10 the 9th non-zero elements inside
+this thing which is pretty many um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which is pretty many um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which is pretty many um and
+depending on how much memory they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how much memory they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how much memory they
+provided in the laptop they gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided in the laptop they gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided in the laptop they gave you
+that might you might be filling up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might you might be filling up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might you might be filling up the
+memory already just to write down J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory already just to write down J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory already just to write down J and
+certainly if you try to do gine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if you try to do gine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if you try to do gine
+elimination to solve this you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination to solve this you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination to solve this you're going
+to have a problem because um you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a problem because um you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a problem because um you get
+what's called Fillin you guys remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called Fillin you guys remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called Fillin you guys remember
+this so as you um even if you start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so as you um even if you start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so as you um even if you start from
+a very sparse Jacobian as you run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very sparse Jacobian as you run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very sparse Jacobian as you run the
+gaussian elimination steps the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian elimination steps the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian elimination steps the number of
+non-zero entries in the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero entries in the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero entries in the intermediate
+matrices gets larger and larger remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices gets larger and larger remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices gets larger and larger remember
+this and so even if initially you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so even if initially you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so even if initially you can
+write down J and store it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down J and store it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down J and store it in your
+computer you could easily overwhelm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you could easily overwhelm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you could easily overwhelm it
+you know at the third iteration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the third iteration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the third iteration or
+something all right so you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right so you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right so you're not going
+to just use G elimination so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just use G elimination so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just use G elimination so what do you
+have to do you want to find a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do you want to find a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do you want to find a method
+they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called
+direct direct methods to solve um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct direct methods to solve um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct direct methods to solve um this
+kind of problem in order to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of problem in order to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of problem in order to get your
+increment which is going to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment which is going to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment which is going to be your
+update to get a better estimate of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update to get a better estimate of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update to get a better estimate of what
+the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution
+is and the direct methods are ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the direct methods are ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the direct methods are ones that
+you don't actually store the gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually store the gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually store the gigantic
+Matrix so you're you're trading off CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so you're you're trading off CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so you're you're trading off CPU
+time for memory so you don't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for memory so you don't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for memory so you don't have enough
+memory to store the whole thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to store the whole thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to store the whole thing which
+would normally right normally you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally right normally you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally right normally you would
+do this with G elimination and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this with G elimination and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this with G elimination and you know
+in ncbe steps it would solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ncbe steps it would solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ncbe steps it would solve it
+perfectly right right galaxy elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly right right galaxy elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly right right galaxy elimination
+is great backslash you guys have use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great backslash you guys have use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great backslash you guys have use it
+a few times um it's a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few times um it's a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few times um it's a really nice
+program it always works it's really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it always works it's really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it always works it's really nice
+um but you're going to give up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're going to give up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're going to give up that
+because you you can't afford it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you can't afford it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you can't afford it because
+the memory's is consuming too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory's is consuming too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory's is consuming too much
+memory and your Cheapo Department didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and your Cheapo Department didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and your Cheapo Department didn't
+buy enough RAM when your computer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy enough RAM when your computer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy enough RAM when your computer for
+you so um so you're going to uh Instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so um so you're going to uh Instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so um so you're going to uh Instead
+try a direct method which is is so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try a direct method which is is so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try a direct method which is is so it's
+uh it's trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off CPU
+time versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time versus
+Ram so you're going to reduce how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram so you're going to reduce how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram so you're going to reduce how much
+memory you actually actively have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you actually actively have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you actually actively have in
+order but you're going to expect it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but you're going to expect it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but you're going to expect it it's
+going to cost more CPU time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost more CPU time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost more CPU time because
+otherwise everybody would do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise everybody would do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise everybody would do something
+else besides guas elimination all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else besides guas elimination all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else besides guas elimination all the
+time and they don't so all right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and they don't so all right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and they don't so all right so the
+what's the method we're going to use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the method we're going to use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the method we're going to use um
+it turns out that variance on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that variance on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that variance on the
+conjugate gradient method turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradient method turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradient method turned out
+really well so we mentioned this earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well so we mentioned this earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well so we mentioned this earlier
+briefly what you do is instead of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly what you do is instead of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly what you do is instead of trying
+to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+this you try to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you try to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you try to solve
+this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f+ j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y so you just try to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so you just try to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so you just try to minimize
+that right you know this at the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right you know this at the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right you know this at the solution
+this is going to be zero J right J JY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be zero J right J JY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be zero J right J JY
+plus d is zero when this is solved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d is zero when this is solved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d is zero when this is solved so
+you're just TR to vary and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just TR to vary and find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just TR to vary and find the
+Delta y that makes this good as zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y that makes this good as zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y that makes this good as zero
+right by minimizing it and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by minimizing it and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by minimizing it and then this
+method it turns out that the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it turns out that the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it turns out that the conjugate
+gradient if everything works great this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient if everything works great this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient if everything works great this
+is guaranteed in N iterations to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed in N iterations to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed in N iterations to go
+directly to the solution of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the solution of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the solution of this kind of
+problem now n is large now because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now n is large now because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now n is large now because we
+have 10 the E unknown so that's 10 the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 the E unknown so that's 10 the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 the E unknown so that's 10 the e
+iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations
+you do anything in 10 to8 iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do anything in 10 to8 iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do anything in 10 to8 iterations
+you're not really sure it's really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really sure it's really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really sure it's really going
+to work so that's a warning but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work so that's a warning but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work so that's a warning but at least
+it should get even after a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should get even after a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should get even after a few
+iterations you should get a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations you should get a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations you should get a smaller
+value of this than you had before okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this than you had before okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this than you had before okay
+and so this is the method and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the method and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the method and what's
+really nice about this method if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice about this method if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice about this method if you
+look into the details how it works it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into the details how it works it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into the details how it works it
+never has to store any intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never has to store any intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never has to store any intermediate
+matrices so all it needs is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so all it needs is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so all it needs is the
+capability to multiply your Matrix times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to multiply your Matrix times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to multiply your Matrix times
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+vector and from that multiplication it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and from that multiplication it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and from that multiplication it
+fig out a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fig out a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fig out a step
+Direction that's the that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's the that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's the that's the the
+trick of this method okay and because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick of this method okay and because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick of this method okay and because it
+only has to do a forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has to do a forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has to do a forward
+multiplication you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication you don't have to
+actually store J you can just compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually store J you can just compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually store J you can just compute
+elements on J as needed in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on J as needed in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on J as needed in order to
+evaluate this this do product that's J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this this do product that's J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this this do product that's J
+times V and you don't have to ever store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V and you don't have to ever store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V and you don't have to ever store
+the whole J at once so it's really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole J at once so it's really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole J at once so it's really great
+for Ram to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Ram to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Ram to do this
+method um now as I said when you do 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um now as I said when you do 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um now as I said when you do 10
+the E iterations things don't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E iterations things don't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E iterations things don't always
+work out so well well and so people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out so well well and so people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out so well well and so people have
+found that when you go more than maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that when you go more than maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that when you go more than maybe
+10 or 20 iterations like this you tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 20 iterations like this you tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 20 iterations like this you tend
+to pick up numerical problems and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up numerical problems and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up numerical problems and so
+they've worked out better methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've worked out better methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've worked out better methods and
+there's one that people use a lot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one that people use a lot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one that people use a lot for
+these problems called by CG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems called by CG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems called by CG
+stab which is a by conjugate gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stab which is a by conjugate gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stab which is a by conjugate gradient
+stabilized the the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized the the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized the the applied
+mathematicians went crazy trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians went crazy trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians went crazy trying to
+figure out better methods like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out better methods like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out better methods like this and
+this is the one that I think currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that I think currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that I think currently
+people think is the best though probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think is the best though probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think is the best though probably
+there's a lot of research on this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of research on this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of research on this so
+maybe there's even better ones now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's even better ones now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's even better ones now but
+inside inside mat lab I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside inside mat lab I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside inside mat lab I think this is
+the best one they have and um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best one they have and um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best one they have and um this is a
+a method for doing this now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method for doing this now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method for doing this now it's
+iterative now let's remember what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative now let's remember what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative now let's remember what we're
+doing we we're trying to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we we're trying to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we we're trying to solve this
+problem we started with a guess we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we started with a guess we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we started with a guess we're
+going to break it up into an itative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break it up into an itative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break it up into an itative
+problem like this where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like this where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like this where we're going to
+do some steps Delta y this is now doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some steps Delta y this is now doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some steps Delta y this is now doing
+iterative procedure in order to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative procedure in order to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative procedure in order to compute
+Delta y so we have an iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y so we have an iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y so we have an iterative
+procedure and another it procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and another it procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and another it procedure
+inside the first itative procedure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the first itative procedure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the first itative procedure okay
+so this is going to be a lot more CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be a lot more CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be a lot more CPU
+time so just just to warn you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so just just to warn you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so just just to warn you okay
+um and it's also it's not guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's also it's not guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's also it's not guaranteed
+like G elimination to beautifully come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like G elimination to beautifully come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like G elimination to beautifully come
+to machine Precision solution it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to machine Precision solution it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to machine Precision solution it's going
+to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you
+something okay um but anyway this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay um but anyway this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay um but anyway this is
+what people do so that's uh one good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people do so that's uh one good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people do so that's uh one good
+thing to try now this whole approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to try now this whole approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to try now this whole approach is
+sort of based on Newton rafson we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of based on Newton rafson we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of based on Newton rafson we know
+that doesn't have the greatest radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't have the greatest radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't have the greatest radius of
+convergence so um you need to provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so um you need to provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so um you need to provide a
+pretty darn initial guess so how are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn initial guess so how are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn initial guess so how are you
+going to get a good initial guest if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a good initial guest if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a good initial guest if you
+have 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unknowns okay so what methods do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns okay so what methods do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns okay so what methods do we know
+so one idea is you could do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one idea is you could do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one idea is you could do things like
+homotopy stuff like that if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homotopy stuff like that if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homotopy stuff like that if you could
+somehow take your pte system get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow take your pte system get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow take your pte system get rid of
+the nonlinear terms you're really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear terms you're really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear terms you're really good
+at solving linear systems of P of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at solving linear systems of P of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at solving linear systems of P of of
+pdes you start with that and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdes you start with that and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdes you start with that and then you
+gradually turn the nonlinear term on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually turn the nonlinear term on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually turn the nonlinear term on
+maybe you could coax it over so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could coax it over so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could coax it over so that's
+that's one possibility if you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possibility if you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possibility if you're really
+good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at
+pdes um another uh possibility that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdes um another uh possibility that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdes um another uh possibility that I've
+run into a lot is the problem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into a lot is the problem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into a lot is the problem you're
+trying to solve for example might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve for example might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve for example might be a
+steady state problem like this where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state problem like this where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state problem like this where you
+this is zero and you're trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero and you're trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero and you're trying to figure
+what the steady state situation is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the steady state situation is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the steady state situation is in a
+flow reactor for example and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow reactor for example and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow reactor for example and so it's
+it's actually your steady state problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually your steady state problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually your steady state problem
+came from a Time dependent problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from a Time dependent problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from a Time dependent problem and
+if you think that your time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think that your time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think that your time dependent
+problem really converges to the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem really converges to the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem really converges to the steady
+state problem sort of without much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state problem sort of without much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state problem sort of without much
+concern about what the initial guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern about what the initial guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern about what the initial guess is
+then you can put any random initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can put any random initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can put any random initial
+guess in and March it along in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in and March it along in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in and March it along in time
+enough and eventually it should end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and eventually it should end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and eventually it should end up
+at the at the solution you want okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the solution you want okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the solution you want okay so
+that's the idea so that's called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea so that's called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea so that's called The
+Time marching idea so there's one idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time marching idea so there's one idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time marching idea so there's one idea
+is sort of the homotopy continuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the homotopy continuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the homotopy continuation
+kind of idea that's one idea of what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of idea that's one idea of what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of idea that's one idea of what to
+do for initial gases another idea is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for initial gases another idea is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for initial gases another idea is a
+Time marching idea and it's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time marching idea and it's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time marching idea and it's the key
+about it is you have to really believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is you have to really believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is you have to really believe
+that physically the system does March to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physically the system does March to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physically the system does March to
+the steady state you want if it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state you want if it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state you want if it does
+then this is a good idea if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a good idea if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a good idea if it doesn't
+then you're not going to end up where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're not going to end up where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're not going to end up where
+you want because it's not going where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want because it's not going where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want because it's not going where
+you want um and so you have to watch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want um and so you have to watch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want um and so you have to watch out
+uh but in some situations this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in some situations this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in some situations this is true
+that things work so I do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things work so I do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things work so I do a lot of
+combustion problems a lot of things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion problems a lot of things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion problems a lot of things you
+light a spark on a on an a stove burner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light a spark on a on an a stove burner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light a spark on a on an a stove burner
+no matter how you light it it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how you light it it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how you light it it ends up
+basically the same flame okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same flame okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same flame okay so that's
+a good one but I have some other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good one but I have some other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good one but I have some other ones
+where um I let a candle and I'm in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um I let a candle and I'm in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um I let a candle and I'm in a in
+a convective field a turbulent field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convective field a turbulent field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convective field a turbulent field and
+it flickers and no matter what it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flickers and no matter what it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flickers and no matter what it always
+flickers and I never get a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flickers and I never get a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flickers and I never get a steady state
+so I'm never going to find a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm never going to find a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm never going to find a steady
+state solution with that one and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state solution with that one and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state solution with that one and so I
+can Time March you know until my you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Time March you know until my you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Time March you know until my you
+know until I retire my computer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know until I retire my computer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know until I retire my computer's
+burning CPU time all the time and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning CPU time all the time and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning CPU time all the time and it
+will never get to this to a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never get to this to a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never get to this to a steady state
+solution so you really have to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so you really have to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so you really have to know what
+the real situation is but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real situation is but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real situation is but if you have
+one where where it's going to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where where it's going to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where where it's going to converge
+and this is a reasonable idea now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a reasonable idea now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a reasonable idea now let's
+talk about the Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the Time
+marching so Time marching you have say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching so Time marching you have say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching so Time marching you have say
+dydt is equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt is equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt is equal to some
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ofy where this is the discretized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofy where this is the discretized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofy where this is the discretized
+spatial um version so I took the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial um version so I took the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial um version so I took the all the
+space dimensions and replace them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space dimensions and replace them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space dimensions and replace them with
+safe finite difference expressions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe finite difference expressions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe finite difference expressions for
+the derivatives or I did cocation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives or I did cocation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives or I did cocation or
+something to convert this into uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to convert this into uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to convert this into uh into
+algebraic equations so the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations so the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations so the right hand
+side is now algebraic equations no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is now algebraic equations no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is now algebraic equations no
+longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+differentials okay and now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials okay and now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials okay and now I'm going to
+time Arch this and I just remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Arch this and I just remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Arch this and I just remember this
+is very long 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very long 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very long 100 million
+okay so how we going to Time March that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how we going to Time March that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how we going to Time March that
+well there's kind of two schools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's kind of two schools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's kind of two schools of
+thought for this one school of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought for this one school of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought for this one school of thought
+is if I can use an explicit method an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I can use an explicit method an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I can use an explicit method an
+explicit OD solver those are pretty nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit OD solver those are pretty nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit OD solver those are pretty nice
+because all I have to do is evaluate F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all I have to do is evaluate F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all I have to do is evaluate F
+and then I can March along and I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can March along and I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can March along and I never
+have to save any matrices right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to save any matrices right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to save any matrices right because
+remember look at those formulas you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember look at those formulas you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember look at those formulas you know
+why y new by an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why y new by an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why y new by an explicit
+method is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is equal to
+some function G of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+old right and this is the update formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old right and this is the update formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old right and this is the update formula
+like it could be forward Oiler it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could be forward Oiler it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could be forward Oiler it could
+be rk2 it could be whatever but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rk2 it could be whatever but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rk2 it could be whatever but there
+just some explicit formula I put I plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some explicit formula I put I plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some explicit formula I put I plug
+in the old Vector I could you a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the old Vector I could you a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the old Vector I could you a new
+Vector I never had to do any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I never had to do any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I never had to do any any
+inversions of matrices or anything okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversions of matrices or anything okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversions of matrices or anything okay
+so that's good and this is in indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's good and this is in indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's good and this is in indeed the
+way that the navor Stokes equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the navor Stokes equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the navor Stokes equations are
+solved currently by the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved currently by the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved currently by the best possible
+solver so the best solver in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver so the best solver in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver so the best solver in the world
+discretizes in space um and then does OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretizes in space um and then does OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretizes in space um and then does OD
+IP using explicit method um for marching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP using explicit method um for marching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP using explicit method um for marching
+it they do problems are pretty big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they do problems are pretty big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they do problems are pretty big so
+they'll have like a 100 million mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have like a 100 million mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have like a 100 million mesh
+points and then 100 species so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and then 100 species so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and then 100 species so they have
+10 to the 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 10th
+unknowns um and at each time step you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns um and at each time step you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns um and at each time step you're
+Computing another Vector that's 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing another Vector that's 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing another Vector that's 10 to
+the 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10th
+long so it's a pretty big problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so it's a pretty big problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so it's a pretty big problem and
+they use like you know at 40% of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use like you know at 40% of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use like you know at 40% of one of
+the national supercomputer centers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national supercomputer centers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national supercomputer centers will
+be running at one time for one job like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be running at one time for one job like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be running at one time for one job like
+this but but it works okay you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but but it works okay you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but but it works okay you never
+have to store anything that's too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to store anything that's too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to store anything that's too big
+the biggest thing you have to store are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest thing you have to store are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest thing you have to store are
+the vectors and you know which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors and you know which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors and you know which are
+always going to store some object the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to store some object the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to store some object the
+size of your solution right you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of your solution right you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of your solution right you're going
+to get your solution so that's so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your solution so that's so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your solution so that's so that's
+one possibility now this is really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possibility now this is really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possibility now this is really good
+if if an explicit solver can solve it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if an explicit solver can solve it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if an explicit solver can solve it so
+that means it's it's not stiff your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's it's not stiff your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's it's not stiff your
+problem um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and
+also if you want a Time accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you want a Time accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you want a Time accurate
+solution so in this in that case they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so in this in that case they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so in this in that case they
+actually want the time accurate solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want the time accurate solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want the time accurate solution
+solution but suppose we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but suppose we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but suppose we're trying to
+really solve the steady safe problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really solve the steady safe problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really solve the steady safe problem
+over here then we really don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here then we really don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here then we really don't care
+about the time accuracy we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the time accuracy we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the time accuracy we're going to
+not going to report anything about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to report anything about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to report anything about our
+time steps in the end we're only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time steps in the end we're only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time steps in the end we're only going
+to report our steady state Solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report our steady state Solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report our steady state Solution
+that's all we cared about so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all we cared about so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all we cared about so in that
+case there's no reason to try to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's no reason to try to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's no reason to try to have a
+really high accuracy explicit formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high accuracy explicit formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high accuracy explicit formula
+and try to keep make sure all our time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to keep make sure all our time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to keep make sure all our time
+steps are exactly right we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are exactly right we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are exactly right we're just going
+to throw away all those time points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw away all those time points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw away all those time points
+anyway we're just keep the final one as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we're just keep the final one as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we're just keep the final one as
+our initial guas for Newton R solve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our initial guas for Newton R solve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our initial guas for Newton R solve to
+find the stady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the stady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the stady
+state so in those cases you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so in those cases you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so in those cases you might
+instead want use so this is this is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accurate okay there's another method I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay there's another method I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay there's another method I
+don't know if I should call it time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inaccurate if you don't care if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccurate if you don't care if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccurate if you don't care if the
+solution is really uh what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is really uh what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is really uh what what the
+solution y of T is all you care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution y of T is all you care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution y of T is all you care about is
+where you get to then you can do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get to then you can do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get to then you can do other
+methods and one of them is the backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and one of them is the backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and one of them is the backward
+Oiler so you can say well y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler so you can say well y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler so you can say well y
+new is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new is equal to
+uh y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y
+old plus delta T * F of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old plus delta T * F of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old plus delta T * F of Y
+new now the advantage of this is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new now the advantage of this is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new now the advantage of this is I can
+make delta T pretty large this isn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make delta T pretty large this isn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make delta T pretty large this isn't uh
+guaranteed stable as long as the OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed stable as long as the OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed stable as long as the OD
+system is stable remember and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is stable remember and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is stable remember and so this
+will go to this go to the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to this go to the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to this go to the solution
+pretty well to the steady state solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well to the steady state solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well to the steady state solution
+it won't go there in the right amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't go there in the right amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't go there in the right amount of
+time because this is a very low order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because this is a very low order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because this is a very low order
+formula it's not really accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's not really accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's not really accurate
+but it it'll end up to the real steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it'll end up to the real steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it'll end up to the real steady
+state solution so this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state solution so this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state solution so this is what's
+actually used a lot however problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used a lot however problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used a lot however problem with
+this is this is now an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is now an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is now an
+implicit equation so we might have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit equation so we might have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit equation so we might have to
+solve it with some method like Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it with some method like Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it with some method like Newton
+rafson but we got into this because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafson but we got into this because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafson but we got into this because we
+couldn't solve our Newton Ron steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't solve our Newton Ron steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't solve our Newton Ron steps
+because we didn't have a good initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't have a good initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't have a good initial
+guess so then the question is can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so then the question is can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so then the question is can we
+find a good initial guess for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a good initial guess for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a good initial guess for this
+problem and in this case you can because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in this case you can because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in this case you can because
+you can use the explicit formulas to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the explicit formulas to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the explicit formulas to get
+provide the initial guess for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the initial guess for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the initial guess for the
+simplit formula so that's what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplit formula so that's what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplit formula so that's what they do
+also um and so now we've like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um and so now we've like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um and so now we've like we're
+doing an iterative procedure in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an iterative procedure in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an iterative procedure in order to
+get the initial guess for our other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the initial guess for our other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the initial guess for our other
+itative procedure over there which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itative procedure over there which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itative procedure over there which we're
+going to break up into another itative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break up into another itative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break up into another itative
+procedure inside it to solve every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step um but this is currently what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step um but this is currently what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step um but this is currently what
+people have to do so you guys are smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to do so you guys are smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to do so you guys are smart
+maybe you can figure a better way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can figure a better way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can figure a better way to do
+it um the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the world is
+waiting all right I think I'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting all right I think I'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting all right I think I'll stop
+there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um
+this by the way actually just names this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by the way actually just names this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by the way actually just names this
+kind of thing is called method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines and if so if anybody ever says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and if so if anybody ever says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and if so if anybody ever says I
+solve something by method of lines what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve something by method of lines what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve something by method of lines what
+they meant was they discretized in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they meant was they discretized in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they meant was they discretized in some
+of the coordinates and they kept one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coordinates and they kept one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coordinates and they kept one of
+the coordinates as a differential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates as a differential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates as a differential and
+then they solved it with an OD solver at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they solved it with an OD solver at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they solved it with an OD solver at
+the end okay and in certain systems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end okay and in certain systems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end okay and in certain systems like
+this it's a smart thing to do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a smart thing to do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a smart thing to do you need
+to be kind of lucky that the setup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of lucky that the setup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of lucky that the setup is
+right so you can can use it but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can can use it but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can can use it but if you
+can it can be pretty good all right see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it can be pretty good all right see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it can be pretty good all right see
+you on Friday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ug0HxeKGC8s.txt b/Ug0HxeKGC8s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..64a40602783b096c3825ee403e0167f38f4dfb7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ug0HxeKGC8s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1819 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna ride this e to the ikx so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna ride this e to the ikx so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna ride this e to the ikx so that
+you appreciate more what it is so e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you appreciate more what it is so e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you appreciate more what it is so e to
+the I Casey all right it a square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I Casey all right it a square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I Casey all right it a square root
+of 4 PI over K easier where does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 PI over K easier where does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 PI over K easier where does that
+come from we'll see in a second sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from we'll see in a second sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from we'll see in a second sum over
+L square root of 2 L plus 1 I to the L y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L square root of 2 L plus 1 I to the L y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L square root of 2 L plus 1 I to the L y
+L 0 1 over 2i basically what I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L 0 1 over 2i basically what I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L 0 1 over 2i basically what I'm gonna
+do is I'm expanding this JL function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'm expanding this JL function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'm expanding this JL function for
+large X so I'm gonna take this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large X so I'm gonna take this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large X so I'm gonna take this equation
+and I'm going to expand it so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to expand it so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to expand it so that the
+argument is large which means R is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is large which means R is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is large which means R is large
+I want to describe for you those waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to describe for you those waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to describe for you those waves
+that are really going on here so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really going on here so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really going on here so since
+the argument this kr and you have a kr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument this kr and you have a kr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument this kr and you have a kr
+here that's the origin of the K that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the origin of the K that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the origin of the K that I
+pulled out in here and then you have e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out in here and then you have e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out in here and then you have e
+to the I K R minus L PI over 2 over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I K R minus L PI over 2 over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I K R minus L PI over 2 over R
+minus e to the minus I K R minus L PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus I K R minus L PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus I K R minus L PI
+over 2 over R and this is valid for are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 over R and this is valid for are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 over R and this is valid for are
+much bigger than a it's an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than a it's an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than a it's an approximate
+thing because we approximated the Bessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because we approximated the Bessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because we approximated the Bessel
+function this is exact this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is exact this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is exact this equation is
+sucked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+but that equation now is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that equation now is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that equation now is not that
+equation is showing you that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is showing you that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is showing you that you have
+here an outgoing wave because it's e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here an outgoing wave because it's e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here an outgoing wave because it's e to
+the IKr - and times e to the minus i ET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IKr - and times e to the minus i ET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IKr - and times e to the minus i ET
+the energy times time so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy times time so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy times time so that's an
+outgoing wave this is an in going wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing wave this is an in going wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing wave this is an in going wave
+so this is in going and this is outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm gonna say a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna say a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna say a couple of things
+about this that they're gonna play some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that they're gonna play some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that they're gonna play some
+role later it's a series of comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role later it's a series of comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role later it's a series of comments
+because this is a particular expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a particular expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a particular expansion
+and beautiful fact that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beautiful fact that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beautiful fact that this is a
+general expansion you could say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general expansion you could say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general expansion you could say that
+this is an approximate solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an approximate solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an approximate solution of the
+Schrodinger equation far away but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation far away but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation far away but in
+fact each term each value of L is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact each term each value of L is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact each term each value of L is an
+approximate solution this is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate solution this is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate solution this is not an
+approximate solution because we added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate solution because we added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate solution because we added
+over many else and somehow they helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over many else and somehow they helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over many else and somehow they helped
+to create an approximate solution this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create an approximate solution this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create an approximate solution this
+is an approximate solution because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an approximate solution because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an approximate solution because each
+L is an approximate solution because to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is an approximate solution because to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is an approximate solution because to
+get a solution you could have said L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a solution you could have said L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a solution you could have said L is
+equal to 50 and that's all what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 50 and that's all what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 50 and that's all what I'm
+going to use and that's an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use and that's an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use and that's an exact
+solution and therefore when I look far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and therefore when I look far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and therefore when I look far
+away it will look like that with L equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it will look like that with L equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it will look like that with L equal
+50 and that would be an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and that would be an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and that would be an approximate
+solution that can be extended to a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that can be extended to a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that can be extended to a full
+solution so each L term here is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so each L term here is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so each L term here is actually
+independent if you tell me a wave looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if you tell me a wave looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if you tell me a wave looks
+like that far away I would say good yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that far away I would say good yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that far away I would say good yes
+that's possible and that comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's possible and that comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's possible and that comes from a
+solution you're getting an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you're getting an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you're getting an approximate
+solution and you could make it exact by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and you could make it exact by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and you could make it exact by
+turning the Exponential's into Bessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the Exponential's into Bessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the Exponential's into Bessel
+functions even more we will show we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions even more we will show we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions even more we will show we'll
+discuss it a little later I could get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it a little later I could get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it a little later I could get a
+solution this is approximate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this is approximate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this is approximate by
+considering either this wave or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering either this wave or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering either this wave or that
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you just have the outgoing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you just have the outgoing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you just have the outgoing wave
+the fact that the sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the sure
+your equation works for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equation works for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equation works for this one
+approximately doesn't require the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately doesn't require the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately doesn't require the in
+going wave the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going wave the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going wave the Schrodinger equation
+doesn't mix really the annoying waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mix really the annoying waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mix really the annoying waves
+and outgoing waves it keeps them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outgoing waves it keeps them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outgoing waves it keeps them
+separate so this is an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate so this is an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate so this is an approximate
+solution and this is an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and this is an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and this is an approximate
+solution as well every term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution as well every term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution as well every term here
+independently every L and every go again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently every L and every go again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently every L and every go again
+every outgoing wave is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every outgoing wave is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every outgoing wave is a good
+approximate solution of the Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate solution of the Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate solution of the Schrodinger
+equation now this is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now this is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now this is important to
+emphasize because this is called partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize because this is called partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize because this is called partial
+waves so the term partial waves waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so the term partial waves waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so the term partial waves waves
+refers to the various else that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now to motivate what we're gonna do I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to motivate what we're gonna do I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to motivate what we're gonna do I'm
+gonna go back to the case of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go back to the case of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go back to the case of one
+dimension so that you meet a map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so that you meet a map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so that you meet a map to
+orient yourself with the in the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient yourself with the in the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient yourself with the in the argument
+we're gonna do now so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do now so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do now so in order to
+understand partial waves and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand partial waves and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand partial waves and how they
+work let's think about one they meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work let's think about one they meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work let's think about one they meant
+the one-dimensional case for a minute I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-dimensional case for a minute I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-dimensional case for a minute I
+used to do that in 804 I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do that in 804 I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do that in 804 I don't know if
+has been done by other instructors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been done by other instructors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been done by other instructors but
+we've done in 804 that stuff so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done in 804 that stuff so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done in 804 that stuff so let me
+tell you about it and how it works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about it and how it works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about it and how it works in
+that case so this is an aside one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case so this is an aside one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case so this is an aside one the
+case of scattering so in scattering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of scattering so in scattering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of scattering so in scattering in
+one dimension one usually puts a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension one usually puts a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension one usually puts a hard
+wall at x equals zero there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall at x equals zero there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall at x equals zero there's some
+potential up to x equals a and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential up to x equals a and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential up to x equals a and then
+there's nothing it's a finite range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing it's a finite range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing it's a finite range
+potential so even in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so even in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so even in the case of the
+equal one you look for a solution when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one you look for a solution when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one you look for a solution when
+there's no potential this is the V of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no potential this is the V of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no potential this is the V of X
+this is the x-axis if V is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the x-axis if V is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the x-axis if V is equal to zero
+you would have a solution Phi of X would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have a solution Phi of X would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have a solution Phi of X would
+be a solution I energy eigenstate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a solution I energy eigenstate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a solution I energy eigenstate and
+would be sine of KX this is the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sine of KX this is the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sine of KX this is the analog
+of our e to the ikj that we call the Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our e to the ikj that we call the Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our e to the ikj that we call the Phi
+of our here you have a Phi of X which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our here you have a Phi of X which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our here you have a Phi of X which is
+a sine of KX and it's your energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine of KX and it's your energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine of KX and it's your energy
+eigenstate that that's a solution if V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate that that's a solution if V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate that that's a solution if V
+is equal to 0 if V is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 if V is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 if V is equal to 0
+the wave must vanish at the heart wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave must vanish at the heart wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave must vanish at the heart wall
+at x equals zero so that's your solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals zero so that's your solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals zero so that's your solution
+on the other hand or well we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand or well we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand or well we can also
+write it as 1 over 2i e to the ikx minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as 1 over 2i e to the ikx minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as 1 over 2i e to the ikx minus
+e to the minus i KX and this wave is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i KX and this wave is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i KX and this wave is the
+incoming wave and this is the outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming wave and this is the outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming wave and this is the outgoing
+wave very analogous to above because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave very analogous to above because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave very analogous to above because
+this X is defined to be positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X is defined to be positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X is defined to be positive and
+plays a role of radius in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a role of radius in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a role of radius in this problem
+incoming means going down in X incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming means going down in X incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming means going down in X incoming
+in spherical dimensions means going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spherical dimensions means going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spherical dimensions means going down
+in R so we're doing something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R so we're doing something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R so we're doing something very
+analogous that's why the study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous that's why the study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous that's why the study of
+scattering in one dimension is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering in one dimension is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering in one dimension is a good
+preparation for the study of scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for the study of scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for the study of scattering
+in three dimensions so you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three dimensions so you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three dimensions so you have an
+incoming wave and an outgoing wave also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming wave and an outgoing wave also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming wave and an outgoing wave also
+because again there's an e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again there's an e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again there's an e to the minus
+I ET over h-bar so here it is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ET over h-bar so here it is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ET over h-bar so here it is what we
+try to do is to write a scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do is to write a scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do is to write a scattering
+solution corresponding to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution corresponding to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution corresponding to the same
+physics so the scattering solution sigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so the scattering solution sigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so the scattering solution sigh
+effect is the full solution is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is the full solution is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is the full solution is going to
+have the same incoming wave because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same incoming wave because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same incoming wave because
+that's the physics that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the physics that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the physics that we're trying to
+understand we put the same incoming wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we put the same incoming wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we put the same incoming wave
+and we try to see what happens that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we try to see what happens that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we try to see what happens that's
+what we do when we do scary so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do when we do scary so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do when we do scary so if we
+want to compare our solution to the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare our solution to the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare our solution to the case
+when V is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when V is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when V is equal to zero
+put the same incoming wave but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the same incoming wave but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the same incoming wave but then
+solving the scattering problem means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the scattering problem means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the scattering problem means
+finding the outgoing wave which now may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the outgoing wave which now may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the outgoing wave which now may
+be different because sadly when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different because sadly when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different because sadly when you have
+a potential you have something in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential you have something in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential you have something in that
+you have control what you send in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have control what you send in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have control what you send in but
+you have no control what comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no control what comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no control what comes out
+that's solving the scattering problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's solving the scattering problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's solving the scattering problem so
+the thing that you have here must be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that you have here must be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that you have here must be an
+outgoing wave into the I K X with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing wave into the I K X with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing wave into the I K X with the
+same energy because energy is conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy because energy is conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy because energy is conserved
+we're talking about an energy eigenstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about an energy eigenstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about an energy eigenstate
+anyway so must have the same energy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so must have the same energy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so must have the same energy I
+need must have the same probability flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need must have the same probability flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need must have the same probability flux
+as the incoming wave so the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the incoming wave so the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the incoming wave so the magnitude of
+this wave and the magnitude of this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave and the magnitude of this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave and the magnitude of this wave
+so must be the same it almost seems I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so must be the same it almost seems I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so must be the same it almost seems I'd
+have to write the same thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write the same thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write the same thing that I
+wrote here but now I can add one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote here but now I can add one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote here but now I can add one more
+little factor it's a conventionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little factor it's a conventionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little factor it's a conventionally
+written as - I Delta of K a phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as - I Delta of K a phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as - I Delta of K a phase shift
+Delta of K an extra phase and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of K an extra phase and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of K an extra phase and that's the
+claim that's the whole thing you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that's the whole thing you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that's the whole thing you have to
+solve what's going on here but outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve what's going on here but outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve what's going on here but outside
+and this is only valid for X greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is only valid for X greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is only valid for X greater
+than a outside where the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a outside where the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a outside where the potential is
+zero you must have that the solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you must have that the solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you must have that the solution is
+of this form here this is for zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form here this is for zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form here this is for zero
+potential everywhere so this was valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential everywhere so this was valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential everywhere so this was valid
+everywhere but in particular is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but in particular is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but in particular is also
+valid for X greater than me and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for X greater than me and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for X greater than me and here we
+compare these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the general solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the general solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the general solution for
+scattering here and now we can also add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering here and now we can also add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering here and now we can also add
+another definition we can say that sigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another definition we can say that sigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another definition we can say that sigh
+effects is going to be equal to Phi of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects is going to be equal to Phi of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects is going to be equal to Phi of X
+plus the scattered wave this our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the scattered wave this our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the scattered wave this our
+intuition is that this wave here has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is that this wave here has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is that this wave here has the
+same incoming component as the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same incoming component as the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same incoming component as the reference
+wave but nevertheless it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but nevertheless it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but nevertheless it has the
+different outgoing component and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outgoing component and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outgoing component and that's
+the scattered wave it is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattered wave it is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattered wave it is exactly
+analogous to what we did here in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to what we did here in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to what we did here in which
+we have the total wave being a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the total wave being a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the total wave being a reference
+incoming wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming wave
+well actually incoming and outgoing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually incoming and outgoing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually incoming and outgoing wave
+the e to the I Casey has incoming an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e to the I Casey has incoming an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e to the I Casey has incoming an
+outgoing wave and it's a solution when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing wave and it's a solution when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing wave and it's a solution when
+the potential is equal to zero just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is equal to zero just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is equal to zero just like
+this one this Phi so size is equal to 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this Phi so size is equal to 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this Phi so size is equal to 5
+plus scattering wave here it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus scattering wave here it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus scattering wave here it is the
+scattering wave it's purely outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering wave it's purely outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering wave it's purely outgoing
+because the incoming part is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the incoming part is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the incoming part is already
+taken care of so completely analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken care of so completely analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken care of so completely analogous
+thing so let's solve for the scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so let's solve for the scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so let's solve for the scattered
+wave here the scattered wave so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave here the scattered wave so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave here the scattered wave so in this
+equation we have 1 over 2i e to the ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we have 1 over 2i e to the ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we have 1 over 2i e to the ikx
+plus 2i Delta K minus e to the minus ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2i Delta K minus e to the minus ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2i Delta K minus e to the minus ikx
+is equal to 1 over 2i e to the ikx minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 over 2i e to the ikx minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 over 2i e to the ikx minus
+e to the minus ikx plus i s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus ikx plus i s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus ikx plus i s of
+x:o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these two terms cancel it is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms cancel it is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms cancel it is the fact
+that they are in going waves are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are in going waves are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are in going waves are the
+same and then I can subtract this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then I can subtract this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then I can subtract this other
+tool to find sy s is equal to 1 over 2i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to find sy s is equal to 1 over 2i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to find sy s is equal to 1 over 2i
+I can factor the e to the ikx that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can factor the e to the ikx that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can factor the e to the ikx that tells
+me it's an outgoing wave and then i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's an outgoing wave and then i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's an outgoing wave and then i have
+e to the 2i Delta K minus 1 that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 2i Delta K minus 1 that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 2i Delta K minus 1 that's a
+term there I think I got everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term there I think I got everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term there I think I got everything
+there it's written I'll write it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's written I'll write it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's written I'll write it here
+there's a little bit of space sy s as e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of space sy s as e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of space sy s as e
+to the I KX e to the I Delta K sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I KX e to the I Delta K sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I KX e to the I Delta K sine of
+Delta K i factor out I 1 times I Delta K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K i factor out I 1 times I Delta K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K i factor out I 1 times I Delta K
+so this becomes e to the I Delta K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this becomes e to the I Delta K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this becomes e to the I Delta K minus
+e to the minus I Delta K that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I Delta K that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I Delta K that form
+together with a 2 I in front a sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with a 2 I in front a sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with a 2 I in front a sine of
+Delta K so this is your outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scattered wave that's the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered wave that's the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered wave that's the shape of the
+outgoing scattered wave in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing scattered wave in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing scattered wave in terms of the
+phase shift okay so now we have to redo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift okay so now we have to redo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift okay so now we have to redo
+this in the slightly more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the slightly more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the slightly more complicated
+case of three dimensions and get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of three dimensions and get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of three dimensions and get it
+right so that is our task that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is our task that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is our task that's what we
+have to figure out how to do
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ve3H-CaWOc8.txt b/Ve3H-CaWOc8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f3d9bbc2d76052da956606ff067cf52921611c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ve3H-CaWOc8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+just a a thinking approach that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a thinking approach that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a thinking approach that you need
+to grasp so I know I'm not as uh funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grasp so I know I'm not as uh funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grasp so I know I'm not as uh funny
+and smart as Juan and ezy so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smart as Juan and ezy so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smart as Juan and ezy so I need to
+make sure you like me so I brought some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you like me so I brought some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you like me so I brought some
+some food from from from from Trader Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some food from from from from Trader Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some food from from from from Trader Joe
+for today and as a way to make this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today and as a way to make this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today and as a way to make this very
+very technical lecture a little a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very technical lecture a little a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very technical lecture a little a little
+bit funny so that's that's about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit funny so that's that's about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit funny so that's that's about today
+so today we we will talk about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we we will talk about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we we will talk about we
+already talked about green buildings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about green buildings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about green buildings and
+healthy buildings now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy buildings now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy buildings now we're going to
+talk about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how to
+quantitatively measure the benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively measure the benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively measure the benefit of
+the Green Building of the of the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Building of the of the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Building of the of the Green
+City and how to do a model but don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and how to do a model but don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and how to do a model but don't be
+so worried and this model is so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so worried and this model is so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so worried and this model is so simple
+and I I'm sure you can understand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'm sure you can understand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'm sure you can understand so
+just a quickly recap the quickly recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a quickly recap the quickly recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a quickly recap the quickly recap
+is the following so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following so
+entire for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire for the
+entire this course we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire this course we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire this course we talk about the
+business case right we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business case right we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business case right we talk about
+business case our point is you canot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business case our point is you canot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business case our point is you canot
+that just for people for the planet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just for people for the planet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just for people for the planet with
+three bottom lines and very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bottom lines and very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bottom lines and very very
+important bottom line the circle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important bottom line the circle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important bottom line the circle is
+profit so we need to understand whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so we need to understand whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so we need to understand whether
+there's a profit in the market that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a profit in the market that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a profit in the market that can
+use incentivize the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use incentivize the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use incentivize the different
+stakeholders to build and Supply to own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders to build and Supply to own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders to build and Supply to own
+and to occupy the green and housy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to occupy the green and housy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to occupy the green and housy
+buildings so that's a cash flow I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so that's a cash flow I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so that's a cash flow I don't
+need to go through but when I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go through but when I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go through but when I went to
+went through this in my first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through this in my first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through this in my first and second
+Green Green Building lecture I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Green Building lecture I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Green Building lecture I just
+showed you some papers right scholarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you some papers right scholarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you some papers right scholarly
+work some literature that's a literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work some literature that's a literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work some literature that's a literature
+to show oh there's um uh green premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show oh there's um uh green premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show oh there's um uh green premium
+and here is uh is uh the the the tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is uh is uh the the the tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is uh is uh the the the tenants
+they are willing to pay high rent or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are willing to pay high rent or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are willing to pay high rent or the
+buyers they are willing to pay higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers they are willing to pay higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers they are willing to pay higher
+price but and then I show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but and then I show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but and then I show you this
+remember the rental premium of the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the rental premium of the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the rental premium of the green
+buildings so I say oh these are the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so I say oh these are the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so I say oh these are the all
+staries and St here and from all staries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staries and St here and from all staries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staries and St here and from all staries
+I give you a takeway message which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a takeway message which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a takeway message which is a
+significant run premium of the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant run premium of the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant run premium of the green
+buildings about 6% and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings about 6% and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings about 6% and there's some
+distribution there a range so how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution there a range so how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution there a range so how did
+this Scholars how did this researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Scholars how did this researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Scholars how did this researchers
+got to this conclusion of the 6% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to this conclusion of the 6% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to this conclusion of the 6% of the
+premium that will be our today's focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium that will be our today's focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium that will be our today's focus
+and we also saw some like this uh price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also saw some like this uh price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also saw some like this uh price
+premium this price premium say oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium this price premium say oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium this price premium say oh this
+all the papers and the price premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the papers and the price premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the papers and the price premium
+overall is some negative some positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall is some negative some positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall is some negative some positive
+some significant some not significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some significant some not significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some significant some not significant
+but overall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall is
+7.6% so that's basically today's topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.6% so that's basically today's topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.6% so that's basically today's topic
+is how to understand this premium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to understand this premium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to understand this premium and
+how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to
+quantify so our all lines are following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify so our all lines are following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify so our all lines are following
+today first I will still talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today first I will still talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today first I will still talk about the
+Green Building as a starting point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building as a starting point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building as a starting point but
+since this is the methodology this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is the methodology this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is the methodology this can
+apply later to all kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply later to all kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply later to all kind of things
+healthy building and all climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy building and all climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy building and all climate
+resilience all kind of things you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience all kind of things you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience all kind of things you want
+how to quantify the premium and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to quantify the premium and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to quantify the premium and then
+talk about some cities if you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some cities if you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some cities if you understand
+the Green Building part the green city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Building part the green city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Building part the green city
+is very easy and I will talk some little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very easy and I will talk some little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very easy and I will talk some little
+bit how to apply that to business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit how to apply that to business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit how to apply that to business and
+policy decision making if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy decision making if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy decision making if we can
+estimate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that
+premium first anyone has anyone heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium first anyone has anyone heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium first anyone has anyone heard of
+this um honic pricing model raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um honic pricing model raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um honic pricing model raise your
+hand if you have heard of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you have heard of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you have heard of this
+terminology honic have you ever used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology honic have you ever used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology honic have you ever used
+that in your research or not research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your research or not research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your research or not research
+like pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pet
+exercise okay Wilson what kind of pets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise okay Wilson what kind of pets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise okay Wilson what kind of pets
+you did in Wisconsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay from from your research assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from from your research assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from from your research assistant
+work with me okay good to know okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with me okay good to know okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with me okay good to know okay so
+this is my I I I use honic pricing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my I I I use honic pricing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my I I I use honic pricing as a
+way to make a living so my papers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to make a living so my papers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to make a living so my papers so
+that's why and uh so here after today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why and uh so here after today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why and uh so here after today's
+lecture you need to understand this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you need to understand this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you need to understand this and
+you should be able to use that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to use that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to use that so that's
+a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point
+but first of all I want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first of all I want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first of all I want to give you a
+big picture of this so basically when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture of this so basically when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture of this so basically when we
+want to say okay now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say okay now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say okay now we want to
+understand there's some benefit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand there's some benefit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand there's some benefit this
+benefit is not Market good if this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit is not Market good if this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit is not Market good if this a
+market good like a coffee uh like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market good like a coffee uh like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market good like a coffee uh like a
+computer we can observe its price easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer we can observe its price easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer we can observe its price easily
+to form the market but if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form the market but if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form the market but if this
+non-market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-market
+Goods like clean air non-market Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods like clean air non-market Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods like clean air non-market Goods
+right so this there uh uh carbon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this there uh uh carbon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this there uh uh carbon uh
+until it's priced it's non-market Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it's priced it's non-market Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it's priced it's non-market Goods
+global warming non-market you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global warming non-market you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global warming non-market you cannot
+really observe the price of those non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really observe the price of those non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really observe the price of those non
+Market Goods so there are two ways there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market Goods so there are two ways there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market Goods so there are two ways there
+are two ways to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two ways to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two ways to derive
+indirectly the people's willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly the people's willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly the people's willingness to
+pay so that's a first terminology I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay so that's a first terminology I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay so that's a first terminology I want
+to I want you to understand this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I want you to understand this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I want you to understand this is the
+Willing need to pay wtp we will see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Willing need to pay wtp we will see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Willing need to pay wtp we will see a
+lot of these words today that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these words today that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these words today that's why I
+need the Blackboard here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consumers no matter is buyers or tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers no matter is buyers or tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers no matter is buyers or tenants
+wi is to pay for something so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi is to pay for something so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi is to pay for something so there are
+two ways to derive this if you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to derive this if you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to derive this if you cannot
+observe from the market one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe from the market one is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe from the market one is called
+stated preference the other is revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated preference the other is revealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated preference the other is revealed
+preference to help you memorize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference to help you memorize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference to help you memorize this
+stated preference basically talking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated preference basically talking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated preference basically talking you
+talk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk you
+speak and reveal is doing one is talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and reveal is doing one is talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and reveal is doing one is talk
+talking the other is doing so now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking the other is doing so now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking the other is doing so now so
+today we will focus on the doing part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we will focus on the doing part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we will focus on the doing part
+but I want to give you a sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to give you a sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to give you a sense of the
+Talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part okay so basically this this short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so basically this this short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so basically this this short
+video give you a sense of this to pay by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video give you a sense of this to pay by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video give you a sense of this to pay by
+talking so I have done this for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking so I have done this for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking so I have done this for many
+times for my own research for example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for my own research for example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for my own research for example I
+send students to survey this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send students to survey this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send students to survey this uh
+residents about their willing to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents about their willing to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents about their willing to pay for
+Green Building so that's kind of uh uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building so that's kind of uh uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building so that's kind of uh uh I
+think basically in your thesis later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think basically in your thesis later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think basically in your thesis later
+maybe you can also apply this res this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can also apply this res this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can also apply this res this
+method if you want to do a survey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method if you want to do a survey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method if you want to do a survey and
+ask but today this is not our Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask but today this is not our Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask but today this is not our Focus
+because as just mentioned in that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as just mentioned in that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as just mentioned in that small
+the short video this uh talking is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short video this uh talking is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short video this uh talking is not
+reliable for many many reasons if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable for many many reasons if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable for many many reasons if you
+think oh if I if the if the respondent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh if I if the if the respondent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh if I if the if the respondent
+says oh you ask me willing to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh you ask me willing to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh you ask me willing to pay for
+any public policy to reduce air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any public policy to reduce air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any public policy to reduce air
+pollution on all things and later you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution on all things and later you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution on all things and later you
+use as evidence to increase tax then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as evidence to increase tax then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as evidence to increase tax then
+they have a tendency to lower their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a tendency to lower their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a tendency to lower their
+willingness to pay right if they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay right if they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay right if they they
+can just be free writers so they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just be free writers so they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just be free writers so they will
+increase their willingness to pay as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase their willingness to pay as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase their willingness to pay as a
+pressure to others to to to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure to others to to to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure to others to to to get this
+done now housing market or realing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now housing market or realing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now housing market or realing
+Market really provide us a very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market really provide us a very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market really provide us a very much
+better opportunity for this just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better opportunity for this just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better opportunity for this just by
+doing this is honic so it's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is honic so it's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is honic so it's not about
+talking but we observe we observe from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking but we observe we observe from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking but we observe we observe from
+the real estate market of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real estate market of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real estate market of the real
+transactions price rent and you s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions price rent and you s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions price rent and you s to
+back out people's win need to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out people's win need to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out people's win need to pay for
+Market or non-market attributes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market or non-market attributes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market or non-market attributes so
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+point so why housing market provide us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so why housing market provide us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so why housing market provide us a
+better opportunity that's because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better opportunity that's because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better opportunity that's because I
+think all of you understand that housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all of you understand that housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all of you understand that housing
+market when you buy a house it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market when you buy a house it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market when you buy a house it's not
+just uh the structure itself right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh the structure itself right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh the structure itself right it's
+not the concrete it's not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the concrete it's not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the concrete it's not just the
+columns and the woods and windows no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and the woods and windows no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and the woods and windows no you
+are buying a place to live and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are buying a place to live and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are buying a place to live and you are
+buying that neighborhood that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying that neighborhood that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying that neighborhood that you want
+to access to many many opportunities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access to many many opportunities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access to many many opportunities so
+that's the point of housing housing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of housing housing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of housing housing is
+so important that's location based and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important that's location based and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important that's location based and
+you buy or run a house for so many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy or run a house for so many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy or run a house for so many other
+things it's not just the rooms or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's not just the rooms or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's not just the rooms or the
+kitchen or or or or or all the Ws all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen or or or or or all the Ws all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen or or or or or all the Ws all
+the space so that give us a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space so that give us a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space so that give us a way to
+decompose using the housing transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose using the housing transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose using the housing transaction
+price to decompose why people are buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price to decompose why people are buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price to decompose why people are buying
+this house particular location right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this house particular location right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this house particular location right so
+I gave a very simple example for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave a very simple example for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave a very simple example for you to
+understand this for example there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this for example there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this for example there's a
+single family house 1 million $
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single family house 1 million $
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single family house 1 million $
+million and actually why this buyer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and actually why this buyer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and actually why this buyer is
+buying this house by 1 million because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying this house by 1 million because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying this house by 1 million because
+of course we have the househ has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we have the househ has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we have the househ has two
+kids and then they need three rooms they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and then they need three rooms they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and then they need three rooms they
+need three rooms they cannot live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three rooms they cannot live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three rooms they cannot live in a
+very small place so that's three rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small place so that's three rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small place so that's three rooms
+that's a component that's very tangible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a component that's very tangible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a component that's very tangible
+and then we they also also want to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we they also also want to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we they also also want to live
+in a place very convenient so this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a place very convenient so this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a place very convenient so this also
+want to pay for this location because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pay for this location because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pay for this location because
+there's two subway stops nearby for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two subway stops nearby for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two subway stops nearby for
+example that's a hypothetical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that's a hypothetical example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that's a hypothetical example
+and then it's so convenient then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's so convenient then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's so convenient then they
+are willing to pay .1 million for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to pay .1 million for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to pay .1 million for this
+this accessibility to subway stops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this accessibility to subway stops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this accessibility to subway stops and
+then there's a such a nice park nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a such a nice park nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a such a nice park nearby
+this also really like Park so the also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also really like Park so the also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also really like Park so the also
+want to buy this location because 1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy this location because 1.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy this location because 1.1
+million to pay for the park and plus all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to pay for the park and plus all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to pay for the park and plus all
+this another thing is this is a Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this another thing is this is a Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this another thing is this is a Green
+Building suppose this also really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building suppose this also really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building suppose this also really want
+to pay for the Green Building so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for the Green Building so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for the Green Building so they
+because of the Green Building they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the Green Building they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the Green Building they also
+want to get 1.1 million so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get 1.1 million so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get 1.1 million so of course
+this is three four examples four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is three four examples four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is three four examples four
+examples of the real space of the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the real space of the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the real space of the house
+Transportation accessibility some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation accessibility some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation accessibility some
+environmental Park and a green building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental Park and a green building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental Park and a green building
+stuff so that's the four things I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so that's the four things I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so that's the four things I give
+four examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four examples
+however there are so many other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there are so many other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there are so many other things
+there thousands of things of related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there thousands of things of related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there thousands of things of related to
+this house we cannot do all this then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this house we cannot do all this then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this house we cannot do all this then we
+always have this last point last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have this last point last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have this last point last
+component called residual it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component called residual it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component called residual it's a
+residual is like a trash can it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual is like a trash can it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual is like a trash can it's all
+the things you cannot observe and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you cannot observe and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you cannot observe and you
+cannot measure but how Mass value those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot measure but how Mass value those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot measure but how Mass value those
+things go into this suppose that is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go into this suppose that is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go into this suppose that is one
+one so then you clearly can see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so then you clearly can see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so then you clearly can see this is
+honic model honic model is decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honic model honic model is decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honic model honic model is decomposition
+and you decompose a very complex thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you decompose a very complex thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you decompose a very complex thing
+which is a house it's a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a house it's a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a house it's a complex
+commodity into many pieces many pieces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity into many pieces many pieces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity into many pieces many pieces a
+bundle of pieces that you are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of pieces that you are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of pieces that you are using
+money to buy now I just randomly give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to buy now I just randomly give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to buy now I just randomly give
+you some numbers but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some numbers but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some numbers but there's a
+scientific way to estimate this right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific way to estimate this right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific way to estimate this right so
+I just throw out these numbers of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just throw out these numbers of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just throw out these numbers of course
+cannot be doing this scientific way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be doing this scientific way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be doing this scientific way is
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+estimate so how to estimate that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate so how to estimate that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate so how to estimate that's a
+hydronic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronic model
+so that's the following 1 million on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the following 1 million on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the following 1 million on the
+left hand side that's a total price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side that's a total price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side that's a total price
+total price total willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total price total willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total price total willingness to pay
+then decompos to now four components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decompos to now four components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decompos to now four components
+plus a trash can these four components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a trash can these four components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a trash can these four components
+for each components there's a unit price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each components there's a unit price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each components there's a unit price
+times quantity right as when we buy IPOs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times quantity right as when we buy IPOs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times quantity right as when we buy IPOs
+you have unit price and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have unit price and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have unit price and you have
+quantity how many apples so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity how many apples so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity how many apples so that's the
+same thing so basically for three rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so basically for three rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so basically for three rooms
+each room2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each room2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each room2
+million two subway stop each subway stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million two subway stop each subway stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million two subway stop each subway stop
+05 million right then the lead is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 million right then the lead is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 million right then the lead is a kind
+of one thing one tangible thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one thing one tangible thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one thing one tangible thing and then
+one nice park if you have two nice park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nice park if you have two nice park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nice park if you have two nice park
+that will be two parks but now it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be two parks but now it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be two parks but now it's one
+one park so that's a way to decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one park so that's a way to decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one park so that's a way to decompose
+the price total value to four components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price total value to four components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price total value to four components
+plus a trash can and each component you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a trash can and each component you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a trash can and each component you
+have price and quantity so that's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have price and quantity so that's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have price and quantity so that's clear
+so that's a way and how you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a way and how you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a way and how you get this
+numbers then this is a model this Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers then this is a model this Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers then this is a model this Alpha
+is the unit price X is a quantity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the unit price X is a quantity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the unit price X is a quantity you
+have four how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four how to
+estimate you need data you cannot just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate you need data you cannot just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate you need data you cannot just
+randomly come out with uh with numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly come out with uh with numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly come out with uh with numbers
+without any data you have input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any data you have input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any data you have input and
+output so the way to do this is to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so the way to do this is to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so the way to do this is to do a
+regression accuration will tell you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression accuration will tell you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression accuration will tell you more
+yeserday did you cover regression no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeserday did you cover regression no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeserday did you cover regression no
+next recitation regression for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next recitation regression for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next recitation regression for example
+we cannot just get one house if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot just get one house if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot just get one house if you can
+only get one house you cannot do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get one house you cannot do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get one house you cannot do this
+you need thousands hundreds of thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need thousands hundreds of thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need thousands hundreds of thousands
+of observations now we have all big data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observations now we have all big data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observations now we have all big data
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+zero actually we'll share with you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero actually we'll share with you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero actually we'll share with you some
+zow data so the zow data we will get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zow data so the zow data we will get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zow data so the zow data we will get the
+transactions housing transactions in sa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions housing transactions in sa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions housing transactions in sa
+Port sa Port area and downtown Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port sa Port area and downtown Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port sa Port area and downtown Boston
+area suppose you get 1,000 observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area suppose you get 1,000 observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area suppose you get 1,000 observations
+of the transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the transactions
+then the blue boxes are the input for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the blue boxes are the input for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the blue boxes are the input for
+each transaction you will have the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each transaction you will have the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each transaction you will have the total
+value transaction price you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value transaction price you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value transaction price you will have
+those quantities right you'll know each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quantities right you'll know each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quantities right you'll know each
+house is three bedrooms two bedrooms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house is three bedrooms two bedrooms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house is three bedrooms two bedrooms or
+one subway stop two Sub Stop or zero Sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one subway stop two Sub Stop or zero Sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one subway stop two Sub Stop or zero Sub
+Stop and whether it's lead or not so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stop and whether it's lead or not so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stop and whether it's lead or not so you
+have the input of the quantity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the input of the quantity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the input of the quantity and the
+total price then you throw the data into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total price then you throw the data into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total price then you throw the data into
+software which is r and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software which is r and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software which is r and then the
+software will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software will
+report this coefficient this red things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report this coefficient this red things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report this coefficient this red things
+are reported from software where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reported from software where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reported from software where if you
+fit these all the transactions into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit these all the transactions into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit these all the transactions into that
+so that's um that's a regression then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's um that's a regression then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's um that's a regression then
+the point is from all those one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is from all those one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is from all those one
+regressions you get you get P X1 X2 X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions you get you get P X1 X2 X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions you get you get P X1 X2 X3
+X4 then you wrun then you get alpha 1 Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 then you wrun then you get alpha 1 Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 then you wrun then you get alpha 1 Al
+2 Al three Alpha Four right and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Al three Alpha Four right and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Al three Alpha Four right and it also
+report R square what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know okay please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes good yes this is called this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes good yes this is called this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes good yes this is called this uh
+explanation power of this equation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation power of this equation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation power of this equation so we
+want this be as high as possible but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this be as high as possible but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this be as high as possible but we
+are not so cannot go to 100% so this 83%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not so cannot go to 100% so this 83%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not so cannot go to 100% so this 83%
+means these four variables can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means these four variables can explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means these four variables can explain
+83% of the variation among all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+83% of the variation among all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+83% of the variation among all those
+observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations
+177% is in the trash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+177% is in the trash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+177% is in the trash
+can so this basically 17% is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so this basically 17% is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so this basically 17% is here
+because it's other things you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's other things you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's other things you cannot
+observe so that's the point of the honic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so that's the point of the honic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so that's the point of the honic
+easy so that's basically today's Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so that's basically today's Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so that's basically today's Point
+um and then of course there many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then of course there many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then of course there many many
+complexities behind this but this casing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities behind this but this casing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities behind this but this casing
+is here and when you do the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here and when you do the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here and when you do the real
+regression won't be four maybe five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression won't be four maybe five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression won't be four maybe five six
+no matter what and always when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what and always when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what and always when you do
+this you are not like a without purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you are not like a without purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you are not like a without purpose
+when you do this you always have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this you always have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this you always have a
+purpose right purpose can in general you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose right purpose can in general you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose right purpose can in general you
+want to do an exercise or you are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do an exercise or you are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do an exercise or you are most
+import you are mostly interested in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import you are mostly interested in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import you are mostly interested in one
+coefficient for example if I'm was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for example if I'm was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for example if I'm was a
+researcher to do this I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher to do this I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher to do this I want to
+understand alha three I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand alha three I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand alha three I want to
+understand Alpha three is people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand Alpha three is people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand Alpha three is people's
+willingness to pay for a lead building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay for a lead building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay for a lead building
+so this willing to pay and it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this willing to pay and it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this willing to pay and it can be
+many many are many willing to SP now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many are many willing to SP now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many are many willing to SP now we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+four one two three four right and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four one two three four right and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four one two three four right and most
+interesting three which is the lead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting three which is the lead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting three which is the lead of
+course we we I want to get off three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we we I want to get off three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we we I want to get off three and
+must the first R is and get all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must the first R is and get all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must the first R is and get all these
+offers that I focus on offers three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers that I focus on offers three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers that I focus on offers three
+others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are
+byproducts right for example there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts right for example there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts right for example there's a
+transportation researcher my is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation researcher my is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation researcher my is a
+transportation researcher then she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation researcher then she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation researcher then she is
+not interested in offer three she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in offer three she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in offer three she is
+interested in aler two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in aler two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in aler two
+right the accessibility to subway stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the accessibility to subway stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the accessibility to subway stop
+means what right so then later can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what right so then later can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what right so then later can
+relate to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to other
+policies a little bit of algebra but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies a little bit of algebra but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies a little bit of algebra but not
+so difficult so when you when just now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so difficult so when you when just now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so difficult so when you when just now I
+see a very intuitive way to decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a very intuitive way to decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a very intuitive way to decompose
+right when you read papers or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you read papers or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you read papers or any
+research piece you will see such a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research piece you will see such a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research piece you will see such a model
+in this way that's vectors always they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way that's vectors always they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way that's vectors always they
+take log because it's nonlinear log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take log because it's nonlinear log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take log because it's nonlinear log
+price as a function of some components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price as a function of some components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price as a function of some components
+X1 now is a vector this the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 now is a vector this the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 now is a vector this the physical
+like physical attributes X2 may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like physical attributes X2 may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like physical attributes X2 may be
+locational attributes maybe each Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locational attributes maybe each Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locational attributes maybe each Vector
+has several variables number of room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has several variables number of room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has several variables number of room
+bedrooms number of living rooms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedrooms number of living rooms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedrooms number of living rooms and
+whether is detached or or attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether is detached or or attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether is detached or or attached
+that's of physical things so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of physical things so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of physical things so you have
+physical a basket and some locational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical a basket and some locational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical a basket and some locational
+basket like that then since this log how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket like that then since this log how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket like that then since this log how
+to in interpret how to interpret the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in interpret how to interpret the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in interpret how to interpret the log
+and just now I show this level it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just now I show this level it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just now I show this level it's no
+log thing right then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log thing right then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log thing right then you have the
+absolute value of this is that's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of this is that's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of this is that's easy to
+understand when you take log on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand when you take log on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand when you take log on the left
+hand side how you interpret the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side how you interpret the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side how you interpret the
+coefficient as a small test of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+math yes yeah percentage change right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math yes yeah percentage change right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math yes yeah percentage change right so
+for example you can tell me look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you can tell me look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you can tell me look at this
+and this is hypothetical LW price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is hypothetical LW price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is hypothetical LW price is
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+and I will ask if let's say living rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will ask if let's say living rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will ask if let's say living rooms
+number of living rooms if there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of living rooms if there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of living rooms if there's the
+additional one living room that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional one living room that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional one living room that will
+increase housing price by how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase housing price by how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase housing price by how
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+5% oh yeah 5% yes so this one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% oh yeah 5% yes so this one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% oh yeah 5% yes so this one will
+become percentag because we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become percentag because we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become percentag because we all know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+log y basically that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log y basically that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log y basically that's
+this that's a basic thing right then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's a basic thing right then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's a basic thing right then you
+take derivative then this part will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivative then this part will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivative then this part will
+become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the
+percentage so that's basically start y /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage so that's basically start y /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage so that's basically start y /
+by y That's a percentage right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by y That's a percentage right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by y That's a percentage right so this
+beta thing will be become percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta thing will be become percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta thing will be become percentage
+which means a incremental one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means a incremental one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means a incremental one unit
+increase one one actual living room will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase one one actual living room will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase one one actual living room will
+will lead to a 5% increase in housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to a 5% increase in housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to a 5% increase in housing
+price and uh this this uh one Green Park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and uh this this uh one Green Park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and uh this this uh one Green Park
+then you will increase by 5% so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will increase by 5% so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will increase by 5% so that's a
+explanation of this when we take lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of this when we take lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of this when we take lock
+because when we look at all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we look at all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we look at all these
+empirical studies that's all in lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical studies that's all in lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical studies that's all in lock
+it's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in
+level here this this is the real paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here this this is the real paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here this this is the real paper
+so you can see the real paper now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see the real paper now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see the real paper now this
+paper is by this 20 2009 and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is by this 20 2009 and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is by this 20 2009 and then they
+say okay all other variables all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay all other variables all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay all other variables all
+controlled there so many other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled there so many other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled there so many other things
+and one this is all other variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one this is all other variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one this is all other variables
+controlled then one variable called lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled then one variable called lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled then one variable called lead
+and the other is called Energy Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is called Energy Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is called Energy Star
+right so remember if like number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so remember if like number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so remember if like number of
+rooms that's uh numerical variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms that's uh numerical variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms that's uh numerical variable that
+isuse a one room two room three room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isuse a one room two room three room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isuse a one room two room three room
+sometimes it's it's a Dy it's a Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's it's a Dy it's a Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's it's a Dy it's a Dy
+variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dy it takes only one two values zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy it takes only one two values zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy it takes only one two values zero or
+one right and then for example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and then for example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and then for example in this
+example Subway it's a dy I say Dy means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Subway it's a dy I say Dy means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Subway it's a dy I say Dy means
+within one mile Subway buffer if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one mile Subway buffer if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one mile Subway buffer if this
+house this is a Subway and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house this is a Subway and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house this is a Subway and this one
+mile the house is here then it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile the house is here then it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile the house is here then it takes
+value of one if the house is here takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of one if the house is here takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of one if the house is here takes
+value of zero so that's a dami so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of zero so that's a dami so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of zero so that's a dami so if the
+dami then the coefficient means from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dami then the coefficient means from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dami then the coefficient means from
+zero to one change that will incur the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to one change that will incur the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to one change that will incur the
+housing price increase by 8% so dami So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing price increase by 8% so dami So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing price increase by 8% so dami So
+based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this
+principle how to interpret the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle how to interpret the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle how to interpret the lead
+coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+06 is lead isami right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+06 is lead isami right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+06 is lead isami right
+okay building it inrease your price good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay building it inrease your price good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay building it inrease your price good
+so that's why from all the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why from all the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why from all the empirical
+studies we got all those coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies we got all those coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies we got all those coefficients
+then enery start similarly say also 6%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then enery start similarly say also 6%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then enery start similarly say also 6%
+price premium so let's tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price premium so let's tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price premium so let's tell you how
+those papers estimate the price premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those papers estimate the price premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those papers estimate the price premium
+by this hydronic regressions the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this hydronic regressions the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this hydronic regressions the point
+is decompose right they decompose all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decompose right they decompose all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decompose right they decompose all
+the housing values then they have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the housing values then they have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the housing values then they have all
+other attributes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other attributes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other attributes and the
+coefficient of lead is 6% so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of lead is 6% so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of lead is 6% so that's a
+price premium is not difficult at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price premium is not difficult at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price premium is not difficult at
+all then a little bit go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all then a little bit go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all then a little bit go back to the
+Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center
+that uh this is a teaching case right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this is a teaching case right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this is a teaching case right
+remember that and at that time let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that and at that time let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that and at that time let me
+see cannot see this is a building right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see cannot see this is a building right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see cannot see this is a building right
+the lower part is the condo uh office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower part is the condo uh office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower part is the condo uh office
+the upper part is the condo we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper part is the condo we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper part is the condo we talk
+about this a lot and we have brand our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a lot and we have brand our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a lot and we have brand our
+um guest speaker came in and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um guest speaker came in and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um guest speaker came in and we
+understood that for the lower part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that for the lower part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that for the lower part
+office they chose very very great a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office they chose very very great a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office they chose very very great a much
+higher level of Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level of Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level of Energy Efficiency
+passive house for the upper level they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house for the upper level they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive house for the upper level they
+didn't because they need to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't because they need to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't because they need to keep the
+view and they don't think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and they don't think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and they don't think that's
+important of course I don't think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important of course I don't think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important of course I don't think they
+run the honic when they made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the honic when they made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the honic when they made this
+decision but we can think through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but we can think through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but we can think through this
+in our way for example winrop center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our way for example winrop center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our way for example winrop center
+team brand Team can collect the data of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team brand Team can collect the data of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team brand Team can collect the data of
+nearby that's Boston area if they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby that's Boston area if they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby that's Boston area if they can
+they can collect data from nearby uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can collect data from nearby uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can collect data from nearby uh
+office market and uh and uh condo Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office market and uh and uh condo Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office market and uh and uh condo Market
+because wind Center is still under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because wind Center is still under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because wind Center is still under
+constru action they they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constru action they they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constru action they they don't have
+their own transaction price but they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own transaction price but they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own transaction price but they can
+collect nearby comparable this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect nearby comparable this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect nearby comparable this
+comparable properties for example they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable properties for example they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable properties for example they
+collected and they run this regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected and they run this regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected and they run this regression
+like the following I show this of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the following I show this of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the following I show this of course
+there's so many other things right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many other things right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many other things right and
+for the upper upper part the condom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the upper upper part the condom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the upper upper part the condom
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+nearby they they they run this they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby they they they run this they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby they they they run this they got
+this this is I I made up just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is I I made up just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is I I made up just want to
+show the logic and then the load is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the logic and then the load is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the logic and then the load is like
+this okay if this is oh for the up upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay if this is oh for the up upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay if this is oh for the up upper
+part this condo buyers value wheel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this condo buyers value wheel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this condo buyers value wheel so
+much right compared to the lower part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much right compared to the lower part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much right compared to the lower part
+because lower part no wheel remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lower part no wheel remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lower part no wheel remember
+ugly buildings nearby so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly buildings nearby so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly buildings nearby so this
+coefficient 3 this Co 01 so which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient 3 this Co 01 so which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient 3 this Co 01 so which means
+the people's willing to pay for bill so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people's willing to pay for bill so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people's willing to pay for bill so
+high compared to the lower however if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high compared to the lower however if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high compared to the lower however if
+you oh the lower part the green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh the lower part the green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh the lower part the green and
+house they have much higher willings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house they have much higher willings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house they have much higher willings to
+pay compared to the condo right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay compared to the condo right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay compared to the condo right this is
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+mag magnitude of the coefficient can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mag magnitude of the coefficient can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mag magnitude of the coefficient can
+tell you what is the comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what is the comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what is the comparative
+advantage of that part of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of that part of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of that part of those
+attributes then this canest Define why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes then this canest Define why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes then this canest Define why
+they chose the upper the wheel as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they chose the upper the wheel as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they chose the upper the wheel as a
+comparative advantage because much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage because much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage because much
+higher way to pay but for lower they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher way to pay but for lower they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher way to pay but for lower they
+choose um green and house as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose um green and house as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose um green and house as an
+important uh attributes so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh attributes so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh attributes so that's
+example how the market analysis can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how the market analysis can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how the market analysis can use
+hydronic model to assist their quanti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronic model to assist their quanti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronic model to assist their quanti
+judgment okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment okay now
+challenges Wilson you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah the challenge is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah the challenge is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah the challenge is that you
+don't have enough observations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough observations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough observations right
+because at that time P house was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at that time P house was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at that time P house was still
+very knew and maybe you couldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very knew and maybe you couldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very knew and maybe you couldn't get
+enough observation that's a very real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough observation that's a very real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough observation that's a very real
+challenge but besides this practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge but besides this practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge but besides this practical
+challenge suppose we can get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge suppose we can get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge suppose we can get a lot of
+observations and do you think this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and do you think this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and do you think this uh
+this kind of thing to derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing to derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing to derive the
+coefficient has a challenge other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient has a challenge other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient has a challenge other other
+challenges I also depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onbl level of quality of building you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onbl level of quality of building you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onbl level of quality of building you're
+just saying it's or not maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying it's or not maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying it's or not maybe you're
+measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confused yeah you are saying although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused yeah you are saying although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused yeah you are saying although
+they they call themselves lead maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they call themselves lead maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they call themselves lead maybe
+they don't have that lead specific real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have that lead specific real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have that lead specific real
+no features maybe if you're controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no features maybe if you're controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no features maybe if you're controlling
+for let's say three variables lead View
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's say three variables lead View
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's say three variables lead View
+and help maybe the lead variable is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help maybe the lead variable is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help maybe the lead variable is not
+giving you the value of the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the value of the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the value of the lead
+building it's only giving giving you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it's only giving giving you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it's only giving giving you the
+value of a new Prime Building Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a new Prime Building Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a new Prime Building Prime
+Building like Class A like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building like Class A like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building like Class A like that right
+exactly how to call this problem I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how to call this problem I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how to call this problem I don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+how to call this problem this just a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to call this problem this just a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to call this problem this just a uh
+saying that it's a challenges may lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's a challenges may lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's a challenges may lead
+not just a lead but also other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a lead but also other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a lead but also other things
+bundled into lead the lead buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundled into lead the lead buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundled into lead the lead buildings
+newer the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer the lead
+buildings uh like this uh um famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings uh like this uh um famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings uh like this uh um famous
+developers and those those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers and those those kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers and those those kind of
+things how to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things how to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things how to call
+thisable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thisable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thisable
+good okay so I call is in a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so I call is in a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so I call is in a very very
+intuitive way it's called this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way it's called this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way it's called this is not a
+apple to Apple comparison this apple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple to Apple comparison this apple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple to Apple comparison this apple to
+Orange comparison so that's why I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orange comparison so that's why I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orange comparison so that's why I got
+this uh uh TR Joe thing because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh TR Joe thing because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh TR Joe thing because I want
+you to understand uh this apple to Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to understand uh this apple to Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to understand uh this apple to Apple
+to Orange comparison and if you answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Orange comparison and if you answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Orange comparison and if you answer
+my question correctly I will give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question correctly I will give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question correctly I will give this
+to you so now I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so now I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so now I put
+here Apple to Orange comparison I I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Apple to Orange comparison I I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Apple to Orange comparison I I look
+at this paper look at this paper this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this paper look at this paper this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this paper look at this paper this is
+very famous paper of the one of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous paper of the one of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous paper of the one of the very
+early uh paper of the Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh paper of the Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh paper of the Green Building
+thing and they collect data of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and they collect data of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and they collect data of the
+United States and then of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and then of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and then of course they
+collect some Green Building data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some Green Building data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some Green Building data and
+then they collect nearby building data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they collect nearby building data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they collect nearby building data
+because they need they need observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they need they need observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they need they need observation
+they need data and then they give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need data and then they give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need data and then they give this
+table it's too small but I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it's too small but I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it's too small but I want to show
+you that they first combine compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that they first combine compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that they first combine compare
+treated buildings means green buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated buildings means green buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated buildings means green buildings
+lead buildings control buildings means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead buildings control buildings means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead buildings control buildings means
+nearby non-lead buildings that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby non-lead buildings that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby non-lead buildings that's a
+that's a terminology I need to P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a terminology I need to P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a terminology I need to P the
+terminology here so that you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology here so that you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology here so that you you you
+can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control treated means the thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control treated means the thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control treated means the thing that we
+are studying which is green control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying which is green control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying which is green control
+means others that not then they compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means others that not then they compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means others that not then they compare
+okay it's of course they say oh the rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's of course they say oh the rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's of course they say oh the rent
+treat is so high much higher however we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat is so high much higher however we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat is so high much higher however we
+also observe class a percentage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also observe class a percentage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also observe class a percentage the
+treated green buildings 75% % of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated green buildings 75% % of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated green buildings 75% % of them
+they are class A only 25% of the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are class A only 25% of the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are class A only 25% of the control
+Class A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class A
+age the treated buildings on average 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age the treated buildings on average 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age the treated buildings on average 24
+years old and control 53 years old so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old and control 53 years old so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old and control 53 years old so
+that give you a sense they are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you a sense they are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you a sense they are not the
+same thing they are not same animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they are not same animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they are not same animals
+this apple and orange right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this apple and orange right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this apple and orange right so that's
+apple and orange uh apple and orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple and orange uh apple and orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple and orange uh apple and orange
+comparison so in our sense think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison so in our sense think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison so in our sense think about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to we we
+observe we observe oh this is a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe we observe oh this is a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe we observe oh this is a green
+building that is a non- green building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that is a non- green building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that is a non- green building
+the the price difference is like $1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the price difference is like $1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the price difference is like $1
+million it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million it's a
+lot however how can we so confident how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot however how can we so confident how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot however how can we so confident how
+can we be confident that's because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we be confident that's because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we be confident that's because of
+the greenness because the Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greenness because the Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greenness because the Green Building
+also located in such a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also located in such a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also located in such a beautiful
+neighborhood or trees green Park and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood or trees green Park and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood or trees green Park and all
+the things this this building is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things this this building is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things this this building is such a
+place and a factory and pollution all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and a factory and pollution all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and a factory and pollution all
+those things nearby not not compared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things nearby not not compared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things nearby not not compared and
+so then that's basically the problem how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then that's basically the problem how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then that's basically the problem how
+to better get from this apple to Orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to better get from this apple to Orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to better get from this apple to Orange
+to get apple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get apple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get apple to
+Apple this is a do you have any answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple this is a do you have any answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple this is a do you have any answer
+for that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you said a close by that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you said a close by that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you said a close by that's
+basically location difference right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically location difference right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically location difference right you
+won't get this one is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get this one is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get this one is a nice
+neighborhood the other in Factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood the other in Factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood the other in Factory
+neighborhoods but you said even nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods but you said even nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods but you said even nearby
+may be different right it's the old and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be different right it's the old and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be different right it's the old and
+the new one how to do how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new one how to do how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new one how to do how to do this
+even nearby two adjacent buildings one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even nearby two adjacent buildings one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even nearby two adjacent buildings one
+is new the other is old but this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is new the other is old but this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is new the other is old but this one is
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+you okay because I have several okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay because I have several okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay because I have several okay
+this one yeah please would there be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one yeah please would there be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one yeah please would there be a
+way to kind of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay your point could you repeat well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay your point could you repeat well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay your point could you repeat well
+how how you I don't know exactly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how you I don't know exactly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how you I don't know exactly okay
+you just want to make this normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to make this normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to make this normalize
+yeah normalize way okay this one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah normalize way okay this one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah normalize way okay this one yeah
+normalize is a point and then this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize is a point and then this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize is a point and then this one
+is for you and I run out of please you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for you and I run out of please you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for you and I run out of please you
+want to add as many variables as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add as many variables as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add as many variables as you can
+to make sure you're comparing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you're comparing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you're comparing the same
+product so you're going to add in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so you're going to add in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so you're going to add in the
+room count like you were saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room count like you were saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room count like you were saying the
+relative age um condition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative age um condition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative age um condition of the
+exterior envelope the interior etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior envelope the interior etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior envelope the interior etc etc
+so you have a bunch of data points then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a bunch of data points then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a bunch of data points then
+you can look at the relative value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at the relative value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at the relative value of
+each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those
+individual good so we should add as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual good so we should add as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual good so we should add as much
+as possible the controls we call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible the controls we call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible the controls we call it the
+controls right we can call this control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls right we can call this control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls right we can call this control
+variables but as we as we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but as we as we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but as we as we know that
+always something in a trash care because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always something in a trash care because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always something in a trash care because
+is so much difference and how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so much difference and how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so much difference and how can you
+control so now I'm moving on a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so now I'm moving on a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so now I'm moving on a little
+bit and I still need Apple to Orange we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and I still need Apple to Orange we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and I still need Apple to Orange we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+two okay now this thing is called col
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay now this thing is called col
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay now this thing is called col
+inference this I think you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference this I think you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference this I think you really need
+to understand although maybe you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand although maybe you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand although maybe you don't
+want to get technical details by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get technical details by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get technical details by the
+terminology and the thinking caal Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and the thinking caal Cal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and the thinking caal Cal
+inference whether it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference whether it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference whether it's just a
+correlation or it's caal we want C we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation or it's caal we want C we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation or it's caal we want C we
+don't want to just play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to just play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to just play with
+correlations and the Cal inference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and the Cal inference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and the Cal inference the
+challenge is we cannot observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is we cannot observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is we cannot observe the
+counterfactual this is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual this is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual this is the new
+terminology counterfactual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology counterfactual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology counterfactual
+counterfactual like something in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual like something in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual like something in your
+dream you really want but you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream you really want but you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream you really want but you cannot
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+counterfactual and I will try to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual and I will try to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual and I will try to show
+this let me see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me see okay
+compare lead the building for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare lead the building for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare lead the building for example
+this a green building and another Brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a green building and another Brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a green building and another Brown
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+that's a treatment this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a treatment this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a treatment this is
+control then we know building your place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control then we know building your place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control then we know building your place
+so so good that I put I put a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so good that I put I put a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so good that I put I put a small
+green tree to show this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green tree to show this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green tree to show this nice
+neighborhood and the Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and the Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and the Green Building
+Brown the Brown building little ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown the Brown building little ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown the Brown building little ugly
+ugly place rocks and random things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly place rocks and random things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly place rocks and random things right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now if we know if we compare these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we know if we compare these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we know if we compare these two
+we know this are different this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this are different this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this are different this is
+orange this is Apple cannot two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange this is Apple cannot two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange this is Apple cannot two
+different animals and then how can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different animals and then how can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different animals and then how can we do
+we ideally we want a counterfactual this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ideally we want a counterfactual this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ideally we want a counterfactual this
+is called counter Factor this in a dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called counter Factor this in a dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called counter Factor this in a dream
+not real this counter factor is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not real this counter factor is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not real this counter factor is all
+other things are the same as this real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things are the same as this real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things are the same as this real
+one they say a tra here all the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they say a tra here all the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they say a tra here all the same as
+this one but the only only difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but the only only difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but the only only difference is
+whether you agree or not the nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you agree or not the nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you agree or not the nearby
+things the size and all things not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the size and all things not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the size and all things not
+counterfactual but of course let's see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual but of course let's see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual but of course let's see I
+have a this one this is um and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a this one this is um and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a this one this is um and then we
+know we want this one R else equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we want this one R else equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we want this one R else equal the
+effect of lead Is This Real Lead minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of lead Is This Real Lead minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of lead Is This Real Lead minus
+counterfactual right so that's the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual right so that's the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual right so that's the real
+thing we want however we don't want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want however we don't want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want however we don't want this
+this called buyers buyers means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this called buyers buyers means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this called buyers buyers means
+this Brown building and that Brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Brown building and that Brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Brown building and that Brown
+building they have different other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building they have different other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building they have different other
+things that's called bars bius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's called bars bius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's called bars bius is
+disturbing us from reaching the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing us from reaching the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing us from reaching the real
+result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+algebra difficult I'm so small you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra difficult I'm so small you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra difficult I'm so small you
+cannot see but just want to tell you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see but just want to tell you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see but just want to tell you but
+then to make sure you understand I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to make sure you understand I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to make sure you understand I use
+my fruits from Trailer Jo for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my fruits from Trailer Jo for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my fruits from Trailer Jo for you to
+understand and later when after many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and later when after many
+ 
+
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+
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+counterfactual which is also Apple same
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+
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+
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+and plus a red the same right conso out
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+we can uh we can
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+achieve and uh so basically as I
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+
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+
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+
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+without doing so cannot argue you are
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+
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+without doing so cannot argue you are
+Cal
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+Cal
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+
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+Cal
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+inference and then now some because some
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+
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+of you it seems that you understand this
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+
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+of you it seems that you understand this
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+and then what are the things what are
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+endogenity this uh challenge to CAO
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+
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+inference if we can really re observe
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+
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+in reality we cannot and then what are
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+examples think about the Green Building
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+
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+thing let's use a real example to say
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+
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+buyers
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+
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+buyers
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+exist this is a non- green building this
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+
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+exist this is a non- green building this
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+is a Green Building uh this both are
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+
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+is a Green Building uh this both are
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+non- Green Building but why there's a
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+
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+
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+
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+this go
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+
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+this go
+ahead about relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you can you this is too abstract can
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+can you can you this is too abstract can
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+
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+can you can you this is too abstract can
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+
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+make this very
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+
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+make this very
+intuitive Green
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+intuitive Green
+ 
+
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+intuitive Green
+Building lead building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah if if you're observing a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if if you're observing a building
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if if you're observing a building
+in Boston and New York Market different
+
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+in Boston and New York Market different
+ 
+
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+in Boston and New York Market different
+U so it's not really an apple comparison
+
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+U so it's not really an apple comparison
+ 
+
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+U so it's not really an apple comparison
+the different yeah but always if we
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+the different yeah but always if we
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+
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+the different yeah but always if we
+really do this Green Building premium
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+really do this Green Building premium
+ 
+
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+really do this Green Building premium
+estimation we don't go to two markets
+
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+estimation we don't go to two markets
+ 
+
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+estimation we don't go to two markets
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+
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+gather some data from New York B for
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+
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+gather some data from New York B for
+example we all from Boston and then is
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+example we all from Boston and then is
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+
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+example we all from Boston and then is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
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+that still different neighborhoods right
+
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+that still different neighborhoods right
+ 
+
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+that still different neighborhoods right
+still neighborhoods because maybe some
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+still neighborhoods because maybe some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+still neighborhoods because maybe some
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+
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+space they they don't care about the
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+
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+space they they don't care about the
+environmental things first okay let's
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+environmental things first okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental things first okay let's
+give you this Green Building and uh and
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+give you this Green Building and uh and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this Green Building and uh and
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+
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+
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+it's some like difference you cannot
+ 
+
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+
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+observe that's called omitted variables
+ 
+
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+observe that's called omitted variables
+and what other El
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what other El
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what other El
+things besides omitted variables
+
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+things besides omitted variables
+ 
+
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+things besides omitted variables
+anything you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
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+ 
+imagine low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like compy really like to together the
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+like compy really like to together the
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+
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+like compy really like to together the
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+same level so they prefer
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+
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+same level so they prefer
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+maybe build
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+maybe build
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+
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+to
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stand yeah but that's not the the buyer
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+stand yeah but that's not the the buyer
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand yeah but that's not the the buyer
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay related to company yes good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay related to company yes good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay related to company yes good so
+not just the location but also the
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+not just the location but also the
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+
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+not just the location but also the
+company yeah right some big companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company yeah right some big companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company yeah right some big companies
+they really value their image so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really value their image so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really value their image so this is
+for you okay now I'm going to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you okay now I'm going to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you okay now I'm going to say this
+very complicated terminologies but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated terminologies but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated terminologies but don't
+be uh scared so if Matrix we run a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh scared so if Matrix we run a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh scared so if Matrix we run a model
+why as a function of some other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why as a function of some other things
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+
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+why as a function of some other things
+we call this treatment the thing we are
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+we call this treatment the thing we are
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+
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+we call this treatment the thing we are
+most interested in is d d equals one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interested in is d d equals one is
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+
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+most interested in is d d equals one is
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+ align:start position:0%
+treated otherwise D equals zero so this
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+
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+treated otherwise D equals zero so this
+is lead or not all these other variables
+
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+is lead or not all these other variables
+ 
+
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+is lead or not all these other variables
+are these controls are in X as a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these controls are in X as a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these controls are in X as a vector
+so this indogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this indogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this indogen
+means there's something in the trash can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's something in the trash can
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's something in the trash can
+this is a trash can remember always you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a trash can remember always you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a trash can remember always you
+have a trash can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a trash can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a trash can
+and the trash can and the trated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trash can and the trated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trash can and the trated
+variable they're correlated they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable they're correlated they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable they're correlated they're
+correlated they are not independent if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated they are not independent if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated they are not independent if
+the trash can has all so many things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trash can has all so many things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trash can has all so many things in
+the trash can but trash can has nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trash can but trash can has nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trash can but trash can has nothing
+to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the
+traed then you you you you won't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traed then you you you you won't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traed then you you you you won't need to
+worry but if they are corated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry but if they are corated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry but if they are corated
+worry and three types just now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry and three types just now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry and three types just now we
+already talk a lot meting variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talk a lot meting variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talk a lot meting variables
+either from the location or from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either from the location or from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either from the location or from the
+company so basically there so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so basically there so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so basically there so many
+things you cannot observe and big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you cannot observe and big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you cannot observe and big
+company invest build this a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company invest build this a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company invest build this a small
+company uh inves in this and this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh inves in this and this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh inves in this and this nice
+is a p neighborhood all things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a p neighborhood all things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a p neighborhood all things and
+second one is called reverse causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is called reverse causality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is called reverse causality
+reverse causality is the story we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse causality is the story we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse causality is the story we want
+to tell is from the right hand side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell is from the right hand side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell is from the right hand side to
+the left hand side right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side right that's a
+regression point if it's treated if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression point if it's treated if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression point if it's treated if this
+green was the premium so that's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green was the premium so that's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green was the premium so that's from
+right hand side to left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side to left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side to left hand side
+unfortunately there's another channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately there's another channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately there's another channel
+from left hand side to the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left hand side to the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left hand side to the right hand
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+for example for those for those very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for those for those very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for those for those very
+expensive buildings very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive buildings very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive buildings very expensive
+buildings because of the location or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings because of the location or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings because of the location or
+because of anything so expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of anything so expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of anything so expensive and
+charge so high run of price not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so high run of price not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so high run of price not not
+because of the energy related things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the energy related things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the energy related things but
+that's they they are so they collect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's they they are so they collect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's they they are so they collect so
+much revenue and the board of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much revenue and the board of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much revenue and the board of that
+company say oh we have so much revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company say oh we have so much revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company say oh we have so much revenue
+let's renov it right if you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's renov it right if you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's renov it right if you cannot
+charge enough then you have money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge enough then you have money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge enough then you have money you
+need to cover daily things now for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cover daily things now for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cover daily things now for the
+very re for the very expensive buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very re for the very expensive buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very re for the very expensive buildings
+they have a lot of Revenue then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of Revenue then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a lot of Revenue then they
+decide to trade not because they trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to trade not because they trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to trade not because they trade
+then become higher but it's because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become higher but it's because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become higher but it's because they
+they they collect more Revenue than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they collect more Revenue than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they collect more Revenue than they
+decide to trade that's opposite to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to trade that's opposite to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to trade that's opposite to what
+we want to say we want to estimate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to say we want to estimate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to say we want to estimate so
+that cause reverse cality the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cause reverse cality the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cause reverse cality the third
+thing is called selection buyers that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is called selection buyers that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is called selection buyers that's
+called selective sample so the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called selective sample so the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called selective sample so the sample
+you selected you collect is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you selected you collect is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you selected you collect is not
+representative of the entire Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of the entire Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of the entire Market
+for example if we say oh let's estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we say oh let's estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we say oh let's estimate
+the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green
+premium the green price premium for lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium the green price premium for lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium the green price premium for lead
+build for for green buildings then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build for for green buildings then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build for for green buildings then you
+go to zow and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zow and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zow and you
+collect however we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect however we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect however we
+know the transactions of the for the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the transactions of the for the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the transactions of the for the new
+houses you always transacted for the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses you always transacted for the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses you always transacted for the old
+houses it's not always trans low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses it's not always trans low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses it's not always trans low
+frequency then for the transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then for the transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then for the transaction
+sample you collect is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you collect is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you collect is not the
+representative of the entire housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of the entire housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of the entire housing
+stock you always have more new ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock you always have more new ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock you always have more new ones
+transacted less old ones transacted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transacted less old ones transacted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transacted less old ones transacted so
+then you have a selected buyers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a selected buyers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a selected buyers because
+you use a select sample to estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a select sample to estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a select sample to estimate this
+I'm not sure whether you so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure whether you so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure whether you so basically
+this is not underlying population so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not underlying population so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not underlying population so
+that's called selection virus all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called selection virus all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called selection virus all three
+reasons will always cause this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons will always cause this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons will always cause this problem
+of called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of called
+endogenity so this is conceptual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenity so this is conceptual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenity so this is conceptual level
+and there's so many Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's so many Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's so many Technologies
+and then we need to do Apple to Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to do Apple to Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to do Apple to Apple
+comparison so the Apple to Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison so the Apple to Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison so the Apple to Apple
+comparison there's some techniques The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison there's some techniques The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison there's some techniques The
+Economist and the econometric scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist and the econometric scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist and the econometric scholars
+already developed anyone knows any names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already developed anyone knows any names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already developed anyone knows any names
+of them this this kind of how to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them this this kind of how to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them this this kind of how to how to
+get to Apple to Apple is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to Apple to Apple is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to Apple to Apple is there any
+terminologies I feel like you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminologies I feel like you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminologies I feel like you understand
+yeah please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good that's one example do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good that's one example do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good that's one example do you have
+a thing I give you no no okay this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing I give you no no okay this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing I give you no no okay this one
+is for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for you
+okay M said uh regression discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay M said uh regression discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay M said uh regression discontinuity
+yes but maybe you don't know what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but maybe you don't know what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but maybe you don't know what's this
+and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terminologies yes from from your R work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminologies yes from from your R work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminologies yes from from your R work
+for me you'll know something please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me you'll know something please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me you'll know something please
+instable what's uh instrumental variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instable what's uh instrumental variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instable what's uh instrumental variable
+instrumental variable yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental variable yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental variable yes
+since I already paid you ra so no fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I already paid you ra so no fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I already paid you ra so no fruit
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+fine okay because you learn knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay because you learn knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay because you learn knowledge
+from me okay good but it's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me okay good but it's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me okay good but it's so many
+things so many technology it's not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so many technology it's not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so many technology it's not for
+you to understand if you understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to understand if you understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to understand if you understand this
+graduate from the uh youon Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate from the uh youon Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate from the uh youon Department
+master's degree or PhD PhD so yes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's degree or PhD PhD so yes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's degree or PhD PhD so yes even
+after PhD I still cannot do this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after PhD I still cannot do this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after PhD I still cannot do this so the
+thing is it's so small but I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is it's so small but I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is it's so small but I give you a
+sense of this it's fascinating there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of this it's fascinating there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of this it's fascinating there's
+so many good Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many good Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many good Technologies
+one the big category is the following at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the big category is the following at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the big category is the following at
+first we we come from some naive ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we we come from some naive ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we we come from some naive ways
+naive ways will be accur responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive ways will be accur responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive ways will be accur responsibility
+not naive basic not naive accuracy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not naive basic not naive accuracy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not naive basic not naive accuracy is
+very high level so he will teach you OLS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level so he will teach you OLS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level so he will teach you OLS
+which is a basic regression even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a basic regression even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a basic regression even for
+basic regression we have ways to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic regression we have ways to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic regression we have ways to control
+for example so-call fix effect right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so-call fix effect right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so-call fix effect right so
+but I don't need to go to that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't need to go to that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't need to go to that but
+anyway if you do R basic we call o r all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if you do R basic we call o r all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if you do R basic we call o r all
+Rel Square so that's the thing then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel Square so that's the thing then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel Square so that's the thing then at
+least you can try your best to put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you can try your best to put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you can try your best to put all
+enough controls all the data right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough controls all the data right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough controls all the data right if
+you have so many controls put and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so many controls put and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so many controls put and have
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ways and then move on more advanced more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and then move on more advanced more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and then move on more advanced more
+advanced to solell this apple to Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced to solell this apple to Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced to solell this apple to Apple
+comparison thing to achieve this apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison thing to achieve this apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison thing to achieve this apple
+to Apple I have some more the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Apple I have some more the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Apple I have some more the thing is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+following the Golden Way so-called RCT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the Golden Way so-called RCT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the Golden Way so-called RCT
+that's called randomized control trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called randomized control trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called randomized control trial
+RCT that's really you do a experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCT that's really you do a experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCT that's really you do a experiment
+you do experiment like like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do experiment like like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do experiment like like in
+lab then you really observe it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab then you really observe it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab then you really observe it's not
+like you just observe from the real word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you just observe from the real word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you just observe from the real word
+you do a lab thing R sat and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a lab thing R sat and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a lab thing R sat and if you
+cannot do an experiment experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do an experiment experiment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do an experiment experiment is
+very hard to run and then you have qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to run and then you have qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to run and then you have qu
+the experiment like half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment like half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment like half
+par then you have some things today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par then you have some things today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par then you have some things today I
+will talk a little bit about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk a little bit about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk a little bit about one
+Advanced which called matching you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced which called matching you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced which called matching you
+match and then just now back and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match and then just now back and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match and then just now back and this
+requ discontinuity that's later maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requ discontinuity that's later maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requ discontinuity that's later maybe in
+our later sections of the climate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our later sections of the climate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our later sections of the climate we
+will have done and we inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have done and we inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have done and we inside the
+instrumental variable right and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental variable right and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental variable right and another
+is called difference in differences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called difference in differences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called difference in differences so
+this one did always use I'm a did Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one did always use I'm a did Master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one did always use I'm a did Master
+I always use did and I will teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always use did and I will teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always use did and I will teach you
+how to do did for climate climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do did for climate climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do did for climate climate
+the impact of climate risk on housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of climate risk on housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of climate risk on housing
+prices that's for later session but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices that's for later session but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices that's for later session but
+today matching matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today matching matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today matching matching
+some very very easy and not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very very easy and not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very very easy and not that
+difficult one to understand but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult one to understand but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult one to understand but the
+golden way is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden way is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden way is to do
+experiment so experiment let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so experiment let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so experiment let me give you
+a sample idea of the experiment remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample idea of the experiment remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample idea of the experiment remember
+when's lecture on healthy buildings I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when's lecture on healthy buildings I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when's lecture on healthy buildings I
+think he mention little bit housy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he mention little bit housy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he mention little bit housy
+buildings so for example we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so for example we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so for example we have a very
+hey building SO2 uh concentrations 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey building SO2 uh concentrations 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey building SO2 uh concentrations 800
+PPM really healthy this oh unhealthy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPM really healthy this oh unhealthy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPM really healthy this oh unhealthy all
+all the CO2 concentration then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the CO2 concentration then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the CO2 concentration then you have
+students you have students you and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students you have students you and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students you have students you and then
+we we we are not going to tell you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we are not going to tell you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we are not going to tell you which
+are which two classrooms one is healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are which two classrooms one is healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are which two classrooms one is healthy
+the other is unhealthy we randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is unhealthy we randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is unhealthy we randomly
+alocate half of you to one classroom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alocate half of you to one classroom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alocate half of you to one classroom the
+other half of you to the other classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other half of you to the other classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other half of you to the other classroom
+you don't know and you don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know and you don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know and you don't understand
+why then we do our final exam me exam or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why then we do our final exam me exam or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why then we do our final exam me exam or
+final exam then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam then you
+do and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then we
+compare we can because we randomize all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare we can because we randomize all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare we can because we randomize all
+of you and your other attributes should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you and your other attributes should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you and your other attributes should
+not have a systematic difference right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a systematic difference right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a systematic difference right
+of course you each of you are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you each of you are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you each of you are different
+but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when
+randomize non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize non
+difference and only difference will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and only difference will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and only difference will be
+this healthy and unhealthy then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this healthy and unhealthy then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this healthy and unhealthy then we
+measure this biological things and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this biological things and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this biological things and your
+heartbeat and all the cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeat and all the cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeat and all the cognitive
+performance and your test score so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and your test score so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and your test score so this
+kind of way was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way was
+used very widely if the researchers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used very widely if the researchers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used very widely if the researchers have
+enough resources it's very hard how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough resources it's very hard how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough resources it's very hard how can
+you get a permission from from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a permission from from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a permission from from MIT
+Institute to randomize you put half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute to randomize you put half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute to randomize you put half of
+you to a very unhealthy Place ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to a very unhealthy Place ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to a very unhealthy Place ethical
+problem right and uh but if this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right and uh but if this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right and uh but if this are
+manageable this is a gold way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable this is a gold way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable this is a gold way to get
+apple to Apple because it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple to Apple because it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple to Apple because it's totally
+randomized the iple to Apple then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized the iple to Apple then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized the iple to Apple then you
+compare for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare for
+example primary ele elementary school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example primary ele elementary school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example primary ele elementary school
+right elementary school then you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right elementary school then you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right elementary school then you put
+some air filters for example is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some air filters for example is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some air filters for example is um
+development like China very polluted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development like China very polluted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development like China very polluted and
+then for elementary school is are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for elementary school is are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for elementary school is are many
+classrooms you put some very good air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms you put some very good air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms you put some very good air
+filters in some classroom help clean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in some classroom help clean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in some classroom help clean the
+air in inside but others we call plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air in inside but others we call plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air in inside but others we call plus
+also similar thing machine and the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also similar thing machine and the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also similar thing machine and the kids
+they don't understand the difference but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't understand the difference but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't understand the difference but
+it's not a real uh filter but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a real uh filter but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a real uh filter but it's
+placeable and then you random put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeable and then you random put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeable and then you random put the
+students in those classrooms after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in those classrooms after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in those classrooms after some
+days you observe so that's called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you observe so that's called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you observe so that's called The
+Experiment that's so hard you must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experiment that's so hard you must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experiment that's so hard you must have
+the collaboration with the elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collaboration with the elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collaboration with the elementary
+school Ministry of Education like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Ministry of Education like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Ministry of Education like
+consent and parents and all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consent and parents and all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consent and parents and all the things
+right so last why well if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so last why well if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so last why well if you do
+experiment you publish very well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you publish very well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you publish very well that's
+all our Scholars dream to do experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our Scholars dream to do experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our Scholars dream to do experiment
+and publish well because so hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and publish well because so hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and publish well because so hard for
+example we did one in pandemic together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we did one in pandemic together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we did one in pandemic together
+my lab's team including several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab's team including several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab's team including several
+researchers and we did one it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers and we did one it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers and we did one it's a
+publishing a very top Journal peanuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing a very top Journal peanuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing a very top Journal peanuts
+that's basically you randomize people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically you randomize people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically you randomize people
+give them different information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them different information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them different information and
+observe their behaviors I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe their behaviors I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe their behaviors I don't want to
+go to details but I just want to let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to details but I just want to let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to details but I just want to let you
+know do you know two two very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do you know two two very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do you know two two very famous
+professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors
+MIT Eon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Eon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Eon
+department they got Nobel Prize because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department they got Nobel Prize because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department they got Nobel Prize because
+of this randomized control trial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this randomized control trial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this randomized control trial in
+developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing
+countries who knows their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+yes and her husband yes very good how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and her husband yes very good how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and her husband yes very good how
+did you know them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know them
+oh yes they are doing produ in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes they are doing produ in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes they are doing produ in India
+yeah so there's a couple power couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's a couple power couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's a couple power couple of
+two professors the husband and wife uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two professors the husband and wife uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two professors the husband and wife uh
+du and uh banen they won Nobel Prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du and uh banen they won Nobel Prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du and uh banen they won Nobel Prize for
+this they did all kind of things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they did all kind of things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they did all kind of things in
+India and other countries so golden we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and other countries so golden we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and other countries so golden we
+are common people we cannot do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are common people we cannot do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are common people we cannot do that
+every day so we need to rely on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day so we need to rely on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day so we need to rely on other
+Technologies now I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies now I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies now I'm going to tell you
+as a common people student or researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a common people student or researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a common people student or researcher
+we don't need to um do all those perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to um do all those perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to um do all those perfect
+things but at least we can do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but at least we can do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but at least we can do something
+if you the thing I want you to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you the thing I want you to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you the thing I want you to learn
+from today's class is we need to try we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today's class is we need to try we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today's class is we need to try we
+canot say I don't care I just observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canot say I don't care I just observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canot say I don't care I just observe
+correlation then no that's not rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation then no that's not rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation then no that's not rigorous
+as an MIT student rigorous and say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an MIT student rigorous and say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an MIT student rigorous and say we
+understand if we just do a naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if we just do a naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if we just do a naive
+regression get the coefficient of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression get the coefficient of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression get the coefficient of a
+variable green not real there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable green not real there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable green not real there's um
+omitted variables this inog problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted variables this inog problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted variables this inog problem it's
+not a cal inference how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a cal inference how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a cal inference how to
+do then I'm going to talk ma matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do then I'm going to talk ma matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do then I'm going to talk ma matching
+match I have so many so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match I have so many so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match I have so many so
+many and then Apple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many and then Apple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many and then Apple to
+Apple twins that's perfect some scholar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple twins that's perfect some scholar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple twins that's perfect some scholar
+they did do that they they track the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did do that they they track the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did do that they they track the
+twins the twins they they were born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins the twins they they were born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins the twins they they were born
+right you know same parent same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know same parent same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know same parent same
+environment like that and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment like that and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment like that and later
+different outcomes because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcomes because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcomes because the
+environment when a boy go went to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment when a boy go went to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment when a boy go went to this
+city go to that City and the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city go to that City and the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city go to that City and the environment
+then the longterm lifetime outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the longterm lifetime outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the longterm lifetime outcomes
+hard one thing is geographic matching so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard one thing is geographic matching so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard one thing is geographic matching so
+matching twins are also matching but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching twins are also matching but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching twins are also matching but the
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+matching and a more advanced called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and a more advanced called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and a more advanced called
+propensity score matching I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score matching I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score matching I'm going to
+skip this but I will talk about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this but I will talk about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this but I will talk about a little
+bit PSM is a advanced matching but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit PSM is a advanced matching but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit PSM is a advanced matching but the
+thing is geographic match that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is geographic match that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is geographic match that's very
+well widely used in the realing market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well widely used in the realing market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well widely used in the realing market
+right because we are location things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we are location things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we are location things so
+I think some of you already mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think some of you already mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think some of you already mentioned
+this if there's a Green Building you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if there's a Green Building you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if there's a Green Building you're
+not going to compare a green building in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to compare a green building in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to compare a green building in
+this location to a green building in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this location to a green building in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this location to a green building in
+totally a different location like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally a different location like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally a different location like this
+is at Boston downtown right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at Boston downtown right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at Boston downtown right this is a
+green building and then you find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building and then you find another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building and then you find another
+place uh in a Suburban some some place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh in a Suburban some some place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh in a Suburban some some place
+no compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no compare
+this green building was nearby non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this green building was nearby non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this green building was nearby non-
+Green Building very close very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building very close very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building very close very close
+nearby that's called Geographic maging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby that's called Geographic maging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby that's called Geographic maging
+say2 square miles this circle so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say2 square miles this circle so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say2 square miles this circle so that
+was what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what they
+did that was not paper remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that was not paper remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that was not paper remember the
+early paper they did this P they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early paper they did this P they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early paper they did this P they did
+after this match they found oh become so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this match they found oh become so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this match they found oh become so
+similar the class A both are 75% when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the class A both are 75% when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the class A both are 75% when
+75% the other 7 71% of course not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% the other 7 71% of course not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% the other 7 71% of course not like
+perfect matching but if you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching but if you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching but if you get the
+green building and a two Brown building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building and a two Brown building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building and a two Brown building
+so nearby so same location and will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nearby so same location and will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nearby so same location and will be
+similar then they create they not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar then they create they not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar then they create they not going
+to do this you suburban area to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this you suburban area to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this you suburban area to compare
+no get this and nearby buildings then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no get this and nearby buildings then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no get this and nearby buildings then
+this is treated this is control then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is treated this is control then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is treated this is control then
+they compare so that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compare so that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compare so that's basically
+matching so this is not difficult after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching so this is not difficult after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching so this is not difficult after
+matching they say oh I'm more confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching they say oh I'm more confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching they say oh I'm more confident
+the author said we more confident we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author said we more confident we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author said we more confident we are
+estimating some apple to Apple thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating some apple to Apple thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating some apple to Apple thing
+this is uh green rating rent 2.6%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh green rating rent 2.6%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh green rating rent 2.6%
+premium and uh S price 13.3% premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium and uh S price 13.3% premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium and uh S price 13.3% premium
+effective rent is 7 7.6 premium so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective rent is 7 7.6 premium so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective rent is 7 7.6 premium so after
+matching they are more confident on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching they are more confident on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching they are more confident on this
+difference instead of random other place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference instead of random other place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference instead of random other place
+so that's matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's matching
+thing okay now I'm going to do more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay now I'm going to do more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay now I'm going to do more of
+this is think about this so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is think about this so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is think about this so now we
+understand there's so much difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand there's so much difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand there's so much difficulties
+there's a Col inference and we need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Col inference and we need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Col inference and we need some
+techniques to do Apple to Apple I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to do Apple to Apple I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to do Apple to Apple I want
+to you further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you further
+understand the truth the root of why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the truth the root of why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the truth the root of why we
+have problems I will go back to this NA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problems I will go back to this NA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problems I will go back to this NA
+example This na when I introduce honic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example This na when I introduce honic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example This na when I introduce honic
+decompose right decompose remember 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose right decompose remember 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose right decompose remember 1
+million house one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million house one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million house one two three four
+components plus a trash can that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components plus a trash can that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components plus a trash can that's this
+honic thing how to think about this bu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honic thing how to think about this bu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honic thing how to think about this bu
+thing you hyic setting not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you hyic setting not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you hyic setting not the
+point let me see okay just now I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point let me see okay just now I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point let me see okay just now I show
+this this is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay now
+suppose in the trash can although we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose in the trash can although we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose in the trash can although we
+cannot measure but we understand from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot measure but we understand from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot measure but we understand from
+our intuition we understand the trash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intuition we understand the trash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intuition we understand the trash
+can it's something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it's something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it's something called
+Fancy Fancy the fancy of course it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fancy Fancy the fancy of course it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fancy Fancy the fancy of course it's so
+hard to measure how fancy like this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to measure how fancy like this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to measure how fancy like this like
+that right but we know some buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right but we know some buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right but we know some buildings
+are fancier some other building are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fancier some other building are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fancier some other building are less
+fancy and then we cannot matter but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy and then we cannot matter but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy and then we cannot matter but we
+know there's something here and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's something here and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's something here and maybe
+the fancy thing is created with lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fancy thing is created with lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fancy thing is created with lead
+like the lead building a famous designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the lead building a famous designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the lead building a famous designer
+and a fancier right some of you went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a fancier right some of you went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a fancier right some of you went to
+New York City and together with you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City and together with you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City and together with you we
+we saw some like very fancy buildings so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw some like very fancy buildings so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw some like very fancy buildings so
+these are created if these are created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are created if these are created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are created if these are created
+and you cannot observe fancy in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you cannot observe fancy in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you cannot observe fancy in that
+trash can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash can
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+suppose suppose if we could observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose if we could observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose if we could observe
+fancy that fancy is 05 million suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy that fancy is 05 million suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy that fancy is 05 million suppose
+we could that's a hyp itical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could that's a hyp itical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could that's a hyp itical thing
+actually we couldn't but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we couldn't but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we couldn't but
+suppose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose and
+then let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see if we can't so fortunately we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can't so fortunately we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can't so fortunately we can't
+have a me of fancy then no problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a me of fancy then no problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a me of fancy then no problem we
+decompose the trash can to a real fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose the trash can to a real fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose the trash can to a real fancy
+and the left over trash can okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the left over trash can okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the left over trash can okay then
+everything's done good then this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's done good then this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's done good then this one is
+good however you we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good however you we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good however you we cannot
+observe and to the extreme case suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe and to the extreme case suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe and to the extreme case suppose
+the fancy basically all the buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fancy basically all the buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fancy basically all the buildings
+are fancy all non Le and non non fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fancy all non Le and non non fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fancy all non Le and non non fancy
+and we couldn't then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we couldn't then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we couldn't then we
+wrongly estimate this overestimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrongly estimate this overestimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrongly estimate this overestimate
+because all the lead buildings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the lead buildings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the lead buildings are
+fancier right so you will see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier right so you will see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier right so you will see all the
+lead buildings are 15 million more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead buildings are 15 million more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead buildings are 15 million more but
+the real lead is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real lead is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real lead is
+1.1 and because of fan the they are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 and because of fan the they are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 and because of fan the they are so
+corated 100% perfectly correlated then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corated 100% perfectly correlated then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corated 100% perfectly correlated then
+all the lead buildings are fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lead buildings are fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lead buildings are fancy
+buildings so you bundle them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so you bundle them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so you bundle them together
+you cannot separate and you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot separate and you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot separate and you cannot
+observe then you overestimate the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe then you overestimate the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe then you overestimate the lead
+become 15 million is that clear that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become 15 million is that clear that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become 15 million is that clear that's a
+problem so all the things you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so all the things you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so all the things you cannot
+observe if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe if the
+residual they are correlated with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual they are correlated with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual they are correlated with your
+interest of the variable variable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of the variable variable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of the variable variable of
+interest then you overestimate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest then you overestimate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest then you overestimate or
+underestimate this this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate this this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate this this case is
+overate so that's a problem any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overate so that's a problem any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overate so that's a problem any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+here so I want to use this to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I want to use this to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I want to use this to show you
+because just now I know it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just now I know it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just now I know it's very
+abstract in this way let me see yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract in this way let me see yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract in this way let me see yeah
+remember this way algebra so abstract at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this way algebra so abstract at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this way algebra so abstract at
+that time I said in is the trash can got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time I said in is the trash can got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time I said in is the trash can got
+corelated with d the D is a green right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corelated with d the D is a green right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corelated with d the D is a green right
+but from Al maybe you feel so abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from Al maybe you feel so abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from Al maybe you feel so abstract
+so I'm going to I just now use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to I just now use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to I just now use this
+fancy way to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy way to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy way to show
+you the trash can something in the trash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the trash can something in the trash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the trash can something in the trash
+can got corelated then problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can got corelated then problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can got corelated then problem you
+cannot observe you bundle them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot observe you bundle them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot observe you bundle them together
+you estimate a bigger thing which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real okay so the
+thing again think about this apple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again think about this apple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again think about this apple to
+Orange we as we observe a lead building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orange we as we observe a lead building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orange we as we observe a lead building
+and a brown building fancy BR building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a brown building fancy BR building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a brown building fancy BR building
+non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+fancy the difference is 15 million na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy the difference is 15 million na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy the difference is 15 million na
+this is very n not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very n not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very n not
+right we need to get this another Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we need to get this another Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we need to get this another Apple
+which is Apple to Apple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Apple to Apple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Apple to Apple and
+then at first because this first this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at first because this first this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at first because this first this
+two is like this right fancier green non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is like this right fancier green non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is like this right fancier green non
+fancy non green non right and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy non green non right and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy non green non right and we need to
+get the C factor which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the C factor which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the C factor which is also
+fancy right and non green then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy right and non green then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy right and non green then we
+calculate real and then that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate real and then that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate real and then that's that's a
+issue it's not that difficult then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue it's not that difficult then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue it's not that difficult then you
+match suppose that neighborhood all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match suppose that neighborhood all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match suppose that neighborhood all
+fancy right that's our assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy right that's our assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy right that's our assumption
+suppose geography matching we suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose geography matching we suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose geography matching we suppose
+this neighborhood are all fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neighborhood are all fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neighborhood are all fancy
+buildings so we compare then we rule out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so we compare then we rule out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so we compare then we rule out
+the fancy factor and we get the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fancy factor and we get the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fancy factor and we get the green
+Factor oh I hope you understand oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor oh I hope you understand oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor oh I hope you understand oh
+and then okay now move on a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then okay now move on a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then okay now move on a little bit
+given all if you understand all this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given all if you understand all this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given all if you understand all this so
+easy to extend to cities that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to extend to cities that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to extend to cities that's why I
+spend so much time going say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend so much time going say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend so much time going say this
+now think about Cities c is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think about Cities c is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think about Cities c is the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+hyon and then in last thing remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyon and then in last thing remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyon and then in last thing remember
+just now we had all the attribute in X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now we had all the attribute in X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now we had all the attribute in X1
+which is building attributes green of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is building attributes green of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is building attributes green of
+not how many rooms like that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how many rooms like that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how many rooms like that there's
+another Factor we call the location loal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Factor we call the location loal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Factor we call the location loal
+things that's also important then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's also important then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's also important then you
+decompose locational things you buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose locational things you buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose locational things you buy a
+house not because you only need uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house not because you only need uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house not because you only need uh the
+space you also want to be a good school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you also want to be a good school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you also want to be a good school
+district that's why I bought my house in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district that's why I bought my house in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district that's why I bought my house in
+Lexington in the first place I that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexington in the first place I that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexington in the first place I that time
+I knew nothing about this this city I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew nothing about this this city I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew nothing about this this city I
+asked the ZZ for otherwise they told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the ZZ for otherwise they told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the ZZ for otherwise they told me
+several good tongs with good schools one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several good tongs with good schools one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several good tongs with good schools one
+is Lexington then that's why I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lexington then that's why I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lexington then that's why I got
+Lexington I think my first first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexington I think my first first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexington I think my first first
+priority is to sell my son to a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority is to sell my son to a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority is to sell my son to a good
+school so that he later can can get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so that he later can can get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so that he later can can get at
+least to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to a
+college College okay so that's SCH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college College okay so that's SCH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college College okay so that's SCH
+softway important Transportation Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softway important Transportation Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softway important Transportation Green
+Park air pollution nobody no no no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park air pollution nobody no no no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park air pollution nobody no no no one
+want to live in close to factory I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to live in close to factory I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to live in close to factory I think
+unless you don't know that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you don't know that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you don't know that's a problem
+so if you compose decompose similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you compose decompose similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you compose decompose similar
+things as what we did Green Space clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as what we did Green Space clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as what we did Green Space clean
+air workability other things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air workability other things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air workability other things as
+estimate this slide can summarize many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this slide can summarize many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this slide can summarize many
+many D faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many D faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many D faculty
+research our Urban Star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research our Urban Star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research our Urban Star and
+planning we have a transportation Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning we have a transportation Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning we have a transportation Chris
+Zas and G two professors three Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zas and G two professors three Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zas and G two professors three Professor
+Fab if they have the data they estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fab if they have the data they estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fab if they have the data they estimate
+oh Subway is important right people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh Subway is important right people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh Subway is important right people
+public transit they they need to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transit they they need to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transit they they need to come to
+sui they don't know how to do they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sui they don't know how to do they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sui they don't know how to do they come
+to sui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sui
+and say oh can you give me some housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh can you give me some housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh can you give me some housing
+transaction data yes no problem I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction data yes no problem I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction data yes no problem I give
+them data then they use housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them data then they use housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them data then they use housing
+transaction to run the model then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction to run the model then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction to run the model then they
+estimate the pre price premium of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the pre price premium of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the pre price premium of the
+subway station or bu stop no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subway station or bu stop no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subway station or bu stop no matter what
+premium good then we publish paper okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium good then we publish paper okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium good then we publish paper okay
+next day a professor called Marana AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next day a professor called Marana AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next day a professor called Marana AA
+okay I want to work with you housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to work with you housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to work with you housing
+transaction estimate the green Parks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction estimate the green Parks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction estimate the green Parks
+that's a house in fact why people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a house in fact why people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a house in fact why people want
+to leave close to park or do easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave close to park or do easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave close to park or do easier to
+exercise all the air pollution good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise all the air pollution good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise all the air pollution good for
+their heal they have need to pay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heal they have need to pay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heal they have need to pay okay
+because this is bad thing if you bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is bad thing if you bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is bad thing if you bad
+thing netive okay it's not like the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing netive okay it's not like the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing netive okay it's not like the all
+the coefficient are positive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient are positive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient are positive that
+matters depends on how you measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters depends on how you measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters depends on how you measure that
+thing the positive thing we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the positive thing we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the positive thing we call it
+positive amenities negative thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive amenities negative thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive amenities negative thing we
+call negative amen air pollution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call negative amen air pollution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call negative amen air pollution is
+negative amen so that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative amen so that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative amen so that's why it's
+negative okay then we use this to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay then we use this to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay then we use this to do and
+have a publish paper public house so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a publish paper public house so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a publish paper public house so
+that's kind of and I myself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of and I myself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of and I myself so
+interested in school not just because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in school not just because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in school not just because my
+son but I just want to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son but I just want to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son but I just want to understand the
+school premium in the housing price I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school premium in the housing price I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school premium in the housing price I
+did several papers using China data this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did several papers using China data this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did several papers using China data this
+is real data I estimated a good school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real data I estimated a good school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real data I estimated a good school
+district 8% price premium so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district 8% price premium so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district 8% price premium so that's my
+real paper so now all cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real paper so now all cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real paper so now all cities
+right I just want to showcase my paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just want to showcase my paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just want to showcase my paper
+you don't need to get into this so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to get into this so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to get into this so I
+just want to tell a story at first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to tell a story at first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to tell a story at first I
+didn't know how to do this when I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know how to do this when I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know how to do this when I came
+here 2005 as a visiting scholar I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 2005 as a visiting scholar I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 2005 as a visiting scholar I
+randomly run into a professor now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly run into a professor now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly run into a professor now
+professor as my co-author Michael author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor as my co-author Michael author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor as my co-author Michael author
+told me oh you cannot just look at real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me oh you cannot just look at real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me oh you cannot just look at real
+estate as a inside real estate real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate as a inside real estate real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate as a inside real estate real
+estate is very useful for other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate is very useful for other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate is very useful for other things
+starting other things using realate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting other things using realate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting other things using realate as a
+channel as a tool realate is a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel as a tool realate is a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel as a tool realate is a tool
+housing is the tool instead of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing is the tool instead of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing is the tool instead of your
+destination because people choose where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination because people choose where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination because people choose where
+to live where to work and where to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live where to work and where to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live where to work and where to play
+through real estate and many many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through real estate and many many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through real estate and many many things
+cannot observe you use real estate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot observe you use real estate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot observe you use real estate to
+back out people's really needs to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out people's really needs to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out people's really needs to pay
+for so many things I think good let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so many things I think good let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so many things I think good let's
+work together then we produce this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together then we produce this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together then we produce this paper
+and that paper using Beijing transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that paper using Beijing transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that paper using Beijing transaction
+data as many years ago when I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as many years ago when I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as many years ago when I was just
+graduate a student so I collect all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate a student so I collect all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate a student so I collect all the
+data sections with 920 transactions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sections with 920 transactions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sections with 920 transactions at
+that time I learned GIS at first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time I learned GIS at first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time I learned GIS at first I
+didn't know now I learn GIS g code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know now I learn GIS g code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know now I learn GIS g code is
+things that's um at that time and land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's um at that time and land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's um at that time and land
+and the subway and bus stop all call all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the subway and bus stop all call all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the subway and bus stop all call all
+subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subway
+stops crime high crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops crime high crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops crime high crime
+areas good schools good schools where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas good schools good schools where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas good schools good schools where is
+concentr that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentr that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentr that
+contact and major universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact and major universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact and major universities
+University also good right everyone want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University also good right everyone want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University also good right everyone want
+to live in a close then you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live in a close then you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live in a close then you have all
+this uh human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh human
+capital and the enironmental I me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and the enironmental I me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and the enironmental I me is
+like here this air pollution bad air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here this air pollution bad air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here this air pollution bad air
+pollution good air pollution and park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution good air pollution and park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution good air pollution and park
+big parks I collect all this I work day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big parks I collect all this I work day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big parks I collect all this I work day
+and night so that's something I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and night so that's something I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and night so that's something I want to
+tell another small story when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell another small story when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell another small story when I was
+young now I'm not that old but when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young now I'm not that old but when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young now I'm not that old but when I
+was relatively young I worked so hard on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was relatively young I worked so hard on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was relatively young I worked so hard on
+these things and I stay up very late to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and I stay up very late to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and I stay up very late to
+collect data J Code wrong regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data J Code wrong regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data J Code wrong regression
+and and I understand the honic and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I understand the honic and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I understand the honic and later
+when I become more senior as a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I become more senior as a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I become more senior as a professor
+I have my students I ask my student to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my students I ask my student to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my students I ask my student to
+do but I understand the r rational and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but I understand the r rational and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but I understand the r rational and
+why I tell this story because many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I tell this story because many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I tell this story because many of
+you you may think oh this is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you may think oh this is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you may think oh this is too
+technique I like oh I don't need to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique I like oh I don't need to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique I like oh I don't need to run
+regression I don't want to do the P set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression I don't want to do the P set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression I don't want to do the P set
+but when if you do the P set right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when if you do the P set right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when if you do the P set right now
+later becoming you become a senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later becoming you become a senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later becoming you become a senior
+manager or boss and uh you know how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager or boss and uh you know how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager or boss and uh you know how your
+employees are doing right you can point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees are doing right you can point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees are doing right you can point
+out oh you didn't consider this this OB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out oh you didn't consider this this OB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out oh you didn't consider this this OB
+varable did you consider fancy did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varable did you consider fancy did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varable did you consider fancy did you
+consider this and that this estimate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this and that this estimate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this and that this estimate is
+not right I know because back to MIT I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right I know because back to MIT I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right I know because back to MIT I
+learned that from C's class this apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that from C's class this apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that from C's class this apple
+to Apple comparison you are not doing IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Apple comparison you are not doing IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Apple comparison you are not doing IP
+web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web
+so now don't think that you later you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now don't think that you later you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now don't think that you later you
+will be so senior you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be so senior you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be so senior you don't need to
+understand this today you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this today you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this today you understand
+later you can advise your employees in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you can advise your employees in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you can advise your employees in
+high level so that's why I'm now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level so that's why I'm now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level so that's why I'm now I'm
+doing now I don't run those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now I don't run those kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now I don't run those kind of
+things but because I run this and I stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but because I run this and I stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but because I run this and I stay
+up late run this 20 years ago now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up late run this 20 years ago now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up late run this 20 years ago now I
+understand very well nobody no my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand very well nobody no my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand very well nobody no my
+student can cheat me everything point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student can cheat me everything point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student can cheat me everything point
+out so that's why I want you to do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that's why I want you to do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that's why I want you to do your
+pets okay at that time I was so Junior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets okay at that time I was so Junior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets okay at that time I was so Junior
+the other Professor so senior he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Professor so senior he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Professor so senior he said
+you run this you do this you do this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run this you do this you do this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run this you do this you do this I
+did and then I did this that's right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and then I did this that's right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and then I did this that's right you
+must go through that process right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must go through that process right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must go through that process right then
+I collect all the not that not that easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I collect all the not that not that easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I collect all the not that not that easy
+to get this data from China so I got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this data from China so I got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this data from China so I got all
+the data learn GS i g code I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data learn GS i g code I run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data learn GS i g code I run
+regression I learned at that time sta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression I learned at that time sta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression I learned at that time sta
+not R so I did this okay finally I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not R so I did this okay finally I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not R so I did this okay finally I'm not
+going to talk hard work I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk hard work I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk hard work I'm going to
+talk some fun stuff many of us we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk some fun stuff many of us we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk some fun stuff many of us we went
+to New York City uh with kyos and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to New York City uh with kyos and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to New York City uh with kyos and uh and
+we with there so many projects and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we with there so many projects and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we with there so many projects and uh I
+went there one night before because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went there one night before because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went there one night before because I
+didn't want to take the bus early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to take the bus early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to take the bus early
+morning so I went there early be the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so I went there early be the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so I went there early be the day
+before I enjoy uh some bway show and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I enjoy uh some bway show and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I enjoy uh some bway show and
+other things and the other morning I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and the other morning I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and the other morning I
+walked around I walked through this park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked around I walked through this park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked around I walked through this park
+I walked by this park because I I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I walked by this park because I I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I walked by this park because I I knew
+I'm going to study this and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to study this and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to study this and the other
+one is High Line right so some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is High Line right so some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is High Line right so some of you
+told me where is the Highland Park so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me where is the Highland Park so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me where is the Highland Park so I
+want to use this example so this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use this example so this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use this example so this uh
+brand Park is very close by to our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand Park is very close by to our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand Park is very close by to our first
+visit Rock fer Center and walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit Rock fer Center and walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit Rock fer Center and walk
+through and it's not always is fancy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and it's not always is fancy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and it's not always is fancy now
+it's fancy I I I I look through it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fancy I I I I look through it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fancy I I I I look through it now
+it's fancy but back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fancy but back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fancy but back
+to 1980s 1970s it was very poor poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1980s 1970s it was very poor poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1980s 1970s it was very poor poorly
+man the city run out of money New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man the city run out of money New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man the city run out of money New York
+City run all the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City run all the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City run all the money
+of maintaining all the parks in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maintaining all the parks in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maintaining all the parks in New York
+City they almost give up this park as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City they almost give up this park as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City they almost give up this park as
+that time crime and B uh uh drug drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time crime and B uh uh drug drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time crime and B uh uh drug drug
+trade and crime and all this trash all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and crime and all this trash all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and crime and all this trash all
+all over the place so that suffer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place so that suffer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place so that suffer so
+much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and
+then the city run out of money no money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the city run out of money no money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the city run out of money no money
+no public money they're going to give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no public money they're going to give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no public money they're going to give up
+then the people around communities those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the people around communities those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the people around communities those
+buildings those buildings the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings those buildings the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings those buildings the companies
+and some communities nearby they self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some communities nearby they self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some communities nearby they self
+organized together they they went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized together they they went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized together they they went to the
+government they negotiate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they negotiate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they negotiate with
+government say we can do this is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government say we can do this is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government say we can do this is okay
+you you you you you don't have money we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you you you don't have money we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you you you don't have money we
+are going to do they organized um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do they organized um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do they organized um
+restoration uh Association of this park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoration uh Association of this park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoration uh Association of this park
+and they collect money each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they collect money each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they collect money each one
+contribute a little bit into a pool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute a little bit into a pool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute a little bit into a pool and
+they get a 15E long-term lease from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a 15E long-term lease from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a 15E long-term lease from the
+government uh from the government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government uh from the government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government uh from the government and
+then later they turn to another five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later they turn to another five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later they turn to another five
+years and then they immediately shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then they immediately shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then they immediately shut
+down the park and they start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the park and they start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the park and they start the
+restoration they start Redevelopment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoration they start Redevelopment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoration they start Redevelopment of
+that and after 5 years reopen and become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and after 5 years reopen and become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and after 5 years reopen and become
+very good play very good place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good play very good place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good play very good place and
+people stay here winter shops and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stay here winter shops and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stay here winter shops and the
+summer all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer all this
+concert and then the nearby housing got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert and then the nearby housing got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert and then the nearby housing got
+appreciation so that's a way why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation so that's a way why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation so that's a way why this
+nearby there's a company called Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby there's a company called Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby there's a company called Green
+grease Building Company that's office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grease Building Company that's office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grease Building Company that's office
+building nearby at that time they put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building nearby at that time they put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building nearby at that time they put in
+how many million dollars I forgot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many million dollars I forgot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many million dollars I forgot the
+number in that pool with expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in that pool with expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in that pool with expectation
+later become a from netive Amity ugly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later become a from netive Amity ugly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later become a from netive Amity ugly to
+positive Community increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Community increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Community increase the
+appreciation value of the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation value of the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation value of the office
+building they get money back so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building they get money back so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building they get money back so that's
+why they are willing to put money first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they are willing to put money first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they are willing to put money first
+in so that's a that's rational uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that's a that's rational uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that's a that's rational uh not
+like all are philos philic but also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all are philos philic but also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all are philos philic but also this
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+apprecation and then they in during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprecation and then they in during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprecation and then they in during the
+recession do during the recession the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession do during the recession the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession do during the recession the
+financial crisis all my office buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis all my office buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis all my office buildings
+in Manhattan suffered but they kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Manhattan suffered but they kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Manhattan suffered but they kept
+right with higher occupancy rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with higher occupancy rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with higher occupancy rate and
+higher rent at that time so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rent at that time so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rent at that time so that's
+example of the private public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the private public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the private public
+partnership then they went to the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership then they went to the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership then they went to the city
+say we we continue to to rent to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we we continue to to rent to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we we continue to to rent to this
+park and we have our Civic group to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park and we have our Civic group to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park and we have our Civic group to run
+instead of using money and New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using money and New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using money and New York City
+learned this lesson from this park and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this lesson from this park and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this lesson from this park and
+then from that time they didn't put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from that time they didn't put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from that time they didn't put all
+their own money they always partner with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own money they always partner with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own money they always partner with
+a private sector group or the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a private sector group or the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a private sector group or the community
+group to do this maintenance I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to do this maintenance I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to do this maintenance I think
+many of us we went to New York City and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us we went to New York City and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us we went to New York City and
+uh and kyos brought us to five mixed use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and kyos brought us to five mixed use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and kyos brought us to five mixed use
+projects right remember and we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects right remember and we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects right remember and we know is
+mixed use projects always it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed use projects always it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed use projects always it's a
+collaboration between the government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration between the government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration between the government and
+the city uh between the city and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city uh between the city and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city uh between the city and the
+private developer and owner so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private developer and owner so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private developer and owner so that's
+that's way and then of course this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's way and then of course this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's way and then of course this is
+very clear and I think K mention a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear and I think K mention a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear and I think K mention a lot
+about this in through class if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in through class if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in through class if you are
+there but from my side I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but from my side I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but from my side I want you
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+scientific when you think about future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific when you think about future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific when you think about future
+in your mind no matter whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind no matter whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind no matter whether
+quantitative or quantitative your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative or quantitative your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative or quantitative your mind
+if you later become a decision maker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you later become a decision maker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you later become a decision maker
+whether there's some group come to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's some group come to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's some group come to you
+can you give us money to the pool and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give us money to the pool and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give us money to the pool and we
+will do this and that nearby Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do this and that nearby Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do this and that nearby Street
+Beauty Bey find nearby neighborhood then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beauty Bey find nearby neighborhood then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beauty Bey find nearby neighborhood then
+how much money you are going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money you are going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money you are going to give you
+estimate right in your mind you run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate right in your mind you run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate right in your mind you run a
+quick conceptual level hydronic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick conceptual level hydronic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick conceptual level hydronic model
+then okay the park here then the park is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay the park here then the park is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay the park here then the park is
+Green Park better Park that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Park better Park that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Park better Park that will
+increase my my property value by how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase my my property value by how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase my my property value by how
+much then I compare right even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much then I compare right even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much then I compare right even
+conceptual level that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual level that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual level that's important
+instead of a s oh even the park is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a s oh even the park is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a s oh even the park is
+nothing to do with me then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with me then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with me then that's
+basically in the business decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the business decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the business decision
+making I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making I did
+this this is like consultancy prodject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is like consultancy prodject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is like consultancy prodject
+when I was in China a city is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was in China a city is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was in China a city is going to
+build a Subway Network they going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a Subway Network they going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a Subway Network they going to
+partner with the private sector is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner with the private sector is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner with the private sector is H
+Kong Subway company to build the subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong Subway company to build the subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong Subway company to build the subway
+they want to understand how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to understand how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to understand how much money
+they're going to invest and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to invest and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to invest and how much
+money they want that Hong Kong company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they want that Hong Kong company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they want that Hong Kong company
+to invest they promise to the Hong Kong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest they promise to the Hong Kong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest they promise to the Hong Kong
+company if they build a Subway invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company if they build a Subway invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company if they build a Subway invest
+they will get some land around subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will get some land around subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will get some land around subway
+stations that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations that's called
+to if you invest a Hong Kong company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if you invest a Hong Kong company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if you invest a Hong Kong company
+invest money to build a Subway they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest money to build a Subway they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest money to build a Subway they get
+some land Parcels around and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some land Parcels around and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some land Parcels around and they can
+build a real estate later so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a real estate later so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a real estate later so so that's
+always the Hong Kong model of the subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the Hong Kong model of the subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the Hong Kong model of the subway
+building Subway construction then I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building Subway construction then I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building Subway construction then I say
+no problem honic master I run hydronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem honic master I run hydronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem honic master I run hydronic
+and I I tell them okay after the subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I tell them okay after the subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I tell them okay after the subway
+the Press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Press
+premium5 kilometer Circle 14% .5 to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium5 kilometer Circle 14% .5 to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium5 kilometer Circle 14% .5 to one
+7.5% we as ask me benefit this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.5% we as ask me benefit this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.5% we as ask me benefit this and I
+estimate if the Hong Kong company can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate if the Hong Kong company can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate if the Hong Kong company can
+get land puzzles around they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get land puzzles around they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get land puzzles around they can get
+benefit of what and then they oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of what and then they oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of what and then they oh
+understand the Hong Kong company you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the Hong Kong company you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the Hong Kong company you
+need to invest this money in this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to invest this money in this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to invest this money in this so
+that I can give you a real estate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can give you a real estate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can give you a real estate so
+that's a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a final
+way okay Highland Park at first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay Highland Park at first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay Highland Park at first I
+learned this from Google then I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this from Google then I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this from Google then I went to
+New York City you showed me Highland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City you showed me Highland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City you showed me Highland
+Park so that's that's a thing right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park so that's that's a thing right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park so that's that's a thing right at
+first it was relatively not that Dev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it was relatively not that Dev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it was relatively not that Dev
+that area uh in the uh West Chelsea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area uh in the uh West Chelsea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area uh in the uh West Chelsea
+right West Chelsea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right West Chelsea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right West Chelsea
+Manhattan some like L end uh shops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan some like L end uh shops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan some like L end uh shops
+around but some relatively middle to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but some relatively middle to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but some relatively middle to low
+income people they have small houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income people they have small houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income people they have small houses
+nearby the city upgrade to Highland Park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby the city upgrade to Highland Park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby the city upgrade to Highland Park
+and then think about wpp finally wpp we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then think about wpp finally wpp we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then think about wpp finally wpp we
+go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to
+wtp at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wtp at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wtp at
+first like this this blue line right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first like this this blue line right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first like this this blue line right
+this is Highland Park or any green space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Highland Park or any green space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Highland Park or any green space
+the blue line is willing to pay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue line is willing to pay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue line is willing to pay is
+closer pay higher the far away lower but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer pay higher the far away lower but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer pay higher the far away lower but
+because that that time it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that that time it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that that time it's just
+abandoned Railway not that good so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned Railway not that good so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned Railway not that good so it's
+very flat then the city invest money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very flat then the city invest money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very flat then the city invest money
+build this Highland Park and then become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this Highland Park and then become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this Highland Park and then become
+so fancy and then become the Richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fancy and then become the Richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fancy and then become the Richer
+household that we need to leave nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household that we need to leave nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household that we need to leave nearby
+and some hotels and uh restaurant nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some hotels and uh restaurant nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some hotels and uh restaurant nearby
+then when to pay this distance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when to pay this distance to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when to pay this distance to the
+Highland Park become like this so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highland Park become like this so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highland Park become like this so that's
+IR rational but think about the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IR rational but think about the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IR rational but think about the final
+angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental
+gentrification so the good thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentrification so the good thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentrification so the good thing is the
+city become beautiful Highland Park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city become beautiful Highland Park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city become beautiful Highland Park
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inevitably the red line rich people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably the red line rich people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably the red line rich people's
+willing to pay to be close much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay to be close much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay to be close much higher
+than the original residance they bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the original residance they bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the original residance they bought
+in they squeeze out they pushed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in they squeeze out they pushed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in they squeeze out they pushed out
+other so this called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so this called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so this called
+gentrification so it's always no free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentrification so it's always no free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentrification so it's always no free
+lunch if they're green I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch if they're green I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch if they're green I mean
+gentrification rich people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentrification rich people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentrification rich people who have
+higher WIS to pay occupy poor people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher WIS to pay occupy poor people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher WIS to pay occupy poor people
+move out from small shops into fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move out from small shops into fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move out from small shops into fancy
+restaurant hotel five star hotels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant hotel five star hotels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant hotel five star hotels so
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+debate later we can discuss this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate later we can discuss this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate later we can discuss this but
+that's a debate not like oh everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a debate not like oh everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a debate not like oh everything
+so good the invest the housing price go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good the invest the housing price go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good the invest the housing price go
+up if you go to this urban planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you go to this urban planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you go to this urban planning
+department you need to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department you need to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department you need to think about this
+gentrification okay so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentrification okay so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentrification okay so I think that
+that's how I made finish and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I made finish and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I made finish and I'm going
+to give this thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give this thank you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give this thank you so
+much and I will give to three people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and I will give to three people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and I will give to three people on
+the front line because I want you to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front line because I want you to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front line because I want you to sit
+front okay see you next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Vu_oF9tcjaA.txt b/Vu_oF9tcjaA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2f4f0b3be36ded61ab292d36ff59711393b374c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Vu_oF9tcjaA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're moving on no more linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving on no more linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving on no more linear algebra
+okay we're gonna try solving some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna try solving some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna try solving some more
+difficult problems of course all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problems of course all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problems of course all those
+problems will just be turned into linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems will just be turned into linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems will just be turned into linear
+algebra as we move on so your expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra as we move on so your expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra as we move on so your expertise
+now with different techniques from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with different techniques from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with different techniques from
+linear algebra is gonna going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra is gonna going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra is gonna going to come in
+handy the next section of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy the next section of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy the next section of this course
+we're going to talk about systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about systems of
+nonlinear equations and we'll transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations and we'll transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations and we'll transition
+into problems in optimization which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into problems in optimization which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into problems in optimization which it
+turns out look a lot like systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out look a lot like systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out look a lot like systems of
+nonlinear equations as well we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations as well we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations as well we'll try to
+leverage what we learn in the next two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage what we learn in the next two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage what we learn in the next two
+lectures to solve different optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures to solve different optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures to solve different optimization
+problems before going on I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems before going on I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems before going on I just want to
+recap right last time we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap right last time we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap right last time we talked about
+singular value decomposition just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition just like
+an eigenvalue decomposition for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenvalue decomposition for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenvalue decomposition for any
+matrix right and associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right and associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right and associated with that
+matrix are singular vectors left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix are singular vectors left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix are singular vectors left and
+right singular vectors and the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right singular vectors and the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right singular vectors and the singular
+values of that matrix your ta Kristen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that matrix your ta Kristen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that matrix your ta Kristen
+reminded me that you can use actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded me that you can use actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded me that you can use actually
+defined a condition number for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a condition number for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a condition number for any
+matrix as well the condition number we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as well the condition number we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as well the condition number we
+gave originally was associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave originally was associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave originally was associated with
+solving square systems of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving square systems of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving square systems of equations
+actually have a solution but there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a solution but there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a solution but there is a
+condition number associated with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number associated with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number associated with any
+matrix and it's defined in terms of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and it's defined in terms of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and it's defined in terms of its
+singular values so if you go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values so if you go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values so if you go back and
+look at the definition of the two norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the definition of the two norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the definition of the two norm
+you try to think about the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to think about the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to think about the condition
+number associated with the two norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number associated with the two norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number associated with the two norm
+you'll see that the condition number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the condition number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the condition number of
+any matrix maybe could be defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any matrix maybe could be defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any matrix maybe could be defined as the
+square root of the ratio of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the ratio of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the ratio of the biggest
+and the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the smallest
+singular values of that matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values of that matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values of that matrix so
+there's a condition number associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a condition number associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a condition number associated
+with any matrix the condition number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any matrix the condition number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any matrix the condition number is
+a entity makes most sense when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a entity makes most sense when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a entity makes most sense when we're
+thinking about how we amplify errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how we amplify errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how we amplify errors
+numerical errors solving systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical errors solving systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical errors solving systems of
+equations owns its most easily applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations owns its most easily applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations owns its most easily applied
+to square systems that actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square systems that actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square systems that actually have
+unique solutions but you can apply it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solutions but you can apply it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solutions but you can apply it to
+any system of equations you want and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any system of equations you want and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any system of equations you want and the
+singular value decomposition is one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition is one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition is one way
+to tap into that okay the last thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tap into that okay the last thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tap into that okay the last thing we
+did discussing linear algebra was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did discussing linear algebra was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did discussing linear algebra was to
+talk about iterative solutions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about iterative solutions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about iterative solutions the
+systems of linear equations and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of linear equations and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of linear equations and that's
+actually our hook into solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our hook into solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our hook into solutions to
+systems of nonlinear equations it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of nonlinear equations it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of nonlinear equations it's
+going to turn out that exact solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn out that exact solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn out that exact solutions
+are hard to come by for anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard to come by for anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard to come by for anything but
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+systems of equations and so we're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of equations and so we're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of equations and so we're always
+going to have these iterative algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have these iterative algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have these iterative algorithms
+where we refine initial guesses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we refine initial guesses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we refine initial guesses for
+solutions until we converge to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions until we converge to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions until we converge to something
+that's a solution to the problem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a solution to the problem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a solution to the problem that we
+wanted before and one question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted before and one question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted before and one question you
+should ask when you do these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should ask when you do these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should ask when you do these sorts of
+iterations is when do I stop right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations is when do I stop right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations is when do I stop right I
+don't know the exact solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the exact solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the exact solution to this
+problem I can't say I'm close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I can't say I'm close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I can't say I'm close enough
+what does close enough even mean so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does close enough even mean so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does close enough even mean so how
+do I decide to stop have any ideas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I decide to stop have any ideas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I decide to stop have any ideas or
+suggestions for how you might do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions for how you might do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions for how you might do that
+you've done some of this already in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done some of this already in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done some of this already in a
+homework assignment but what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignment but what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignment but what do you
+think how do you decide to stop yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is this is one suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is one suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is one suggestion
+right look at my current iteration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right look at my current iteration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right look at my current iteration and
+my next iteration and ask how far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next iteration and ask how far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next iteration and ask how far apart
+are these two numbers right if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two numbers right if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two numbers right if they're
+sufficiently far apart it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far apart it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far apart it seems like
+I've got some more steps to make before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some more steps to make before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some more steps to make before
+I converge to my solution and if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I converge to my solution and if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I converge to my solution and if they're
+sufficiently close together the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently close together the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently close together the steps
+I'm taking are small enough that I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking are small enough that I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking are small enough that I might
+be happy accepting this solution as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy accepting this solution as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy accepting this solution as a
+good approximation okay that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation okay that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation okay that's called
+the step norm criteria I'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step norm criteria I'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step norm criteria I'll give you a
+formalization of that later it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalization of that later it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalization of that later it's called
+the step norm criteria how big are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step norm criteria how big are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step norm criteria how big are the
+steps that I'm taking okay and are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that I'm taking okay and are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that I'm taking okay and are they
+sufficiently small that I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small that I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small that I don't care
+about any future steps okay another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any future steps okay another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any future steps okay another
+suggestion yeah yes yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion yeah yes yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion yeah yes yes yes
+yeah well I will show you a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I will show you a definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I will show you a definition
+of the step normal criteria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the step normal criteria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the step normal criteria that
+integrates both relative and absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates both relative and absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates both relative and absolute
+error into the definition and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error into the definition and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error into the definition and we'll see
+why okay one problem may be what if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay one problem may be what if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay one problem may be what if the
+solution I'm trying to converge to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'm trying to converge to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'm trying to converge to is
+zero right how do you define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right how do you define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right how do you define the
+relative error with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error with respect to the
+number zero right there isn't one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number zero right there isn't one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number zero right there isn't one
+there's only absolute error when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only absolute error when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only absolute error when you're
+trying to converge to zero so you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to converge to zero so you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to converge to zero so you may
+want to have some measure of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have some measure of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have some measure of both
+absolute and relative step size in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute and relative step size in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute and relative step size in order
+to determine whether your converged is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine whether your converged is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine whether your converged is
+that the only way to do it though have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only way to do it though have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only way to do it though have
+any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas
+alternative proposals for deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative proposals for deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative proposals for deciding
+convergence the residual okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence the residual okay what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence the residual okay what's the
+residual good okay so we asked how good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual good okay so we asked how good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual good okay so we asked how good
+a solution we can ask how good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution we can ask how good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution we can ask how good a
+solution is this value that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is this value that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is this value that we've
+converged to by putting it back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged to by putting it back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged to by putting it back into the
+original system of equations and asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original system of equations and asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original system of equations and asking
+how far out of balance are we right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far out of balance are we right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far out of balance are we right I
+take my best guess for a solution X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my best guess for a solution X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my best guess for a solution X I
+multiply it by a and I subtract B we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a and I subtract B we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a and I subtract B we
+call that the residual right and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the residual right and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the residual right and it's
+the residual sufficiently converged or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual sufficiently converged or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual sufficiently converged or
+not right if it's small enough in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right if it's small enough in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right if it's small enough in
+magnitude then we would say okay maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude then we would say okay maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude then we would say okay maybe
+we're sufficiently close to the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sufficiently close to the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sufficiently close to the solution
+right if it's too big then we say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's too big then we say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's too big then we say okay
+let's say iterate some more until we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say iterate some more until we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say iterate some more until we get
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+that is called the function norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called the function norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called the function norm
+criterion okay we're gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion okay we're gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion okay we're gonna talk about
+these in detail is applied to systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in detail is applied to systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in detail is applied to systems of
+nonlinear equations but the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations but the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations but the same
+criteria apply to all iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria apply to all iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria apply to all iterative
+processes neither specific preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes neither specific preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes neither specific preferred
+over the other you don't know the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the other you don't know the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the other you don't know the exact
+solution you have no way of measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you have no way of measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you have no way of measuring
+how close or far away you are from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close or far away you are from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close or far away you are from the
+exact solution so usually you use as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution so usually you use as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution so usually you use as
+many tools as possible to try to judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many tools as possible to try to judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many tools as possible to try to judge
+how good your approximation is but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good your approximation is but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good your approximation is but you
+don't know for certain okay what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know for certain okay what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know for certain okay what do you
+do when that's the case we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when that's the case we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when that's the case we haven't
+really talked about this in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talked about this in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talked about this in this class
+you have a problem you program it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a problem you program it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a problem you program it into a
+computer you get a solution is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you get a solution is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you get a solution is that the
+end of the story we just stop and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the story we just stop and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the story we just stop and you
+get a number back out and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a number back out and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a number back out and that's the
+answer how do you know you're right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer how do you know you're right how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer how do you know you're right how
+do you know we talked about numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know we talked about numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know we talked about numerical
+error every calculation as a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error every calculation as a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error every calculation as a numerical
+there how do you know you got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how do you know you got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how do you know you got the right
+answer what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah this is true so you plug you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah this is true so you plug you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah this is true so you plug you
+plug your solution back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug your solution back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug your solution back into the
+equation yes there's a how good a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yes there's a how good a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yes there's a how good a job
+does it do satisfying that but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do satisfying that but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do satisfying that but maybe
+this equation is relatively insensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is relatively insensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is relatively insensitive
+to the solution you provide maybe many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solution you provide maybe many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solution you provide maybe many
+solutions nearby look like they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions nearby look like they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions nearby look like they also
+satisfy the equation but those solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the equation but those solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the equation but those solutions
+are sufficiently far apart so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sufficiently far apart so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sufficiently far apart so how do
+okay okay okay so that that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay okay so that that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay okay so that that sort of
+physical reasoning is a good one in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical reasoning is a good one in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical reasoning is a good one in your
+in your transport class you'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your transport class you'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your transport class you'll talk
+about doing asymptotic expansions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing asymptotic expansions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing asymptotic expansions or
+asymptotic solutions to problems right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic solutions to problems right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic solutions to problems right
+solve the problem solve this complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem solve this complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem solve this complicated
+problem in a limit where it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a limit where it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a limit where it has some
+analytical solution and figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical solution and figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical solution and figure out how
+the solution scales with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution scales with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution scales with respect to
+different parameters right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters right so you can
+have an analytical solution that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an analytical solution that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an analytical solution that you
+compare against your numerical solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare against your numerical solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare against your numerical solution
+in certain limits you have experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain limits you have experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain limits you have experiments
+that you've done right experiment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've done right experiment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've done right experiment that's
+that's the reality right the computer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reality right the computer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reality right the computer is
+a fiction that's trying to model reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fiction that's trying to model reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fiction that's trying to model reality
+so you can compare your solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can compare your solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can compare your solution to
+experiments it could also solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it could also solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it could also solve the
+problem a bunch of different ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a bunch of different ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a bunch of different ways and
+see if all these answers converge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if all these answers converge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if all these answers converge in the
+same place right so we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place right so we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place right so we're going to talk
+about solving nonlinear equations we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solving nonlinear equations we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solving nonlinear equations we're
+going to need different initial guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need different initial guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need different initial guesses
+for these for our iterative methods we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these for our iterative methods we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these for our iterative methods we
+might try several different initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might try several different initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might try several different initial
+guesses and see what solutions we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses and see what solutions we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses and see what solutions we come
+up with right maybe maybe we converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with right maybe maybe we converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with right maybe maybe we converge
+all to the same solution or maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to the same solution or maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to the same solution or maybe this
+problem has some weird sensitivity in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem has some weird sensitivity in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem has some weird sensitivity in it
+and we got lots of different solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got lots of different solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got lots of different solutions
+that aren't coordinated with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't coordinated with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't coordinated with each other
+right one of the duties of someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of the duties of someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of the duties of someone who's
+using numerical methods to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using numerical methods to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using numerical methods to solve
+problems is to try to validate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is to try to validate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is to try to validate their
+result by solving it multiple times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result by solving it multiple times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result by solving it multiple times or
+multiple ways or comparing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways or comparing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways or comparing against
+experiment or against known analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or against known analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or against known analytical
+results in certain limits where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in certain limits where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in certain limits where the
+answer should be exact right but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer should be exact right but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer should be exact right but you
+have to you have to you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you have to you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you have to you can't just
+accept what the computer tells you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept what the computer tells you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept what the computer tells you right
+you have to validate it right against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to validate it right against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to validate it right against
+some sort of external external solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of external external solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of external external solution
+that you can compare with sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can compare with sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can compare with sometimes it's
+hard to come up with that solution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to come up with that solution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to come up with that solution but
+it's it's immensely important right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's immensely important right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's immensely important right we
+know every calculation can be an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every calculation can be an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every calculation can be an error
+and as we go on to more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we go on to more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we go on to more complicated
+problems it's even more important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's even more important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's even more important to
+validate things okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems of nonlinear equations these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of nonlinear equations these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of nonlinear equations these are
+problems of a type f of X equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of a type f of X equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of a type f of X equals zero
+okay where X is some vector of unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where X is some vector of unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where X is some vector of unknowns
+it has dimension N and F is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has dimension N and F is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has dimension N and F is a function
+that takes as input vectors of dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes as input vectors of dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes as input vectors of dimension
+N and gives an output a vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and gives an output a vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and gives an output a vector of
+dimension and it's a map from RN to RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and it's a map from RN to RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and it's a map from RN to RN
+but it's no longer necessarily a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's no longer necessarily a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's no longer necessarily a linear
+map it can be some nonlinear function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it can be some nonlinear function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it can be some nonlinear function of
+all the elements of this X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements of this X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements of this X and the
+solution to this equation a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation a particular
+solution of this equation X for which f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this equation X for which f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this equation X for which f
+of X equals 0 are called the roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X equals 0 are called the roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X equals 0 are called the roots of
+this vector valued function linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector valued function linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector valued function linear
+equations that are just represented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that are just represented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that are just represented in
+this form as ax minus B right ax minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form as ax minus B right ax minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form as ax minus B right ax minus B
+equals 0 is the same as the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is the same as the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is the same as the linear
+equations we were solving before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we were solving before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we were solving before so
+we're searching for the roots of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're searching for the roots of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're searching for the roots of these
+functions right common chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions right common chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions right common chemical
+engineering examples include equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering examples include equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering examples include equations
+of state often nonlinear in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of state often nonlinear in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of state often nonlinear in terms of the
+variables were interested in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were interested in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were interested in energy
+balances have lots of nonlinearities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances have lots of nonlinearities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances have lots of nonlinearities
+introduced into them right mass balances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced into them right mass balances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced into them right mass balances
+with nonlinear reactions ok or reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nonlinear reactions ok or reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nonlinear reactions ok or reactions
+that are non isothermal so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are non isothermal so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are non isothermal so their
+kinetics are sensitive to temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics are sensitive to temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics are sensitive to temperature
+and temperatures a variable we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperatures a variable we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperatures a variable we want to
+know right these sorts of nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right these sorts of nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right these sorts of nonlinear
+equations crop up all over the place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations crop up all over the place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations crop up all over the place and
+you want to be able to solve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to solve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to solve them
+reliably there's a simple simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably there's a simple simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably there's a simple simple example
+right the van der Waals equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the van der Waals equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the van der Waals equation of
+state here I've written it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state here I've written it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state here I've written it in terms of
+reduced pressure temperature and molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced pressure temperature and molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced pressure temperature and molar
+volume but nonetheless this is the van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but nonetheless this is the van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but nonetheless this is the van
+der Waals equation of state ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+der Waals equation of state ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+der Waals equation of state ok and
+somebody told you once that if I plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody told you once that if I plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody told you once that if I plot
+pressure versus molar volume for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure versus molar volume for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure versus molar volume for
+different temperatures right I may see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures right I may see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures right I may see
+that at a given pressure there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at a given pressure there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at a given pressure there could be
+just one root right one possible molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one root right one possible molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one root right one possible molar
+volume that satisfies the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that satisfies the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that satisfies the equation of
+state or it could be one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or it could be one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or it could be one two three
+potential roots right it turns out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential roots right it turns out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential roots right it turns out we
+don't know with nonlinear equations how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know with nonlinear equations how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know with nonlinear equations how
+many possible solutions there are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possible solutions there are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possible solutions there are we
+knew four linear equations I either had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew four linear equations I either had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew four linear equations I either had
+0 1 or an infinite number of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 or an infinite number of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 or an infinite number of solutions
+but with non linear equations in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with non linear equations in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with non linear equations in general
+there's no way to predict this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to predict this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to predict this problem
+can be transformed into a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be transformed into a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be transformed into a polynomial
+and polynomials are one of the few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polynomials are one of the few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polynomials are one of the few
+non-linear equations where we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear equations where we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear equations where we know how
+to bound the possible number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bound the possible number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bound the possible number of
+solutions so we can transform this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so we can transform this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so we can transform this
+nonlinear equation to the form I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation to the form I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation to the form I showed
+you just move 8/3 t to the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just move 8/3 t to the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just move 8/3 t to the other side of
+this equation we want to find the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation we want to find the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation we want to find the roots
+of this equation okay so possibly given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation okay so possibly given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation okay so possibly given
+pressure and temperature pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and temperature pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and temperature pressure and
+temperature find all the molar volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature find all the molar volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature find all the molar volumes
+that satisfy the equation of state this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfy the equation of state this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfy the equation of state this
+is actually overly simplified for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually overly simplified for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually overly simplified for a
+particular for the particular physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for the particular physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for the particular physical
+problem of looking at vapor liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of looking at vapor liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of looking at vapor liquid
+coexistence of a vanderwaal's fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence of a vanderwaal's fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence of a vanderwaal's fluid
+right you can't specify pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can't specify pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can't specify pressure and
+temperature independently right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature independently right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature independently right the
+saturation pressure the coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation pressure the coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation pressure the coexistence
+pressure depends on the temperatures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure depends on the temperatures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure depends on the temperatures is
+the Gibbs phase rule so actually right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gibbs phase rule so actually right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gibbs phase rule so actually right
+phase equilibria is made up of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase equilibria is made up of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase equilibria is made up of three
+parts right there's thermal equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts right there's thermal equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts right there's thermal equilibrium
+I'm gonna have two phases a gas and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have two phases a gas and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have two phases a gas and a
+liquid and they have to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and they have to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and they have to have the same
+temperature or the way they're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or the way they're not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or the way they're not in
+equilibrium there's got to be mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there's got to be mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there's got to be mechanical
+equilibrium at two phases a gas and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at two phases a gas and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at two phases a gas and a
+liquid they better have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid they better have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid they better have the same
+pressure otherwise one's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure otherwise one's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure otherwise one's gonna be
+pushing harder on the other one there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing harder on the other one there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing harder on the other one there'll
+be a motion that's not in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a motion that's not in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a motion that's not in equilibrium
+now you gotta have the same chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you gotta have the same chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you gotta have the same chemical
+potential right they have to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right they have to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right they have to be in
+chemical equilibrium right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium right so there
+can't be any net mass flux from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be any net mass flux from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be any net mass flux from one
+phase to another otherwise one phase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase to another otherwise one phase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase to another otherwise one phase is
+going to grow and the other is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to grow and the other is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to grow and the other is going to
+shrink they're not in equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink they're not in equilibrium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink they're not in equilibrium with
+each other so actually right the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so actually right the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so actually right the problem
+of determining vapor liquid coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of determining vapor liquid coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of determining vapor liquid coexistence
+in this vanderwaal's fluid involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this vanderwaal's fluid involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this vanderwaal's fluid involves
+satisfying a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying a number of different
+equations some of which are nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations some of which are nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations some of which are nonlinear
+and are constrained by the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are constrained by the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are constrained by the equation of
+state given the temperature there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state given the temperature there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state given the temperature there are
+three unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns
+the pressure and the molar volumes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure and the molar volumes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure and the molar volumes of
+the gas and the liquid and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas and the liquid and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas and the liquid and there are
+three nonlinear equations we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nonlinear equations we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nonlinear equations we have to
+solve two of those are the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve two of those are the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve two of those are the equation of
+State in the gas and the liquid Sean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State in the gas and the liquid Sean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State in the gas and the liquid Sean
+Gina second and the other is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gina second and the other is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gina second and the other is this
+Maxwell equal-area construction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell equal-area construction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell equal-area construction right
+which essentially says that the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially says that the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially says that the chemical
+potential in the two phases is equal R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in the two phases is equal R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in the two phases is equal R
+and this is one way of representing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one way of representing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one way of representing that
+so we have to solve this system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to solve this system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to solve this system of
+nonlinear equations for the saturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations for the saturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations for the saturation
+pressure the molar volume of the gas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the molar volume of the gas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the molar volume of the gas or
+vapor and the molar volume of the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor and the molar volume of the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor and the molar volume of the liquid
+and these are those equations here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are those equations here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are those equations here's the
+equation of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of State
+in the gasps here's the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gasps here's the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gasps here's the equation of
+state in the liquid and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in the liquid and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in the liquid and here's the
+Maxwell equal area construction right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell equal area construction right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell equal area construction right I
+have to find values of peace at V G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find values of peace at V G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find values of peace at V G and
+V o that satisfy all three equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V o that satisfy all three equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V o that satisfy all three equations
+there's not gonna be an analytical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not gonna be an analytical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not gonna be an analytical way
+to do this okay it has to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this okay it has to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this okay it has to be done
+numerically there's a simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically there's a simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically there's a simplification
+that I can make though okay so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can make though okay so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can make though okay so I can
+take that equal area construction and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that equal area construction and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that equal area construction and I
+can solve for P sat in terms of V G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for P sat in terms of V G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for P sat in terms of V G and
+V L and so that reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V L and so that reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V L and so that reduces the
+dimensionality these equations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality these equations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality these equations from
+three to two okay and when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to two okay and when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to two okay and when it's
+two-dimensional I can plot these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional I can plot these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional I can plot these things
+so that's helpful so let's plot f1 write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's helpful so let's plot f1 write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's helpful so let's plot f1 write
+the equation of state in the gas as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of state in the gas as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of state in the gas as a
+function of V G and V L okay where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of V G and V L okay where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of V G and V L okay where
+that's equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to zero
+that's this black curve here let's plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this black curve here let's plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this black curve here let's plot
+f2 the equation of state in the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 the equation of state in the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 the equation of state in the liquid
+as a function of V G and vo where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of V G and vo where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of V G and vo where that's
+equal to zero that's this blue curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero that's this blue curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero that's this blue curve
+here and the solutions are where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the solutions are where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the solutions are where these
+curves intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves intersect
+okay so we're seeking out these specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're seeking out these specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're seeking out these specific
+points graphically where these curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points graphically where these curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points graphically where these curves
+intersect where's this solution and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect where's this solution and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect where's this solution and that
+solution aren't the solutions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution aren't the solutions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution aren't the solutions were
+interested in all that would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in all that would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in all that would say that
+the molar volume of the gas is the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molar volume of the gas is the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molar volume of the gas is the gas
+and the liquid is the same that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the liquid is the same that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the liquid is the same that's not
+really phase separation we want these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really phase separation we want these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really phase separation we want these
+heterogeneous solutions out here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous solutions out here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous solutions out here so we
+need some methodology that can reliably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some methodology that can reliably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some methodology that can reliably
+take us to those solutions will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us to those solutions will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us to those solutions will see that
+that methodology the most reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that methodology the most reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that methodology the most reliable
+methodology and one of the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology and one of the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology and one of the ones that
+converges fastest to the solutions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges fastest to the solutions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges fastest to the solutions is
+called the newton-raphson method but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the newton-raphson method but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the newton-raphson method but
+even before we do that let's talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before we do that let's talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before we do that let's talk more
+about sort of the structure of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of the structure of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of the structure of systems
+of nonlinear equations and what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonlinear equations and what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonlinear equations and what sort of
+solutions we can expect this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we can expect this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we can expect this is this
+example makes sense to everyone we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example makes sense to everyone we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example makes sense to everyone we
+thought about this before maybe yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this before maybe yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this before maybe yeah so
+given a function which is a map from RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a function which is a map from RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a function which is a map from RN
+to RN find the special solution X star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to RN find the special solution X star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to RN find the special solution X star
+such that f of X star equals zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that f of X star equals zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that f of X star equals zero that's
+our task and there could be no solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our task and there could be no solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our task and there could be no solutions
+there could be 1/2 an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be 1/2 an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be 1/2 an infinite number of
+locally unique solutions and there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique solutions and there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique solutions and there could
+be an infinite number of solutions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an infinite number of solutions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an infinite number of solutions a
+solution is termed locally unique if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is termed locally unique if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is termed locally unique if I
+can wrap that solution by some ball of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wrap that solution by some ball of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wrap that solution by some ball of
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+which there are no other solutions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are no other solutions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are no other solutions that
+ball can be very very small but as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball can be very very small but as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball can be very very small but as long
+as I could wrap that solution in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I could wrap that solution in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I could wrap that solution in some
+Bala points which are not solutions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bala points which are not solutions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bala points which are not solutions we
+term that locally unique so consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that locally unique so consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that locally unique so consider the
+simple function f1 which depends on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple function f1 which depends on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple function f1 which depends on two
+variables X 1 and X 2 and f2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X 1 and X 2 and f2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X 1 and X 2 and f2 which
+depends on X 1 and X 2 equals 0 and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on X 1 and X 2 equals 0 and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on X 1 and X 2 equals 0 and I'm
+going to plot in the X 1 X 2 plane where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot in the X 1 X 2 plane where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot in the X 1 X 2 plane where
+F 1 and F 2 are equal to 0 so that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 1 and F 2 are equal to 0 so that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 1 and F 2 are equal to 0 so that these
+curves here and here we have a yoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves here and here we have a yoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves here and here we have a yoke
+locally unique solution we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique solution we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique solution we see the
+curves cross at exactly one point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves cross at exactly one point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves cross at exactly one point here
+you can see these two curves are tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these two curves are tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these two curves are tangent
+with each other right they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other right they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other right they could be
+coincident with each other over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident with each other over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident with each other over some
+finite distance in which case there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite distance in which case there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite distance in which case there's a
+lot of solutions that live on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of solutions that live on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of solutions that live on some
+locally locally tangent area or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally locally tangent area or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally locally tangent area or they
+could just touch in one point right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just touch in one point right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just touch in one point right so
+they may be tangent and solutions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be tangent and solutions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be tangent and solutions they
+are not locally unique or they may touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not locally unique or they may touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not locally unique or they may touch
+at one point and the solutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point and the solutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point and the solutions are
+there's one solution and it's locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one solution and it's locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one solution and it's locally
+unique there the reason why we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique there the reason why we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique there the reason why we talk
+about locally unique solutions is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about locally unique solutions is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about locally unique solutions is it's
+gonna be hard for a numerical method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be hard for a numerical method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be hard for a numerical method to
+find anything that's not locally unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find anything that's not locally unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find anything that's not locally unique
+in a reliable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a reliable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a reliable way
+okay locally unique solutions numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay locally unique solutions numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay locally unique solutions numerical
+methods can find very reliably but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods can find very reliably but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods can find very reliably but if
+they're not locally unique right my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not locally unique right my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not locally unique right my
+iterative method could converge to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative method could converge to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative method could converge to any
+one of these solutions that lives on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these solutions that lives on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these solutions that lives on
+this line any of these tangent points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line any of these tangent points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line any of these tangent points
+and I'm gonna have a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna have a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna have a hard time
+predicting which one it's gonna go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting which one it's gonna go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting which one it's gonna go to
+that's a problem if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem if you're trying to
+solve something reliably over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve something reliably over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve something reliably over and over
+again like converge to one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like converge to one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like converge to one of these
+solutions or another solution or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions or another solution or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions or another solution or another
+solution the data that comes out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the data that comes out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the data that comes out of that
+sort of process isn't going to be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of process isn't going to be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of process isn't going to be easy
+to interpret there's something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret there's something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret there's something called
+the inverse function theorem which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse function theorem which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse function theorem which says
+if f of X star is equal to 0 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f of X star is equal to 0 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f of X star is equal to 0 and the
+determinant of this matrix J which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this matrix J which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this matrix J which we
+call the Jacobian evaluated at X star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the Jacobian evaluated at X star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the Jacobian evaluated at X star is
+not equal to 0 then X star necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to 0 then X star necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to 0 then X star necessarily
+is a locally unique solution this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a locally unique solution this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a locally unique solution this is the
+inverse function theorem the Jacobian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function theorem the Jacobian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function theorem the Jacobian is
+a matrix of the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix of the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix of the partial
+derivatives of F different elements of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of F different elements of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of F different elements of F
+with respect to different elements of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to different elements of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to different elements of X
+so the first row of the Jacobian is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first row of the Jacobian is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first row of the Jacobian is the
+derivatives of the first element of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the first element of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the first element of F
+with respect to all of the elements of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to all of the elements of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to all of the elements of X
+and the other rows proceed accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other rows proceed accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other rows proceed accordingly
+if the determinant of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the determinant of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the determinant of this matrix
+evaluated at the solution is not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the solution is not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the solution is not equal
+to 0 then this solution is necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 then this solution is necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 then this solution is necessarily
+locally unique that's the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique that's the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique that's the inverse
+function theorem the Jacobian describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function theorem the Jacobian describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function theorem the Jacobian describes
+the rate of change of this vector valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of this vector valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of this vector valued
+function with respect to all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with respect to all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with respect to all of its
+independent variables and you may find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables and you may find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables and you may find
+that for some solutions the determinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some solutions the determinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some solutions the determinate
+the Jacobian is equal to 0 you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jacobian is equal to 0 you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jacobian is equal to 0 you can't
+really say what's going on there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say what's going on there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say what's going on there the
+solution may be locally unique it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution may be locally unique it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution may be locally unique it may
+not be locally unique I'm gonna provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be locally unique I'm gonna provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be locally unique I'm gonna provide
+you some examples of the second and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some examples of the second and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some examples of the second and most
+numerical methods are only going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical methods are only going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical methods are only going to find
+one of these local unique solutions at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these local unique solutions at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these local unique solutions at a
+time if we have some non local solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if we have some non local solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if we have some non local solutions
+that's that will cause us problems ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that will cause us problems ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that will cause us problems ok so
+we tend to want to work with functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to want to work with functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to want to work with functions
+that are at locally unique solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at locally unique solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at locally unique solutions to
+begin with okay here's an example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with okay here's an example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with okay here's an example right
+oh you have your notes so you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you have your notes so you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you have your notes so you know the
+formula for the Jacobian compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the Jacobian compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the Jacobian compute the
+Jacobian of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this function has a root at x 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this function has a root at x 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this function has a root at x 1
+equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+x 2 equals 0 we think graphically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 2 equals 0 we think graphically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 2 equals 0 we think graphically about
+what each of these little functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each of these little functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each of these little functions
+represents you would agree that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents you would agree that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents you would agree that that
+root is locally unique just one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root is locally unique just one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root is locally unique just one point
+where both elements of this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where both elements of this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where both elements of this vector
+valued function are equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued function are equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued function are equal to 0
+here's what the Jacobian of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what the Jacobian of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what the Jacobian of this
+function should be and so you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function should be and so you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function should be and so you take the
+derivative of the first element with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the first element with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the first element with
+respect to X 1 and then X 2 take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X 1 and then X 2 take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X 1 and then X 2 take the
+derivative the second element with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the second element with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the second element with
+respect to X 1 and then X 2 at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X 1 and then X 2 at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X 1 and then X 2 at the
+solution right at the root of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right at the root of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right at the root of this
+function where X 1 is 0 and X 2 is 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function where X 1 is 0 and X 2 is 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function where X 1 is 0 and X 2 is 0 the
+Jacobian matrix of zeros its determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix of zeros its determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix of zeros its determinant
+is 0 but the solution is locally unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 but the solution is locally unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 but the solution is locally unique
+ok the inverse function theorem only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok the inverse function theorem only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok the inverse function theorem only
+tells us about what happens when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us about what happens when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us about what happens when the
+determinant is not equal to 0 if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is not equal to 0 if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is not equal to 0 if the
+determinant is not 0 then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is not 0 then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is not 0 then we have a
+locally unique solution solution may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique solution solution may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique solution solution may be
+locally unique its determine it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique its determine it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique its determine it may be
+equal to 0 so make sense you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 so make sense you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 so make sense you see how
+that plays out ok there's a physical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plays out ok there's a physical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plays out ok there's a physical way
+to think about a geometric way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about a geometric way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about a geometric way to think
+about this inverse function theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this inverse function theorem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this inverse function theorem so
+think about the linear equation write f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the linear equation write f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the linear equation write f
+of X is ax minus b you can show and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is ax minus b you can show and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is ax minus b you can show and you
+should actually work through this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should actually work through this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should actually work through this that
+the Jacobian of this function is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jacobian of this function is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jacobian of this function is just
+the matrix a ok it says how the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a ok it says how the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a ok it says how the function
+changes with respect to small changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with respect to small changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with respect to small changes in
+X well that's just a right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well that's just a right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well that's just a right this is a
+linear function so the equation f of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function so the equation f of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function so the equation f of X
+equals 0 has a local unique solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 has a local unique solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 has a local unique solution
+when the determinant of the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the determinant of the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the determinant of the Jacobian
+which is the determinant of a is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the determinant of a is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the determinant of a is not
+equal to 0 but you already knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 but you already knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 but you already knew that
+right we already talked through linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we already talked through linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we already talked through linear
+algebra and so you know when this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and so you know when this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and so you know when this matrix
+a is singular then we can't invert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is singular then we can't invert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is singular then we can't invert the
+system of equations and find a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations and find a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations and find a unique
+solution in the first place so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in the first place so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in the first place so the
+inverse function theorem is nothing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function theorem is nothing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function theorem is nothing more
+than an extension of what we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an extension of what we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an extension of what we learned
+about when functions are and aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when functions are and aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when functions are and aren't
+invertible right because locally any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible right because locally any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible right because locally any
+solution when a is invertible in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution when a is invertible in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution when a is invertible in the
+neighborhood of f of X right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of f of X right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of f of X right in the
+neighborhood of a root of f of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of a root of f of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of a root of f of X
+we can often approximate the function as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can often approximate the function as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can often approximate the function as
+being linear okay we can treat it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linear okay we can treat it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linear okay we can treat it as
+though it's a system of linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's a system of linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's a system of linear equations
+very close to that root and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to that root and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to that root and then the
+things that we learn from linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we learn from linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we learn from linear algebra
+are inherited by these linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inherited by these linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inherited by these linearized
+solutions so here's this set of curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so here's this set of curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so here's this set of curves
+that I showed you before right near this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you before right near this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you before right near this
+root let's zoom in let's zoom in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root let's zoom in let's zoom in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root let's zoom in let's zoom in these
+lines look mostly straight it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines look mostly straight it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines look mostly straight it's like the
+place where two planes intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where two planes intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where two planes intersect
+intersect this X 1 X 2 plane they each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect this X 1 X 2 plane they each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect this X 1 X 2 plane they each
+intersect at a line and the crossing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect at a line and the crossing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect at a line and the crossing of
+those lines is the solution and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines is the solution and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines is the solution and it's
+locally unique because these two planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique because these two planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique because these two planes
+right span different subspaces here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right span different subspaces here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right span different subspaces here's
+the case where we may have non local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where we may have non local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where we may have non local
+uniqueness ice zoom in on this root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness ice zoom in on this root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness ice zoom in on this root and
+very close to this root well it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to this root well it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to this root well it's hard
+to tell maybe these two planes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell maybe these two planes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell maybe these two planes are
+coincident with each other and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident with each other and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident with each other and they
+intersect and form the same line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect and form the same line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect and form the same line in
+which case they may not be the locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case they may not be the locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case they may not be the locally
+unique maybe if i zoom in close enough I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique maybe if i zoom in close enough I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique maybe if i zoom in close enough I
+see no actually they have a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see no actually they have a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see no actually they have a slightly
+different orientation with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orientation with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orientation with respect to
+each other and there is a local locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and there is a local locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and there is a local locally
+unique solution there right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution there right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution there right it's
+difficult to tell here so these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to tell here so these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to tell here so these cases
+where the curves cross are easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the curves cross are easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the curves cross are easy to
+determine these are the ones that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine these are the ones that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine these are the ones that the
+inverse function theorem tells us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function theorem tells us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function theorem tells us about
+these ones are a little harder to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones are a little harder to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones are a little harder to work
+with so I mentioned that you can zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so I mentioned that you can zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so I mentioned that you can zoom in
+right look close to a root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right look close to a root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right look close to a root and
+approximate the function is linear this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the function is linear this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the function is linear this
+is a process called linearization right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process called linearization right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process called linearization right
+you learned this for 1d functions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned this for 1d functions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned this for 1d functions right
+f of X at a point X plus Delta X is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of X at a point X plus Delta X is f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of X at a point X plus Delta X is f of
+X plus it's derivative times Delta X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus it's derivative times Delta X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus it's derivative times Delta X and
+this will typically be valid right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will typically be valid right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will typically be valid right for
+reasonably well behaved functions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well behaved functions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well behaved functions this
+sort of a linearization is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a linearization is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a linearization is going to be
+valid as Delta X goes to 0 so as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid as Delta X goes to 0 so as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid as Delta X goes to 0 so as long as
+I haven't moved too far away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't moved too far away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't moved too far away from the
+point X right I can approximate my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point X right I can approximate my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point X right I can approximate my
+function in the neighborhood of X using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the neighborhood of X using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the neighborhood of X using
+this linearization it turns out the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linearization it turns out the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linearization it turns out the same
+thing is true for nonlinear functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is true for nonlinear functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is true for nonlinear functions
+ok so f of X plus Delta X is f of X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so f of X plus Delta X is f of X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so f of X plus Delta X is f of X plus
+well I need the derivatives of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I need the derivatives of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I need the derivatives of my
+function with respect to X and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with respect to X and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with respect to X and those
+derivatives are partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are partial
+Rivet is now because we're in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rivet is now because we're in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rivet is now because we're in higher
+dimensional spaces that's the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional spaces that's the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional spaces that's the Jacobian
+multiplied by this vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by this vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by this vector of
+displacements Delta X and this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements Delta X and this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements Delta X and this will
+typically be valid as long as the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically be valid as long as the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically be valid as long as the length
+of this Delta X is not too big right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Delta X is not too big right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Delta X is not too big right as
+long as I haven't moved too far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I haven't moved too far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I haven't moved too far away
+from the point I'm interested in f of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point I'm interested in f of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point I'm interested in f of X
+this will be a reasonably good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be a reasonably good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be a reasonably good
+approximation as long as our functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation as long as our functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation as long as our functions
+are well behaved right there's an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well behaved right there's an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well behaved right there's an error
+that's incurred in making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's incurred in making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's incurred in making these
+approximations and for a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and for a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and for a general
+function this well behaved that air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this well behaved that air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this well behaved that air is
+going to be order Delta x squared either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be order Delta x squared either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be order Delta x squared either
+in the 1d case or the multi-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1d case or the multi-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1d case or the multi-dimensional
+case and this sort of an expansion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and this sort of an expansion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and this sort of an expansion is
+just part of a Taylor expansion for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just part of a Taylor expansion for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just part of a Taylor expansion for each
+component of f of X so I take an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of f of X so I take an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of f of X so I take an element
+I of F I want to know its value at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of F I want to know its value at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of F I want to know its value at X
+plus Delta X that's its value at X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta X that's its value at X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta X that's its value at X plus
+the sum of partial derivatives of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of partial derivatives of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of partial derivatives of that
+element with respect to each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element with respect to each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element with respect to each of the
+elements of X times Delta X each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of X times Delta X each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of X times Delta X each of
+those Delta X's plus there's some higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Delta X's plus there's some higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Delta X's plus there's some higher
+order term in this Taylor expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term in this Taylor expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term in this Taylor expansion
+which is quadratic in Delta X instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quadratic in Delta X instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quadratic in Delta X instead
+there's a cubic term and so on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cubic term and so on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cubic term and so on these
+quadratic terms are what give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic terms are what give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic terms are what give rise to
+this order Delta x squared error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order Delta x squared error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this order Delta x squared error in
+higher dimensions we typically don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensions we typically don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensions we typically don't
+worry about these quadratic terms were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about these quadratic terms were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about these quadratic terms were
+pretty satisfied with linearization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty satisfied with linearization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty satisfied with linearization of
+our system of equations ok sometimes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system of equations ok sometimes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system of equations ok sometimes for
+1d nonlinear functions you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d nonlinear functions you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d nonlinear functions you can take
+advantage of knowing what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of knowing what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of knowing what these
+quadratic terms are to do some funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic terms are to do some funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic terms are to do some funny
+things but in in many dimensions usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but in in many dimensions usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but in in many dimensions usually
+don't use that usually you just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use that usually you just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use that usually you just think
+about linearizing the solution okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linearizing the solution okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linearizing the solution okay so
+if I know where the solution is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know where the solution is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know where the solution is if I
+know it's close if I can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's close if I can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's close if I can figure out
+points that are close to the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are close to the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are close to the solution
+then I can linearize the function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can linearize the function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can linearize the function in
+that neighborhood I can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neighborhood I can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neighborhood I can find the
+solution to the linearized equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the linearized equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the linearized equation
+instead that's going to be suitably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead that's going to be suitably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead that's going to be suitably
+close to the exact solution that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the exact solution that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the exact solution that makes
+sense non-linear equations like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense non-linear equations like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense non-linear equations like I said
+are solved iteratively ok which means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solved iteratively ok which means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solved iteratively ok which means we
+make a map an algorithmic map which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a map an algorithmic map which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a map an algorithmic map which
+takes some value X I and generates some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some value X I and generates some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some value X I and generates some
+new value X I plus 1 which is a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new value X I plus 1 which is a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new value X I plus 1 which is a better
+approximation for the solution we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for the solution we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for the solution we're
+after and we designed the map so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and we designed the map so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and we designed the map so that
+the root X star is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root X star is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root X star is what
+it's called a fixed point of the map so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a fixed point of the map so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a fixed point of the map so
+if I put X star in on this side I get X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put X star in on this side I get X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put X star in on this side I get X
+star in on the other side right by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star in on the other side right by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star in on the other side right by
+design the root is a fixed point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the root is a fixed point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the root is a fixed point of the
+map the map may converge or it may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map the map may converge or it may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map the map may converge or it may not
+converge but the root is a fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge but the root is a fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge but the root is a fixed point
+and we'll stop iterating when the map is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll stop iterating when the map is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll stop iterating when the map is
+sufficiently converged you guys came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently converged you guys came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently converged you guys came up
+with two different criteria for stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two different criteria for stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two different criteria for stopping
+one is called the function norm criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called the function norm criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called the function norm criteria
+I look at how big my function is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at how big my function is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at how big my function is okay
+I'm trying to find the place where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to find the place where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to find the place where the
+function is equal to zero so I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to zero so I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to zero so I look at
+how big in the normed space my function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big in the normed space my function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big in the normed space my function
+is for my current best solution and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for my current best solution and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for my current best solution and ask
+is it smaller than some tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it smaller than some tolerance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it smaller than some tolerance
+epsilon if it is I say well my function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon if it is I say well my function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon if it is I say well my function
+is sufficiently close to zero right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently close to zero right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently close to zero right I'm
+happy with this solution right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with this solution right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with this solution right the
+solution is close enough to satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is close enough to satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is close enough to satisfying
+the original equation that I'll accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original equation that I'll accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original equation that I'll accept
+it and I stop the other criteria is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I stop the other criteria is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I stop the other criteria is
+called the step norm criteria I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the step norm criteria I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the step norm criteria I look at
+two successive approximations for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two successive approximations for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two successive approximations for the
+solution I take their difference right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I take their difference right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I take their difference right
+and ask it's the norm of that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask it's the norm of that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask it's the norm of that difference
+smaller than either some absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than either some absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than either some absolute
+tolerance okay or some relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance okay or some relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance okay or some relative
+tolerance multiplied by the norm of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance multiplied by the norm of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance multiplied by the norm of my
+current solution so if suppose X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current solution so if suppose X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current solution so if suppose X is a
+large number okay right the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number okay right the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number okay right the spacing
+between these X's may be quite big but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these X's may be quite big but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these X's may be quite big but
+the relative spacing may actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative spacing may actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative spacing may actually be
+quite small right and if the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small right and if the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small right and if the relative
+spacing is small enough you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing is small enough you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing is small enough you might say
+well this is sufficiently converged okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is sufficiently converged okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is sufficiently converged okay
+and so that's where this relative error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's where this relative error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's where this relative error
+relative error tolerance comes into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error tolerance comes into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error tolerance comes into play
+in the step norm criteria suppose X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the step norm criteria suppose X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the step norm criteria suppose X is a
+small number close to zero instead right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number close to zero instead right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number close to zero instead right
+these steps may be very tiny okay these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps may be very tiny okay these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps may be very tiny okay these
+steps may be quite tiny all right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps may be quite tiny all right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps may be quite tiny all right they
+may satisfy this relative error criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may satisfy this relative error criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may satisfy this relative error criteria
+quite well but you may want to put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well but you may want to put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well but you may want to put some
+absolute tolerance on how far these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute tolerance on how far these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute tolerance on how far these
+steps are before you stop instead right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are before you stop instead right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are before you stop instead right
+because these X's may be small in and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these X's may be small in and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these X's may be small in and of
+themselves and so this one is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and so this one is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and so this one is easy to
+satisfy but this one becomes harder so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy but this one becomes harder so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy but this one becomes harder so
+you usually use both of these right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually use both of these right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually use both of these right
+sometimes you have solutions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have solutions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have solutions that are
+converging towards small numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging towards small numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging towards small numbers and
+then the absolute error tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the absolute error tolerance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the absolute error tolerance
+becomes important sometimes you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes important sometimes you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes important sometimes you have
+solutions that are converging towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that are converging towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that are converging towards
+large numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers
+and so the relative error tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the relative error tolerance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the relative error tolerance
+becomes important that make sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes important that make sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes important that make sense you
+can't just use this one or just use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just use this one or just use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just use this one or just use that
+when you typically like to use all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you typically like to use all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you typically like to use all of
+these right because they can fail how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right because they can fail how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right because they can fail how
+does the function norm criterion fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the function norm criterion fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the function norm criterion fail
+right here's an example where I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's an example where I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's an example where I'm taking
+some iterations some approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some iterations some approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some iterations some approximate
+solutions that are headed towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that are headed towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that are headed towards the
+actual root of this function and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual root of this function and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual root of this function and at some
+point right I find that this solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right I find that this solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right I find that this solution is
+within epsilon of zero and so I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within epsilon of zero and so I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within epsilon of zero and so I'd like
+to accept this solution but graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept this solution but graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept this solution but graphically
+it looks like it's very far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's very far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's very far away from
+the root right so this is a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root right so this is a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root right so this is a case where
+the function has a very shallow slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function has a very shallow slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function has a very shallow slope
+right it's a very shallow slope and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a very shallow slope and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a very shallow slope and the
+function normal criteria not so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function normal criteria not so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function normal criteria not so good
+really okay I called this a solution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really okay I called this a solution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really okay I called this a solution but
+it's quite a ways away from star so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite a ways away from star so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite a ways away from star so
+sometimes it's going to work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's going to work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's going to work but
+sometimes it's not going to work right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's not going to work right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's not going to work right
+here's the step norm criteria right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the step norm criteria right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the step norm criteria right here
+I have a function I'm nowhere near a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a function I'm nowhere near a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a function I'm nowhere near a
+root right I have no idea where I am on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root right I have no idea where I am on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root right I have no idea where I am on
+this function I don't know what value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function I don't know what value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function I don't know what value
+this function has but my steps suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function has but my steps suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function has but my steps suddenly
+got small enough that they're smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got small enough that they're smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got small enough that they're smaller
+than this absolute tolerance so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this absolute tolerance so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this absolute tolerance so they're
+smaller than the relative error taller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the relative error taller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the relative error taller
+so I might say okay let's stop right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I might say okay let's stop right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I might say okay let's stop right I'm
+not taking very very large steps anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking very very large steps anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking very very large steps anymore
+this seems like a good place to quit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like a good place to quit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like a good place to quit but
+actually my function just after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my function just after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my function just after this
+didn't go to zero at all it curved up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go to zero at all it curved up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go to zero at all it curved up
+and went the other way there's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went the other way there's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went the other way there's not even
+a solution nearby okay so both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution nearby okay so both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution nearby okay so both of these
+things can fail and we try to use both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can fail and we try to use both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can fail and we try to use both
+of them instead to evaluate whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them instead to evaluate whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them instead to evaluate whether we
+have a reasonable solution to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reasonable solution to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reasonable solution to our
+non-linear equation or not make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear equation or not make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear equation or not make sense
+okay there any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there any questions about that
+before you go on no we also talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go on no we also talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go on no we also talked
+oftentimes about the rate of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes about the rate of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes about the rate of convergence
+of the iterative process that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the iterative process that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the iterative process that we're
+using right might say converges linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using right might say converges linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using right might say converges linearly
+or quadratically and the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or quadratically and the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or quadratically and the rate of
+convergence is always assessed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is always assessed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is always assessed by
+looking at the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successive well we look at the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive well we look at the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive well we look at the ratio of
+differences for successive approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences for successive approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences for successive approximation
+so here's the difference between my best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the difference between my best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the difference between my best
+approximation step I plus one minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation step I plus one minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation step I plus one minus the
+exact solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution
+gnorm / my best approximation is step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnorm / my best approximation is step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnorm / my best approximation is step by
+- the exact solution normed and raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- the exact solution normed and raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- the exact solution normed and raised
+to some power Q and as I go to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some power Q and as I go to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some power Q and as I go to very
+large numbers of iterations I this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers of iterations I this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers of iterations I this limit
+should be an eye I apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be an eye I apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be an eye I apologize
+it'll fix that in the in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll fix that in the in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll fix that in the in the notes
+online but this limit should be I is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online but this limit should be I is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online but this limit should be I is I
+the number of steps gets very large this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of steps gets very large this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of steps gets very large this
+ratio should converge to some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio should converge to some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio should converge to some constant
+and the ratio will converge to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ratio will converge to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ratio will converge to a
+constant when I choose the right power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant when I choose the right power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant when I choose the right power
+of Q here so when this limit exists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q here so when this limit exists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q here so when this limit exists and
+it doesn't go to zero right we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't go to zero right we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't go to zero right we can
+identify what sort of convergence we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what sort of convergence we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what sort of convergence we get
+so if Q equals 1 and C is smaller than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if Q equals 1 and C is smaller than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if Q equals 1 and C is smaller than 1
+we say the convergence is linear what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say the convergence is linear what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say the convergence is linear what is
+that saying really this top step here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that saying really this top step here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that saying really this top step here is
+the absolute error in approximation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute error in approximation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute error in approximation I
+plus 1 this bottom step here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 this bottom step here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 this bottom step here is the
+absolute error in step I remember Q is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute error in step I remember Q is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute error in step I remember Q is 1
+for linear convergence so the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear convergence so the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear convergence so the ratio of
+absolute errors as long as that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute errors as long as that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute errors as long as that's less
+than 1 right I'm converging I'm moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 right I'm converging I'm moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 right I'm converging I'm moving
+my way towards the solution right and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way towards the solution right and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way towards the solution right and we
+say that rate is linear if C is 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that rate is linear if C is 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that rate is linear if C is 10 to
+the minus 1 then each iteration will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 1 then each iteration will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 1 then each iteration will be
+one digit more accurate than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one digit more accurate than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one digit more accurate than the
+previous one right the absolute error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one right the absolute error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one right the absolute error
+will be 10 times smaller in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 10 times smaller in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 10 times smaller in the next
+iteration versus the previous one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration versus the previous one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration versus the previous one that
+would be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great
+usually C isn't that small okay if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually C isn't that small okay if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually C isn't that small okay if this
+power for which this limit exists q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for which this limit exists q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for which this limit exists q is
+bigger than 1 we say the convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 1 we say the convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 1 we say the convergence is
+super linear if Q is 2 which we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super linear if Q is 2 which we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super linear if Q is 2 which we'll see
+is something that results from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that results from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that results from the
+newton-raphson method then we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson method then we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson method then we say
+convergence is quadratic what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is quadratic what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is quadratic what that means
+is the number of accurate digits in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of accurate digits in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of accurate digits in my
+solution will actually double with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will actually double with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will actually double with each
+iteration linear with sequels sequels 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration linear with sequels sequels 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration linear with sequels sequels 10
+to the minus 1 I get one digit per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 1 I get one digit per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 1 I get one digit per
+iteration quadratic i double the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration quadratic i double the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration quadratic i double the number
+of digits per iteration I have one digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digits per iteration I have one digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digits per iteration I have one digit
+on one iteration I get to the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one iteration I get to the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one iteration I get to the next one
+and for the next one and eight the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the next one and eight the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the next one and eight the next
+one so quadratic convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so quadratic convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so quadratic convergence is
+marvellous right linear convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvellous right linear convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvellous right linear convergence
+that's that's okay that's about that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's okay that's about that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's okay that's about that's
+the minimum you'd be willing to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum you'd be willing to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum you'd be willing to accept
+quadratic convergence is great so we aim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic convergence is great so we aim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic convergence is great so we aim
+for methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for methods
+try to have these higher higher-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to have these higher higher-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to have these higher higher-order
+convergences so you really quickly get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergences so you really quickly get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergences so you really quickly get
+highly accurate solutions you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly accurate solutions you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly accurate solutions you can go
+back and look at your notes and see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at your notes and see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at your notes and see that
+the Jacobi method in the Gauss Seidel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jacobi method in the Gauss Seidel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jacobi method in the Gauss Seidel
+method will show linear convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method will show linear convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method will show linear convergence
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+okay there are linear methods just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are linear methods just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are linear methods just make
+sense okay okay so I meant to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay okay so I meant to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay okay so I meant to mention
+Newton rafts and hopefully somebody at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton rafts and hopefully somebody at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton rafts and hopefully somebody at
+some point told you about the newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point told you about the newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point told you about the newton
+raphson method for solving at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raphson method for solving at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raphson method for solving at least one
+dimensional nonlinear equations it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional nonlinear equations it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional nonlinear equations it goes
+like this though right you say I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this though right you say I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this though right you say I guess
+my solution is close to the screen point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my solution is close to the screen point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my solution is close to the screen point
+here let me linearize my function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me linearize my function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me linearize my function at
+that point and find where that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point and find where that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point and find where that linear
+approximation has a root which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation has a root which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation has a root which is this
+next screen point and then repeat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next screen point and then repeat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next screen point and then repeat that
+process here I find the linearization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here I find the linearization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here I find the linearization of
+my function this pink arrow I look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function this pink arrow I look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function this pink arrow I look for
+where that linear function has a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that linear function has a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that linear function has a root
+and that's my next best approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my next best approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my next best approximation
+and I repeat this process over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I repeat this process over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I repeat this process over and over
+and it will reliably under certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will reliably under certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will reliably under certain
+circumstances converge to the root what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances converge to the root what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances converge to the root what
+does that look like in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look like in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look like in terms of
+equations so I linearized my function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so I linearized my function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so I linearized my function
+right so I want to approximate f of X at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I want to approximate f of X at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I want to approximate f of X at
+I plus 1 in terms of f of X at I so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus 1 in terms of f of X at I so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus 1 in terms of f of X at I so it's
+f of X at I plus the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of X at I plus the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of X at I plus the derivative
+multiplied by the difference between X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the difference between X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the difference between X I
+plus 1 and X I and I say find the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and X I and I say find the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and X I and I say find the place
+where this approximation is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this approximation is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this approximation is equal to 0
+and determine what the next point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and determine what the next point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and determine what the next point that
+I'm gonna use to approximate my solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna use to approximate my solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna use to approximate my solution
+is so I solve for X I plus 1 in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I solve for X I plus 1 in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I solve for X I plus 1 in terms of
+X I how big of a step do I take from X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I how big of a step do I take from X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I how big of a step do I take from X I
+to exile and it's this big it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exile and it's this big it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exile and it's this big it's the
+ratio of the function to its derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the function to its derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the function to its derivative
+at X I ok the derivative does a job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X I ok the derivative does a job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X I ok the derivative does a job of
+telling me which direction I should step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me which direction I should step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me which direction I should step
+in right derivative gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right derivative gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right derivative gives me
+directionality and this ratio here tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality and this ratio here tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality and this ratio here tells
+me the magnitude of the step okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the magnitude of the step okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the magnitude of the step okay the
+magnitudes you know they're not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes you know they're not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes you know they're not very
+good oftentimes because these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oftentimes because these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oftentimes because these functions
+that we're trying to solve aren't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to solve aren't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to solve aren't very
+linear right usually they're highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear right usually they're highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear right usually they're highly
+nonlinear what's really helpful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear what's really helpful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear what's really helpful is
+getting the direction right right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the direction right right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the direction right right you
+could go right you could go left only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go right you could go left only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go right you could go left only
+one of those ways is getting you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those ways is getting you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those ways is getting you to the
+right newton-raphson has this advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right newton-raphson has this advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right newton-raphson has this advantage
+it always points you in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always points you in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always points you in the right
+direction okay so you can do this in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so you can do this in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so you can do this in any
+number of dimensions not just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dimensions not just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dimensions not just one
+dimension right so you can approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension right so you can approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension right so you can approximate
+your function is linear f of X I plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function is linear f of X I plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function is linear f of X I plus 1
+is approximately zero and then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately zero and then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately zero and then let's
+take our linearized version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our linearized version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our linearized version of the
+function and let's find ok where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and let's find ok where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and let's find ok where it's
+equal to zero sometimes what's done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero sometimes what's done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero sometimes what's done is
+to replace this difference X I plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace this difference X I plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace this difference X I plus 1
+minus X I with an unknown vector D I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X I with an unknown vector D I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X I with an unknown vector D I
+right which is the step size how big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is the step size how big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is the step size how big a
+step am I going to take from xi2 xin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step am I going to take from xi2 xin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step am I going to take from xi2 xin and
+so we solved this equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we solved this equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we solved this equation for the
+displacement D I right move F to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement D I right move F to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement D I right move F to the
+other side so you Cobian x di is minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so you Cobian x di is minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so you Cobian x di is minus f
+and solve di is Jacobian inverse times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve di is Jacobian inverse times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve di is Jacobian inverse times
+up it's just a system of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's just a system of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's just a system of linear
+equations now we know our step size so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations now we know our step size so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations now we know our step size so X
+I plus 1 is X I plus D or X I plus 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus 1 is X I plus D or X I plus 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus 1 is X I plus D or X I plus 1 is
+X I - Jacobian inverse times how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I - Jacobian inverse times how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I - Jacobian inverse times how the
+inverse of the Jacobian plays the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the Jacobian plays the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the Jacobian plays the same
+role is 1 over the derivative right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is 1 over the derivative right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is 1 over the derivative right it's
+telling us what direction to step in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us what direction to step in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us what direction to step in in
+this multi-dimensional space and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multi-dimensional space and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multi-dimensional space and this
+solution to the system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the system of equations
+right is giving us a magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is giving us a magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is giving us a magnitude of the
+step that's good not great but is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that's good not great but is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that's good not great but is taking
+us closer and closer to the root so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us closer and closer to the root so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us closer and closer to the root so this
+is the newton-raphson method applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the newton-raphson method applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the newton-raphson method applied to
+the system of nonlinear equations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system of nonlinear equations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system of nonlinear equations this
+is really the way you want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the way you want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the way you want to solve
+these sorts of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of problems
+it doesn't always work right things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't always work right things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't always work right things can
+go wrong what sorts of things go wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go wrong what sorts of things go wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go wrong what sorts of things go wrong
+here can you guess yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is good so in the 1d problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is good so in the 1d problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is good so in the 1d problem
+sometimes the newton-raphson method can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the newton-raphson method can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the newton-raphson method can
+get stuck okay so it won't have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck okay so it won't have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck okay so it won't have good
+necessarily global convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily global convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily global convergence
+properties if you have a bad initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties if you have a bad initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties if you have a bad initial
+guess it might get stuck someplace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it might get stuck someplace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it might get stuck someplace and
+the idiots won't converge that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idiots won't converge that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idiots won't converge that can be
+true what else can go wrong go ahead so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what else can go wrong go ahead so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what else can go wrong go ahead so
+if your derivative is zero that's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your derivative is zero that's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your derivative is zero that's gonna
+be problematic what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be problematic what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be problematic what's the
+multi-dimensional equivalent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional equivalent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional equivalent of the
+derivative being zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative being zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative being zero
+what's that singular Jacobian right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that singular Jacobian right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that singular Jacobian right so
+if this J the Jacobian has some null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this J the Jacobian has some null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this J the Jacobian has some null
+space associated with it how am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space associated with it how am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space associated with it how am I
+supposed to figure out what direction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to figure out what direction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to figure out what direction to
+step in right there's some arbitrariness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in right there's some arbitrariness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in right there's some arbitrariness
+associated with the solution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the solution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the solution of this
+system of equations okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations okay so the
+derivative is zero and the 1d example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is zero and the 1d example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is zero and the 1d example
+that's a problem right that problem gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem right that problem gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem right that problem gets
+a little fuzzier but it's still a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little fuzzier but it's still a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little fuzzier but it's still a big
+problem when we try to solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when we try to solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when we try to solve for the
+step size or the step the newton-raphson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size or the step the newton-raphson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size or the step the newton-raphson
+stuff okay you may not be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay you may not be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay you may not be able to do
+this okay you don't run into this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay you don't run into this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay you don't run into this very
+often but you can from time to time one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but you can from time to time one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but you can from time to time one
+place where this is gonna happen is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where this is gonna happen is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where this is gonna happen is if
+we have an on locally unique solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an on locally unique solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an on locally unique solution
+right when we have one of those we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when we have one of those we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when we have one of those we know
+the determinant of the Jacobian at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the Jacobian at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the Jacobian at that
+point is going to be zero if we're close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is going to be zero if we're close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is going to be zero if we're close
+to those solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those solutions
+well the determine of the Jacobian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the determine of the Jacobian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the determine of the Jacobian is
+going to be close to zero right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be close to zero right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be close to zero right you
+might expect that the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect that the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect that the system of
+equations you have to solve becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you have to solve becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you have to solve becomes
+ill-conditioned right so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-conditioned right so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-conditioned right so even though
+there there may be an exact solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there may be an exact solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there may be an exact solution for
+all the steps leading up to that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the steps leading up to that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the steps leading up to that point
+the equations may become ill-conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations may become ill-conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations may become ill-conditioned
+you may not be able to reliably find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not be able to reliably find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not be able to reliably find
+those solutions with your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those solutions with your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those solutions with your computer
+either right so then these steps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either right so then these steps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either right so then these steps you
+take well who knows where they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take well who knows where they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take well who knows where they're going
+at that point right it's gonna be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point right it's gonna be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point right it's gonna be easy
+it's gonna be crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be crazy
+there are ways of fixing all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways of fixing all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways of fixing all of these
+problems let's do an example this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems let's do an example this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems let's do an example this is a
+geometry example but you can write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry example but you can write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry example but you can write it as
+a system of nonlinear equations as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of nonlinear equations as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of nonlinear equations as well
+so we have two circles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two circles okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two circles okay
+circle f 1 circle f 2 in the X 1 X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle f 1 circle f 2 in the X 1 X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle f 1 circle f 2 in the X 1 X 2
+plane they satisfy the if these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane they satisfy the if these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane they satisfy the if these are the
+locus of points that satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus of points that satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus of points that satisfy the
+equation F 1 of X 1 and X 2 equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation F 1 of X 1 and X 2 equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation F 1 of X 1 and X 2 equals 0
+this is the equation for one circle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation for one circle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation for one circle this
+is the equation for the other circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equation for the other circle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equation for the other circle and
+we want this solution we want the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want this solution we want the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want this solution we want the roots
+of this vector-valued function f for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vector-valued function f for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vector-valued function f for
+vector-valued X and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector-valued X and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector-valued X and those are the
+intercepts between these two circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepts between these two circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepts between these two circles
+you're gonna do it using newton-raphson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna do it using newton-raphson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna do it using newton-raphson
+okay so you're going to need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're going to need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're going to need to know the
+Jacobian so compute the Jacobian of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian so compute the Jacobian of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian so compute the Jacobian of this
+function this is practice right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is practice right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is practice right maybe
+most of you know how to compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you know how to compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you know how to compute a
+Jacobian but some people haven't done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian but some people haven't done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian but some people haven't done it
+before so it's always good to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so it's always good to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so it's always good to make sure
+you remember that the first row the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that the first row the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that the first row the
+Jacobian is the derivatives of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian is the derivatives of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian is the derivatives of the first
+element of F and later rows or later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of F and later rows or later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of F and later rows or later
+elements you don't want the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements you don't want the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements you don't want the transpose of
+the Jacobian then it won't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so it should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so it should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so it should look
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+there's your Jacobian the numeration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your Jacobian the numeration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your Jacobian the numeration
+process tells us how to take steps from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process tells us how to take steps from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process tells us how to take steps from
+one approximation to the next right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one approximation to the next right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one approximation to the next right the
+step is equal to minus the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is equal to minus the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is equal to minus the Jacobian
+inverse evaluated and my best guess for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse evaluated and my best guess for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse evaluated and my best guess for
+the solution multiplied by the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution multiplied by the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution multiplied by the function
+evaluated at my best guess of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at my best guess of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at my best guess of the
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+you're never gonna compute Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never gonna compute Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never gonna compute Jacobian
+inverse explicitly right that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse explicitly right that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse explicitly right that's just
+code for solve this system of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for solve this system of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for solve this system of linear
+equations right so you use the slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right so you use the slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right so you use the slash
+operator in that for example and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in that for example and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in that for example and here
+you go I had an initial guess for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go I had an initial guess for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go I had an initial guess for the
+solution right iterate zero at minus 1 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right iterate zero at minus 1 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right iterate zero at minus 1 3
+this is somewhere outside the circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somewhere outside the circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somewhere outside the circles
+pretty far away from the solutions but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far away from the solutions but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far away from the solutions but I
+do my newton-raphson steps I iterate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do my newton-raphson steps I iterate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do my newton-raphson steps I iterate on
+and on and after four steps okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on and after four steps okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on and after four steps okay you can
+see that the step size in absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the step size in absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the step size in absolute value
+is order 10 to the minus 3 the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is order 10 to the minus 3 the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is order 10 to the minus 3 the function
+norm is order 10 to the minus 3 as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm is order 10 to the minus 3 as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm is order 10 to the minus 3 as well
+maybe order 10 to the minus 2 but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe order 10 to the minus 2 but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe order 10 to the minus 2 but it's
+getting down there right these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting down there right these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting down there right these things
+are decreasing pretty quickly and I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are decreasing pretty quickly and I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are decreasing pretty quickly and I move
+to a point that you'll see it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point that you'll see it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point that you'll see it's pretty
+close to the solution now here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the solution now here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the solution now here's some
+things you need to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to know about
+newton-raphson you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson you want to think
+carefully about as we go forward so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about as we go forward so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about as we go forward so it
+possesses a local convergence property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possesses a local convergence property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possesses a local convergence property
+I'm going to illustrate that graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to illustrate that graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to illustrate that graphically
+for you so here I didn't solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so here I didn't solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so here I didn't solve the
+problem once ok I solved it I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem once ok I solved it I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem once ok I solved it I don't know
+10,000 times and I chose different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 times and I chose different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 times and I chose different
+initial points to start iterating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial points to start iterating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial points to start iterating with
+right here minus 1/3 that was one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here minus 1/3 that was one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here minus 1/3 that was one point
+but I chose a whole bunch of them and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I chose a whole bunch of them and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I chose a whole bunch of them and I
+asked how many iterations right how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked how many iterations right how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked how many iterations right how many
+steps did my newton-raphson method have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps did my newton-raphson method have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps did my newton-raphson method have
+to take before it got sufficiently close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take before it got sufficiently close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take before it got sufficiently close
+to either this root here or this root in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either this root here or this root in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either this root here or this root in
+there I don't remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I don't remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I don't remember what the
+convergence criterion was it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence criterion was it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence criterion was it doesn't
+really matter but there was some 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter but there was some 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter but there was some 10 to
+the minus 3 or 10 to the minus 5 or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 3 or 10 to the minus 5 or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 3 or 10 to the minus 5 or 10
+to the minus 8 convergence criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 8 convergence criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 8 convergence criterion
+that I made sure the newton-raphson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I made sure the newton-raphson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I made sure the newton-raphson
+method it in both the function norm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it in both the function norm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it in both the function norm and
+step norm cases and then if the color on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step norm cases and then if the color on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step norm cases and then if the color on
+this map is blue okay the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map is blue okay the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map is blue okay the solution
+converge to this star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to this star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to this star and
+Blue Zone if the colors orange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blue Zone if the colors orange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blue Zone if the colors orange the
+solution converge to the star in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution converge to the star in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution converge to the star in the
+orange zone and if the color is light it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange zone and if the color is light it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange zone and if the color is light it
+didn't take so many iterations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't take so many iterations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't take so many iterations to
+converge and as the color gets darker it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and as the color gets darker it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and as the color gets darker it
+takes more and more iterations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes more and more iterations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes more and more iterations to
+converge okay so that's the picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge okay so that's the picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge okay so that's the picture and
+that's this map I solved it a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this map I solved it a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this map I solved it a bunch of
+times and then I mapped out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and then I mapped out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and then I mapped out how many
+iterations did it take me to converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations did it take me to converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations did it take me to converge to
+different solutions so you can see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions so you can see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions so you can see if I
+start close to the solution the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start close to the solution the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start close to the solution the colors
+really light it doesn't take very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really light it doesn't take very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really light it doesn't take very many
+iterations to get there and the further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations to get there and the further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations to get there and the further
+away I move in this direction it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away I move in this direction it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away I move in this direction it still
+doesn't seem like it takes so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like it takes so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like it takes so many
+iterations to get there either I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations to get there either I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations to get there either I need a
+good initial yes okay I want to be close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good initial yes okay I want to be close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good initial yes okay I want to be close
+to where I think the solution is but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where I think the solution is but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where I think the solution is but as
+long as I'm over here somewhere I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I'm over here somewhere I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I'm over here somewhere I do
+pretty well and the same is true on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well and the same is true on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well and the same is true on the
+other side because this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side because this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side because this problem is
+symmetric there's a line down the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric there's a line down the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric there's a line down the middle
+here and along this line the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and along this line the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and along this line the determinant
+of the Jacobian is equal to zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Jacobian is equal to zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Jacobian is equal to zero okay so
+we talked about these points with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about these points with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about these points with the
+newton-raphson method and if I pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson method and if I pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson method and if I pick
+initial guesses sufficiently close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guesses sufficiently close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guesses sufficiently close to
+this line you can see the color gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line you can see the color gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line you can see the color gets
+darker and darker the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker and darker the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker and darker the number of
+iterations required to converge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations required to converge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations required to converge the
+solution goes way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution goes way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution goes way up
+well the newton raphson method possesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the newton raphson method possesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the newton raphson method possesses
+a local convergence property which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local convergence property which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local convergence property which means
+if I have a local unique solution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a local unique solution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a local unique solution right
+there's always going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always going to be some
+neighborhood around that solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood around that solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood around that solution for
+which the determinant the Jacobian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the determinant the Jacobian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the determinant the Jacobian is
+not equal to zero and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to zero and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to zero and in that
+neighborhood I can guarantee that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood I can guarantee that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood I can guarantee that this
+iterative process will eventually reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative process will eventually reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative process will eventually reach
+the solution that's pretty good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution that's pretty good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution that's pretty good okay
+that's handy regular these iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's handy regular these iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's handy regular these iterative
+solution right you're gonna waste your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right you're gonna waste your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right you're gonna waste your
+time are you gonna get there so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time are you gonna get there so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time are you gonna get there so that's
+this local convergence property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this local convergence property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this local convergence property
+associated with it which is nice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it which is nice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it which is nice but
+it'll break down as I get to places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll break down as I get to places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll break down as I get to places
+where the determinant of the Jacobian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the determinant of the Jacobian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the determinant of the Jacobian is
+equal to zero right so there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero right so there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero right so there could be a
+zone it's not in this from there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone it's not in this from there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone it's not in this from there could
+be a zone for example where the like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a zone for example where the like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a zone for example where the like a
+ring on which the determinate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring on which the determinate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring on which the determinate of the
+Jacobian sequence is your and if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian sequence is your and if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian sequence is your and if I take
+a guess inside that ring who knows where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess inside that ring who knows where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess inside that ring who knows where
+that solution is going to go to it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solution is going to go to it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solution is going to go to it could
+be something like Sam said where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like Sam said where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like Sam said where the
+iterative method just bounces around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative method just bounces around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative method just bounces around
+inside that ring and never converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that ring and never converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that ring and never converges
+okay but when I have roots that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when I have roots that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when I have roots that are
+locally unique and I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique and I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally unique and I start
+good guesses close to those roots I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good guesses close to those roots I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good guesses close to those roots I can
+guarantee the newton-raphson method will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee the newton-raphson method will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee the newton-raphson method will
+converge I'll show you next time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge I'll show you next time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge I'll show you next time that
+not only does it converge but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only does it converge but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only does it converge but it also
+converges quadratically so you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges quadratically so you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges quadratically so you start
+sufficiently close to the solution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently close to the solution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently close to the solution you
+get to double the number of accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to double the number of accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to double the number of accurate
+digits at each iteration you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits at each iteration you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits at each iteration you can sort of
+see that happening here okay so I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that happening here okay so I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that happening here okay so I had
+one accurate digit now I have two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one accurate digit now I have two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one accurate digit now I have two the
+next iteration I'll have four and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next iteration I'll have four and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next iteration I'll have four and so on
+right the number of accurate digits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the number of accurate digits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the number of accurate digits is
+going to double at each iteration okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to double at each iteration okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to double at each iteration okay
+so that's going to conclude for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to conclude for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to conclude for today
+next time we'll talk about how to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll talk about how to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll talk about how to fix
+these problems with the newton-raphson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems with the newton-raphson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems with the newton-raphson
+method so they're going to be cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so they're going to be cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so they're going to be cases
+where the convergence is an ideal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the convergence is an ideal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the convergence is an ideal okay
+where we can improve things they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can improve things they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can improve things they're
+going to be cases where we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be cases where we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be cases where we don't want to
+compute the Jacobian of the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Jacobian of the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Jacobian of the Jacobian
+inverse so we can improve the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so we can improve the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so we can improve the method
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/W2PY6z1Wddg.txt b/W2PY6z1Wddg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..754ac6f257271932984cffff12b79f6601423dce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/W2PY6z1Wddg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so um we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um we're going to talk
+about number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about number
+i got a little carried away with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got a little carried away with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got a little carried away with the
+behavioral work on number because i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral work on number because i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral work on number because i just
+think it is so awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is so awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is so awesome
+uh and i think it's frankly a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i think it's frankly a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i think it's frankly a little
+more interesting than a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting than a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting than a lot of the
+neural work so this is going to be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural work so this is going to be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural work so this is going to be sort
+of a behaviorally heavy lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a behaviorally heavy lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a behaviorally heavy lecture
+but let's start by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's start by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's start by thinking about
+why why we have number and what we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why we have number and what we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why we have number and what we use
+it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for
+and the first thing to realize is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing to realize is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing to realize is that
+we use concepts of number and quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use concepts of number and quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use concepts of number and quantity
+like all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the time
+most obviously if you're say getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most obviously if you're say getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most obviously if you're say getting
+change at a store i guess that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change at a store i guess that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change at a store i guess that doesn't
+really happen very much anymore people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happen very much anymore people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happen very much anymore people
+are going to forget how to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to forget how to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to forget how to subtract
+because they just put their credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they just put their credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they just put their credit card
+or bump their phone or whatever they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bump their phone or whatever they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bump their phone or whatever they do
+but anyway it used to be that you handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway it used to be that you handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway it used to be that you handed
+over this stuff called money and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this stuff called money and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this stuff called money and that
+coins came back and that it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins came back and that it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins came back and that it was the
+subtraction involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction involved
+we use it to tell time uh or to fail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use it to tell time uh or to fail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use it to tell time uh or to fail to
+tell time as in my case this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell time as in my case this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell time as in my case this morning
+uh to choose the larger of two objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to choose the larger of two objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to choose the larger of two objects
+that's a continuous idea of quantity not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a continuous idea of quantity not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a continuous idea of quantity not
+a discrete idea of number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete idea of number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete idea of number
+um to choose the shortest line at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to choose the shortest line at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to choose the shortest line at a
+grocery store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store
+right and all of those kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all of those kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all of those kinds of things
+are comparing quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are comparing quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are comparing quantities
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and we also take these basic ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also take these basic ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also take these basic ideas of
+number and quantity and we build on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and quantity and we build on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and quantity and we build on them
+in modern societies to do all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in modern societies to do all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in modern societies to do all kinds of
+amazing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing things
+like engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like engineering
+like all of modern science is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all of modern science is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all of modern science is highly
+quantitative like all of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative like all of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative like all of computer
+science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+uh and so these are really fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so these are really fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so these are really fundamental
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+animals it turns out are capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals it turns out are capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals it turns out are capable of
+mastering very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastering very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastering very simple
+but sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sophisticated
+understandings of number and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings of number and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings of number and even
+even arithmetic computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even arithmetic computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even arithmetic computations
+they can deal they can learn about order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can deal they can learn about order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can deal they can learn about order
+and number and quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number and quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number and quantity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and they need to for lots of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they need to for lots of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they need to for lots of reasons
+um so here just a like brief overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here just a like brief overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here just a like brief overview of
+some of the situations where animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the situations where animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the situations where animals
+need concepts of number and quantity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need concepts of number and quantity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need concepts of number and quantity in
+the wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild
+foraging right so animals spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foraging right so animals spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foraging right so animals spend a lot of
+time kind of rooting around for food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time kind of rooting around for food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time kind of rooting around for food
+over here rooting around for food over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here rooting around for food over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here rooting around for food over
+there deciding when to keep rooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there deciding when to keep rooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there deciding when to keep rooting
+around here despite diminishing returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here despite diminishing returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here despite diminishing returns
+and go somewhere else where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go somewhere else where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go somewhere else where there's
+unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+payoff unknown amounts of food so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff unknown amounts of food so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff unknown amounts of food so that's
+a whole this whole math of foraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole this whole math of foraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole this whole math of foraging
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that deals with the you know rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that deals with the you know rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that deals with the you know rate of
+return of the food at each location and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of the food at each location and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of the food at each location and
+the amount and the quality and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount and the quality and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount and the quality and you can
+imagine a whole math to optimize amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a whole math to optimize amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a whole math to optimize amount
+of food they also need to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of food they also need to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of food they also need to know about
+number and quantity when they form teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and quantity when they form teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and quantity when they form teams
+which many animals across taxa do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which many animals across taxa do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which many animals across taxa do in
+different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+so schooling fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so schooling fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so schooling fish
+can quickly pick out the more numerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quickly pick out the more numerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quickly pick out the more numerous
+school of fish to join and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school of fish to join and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school of fish to join and that's what
+they want to do because your statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to do because your statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to do because your statistics
+are better if they're a predator if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better if they're a predator if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better if they're a predator if
+you're in the larger school than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the larger school than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the larger school than the
+smaller school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller school
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so your chance of getting eaten is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your chance of getting eaten is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your chance of getting eaten is
+reduced just dividing by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced just dividing by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced just dividing by the number of
+options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options
+and then there's all kinds of animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's all kinds of animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's all kinds of animals
+that take into account the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take into account the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take into account the size of
+groups of their own species or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of their own species or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of their own species or other
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+when making um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when making um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when making um
+decisions about uh you know how far to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about uh you know how far to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about uh you know how far to
+run or who to chase and or who to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run or who to chase and or who to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run or who to chase and or who to
+predate on or who's at risk of predating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predate on or who's at risk of predating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predate on or who's at risk of predating
+upon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon you
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+you know lions hunt in teams and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lions hunt in teams and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lions hunt in teams and they
+have to work together they have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work together they have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work together they have actually
+a whole strategic situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole strategic situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole strategic situation where
+different lions play different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lions play different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lions play different parts
+like a football game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a football game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a football game
+um and they have to decide which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they have to decide which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they have to decide which you
+know which groups of predators to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which groups of predators to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which groups of predators to take
+on based on numerical advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on based on numerical advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on based on numerical advantage
+uh and my favorite is the n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and my favorite is the n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and my favorite is the n plus one
+frog the tungruck frog that lives in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog the tungruck frog that lives in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog the tungruck frog that lives in the
+uh rain forest in puerto rico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rain forest in puerto rico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rain forest in puerto rico
+um and it literally one-ups uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it literally one-ups uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it literally one-ups uh other
+frogs the males do in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frogs the males do in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frogs the males do in trying to
+impress the females and so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impress the females and so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impress the females and so what happens
+is that one frog will start calling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that one frog will start calling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that one frog will start calling out
+uh one male frog will start calling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one male frog will start calling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one male frog will start calling out
+trying to sound all hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sound all hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sound all hot
+to the gals and then another frog will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gals and then another frog will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gals and then another frog will
+one ups him by doing that call but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ups him by doing that call but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ups him by doing that call but
+elaborating on it by adding an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborating on it by adding an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborating on it by adding an extra
+call or an extra component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call or an extra component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call or an extra component
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's one dude calling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one dude calling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one dude calling out
+and not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not to be
+outdone the next guy calls back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently
+if you follow these guys they pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you follow these guys they pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you follow these guys they pretty
+systematically add one to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically add one to the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically add one to the previous
+frog's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog's call
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+up up to a point the point being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up up to a point the point being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up up to a point the point being
+approximately four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately four
+so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not
+it's not like a hundred and 101 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like a hundred and 101 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like a hundred and 101 but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but it happens okay such a broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it happens okay such a broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it happens okay such a broad
+overview of some of the cases that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of some of the cases that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of some of the cases that uh
+that understandings of number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that understandings of number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that understandings of number and
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+um arise in natural environments without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um arise in natural environments without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um arise in natural environments without
+training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training
+so we want to know how is all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to know how is all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to know how is all this
+computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed
+in the mind and brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mind and brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mind and brain
+and so um one of the foremost thinkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um one of the foremost thinkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um one of the foremost thinkers
+on this topic is stand ahead shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this topic is stand ahead shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this topic is stand ahead shown here
+um and he wrote in a um very widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he wrote in a um very widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he wrote in a um very widely
+cited uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited uh
+book actually review article in book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book actually review article in book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book actually review article in book
+quite a while ago 20 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while ago 20 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while ago 20 years ago
+he said animals young infants and adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said animals young infants and adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said animals young infants and adult
+humans possess a biologically determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans possess a biologically determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans possess a biologically determined
+domain specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain specific
+representation of number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of number
+so this is a very kind of extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very kind of extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very kind of extreme
+hardcore claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore claim
+we will see at the end of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see at the end of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see at the end of the lecture
+that he has backed off that claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has backed off that claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has backed off that claim
+um okay so a couple things biologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so a couple things biologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so a couple things biologically
+determined he's kind of implying innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined he's kind of implying innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined he's kind of implying innate
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+domain specific i've sort of avoided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain specific i've sort of avoided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain specific i've sort of avoided
+this phrase for the most part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phrase for the most part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phrase for the most part because
+it's kind of like jargon gobbledygook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like jargon gobbledygook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like jargon gobbledygook
+but it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually
+so entrenched in our field that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so entrenched in our field that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so entrenched in our field that it's
+worth knowing what it is domain specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth knowing what it is domain specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth knowing what it is domain specific
+is just this idea of functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this idea of functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this idea of functional
+specificity that i've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity that i've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity that i've been talking about
+but you can apply it to not just a peach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can apply it to not just a peach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can apply it to not just a peach
+piece of brain like does this patch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of brain like does this patch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of brain like does this patch of
+brain process only faces you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain process only faces you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain process only faces you can also
+apply it to a mental process even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to a mental process even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to a mental process even if you
+don't know what its actual brain basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what its actual brain basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what its actual brain basis
+is so do we have special mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so do we have special mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so do we have special mental
+machinery for thinking about numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery for thinking about numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery for thinking about numbers
+that's distinct from our machinery for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's distinct from our machinery for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's distinct from our machinery for
+face recognition or navigation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition or navigation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition or navigation or
+language or whatever else okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language or whatever else okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language or whatever else okay so that's
+what domain specific means and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what domain specific means and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what domain specific means and it's
+worth knowing because you'll encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth knowing because you'll encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth knowing because you'll encounter
+it in other contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in other contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in other contexts
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in more detail stan says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in more detail stan says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in more detail stan says
+a specific neural substrate located in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific neural substrate located in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific neural substrate located in
+the left intraprietal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left intraprietal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left intraprietal area
+is associated with knowledge of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with knowledge of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with knowledge of numbers
+and their relations which he defines as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their relations which he defines as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their relations which he defines as
+number sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number sense
+the number domain is a prime example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number domain is a prime example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number domain is a prime example
+where strong evidence points to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where strong evidence points to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where strong evidence points to an
+evolutionary endowment of abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary endowment of abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary endowment of abstract
+domain-specific knowledge in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain-specific knowledge in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain-specific knowledge in the brain
+because there are parallels between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are parallels between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are parallels between
+number processing in animals and humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number processing in animals and humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number processing in animals and humans
+again kind of hardcore claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again kind of hardcore claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again kind of hardcore claims
+not just is there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just is there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just is there this
+so he doesn't quite say innate but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he doesn't quite say innate but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he doesn't quite say innate but he's
+strongly implying innate i mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly implying innate i mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly implying innate i mean that's
+you know evolutionary endowment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know evolutionary endowment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know evolutionary endowment that
+basically means innate right it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means innate right it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means innate right it's an
+evolved ability that lives in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved ability that lives in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved ability that lives in a
+particular part of the brain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular part of the brain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular part of the brain okay
+so who would have thunk right number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who would have thunk right number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who would have thunk right number
+right you think of number is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you think of number is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you think of number is something
+you get taught in school but no he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get taught in school but no he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get taught in school but no he's
+saying it's really part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's really part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's really part of your
+biological endowment it has a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological endowment it has a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological endowment it has a particular
+brain region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain region
+uh and all of that may be um if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and all of that may be um if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and all of that may be um if not
+completely independent and may exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent and may exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent and may exist
+without explicit training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without explicit training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without explicit training
+okay that's so that's quite a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's so that's quite a claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's so that's quite a claim
+so what does number sense mean exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does number sense mean exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does number sense mean exactly
+well what stan and others in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what stan and others in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what stan and others in the field
+mean by number sense it's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by number sense it's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by number sense it's a bunch of
+things first of all the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first of all the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first of all the idea that
+for human adults to have number sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for human adults to have number sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for human adults to have number sense
+that means they can represent large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means they can represent large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means they can represent large
+numerical magnitudes without verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical magnitudes without verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical magnitudes without verbal
+counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+right so counting is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so counting is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so counting is an interesting
+thing but we're going to leave it aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but we're going to leave it aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but we're going to leave it aside
+for the moment number sense is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment number sense is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment number sense is a is a
+more general idea that's going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general idea that's going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general idea that's going to apply
+to animals and and infants without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to animals and and infants without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to animals and and infants without
+explicit counting okay so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit counting okay so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit counting okay so you can have
+some way of representing that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of representing that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of representing that there's a
+lot of things here and there's fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things here and there's fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things here and there's fewer
+things there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there
+um second of all these representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second of all these representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second of all these representations
+are approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are approximate
+um and the ability to discriminate two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the ability to discriminate two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the ability to discriminate two
+of them depends on the ratio of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them depends on the ratio of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them depends on the ratio of those
+two not the absolute difference okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two not the absolute difference okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two not the absolute difference okay
+i'll show you in more detail what i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you in more detail what i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you in more detail what i mean
+by that it's a deep fact about number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that it's a deep fact about number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that it's a deep fact about number
+sense and actually all of perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and actually all of perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and actually all of perception
+pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much
+um further the idea is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um further the idea is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um further the idea is that these
+representations are abstract they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations are abstract they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations are abstract they're not
+just say a particular visual form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say a particular visual form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say a particular visual form
+like approximately 13 looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like approximately 13 looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like approximately 13 looks like this
+no they're going to generalize across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they're going to generalize across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they're going to generalize across
+modality okay and space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+mental representations of number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental representations of number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental representations of number
+can be used in operations even without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used in operations even without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used in operations even without
+counting and knowing being explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and knowing being explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and knowing being explicitly
+informed you can add approximate numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed you can add approximate numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed you can add approximate numbers
+you may be thinking what the hell am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be thinking what the hell am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be thinking what the hell am i
+talking about but i'll show you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about but i'll show you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about but i'll show you in a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+i'm going to show you two sets of dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you two sets of dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you two sets of dots
+next and you're just gonna shout out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and you're just gonna shout out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and you're just gonna shout out
+first if the first set of dots had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if the first set of dots had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if the first set of dots had more
+had more if there were more dots in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more if there were more dots in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more if there were more dots in the
+first array and second if the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first array and second if the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first array and second if the second
+array had more dots okay ready here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array had more dots okay ready here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array had more dots okay ready here we
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+second duh okay let's try another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you get another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh-huh another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i noticed the volume decreasing and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i noticed the volume decreasing and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i noticed the volume decreasing and i
+noticed some hesitancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually i'm not sure with that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'm not sure with that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'm not sure with that one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so how did you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what'd you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what'd you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what'd you do
+did you go one two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you go one two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you go one two three four five
+no i tried to do it so there wasn't time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i tried to do it so there wasn't time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i tried to do it so there wasn't time
+to do that how'd you do it i kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that how'd you do it i kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that how'd you do it i kind of
+tried to see like the density like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to see like the density like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to see like the density like how
+close all the dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close all the dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close all the dots
+and did that work for you do that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did that work for you do that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did that work for you do that did
+that work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work okay
+it seems to be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be okay
+okay what jack is pointing to is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what jack is pointing to is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what jack is pointing to is a
+really important thing in thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important thing in thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important thing in thinking about
+number which is that number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is that number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is that number is
+confounded with area extent how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded with area extent how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded with area extent how much
+total yellow stuff is on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total yellow stuff is on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total yellow stuff is on the screen
+and it's confounded with density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's confounded with density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's confounded with density
+and this is a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a big problem
+in people who want to do research on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people who want to do research on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people who want to do research on
+number and so what they usually do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and so what they usually do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and so what they usually do is
+you can't totally unconfound those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't totally unconfound those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't totally unconfound those
+things but you can unconfound them one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but you can unconfound them one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but you can unconfound them one
+at a time so you can vary the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time so you can vary the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time so you can vary the size of
+the objects and you can vary the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects and you can vary the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects and you can vary the density
+across trials so no one of those cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across trials so no one of those cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across trials so no one of those cues
+will enable you to do it fully i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will enable you to do it fully i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will enable you to do it fully i didn't
+these this example isn't great that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this example isn't great that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this example isn't great that way
+because they were all the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were all the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were all the same size
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay but so the point is without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but so the point is without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but so the point is without
+explicitly counting and god knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly counting and god knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly counting and god knows what
+you do it how you do it you just feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it how you do it you just feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it how you do it you just feel
+like you have a sense of roughly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have a sense of roughly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have a sense of roughly how
+many everybody got that sense okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many everybody got that sense okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many everybody got that sense okay so
+that's what we mean by number sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by number sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by number sense is
+that sense that you can just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense that you can just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense that you can just look at
+something and have a sense of roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and have a sense of roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and have a sense of roughly
+how many like you don't know if it's 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many like you don't know if it's 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many like you don't know if it's 19
+or 18 but you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 18 but you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 18 but you know it's not
+13.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13.
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and
+you guys all got quieter when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys all got quieter when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys all got quieter when the
+numbers got closer together okay gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers got closer together okay gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers got closer together okay gets
+harder when the numbers are closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder when the numbers are closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder when the numbers are closer
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+okay so in experiments that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in experiments that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in experiments that have
+quantified this lots of people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantified this lots of people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantified this lots of people have
+looked at this here's one that i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this here's one that i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this here's one that i was
+involved in way back just like you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in way back just like you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in way back just like you did
+this is the task here that you guys just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the task here that you guys just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the task here that you guys just
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+and here's some of the data we got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's some of the data we got so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's some of the data we got so
+let me walk you through this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me walk you through this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me walk you through this this is
+accuracy on a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy on a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy on a bunch of different
+comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons
+16 dots versus 32 dots people are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 dots versus 32 dots people are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 dots versus 32 dots people are pretty
+much 100 correct okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much 100 correct okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much 100 correct okay
+this is just normal human adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just normal human adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just normal human adults
+16 versus 24 great 16 versus 20 pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 versus 24 great 16 versus 20 pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 versus 24 great 16 versus 20 pretty
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+16 versus 18. now we're really dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 versus 18. now we're really dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 versus 18. now we're really dropping
+16 versus 17 forget it can't do it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 versus 17 forget it can't do it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 versus 17 forget it can't do it okay
+so performance falls off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so performance falls off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so performance falls off
+as the numbers get closer together okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the numbers get closer together okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the numbers get closer together okay
+so that's sort of intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of intuitive
+but now let's consider these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's consider these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's consider these are all
+comparing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing um
+to um to sixteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to sixteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to sixteen
+here we compare to eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we compare to eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we compare to eight
+eight versus sixteen eight versus twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight versus sixteen eight versus twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight versus sixteen eight versus twelve
+eight versus ten eight versus nine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight versus ten eight versus nine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight versus ten eight versus nine you
+see the same fall off as the numbers get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same fall off as the numbers get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same fall off as the numbers get
+closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so good
+but now we can ask what determines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we can ask what determines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we can ask what determines that
+falloff is it the absolute difference or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falloff is it the absolute difference or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falloff is it the absolute difference or
+the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio
+and the way we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we tell
+is we plot the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we plot the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we plot the ratio
+of those two curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two curves
+and we look at performance and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at performance and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at performance and we see
+they are spot on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are spot on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are spot on top of each other
+that tells us that it is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that it is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that it is not the
+absolute difference that determines your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute difference that determines your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute difference that determines your
+ability to do this but the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do this but the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do this but the ratio of the
+numbers of dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of dots
+okay it's sort of intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's sort of intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's sort of intuitive
+right but it's amazing how clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's amazing how clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's amazing how clear the
+result is everybody get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is everybody get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is everybody get that
+okay so this is a really deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a really deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a really deep
+fundamental fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental fact
+um about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about
+perceiving number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceiving number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceiving number
+approximate number and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate number and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate number and it's actually
+more generally a fact about perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally a fact about perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally a fact about perception
+it's called weber's law and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called weber's law and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called weber's law and it just
+means that the discriminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the discriminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the discriminate
+discriminability of in this case two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminability of in this case two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminability of in this case two
+numbers two numerosities depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers two numerosities depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers two numerosities depends on
+their ratio not their absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ratio not their absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ratio not their absolute
+difference the exact same thing holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the exact same thing holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the exact same thing holds
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+evaluating which of two stimuli is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating which of two stimuli is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating which of two stimuli is
+brighter which of two objects is heavier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter which of two objects is heavier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter which of two objects is heavier
+which of two sounds is louder they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of two sounds is louder they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of two sounds is louder they all
+follow uh the ability to do that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow uh the ability to do that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow uh the ability to do that is a
+function of the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the ratio
+of the two not the absolute difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two not the absolute difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two not the absolute difference
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the size of the dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the dots
+and so in this experiment we um we vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this experiment we um we vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this experiment we um we vary
+the sizes every which way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sizes every which way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sizes every which way and the
+density as i mentioned before you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as i mentioned before you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as i mentioned before you can't
+completely unconfound both size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unconfound both size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unconfound both size and
+density within each trial but across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density within each trial but across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density within each trial but across
+trials you can muck them up so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials you can muck them up so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials you can muck them up so you can
+ask whether people are doing it by size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask whether people are doing it by size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask whether people are doing it by size
+or by density okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by density okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by density okay
+and and we did all that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we did all that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we did all that here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is not shocking yet it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not shocking yet it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not shocking yet it's just
+kind of a basic deep clear fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a basic deep clear fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a basic deep clear fact about
+whatever our mental representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever our mental representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever our mental representation of
+number is that it's it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is that it's it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is that it's it's this
+approximate thing it's pretty good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate thing it's pretty good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate thing it's pretty good and
+it um and it's precision scales with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and it's precision scales with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and it's precision scales with the
+with the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the magnitude
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right so the way so this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the way so this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the way so this has been
+quantified in lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantified in lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantified in lots and lots of
+experiments and this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and this is called the
+approximate number system or ans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate number system or ans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate number system or ans
+um and the standard test that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the standard test that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the standard test that's been
+used in lots of studies to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in lots of studies to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in lots of studies to measure
+uh people's kind of number acuity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people's kind of number acuity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people's kind of number acuity is a
+lot like what i just showed you you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like what i just showed you you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like what i just showed you you show
+an array like this and you say are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array like this and you say are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array like this and you say are there
+more yellow dots or blue dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more yellow dots or blue dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more yellow dots or blue dots
+and people very quickly say yellow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people very quickly say yellow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people very quickly say yellow in
+this case and then you ask for a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case and then you ask for a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case and then you ask for a case
+like this and they're a little slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and they're a little slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and they're a little slower
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and here you can see that the sizes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you can see that the sizes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you can see that the sizes have
+changed and the you know i've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and the you know i've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and the you know i've been
+orthogonalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalized
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um the ratio of yellow to blue dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the ratio of yellow to blue dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the ratio of yellow to blue dots
+is called the vapor fraction right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the vapor fraction right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the vapor fraction right this
+is this idea for faber's law that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this idea for faber's law that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this idea for faber's law that
+determines your accuracy from just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines your accuracy from just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines your accuracy from just that
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+um and so you can measure people's labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you can measure people's labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you can measure people's labor
+fraction their ability to do this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction their ability to do this task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction their ability to do this task
+their kind of number precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kind of number precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kind of number precision
+and what you find is first of all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you find is first of all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you find is first of all that
+there's very big individual differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very big individual differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very big individual differences
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this is interesting it's like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is interesting it's like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is interesting it's like things
+that we've seen in other domains they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen in other domains they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen in other domains they're
+very big individual differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big individual differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big individual differences in
+navigational ability they're very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigational ability they're very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigational ability they're very big
+individual differences in face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual differences in face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual differences in face
+recognition ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition ability
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in both of those cases as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of those cases as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of those cases as well
+there are people who are just so bad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who are just so bad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who are just so bad at
+it from an early age that it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from an early age that it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from an early age that it's like a
+syndrome in this case it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome in this case it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome in this case it's all
+developmental dyscalculia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental dyscalculia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental dyscalculia
+i think i didn't fit it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i didn't fit it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i didn't fit it into the
+navigation lectures but there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation lectures but there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation lectures but there's a whole
+kind of you know developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know developmental
+disability and navigation that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability and navigation that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability and navigation that's called
+developmental topographic agnosia people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental topographic agnosia people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental topographic agnosia people
+who are just always really awful at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are just always really awful at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are just always really awful at
+knowing where they are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing where they are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing where they are right
+and there's i did mention developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's i did mention developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's i did mention developmental
+prosopagnosia people were just always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosopagnosia people were just always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosopagnosia people were just always
+awful at face recognition in each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful at face recognition in each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful at face recognition in each of
+these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases
+in the apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the apparent
+lack of any evidence of brain damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of any evidence of brain damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of any evidence of brain damage
+uh and in the absence of differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in the absence of differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in the absence of differences in
+iq or other abilities so it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iq or other abilities so it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iq or other abilities so it seems like
+each of those abilities has a very broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those abilities has a very broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those abilities has a very broad
+range at the bottom end of the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range at the bottom end of the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range at the bottom end of the range
+it's really kind of affects your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really kind of affects your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really kind of affects your life
+you're so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so bad
+and it's unrelated to other abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's unrelated to other abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's unrelated to other abilities
+and i think that's pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's pretty interesting
+because it goes along with the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it goes along with the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it goes along with the idea that
+those mental abilities are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mental abilities are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mental abilities are really
+distinct parts of mind and brain you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct parts of mind and brain you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct parts of mind and brain you can
+have a crappy number sense and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a crappy number sense and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a crappy number sense and it
+doesn't mean that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that you're
+bad at other things you just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad at other things you just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad at other things you just have a
+crappy number some sense it's a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy number some sense it's a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy number some sense it's a separate
+system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+approximate number sense develops slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate number sense develops slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate number sense develops slowly
+it's best at age 30 you guys are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's best at age 30 you guys are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's best at age 30 you guys are still
+on the upswing we won't talk about me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the upswing we won't talk about me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the upswing we won't talk about me
+um this is um what do we have here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is um what do we have here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is um what do we have here this
+is vapor fraction so the vapor fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vapor fraction so the vapor fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vapor fraction so the vapor fraction
+is you know what that ratio needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know what that ratio needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know what that ratio needs to be
+for you to be fairly accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to be fairly accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to be fairly accurate
+on whatever criteria they chose and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whatever criteria they chose and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whatever criteria they chose and so a
+small fraction means you're better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction means you're better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction means you're better and
+so it goes down and this is age here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it goes down and this is age here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it goes down and this is age here
+i'm fast at 30 and this is reaction time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm fast at 30 and this is reaction time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm fast at 30 and this is reaction time
+which goes up for everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes up for everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes up for everything
+what about room anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about room anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about room anyway
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+interestingly early ability with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly early ability with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly early ability with
+approximate number as on this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate number as on this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate number as on this kind of a
+test predicts later math ability with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test predicts later math ability with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test predicts later math ability with
+very different kinds of organized you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different kinds of organized you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different kinds of organized you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+math that you learn in school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that you learn in school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that you learn in school
+so here's a here's a study that looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a here's a study that looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a here's a study that looked
+at that they asked whether this early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that they asked whether this early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that they asked whether this early
+approximate number sense is predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate number sense is predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate number sense is predictive
+of later arithmetic ability and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of later arithmetic ability and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of later arithmetic ability and so in
+this case they did a task like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they did a task like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they did a task like this and
+their measure what they didn't use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their measure what they didn't use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their measure what they didn't use the
+task i just showed you this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task i just showed you this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task i just showed you this is another
+thing you can do with little kids you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do with little kids you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do with little kids you
+just flash this up and you just ask them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flash this up and you just ask them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flash this up and you just ask them
+how many dots are there and they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many dots are there and they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many dots are there and they have to
+say four right you just measure reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say four right you just measure reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say four right you just measure reaction
+time it's pretty basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's pretty basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's pretty basic
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so then what you do is you run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then what you do is you run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then what you do is you run this
+on kindergartners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on kindergartners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on kindergartners
+and you define groups that are slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you define groups that are slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you define groups that are slow
+medium or fast at this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium or fast at this task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium or fast at this task
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so then you follow them and you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you follow them and you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you follow them and you look at
+them later in this case at age nine year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them later in this case at age nine year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them later in this case at age nine year
+nine and six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and six years
+and what you see is even these older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see is even these older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see is even these older
+kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+um who are defined by the slow medium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who are defined by the slow medium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who are defined by the slow medium or
+fast group in kindergarten this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast group in kindergarten this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast group in kindergarten this is now
+their accuracy at arithmetic tasks four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their accuracy at arithmetic tasks four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their accuracy at arithmetic tasks four
+years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so it's not just some weird little task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just some weird little task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just some weird little task
+that psychophysicists made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that psychophysicists made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that psychophysicists made up
+to measure god knows what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure god knows what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure god knows what it's
+predictive of your later arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive of your later arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive of your later arithmetic
+ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it matters
+so the speed of this dot estimation task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the speed of this dot estimation task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the speed of this dot estimation task
+at kindergarten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at kindergarten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at kindergarten
+is not associated with later abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not associated with later abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not associated with later abilities
+of other kinds like raven's matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other kinds like raven's matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other kinds like raven's matrices
+which is one of the standard measures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the standard measures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the standard measures in
+an iq test right it's a non-verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iq test right it's a non-verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iq test right it's a non-verbal
+um and non-number kind of task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and non-number kind of task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and non-number kind of task
+or ability to name digits or letters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ability to name digits or letters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ability to name digits or letters or
+other things that you can test kids on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that you can test kids on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that you can test kids on
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however old they are nine years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however old they are nine years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however old they are nine years
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it's specifically predictive of later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's specifically predictive of later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's specifically predictive of later
+arithmetic ability everybody with me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic ability everybody with me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic ability everybody with me so
+it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matters
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um and that suggests that like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that suggests that like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that suggests that like you know
+there would be ways to intervene in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be ways to intervene in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be ways to intervene in
+dyscalculia potentially you could catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyscalculia potentially you could catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyscalculia potentially you could catch
+the kids early who are destined to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids early who are destined to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids early who are destined to have
+a hard time and maybe figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard time and maybe figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard time and maybe figure out what
+you could do about it and their efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do about it and their efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do about it and their efforts
+underway to do that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underway to do that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underway to do that okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+i'm gonna show you uh we're exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna show you uh we're exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna show you uh we're exploring
+these various number abilities i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various number abilities i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various number abilities i'm gonna
+show you something interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you something interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you something interesting about
+symbolic numbers so far we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic numbers so far we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic numbers so far we've been
+talking about non-symbolic numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about non-symbolic numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about non-symbolic numbers that
+means just dot arrays now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means just dot arrays now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means just dot arrays now we're going to
+deal with symbolic numbers i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with symbolic numbers i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with symbolic numbers i'm going to
+flash up a bunch of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash up a bunch of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash up a bunch of numbers
+and you're just going to say bigger if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just going to say bigger if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just going to say bigger if
+it's bigger than 65 or smaller if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bigger than 65 or smaller if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bigger than 65 or smaller if it's
+smaller than 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 65
+really easy but you're going to shout it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy but you're going to shout it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy but you're going to shout it
+out loud and clear ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud and clear ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud and clear ready
+here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay did you guys see what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did you guys see what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did you guys see what happened
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+did you feel what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you feel what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you feel what happened
+when the numbers get closer to 65 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the numbers get closer to 65 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the numbers get closer to 65 you're
+slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower
+now you think about it why the hell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you think about it why the hell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you think about it why the hell is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right if you run this in matlab it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you run this in matlab it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you run this in matlab it's not
+going to take longer to tell you that 63
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take longer to tell you that 63
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take longer to tell you that 63
+is smaller than 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than 65
+than it takes to tell you that 8 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it takes to tell you that 8 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it takes to tell you that 8 is
+smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+65. right i assume i haven't tried it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65. right i assume i haven't tried it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65. right i assume i haven't tried it
+but i doubt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i doubt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i doubt it
+so what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean
+that means that even when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that even when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that even when you are
+dealing with symbolic numbers numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with symbolic numbers numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with symbolic numbers numbers
+that you have this whole elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have this whole elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have this whole elaborate
+edifice you've been trained on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edifice you've been trained on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edifice you've been trained on how to
+operate with these guys especially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate with these guys especially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate with these guys especially you
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are still
+invoking some kind of notion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking some kind of notion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking some kind of notion of the
+continuous quantity you haven't totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous quantity you haven't totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous quantity you haven't totally
+left that idea behind and moved off into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that idea behind and moved off into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that idea behind and moved off into
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+abstract space you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract space you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract space you're still
+even in doing this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in doing this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in doing this very
+literal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literal
+exact symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact symbolic
+number task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number task
+you find it easier when the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find it easier when the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find it easier when the numbers are
+farther apart than when they're closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther apart than when they're closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther apart than when they're closer
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um be because of like the number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be because of like the number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be because of like the number you
+chose so like if you chose the number 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose so like if you chose the number 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose so like if you chose the number 16
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+like i feel like people read left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i feel like people read left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i feel like people read left to
+right and they maybe have a good concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they maybe have a good concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they maybe have a good concept
+for like the number of digits that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like the number of digits that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like the number of digits that they
+see so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so like
+when we see a number like 62 we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we see a number like 62 we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we see a number like 62 we have to
+kind of like read both the digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like read both the digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like read both the digits
+instead of like just the one yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of like just the one yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of like just the one yeah but
+all the ones i showed were at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones i showed were at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones i showed were at least two
+digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits
+yeah but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but like
+when you read like when you see a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read like when you see a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read like when you see a number
+like 25 like you see like the two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 25 like you see like the two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 25 like you see like the two and
+then you automatically like know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you automatically like know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you automatically like know that
+okay fair enough okay that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fair enough okay that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fair enough okay that's a good
+counter counter explanation but you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter counter explanation but you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter counter explanation but you guys
+were slow even with 58
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were slow even with 58
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were slow even with 58
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+right we could test that i'm pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we could test that i'm pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we could test that i'm pretty sure
+all this has been tested pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this has been tested pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this has been tested pretty
+carefully i don't know this literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully i don't know this literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully i don't know this literature
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+totally thoroughly but i i doubt it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally thoroughly but i i doubt it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally thoroughly but i i doubt it's a
+good alternative account and there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good alternative account and there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good alternative account and there might
+be some effect but i think it's oh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some effect but i think it's oh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some effect but i think it's oh in
+fact in fact actually there is yes i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in fact actually there is yes i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in fact actually there is yes i
+have data coming up next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data coming up next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data coming up next
+vote right blah blah okay here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote right blah blah okay here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote right blah blah okay here's the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's pretty continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty continuous
+so i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think
+your your good plausible alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your good plausible alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your good plausible alternative
+doesn't seem to capture very much of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to capture very much of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to capture very much of it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so yeah this is what you guys just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah this is what you guys just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah this is what you guys just did
+and does everybody get how this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does everybody get how this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does everybody get how this kind of
+reveals that even when you think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals that even when you think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals that even when you think you're
+doing this kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this kind of more
+symbolic abstract thing you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic abstract thing you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic abstract thing you're still
+tapping into some kind of continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapping into some kind of continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapping into some kind of continuous
+notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that says not only does your ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says not only does your ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says not only does your ability
+to do that in kindergarten predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in kindergarten predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in kindergarten predict
+predict your ability to do arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict your ability to do arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict your ability to do arithmetic
+later it says even now as highly trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it says even now as highly trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it says even now as highly trained
+mit students who do all kinds of much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit students who do all kinds of much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit students who do all kinds of much
+more sophisticated math than this you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated math than this you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated math than this you're
+still invoking that same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still invoking that same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still invoking that same kind of
+continuous sense of approximate number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous sense of approximate number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous sense of approximate number
+or something like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right um so where have we gotten we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so where have we gotten we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so where have we gotten we
+started with this checklist of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with this checklist of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with this checklist of what
+number sense might mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number sense might mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number sense might mean
+and i've argued that you know you adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've argued that you know you adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've argued that you know you adults
+can represent large numerical magnitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent large numerical magnitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent large numerical magnitudes
+without verbal counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without verbal counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without verbal counting
+but these numbers are approximate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these numbers are approximate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these numbers are approximate and
+that your ability to discriminate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your ability to discriminate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your ability to discriminate them
+depends on the ratio not the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the ratio not the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the ratio not the difference
+um and i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i've
+sort of loosely told you that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of loosely told you that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of loosely told you that these
+experiments are generally done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are generally done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are generally done
+unconfounded from things like area um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconfounded from things like area um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconfounded from things like area um
+and that they uh refer to the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they uh refer to the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they uh refer to the discrete
+number okay what about these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay what about these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay what about these other
+questions here i haven't really shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here i haven't really shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here i haven't really shown
+you how abstract they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how abstract they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how abstract they are
+uh or whether you can actually use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or whether you can actually use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or whether you can actually use them
+in arithmetic operations okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in arithmetic operations okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in arithmetic operations okay so how
+would we tell that well here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we tell that well here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we tell that well here's an
+experiment that we did way back we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we did way back we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we did way back we did
+the very same task i did on you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same task i did on you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same task i did on you guys
+before which has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which has more
+except the first thing was an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the first thing was an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the first thing was an array of
+dots and the second thing was a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and the second thing was a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and the second thing was a series
+of tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tones
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+series of tones presented faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of tones presented faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of tones presented faster than
+you could count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so you might think that if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you might think that if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you might think that if people
+are doing some literal perceptual thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing some literal perceptual thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing some literal perceptual thing
+that this would be just like freaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would be just like freaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would be just like freaking
+impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not
+accuracy is just about the same maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy is just about the same maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy is just about the same maybe a
+hair lower but almost the same with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair lower but almost the same with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair lower but almost the same with the
+cross modal comparison of which has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross modal comparison of which has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross modal comparison of which has more
+than when the within modality one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than when the within modality one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than when the within modality one of
+visual to you know dots to dots or tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual to you know dots to dots or tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual to you know dots to dots or tones
+to tones because dots to dots and tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tones because dots to dots and tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tones because dots to dots and tones
+to tones and that's a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tones and that's a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tones and that's a cross
+it's a little bit surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit surprising
+so that shows you that whatever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that shows you that whatever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that shows you that whatever you're
+tapping into is a pretty abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapping into is a pretty abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapping into is a pretty abstract
+representation it's not tied to vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation it's not tied to vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation it's not tied to vision
+it's not tied to hearing and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not tied to hearing and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not tied to hearing and it also
+completely eliminates worries about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely eliminates worries about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely eliminates worries about
+density or area or stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or area or stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or area or stuff like that
+because that doesn't work here at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that doesn't work here at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that doesn't work here at all
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay can you do operations on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can you do operations on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can you do operations on these
+sure why not you can give people a dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure why not you can give people a dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure why not you can give people a dot
+array and a dot array and then tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and a dot array and then tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and a dot array and then tell them
+to add and ask whether the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add and ask whether the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add and ask whether the sum of those
+is greater or less than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater or less than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater or less than that
+let's try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here we go everyone ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go everyone ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go everyone ready
+consider is the sum of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is the sum of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is the sum of this
+plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this
+greater or less than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and i really didn't leave you time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i really didn't leave you time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i really didn't leave you time to
+count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count
+and so whatever you were doing in adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whatever you were doing in adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whatever you were doing in adding
+you weren't adding symbolic numbers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weren't adding symbolic numbers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weren't adding symbolic numbers you
+were adding these approximate amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were adding these approximate amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were adding these approximate amounts
+okay well done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we could go crazy and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could go crazy and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could go crazy and do it
+across modalities i got to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across modalities i got to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across modalities i got to ask you to
+add dots to tones and ask whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add dots to tones and ask whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add dots to tones and ask whether the
+sum is greater or less than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is greater or less than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is greater or less than that
+we won't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't do it
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+turns out people are just as good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out people are just as good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out people are just as good at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+amazing huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing huh
+so where has this gotten us it's told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where has this gotten us it's told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where has this gotten us it's told us
+that whatever this approximate number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever this approximate number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever this approximate number
+sense that we all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that we all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that we all have
+it's damned abstract you can compare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's damned abstract you can compare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's damned abstract you can compare it
+across sensory modalities pretty much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across sensory modalities pretty much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across sensory modalities pretty much as
+well as within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as within
+and you can perform operations with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can perform operations with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can perform operations with it
+you can do addition and you can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do addition and you can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do addition and you can also do
+subtraction just as straightforwardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction just as straightforwardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction just as straightforwardly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+in all of these studies and the demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these studies and the demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these studies and the demos
+with you guys these are done on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you guys these are done on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you guys these are done on people
+with years and years of training and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with years and years of training and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with years and years of training and
+arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic
+and so we really want to know are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we really want to know are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we really want to know are these
+things is any aspect of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is any aspect of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is any aspect of the system
+innate is it present in very young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate is it present in very young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate is it present in very young
+infants and to what extent do animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants and to what extent do animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants and to what extent do animals
+have these abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these abilities
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well how would we find out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how would we find out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how would we find out whether
+they're present in infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're present in infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're present in infants
+uh well there's a bunch of ways but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well there's a bunch of ways but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well there's a bunch of ways but
+looking direction and looking time are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking direction and looking time are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking direction and looking time are
+the key cues you have with newborn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key cues you have with newborn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key cues you have with newborn
+infants and so here's a study that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants and so here's a study that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants and so here's a study that was
+done on four day old infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on four day old infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on four day old infants
+and what they did was they presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did was they presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did was they presented
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they presented they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they presented they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they presented they had a
+familiarization phase this is done cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarization phase this is done cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarization phase this is done cross
+modally okay so they present either sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modally okay so they present either sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modally okay so they present either sets
+of twelve sounds two two two two twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of twelve sounds two two two two twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of twelve sounds two two two two twelve
+right of those or ra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of those or ra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of those or ra
+ra present a bunch of those to infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ra present a bunch of those to infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ra present a bunch of those to infants
+or they present sets of four taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they present sets of four taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they present sets of four taking the
+same total duration two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same total duration two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same total duration two
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+it's just a coincidence that it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a coincidence that it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a coincidence that it's two
+this is i think done in french so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is i think done in french so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is i think done in french so anyway
+the infants won't be confused by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infants won't be confused by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infants won't be confused by the
+sound too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound too
+um so af so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so af so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so af so
+um during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um during that
+you then show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then show
+uh the infants these arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the infants these arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the infants these arrays
+and you ask what they look at more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask what they look at more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask what they look at more
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i mean they're not told a task there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean they're not told a task there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean they're not told a task there's
+no way to tell them a task it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to tell them a task it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to tell them a task it's just
+something they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they do
+and what you find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you find is
+in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um
+four versus twelve case like here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four versus twelve case like here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four versus twelve case like here that's
+4 versus 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 versus 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 versus 12.
+the infants look more at the congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infants look more at the congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infants look more at the congruent
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+than the incongruent number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the incongruent number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the incongruent number
+okay so again they're comparing across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again they're comparing across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again they're comparing across
+modality they're hearing some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modality they're hearing some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modality they're hearing some number of
+syllables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables
+and they're selectively looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're selectively looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're selectively looking at the
+corresponding number of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding number of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding number of visual
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+no instruction no nothing four days old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no instruction no nothing four days old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no instruction no nothing four days old
+amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so they can do that if the comparison is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can do that if the comparison is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can do that if the comparison is
+four versus 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four versus 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four versus 12
+they can do it if it's 6 versus 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do it if it's 6 versus 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do it if it's 6 versus 18
+but they kind of can't do it very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they kind of can't do it very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they kind of can't do it very well
+and it's significant but it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's significant but it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's significant but it's not very
+good if it's 4 versus 8.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if it's 4 versus 8.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if it's 4 versus 8.
+okay so they have some sense of number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they have some sense of number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they have some sense of number
+but it's very approximate yeah did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very approximate yeah did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very approximate yeah did you
+see if you watch the one that matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you watch the one that matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you watch the one that matches
+the number or the open sound that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number or the open sound that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number or the open sound that
+doesn't matter that matches that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter that matches that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter that matches that's a
+congruent means match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent means match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent means match
+looking time on congruent versus income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking time on congruent versus income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking time on congruent versus income
+isn't that like kind of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that like kind of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that like kind of different
+from adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from adaptation
+it is it is totally different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is totally different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is totally different from
+adaptation and herein lies a a a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation and herein lies a a a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation and herein lies a a a classic
+annoyance for developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyance for developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyance for developmental
+psychologists because sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists because sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists because sometimes
+kids match and sometimes they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids match and sometimes they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids match and sometimes they show
+adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation
+and it's um you kind of don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's um you kind of don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's um you kind of don't know
+sometimes you don't know which way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you don't know which way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you don't know which way it's
+going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i don't know heather do we have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know heather do we have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know heather do we have any
+insights about how you know which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights about how you know which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights about how you know which way
+it's going to go or you just try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go or you just try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go or you just try and
+experiment you find out and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you find out and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you find out and yeah
+yeah yeah it does mean you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it does mean you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it does mean you have to be
+careful because if you run a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because if you run a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because if you run a whole
+experiment on a smallish number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment on a smallish number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment on a smallish number of
+infants and it's usually hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants and it's usually hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants and it's usually hard to get
+enough because people have to drive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because people have to drive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because people have to drive in
+with their kids and this how do you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their kids and this how do you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their kids and this how do you find
+them and there's other developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and there's other developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and there's other developmental
+labs who have all the kids and it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs who have all the kids and it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs who have all the kids and it's like
+so you're always running experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're always running experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're always running experiments
+with barely enough kids right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with barely enough kids right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with barely enough kids right
+um and so that means there's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that means there's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that means there's a problem
+here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because
+if you would take the result in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would take the result in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would take the result in either
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+that's a statistical problem you gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a statistical problem you gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a statistical problem you gave
+yourself two shots at it right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself two shots at it right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself two shots at it right and so
+you have to statistically discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to statistically discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to statistically discount
+um your finding because it could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your finding because it could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your finding because it could have
+gone either way like that is if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone either way like that is if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone either way like that is if your
+prior hypothesis is it has to go in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior hypothesis is it has to go in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior hypothesis is it has to go in one
+direction you're on stronger footing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you're on stronger footing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you're on stronger footing but
+you just suck it up and run a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just suck it up and run a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just suck it up and run a few more
+kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+good so so this also shows that ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so this also shows that ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so this also shows that ratio
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+right they're better at it with the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're better at it with the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're better at it with the big
+differences than the small differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences than the small differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences than the small differences
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so that's infants having this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's infants having this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's infants having this very
+very early at least in very crude form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early at least in very crude form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early at least in very crude form
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what about animals okay so let's meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about animals okay so let's meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about animals okay so let's meet
+mercury the macaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury the macaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury the macaw
+here's mercury the macaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's mercury the macaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's mercury the macaw
+to a human the order of the symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a human the order of the symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a human the order of the symbols
+shown on the above screen are obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on the above screen are obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on the above screen are obvious
+you have all learned from the young age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all learned from the young age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all learned from the young age
+oh what a good birdie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh what a good birdie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh what a good birdie
+and which the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which the highest
+however for mercury the blue head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however for mercury the blue head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however for mercury the blue head of the
+call we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call we see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call we see here
+he has had to learn by trial and error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has had to learn by trial and error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has had to learn by trial and error
+the specific order to press these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific order to press these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific order to press these
+symbols to get a piece of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols to get a piece of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols to get a piece of food
+it took him quite a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took him quite a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took him quite a long time
+mercury's brother mars can do a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury's brother mars can do a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury's brother mars can do a bit
+better than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than that
+he has begun to learn the more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has begun to learn the more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has begun to learn the more general
+concept that is the symbols will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that is the symbols will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that is the symbols will always
+have an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an order
+so when presented with a new list he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when presented with a new list he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when presented with a new list he was
+able to rapidly decipher the all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to rapidly decipher the all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to rapidly decipher the all of the
+new symbols in this case kingfisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new symbols in this case kingfisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new symbols in this case kingfisher
+warhead or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warhead or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warhead or
+hummingbird pressing randomly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hummingbird pressing randomly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hummingbird pressing randomly on the
+screen would have led to him receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen would have led to him receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen would have led to him receiving
+the correct answer less than one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer less than one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer less than one percent
+of the time and he's clearly doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time and he's clearly doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time and he's clearly doing
+better than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than that
+this is interesting as it shows the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is interesting as it shows the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is interesting as it shows the very
+basic aspects of cognition related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic aspects of cognition related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic aspects of cognition related to
+numbers are present in an animal that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are present in an animal that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are present in an animal that is
+very distantly related to humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very distantly related to humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very distantly related to humans
+okay mostly i just showed that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mostly i just showed that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mostly i just showed that because
+it's cute but it's impressive ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cute but it's impressive ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cute but it's impressive ordering
+okay still he's kind of slow it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay still he's kind of slow it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay still he's kind of slow it only
+goes up to four things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to four things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to four things
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+we're gonna meet the chimp ayumu who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna meet the chimp ayumu who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna meet the chimp ayumu who
+lives in kyoto and who's the son of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in kyoto and who's the son of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in kyoto and who's the son of a
+very famous chimp named i who was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous chimp named i who was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous chimp named i who was like a
+number whiz but anyway here's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number whiz but anyway here's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number whiz but anyway here's uh
+here's ayumu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i know i can only like catch the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know i can only like catch the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know i can only like catch the first
+three and then it's like i can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then it's like i can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then it's like i can't even
+tell if he's correct except from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell if he's correct except from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell if he's correct except from the
+tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone
+pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i got one wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway mostly get some pretty impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway mostly get some pretty impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway mostly get some pretty impressive
+huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh
+okay so that's cool an order is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's cool an order is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's cool an order is clearly
+relevant it's part of the space but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant it's part of the space but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant it's part of the space but it's
+not the same as quantity or number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as quantity or number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as quantity or number right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we're going to skip to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to skip to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to skip to the
+honeybee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeybee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeybee
+just for kicks because this paper just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for kicks because this paper just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for kicks because this paper just
+came out a month ago and i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out a month ago and i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out a month ago and i think it's
+awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome
+um honeybees have one million neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um honeybees have one million neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um honeybees have one million neurons
+and if you're impressed don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're impressed don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're impressed don't be
+impressed remember like a mouse has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed remember like a mouse has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed remember like a mouse has a
+hundred million and we have a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred million and we have a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred million and we have a hundred
+billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+six orders of magnitude okay so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six orders of magnitude okay so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six orders of magnitude okay so a
+million is like not no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million is like not no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million is like not no
+eight orders of magnitude so a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight orders of magnitude so a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight orders of magnitude so a million
+is not that many right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not that many right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not that many right
+okay and further these guys branched off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and further these guys branched off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and further these guys branched off
+from us evolutionarily a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us evolutionarily a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us evolutionarily a very long time
+ago 600 million years ago so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago 600 million years ago so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago 600 million years ago so they're
+tiny little guys not very many neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little guys not very many neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little guys not very many neurons
+totally different kind of thing who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different kind of thing who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different kind of thing who
+would think they would have any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think they would have any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think they would have any kind of
+numerical abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical abilities
+of course they wouldn't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they wouldn't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they wouldn't right
+and yet they can do arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet they can do arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet they can do arithmetic
+okay so here's the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the design
+um so here's what these guys did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's what these guys did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's what these guys did this
+wonderful lab in australia i love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful lab in australia i love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful lab in australia i love this
+stuff okay so they train these honeybees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so they train these honeybees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so they train these honeybees
+they this is a chamber like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they this is a chamber like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they this is a chamber like this
+honeybees fly into the chamber and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeybees fly into the chamber and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeybees fly into the chamber and they
+see a number in a color right here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a number in a color right here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a number in a color right here it's
+blue and it's two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and it's two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and it's two okay
+and then there's a little entry hole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a little entry hole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a little entry hole and
+they can choose to play or not play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can choose to play or not play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can choose to play or not play
+if they go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they go into the
+chamber then they're in this interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber then they're in this interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber then they're in this interior
+space where they get to make a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where they get to make a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where they get to make a choice
+between that pattern and that pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that pattern and that pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that pattern and that pattern
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and there's a little pole underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a little pole underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a little pole underneath
+each pattern and if they light and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pattern and if they light and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pattern and if they light and they
+land on the pole they can get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on the pole they can get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on the pole they can get some
+liquid okay so in the blue case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid okay so in the blue case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid okay so in the blue case
+they're rewarded over trials that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rewarded over trials that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rewarded over trials that if
+it's blue that means they should add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's blue that means they should add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's blue that means they should add one
+to this number and hence that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this number and hence that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this number and hence that would be
+the correct answer and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer and that's the
+incorrect answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect answer
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+pretty amazing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing yeah
+um and if they choose the wrong number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if they choose the wrong number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if they choose the wrong number
+they get some nasty um quinine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get some nasty um quinine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get some nasty um quinine okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast
+if the shape out front is yellow then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the shape out front is yellow then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the shape out front is yellow then
+they have to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to subtract
+so that means they have to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means they have to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means they have to keep track of
+this number and go in there and choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number and go in there and choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number and go in there and choose
+that number minus one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number minus one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number minus one right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so keep in mind oh so they balance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so keep in mind oh so they balance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so keep in mind oh so they balance the
+total surface area it doesn't look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total surface area it doesn't look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total surface area it doesn't look like
+this in this figure but it says in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this figure but it says in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this figure but it says in the
+method section they did i believe them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method section they did i believe them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method section they did i believe them
+and further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further
+realize that when the b is in here he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that when the b is in here he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that when the b is in here he
+has to be holding that number in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be holding that number in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be holding that number in memory
+and adding one to it or subtracting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding one to it or subtracting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding one to it or subtracting one
+to it to figure out what to choose here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it to figure out what to choose here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it to figure out what to choose here
+so this is pretty sophisticated it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pretty sophisticated it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pretty sophisticated it's not
+like they're side by side right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're side by side right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're side by side right
+okay and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and yet
+they're pretty good at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty good at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty good at it
+here's accuracy over training trials by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's accuracy over training trials by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's accuracy over training trials by
+100 trials they're over 80 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 trials they're over 80 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 trials they're over 80 percent
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+pretty amazing isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing isn't it
+okay so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then
+in any good um uh animal or infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any good um uh animal or infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any good um uh animal or infant
+cognition study you want to show whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition study you want to show whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition study you want to show whether
+it generalizes so then they test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generalizes so then they test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generalizes so then they test the
+same ability with new numbers i forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same ability with new numbers i forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same ability with new numbers i forget
+what this range was but it went you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this range was but it went you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this range was but it went you know
+one to four or something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to four or something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to four or something like that and
+then they go to five or six just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go to five or six just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go to five or six just to
+generalize the numbers uh and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize the numbers uh and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize the numbers uh and different
+shapes than were used in the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes than were used in the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes than were used in the training
+trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial
+and the accuracy is around you know mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the accuracy is around you know mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the accuracy is around you know mid
+60s it's not quite as good but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s it's not quite as good but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s it's not quite as good but it's
+still very good they're not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very good they're not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very good they're not being
+reinforced here and they're still doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced here and they're still doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced here and they're still doing
+the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task
+now what are the pink and blue bars okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are the pink and blue bars okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are the pink and blue bars okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you might think well is it bee just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think well is it bee just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think well is it bee just
+going to the one that has more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the one that has more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the one that has more or less
+so instead of learning add one he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of learning add one he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of learning add one he's
+learned go to the larger number larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned go to the larger number larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned go to the larger number larger
+than the one that you saw at the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one that you saw at the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one that you saw at the entry
+chamber or go to the smaller number but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber or go to the smaller number but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber or go to the smaller number but
+no that's not what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's not what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's not what they're doing
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the pink bars show the performance when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pink bars show the performance when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pink bars show the performance when
+both of the options are in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the options are in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the options are in the same
+direction right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so
+the the thing is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing is um
+blue so he's doing addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue so he's doing addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue so he's doing addition
+and he sees a two and he goes in he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sees a two and he goes in he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sees a two and he goes in he has
+a choice between three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice between three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice between three or four
+he can only do that if he knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can only do that if he knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can only do that if he knows the
+difference between adding one and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between adding one and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between adding one and just
+taking the thing that has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the thing that has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the thing that has more
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+he's well above chance in the pink bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's well above chance in the pink bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's well above chance in the pink bars
+okay so he's not just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he's not just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he's not just saying
+you know choose the one that has more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know choose the one that has more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know choose the one that has more or
+the one that has last he's adding one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that has last he's adding one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that has last he's adding one
+pretty accurate i mean sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty accurate i mean sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty accurate i mean sort of
+accurately better than chance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately better than chance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately better than chance okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's pretty cool
+but adding one subtracting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but adding one subtracting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but adding one subtracting one
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it's cool but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cool but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cool but
+do they really have abstract concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they really have abstract concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they really have abstract concepts
+like do they understand the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do they understand the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do they understand the concept of
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay so paper was published last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so paper was published last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so paper was published last year
+arguing that they have the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that they have the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that they have the concept of
+zero here's how it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here's how it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here's how it goes
+same lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same lab
+trains them in this case just on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains them in this case just on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains them in this case just on more
+greater than or less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or less than
+so the b's are given a choice like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the b's are given a choice like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the b's are given a choice like this
+uh and one set of b's is trained on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and one set of b's is trained on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and one set of b's is trained on
+greater than and one is trained on less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than and one is trained on less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than and one is trained on less
+than so this set of b's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than so this set of b's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than so this set of b's
+um trained on greater than chooses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trained on greater than chooses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trained on greater than chooses this
+one and then this one and then this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then this one and then this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then this one and then this one
+and so on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on okay
+another set of bees is trained to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of bees is trained to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of bees is trained to do the
+opposite all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite all right
+okay so that's the training phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the training phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the training phase
+then we want to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to test
+in a generalized situation so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a generalized situation so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a generalized situation so now
+they're tested with different shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tested with different shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tested with different shapes
+and different numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different numbers
+so threes and fours were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so threes and fours were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so threes and fours were
+three and maybe threes weren't used i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and maybe threes weren't used i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and maybe threes weren't used i
+forget there's some numbers in here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget there's some numbers in here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget there's some numbers in here that
+were not used before okay so you try you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not used before okay so you try you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not used before okay so you try you
+test them with a new shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them with a new shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them with a new shapes
+and here is accuracy for less than and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is accuracy for less than and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is accuracy for less than and
+great or greater than chance is 50 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great or greater than chance is 50 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great or greater than chance is 50 and
+they're 75 percent not bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 75 percent not bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 75 percent not bad
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so they get more than or less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get more than or less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get more than or less than
+okay now we want to test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we want to test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we want to test the
+generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization
+okay oh yes sorry this is where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh yes sorry this is where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh yes sorry this is where they
+changed the range of numbers so the b's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the range of numbers so the b's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the range of numbers so the b's
+had not dealt with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not dealt with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not dealt with um
+sixes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes before
+so now they still have to do greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now they still have to do greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now they still have to do greater
+than and less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than and less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than and less than
+um with a new numerical range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a new numerical range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a new numerical range
+and they're still well above chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're still well above chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're still well above chance
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then finally
+they test zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they test zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they test zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the b's that have to do less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b's that have to do less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b's that have to do less than
+have to say which of those is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say which of those is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say which of those is correct
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see
+where did it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did it go
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+where's the zero one right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the zero one right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the zero one right here
+and they're well above chance for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're well above chance for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're well above chance for both
+less than and greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than and greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than and greater
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we could quibble about whether that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could quibble about whether that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could quibble about whether that's
+a concept of zero but the cool thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concept of zero but the cool thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concept of zero but the cool thing is
+these bees had not been tested with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bees had not been tested with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bees had not been tested with a
+blank card before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank card before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank card before
+and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+spontaneously get the idea that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously get the idea that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously get the idea that that is
+less than one or two or three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one or two or three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one or two or three or
+anything else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yeah
+so arguably they have a concept of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so arguably they have a concept of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so arguably they have a concept of zero
+with no training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no training
+and only 100 million neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only 100 million neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only 100 million neurons
+okay so all of that is uh in trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of that is uh in trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of that is uh in trained
+animals and um and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and um and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and um and we can see
+some of these kinds of abilities even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these kinds of abilities even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these kinds of abilities even
+with untrained animals and i i will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with untrained animals and i i will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with untrained animals and i i will tell
+you just one more animal experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just one more animal experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just one more animal experiment
+because it's my all-time favorite ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's my all-time favorite ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's my all-time favorite ever
+and the simplest one in the whole set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the simplest one in the whole set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the simplest one in the whole set
+this is done a long time ago by church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done a long time ago by church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done a long time ago by church
+and mec so here's what they did this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mec so here's what they did this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mec so here's what they did this is
+done in rats they have a training phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in rats they have a training phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in rats they have a training phase
+where they train the rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they train the rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they train the rats
+to press the two lever if they see two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to press the two lever if they see two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to press the two lever if they see two
+light flashes or hear two sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light flashes or hear two sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light flashes or hear two sounds
+and they press another lever the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they press another lever the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they press another lever the four
+lever if they see four lights or hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever if they see four lights or hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever if they see four lights or hear
+four sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four sounds
+okay that's kind of basic animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's kind of basic animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's kind of basic animal
+training it's a rodent they're good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training it's a rodent they're good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training it's a rodent they're good at
+this no big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no big deal
+but then after the animals have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then after the animals have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then after the animals have learned
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+they spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spontaneously
+throw in the testing phase a trial with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in the testing phase a trial with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in the testing phase a trial with
+two lights and two sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lights and two sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lights and two sounds
+and the rats press the four lever first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rats press the four lever first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rats press the four lever first
+time no training no nothing spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no training no nothing spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no training no nothing spontaneous
+addition spontaneous abstraction across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition spontaneous abstraction across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition spontaneous abstraction across
+tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones
+and lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lights
+pretty awesome huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty awesome huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty awesome huh
+so it's not just that you can reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just that you can reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just that you can reveal
+these abilities with elaborate training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these abilities with elaborate training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these abilities with elaborate training
+okay so we have all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have all of these different
+kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of
+evidence of an abstract number sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of an abstract number sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of an abstract number sense
+and they're present in newborn infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're present in newborn infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're present in newborn infants
+and they're present in animals and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're present in animals and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're present in animals and they
+just seem to be part of our basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seem to be part of our basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seem to be part of our basic
+cognitive machinery machinery that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive machinery machinery that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive machinery machinery that we
+share with uh with animals so how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with uh with animals so how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with uh with animals so how are
+they implemented in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they implemented in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they implemented in the brain
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so little neuro neuroanatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so little neuro neuroanatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so little neuro neuroanatomy
+reminder of some basics this is a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of some basics this is a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of some basics this is a weird
+angle of a brain it's kind of like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of a brain it's kind of like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of a brain it's kind of like this
+kind of back of the head front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of back of the head front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of back of the head front of the
+head temporal lobe frontal lobe around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head temporal lobe frontal lobe around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head temporal lobe frontal lobe around
+the corner everybody oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner everybody oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner everybody oriented
+there's one of the longest cell site in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one of the longest cell site in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one of the longest cell site in
+the brain that starts about here on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain that starts about here on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain that starts about here on me
+goes like this and it curves around like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this and it curves around like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this and it curves around like
+that it's backyard goes up and occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's backyard goes up and occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's backyard goes up and occurs
+over okay it's called the interpretal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay it's called the interpretal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay it's called the interpretal
+sulcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulcus
+and i mentioned that just because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mentioned that just because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mentioned that just because it's
+in a lot of the number literature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of the number literature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of the number literature you
+saw it in the paper you guys read for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it in the paper you guys read for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it in the paper you guys read for
+last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night
+um and above it it's a spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and above it it's a spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and above it it's a spirit
+parietal lobule and below it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobule and below it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobule and below it is the
+inferior parietal lobule none of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior parietal lobule none of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior parietal lobule none of that
+matters other than that a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters other than that a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters other than that a lot of the
+action is in the parietal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is in the parietal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is in the parietal lobe
+particularly up here around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly up here around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly up here around the
+interpretal sulcus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretal sulcus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretal sulcus okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so studies that have looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so studies that have looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so studies that have looked at this
+includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes
+some classical studies of patients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some classical studies of patients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some classical studies of patients with
+brain damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain damage
+uh and something called a calculia that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and something called a calculia that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and something called a calculia that
+means loss of ability to calculate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means loss of ability to calculate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means loss of ability to calculate okay
+and so there's um two basic kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's um two basic kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's um two basic kinds of
+acalculia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acalculia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acalculia
+um that are really interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are really interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are really interestingly
+different so so what there's one um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so so what there's one um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so so what there's one um a
+calculus patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus patient
+who has left parietal damage that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has left parietal damage that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has left parietal damage that same
+region i just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region i just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region i just talked about
+and this person is bad at approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this person is bad at approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this person is bad at approximation
+so the kinds of dot array tasks that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinds of dot array tasks that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinds of dot array tasks that i
+gave you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you guys
+this this guy after brain damage right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this guy after brain damage right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this guy after brain damage right
+here is really bad at that kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is really bad at that kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is really bad at that kind of stuff
+and interestingly he's more impaired on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interestingly he's more impaired on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interestingly he's more impaired on
+subtraction than multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction than multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction than multiplication
+so for example he can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example he can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example he can do
+he's worse at what is 7 minus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's worse at what is 7 minus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's worse at what is 7 minus 5
+then what is 7 times 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is 7 times 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is 7 times 5
+so think about that for a moment think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about that for a moment think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about that for a moment think
+about what that might mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that might mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that might mean
+especially in light of another a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in light of another a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in light of another a
+calculus patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus patient
+who has a very different presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has a very different presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has a very different presentation
+he's got left temporal damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got left temporal damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got left temporal damage
+his approximation is fine so all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his approximation is fine so all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his approximation is fine so all those
+kind of daughter ray kind of tasks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of daughter ray kind of tasks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of daughter ray kind of tasks and
+tone tasks that i told you about he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone tasks that i told you about he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone tasks that i told you about he's
+good at this guy shows the opposite he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at this guy shows the opposite he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at this guy shows the opposite he's
+more impaired at multiplication than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more impaired at multiplication than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more impaired at multiplication than
+subtraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+do you guys have any oh so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys have any oh so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys have any oh so first of all
+you put these two patients together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put these two patients together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put these two patients together and
+what do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what
+double dissociation right two patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dissociation right two patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dissociation right two patients
+with opposite patterns of deficit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with opposite patterns of deficit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with opposite patterns of deficit right
+if we just had one then we could maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just had one then we could maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just had one then we could maybe
+tell a story but it wouldn't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a story but it wouldn't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a story but it wouldn't really know
+but we have two and they have opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have two and they have opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have two and they have opposite
+patterns and now that really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and now that really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and now that really kind of
+contrains the interpretation david can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrains the interpretation david can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrains the interpretation david can
+go to the first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the first question
+ah good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah good question
+um he's not very good at adam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thoughts what do you think it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the addition subtraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so are used what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so one one hypothesis is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so one one hypothesis is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so one one hypothesis is that
+addition and subtraction are just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and subtraction are just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and subtraction are just a
+different beast than multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different beast than multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different beast than multiplication
+different parts of the brain do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the brain do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the brain do those
+things totally possible but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things totally possible but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things totally possible but there's a
+kind of more intuitive interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more intuitive interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more intuitive interpretation
+well i think people tend to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i think people tend to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i think people tend to memorize
+times tables bingo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times tables bingo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times tables bingo
+bingo often like the right answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bingo often like the right answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bingo often like the right answer is
+something that's like right in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's like right in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's like right in front of
+you just think about what is it like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just think about what is it like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just think about what is it like to
+do that how do you do 7 times 5 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that how do you do 7 times 5 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that how do you do 7 times 5 you
+don't think about the meanings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about the meanings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about the meanings of the
+numbers you just blurt out 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you just blurt out 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you just blurt out 35
+right right it's not very it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right it's not very it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right it's not very it's not a
+very rich number time it's a number task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich number time it's a number task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich number time it's a number task
+but it's a concrete wrote verbally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a concrete wrote verbally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a concrete wrote verbally
+memorized thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized thing
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is
+that you know that that that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that that that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that that that those
+verbalized concrete uh number facts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbalized concrete uh number facts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbalized concrete uh number facts are
+you know in one domain one set of brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in one domain one set of brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in one domain one set of brain
+damage would impair those and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage would impair those and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage would impair those and it's a
+different thing to impair the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing to impair the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing to impair the actual
+representation of numerosity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of numerosity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of numerosity and the
+idea is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that um
+uh this person is the one with the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this person is the one with the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this person is the one with the real
+damage to the approximate number system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to the approximate number system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to the approximate number system
+right yeah so the step in the um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so the step in the um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so the step in the um that
+patients can be our people these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients can be our people these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients can be our people these people
+like during the several times five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like during the several times five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like during the several times five
+normally but when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally but when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally but when they
+asked for summing seven four five times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked for summing seven four five times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked for summing seven four five times
+they're not gonna get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not gonna get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not gonna get three
+yeah well i think the approximate number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well i think the approximate number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well i think the approximate number
+system might have a tough time dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system might have a tough time dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system might have a tough time dealing
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+summing seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing seven
+five times so yeah you know it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times so yeah you know it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times so yeah you know it has
+limits right it can deal with it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits right it can deal with it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits right it can deal with it can do
+it can add two approximate things but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can add two approximate things but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can add two approximate things but it
+might you might really lose your mind if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might really lose your mind if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might really lose your mind if
+you tried to do the whole string of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tried to do the whole string of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tried to do the whole string of it
+yeah yeah so we're trying to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so we're trying to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so we're trying to see if
+maybe if he was working with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if he was working with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if he was working with the same
+digits like maybe seven plus seven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits like maybe seven plus seven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits like maybe seven plus seven or
+seven minus seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven minus seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven minus seven
+like expensive maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expensive maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expensive maybe
+to do that fairly easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that fairly easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that fairly easily
+if that's the case right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the case right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the case right
+uh say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say more
+if it's the case that isn't possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the case that isn't possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the case that isn't possible
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+yeah you should be able to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you should be able to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you should be able to do something
+to set up fairly easy because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up fairly easy because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up fairly easy because that's
+like you know that when you stop trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know that when you stop trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know that when you stop trying
+the same thing you're going to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing you're going to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing you're going to be good
+to go yes but it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go yes but it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go yes but it's an interesting
+question actually whether that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question actually whether that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question actually whether that would be
+part of that system or whether that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that system or whether that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that system or whether that's a
+kind of more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more abstract
+formal thing you learn so i think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal thing you learn so i think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal thing you learn so i think it
+depends how you do it right so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how you do it right so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how you do it right so one of
+the ways i didn't talk about this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways i didn't talk about this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways i didn't talk about this but
+those same those same experiments adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same those same experiments adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same those same experiments adding
+say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um
+adding dots to dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding dots to dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding dots to dots
+those were also done with little kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were also done with little kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were also done with little kids
+and there what you do is you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there what you do is you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there what you do is you show
+i don't really remember what it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really remember what it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really remember what it is but
+you show some array of things and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show some array of things and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show some array of things and you
+hide it behind the screen and you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide it behind the screen and you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide it behind the screen and you show
+another ray and hide it behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ray and hide it behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ray and hide it behind the
+screen and then you reveal the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and then you reveal the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and then you reveal the screen
+like how many things are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how many things are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how many things are there
+that kind of stuff works spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of stuff works spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of stuff works spontaneously
+so it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it might
+it might tap into that system i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might tap into that system i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might tap into that system i think
+that's an interesting question i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting question i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting question i'm not
+totally sure how it would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally sure how it would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally sure how it would go
+yeah so the second person is about it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the second person is about it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the second person is about it we
+call lacrosse board or is it just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call lacrosse board or is it just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call lacrosse board or is it just with
+numbers just with numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers just with numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers just with numbers
+yeah i mean it's always a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean it's always a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean it's always a little bit
+messy that patient literature is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy that patient literature is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy that patient literature is always
+like some other random stuff and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some other random stuff and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some other random stuff and you can
+how do you account for that and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you account for that and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you account for that and there's
+lesions in other places but to a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions in other places but to a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions in other places but to a first
+approximation these are reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation these are reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation these are reasonably
+number specific deficits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number specific deficits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number specific deficits
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay so that's a bit of a hint from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a bit of a hint from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a bit of a hint from the
+neuropsychology literature but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuropsychology literature but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuropsychology literature but you know
+there's basically these mainly these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically these mainly these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically these mainly these two
+patients and some other like messier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and some other like messier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and some other like messier
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so
+one wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wants to
+use neuroimaging to get a better picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use neuroimaging to get a better picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use neuroimaging to get a better picture
+of it of course that's been going on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it of course that's been going on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it of course that's been going on for
+a long time and so here's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time and so here's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time and so here's one of the
+early papers from stan to hens lab this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early papers from stan to hens lab this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early papers from stan to hens lab this
+is the top view of the brain so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the top view of the brain so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the top view of the brain so this is
+this parietal zone and this is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parietal zone and this is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parietal zone and this is that what
+is often referred to as the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often referred to as the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often referred to as the horizontal
+segment of the interpretal sulcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the interpretal sulcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the interpretal sulcus
+hips to its friends and it's that sulcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hips to its friends and it's that sulcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hips to its friends and it's that sulcus
+that i talked about that goes up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i talked about that goes up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i talked about that goes up like
+this it kind of curves over it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it kind of curves over it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it kind of curves over it's like
+this bit right there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit right there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit right there okay
+that little orange strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little orange strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little orange strip
+and so what he's saying in this review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what he's saying in this review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what he's saying in this review
+article from a long time ago is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article from a long time ago is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article from a long time ago is that
+that region is activated only when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region is activated only when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region is activated only when you
+do calculation it means basic arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do calculation it means basic arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do calculation it means basic arithmetic
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+not when you do all these other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not when you do all these other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not when you do all these other things
+but when this paper came out i'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when this paper came out i'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when this paper came out i'm like
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+right i don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i don't think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i don't think so
+i can't tell you how many experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't tell you how many experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't tell you how many experiments
+i've run and seen big ass activations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've run and seen big ass activations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've run and seen big ass activations
+right there on tasks that have nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there on tasks that have nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there on tasks that have nothing
+to do with numbers so looks good sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with numbers so looks good sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with numbers so looks good sounded
+good he got away with it for a while and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good he got away with it for a while and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good he got away with it for a while and
+it's not true yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true yeah
+high enough that you've been zapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough that you've been zapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough that you've been zapping
+terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible
+big film too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big film too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big film too
+he's a really smart nice guy i just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a really smart nice guy i just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a really smart nice guy i just like
+when people are a little bit fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people are a little bit fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people are a little bit fast and
+loose and make a big claim which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose and make a big claim which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose and make a big claim which you can
+tell at the time isn't quite right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell at the time isn't quite right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell at the time isn't quite right it's
+a little bit annoying anyway sorry go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit annoying anyway sorry go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit annoying anyway sorry go
+ahead yeah is the region high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah is the region high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah is the region high enough
+that you can zap it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can zap it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can zap it
+ah we're getting there yes indeed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah we're getting there yes indeed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah we're getting there yes indeed you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+but let's do a little more basic stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's do a little more basic stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's do a little more basic stuff
+first okay so the claim is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay so the claim is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay so the claim is that this
+hips thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hips thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hips thing
+is the locus of the approximate number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the locus of the approximate number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the locus of the approximate number
+system that was the early claim okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that was the early claim okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that was the early claim okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and for further the claim implicit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for further the claim implicit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for further the claim implicit in
+this this article in this figure is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this article in this figure is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this article in this figure is that
+it's involved in numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's involved in numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's involved in numerical
+representations only not any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations only not any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations only not any of these
+other things grasping tasks manual tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things grasping tasks manual tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things grasping tasks manual tasks
+eye movement tasks etc etc etc okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movement tasks etc etc etc okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movement tasks etc etc etc okay
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+um and as i mentioned like me and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and as i mentioned like me and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and as i mentioned like me and lots
+of other people had seen these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other people had seen these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other people had seen these same
+regions see it looks like the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions see it looks like the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions see it looks like the same
+regions activated in all kinds of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions activated in all kinds of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions activated in all kinds of other
+situations especially those involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations especially those involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations especially those involving
+reasoning about spatial location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about spatial location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about spatial location
+you guys got short shrift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys got short shrift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys got short shrift
+six weeks ago i meant to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six weeks ago i meant to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six weeks ago i meant to talk about the
+parietal lobe and its role in high-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobe and its role in high-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobe and its role in high-level
+vision and it just somehow went by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and it just somehow went by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and it just somehow went by the
+boards but all this stuff is involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards but all this stuff is involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards but all this stuff is involved in
+aspects of vision particularly spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of vision particularly spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of vision particularly spatial
+vision knowing what is where okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision knowing what is where okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision knowing what is where okay
+and so there's an alternate view which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's an alternate view which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's an alternate view which
+is that there's no specific brain region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's no specific brain region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's no specific brain region
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+that's specifically only involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's specifically only involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's specifically only involved in
+discrete number per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete number per se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete number per se
+instead there's a common region for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there's a common region for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there's a common region for
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+of almost any dimension whether discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of almost any dimension whether discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of almost any dimension whether discrete
+or continuous right the approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or continuous right the approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or continuous right the approximate
+number system or your exact number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number system or your exact number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number system or your exact number
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and that it builds on previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it builds on previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it builds on previous
+representations of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of space
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+for example the number line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the number line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the number line
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so you guys read this article for last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys read this article for last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys read this article for last
+night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night
+um and just to review what the key point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and just to review what the key point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and just to review what the key point
+was this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this is again
+this is the the kind of aerial view with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the kind of aerial view with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the kind of aerial view with
+the parietal lobe here and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parietal lobe here and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parietal lobe here and that's the
+business the hips region yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business the hips region yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business the hips region yeah
+um that were that we were um that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that were that we were um that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that were that we were um that was in
+the previous slide and you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide and you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide and you can see it's
+this horizontal part of that sulcus way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this horizontal part of that sulcus way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this horizontal part of that sulcus way
+up in the parietal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the parietal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the parietal lobe
+and the yellow and green means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the yellow and green means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the yellow and green means that
+there's overlapping activation for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's overlapping activation for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's overlapping activation for both
+symbolic calculation that's like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic calculation that's like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic calculation that's like with
+symbols and for non-symbolic calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and for non-symbolic calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and for non-symbolic calculation
+that's like dot arrays stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like dot arrays stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like dot arrays stuff like that
+right and so it's activated for both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so it's activated for both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so it's activated for both of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um
+the point of this paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this paper uh
+is first of all that there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first of all that there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first of all that there's also
+overlap with eye movement system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap with eye movement system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap with eye movement system right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so here they're really asking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here they're really asking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here they're really asking is
+this spatial representation kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spatial representation kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spatial representation kind of
+co-opted in your representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-opted in your representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-opted in your representation of
+number using a kind of spatial number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number using a kind of spatial number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number using a kind of spatial number
+line right it makes perfect sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right it makes perfect sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right it makes perfect sense you
+animals need a representation of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals need a representation of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals need a representation of space
+it's like extremely basic right and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like extremely basic right and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like extremely basic right and once
+you have that you can co-opt it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that you can co-opt it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that you can co-opt it and
+represent numbers in that same spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent numbers in that same spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent numbers in that same spatial
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+and as you guys all read the the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you guys all read the the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you guys all read the the cool
+result from that paper which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from that paper which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from that paper which is also
+also from stan to hen's lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from stan to hen's lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from stan to hen's lab
+is uh that that when you take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that that when you take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that that when you take that
+region right in there you take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right in there you take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right in there you take those
+voxels in there and you train them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels in there and you train them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels in there and you train them on
+making leftward versus rightward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making leftward versus rightward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making leftward versus rightward
+saccades so now you have a classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saccades so now you have a classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saccades so now you have a classifier
+that looks at the pattern of activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at the pattern of activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at the pattern of activation
+there you can distinguish the left word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can distinguish the left word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can distinguish the left word
+versus the right word versus sakad i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the right word versus sakad i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the right word versus sakad i'm
+just reviewing this hopefully it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reviewing this hopefully it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reviewing this hopefully it was
+clear enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear enough
+that same classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same classifier
+can then distinguish subtraction versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then distinguish subtraction versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then distinguish subtraction versus
+addition did you guys all get that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition did you guys all get that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition did you guys all get that from
+the paper yeah it's pretty cool isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper yeah it's pretty cool isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper yeah it's pretty cool isn't it
+um anyway so that's kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so that's kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so that's kind of nice
+evidence that the same spatial system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that the same spatial system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that the same spatial system
+that's used in spatial attention and eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used in spatial attention and eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used in spatial attention and eye
+movements has been co-opted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements has been co-opted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements has been co-opted
+to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent
+numbers as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as well
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i just wanted to incorporate that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just wanted to incorporate that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just wanted to incorporate that in
+case anybody missed what the paper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case anybody missed what the paper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case anybody missed what the paper was
+about those were the key points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those were the key points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those were the key points
+other other early studies have asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other early studies have asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other early studies have asked
+more directly this question of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly this question of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly this question of whether
+different kinds of magnitude are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of magnitude are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of magnitude are all
+represented together in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented together in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented together in the brain
+and this study is quite clever um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this study is quite clever um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this study is quite clever um they
+used that uh a variant of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that uh a variant of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that uh a variant of the fact that
+i showed you guys before remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i showed you guys before remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i showed you guys before remember when
+saying whether number is greater or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying whether number is greater or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying whether number is greater or less
+than 65 it's harder when it's closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 65 it's harder when it's closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 65 it's harder when it's closer to
+65 than when it's farther from 65 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 than when it's farther from 65 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 than when it's farther from 65 okay
+even though i was showing you symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though i was showing you symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though i was showing you symbols
+that was a key thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a key thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a key thing right
+so that's called the distance effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called the distance effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called the distance effect
+right and that's true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's true for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's true for all
+comparisons and so this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons and so this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons and so this study
+exploits that distance effect and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploits that distance effect and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploits that distance effect and they
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+stimuli like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli like this
+and they ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they ask
+which one is larger and it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is larger and it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is larger and it could be
+larger in absolute size like the two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger in absolute size like the two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger in absolute size like the two is
+larger here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger here
+or it can be larger in number meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be larger in number meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be larger in number meaning
+like the seven is larger okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the seven is larger okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the seven is larger okay so in
+different blocks you're saying which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different blocks you're saying which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different blocks you're saying which one
+is physically larger which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is physically larger which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is physically larger which one is
+numerically larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically larger
+which one is brighter that would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is brighter that would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is brighter that would be this
+one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here
+and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um
+then they just have a control with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just have a control with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just have a control with
+letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so then sorry this the design is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then sorry this the design is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then sorry this the design is
+slightly complicated so there's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly complicated so there's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly complicated so there's these
+three main tasks in a controlled task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three main tasks in a controlled task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three main tasks in a controlled task
+but then within each they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then within each they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then within each they have the
+difficult version and the easy version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult version and the easy version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult version and the easy version
+and the difficult version is when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the difficult version is when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the difficult version is when the
+comparisons are close two similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons are close two similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons are close two similar
+brightnesses to similar numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightnesses to similar numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightnesses to similar numbers to
+similar sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sizes
+versus two larger ones okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus two larger ones okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus two larger ones okay so that's
+all that's what all this garbage shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's what all this garbage shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's what all this garbage shows
+okay so then you do that subtraction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then you do that subtraction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then you do that subtraction you
+look and you say okay what parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and you say okay what parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and you say okay what parts of the
+brain are more active when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain are more active when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain are more active when you do
+the difficult versus easy number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficult versus easy number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficult versus easy number
+comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison
+like saying which is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying which is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying which is larger
+it's not that difficult but you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that difficult but you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that difficult but you know two
+verses three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verses three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verses three
+versus two versus seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus two versus seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus two versus seven
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so what they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they find
+is that similar regions of the brain are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that similar regions of the brain are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that similar regions of the brain are
+active for all three of those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active for all three of those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active for all three of those kinds of
+comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons
+okay so it's not like you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's not like you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's not like you get
+just one for symbolic number or for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one for symbolic number or for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one for symbolic number or for the
+or or for the the two magnitude tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or for the the two magnitude tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or for the the two magnitude tasks
+all of those different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those different kinds of
+magnitude activate the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude activate the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude activate the same
+regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the conclusion is that number and size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion is that number and size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion is that number and size
+in gay and brightness engage a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gay and brightness engage a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gay and brightness engage a common
+parietal spatial code okay an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal spatial code okay an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal spatial code okay an
+overlapping region for all of these does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping region for all of these does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping region for all of these does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so that shows in this case that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that shows in this case that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that shows in this case that it's
+not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just
+symbolic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic number
+but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also
+magnitude which one is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude which one is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude which one is bigger
+right that's a kind of continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a kind of continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a kind of continuous
+magnitude idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude idea
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so one worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one worry
+is that in each of these cases they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in each of these cases they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in each of these cases they're
+comparing a difficult condition to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing a difficult condition to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing a difficult condition to an
+easy condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy condition
+and so maybe the regions they got are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe the regions they got are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe the regions they got are
+just engaged in any kind of task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just engaged in any kind of task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just engaged in any kind of task
+difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty
+maybe if they had done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if they had done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if they had done a
+syntactically you know a syntactic task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactically you know a syntactic task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactically you know a syntactic task
+on language stimuli that was difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on language stimuli that was difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on language stimuli that was difficult
+versus easy they would get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus easy they would get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus easy they would get the same
+things from this experiment we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from this experiment we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from this experiment we don't
+know we'll talk more about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll talk more about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll talk more about that in a
+couple weeks when we talk about language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks when we talk about language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks when we talk about language
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but here's at least one control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's at least one control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's at least one control
+that deals with that sort of and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deals with that sort of and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deals with that sort of and which
+does a tms experiment as you suggested a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a tms experiment as you suggested a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a tms experiment as you suggested a
+while back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while back
+okay so this is kind of cool experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is kind of cool experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is kind of cool experiment
+i mean it's weird but sort of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's weird but sort of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's weird but sort of cool
+okay so what do they do they use um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do they do they use um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do they do they use um okay
+so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have
+again an easy task and a hard task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again an easy task and a hard task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again an easy task and a hard task
+um again it's you know it's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again it's you know it's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again it's you know it's the thing
+greater or less than 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or less than 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or less than 65
+you know not very hard right the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not very hard right the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not very hard right the hard
+one is that hard but um so is it greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that hard but um so is it greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that hard but um so is it greater
+or less than 65 and it's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less than 65 and it's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less than 65 and it's either
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+symbolic number or it's a dot array you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic number or it's a dot array you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic number or it's a dot array you
+can't really see it but there's a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really see it but there's a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really see it but there's a bunch
+of teeny dots in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teeny dots in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teeny dots in there
+uh or in the other condition they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or in the other condition they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or in the other condition they have
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+whether that ellipse is more horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that ellipse is more horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that ellipse is more horizontal
+or vertical okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vertical okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vertical okay
+and so you spend a lot of time before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you spend a lot of time before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you spend a lot of time before
+you run the experiment measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run the experiment measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run the experiment measuring
+reaction time and accuracy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction time and accuracy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction time and accuracy to
+balance difficulty within the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance difficulty within the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance difficulty within the easy
+conditions and balance difficulty within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and balance difficulty within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and balance difficulty within
+the hard conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard conditions
+okay so then what they do is they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then what they do is they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then what they do is they do
+something called offline tms okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called offline tms okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called offline tms okay
+offline tms i didn't talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline tms i didn't talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline tms i didn't talk about this
+much much before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much before
+the the standard kinds of tms you stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the standard kinds of tms you stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the standard kinds of tms you stick
+the coil right on the subject's head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil right on the subject's head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil right on the subject's head
+there's you know a subject doing a task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know a subject doing a task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know a subject doing a task
+on a monitor and somebody's standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a monitor and somebody's standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a monitor and somebody's standing
+there holding the coil it's really kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there holding the coil it's really kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there holding the coil it's really kind
+of rudimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rudimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rudimentary
+and right at a key point of the trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right at a key point of the trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right at a key point of the trial
+you deliver a zap to disrupt that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver a zap to disrupt that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver a zap to disrupt that part
+of the brain and you find out how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain and you find out how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain and you find out how much
+that interferes with performance on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interferes with performance on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interferes with performance on that
+task that's the standard online kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task that's the standard online kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task that's the standard online kind of
+tms thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tms thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tms thing
+but there's also offline tms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also offline tms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also offline tms
+where you zap people at a slow rate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you zap people at a slow rate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you zap people at a slow rate for
+like 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 minutes
+and then the idea is that you've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the idea is that you've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the idea is that you've kind of
+generally disrupted that piece of brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally disrupted that piece of brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally disrupted that piece of brain
+for say another 10 minutes it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for say another 10 minutes it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for say another 10 minutes it's a little
+bit scarier but just like 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit scarier but just like 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit scarier but just like 10 minutes
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay and so that way you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that way you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that way you don't have to
+be quite so fancy about the precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite so fancy about the precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite so fancy about the precise
+timing you can just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing you can just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing you can just kind of
+reduce its effectiveness for a whole 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce its effectiveness for a whole 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce its effectiveness for a whole 10
+minutes okay so that's what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay so that's what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay so that's what they did
+here offline tms so you sit there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here offline tms so you sit there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here offline tms so you sit there and
+get zapped for 10 minutes slowly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zapped for 10 minutes slowly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zapped for 10 minutes slowly here
+and then you like do some math tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you like do some math tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you like do some math tasks
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so what they find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what they find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what they find is that
+zapping the left interparietal sulcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zapping the left interparietal sulcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zapping the left interparietal sulcus
+disrupts the magnitude tasks on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts the magnitude tasks on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts the magnitude tasks on both
+numbers and dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and dots
+but it doesn't mess up the shape tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't mess up the shape tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't mess up the shape tasks
+with the ellipses even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ellipses even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ellipses even though the
+ellipses are balanced for difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipses are balanced for difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipses are balanced for difficulty
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's at least a little bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's at least a little bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's at least a little bit of an
+argument that it's not just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that it's not just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that it's not just about
+generic difficulty at least in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic difficulty at least in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic difficulty at least in this
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+i think that's what i just said so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's what i just said so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's what i just said so um
+that's yeah some evidence for a role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah some evidence for a role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah some evidence for a role of
+at least the left inner parietal sulcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the left inner parietal sulcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the left inner parietal sulcus
+and both symbolic and non-symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both symbolic and non-symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both symbolic and non-symbolic
+number again non-symbolic number just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number again non-symbolic number just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number again non-symbolic number just
+means dots without arabic numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means dots without arabic numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means dots without arabic numbers
+not just any difficulty all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just any difficulty all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just any difficulty all right
+so that's all very nice but it's crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all very nice but it's crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all very nice but it's crude
+as hell right we found these big blurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hell right we found these big blurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hell right we found these big blurry
+chunks of brain that are implicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of brain that are implicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of brain that are implicated and
+we zapped a big chunk of brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we zapped a big chunk of brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we zapped a big chunk of brain and
+slightly reduced performance it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly reduced performance it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly reduced performance it's like
+okay better than nothing but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay better than nothing but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay better than nothing but it's not
+very impressive what are the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very impressive what are the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very impressive what are the actual
+neurons doing in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons doing in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons doing in the brain
+well now it becomes really important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now it becomes really important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now it becomes really important and
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this approximate number system that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximate number system that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximate number system that i've
+been talking about is also present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about is also present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about is also present in
+animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+and that means we can use animal models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means we can use animal models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means we can use animal models
+and we can record from individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can record from individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can record from individual
+neurons in the parietal lobes of monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the parietal lobes of monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the parietal lobes of monkeys
+when they do number tasks to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do number tasks to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do number tasks to find out
+what actual neurons are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actual neurons are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actual neurons are doing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so there's a guy named andreas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a guy named andreas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a guy named andreas
+nieder who's been doing this for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nieder who's been doing this for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nieder who's been doing this for a long
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and he has some pretty remarkable data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has some pretty remarkable data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has some pretty remarkable data
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+he starts by training monkeys to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he starts by training monkeys to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he starts by training monkeys to do a
+number task so here's what the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number task so here's what the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number task so here's what the monkey
+sees monkey sees a sample with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees monkey sees a sample with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees monkey sees a sample with some
+number of dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dots
+and then there's a memory delay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a memory delay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a memory delay in this
+case one second then he has to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one second then he has to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one second then he has to do a
+matching task and choose that array not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching task and choose that array not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching task and choose that array not
+this array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array
+okay so we've got to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've got to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've got to remember that
+there's three dots and choose the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three dots and choose the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three dots and choose the right
+three and notice that the sizes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and notice that the sizes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and notice that the sizes and
+configuration of the dots have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the dots have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the dots have changed
+so we have to do something more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to do something more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to do something more like
+remember three in whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember three in whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember three in whatever
+mental monkeyes version of three exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental monkeyes version of three exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental monkeyes version of three exists
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay simple matching tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay simple matching tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay simple matching tasks
+um then he records from neurons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then he records from neurons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then he records from neurons in the
+parietal and frontal cortex in monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal and frontal cortex in monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal and frontal cortex in monkeys
+and he finds neurons that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he finds neurons that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he finds neurons that are sort of
+specific for number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific for number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific for number
+okay so here's time in that task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's time in that task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's time in that task
+this is the time that the sample is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the time that the sample is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the time that the sample is
+presented right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented right here
+and here is a the response of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is a the response of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is a the response of a single
+neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+that likes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that likes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that likes two
+more than anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than anything else
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that two notice is all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that two notice is all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that two notice is all different
+kinds of spatial arrangements and sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of spatial arrangements and sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of spatial arrangements and sizes
+of the dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dots
+what's common about all of them is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's common about all of them is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's common about all of them is that
+it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two
+next best it likes four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next best it likes four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next best it likes four
+okay and it generalizes across number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it generalizes across number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it generalizes across number
+from there so it's approximate it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there so it's approximate it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there so it's approximate it's not
+like high for two and zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like high for two and zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like high for two and zero for
+everything else it's got a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else it's got a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else it's got a kind of
+generalization gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization gradient
+um but it prefers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it prefers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it prefers to
+okay so that's a number neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a number neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a number neuron
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here's a here's a sixth neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here's a sixth neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here's a sixth neuron
+that's neuron like six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's neuron like six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's neuron like six
+um here it is same task during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here it is same task during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here it is same task during
+presentation of trials here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of trials here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of trials here
+red is six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is six
+uh next closest is like eight and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next closest is like eight and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next closest is like eight and maybe
+ten so it also generalizes as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten so it also generalizes as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten so it also generalizes as well but
+it responds more to 6 than anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it responds more to 6 than anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it responds more to 6 than anything else
+pretty awesome huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty awesome huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty awesome huh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+that doesn't tell us how it was computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't tell us how it was computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't tell us how it was computed
+right so you know finding a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know finding a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know finding a single
+neuron that does something spectacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that does something spectacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that does something spectacular
+is thrilling we all love it it's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thrilling we all love it it's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thrilling we all love it it's great
+fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun
+um and we're closer to the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're closer to the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're closer to the neural
+circuit because we found a neuron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit because we found a neuron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit because we found a neuron that
+seems to be part of the action but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be part of the action but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be part of the action but
+notice it doesn't tell us how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it doesn't tell us how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it doesn't tell us how that
+neuron made that computation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron made that computation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron made that computation right
+what are the circuits that led into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the circuits that led into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the circuits that led into it
+that enabled it to be specific to six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enabled it to be specific to six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enabled it to be specific to six or
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+um but it's still cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's still cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's still cool
+okay but next we want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but next we want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but next we want to know how
+abstract are those neurons this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract are those neurons this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract are those neurons this is just
+you know dot arrays okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know dot arrays okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know dot arrays okay
+uh and they're just presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they're just presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they're just presented
+in one array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one array
+so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next
+andreas needer trains his monkeys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andreas needer trains his monkeys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andreas needer trains his monkeys to
+keep track of the number of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the number of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the number of things that
+happen over time it's not a spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen over time it's not a spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen over time it's not a spatial
+array it's a temporal sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array it's a temporal sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array it's a temporal sequence
+okay so he has to see that there's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he has to see that there's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he has to see that there's four
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+coming in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here
+and then choose the array that matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then choose the array that matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then choose the array that matches
+with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see how this is a way to ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this is a way to ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this is a way to ask how
+abstract those those number neurons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract those those number neurons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract those those number neurons are
+are they really representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they really representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they really representing the
+abstract magnitude of two or six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract magnitude of two or six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract magnitude of two or six or
+whatever it is or are they representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is or are they representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is or are they representing
+something about the shape of a two type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the shape of a two type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the shape of a two type
+array or a six type array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array or a six type array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array or a six type array
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um and they can also test over different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they can also test over different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they can also test over different
+modalities so now they present four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities so now they present four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities so now they present four
+different tones and the monkey has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tones and the monkey has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tones and the monkey has to
+choose the four dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the four dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the four dots
+okay now it's both over time and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it's both over time and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it's both over time and over
+sensory modality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory modality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory modality
+so how abstract are those numbered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how abstract are those numbered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how abstract are those numbered
+neurons okay they're pretty abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay they're pretty abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay they're pretty abstract
+so here are a few number neurons cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are a few number neurons cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are a few number neurons cell
+one is in the blue colors and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is in the blue colors and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is in the blue colors and here is
+its response uh in light blue to dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its response uh in light blue to dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its response uh in light blue to dots
+one dot two dot three dots four dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dot two dot three dots four dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dot two dot three dots four dots
+and here is the same cell responding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the same cell responding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the same cell responding to
+um sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sounds
+it's specific to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's specific to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's specific to one
+both for sounds and for data rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for sounds and for data rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for sounds and for data rays
+that cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cool
+and you see the green the green cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the green the green cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the green the green cell is
+selective for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective for two
+whether in dots or sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in dots or sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in dots or sounds
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool
+so these are very abstract number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are very abstract number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are very abstract number
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay now these monkeys are trained on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now these monkeys are trained on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now these monkeys are trained on
+number tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number tasks
+so you might think that these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think that these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think that these kinds of
+abstract number neurons and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract number neurons and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract number neurons and they're
+trained to do the generalization from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to do the generalization from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to do the generalization from
+tones to arrays so maybe those number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones to arrays so maybe those number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones to arrays so maybe those number
+neurons wouldn't live in their brains if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons wouldn't live in their brains if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons wouldn't live in their brains if
+they hadn't been trained to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't been trained to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't been trained to do that
+um but i don't have time to show you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but i don't have time to show you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but i don't have time to show you all
+the data but in subsequent work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data but in subsequent work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data but in subsequent work
+uh the same team has found among has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same team has found among has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same team has found among has
+recorded for monkeys before any training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded for monkeys before any training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded for monkeys before any training
+and you find similar number neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find similar number neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find similar number neurons
+so it does seem like these are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it does seem like these are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it does seem like these are you know
+things that exist in monkey and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that exist in monkey and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that exist in monkey and remember
+that's consistent with what i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with what i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with what i said
+before which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which is that
+a lot of these um a lot of these number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these um a lot of these number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these um a lot of these number
+abilities are present in animals without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities are present in animals without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities are present in animals without
+any training and in newborns and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any training and in newborns and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any training and in newborns and so it
+makes sense that some of those neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense that some of those neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense that some of those neurons
+would be around even in advance of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be around even in advance of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be around even in advance of any
+training neurons that they have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training neurons that they have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training neurons that they have to look
+at to find oh that's a good question i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at to find oh that's a good question i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at to find oh that's a good question i
+forget what percent it is we could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what percent it is we could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what percent it is we could look
+it up in the neater paper yeah um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up in the neater paper yeah um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up in the neater paper yeah um it's
+not like you record from thousands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you record from thousands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you record from thousands and
+you find ten right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find ten right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find ten right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+remember they know where to look from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they know where to look from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they know where to look from
+the first the human lesion literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the human lesion literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the human lesion literature
+and then the human functional imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the human functional imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the human functional imaging
+literature and then there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and then there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and then there's also
+monkey neuroimaging literature where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey neuroimaging literature where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey neuroimaging literature where you
+can have monkeys doing dot tasks so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have monkeys doing dot tasks so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have monkeys doing dot tasks so you
+can you can know where to look because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can know where to look because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can know where to look because
+you know the brain's a big place if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the brain's a big place if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the brain's a big place if
+you're just sticking electrodes all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just sticking electrodes all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just sticking electrodes all over
+god help you right so they know to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god help you right so they know to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god help you right so they know to go up
+in that parietal lobe if that region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that parietal lobe if that region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that parietal lobe if that region is
+homologous between humans and monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous between humans and monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous between humans and monkeys
+and there's a lot of other evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of other evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of other evidence that
+that region is homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region is homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region is homologous
+um so they know how to get in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they know how to get in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they know how to get in the right
+zone and i'm sure once in the right zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone and i'm sure once in the right zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone and i'm sure once in the right zone
+they're not all number neurons i'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all number neurons i'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all number neurons i'm sure
+it's a relatively small percent but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a relatively small percent but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a relatively small percent but it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+trivial percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial percent
+yeah and do we have sense for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and do we have sense for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and do we have sense for how
+fractions are represented because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions are represented because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions are represented because all
+these seem to be sort of discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the individual
+any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas
+yeah well it's tricky because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well it's tricky because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well it's tricky because
+it's certainly at the single unit level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly at the single unit level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly at the single unit level
+you'd have to either find some natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to either find some natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to either find some natural
+version where monkeys think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version where monkeys think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version where monkeys think about
+fractions naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions naturally
+or teach them about fractions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or teach them about fractions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or teach them about fractions which
+would be really hard because for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really hard because for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really hard because for some
+reason fractions are just really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason fractions are just really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason fractions are just really hard
+like all the all the people who study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the all the people who study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the all the people who study
+math education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math education
+it's like the key problem is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the key problem is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the key problem is how do you
+get kids to understand fractions i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get kids to understand fractions i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get kids to understand fractions i don't
+know why they're such a such a tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why they're such a such a tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why they're such a such a tough
+thing but apparently it's like a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but apparently it's like a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but apparently it's like a real
+dividing line the kids who get fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing line the kids who get fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing line the kids who get fractions
+of the kids who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kids who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kids who don't
+so i'd have to think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'd have to think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'd have to think for
+but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know
+occasionally there are patients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally there are patients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally there are patients with
+electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes
+uh in their brains and one could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in their brains and one could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in their brains and one could look at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+actually actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually actually
+i took this slide out but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took this slide out but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took this slide out but there's a
+recent a paper that came out last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent a paper that came out last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent a paper that came out last year
+where they found number neurons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they found number neurons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they found number neurons in
+humans as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans as well
+i took it out because i didn't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took it out because i didn't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took it out because i didn't know how
+to integrate it in the lecture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate it in the lecture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate it in the lecture because
+the number neurons are deep in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number neurons are deep in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number neurons are deep in the
+medial temporal lobe far from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial temporal lobe far from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial temporal lobe far from the
+parietal lobe i was like i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobe i was like i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobe i was like i don't know
+how that fits i don't know if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that fits i don't know if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that fits i don't know if that's the
+same thing or something else but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing or something else but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing or something else but anyway
+there are at least some number neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at least some number neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at least some number neurons
+that have been found in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been found in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been found in humans
+and you could in principle look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could in principle look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could in principle look for
+number neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number neurons
+up in the parietal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the parietal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the parietal lobe
+um in fact i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact i have a
+a guy i'm trying to collaborate with i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guy i'm trying to collaborate with i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guy i'm trying to collaborate with i'm
+begging him to collaborate with me he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begging him to collaborate with me he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begging him to collaborate with me he's
+got two people who have a raise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two people who have a raise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two people who have a raise of
+electrodes chronically implanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes chronically implanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes chronically implanted
+right up in this region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up in this region here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up in this region here
+um because they are paralyzed they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because they are paralyzed they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because they are paralyzed they had
+spinal damage and like michael cohen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal damage and like michael cohen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal damage and like michael cohen's
+lecture he's got um arrays of electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture he's got um arrays of electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture he's got um arrays of electrodes
+where he's trying to use the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's trying to use the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's trying to use the neural
+responses there to direct robot arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses there to direct robot arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses there to direct robot arms
+and so there's two of these people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's two of these people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's two of these people who
+have these chronically implanted things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these chronically implanted things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these chronically implanted things
+i'm like oh please please please can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm like oh please please please can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm like oh please please please can i
+collaborate with you and get responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with you and get responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with you and get responses
+from your your your patience neurons was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your your your patience neurons was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your your your patience neurons was
+there a question over here a moment ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a question over here a moment ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a question over here a moment ago
+sorry i thought i saw him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i thought i saw him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i thought i saw him
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so let me wrap up um so i've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me wrap up um so i've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me wrap up um so i've been
+arguing that this approximate number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that this approximate number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that this approximate number
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+is shared with animals and newborns it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shared with animals and newborns it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shared with animals and newborns it's
+a pretty basic system that lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty basic system that lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty basic system that lots of
+animals have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals have
+it follows weber's law which you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows weber's law which you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows weber's law which you should
+remember i don't like testing you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i don't like testing you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i don't like testing you guys
+on esoteric facts but weber's law is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on esoteric facts but weber's law is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on esoteric facts but weber's law is a
+very fundamental fact and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamental fact and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamental fact and you should
+know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it
+about perception and in particular about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about perception and in particular about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about perception and in particular about
+number it tells you that the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it tells you that the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it tells you that the ability to
+discriminate two numbers goes as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate two numbers goes as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate two numbers goes as the
+ratio not as the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio not as the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio not as the difference
+of those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those numbers
+and that these uh approximate magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that these uh approximate magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that these uh approximate magnitude
+representations measured both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations measured both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations measured both
+behaviorally and neurally in humans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorally and neurally in humans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorally and neurally in humans and
+animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+are very abstract to the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very abstract to the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very abstract to the particular
+objects to the modality to whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects to the modality to whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects to the modality to whether they
+come in over space or time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in over space or time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in over space or time
+etc whether they're represented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc whether they're represented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc whether they're represented in
+symbols or arrays of items okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols or arrays of items okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols or arrays of items okay
+um i mentioned that there are big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i mentioned that there are big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i mentioned that there are big
+individual differences in humans in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual differences in humans in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual differences in humans in the
+precision of the approximate number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision of the approximate number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision of the approximate number
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and that is predictive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is predictive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is predictive of
+later arithmetic abilities independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later arithmetic abilities independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later arithmetic abilities independent
+of iq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iq
+and we talked about the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about the horizontal
+segment of the interpretal sulcus as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the interpretal sulcus as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the interpretal sulcus as a
+key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+locus for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus for the
+approximate number system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate number system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate number system
+in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans
+including number specific neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including number specific neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including number specific neurons
+and we also talked about both in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also talked about both in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also talked about both in some of
+the papers i mentioned and the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers i mentioned and the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers i mentioned and the paper
+you guys read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys read that
+there seems to be that that approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seems to be that that approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seems to be that that approximate
+number system up here in the parietal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number system up here in the parietal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number system up here in the parietal
+lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe
+so far doesn't seem to be one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far doesn't seem to be one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far doesn't seem to be one of these
+extremely specialized systems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely specialized systems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely specialized systems like
+faces and motion and navigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and motion and navigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and motion and navigation
+which may turn out to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may turn out to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may turn out to be less
+specialized later with pending more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized later with pending more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized later with pending more data
+but which at the moment we can already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which at the moment we can already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which at the moment we can already
+see that these number representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that these number representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that these number representations
+overlap a lot with representations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap a lot with representations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap a lot with representations of
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+shown perhaps most dramatically in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown perhaps most dramatically in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown perhaps most dramatically in the
+paper you guys read showing cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you guys read showing cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you guys read showing cross
+decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding
+between eye movement direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between eye movement direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between eye movement direction and
+arithmetic operations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operations okay
+hang on once i'm almost done summing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang on once i'm almost done summing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang on once i'm almost done summing up
+number neurons we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number neurons we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number neurons we talked about that
+uh yes so we'll give the last word to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes so we'll give the last word to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes so we'll give the last word to
+stand ahead who started off with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand ahead who started off with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand ahead who started off with this
+very extreme view and has evolved to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very extreme view and has evolved to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very extreme view and has evolved to a
+still interesting but slightly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still interesting but slightly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still interesting but slightly less
+extreme view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme view
+he says the brain treats number like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says the brain treats number like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says the brain treats number like a
+specific category of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific category of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific category of knowledge
+requiring its own neurological apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring its own neurological apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring its own neurological apparatus
+and the parietal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the parietal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the parietal lobe
+but when it comes to subtler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it comes to subtler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it comes to subtler
+distinctions such as number versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions such as number versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions such as number versus
+length space or time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length space or time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length space or time
+the specificity of hips vanishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specificity of hips vanishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specificity of hips vanishes
+no part of hips appears to be involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no part of hips appears to be involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no part of hips appears to be involved
+in numerical computations alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in numerical computations alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in numerical computations alone
+in fact he goes further to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact he goes further to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact he goes further to say that the
+human brain in general is neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain in general is neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain in general is neither
+anisotropic white paper like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic white paper like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic white paper like
+equi-potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equi-potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equi-potential
+where all the regions are equivalent nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the regions are equivalent nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the regions are equivalent nor
+a neat arrangement of tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat arrangement of tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat arrangement of tightly
+specialized and well-separated modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized and well-separated modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized and well-separated modules
+right anyway okay there was a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anyway okay there was a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anyway okay there was a question
+sorry i just wanted to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i just wanted to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i just wanted to talk about
+childhood ams updating later lately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+then having this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having this um
+i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess
+easier time with approximately numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier time with approximately numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier time with approximately numbers
+give them like more of an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them like more of an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them like more of an interesting
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+that's a really really good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really really good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really really good question
+and i am sure there are data on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i am sure there are data on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i am sure there are data on that and
+i don't know what they are but i will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what they are but i will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what they are but i will go
+look i always say that but i dana will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look i always say that but i dana will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look i always say that but i dana will
+you send me an email right now to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send me an email right now to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send me an email right now to go
+look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up
+whether the prediction from childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the prediction from childhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the prediction from childhood
+ans to adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ans to adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ans to adult
+arithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmic
+arithmetic abilities has to do with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic abilities has to do with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic abilities has to do with an
+interest or you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or you might say
+just an emotional response like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an emotional response like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an emotional response like if you
+suck at it it feels bad and you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck at it it feels bad and you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck at it it feels bad and you become
+avoidant and you get all dysfunctional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidant and you get all dysfunctional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidant and you get all dysfunctional
+about it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it right
+um we all have i mean most of us have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we all have i mean most of us have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we all have i mean most of us have
+domains where we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains where we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains where we do that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you know math phobia is a real thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know math phobia is a real thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know math phobia is a real thing
+and who knows it could start in there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who knows it could start in there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who knows it could start in there so
+yeah good good question i don't know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good good question i don't know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good good question i don't know i
+will look that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look that up
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay see you guys on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X5-ucBtneVM.txt b/X5-ucBtneVM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3d364d447d35b5e36ae676147e0c3b61065ea0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X5-ucBtneVM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everyone welcome back so today I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back so today I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back so today I'd
+like to tackle a problem in uh numerics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tackle a problem in uh numerics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tackle a problem in uh numerics
+numerical integration of Odes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical integration of Odes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical integration of Odes
+specifically on Oilers method and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on Oilers method and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on Oilers method and the
+problem we're interested in considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're interested in considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're interested in considering
+today is uh the OD y Primal y^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is uh the OD y Primal y^2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is uh the OD y Primal y^2 -
+XY and we're interested in integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and we're interested in integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and we're interested in integrating
+uh the solution that starts at y of 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the solution that starts at y of 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the solution that starts at y of 0 is
+equal to negative 1 using a step size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to negative 1 using a step size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to negative 1 using a step size of
+0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5
+and we want to integrate it to Y of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to integrate it to Y of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to integrate it to Y of one
+and then for the second part we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the second part we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the second part we're
+interested in if our first step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in if our first step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in if our first step of
+integration either overestimates or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration either overestimates or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration either overestimates or
+underestimates the exact solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimates the exact solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimates the exact solution so
+I'll let you think about this and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you think about this and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you think about this and work
+it out for yourself and I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out for yourself and I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out for yourself and I'll come back
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment hi everyone welcome back so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment hi everyone welcome back so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment hi everyone welcome back so as I
+mentioned before this is a problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before this is a problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before this is a problem in
+numerics and specifically whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerics and specifically whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerics and specifically whenever
+you're given a not e you can almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a not e you can almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a not e you can almost
+always numerically integrate it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always numerically integrate it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always numerically integrate it on a
+computer and this is quite possibly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and this is quite possibly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and this is quite possibly the
+simplest algorithm for numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest algorithm for numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest algorithm for numerical
+integration so specifically what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so specifically what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so specifically what we do
+is we take the the left hand side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we take the the left hand side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we take the the left hand side the
+derivative y Prime and we approximate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative y Prime and we approximate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative y Prime and we approximate it
+using a very simple finite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a very simple finite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a very simple finite different
+formula finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula so if I take y Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so if I take y Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so if I take y Prime and
+approximate it as y of n + 1 - y of n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it as y of n + 1 - y of n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it as y of n + 1 - y of n /
+H where H is the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximate The Continuous OD using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate The Continuous OD using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate The Continuous OD using this
+uh simple formula so here H as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simple formula so here H as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simple formula so here H as I
+mentioned is the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size F in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size F in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size F in this
+case is the right hand side of the OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we see that y of n + 1us y of n / H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that y of n + 1us y of n / H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that y of n + 1us y of n / H
+is an approximation to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an approximation to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an approximation to Y
+Prime okay in addition we can also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay in addition we can also write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay in addition we can also write
+down X of n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down X of n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down X of n +
+1 is just equal to X of n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h okay and I'm using subscripts n here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h okay and I'm using subscripts n here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h okay and I'm using subscripts n here
+just to denote the the step of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to denote the the step of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to denote the the step of the
+algorithm so for part A where asked uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so for part A where asked uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so for part A where asked uh
+to integrate the solution that starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate the solution that starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate the solution that starts at
+y of 0 is equal to 1 to Y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of 0 is equal to 1 to Y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of 0 is equal to 1 to Y of
+1 so what this means for part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so what this means for part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so what this means for part
+A is we want X of0 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is we want X of0 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is we want X of0 to be
+zero and we want y of0 to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 now to further integrate this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now to further integrate this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now to further integrate this equation
+the quickest way to do it especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quickest way to do it especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quickest way to do it especially if
+you're in a test scenario is to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a test scenario is to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a test scenario is to build a
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a nice table to build is one that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a nice table to build is one that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a nice table to build is one that has
+a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column
+n x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n x of
+n y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n y of
+n I'm going to write F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n I'm going to write F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n I'm going to write F of
+n f of n is to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n f of n is to denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n f of n is to denote
+F evaluated at X of n and y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N and then it's also useful to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then it's also useful to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then it's also useful to write
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+H time F of n because the quantity H * F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H time F of n because the quantity H * F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H time F of n because the quantity H * F
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+n uh comes up in the addition of Y of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh comes up in the addition of Y of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh comes up in the addition of Y of n
++ 1 is equal to Y of n plus h * F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n okay and in the problem under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay and in the problem under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay and in the problem under
+consideration I'm just going to fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration I'm just going to fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration I'm just going to fill in
+the first two columns because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two columns because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two columns because they're
+the easiest we have n is equal to 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest we have n is equal to 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest we have n is equal to 0 1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+2 x of n is starting off at Z so X of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 x of n is starting off at Z so X of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 x of n is starting off at Z so X of 0
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+z x of one is going to be 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z x of one is going to be 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z x of one is going to be 0.
+5 and then X of 2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and then X of 2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and then X of 2 is equal to
+1 in addition we're also told that y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 in addition we're also told that y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 in addition we're also told that y of
+Z is equal to negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is equal to negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is equal to negative
+1 okay and now for f of n I'll just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay and now for f of n I'll just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay and now for f of n I'll just use
+the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here what's F of Z going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's F of Z going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's F of Z going to
+be well it's going to be y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well it's going to be y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well it's going to be y of
+0 minus X of 0 y of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this gives us one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives us one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives us one and
+zero so we can fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we can fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we can fill in
+A.1 here which means that H * F of 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A.1 here which means that H * F of 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A.1 here which means that H * F of 1 is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.5 and now with h of f of n we can fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and now with h of f of n we can fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and now with h of f of n we can fill
+in y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y of
+one so y of one is just going to be y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so y of one is just going to be y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so y of one is just going to be y of
+0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus
+0.5 and Y of 0 is Nega 1 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and Y of 0 is Nega 1 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and Y of 0 is Nega 1 so this is
+going to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.5 okay now we need to fill in F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 okay now we need to fill in F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 okay now we need to fill in F of
+one so this is going to be y of 1^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is going to be y of 1^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is going to be y of 1^
+2us X of 1 y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2us X of 1 y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2us X of 1 y of
+1 now y of 1^ 2ar this is 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s x of 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x of 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x of 1 is
+0.5 and Y of one is again negative 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this gives us one4 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives us one4 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives us one4 plus
+one4 which together is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.5 so we have 0.5 in this Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 so we have 0.5 in this Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 so we have 0.5 in this Square
+now and then H * 0.5 is 0.5 squ which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then H * 0.5 is 0.5 squ which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then H * 0.5 is 0.5 squ which is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.25 okay now y of 2 is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 okay now y of 2 is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 okay now y of 2 is just going to be
+y of 1 plus h * F of 1 so we know h of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of 1 plus h * F of 1 so we know h of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of 1 plus h * F of 1 so we know h of F
+of 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 is
+0.25 and Y of 1 is just negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 and Y of 1 is just negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 and Y of 1 is just negative
+0.5 so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 so this is going to be
+025 negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+025 negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+025 negative
+0.25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25
+okay and we note that this is the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we note that this is the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we note that this is the answer
+we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking
+for so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so just to
+conclude our approximation y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude our approximation y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude our approximation y of
+two which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which is
+approximately y evaluated at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately y evaluated at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately y evaluated at one
+is going to be Z negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.25 okay so for Part B we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 okay so for Part B we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 okay so for Part B we're
+asked does our approximation negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked does our approximation negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked does our approximation negative
+0.25 overestimate or underestimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 overestimate or underestimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 overestimate or underestimate the
+actual exact solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual exact solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual exact solution of the
+OD uh now in general what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD uh now in general what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD uh now in general what you want to do
+is you want to take the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to take the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to take the second
+derivative however for this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative however for this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative however for this problem
+we're only going to consider the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to consider the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to consider the first
+step so our first step does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so our first step does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so our first step does it
+overestimate or underestimate the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate or underestimate the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate or underestimate the exact
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+and to do this what we want to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do this what we want to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do this what we want to do is we
+want to take a look at the concavity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take a look at the concavity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take a look at the concavity so
+we want to look at y Prime so y Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at y Prime so y Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at y Prime so y Prime is
+going to be D by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be D by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be D by
+DX of Y Prime and we know from the o y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of Y Prime and we know from the o y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of Y Prime and we know from the o y
+Prime is y^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is y^2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is y^2 -
+XY so I can work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY so I can work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY so I can work this
+out to be 2 y y Prime just using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be 2 y y Prime just using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be 2 y y Prime just using the
+chain rule minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule minus y
+minus X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X Y
+Prime and at the first step we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and at the first step we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and at the first step we're
+interested in evaluating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in evaluating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in evaluating this
+quantity at the point x equal 0 Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity at the point x equal 0 Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity at the point x equal 0 Y is
+equal to 1 so this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so this is the first
+step so at X is equal to 0 Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so at X is equal to 0 Y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so at X is equal to 0 Y is equal to
+1 this simplifies to - 2 y Prime + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this simplifies to - 2 y Prime + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this simplifies to - 2 y Prime + one
+this term right here drops off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term right here drops off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term right here drops off
+and Y Prime specifically is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y Prime specifically is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y Prime specifically is going to be
+y^ 2 - XY so we get 2 y^2 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^ 2 - XY so we get 2 y^2 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^ 2 - XY so we get 2 y^2 is going to be
+1 - 0 + 1 so together this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - 0 + 1 so together this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - 0 + 1 so together this is going to
+give us minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us minus
+one and we note that this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we note that this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we note that this is less than
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+Okay so we've just shown that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've just shown that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've just shown that the
+concavity at the at our starting point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concavity at the at our starting point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concavity at the at our starting point x
+equal 0 Y is equal to negative 1 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 Y is equal to negative 1 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 Y is equal to negative 1 is less
+than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+so what this means is that our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this means is that our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this means is that our our
+initial approximation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial approximation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial approximation is going to
+overestimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate the
+solution we can see that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we can see that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we can see that it's going to
+overestimate it just by a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sketch for example if I were to plot y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch for example if I were to plot y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch for example if I were to plot y
+and x we're starting off at this point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x we're starting off at this point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x we're starting off at this point x
+is equal to 0 Y is equal to 1 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 Y is equal to 1 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 Y is equal to 1 so this is
+y0 is equal to NE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 is equal to NE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 is equal to NE
+1 we know the solution the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we know the solution the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we know the solution the exact
+solution is increasing and it's concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is increasing and it's concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is increasing and it's concave
+down because the second derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because the second derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because the second derivative is
+Nega 1 and by Oilers formula what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nega 1 and by Oilers formula what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nega 1 and by Oilers formula what we're
+doing is we're approximating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we're approximating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we're approximating the
+solution using a tangent line at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution using a tangent line at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution using a tangent line at this
+point so we can see that our approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we can see that our approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we can see that our approximate
+solution when we take one step to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution when we take one step to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution when we take one step to go
+from here to here so this is X of0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here so this is X of0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here so this is X of0 this
+is X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X of
+one our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one our
+solution which is now going to be y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which is now going to be y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which is now going to be y of
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+here is going to overestimate the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to overestimate the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to overestimate the curve
+and the reason it overestimates I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it overestimates I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it overestimates I'll
+just reiterate again is because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reiterate again is because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reiterate again is because our
+solution is concave down Okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is concave down Okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is concave down Okay so this
+concludes the problem and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes the problem and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes the problem and just to
+reiterate uh when dealing with Oilers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate uh when dealing with Oilers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate uh when dealing with Oilers
+method the best thing to do is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the best thing to do is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the best thing to do is just to
+build a table like this and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a table like this and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a table like this and you can
+quickly work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly work it
+out secondly if you're asked uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out secondly if you're asked uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out secondly if you're asked uh
+questions on uh if your numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on uh if your numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on uh if your numerical
+solution overestimates or underestimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution overestimates or underestimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution overestimates or underestimates
+the exact solution typically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact solution typically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact solution typically what you
+want to do is you want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is you want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is you want to look at the
+concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave
+gravity and then you can always just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and then you can always just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and then you can always just
+sketch a quick diagram on the back of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch a quick diagram on the back of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch a quick diagram on the back of a
+notepad to see if the uh the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notepad to see if the uh the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notepad to see if the uh the solution
+overestimates or underestimates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimates or underestimates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimates or underestimates the
+exact solution okay so I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution okay so I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solution okay so I'd like to
+conclude here and I'll see you next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Y59FgktB4uQ.txt b/Y59FgktB4uQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8190873f40ae01320e820cd0d799bd69fb709a66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Y59FgktB4uQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3399 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's start.
+
+So we said that the task
+of statistical mechanics
+
+is to assign probabilities to
+different microstates given
+
+that we have knowledge
+of the microstate.
+
+And the most kind of simple
+logical place to start
+
+was in the
+microcanonical ensemble
+
+where the microstate
+that we specified
+
+was one in which there was
+no exchange of work or heat
+
+with the surroundings so
+that the energy was constant,
+
+and the parameters,
+such as x and N,
+
+that account for chemical
+and mechanical work
+
+were fixed also.
+
+Then this assignment
+was, we said,
+
+like counting how many
+faces the dice has,
+
+and saying all of them
+are equally likely.
+
+So we would say that
+the probability here
+
+of a microstate is of
+the form 0 or 1 depending
+
+on whether the energy
+of that microstate
+
+is or is not the right energy
+that is listed over here.
+
+And as any probability,
+it has to be normalized.
+
+So we had this 1 over omega.
+
+And we also had a rule for
+converting probabilities
+
+to entropies, which in
+dimensionless form-- that
+
+is, if we divide by kB-- was
+simply minus the expectation
+
+value of the log of the
+probability, this probability
+
+being uniformly 1 over omega.
+
+This simply gave us
+log of omega E, x, N.
+
+Once we had the entropy
+as a function of E, x, N,
+
+we also identified the
+derivatives of this quantity
+
+in equilibrium.
+
+And partial derivative
+with respect to energy
+
+was identified as
+1 So systems that
+
+were in equilibrium with each
+other, this derivative dS by dE
+
+had to be the same
+for all of them.
+
+And because of
+mechanical stability,
+
+we could identify the next
+derivative with respect to x.
+
+That was minus J/T.
+And with respect to N
+
+by identifying a corresponding
+thing, we would get this.
+
+So from here, we can
+proceed and calculate
+
+thermodynamic properties using
+these microscopic rules, as
+
+well as probabilities in the
+entire space of microstates
+
+that you have.
+
+Now, the next thing
+that we did was
+
+to go and look at the
+different ensemble,
+
+the canonical ensemble,
+in which we said that,
+
+again, thermodynamically,
+I choose
+
+a different set of variables.
+
+For example, I can replace
+the energy with temperature.
+
+And indeed, the characteristic
+of the canonical ensemble
+
+is that rather than
+specifying the energy,
+
+you specify the temperature.
+
+But there's still no
+chemical or mechanical work.
+
+So the other two parameters
+are kept fixed also.
+
+And then the
+statement that we had
+
+was that by putting a system in
+contact with a huge reservoir,
+
+we could ensure that it is
+maintained at some temperature.
+
+And since system and reservoir
+were jointly microcanonical,
+
+we could use the probabilities
+that we had microcanonically.
+
+We integrated over the degrees
+of freedom of the reservoir
+
+that we didn't care about.
+
+And we ended up
+with the probability
+
+of a microstate in the
+canonical ensemble, which
+
+was related to
+the energy of that
+
+by the form exponential of minus
+beta h where we introduced beta
+
+to be 1 over kT.
+
+And this probably, again,
+had to be normalized.
+
+So the normalization
+we called Z. And Z
+
+is attained by summing over
+all of the microstates E
+
+to the minus beta H of the
+microstate where this could
+
+be an integration over
+the entire phase space
+
+if you're dealing with
+continuous variables.
+
+OK, now the question
+was, thermodynamically,
+
+these quantities T
+and E are completely
+
+exchangeable ways of
+identifying the same equilibrium
+
+state, whereas what
+I have done now
+
+is I have told you what
+the temperature is.
+
+But the energy of the
+system is a random variable.
+
+And so I can ask, what
+is the probability
+
+that I look at my system and
+I find a particular energy E?
+
+So how can I get that?
+
+Well, that probability,
+first of all,
+
+has to come from a microstate
+that has the right energy.
+
+And so I will get
+e to the minus beta
+
+E divided by Z, which is
+the probability of getting
+
+that microstate that
+has the right energy.
+
+But I only said something
+about the energy.
+
+And there are a huge number
+of microstates, as we've seen,
+
+that have the same energy.
+
+So I could have picked from
+any one of those microstates,
+
+their number being omega
+of E, the omega that we
+
+had identified before.
+
+So since omega can be
+written as exponential of s
+
+over kB, this you can
+also think of as being
+
+proportional to exponential
+of minus beta E minus T,
+
+the entropy that I would
+get for that energy
+
+according to the formula
+above, divided by Z.
+
+Now, we said that
+the quantity that I'm
+
+looking at here in
+the numerator has
+
+a dependence on the size of
+the system that is extensive.
+
+Both the entropy
+and energy we expect
+
+to be growing proportionately
+to the size of the system.
+
+And hence, this exponent
+also grows proportionately
+
+to the size of the system.
+
+So I expect that if I
+plot this probability
+
+as a function of energy, this
+probability to get energy E,
+
+it would be one of
+those functions.
+
+It's certainly positive.
+
+It's a probability.
+
+It has an exponential
+dependence.
+
+So there's a part that maybe
+from the density of states
+
+grows exponentially.
+
+e to the minus beta E
+will exponential kill it.
+
+And maybe there is, because
+of this competition,
+
+one or potentially more maxima.
+
+But if there are more maxima
+locally, I don't really care.
+
+Because one will be
+exponentially larger
+
+than the other.
+
+So presumably, there is
+some location corresponding
+
+to some E star where the
+probability is maximized.
+
+Well, how should I characterize
+the energy of the system?
+
+Should I pick E star, or
+given this probability,
+
+should I look at maybe the
+mean value, the average of H?
+
+How can I get the average of H?
+
+Well, what I need to do is to
+sum over all the microstates H
+
+of the microstate
+e to the minus beta
+
+H divided by sum over
+microstates e to the minus beta
+
+H, which is the normalization.
+
+The denominator is of course
+the partition function.
+
+The numerator can be obtained
+by taking a derivative of this
+
+with respect to beta
+of the minus sign.
+
+So what this is is minus
+the log Z by d beta.
+
+So if I have calculated
+H, I can potentially
+
+go through this procedure
+and maybe calculate
+
+where the mean value is.
+
+And is that a better
+representation
+
+of the energy of the system than
+the most likely value, which
+
+was E star?
+
+Well, let's see how
+much energy fluctuates.
+
+Basically, we saw that if
+I repeat this procedure
+
+many times, I can see that
+the n-th moment is minus 1
+
+to the n 1 over Z the
+n-th derivative of Z
+
+with respect to beta.
+
+And hence the
+partition function,
+
+by expanding it
+in powers of beta,
+
+will generate for me
+higher and higher moments.
+
+And we therefore concluded that
+the cumulant would be obtained
+
+by the same procedure, except
+that I will replace this
+
+by log Z. So this will
+be the n-th derivative
+
+of log Z with respect to beta.
+
+So the variance H squared
+c is a second derivative
+
+of log Z. The first
+derivative gives me
+
+the first cumulant,
+which was the mean.
+
+So this is going to
+give me d by d beta
+
+with a minus sign of the
+expectation value of H,
+
+which is the same
+thing as kBT squared,
+
+because the derivative
+of 1 over kT
+
+is 1 over T squared times
+derivative with respect to T.
+
+And it goes to the other
+side, to the numerator.
+
+And so then I have
+the derivative
+
+of this object with
+respect to temperature,
+
+which is something
+like a heat capacity.
+
+But most importantly,
+the statement
+
+is that all of
+these quantities are
+
+things that are of the order
+of the size of the system.
+
+And just like we did in
+the central limit theorem,
+
+with the addition
+of random variables,
+
+you have a situation that
+is very much like that.
+
+The distribution,
+in some sense, is
+
+going to converge more and more
+towards the Gaussian dominated
+
+by the first and
+second cumulant.
+
+And in fact, even the
+second cumulant we see
+
+is of the order of
+square root of n.
+
+And hence the fluctuations
+between these two quantities,
+
+which are each one
+of them order of n,
+
+is only of the order
+of square root of n.
+
+And when the limit of
+n goes to infinity,
+
+we can ignore any
+such difference.
+
+We can essentially
+identify either one of them
+
+with the energy of the
+system thermodynamically.
+
+And then this
+quantity, if I identify
+
+this with energy of
+the system, is simply
+
+the usual heat
+capacity of constant x.
+
+So the scale of the
+fluctuations over here
+
+is set by square root of kBT
+squared the heat capacity.
+
+By the way, which
+is also the reason
+
+that heat capacities
+must be positive.
+
+Because statistically,
+the variances
+
+are certainly
+positive quantities.
+
+So you have a
+constraint that we had
+
+seen before on the
+sign emerging in
+
+its statistical interpretation.
+
+What I did over here was to
+identify an entropy associated
+
+with a particular form
+of the probability.
+
+What happens if I look at an
+entropy with this probability
+
+that I have over here?
+
+OK, so this is a
+probability phase space.
+
+What is its entropy?
+
+So S over k is expectation
+value of log p.
+
+And what is log of p?
+
+Well, there is log of this minus
+beta H. So what I will have,
+
+because of the change in sign--
+beta expectation value of H.
+
+And then I have
+minus log Z here.
+
+The sign changes, and
+I will get plus log Z.
+
+So yeah, that's correct.
+
+If I were to rearrange
+this, what do I get?
+
+I can take this
+minus-- let's see.
+
+Yeah, OK, so if I take
+this to the other side,
+
+then I will get
+that log Z equals--
+
+this goes to the other
+side-- minus beta.
+
+Expectation value of
+H we are calling E.
+
+And then I have
+multiplying this by beta.
+
+The kB's disappear, and
+I will get minus TS.
+
+So we see that I can identify
+log Z with the combination E
+
+minus TS, which is the
+Helmholtz free energy.
+
+So log Z, in the same way that
+the normalization here that
+
+was omega, gave us the entropy.
+
+The normalization
+of the probability
+
+in the canonical ensemble, which
+is also called the partition
+
+function if I take its log,
+will give me the free energy.
+
+And I can then go and
+compute various thermodynamic
+
+quantities based on that.
+
+There's an alternative way of
+getting the same result, which
+
+is to note that actually the
+same quantity is appearing over
+
+here, right?
+
+And really, I should be
+evaluating the probability here
+
+at the maximum.
+
+Maximum is the
+energy of the system.
+
+So if you like, I can call this
+variable over here epsilon.
+
+This is the
+probability of epsilon.
+
+And it is only when
+I'm at the maximum
+
+that I can replace this epsilon
+with E. Then since with almost
+
+probability 1, I'm
+going to see this state
+
+and none of the
+other states, because
+
+of this exponential dependence.
+
+When this expression is
+evaluated at this energy,
+
+it should give me probability 1.
+
+And so you can see again that
+Z has to be-- so basically what
+
+I'm saying is that
+this quantity has
+
+to be 1 so that you get
+this relationship back
+
+from that perspective also.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I agree
+that if in order
+
+to plug in d, mean energy,
+into that expression,
+
+you would get a probability
+of 1 at that point.
+
+But because even though
+the other energies are
+
+exponentially less probable,
+they strictly speaking
+
+aren't 0 probability, are they?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+AUDIENCE: So how does
+this get normalized?
+
+How does this probability
+expression get normalized?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+what are we doing?
+
+So Z, I can also write it as
+the normalization of the energy.
+
+So rather than picking the one
+energy that maximizes things,
+
+you say, you should
+really do this, right?
+
+Now, I will evaluate this
+by the saddle point method.
+
+The saddle point method says,
+pick the maximum of this.
+
+So I have e to the minus beta
+F evaluated at the maximum.
+
+And then I have
+to integrate over
+
+variations around that maximum.
+
+Variations around
+that maximum I have
+
+to expand this to second order.
+
+And if I really correctly
+expand this to second order,
+
+I will get delta E squared
+divided by this 2kTCx,
+
+because we already established
+what this variance is.
+
+I can do this
+Gaussian integration.
+
+I get e to the minus
+beta F of e star.
+
+And then the variance
+of this object
+
+is going to give me root of
+2 pi kTC of x-- T-square.
+
+So what do I mean when I
+say that this quantity is Z?
+
+Really, the thing that we are
+calculating always in order
+
+to make computation is
+something like a free energy,
+
+which is log Z.
+
+So when I take the
+log, log of Z is
+
+going to be this minus beta
+F star S. But you're right.
+
+There was a weight.
+
+All of those things
+are contributing.
+
+How much are they contributing?
+
+1/2 log of 2 pi kBT squared C.
+
+Now, in the limit
+of large N, this
+
+is order of N. This is order
+of log N. And I [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So it's the same saddle point.
+
+The idea of saddle point
+was that there is a weight.
+
+But you can ignore it.
+
+There maybe another
+maximum here.
+
+You say, what about that?
+
+Well, that will be
+exponentially small.
+
+So everything I keep emphasizing
+only works because of this N
+
+goes to infinity limit.
+
+And it's magical, you see?
+
+You can replace this sum
+with just one, the maximum.
+
+And everything is
+fine and consistent.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Not to
+belabor this point,
+
+but if you have an expected
+return for catastrophe where
+
+this outlier causes an event
+that brings the system down,
+
+couldn't that chase this limit
+in the sense that as that goes
+
+to 0, that still
+goes to infinity,
+
+and thus you're-- you
+understand what I'm saying.
+
+If an outlier causes this
+simulation-- that's my word--
+
+causes this system to crumble,
+then-- so is there a paradox
+
+there?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, there
+is here the possibility
+
+of a catastrophe in the
+sense that all the oxygen
+
+in this room could
+go over there,
+
+and you and I will suffocate
+after a few minutes.
+
+It's possible, that's true.
+
+You just have to
+wait many, many ages
+
+of the universe
+for that to happen.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So when
+you're integrating,
+
+that introduces units
+into the problem.
+
+So we have to divide by
+something to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, and
+when we are doing
+
+this for the case
+of the ideal gas,
+
+I will be very
+careful to do that.
+
+But it turns out
+that those issues,
+
+as far as various
+derivatives are concerned,
+
+will not make too
+much difference.
+
+But when we are looking
+at the specific example,
+
+such as the ideal gas, I
+will be careful about that.
+
+So we saw how this
+transition occurs.
+
+But when we were
+looking at the case
+
+of thermodynamical
+descriptions, we
+
+looked at a couple
+of other microstates.
+
+One of them was the
+Gibbs canonical.
+
+And what we did
+was we said, well,
+
+let's allow now some
+work to take place
+
+on the system, mechanical work.
+
+And rather than saying
+that, say, the displacement
+
+x is fixed, I allow it to vary.
+
+But I will say what the
+corresponding force is.
+
+But let's keep the number
+of particles fixed.
+
+So essentially, the
+picture that we have
+
+is that somehow my system is
+parametrized by some quantity
+
+x.
+
+And I'm maintaining the system
+at fixed value of some force J.
+
+So x is allowed potentially
+to find the value that
+
+is consistent with
+this particular J
+
+that I impose on the system.
+
+And again, I have put the
+whole system in contact
+
+with the reservoir
+temperature T so
+
+that if I now say
+that I really maintain
+
+the system at
+variable x, but fix J,
+
+I have to put this
+spring over there.
+
+And then this spring
+plus the system
+
+is jointly in a
+canonical perspective.
+
+And what that really
+means is that you
+
+have to keep track of the
+energy of the microstate,
+
+as well as the energy that
+you extract from the spring,
+
+which is something like J dot x.
+
+And since the joint system
+is in the canonical state,
+
+it would say that
+the probability
+
+for the joint system, which
+has T and J and N specified,
+
+but I don't know the
+microstate, and I
+
+don't know the actual
+displacement x,
+
+this joint probability
+is canonical.
+
+And so it is proportional
+to e to the minus beta
+
+H of the microstate plus
+this contribution Jx
+
+that I'm getting from the
+other degree of freedom, which
+
+is the spring, which keeps
+the whole thing at fixed J.
+
+And I have to divide by
+some normalization that
+
+in addition includes
+integration over x.
+
+And this will depend on T, J, N.
+
+So in this system, both x
+and the energy of the system
+
+are variables.
+
+They can potentially change.
+
+What I can now do is to either
+characterize like I did over
+
+here what the probability of x
+is, or go by this other route
+
+and calculate what the
+entropy of this probability
+
+is, which would be minus
+the log of the corresponding
+
+probability.
+
+And what is the
+log in this case?
+
+I will get beta
+expectation value of H.
+
+And I will get minus beta
+J expectation value of x.
+
+And then I will get plus
+log of this Z tilde.
+
+So rearranging things, what I
+get is that log of this Z tilde
+
+is minus beta.
+
+I will call this E
+like I did over there.
+
+Minus J-- I would call this
+the actual thermodynamic
+
+displacement x.
+
+And from down here,
+the other side,
+
+I will get a factor of TS.
+
+So this should
+remind you that we
+
+had called a Gibbs free
+energy the combination
+
+of E minus TS minus Jx.
+
+And the natural
+variables for this G
+
+were indeed, once we
+looked at the variation
+
+DE, T. They were J, and N that
+we did not do anything with.
+
+And to the question of, what
+is the displacement, since it's
+
+a random variable
+now, I can again
+
+try to go to the same
+procedure as I did over here.
+
+I can calculate the
+expectation value
+
+of x by noting that
+this exponent here
+
+has a factor of beta Jx.
+
+So if I take a derivative
+with respect to beta J,
+
+I will bring down a factor of x.
+
+So if I take the derivative
+of log of this Z tilde
+
+with respect to beta
+J, I would generate
+
+what the mean value is.
+
+And actually, maybe
+here let me show you
+
+that dG was indeed
+what I expected.
+
+So dG would be dE.
+
+dE has a TdS.
+
+This will make that
+into a minus SdT.
+
+dE has a Jdx.
+
+This will make it minus xdJ.
+
+And then I have mu dN.
+
+So thermodynamically,
+you would have
+
+said that x is obtained
+as a derivative of G
+
+with respect to J.
+
+Now, log Z is something
+that is like beta
+
+G. At fixed temperature,
+I can remove these betas.
+
+What do I get?
+
+This is the same
+thing as dG by dJ.
+
+And I seem to have
+lost a sign somewhere.
+
+OK, log Z was minus G.
+So there's a minus here.
+
+Everything is consistent.
+
+So you can play around with
+things in multiple ways,
+
+convince yourself, again,
+that in this ensemble,
+
+I have fixed the
+force, x's variable.
+
+But just like the energy
+here was well defined up
+
+to something that
+was square root of N,
+
+this x is well defined
+up to something
+
+that is of the order
+square root of N.
+
+Because again, you can
+second look at the variance.
+
+It will be related to two
+derivatives of log G, which
+
+would be related to
+one derivative of x.
+
+And ultimately,
+that will give you
+
+something like, again,
+kBT squared d of x by dJ.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you mention
+again, regarding the probability
+
+distribution?
+
+What was the idea?
+
+PROFESSOR: How did I
+get this probability?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so I
+said that canonically, I
+
+was looking at a system
+where x was fixed.
+
+But now I have
+told you that J-- I
+
+know what J is,
+what the force is.
+
+And so how can I make
+sure that the system
+
+is maintained at a fixed J?
+
+I go back and say,
+how did I ensure
+
+that my microcanonical system
+was at a fixed temperature?
+
+I put it in contact
+with a huge bath
+
+that had the right temperature.
+
+So here, what I
+will do is I will
+
+connect the wall of my
+system to a huge spring that
+
+will maintain a particle
+[? effect ?] force
+
+J on the system.
+
+When we do it for
+the case of the gas,
+
+I will imagine
+that I have a box.
+
+I have a piston on top
+that can move up and down.
+
+I put a weight on top of it.
+
+And that weight will
+ensure that the pressure
+
+is at some particular
+value inside the gas.
+
+But then the piston
+can slide up and down.
+
+So a particular
+state of the system
+
+I have to specify where the
+piston is, how big x is,
+
+and what is the
+microstate of the system.
+
+So the variables that I'm
+not sure of are mu and x.
+
+Now, once I have said
+what mu and x is, and I've
+
+put the system in contact
+with a bath at temperature T,
+
+I can say, OK, the whole
+thing is canonical,
+
+the energy of the entire system
+composed of the energy of this,
+
+which is H of mu, and the energy
+of the spring, which is Jx.
+
+And so the canonical
+probability for the joint system
+
+is composed of the
+net energy of the two.
+
+And I have to normalize it.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you
+taking x squared
+
+to be a scalar, so
+that way the dx over dJ
+
+is like a divergence?
+
+Or are you taking it to
+be a covariance tensor?
+
+PROFESSOR: Here, I have
+assumed that it is a scalar.
+
+But we can certainly do-- if
+you want to do it with a vector,
+
+then I can say something
+about positivity.
+
+So I really wanted this to
+be a variance and positive.
+
+And so if you like, then it
+would be the diagonal terms
+
+of whatever
+compressibility you have.
+
+So you certainly can generalize
+this expression to be a vector.
+
+You can have xI xJ, and you
+would have d of xI with respect
+
+to JJ or something like this.
+
+But here, I really
+wanted the scalar case.
+
+Everything I did was
+scalar manipulation.
+
+And this is now the variance
+of something and is positive.
+
+OK, there was one
+other ensemble,
+
+which was the grand canonical.
+
+So here, I went from the
+energy to temperature.
+
+I kept N fixed.
+
+I didn't make it into
+a chemical potential.
+
+But I can do that.
+
+Rather than having
+fixed number, I
+
+can have fixed
+chemical potential.
+
+But then I can't allow
+the other variable
+
+to be J. It has to be x.
+
+Because as we have discussed
+many times, at least one
+
+of them has to be extensive.
+
+And then you can follow this
+procedure that you had here.
+
+Chemical work is just an
+analog of mechanical work
+
+mathematically.
+
+So now I would have
+the probability
+
+that I have specified
+this set of variables.
+
+But now I don't know
+what my microstate is.
+
+Actually, let me put mu s.
+
+Because I introduced a
+chemical potential mu.
+
+So mu sub s is the
+microstate of the system.
+
+I don't know how many particles
+are in that microstate.
+
+The definition of mu s
+would potentially cover N.
+
+Or I can write it explicitly.
+
+And then, what I will have is
+e to the beta mu N minus beta
+
+H of the microstate's
+energy divided
+
+by the normalization, which is
+the grand partition function
+
+Q. So this was the Gibbs
+partition function.
+
+This is a function of T, x
+at the chemical potential.
+
+And the analog of all of these
+expressions here would exist.
+
+So the average
+number in the system,
+
+which now we can use as
+the thermodynamic number,
+
+as we've seen, would be d of log
+of Q with respect to d beta mu.
+
+And you can look at the
+variances, et cetera.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So do
+you define, then,
+
+what the microstate
+of the system
+
+really is if the particle
+number is [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so let's say
+I have five particles or six
+
+particles in the system.
+
+It would be, in the
+first case, the momentum
+
+coordinates of five particles.
+
+In the next case,
+in the momentum,
+
+I have coordinates
+of six particles.
+
+So these are spaces,
+as it has changed,
+
+where the dimensionality
+of the phase space
+
+is also being modified.
+
+And again, for the ideal gas, we
+will explicitly calculate that.
+
+And again, you can identify what
+the log of this grand partition
+
+is going to be.
+
+It is going to be
+minus beta E minus TS.
+
+Rather than minus Jx,
+it will be minus mu N.
+
+And this combination is what
+we call the grand potential g,
+
+which is E minus TS minus mu
+N. You can do thermodynamics.
+
+You can do probability.
+
+Essentially, in the
+large end limit, and only
+
+in the large end limit, there's
+a consistent identification
+
+of most likely states according
+to the statistical description
+
+and thermodynamic parameters.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can one build a more
+general ensemble or description
+
+where, say, J is
+not a fixed number,
+
+but I know how it varies?
+
+I know that it's subject to--
+say the spring is not exactly
+
+a Hookean spring.
+
+It's not linear.
+
+The proportion is not linear.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think you are then
+describing a [? composing ?]
+
+system, right?
+
+Because it may be
+that your system
+
+itself has some
+nonlinear properties
+
+for its force as a
+function of displacement.
+
+And most generally, it will.
+
+Very soon, we will
+look at the pressure
+
+of a gas, which will be
+some complicated function
+
+of its density-- does not
+necessarily have to be linear.
+
+So the system itself
+could have all kinds
+
+of nonlinear dependencies.
+
+But you calculate the
+corresponding force
+
+through this procedure.
+
+And it will vary in some
+nonlinear function of density.
+
+If you're asking,
+can I do something
+
+in which I couple this
+to another system, which
+
+has some nonlinear
+properties, then I
+
+would say that really
+what you're doing
+
+is you're putting
+two systems together.
+
+And you should be doing separate
+thermodynamical calculations
+
+for each system, and
+then put the constraint
+
+that the J of this
+system should equal
+
+the J of the other system.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't think that's
+quite what I'm getting at.
+
+I'm thinking here,
+the J is not given
+
+by another
+thermodynamical system.
+
+We're just applying
+it-- like we're not
+
+applying thermodynamics to
+whatever is asserting to J.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I'm trying
+to mimic thermodynamics.
+
+So in thermodynamics,
+I have a way
+
+of describing
+equilibrium systems
+
+in terms of a certain
+set of variables.
+
+And given that set of variables,
+there are conjugate variables.
+
+So I'm constructing
+something that
+
+is analogous to thermodynamics.
+
+It may be that you want
+to do something else.
+
+And my perspective
+is that the best way
+
+to do something else
+is to sort of imagine
+
+different systems that are
+in contact with each other.
+
+Each one of them you
+do thermodynamics,
+
+and then you put
+equilibrium between them.
+
+If I want to solve
+some complicated system
+
+mechanically, then I sort of
+break it down into the forces
+
+that are acting on one, forces
+that are acting on the other,
+
+and then how this
+one is responding,
+
+how that one is responding.
+
+I don't see any
+advantage to having
+
+a more complicated
+mechanical description
+
+of an individual system.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's not
+like in reality.
+
+It's hard to obtain
+situations where
+
+the external force is fixed.
+
+Really, if we're doing
+an experiment here,
+
+the pressure in the
+atmosphere is a fixed number.
+
+But maybe in other
+circumstances--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, so if you
+are in another circumstance,
+
+like you have one gas that
+is expanding in a nonlinear
+
+medium, then what
+I would do is I
+
+would calculate
+the pressure of gas
+
+as a function of its
+volume, et cetera.
+
+I would calculate the
+response of that medium
+
+as a function of
+stress, or whatever
+
+else I'm exerting on that.
+
+And I say that I am constrained
+to move around the trajectory
+
+where this force
+equals this force.
+
+So now let's carry out this
+procedure for the ideal gas.
+
+And the microscopic
+description of the ideal gas
+
+was that I have to sum over--
+its Hamiltonian is composed
+
+of the kinetic energies
+of the particles.
+
+So I have their momentum.
+
+Plus the potential that we
+said I'm going to assume
+
+describes box of volume mu.
+
+And it is ideal,
+because we don't
+
+have interactions
+among particles.
+
+We will put that shortly
+for the next version.
+
+Now, given this,
+I can go through
+
+the various prescriptions.
+
+I can go
+microcanonically and say
+
+that I know the energy volume
+and the number of particles.
+
+And in this prescription,
+we said that the probability
+
+is either 0 or 1
+divided by omega.
+
+And this is if qi not
+in box and sum over i Pi
+
+squared over 2m not equal
+to E and one otherwise.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there
+any reason why
+
+we don't use a
+direct delta there?
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't
+know how to use
+
+the direct delta
+for reading a box.
+
+For the energy,
+the reason I don't
+
+like to do that is because
+direct deltas have dimensions
+
+of 1 over whatever
+thing is inside.
+
+Yeah, you could do that.
+
+It's just I prefer not to do it.
+
+But you certainly could do that.
+
+It is certainly
+something that is
+
+0 or 1 over omega
+on that surface.
+
+The S for this, what was it?
+
+It was obtained by
+integrating over
+
+the entirety of the 6N
+dimensional phase space.
+
+From the Q integrations,
+we got V to the N.
+
+From the momentum
+integrations, we
+
+got the surface area of
+this hypersphere, which
+
+was 2 pi to the 3N over 2,
+because it was 3N dimensional.
+
+And this was the solid angle.
+
+And then we got
+the radius, which
+
+is 2mE square root raised
+to the power of number
+
+of dimensions minus 1.
+
+Then we did something else.
+
+We said that the phase space
+is more appropriately divided
+
+by N factorial for
+identical particles.
+
+Here, I introduced
+some factor of H
+
+to dimensionalize the
+integrations over PQ space
+
+so that this quantity now
+did not carry any dimensions.
+
+And oops, this was
+not S. This was omega.
+
+And S/k, which
+was log of omega--
+
+we took the log of
+that expression.
+
+We got N log of V. From
+the log of N factorial,
+
+Stirling's approximation
+gave us a factor of N over e.
+
+All of the other factors were
+proportional to 3N over 2.
+
+So the N is out front.
+
+I will have a factor
+of 3 over 2 here.
+
+I have 2 pi mE
+divided by 3N over 2.
+
+And then there's E from
+Stirling's approximation.
+
+And that was the entropy
+of the ideal gas.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does that
+N factorial change
+
+when describing the system
+with distinct particles?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, that's right.
+
+AUDIENCE: So that
+definition changes?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, so
+this factor of-- if I
+
+have a mixture of gas, and
+one of them are one kind,
+
+and two of them
+are another kind,
+
+I would be dividing by N1
+factorial, N2 factorial,
+
+and not by N1 plus N2 factorial.
+
+AUDIENCE: So that is the correct
+definition for all the cases?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's the
+definition for phase space
+
+of identical particles.
+
+So all of them are
+identical particle,
+
+is what I have written.
+
+All of them are distinct.
+
+There's no such factor.
+
+If half of them are of one type
+and identical, half of them
+
+are another type
+of identical, then
+
+I will have N over 2
+factorial, N over 2 factorial.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So when you're
+writing the formula for number
+
+of microstates, just a
+question of dimensions.
+
+You write V to the
+N. It gives you
+
+something that mentions
+coordinate to the power
+
+3N times something of
+dimensions of [INAUDIBLE].
+
+The power is 3N minus
+1 divided by H to 3N.
+
+So overall, this gives
+you 1 over momentum.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's put a delta
+E over here-- actually, not
+
+a delta E, but a delta
+R. OK, so now it's fine.
+
+It's really what I
+want to make sure is
+
+that the extensive part is
+correctly taken into account.
+
+I may be missing a
+factor of dimension
+
+that is of the order of
+1 every now and then.
+
+And then you can put some
+[INAUDIBLE] to correct it.
+
+And it's, again, the
+same story of the orange.
+
+It's all in the
+skin, including--
+
+so the volume is the same
+thing as the surface area,
+
+which is essentially
+what I'm-- OK?
+
+So once you have this, you can
+calculate various quantities.
+
+Again, the S is dE over T plus
+PdV over T minus mu dN over T.
+
+So you can immediately
+identify, for example,
+
+that 1 over T derivative
+with respect to energy
+
+would give me a factor
+of N/E. If I take
+
+a derivative with respect
+to volume, P over T,
+
+derivative of this object
+with respect to volume
+
+will give me N over V.
+
+And mu over T is--
+oops, actually,
+
+in all of these cases,
+I forgot the kB.
+
+So I have to restore it.
+
+And here I would get kB
+log of the N out front.
+
+I can throw out V/N
+4 pi m E over 3N.
+
+And I forgot the H's.
+
+So the H's would appear
+as an H squared here.
+
+They will appear as an H squared
+here raised to the 3/2 power.
+
+We also said that I can
+look at the probability
+
+of a single particle
+having momentum P1.
+
+And we showed that
+essentially I have
+
+to integrate over everything
+else if I'm not interested,
+
+such as the volume of
+the particle number one.
+
+The normalization was omega
+E, V, N. And integrating
+
+over particles numbers
+two to N, where
+
+the energy that
+is left to them is
+
+E minus the kinetic energy
+of the one particle,
+
+gave me this expression.
+
+And essentially,
+we found that this
+
+was proportional to one
+side divided by E. 1
+
+minus P1 squared over 2m raised
+to the power that was very
+
+close to 3N over 2
+minus/plus something,
+
+and that this was
+proportional, therefore,
+
+to this P1 squared
+over 2m times-- P1
+
+squared 2mE-- 3N over 2E.
+
+And 3N over 2E from here we see
+is the same thing as 1 over kT.
+
+So we can, with
+this prescription,
+
+calculate all of the
+properties of the ideal gas,
+
+including probability to see
+one particle with some momentum.
+
+Now, if I do the same thing in
+the canonical form, in which
+
+the microstate that I'm
+looking at is temperature,
+
+volume, number of
+particles, then
+
+the probability of
+a microstate, given
+
+that I've specified
+now the temperature,
+
+is proportional to the energy
+of that microstate, which
+
+is e to the minus beta sum
+over i Pi squared over 2m.
+
+Of course I would have to
+have all of Qi's in box.
+
+Certainly they cannot
+go outside the box.
+
+And this has to be normalized.
+
+Now we can see that in
+this canonical ensemble,
+
+the result that we had to do
+a couple of lines of algebra
+
+to get, which is that the
+momentum of a particle
+
+is Gaussian distributed,
+is automatically satisfied.
+
+And in this ensemble, each
+one of the momenta you can see
+
+is independently distributed
+according to this probability
+
+distribution.
+
+So somethings clearly
+emerge much easier
+
+in this perspective.
+
+And if I were to look
+at the normalization Z,
+
+the normalization Z I
+obtained by integrating over
+
+the entirety of the phase space.
+
+So I have to do the integration
+over d cubed Pi d cubed qi.
+
+Since this is the phase
+space of identical particles,
+
+we said we have to
+normalize it by N factorial.
+
+And I had this
+factor of H to the 3N
+
+to make things dimensionless.
+
+I have to exponentiate this
+energy sum over i Pi squared
+
+over 2m and just ensure that
+the qi are inside the box.
+
+So if I integrate the
+qi, what do I get?
+
+I will get V per particle.
+
+So I have V to the N
+divided by N factorial.
+
+So that's the
+volume contribution.
+
+And then what are
+the P integrations?
+
+Each one of the P integrations
+is an independent Gaussian.
+
+In fact, each component
+is independent.
+
+So I have 3N Gaussian
+integrations.
+
+And I can do Gaussian
+integrations.
+
+I will get root 2 pi
+m inverse of beta,
+
+which is kT per
+Gaussian integration.
+
+And there are 3N of them.
+
+And, oh, I had the
+factor of h to the 3N.
+
+I will put it here.
+
+So I chose these H's in order
+to make this phase space
+
+dimensionless.
+
+So the Z that I have
+now is dimensionless.
+
+So the dimensions
+of V must be made up
+
+by dimensions of all of
+these things that are left.
+
+So I'm going to make that
+explicitly clear by writing it
+
+as 1 over N factorial V over
+some characteristic volume
+
+raised to the N-th power.
+
+The characteristic volume comes
+entirely from these factors.
+
+So I have introduced
+lambda of T,
+
+which is h over root 2 pi mkT,
+which is the thermal de Broglie
+
+wavelength.
+
+At this stage, this
+h is just anything
+
+to make things
+dimensionally work.
+
+When we do quantum
+mechanics, we will
+
+see that this lens scale
+has a very important
+
+physical meaning.
+
+As long as the separations
+of particles on average
+
+is larger than this, you can
+ignore quantum mechanics.
+
+When it becomes
+less than this, you
+
+have to include quantum factors.
+
+So then what do we have?
+
+We have that the free
+energy is minus kT log Z.
+
+So F is minus kT log of
+this partition function.
+
+Log of that quantity will give
+me N log V over lambda cubed.
+
+Stirling's formula,
+log of N factorial,
+
+will give me N log N over e.
+
+So that's the free energy.
+
+Once I have the free energy,
+I can calculate, let's say,
+
+the volume.
+
+Let's see, dF, which
+is d of E minus TS,
+
+is minus SdT minus
+PdV, because work
+
+of the gas we had
+identified as minus PdV.
+
+I have mu dN.
+
+What do we have, therefore?
+
+We have that, for example, P
+is minus dF by dV at constant T
+
+and N. So I have to go and
+look at this expression
+
+where the V up here, it
+just appears in log V.
+
+So the answer is going
+to be NkT over V.
+
+I can calculate the
+chemical potential.
+
+Mu will be dF by dN
+at constant T and V,
+
+so just take the derivative with
+respect to N. So what do I get?
+
+I will get minus kT log
+of V over N lambda cubed.
+
+And this E will
+disappear when I take
+
+the derivative with
+respected to that log inside.
+
+So that's the formula for my mu.
+
+I won't calculate entropy.
+
+But I will calculate the energy,
+noting that in this ensemble,
+
+a nice way of calculating energy
+is minus d log Z by d beta.
+
+So this is minus
+d log Z by d beta.
+
+And my Z, you can see, has
+a bunch of things-- V, N, et
+
+cetera.
+
+But if I focus on temperature,
+which is the inverse beta,
+
+you can see it appears
+with a factor of 3N over 2.
+
+So this is beta to
+the minus 3N over 2.
+
+So this is going to be 3N
+over 2 derivative of log beta
+
+with respect to beta,
+which is 1 over beta,
+
+which is the same
+thing as 3 over 2 NkT.
+
+So what if I wanted to maintain
+the system at some fixed
+
+temperature, but
+rather than telling you
+
+what the volume of the
+box is, I will tell you
+
+what its pressure is and
+how many particles I have?
+
+How can I ensure that I
+have a particular pressure?
+
+You can imagine that this is
+the box that contains my gas.
+
+And I put a weight
+on top of some kind
+
+of a piston that can
+move over the gas.
+
+So then you would say
+that the net energy that I
+
+have to look at is the
+kinetic energy of the gas
+
+particles here plus
+the potential energy
+
+of this weight that
+is going up and down.
+
+If you like, that
+potential energy
+
+is going to be mass times delta
+H. Delta H times area gives you
+
+volume.
+
+Mass times G divided by
+area will give you pressure.
+
+So the combination of
+those two is the same thing
+
+as pressure times volume.
+
+So this is going to
+be the same thing
+
+as minus sum over i
+Pi squared over 2m.
+
+For all of the gas particles
+for this additional weight that
+
+is going up and
+down, it will give me
+
+a contribution that
+is minus beta PV.
+
+And so this is the
+probability in this state.
+
+It is going to be the
+same as this provided
+
+that I divide by some
+Gibbs partition function.
+
+So this is the probability
+of the microstate.
+
+So what is the Gibbs
+partition function?
+
+Well, what is the normalization?
+
+I now have one
+additional variable,
+
+which is where this piston
+is located in order to ensure
+
+that it is at the
+right pressure.
+
+So I have to integrate also
+over the additional volume.
+
+This additional factor
+only depends on PV.
+
+And then I have
+to integrate given
+
+that I have some
+particular V that I then
+
+have to integrate over all
+of the microstates that
+
+are confined within this volume.
+
+Their momenta and their
+coordinates-- what is that?
+
+I just calculated that.
+
+That's the partition function
+as a function of T, V, and N.
+
+So for a fixed V, I
+already did the integration
+
+over all microscopic
+degrees of freedom.
+
+I have one more integration
+to do over the volume.
+
+And that's it.
+
+So if you like, this is like
+doing a Laplace transform.
+
+To go from Z of T, V, and N,
+to this Z tilde of T, P, and N
+
+is making some kind of
+a Laplace transformation
+
+from one variable
+to another variable.
+
+And now I know
+actually what my answer
+
+was for the partition function.
+
+It was 1 over N factorial
+V over lambda cubed raised
+
+to the power of N. So I have
+1 over N factorial lambda
+
+to the power of 3N.
+
+And then I have to do
+one of these integrals
+
+that we have seen many times,
+the integral of V to the N
+
+against an exponential.
+
+That's something
+that actually we
+
+used in order to define N
+factorial, except that I have
+
+to dimensionalize this V. So
+I will get a factor of beta P
+
+to the power of N plus 1.
+
+The N factorials cancel.
+
+And the answer is beta
+P to the power of N
+
+plus 1 divided by lambda
+cubed to the power of N.
+
+So my Gibbs free
+energy, which is minus
+
+kT log of the Gibbs
+partition function,
+
+is going to be minus
+NkT log of this object.
+
+I have ignored the difference
+between N and N plus 1.
+
+And what I will get here
+is the combination beta
+
+P lambda cubed.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is your
+beta P to the N plus 1
+
+in the numerator
+or the denominator?
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you, it should
+be in the denominator, which
+
+means that-- OK,
+this one is correct.
+
+I guess this one I was
+going by dimensions.
+
+Because beta PV
+is dimensionless.
+
+All right, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: One other
+thing, it seems
+
+like there's a dimensional
+mismatch in your expression
+
+for Z. Because you have an
+extra factor of beta P--
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly right,
+because this object
+
+is a probability density that
+involves a factor of volume.
+
+And as a probability density,
+the dimension of this
+
+will carry an extra
+factor of volume.
+
+So if I really wanted to make
+this quantity dimensionless
+
+also, I would need to
+divide by something
+
+that has some
+dimension of volume.
+
+But alternatively, I can
+recognize that indeed this
+
+is a probability
+density in volume.
+
+So it will have the
+dimensions of volume.
+
+And again, as I said,
+what I'm really always
+
+careful to make sure that is
+dimensionless is the thing that
+
+is proportional to N. If there's
+a log of a single dimension
+
+out here, typically we don't
+have to worry about it.
+
+But if you think
+about its origin,
+
+the origin is indeed
+that this quantity
+
+is a probability density.
+
+But it will, believe
+me, not change anything
+
+in your life to ignore that.
+
+All right, so once we have this
+G, then we recognize-- again,
+
+hopefully I didn't
+make any mistakes.
+
+G is E plus PV minus TS.
+
+So dG should be minus
+SdT plus VdP plus mu dN.
+
+So that, for example, in this
+ensemble I can ask-- well,
+
+I told you what the pressure is.
+
+What's the volume?
+
+Volume is going to be
+obtained as dG by dP
+
+at constant
+temperature and number.
+
+So these two are constant.
+
+Log P, its derivative is
+going to give me NkT over P.
+
+So again, I get another
+form of the ideal gas
+
+equation of state.
+
+I can ask, what's the
+chemical potential?
+
+It is going to be dG by
+dN at constant T and P.
+
+So I go and look at
+the N dependence.
+
+And I notice that there's just
+an N dependence out front.
+
+So what I will get is kT
+log of beta P lambda cubed.
+
+And if you like, you
+can check that, say,
+
+this expression for
+the chemical potential
+
+and-- did we derive
+it somewhere else?
+
+Yes, we derived it over here.
+
+This expression for
+the chemical potential
+
+are identical once you take
+advantage of the ideal gas
+
+equation of state
+to convert the V
+
+over N in that
+expression to beta P.
+
+And finally, we have
+the grand canonical.
+
+Let's do that also.
+
+So now we are going to look at
+an ensemble where I tell you
+
+what the temperature is
+and the chemical potential.
+
+But I have to tell you
+what the volume is.
+
+And then the statement
+is that the probability
+
+of a particular microstate
+that I will now indicate mu
+
+s force system-- not to be
+confused with the chemical
+
+potential-- is proportional
+to e to the beta mu
+
+N minus beta H of the
+microstate energy.
+
+And the normalization is this Q,
+which will be a grand partition
+
+function that is
+function of T, V, and mu.
+
+How is this
+probability normalized?
+
+Well, I'm spanning over
+a space of microstates
+
+that have indefinite number.
+
+Their number runs, presumably,
+all the way from 0 to infinity.
+
+And I have to multiply each
+particular segment that
+
+has N of these present
+with e to the beta mu N.
+
+Now, once I have that
+segment, what I need to do
+
+is to sum over all
+coordinates and momenta
+
+as appropriate to a
+system of N particles.
+
+And that, once more, is
+my partition function
+
+Z of T, V, and N. And so since
+I know what that expression is,
+
+I can substitute it in
+some e to the beta mu
+
+N. And Z is 1 over N factorial
+V over lambda cubed raised
+
+to the power of N.
+
+Now fortunately, that's
+a sum that I recognize.
+
+It is 1 over N factorial
+something raised
+
+to the N-th power
+summed over all N,
+
+which is the summation
+for the exponential.
+
+So this is the exponential
+of e to the beta mu
+
+V over lambda cubed.
+
+So once I have this,
+I can construct
+
+my G, which is minus kT
+log of Q, which is minus
+
+kT e to the beta mu V
+divided by lambda cubed.
+
+Now, note that in all
+of the other expressions
+
+that I had all of these logs of
+something, they were extensive.
+
+And the extensivity was
+ensured by having results
+
+that were ultimately
+proportional
+
+to N for these logs.
+
+Let's say I have here,
+I have an N here.
+
+For the s, I have an N there.
+
+Previously I had also an N here.
+
+Now, in this
+ensemble, I don't have
+
+N. Extensivity is insured by
+this thing being proportional
+
+to G. Now also remember that
+G was E minus TS minus mu N.
+
+But we had another
+result for extensivity,
+
+that for extensive systems,
+E was TS plus mu N minus PV.
+
+So this is in fact
+because of extensivity, we
+
+had expected it to be
+proportional to the volume.
+
+And so this combination
+should end up
+
+being in fact the pressure.
+
+I can see what the pressure
+is in different ways.
+
+I can, for example,
+look at what this dG is.
+
+It is minus SdT.
+
+It is minus PdV minus Nd mu.
+
+I could, for example,
+identify the pressure
+
+by taking a derivative of
+this with respect to volume.
+
+But it is proportional
+to volume.
+
+So I again get that
+this combination really
+
+should be pressure.
+
+You say, I don't recognize
+that as a pressure.
+
+You say, well, it's because
+the formula for pressure
+
+that we have been using is
+always in terms of N. So let's
+
+check that.
+
+So what is N?
+
+I can get N from
+minus dG by d mu.
+
+And what happens if I do that?
+
+When I take a derivative
+with respect to mu,
+
+I will bring down
+a factor of beta.
+
+Beta will kill the kT.
+
+I will get e to the beta mu
+V over lambda cubed, which
+
+by the way is also
+these expressions
+
+that we had previously for
+the relationship between mu
+
+and N over V lambda
+cubed if I just
+
+take the log of this expression.
+
+And then if I substitute e to
+the beta mu V over lambda cubed
+
+to BN, you can see that I have
+the thing that I was calling
+
+pressure is indeed NkT
+over V. So everything
+
+is consistent with
+the ideal gas law.
+
+The chemical potential comes
+out consistently-- extensivity,
+
+everything is
+correctly identified.
+
+Maybe one more thing
+that I note here
+
+is that, for this ideal gas
+and this particular form that I
+
+have for this object-- so
+let's maybe do something here.
+
+Note that the N appears
+in an exponential with e
+
+to the beta mu.
+
+So another way that I
+could have gotten my N
+
+would have been d log Q
+with respect to beta mu.
+
+And again, my log Q is
+simply V over lambda cubed
+
+e to the beta mu.
+
+And you can check
+that if I do that, I
+
+will get this formula
+that I had for N. Well,
+
+the thing is that I can
+get various cumulants
+
+of this object by continuing
+to take derivatives.
+
+So I take m derivatives of log
+of Q with respect to beta mu.
+
+So I have to keep taking
+derivatives of the exponential.
+
+And as long as I keep taking the
+derivative of the exponential,
+
+I will get the exponential back.
+
+So all of these things
+are really the same thing.
+
+So all cumulants of the
+number fluctuations of the gas
+
+are really the same
+thing as a number.
+
+Can you remember what that says?
+
+What's the distribution?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Poisson, very good.
+
+The distribution where all of
+the cumulants were the same
+
+is Poisson distribution.
+
+Essentially it says
+that if I take a box,
+
+or if I just look at that
+imaginary volume in this room,
+
+and count the
+number of particles,
+
+as long as it is
+almost identical,
+
+the distribution of the number
+of particles within the volume
+
+is Poisson.
+
+You know all of the
+fluctuations, et cetera.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So this
+expression, you
+
+have N equals e to the beta mu V
+divided by lambda to the third.
+
+Considering that
+expression, could you then
+
+say that the exponential
+quantity is proportional
+
+to the phase space
+density [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's rearrange this.
+
+Beta mu is log of N
+over V lambda cubed.
+
+This is a single
+particle density.
+
+So beta mu, or the chemical
+potential up to a factor of kT,
+
+is the log of how many particles
+fit within one de Broglie
+
+volume.
+
+And this expression is in
+fact correct only in the limit
+
+where this is small.
+
+And as we shall
+see later on, there
+
+will be quantum
+mechanical corrections
+
+when this combination is large.
+
+So this combination is very
+important in identifying
+
+when things become
+quantum mechanic.
+
+All right, so let's
+just give a preamble
+
+of what we will be
+doing next time.
+
+I should have erased
+the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So we want to now do
+interacting systems.
+
+So this one example
+of the ideal gas I
+
+did for you to [INAUDIBLE]
+in all possible ensembles.
+
+And I could do
+that, because it was
+
+a collection of non-interacting
+degrees of freedom.
+
+As soon as I have interactions
+among my huge number of degrees
+
+of freedom, the story changes.
+
+So let's, for example, look
+at a generalization of what
+
+I had written before-- a one
+particle description which
+
+if I stop here gives me an
+ideal system, and potentially
+
+some complicated interaction
+among all of these coordinates.
+
+This could be a
+pairwise interaction.
+
+It could have three particles.
+
+It could potentially--
+at this stage
+
+I want to write down
+the most general form.
+
+I want to see what I can
+learn about the properties
+
+of this modified version,
+or non-ideal gas,
+
+and the ensemble that I
+will choose initially.
+
+Microcanonical is
+typically difficult.
+
+I will go and do
+things canonically,
+
+which is somewhat easier.
+
+And later on, maybe even
+grand canonical is easier.
+
+So what do I have to do?
+
+I would say that the
+partition function is obtained
+
+by integrating over the entirety
+of this phase space-- product
+
+d cubed Pi d cubed qi.
+
+I will normalize
+things by N factorial,
+
+dimensionalize them
+by h to the 3N.
+
+And I have exponential
+of minus beta
+
+sum over i Pi squared over 2m.
+
+And then I have the
+exponential of minus U.
+
+Now, this time around, the
+P integrals are [INAUDIBLE].
+
+I can do them immediately.
+
+Because typically the momenta
+don't interact with each other.
+
+And practicality, no
+matter how complicated
+
+a system of interactions
+is, you will
+
+be able to integrate over the
+momentum degrees of freedom.
+
+And what you get, you
+will get this factor of 1
+
+over lambda to the power
+of 3N from the 3N momentum
+
+integrations.
+
+The thing that is hard-- there
+will be this factor of 1 over N
+
+factorial-- is the integration
+over all of the coordinates,
+
+d cubed qi of this factor
+of e to the minus beta
+
+U. I gave you the most general
+possible U. There's no way
+
+that I can do this integration.
+
+What I will do is I will divide
+each one of these integrations
+
+over coordinate of
+particle by its volume.
+
+I will therefore
+have V to the N here.
+
+And V to the N divided by
+lambda to the 3N N factorial
+
+is none other than
+the partition function
+
+that we had calculated
+before for the ideal gas.
+
+And I will call Z0
+for the ideal gas.
+
+And I claim that this
+object I can interpret
+
+as a kind of average
+of a function e
+
+to the beta U defined over
+the phase space of all
+
+of these particles
+where the probability
+
+to find each particle is
+uniform in the space of the box,
+
+let's say.
+
+So what this says is
+for the 0-th order case,
+
+for the ideal case that we
+have discussed, once I have set
+
+the box, the particle can be
+anywhere in the box uniformly.
+
+For that uniform
+description probability,
+
+calculate what the average
+of this quantity is.
+
+So what we have is that
+Z is in fact Z0, that
+
+average that I can expand.
+
+And what we will
+be doing henceforth
+
+is a perturbation
+theory in powers of U.
+
+Because I know how to do things
+for the case of U equals 0.
+
+And then I hope to calculate
+things in various powers of U.
+
+So I will do that expansion.
+
+And then I say, no
+really, what I'm
+
+interested in is something like
+a free energy, which is log Z.
+
+And so for that, I will need log
+of Z0 plus log of that series.
+
+But the log of these
+kinds of series
+
+I know I can write as
+minus beta to the l over l
+
+factorial, replacing, when
+I go to the log, moments
+
+by corresponding cumulants.
+
+So this is called the
+cumulant expansion,
+
+which we will carry
+out next time around.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: In
+general, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: For some
+cases, you can.
+
+For many cases,
+you find that that
+
+will give you wrong answers.
+
+Because the phase space
+around which you're expanding
+
+is so broad.
+
+It is not like a
+saddle point where
+
+you have one variable
+you are expanding
+
+in a huge number of variables.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Y9_zrupnz0Q.txt b/Y9_zrupnz0Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15b7ff9a21e1e2f6d994dc08333243f91521ac73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Y9_zrupnz0Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1928 @@
+I just recalling some of the
+notation we are going to need
+
+for today, and a couple of the
+facts that we're going to use,
+
+plus trying to clear up a
+couple of confusions that the
+
+recitations report.
+This can be thought of two
+
+ways.
+It's a formal polynomial in D,
+
+in the letter D.
+It just has the shape of the
+
+polynomial, D squared plus AD
+plus B.
+
+A and B are constant
+coefficients.
+
+But, it's also,
+at the same time,
+
+if you think what it does,
+it's a linear operator on
+
+functions.
+It's a linear operator on
+
+functions like y of t.
+You think of it both ways:
+
+formal polynomial because we
+want to do things like factoring
+
+it, substituting two for D and
+things like that.
+
+Those are things you do with
+polynomials.
+
+You do them algebraically.
+You can take the formal
+
+derivative of the polynomial
+because it's just sums of
+
+powers.
+On the other hand,
+
+as a linear operator,
+it does something to functions.
+
+It differentiates them,
+multiplies them by constants or
+
+something like that.
+So it's, so to speak,
+
+has a dual aspect this way.
+And, that's one of the things
+
+we are exploiting what we use
+operator methods to solve
+
+differential equations.
+Now, let me remind you of the
+
+key thing we were interested in.
+f of t:
+
+not any old function,
+we'll get to that next time,
+
+but f of t,
+exponentials.
+
+So, it should be an exponential
+or something like an
+
+exponential, or pretty close to
+it, for example,
+
+something with sine t
+and cosine t,
+
+or e to the,
+that could be thought of as
+
+part of the real or imaginary
+part of a complex exponential.
+
+And, maybe by the end of today,
+we will have generalized that
+
+even little more.
+But basically,
+
+I'm interested in exponentials.
+Let's make it alpha complex.
+
+That will at least take care of
+the cases, e to the ax times
+
+cosine bx, sin bx,
+
+which are the main cases.
+Those are the main cases.
+
+Then, remember the little table
+we made.
+
+I simply gave you the formula
+for the particular solution.
+
+So, what we're looking for is
+we already know how to solve the
+
+homogeneous equation.
+What we want is that particular
+
+solution.
+And then, the recipe for it I
+
+gave you, these things were
+proved by the substitution rules
+
+and exponential shift rules.
+The recipe was that if f of t
+
+was, let's make a
+little table.
+
+f of t is, well,
+it's always e to the a t.
+
+So, in other words,
+
+it's e to the a t.
+The cases are,
+
+so yp, what is the yp?
+Well, it is the normal case is
+
+yp equals e to that alpha t
+divided by the
+
+polynomial where you substitute,
+you take that polynomial,
+
+and wherever you see a D,
+you substitute the complex
+
+number, alpha.
+There, I'm thinking of it as a
+
+formal polynomial.
+I'm not thinking of it as an
+
+operator.
+Now, this breaks down.
+
+So, that's the formula for the
+particular solution.
+
+The only trouble is,
+it breaks down if p of alpha is
+
+zero.
+So, we have to assume that it's
+
+not.
+Now, if p of alpha is zero,
+
+that means alpha is a root of
+the polynomial,
+
+a zero of the polynomial is a
+better word.
+
+So, in that case,
+it will be e to the alpha t
+
+divided by p prime of alpha.
+
+Differentiate formally the
+polynomials, --
+
+-- and you will get 2D plus A.
+
+And now, substitute in the
+alpha.
+
+And, this will be okay provided
+p prime of alpha
+
+is not zero.
+That means that alpha is the
+
+simple root, simple zero of p.
+And then, there's one more
+
+case, which, since I won't need
+today, I won't write on the
+
+board.
+But, you'll need it for
+
+homework.
+So, make sure you know it.
+
+Another words,
+if this is zero,
+
+then you've got a double root.
+And, there is still a different
+
+formula.
+And, this is wrong because I
+
+forgot the t.
+Yes?
+
+I could tell on your faces.
+That was before,
+
+and now we are up to today.
+What we are interested in
+
+talking about today is what this
+has to do with the phenomenon of
+
+resonance.
+Everybody knows at least one
+
+case of resonance,
+I hope.
+
+A little kid is on his swing,
+right?
+
+Back and forth,
+and they are very,
+
+very little,
+so they want a push.
+
+Okay, well, everybody knows
+that to make the swing go,
+
+a swing has a certain natural
+frequency.
+
+It swings back and forth like
+that.
+
+It's a simple pendulum.
+It's actually damped,
+
+but let's pretend that it
+isn't.
+
+Everybody knows you want to
+push a kid on a swing so that
+
+they go high.
+You have to push with
+
+essentially the same frequency
+that the natural frequency of
+
+the spring, of the swing is.
+It's automatic,
+
+because when you come back
+here, it gets to there,
+
+and that's where you push.
+So, automatically,
+
+you time your pushes.
+But if you want the kid to
+
+stop, you just do the opposite.
+Push at the wrong time.
+
+So anyway, that's resonance.
+Of course, there are more
+
+serious applications of it.
+It's what made the Tacoma
+
+Bridge fall down,
+and I think movies of that are
+
+now being shown not merely on
+television, but in elementary
+
+school.
+Resonance is what made,
+
+okay, more resonance stories
+later.
+
+So, my aim is,
+what is this physical
+
+phenomenon, that to get a big
+amplitude you should have it
+
+match the frequency?
+What does that have to do with
+
+a differential equation?
+Well, the differential equation
+
+for that simple pendulum,
+let's assume it's undamped,
+
+will be of the type y double
+prime plus,
+
+I'm using t now since t is
+time.
+
+That will be our new
+independent variable,
+
+plus omega nought squared
+is the natural
+
+frequency of the pendulum or of
+the spring, or whatever it is
+
+that's doing the vibrating.
+Yeah, any questions?
+
+What we're doing is driving
+that with the cosine,
+
+with something of a different
+frequency.
+
+So, this is the input,
+or the driving term as it's
+
+often called,
+or it's sometimes called the
+
+forcing term.
+And, the point is I'm going to
+
+assume that the frequency is
+different.
+
+The driving frequency is
+different from the natural
+
+frequency.
+So, this is the input
+
+frequency.
+Okay, and now let's simply
+
+solve the equation and see what
+we get.
+
+So, it's if I write it using
+the operator,
+
+it's D squared plus omega
+nought squared applied to y
+
+is equal to cosine.
+
+It's a good idea to do this
+because the formulas are going
+
+to ask you to substitute into a
+polynomial.
+
+So, it's good to have the
+polynomial right in front of you
+
+to avoid the possibility of
+error.
+
+Well, really what I want is the
+particular solution.
+
+It's the particular solution
+that's going to give me a pure
+
+oscillation.
+And, the thing to do is,
+
+of course, since this cosine,
+you want to make it complex.
+
+So, we are going to complexify
+the equation in order to be able
+
+to solve it more easily,
+and in order to be able to use
+
+those formulas.
+So, the complex equation is
+
+going to be D squared plus omega
+nought squared.
+
+Well, it's going to be a
+
+complex, particular solution.
+So, I'll call it y tilde.
+
+And, on the right-hand side,
+that's going to be e to the i
+
+omega1 t.
+Cosine is the real part of
+
+this.
+So, when we get our answer,
+
+we want to be sure to take the
+real part of the answer.
+
+I don't want the complex
+answer, I want its real part.
+
+I want the real answer,
+in other words,
+
+the really real answer,
+the real real answer.
+
+So, now without further ado,
+because of those beautiful,
+
+the problem has been solved
+once and for all by using the
+
+substitution rule.
+I did that for you on Monday.
+
+The answer is simply e to the i
+omega1 t
+
+divided by what?
+This polynomial with omega one
+
+substituted in for D.
+So, sorry, i omega one,
+
+the complex
+coefficient of t.
+
+So, it is substitute i omega
+for D, I omega one for D,
+
+and you get (i omega one)
+squared plus omega nought
+
+squared.
+
+Well, let's make that look a
+little bit better.
+
+This should be e to the (i
+omega one t)
+
+divided by, now,
+what's this?
+
+This is simply omega nought
+squared minus omega
+
+one squared.
+But, I want the real part of
+
+it.
+So, as one final,
+
+last step, the real part of
+that is what we call just the
+
+real particular solution,
+so, yp without the tilde
+
+anymore.
+And, the real part of this,
+
+well, this cosine plus i sine.
+And, the denominator,
+
+luckily, turns out to be real.
+So, it's simply going to be
+
+cosine omega one t.
+
+That's the top,
+divided by this thing,
+
+omega nought squared minus
+omega one squared.
+
+In other words,
+
+that's the response.
+This is the input,
+
+and that's what came out.
+Well, in other words,
+
+what one sees is,
+regardless of what natural
+
+frequency this system wanted to
+use for itself,
+
+at least for this solution,
+what it responds to is the
+
+driving frequency,
+the input frequency.
+
+The only thing is that the
+amplitude has changed,
+
+and in a rather dramatic way,
+if omega1, depending on the
+
+relative sizes of omega1 and
+omega2.
+
+Now, the interesting case is
+when omega one is very close to
+
+omega, the natural frequency.
+When you push it with
+
+approximately it's natural
+frequency, then the solution is
+
+big amplitude.
+The amplitude is large.
+
+So, the solution looks like the
+frequency.
+
+The input might have looked
+like this.
+
+Well, it's cosine,
+so it ought to start up here.
+
+The input might have looked
+like this, but the response will
+
+be a curve with the same
+frequency and still a pure
+
+oscillation.
+But, it will have much,
+
+much bigger amplitude.
+And, it's because the
+
+denominator, omega nought
+squared minus omega
+
+one squared,
+is always zero.
+
+So, the response will,
+instead, look like this.
+
+Now, to all intents and
+purposes, that's resonance.
+
+You are pushing something with
+approximately the same
+
+frequency, something that wants
+to oscillate.
+
+And, you are pushing it with
+approximately the same frequency
+
+that it would like to oscillate
+by itself.
+
+And, what that does is it
+builds up the amplitude
+
+Well, what happens if omega one
+is actually equal 
+
+to omega zero?
+So, that's the case I'd like to
+
+analyze for you now.
+Suppose the two are equal,
+
+in other words.
+Well, the problem is,
+
+of course, I can't use that
+same solution.
+
+It isn't applicable.
+But that's why I gave you,
+
+derived for you using the
+exponential shift law last time,
+
+the second version,
+when it is a root.
+
+So, if omega one equals omega
+nought,
+
+so now our equation looks like
+D squared plus omega nought
+
+squared, the natural frequency,
+y.
+
+But this time,
+the driving frequency,
+
+the input frequency,
+is omega nought itself.
+
+Then, the same analysis,
+a lot of it is,
+
+well, I'd better be careful.
+I'd better be careful.
+
+Let's go through the analysis
+again very rapidly.
+
+What we want to do is first
+complexify it,
+
+and then solve.
+So, the complex equation will
+
+be D squared plus omega nought
+squared times y tilde equals e
+
+to the i omega nought t,
+this time.
+
+But now, i omega is zero of
+this polynomial.
+
+That's why I picked it,
+right?
+
+If I plug in i omega zero,
+I get i omega zero
+
+quantity squared plus omega
+nought squared.
+
+That's zero.
+
+So, I'm in the second case.
+So, i omega nought is a simple
+
+root, simple zero,
+of D squared plus 
+
+omega nought,
+that polynomial squared.
+
+Therefore, the complex
+particular solution is now t e
+
+to the i omega nought t
+divided by p prime,
+
+where you plug in that root,
+the i omega nought.
+
+Now, what's p prime?
+
+p prime is 2D, right?
+
+If I differentiate this
+formally, as if D were a
+
+variable, the way you
+differentiate polynomials,
+
+the derivative,
+this is a constant,
+
+and the derivative is 2D.
+So, the denominator should have
+
+two times for D.
+You are going to plug in i
+
+omega zero.
+So, it's 2 i omega zero.
+
+And now, I want the real part
+
+of that, which is what?
+Well, think about it.
+
+The top is cosine plus i sine.
+The real part is now going to
+
+come from the sine,
+right, because it's cosine plus
+
+i sine.
+But this i is going to divide
+
+out the i that goes with this
+sine.
+
+And, therefore,
+the real part is going to be t
+
+times the sine,
+this time, of omega nought t.
+
+And, that's going to be divided
+
+by, well, the i canceled out the
+i that was in front of the sine
+
+function.
+And therefore,
+
+what's left is two omega nought
+down below.
+
+So, that's our particular
+solution now.
+
+Well, it looks different from
+that guy.
+
+It doesn't look like that
+anymore.
+
+What does it look like?
+Well, it shows the way to plot
+
+such things is basically it's an
+oscillation of frequency omega
+
+nought.
+But, its amplitude is changing.
+
+So, the way to do it is,
+as always, if you have a basic
+
+oscillation which is neither too
+fast nor too slow,
+
+think of that as the thing,
+and the other stuff multiplying
+
+it, think of it as changing the
+amplitude of that oscillation
+
+with time.
+So, the amplitude is that
+
+function, t divided by two omega
+zero.
+
+So, just as we did when we
+talked about damping,
+
+you plot that and it's negative
+on the picture.
+
+So, this is the function whose
+graph is t divided by two omega
+
+nought.
+That's the changing amplitude,
+
+as it were.
+And then, the function itself
+
+does what oscillation it can,
+but it has to stay within those
+
+lines.
+So, the thing that's
+
+oscillating is sine omega nought
+t,
+
+which would like to be a pure
+oscillation, but can't because
+
+its amplitude is being changed
+by that thing.
+
+So, it's doing this,
+and now the rest I have to
+
+leave to your imagination.
+In other words,
+
+what happens when omega nought
+is equal to, when the driving
+
+frequency is actually equal to
+omega nought,
+
+mathematically this turns into
+a different looking solution,
+
+one with steadily increasing
+amplitude.
+
+The amplitude increases
+linearly like the function t
+
+divided by two omega nought.
+
+Well, many people are upset by
+this, slightly,
+
+in the sense that there is a
+funny feeling.
+
+How is it that that solution
+can turn into this one?
+
+If I simply let omega one go to
+omega zero, what happens?
+
+Well, the pink curve just gets
+taller and taller,
+
+and after a while all you see
+of it is just a bunch of
+
+vertical lines which seem to be
+spaced at whatever the right
+
+period is for that function.
+It's sort of like being in a
+
+first story window and watching
+a giraffe go by.
+
+All you see is that.
+Okay.
+
+So, my concern is how does that
+function turn into this one?
+
+I have something in mind to
+remind you of,
+
+and that's why we'll go through
+this little exercise.
+
+It's a simple exercise.
+But the function of it is,
+
+of course that as omega one
+goes to omega zero cannot
+
+possibly turn into this.
+It's doing the wrong thing near
+
+zero.
+It's already zooming up.
+
+But, the point is,
+this is not the only particular
+
+solution on the block.
+Any solution whatsoever of the
+
+differential equation,
+the inhomogeneous equation,
+
+is a particular solution.
+It's like Fred Rogers:
+
+everybody is special.
+Okay, so all solutions are
+
+special.
+We don't have to use that one.
+
+So, I will use,
+where are all the other
+
+solutions?
+So, I'm going back to the
+
+equation D squared plus omega
+zero squared,
+
+applied to y,
+
+is equal to cosine
+omega one t.
+
+Now, the particular solution we
+found was that one,
+
+cosine omega one t divided by
+that omega nought squared minus
+
+omega one squared.
+
+What do the other particular
+solutions look like?
+
+Well, in general,
+any particular solution will
+
+look like that one we found,
+what is it, omega nought
+
+squared minus omega 
+one squared,
+
+plus I'm allowed to add to it
+any piece of the complementary
+
+solution.
+Equally particular,
+
+and equally good,
+as a particular solution is
+
+this plus anything which solved
+the homogeneous equation.
+
+Now, all I'm going to do is
+pick out one good function which
+
+solves the homogeneous equation,
+and here it is.
+
+It's the function minus cosine.
+In fact, what does solve the
+
+homogeneous equation?
+Well, it's solved by sine omega
+
+nought t,
+cosine omega nought t,
+
+and any linear combination of
+
+those.
+So, out of all those functions,
+
+the one I'm going to pick is
+cosine omega nought t.
+
+And, I'm going to divide it by
+this same guy.
+
+So, this is part of the
+complementary solution.
+
+That's what we call the
+complementary solution,
+
+the solution to the associated
+homogeneous equation,
+
+to the reduced equation.
+Call it what you like.
+
+So, this is one of the guys in
+there, and it's still a
+
+particular solution to take the
+one I first found,
+
+and add to it anything which
+solves the homogeneous equation.
+
+I showed you that when we first
+set out to solve the
+
+inhomogeneous equation in
+general.
+
+Now, why do I pick that?
+Well, I'm going to now
+
+calculate, what's the limit?
+So, these guys are also good
+
+solutions to that.
+This is a good solution to that
+
+equation, this equation.
+All I'm going to do now is
+
+calculate the limit as omega one
+approaches omega zero of this
+
+function.
+Well, what is that?
+
+It's cosine omega one t minus
+cosine omega zero t divided by
+
+omega nought squared minus omega
+one squared.
+
+Now, you see why I did that.
+If I let just this guy,
+
+omega one approaches
+omega zero,
+
+I get infinity.
+I don't get anything.
+
+But, this is different here
+because I fixed it up,
+
+now.
+The denominator becomes zero,
+
+but so does the numerator.
+In other words,
+
+I've put myself in position to
+use L'Hopital rule.
+
+So, let's L'Hopital it.
+It's the limit.
+
+As omega one approaches omega
+zero, and what do you do?
+
+You differentiate the top and
+the bottom with respect to what?
+
+Right, with respect to omega
+one.
+
+Omega one is the variable.
+That's what's changing.
+
+The t that I'm thinking of is,
+I'm thinking,
+
+for the temporary fixed.
+This has a fixed value.
+
+Omega nought is fixed.
+All that's changing in this
+
+limit operation is omega one.
+And therefore,
+
+it's with respect to omega one
+that I differentiate it.
+
+You got that?
+Well, you are in no position to
+
+say yes or no,
+so I shouldn't even ask the
+
+question, but okay,
+rhetorical question.
+
+All right, let's differentiate
+this expression,
+
+the top and bottom with respect
+to omega one.
+
+So, the derivative of the top
+with respect to omega one is
+
+negative sine omega one t.
+
+But, I have to use the chain
+rule.
+
+That's differentiating with
+respect to this argument,
+
+this variable.
+But now, I must take times the
+
+derivative of this thing with
+respect to omega one.
+
+And that is t is the constant,
+so times t.
+
+And, how about the bottom?
+The derivative of the bottom
+
+with respect to omega one is,
+well, that's a constant.
+
+So, it becomes zero.
+And, this becomes negative two
+
+omega one.
+So, it's the limit of this
+
+expression as omega one
+approaches omega zero.
+
+And now it's not indeterminate
+
+anymore.
+The answer is,
+
+the negative signs cancel.
+It's simply t sine omega nought
+
+t divided by two omega nought.
+
+So, that's how we get that
+
+solution.
+It is a limit as omega one,
+
+but not of the
+particular solution we found
+
+first, but of this other one.
+Now, it's still too much
+
+algebra.
+I mean, what's going on here?
+
+Well, that's something else you
+should know.
+
+Okay, so my question is,
+therefore, what does this mean?
+
+What's the geometric meaning of
+all this?
+
+In other words,
+what does that function look
+
+like?
+Well, that's another
+
+trigonometric identity,
+which in your book is just
+
+buried as half of one line sort
+of casual as if everybody knows
+
+it, and I know that virtually no
+one knows it.
+
+But, here's your chance.
+So, the cosine of B minus the
+
+cosine of A can be expressed 
+as a product of
+
+signs.
+It's the sine of (A minus B)
+
+over two times the sine of (A
+plus B) over two,
+
+I believe.
+
+My only uncertainty:
+is there a two in front of
+
+that?
+I think there has to be.
+
+Let me check.
+Sorry.
+
+Is there a two?
+I wouldn't trust my memory
+
+anyway.
+I'd look it up.
+
+I did look it up,
+two, yes.
+
+If you had to prove that,
+you could use the sine formula
+
+to expand this out.
+That would be a bad way to do
+
+it.
+The best way is to use complex
+
+numbers.
+Express the sign in terms of
+
+complex numbers,
+exponentials,
+
+you know, the backwards Euler
+formula.
+
+Then do it here,
+and then just multiply those
+
+two expressions involving
+exponentials together,
+
+and cancel, cancel,
+cancel, cancel,
+
+cancel, and this is what you
+will end up with.
+
+You see why I did this.
+It's because this has that
+
+form.
+So, let's apply that formula to
+
+it.
+So, what's the left-hand side?
+
+B is omega one t, and A is 
+omega nought t.
+
+So, this is omega one t,
+
+and this is omega nought t
+
+All right, so what we get is
+
+that the cosine of omega one t
+minus the cosine of omega nought
+
+t, which is exactly the
+
+numerator of this function that
+I'm trying to get a handle on.
+
+Then we will divide it by its
+amplitude.
+
+So, that's this constant factor
+that's real.
+
+It's a small number because I'm
+thinking of omega one
+
+as being rather close to omega
+zero,
+
+and getting closer and closer.
+What does this tell us about
+
+the right-hand side?
+Well, the right-hand side is
+
+twice the sine of A minus B.
+
+Now, that's good because these
+guys sort of resemble each
+
+other.
+So, that's (omega nought minus
+
+omega one) times t.
+
+That's A minus B,
+and I'm supposed to divide that
+
+by two.
+And then, the other one will be
+
+the same thing with plus:
+sine omega nought plus omega
+
+one over two times t.
+
+Now, how big is this,
+approximately?
+
+Remember, think of omega one
+as close to omega zero.
+
+Then, this is approximately
+
+omega zero.
+So this part is approximately
+
+sine of omega zero t.
+
+This part, on the other hand,
+that's a very small thing.
+
+Okay, now what I want to know
+is what does this function look
+
+like?
+The interest in knowing what
+
+the function looks like it is
+because we want to be able to
+
+see that it's limited is that
+thing.
+
+You can't tell what's what its
+limit is, geometrically,
+
+unless you know it looks like.
+So, what does it look like?
+
+Well, again,
+the way to analyze it is the
+
+thing, that thing.
+What you think of is,
+
+yeah, of course you cannot
+divide one side of equality
+
+without dividing the equation by
+the other side.
+
+So, that's got to be there,
+too.
+
+Now, what does that look like?
+Well, the way to think of it
+
+is, here is something with a
+normal sort of frequency,
+
+omega nought.
+It's doing its thing.
+
+It's a sine curve.
+It's doing that.
+
+What's this?
+Think of all this part as
+
+varying amplitude.
+It's just another example of
+
+what I gave you before.
+Here is a basic,
+
+pure oscillation,
+and now, think of everything
+
+else that's multiplying it as
+varying its amplitude.
+
+All right, so what does that
+thing look like?
+
+Well, first what we want to do
+is plot the amplitude lines.
+
+Now, what will they be?
+This is sine of an extremely
+
+small number times t.
+The frequency is small.
+
+How does the sine curve look if
+its frequency is very low,
+
+very close to zero?
+Well, that must mean its period
+
+is very large.
+Here's something with a big
+
+frequency.
+Here's something with a very,
+
+very low frequency.
+Now, with a low frequency,
+
+it would hardly get off the
+ground and get up to one here,
+
+and it would do that.
+But, it's made to look a little
+
+more presentable because of this
+coefficient in front,
+
+which is rather large.
+And so, what this thing looks
+
+like, I won't pause to analyze
+it more exactly.
+
+It's something which goes up at
+a reasonable rate for quite a
+
+while, and let's say that's
+quite awhile.
+
+And then it comes down,
+and then it goes,
+
+and so on.
+Of course, in figuring out its
+
+amplitude, we have to be willing
+to draw its negative,
+
+too.
+And since I didn't figure
+
+things out right,
+I can at least make it cross,
+
+right?
+Okay.
+
+So, this is a picture of this
+slowly varying amplitude.
+
+And in between,
+this is the function which is
+
+doing the oscillation,
+as well as it can.
+
+But, it has to stay within that
+amplitude.
+
+So, it's doing this.
+Now, what happens?
+
+As omega one approaches omega
+zero,
+
+this frequency gets closer and
+closer to zero,
+
+which means the period of that
+dotted line gets further and
+
+further out, goes to infinity,
+and you never do ultimately get
+
+a chance to come down again.
+All you can see is the initial
+
+part, where it's rising and
+rising.
+
+And, that's how this curve
+turns into that one.
+
+Now, of course,
+this curve is enormously
+
+interesting.
+You must have had this
+
+somewhere.
+That's the phenomenon of what
+
+are called beats.
+Too frequencies--
+
+Your book has half a page
+explaining this.
+
+That's the half a page where he
+gives you this identity,
+
+except it gives it in a wrong
+form, so that it's hard to
+
+figure out.
+But anyway, the beats are two
+
+frequencies when you combine
+them, the two frequencies being
+
+two combined pure oscillations
+where the frequencies are very
+
+close to each other.
+What you get is a curve which
+
+looks like that.
+And, of course,
+
+what you hear is the envelope
+of the curve.
+
+You hear the dotted lines.
+Well, you hear this.
+
+You hear that,
+too.
+
+But, what you hear is-- And,
+that's how good violinists and
+
+cellists, and so on,
+tune their instruments.
+
+They get one string right,
+and then the other strings are
+
+tuned by listening.
+They don't actually listen for
+
+the sound of the note.
+They listened just for the
+
+beats, wah, wah,
+wah, wah, and they turn the peg
+
+and it goes wah,
+wah, wah, wah,
+
+and then finally as soon as the
+wahs disappear,
+
+they know that the two strings
+are in tune.
+
+A piano tuner does the same
+thing.
+
+Of course, I,
+being a very bad cellist,
+
+use a tuner.
+That's another solution,
+
+a more modern solution.
+Okay.
+
+Oh well.
+Let's give it a try.
+
+The bad news is that problem
+six in your problem set,
+
+I didn't ask you about the
+undamped case.
+
+I thought, since you are mature
+citizens, you could be asked
+
+about the damped case.
+
+I warn you, first of all you
+have to get the notation.
+
+This is probably the most
+important thing I'll do with
+
+this.
+Your book uses this, resonance.
+
+I'm optimistic.
+[LAUGHTER] Let's say zero or f
+
+of t.
+It doesn't matter.
+
+In other words,
+the constants,
+
+the book uses two sets of
+constants to describe these
+
+equations.
+If it's a spring,
+
+and not even talking about RLC
+circuits, the spring mass,
+
+damping, k, spring constant.
+Then you divide out by m and
+
+you get this.
+You're familiar with that.
+
+And, it's only after you
+divided out by the m that you're
+
+allowed to call this the square
+of the natural frequency.
+
+So, omega naught is the natural
+frequency, the natural undamped
+
+frequency.
+If this term were not there,
+
+that omega nought
+would give the frequency with
+
+which the system,
+the little spring would like to
+
+vibrate by itself.
+Now, further complication is
+
+that the visual uses neither of
+these.
+
+The visual uses x double dot
+plus b times x prime,
+
+I think we will have to fix
+this in the future,
+
+but for now,
+just live with it,
+
+plus kx,
+and that's some function,
+
+again, a function.
+So, in other words,
+
+the problem is that b is okay,
+can't be confused with c.
+
+On the other hand,
+this is not the same k as that.
+
+What I'm trying to say is,
+don't automatically go to a
+
+formula one place,
+and assume it's the same
+
+formula in another place.
+You have to use these
+
+equivalences.
+You have to look and see how
+
+the basic equation was written,
+and then figure out what the
+
+constant should be.
+Now, there was something
+
+called, when we analyzed this
+before, and this has happened in
+
+recitation, there was the
+natural, damped frequency.
+
+I'll call it the natural,
+damped frequency.
+
+The book calls it the
+pseudo-frequency.
+
+It's called pseudo-frequency
+because the function,
+
+if you have zero on the right
+hand side, but have damping,
+
+the function isn't periodic.
+It decays.
+
+It does this.
+Nonetheless,
+
+it still crosses the t-axis at
+regular intervals,
+
+and therefore,
+almost everybody just casually
+
+refers to it as the frequency,
+and understands it's the
+
+natural damped frequency.
+Now, the relation between them
+
+is given by the little picture I
+drew you once.
+
+But, I didn't emphasize it
+enough.
+
+Here is omega nought.
+
+Here is the right angle.
+The side is omega one,
+
+and this side is the
+damping.
+
+So, in other words,
+this is fixed because it's
+
+fixed by the spring.
+That's the natural frequency of
+
+the spring, by itself.
+If you are damping near the
+
+motion, then the more you damped
+it, the bigger this side gets,
+
+and therefore the smaller omega
+one is, the bigger the damping,
+
+then the smaller the frequency
+with which the damped thing
+
+vibrates.
+That sort of intuitive,
+
+and vice versa.
+If you decrease the damping to
+
+almost zero, well,
+then you'll make omega one
+
+almost the same size as omega
+zero.
+
+This must be a right angle,
+and therefore,
+
+if there's very little damping,
+the natural damped frequency
+
+will be almost the same as the
+original frequency,
+
+the natural frequency.
+So, the relation between them
+
+is that omega one squared is
+equal to omega nought squared
+
+minus p squared,
+
+and this comes from the
+characteristic roots from the
+
+characteristic roots of the
+damped equation.
+
+So, we did that before.
+I'm just reminding you of it.
+
+Now, the third frequency which
+now enters, and that I'm asking
+
+you about on the problem set is
+if you've got a damped spring,
+
+okay, what happens when you
+impose a motion on it with yet a
+
+third frequency?
+In other words,
+
+drive the damped spring.
+I don't care.
+
+I switched to y,
+since I'm in y mode.
+
+So, our equation looks like
+this, just as it did before,
+
+except now going to drive that
+with an undetermined frequency,
+
+cosine omega t.
+
+And, my question,
+now, is, see,
+
+it's not going to be able to
+resonate in the correct-- you
+
+really only get true resonance
+when you don't have damping.
+
+That's the only time where the
+amplitude can build up
+
+indefinitely.
+But nonetheless,
+
+for all practical purposes,
+and there's always some damping
+
+unless you are a perfect vacuum
+or something,
+
+there's almost always some
+damping.
+
+So, p isn't zero,
+can't be exactly zero.
+
+So, the problem is,
+which omega gives,
+
+which frequency in the input,
+which input frequency gives the
+
+maximal amplitude for the
+response?
+
+We solved that problem when it
+was undamped,
+
+and the answer was easy.
+Omega should equal omega zero.
+
+But, when it's damped,
+the answer is different.
+
+And, I'm not asking you to do
+it in general.
+
+I'm giving you some numbers.
+But nonetheless,
+
+it still must be the case.
+So, I'm giving you,
+
+I give you specific values of p
+and omega zero.
+
+That's on the problem set.
+Of course, one of them is tied
+
+to your recitation.
+But, the answer is,
+
+I'm going to give you the
+general formula for the answer
+
+to make sure that you don't get
+wildly astray.
+
+Let's call that omega r,
+
+the resonant omega.
+This isn't true resonance.
+
+Your book calls it practical
+resonance.
+
+Again, most people just call it
+resonance.
+
+So, you know what I mean,
+type of thing.
+
+It is omega r is very much like
+that.
+
+Maybe I should have written
+this one down in the same form.
+
+Omega one is the square root of
+omega nought squared minus p
+
+squared.
+
+What would you expect?
+Well, what I would expect is
+
+that omega r should be omega
+one.
+
+The damped system has a natural
+frequency.
+
+The resonant frequency should
+be the same as that natural
+
+frequency with which the damped
+system wants to do its thing.
+
+And the answer is,
+that's not right.
+
+It is the square root.
+It's a little lower.
+
+It's a little lower.
+It is omega nought squared
+
+minus two p squared.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Z0d4z8FdmR0.txt b/Z0d4z8FdmR0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3edf4185aaeb91ff8537870f03e6eb39be76ed3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Z0d4z8FdmR0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+my lab um here at MIT uh basically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab um here at MIT uh basically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab um here at MIT uh basically is
+studying sugars sugars virtually coat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying sugars sugars virtually coat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying sugars sugars virtually coat
+all cells they also cat proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cells they also cat proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cells they also cat proteins that
+are outside outside the cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outside outside the cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outside outside the cells and
+dramatically influence uh not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically influence uh not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically influence uh not only
+protein functions but also how uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein functions but also how uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein functions but also how uh the
+cell behaves uh for instance how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell behaves uh for instance how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell behaves uh for instance how the
+cell communicate how the cell uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell communicate how the cell uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell communicate how the cell uh sort of
+responds to its environment and uh basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to its environment and uh basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to its environment and uh basic
+functions of a cell are dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a cell are dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a cell are dramatically
+influenced by sugars the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by sugars the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by sugars the complexity
+associated with characterizing sugar not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with characterizing sugar not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with characterizing sugar not
+only involves the numerous building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only involves the numerous building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only involves the numerous building
+blocks that make them but also the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that make them but also the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that make them but also the fact
+that you could have both linear and bran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have both linear and bran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have both linear and bran
+sugars so you need very different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars so you need very different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars so you need very different kinds
+of techniques or measurements that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of techniques or measurements that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of techniques or measurements that you
+need to make so that you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make so that you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make so that you can understand
+the various pieces of this puzzle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various pieces of this puzzle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various pieces of this puzzle and
+how the puzzle comes together so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the puzzle comes together so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the puzzle comes together so you can
+actually view sequencing sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually view sequencing sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually view sequencing sugars
+analogous to solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to solving a
+puzzle there are numerous kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle there are numerous kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle there are numerous kinds of
+sugars and you need various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars and you need various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars and you need various kinds of
+tools that will enable you to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that will enable you to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that will enable you to make
+measurements what I mean by measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements what I mean by measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements what I mean by measurements
+you need enzymes to clip them you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need enzymes to clip them you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need enzymes to clip them you need
+different kinds of chemicals to label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of chemicals to label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of chemicals to label
+them so what David has done here is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so what David has done here is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so what David has done here is he's
+basically isolated or released sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically isolated or released sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically isolated or released sugars
+from cells and specifically tag them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cells and specifically tag them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cells and specifically tag them
+with the fluorescent D so that he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fluorescent D so that he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fluorescent D so that he can
+look at these minute amount of sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these minute amount of sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these minute amount of sugars
+that are derived from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are derived from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are derived from these
+cells Jonathan then uses en enzymes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells Jonathan then uses en enzymes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells Jonathan then uses en enzymes to
+chop the sugars into smaller pieces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop the sugars into smaller pieces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop the sugars into smaller pieces and
+then separates them using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then separates them using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then separates them using this
+instrument known as cap electropheresis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument known as cap electropheresis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument known as cap electropheresis
+it has a laser that is able to excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a laser that is able to excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a laser that is able to excite
+the green fluorescent tag that was added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green fluorescent tag that was added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green fluorescent tag that was added
+to the sugars and it separates them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sugars and it separates them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sugars and it separates them into
+discrete minute pieces that Jonathan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete minute pieces that Jonathan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete minute pieces that Jonathan is
+able to identify in terms of what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify in terms of what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify in terms of what those
+species are using different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are using different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are using different kinds of
+probes different kinds of labels each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes different kinds of labels each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes different kinds of labels each
+experiment becomes a measurement to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment becomes a measurement to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment becomes a measurement to
+solve the puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the puzzle
+there's an important link with a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an important link with a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an important link with a drug
+that's already used in the clinic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already used in the clinic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already used in the clinic uh
+known as Hein Hein is a sugar-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as Hein Hein is a sugar-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as Hein Hein is a sugar-based
+anti-coagulant drug that's been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-coagulant drug that's been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-coagulant drug that's been around
+for the last 75 years but very simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last 75 years but very simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last 75 years but very simply
+put it's a complex mixture like a soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it's a complex mixture like a soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it's a complex mixture like a soup
+and many different things but a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many different things but a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many different things but a very
+small part of that soup represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small part of that soup represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small part of that soup represents the
+true biological function of Hein so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true biological function of Hein so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true biological function of Hein so
+using our methodology we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our methodology we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our methodology we were able to
+really address some of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really address some of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really address some of the fundamental
+structure functional relationship of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure functional relationship of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure functional relationship of
+these molecules and developed a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules and developed a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules and developed a whole
+new panel of improved heparins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new panel of improved heparins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new panel of improved heparins that
+could uh go into the clinic and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh go into the clinic and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh go into the clinic and they're
+being readied for clinical trials in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being readied for clinical trials in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being readied for clinical trials in the
+next few years we're at a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few years we're at a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few years we're at a point where
+exciting Technologies are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting Technologies are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting Technologies are being
+developed to study sugars um sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed to study sugars um sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed to study sugars um sequencing
+sugars making sugars in large amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars making sugars in large amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars making sugars in large amounts
+characterizing sugars in in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing sugars in in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing sugars in in various
+cells or tissues and trying to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells or tissues and trying to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells or tissues and trying to really
+understand the structure structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the structure structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the structure structural
+basis of the function of sugars um to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of the function of sugars um to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of the function of sugars um to me
+technology is like a key that opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is like a key that opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is like a key that opens
+doors doors of doors of opportunity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors doors of doors of opportunity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors doors of doors of opportunity that
+enable us to not only understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable us to not only understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable us to not only understand
+fundamental science of or the biology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental science of or the biology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental science of or the biology of
+how sugars regulate function uh but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sugars regulate function uh but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sugars regulate function uh but at
+the same time how we will be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time how we will be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time how we will be able to use
+this information to unmet medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information to unmet medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information to unmet medical
+conditions such as cancer or emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions such as cancer or emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions such as cancer or emerging
+areas like infectious disease which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas like infectious disease which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas like infectious disease which um
+uh you know threaten us on a day-to-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know threaten us on a day-to-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know threaten us on a day-to-day
+basis
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_-gQchCLmXk.txt b/_-gQchCLmXk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a9b0e5c9ff83b0b56bb44b72c3303ae2e145238
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_-gQchCLmXk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to talk to you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk to you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk to you about the
+um about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about
+basic genetics what geneticists do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic genetics what geneticists do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic genetics what geneticists do and
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+genetics is moving into the genomic area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics is moving into the genomic area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics is moving into the genomic area
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+increasing the size the scope and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the size the scope and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the size the scope and the
+quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality
+of genetic studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can close the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can close the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can close the door
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the origin of all of this is uh i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of all of this is uh i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of all of this is uh i will
+put myself at the particular time point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put myself at the particular time point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put myself at the particular time point
+and the origin of all of this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the origin of all of this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the origin of all of this is the
+publication of the human of the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of the human of the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of the human of the results
+that you mentioned project the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you mentioned project the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you mentioned project the first
+draft of of the human genome and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft of of the human genome and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft of of the human genome and when
+they announced the publication of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they announced the publication of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they announced the publication of the
+human genome uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genome uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genome uh the first
+item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item
+of the future agenda was a sneak map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future agenda was a sneak map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future agenda was a sneak map
+and they said the snip map promises to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said the snip map promises to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said the snip map promises to
+revolutionize both mapping diseases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionize both mapping diseases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionize both mapping diseases and
+tracking human history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking human history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking human history
+and i will try to show you how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will try to show you how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will try to show you how you do
+both using snips and if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both using snips and if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both using snips and if you don't know
+what snaps are ordering your breath you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what snaps are ordering your breath you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what snaps are ordering your breath you
+will know it in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+slips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slips
+these lips are i will tell you in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lips are i will tell you in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lips are i will tell you in in a
+second more in detail snips are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second more in detail snips are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second more in detail snips are you know
+are things called single nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things called single nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things called single nucleotide
+polymorphisms and there are subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms and there are subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms and there are subtle
+variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the human genome across individuals what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human genome across individuals what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human genome across individuals what
+does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean
+it means that one of the most startling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that one of the most startling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that one of the most startling
+statistics out of the genome project is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics out of the genome project is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics out of the genome project is
+that we're all similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're all similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're all similar
+very very similar at genetic level but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very similar at genetic level but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very similar at genetic level but
+there are some very very subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some very very subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some very very subtle
+variations one base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations one base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations one base
+swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap
+here and there that make us different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there that make us different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there that make us different
+and most of all makes our genomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of all makes our genomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of all makes our genomes
+different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and
+what you can say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can say is that
+this is the real meat of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real meat of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real meat of the human
+genome people paid billions of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome people paid billions of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome people paid billions of dollars
+not for the curiosity of a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for the curiosity of a handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for the curiosity of a handful of
+scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+but because the promise was that once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because the promise was that once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because the promise was that once we
+know the human genome it would be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the human genome it would be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the human genome it would be easier
+to track down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track down
+the genetic causes of diseases and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic causes of diseases and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic causes of diseases and the
+genetic process of andy possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic process of andy possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic process of andy possibly
+uh find some cure for them and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh find some cure for them and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh find some cure for them and get a
+better understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understanding
+and as you would see snips are the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you would see snips are the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you would see snips are the real
+meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of the human genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human genome
+so we start from the 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start from the 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start from the 80s
+when people started thinking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people started thinking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people started thinking about uh
+seriously thinking about developing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously thinking about developing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously thinking about developing a
+human genome project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genome project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genome project and
+the human genome project i will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human genome project i will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human genome project i will tell you
+what the genetic polymorphisms are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the genetic polymorphisms are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the genetic polymorphisms are what
+genetic polymorphisms are what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic polymorphisms are what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic polymorphisms are what type of
+polymorphism exists and then we give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphism exists and then we give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphism exists and then we give you
+some basic terminology of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic terminology of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic terminology of what
+are the terms that geneticists use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the terms that geneticists use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the terms that geneticists use to
+describe the properties of the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the properties of the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the properties of the genome
+and then i will talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i will talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i will talk to you about
+the real interesting stuff which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interesting stuff which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interesting stuff which are
+complex traits are those traits those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex traits are those traits those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex traits are those traits those
+diseases those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases those
+observable features of an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable features of an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable features of an individual
+that don't come from one single gene but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't come from one single gene but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't come from one single gene but
+they are the result of an interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the result of an interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the result of an interaction of
+more genes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more genes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more genes or
+the interaction of genes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction of genes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction of genes with the
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+and i will tell you why these traits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will tell you why these traits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will tell you why these traits are
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+and then i will tell you how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i will tell you how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i will tell you how people
+designed this kind of experiments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed this kind of experiments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed this kind of experiments to
+identify these complex rates and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify these complex rates and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify these complex rates and also
+the simpler ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simpler ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simpler ones
+and once they've designed it i will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once they've designed it i will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once they've designed it i will tell
+you how do you analyze this data once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how do you analyze this data once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how do you analyze this data once
+you have them and then i will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have them and then i will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have them and then i will tell you
+what's the word on the street on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the word on the street on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the word on the street on the
+latest fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest fashion
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in analyzing the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+as i was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i was saying
+the intuition behind genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition behind genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition behind genetics
+is that we can find causes for diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can find causes for diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can find causes for diseases
+without knowing the equal mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing the equal mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing the equal mechanism of
+the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease
+just associating changing changing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just associating changing changing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just associating changing changing in
+the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome
+to observable traits observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observable traits observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observable traits observable
+characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters
+now as you can imagine this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you can imagine this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you can imagine this is not
+really an easy idea to solve and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an easy idea to solve and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an easy idea to solve and when
+people started selling it in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started selling it in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started selling it in the early
+19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century
+people didn't really like it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't really like it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't really like it a lot
+especially biologists to say what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially biologists to say what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially biologists to say what kind
+of science is this there is no mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science is this there is no mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science is this there is no mechanism
+in this there is no understanding of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this there is no understanding of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this there is no understanding of how
+these things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things work
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+then people started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deliver results and i'll deliver results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver results and i'll deliver results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver results and i'll deliver results
+about this well once we know that gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this well once we know that gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this well once we know that gene
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+before it was kind of difficult but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was kind of difficult but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was kind of difficult but i
+will show you how you did it before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you how you did it before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you how you did it before uh
+before knowing what what how to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before knowing what what how to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before knowing what what how to to
+genotype somebody but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype somebody but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype somebody but
+one of the the main intuition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the main intuition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the main intuition that
+changed everything is due to a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed everything is due to a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed everything is due to a guy
+called david boston that in 1997
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called david boston that in 1997
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called david boston that in 1997
+showed that there are natural markers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that there are natural markers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that there are natural markers on
+the genome called polymorphisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome called polymorphisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome called polymorphisms
+that make us different and make his diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make us different and make his diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make us different and make his diff
+is his genome different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his genome different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his genome different
+right so if i have a little change in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i have a little change in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i have a little change in my
+population what they can try to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population what they can try to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population what they can try to do is
+collect people that have the disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect people that have the disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect people that have the disease and
+collect people that don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect people that don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect people that don't have the
+disease and see which marker shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and see which marker shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and see which marker shows up
+more than i would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than i would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than i would expect
+uh in one one group or another and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in one one group or another and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in one one group or another and that
+will tell you how you play these games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you how you play these games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you how you play these games
+you can play them in in several ways but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play them in in several ways but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play them in in several ways but
+the way in which we rely we do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which we rely we do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which we rely we do we
+conduct these studies is not by tagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct these studies is not by tagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct these studies is not by tagging
+something but leveraging on natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but leveraging on natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but leveraging on natural
+texts that are exactly these polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts that are exactly these polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts that are exactly these polymer
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just a summary of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a summary of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a summary of the central
+black molecular biology you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black molecular biology you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black molecular biology you all know
+this you got a class from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you got a class from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you got a class from
+dr butte i think about this some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr butte i think about this some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr butte i think about this some of you
+have a mastering phds in biology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mastering phds in biology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mastering phds in biology so
+they're not discussing either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not discussing either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not discussing either
+the assumption is that there is a dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption is that there is a dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption is that there is a dna
+that is all identical in all our cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all identical in all our cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all identical in all our cells
+and then this is translated in the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is translated in the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is translated in the rna
+and rna is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rna is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rna is then
+turned into proteins which determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into proteins which determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into proteins which determines
+whatever we can observe of somebody uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we can observe of somebody uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we can observe of somebody uh
+the traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traits
+disease is susceptible to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease is susceptible to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease is susceptible to this
+physiology the metabolism even drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology the metabolism even drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology the metabolism even drug
+resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+idea that polymorphisms could be used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that polymorphisms could be used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that polymorphisms could be used as
+natural markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural markers
+created exactly the background of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created exactly the background of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created exactly the background of the
+homogeneous project because at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous project because at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous project because at that
+point we had an intellectual tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we had an intellectual tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we had an intellectual tool
+a scientific tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scientific tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scientific tool
+to track down diseases using the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track down diseases using the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track down diseases using the code
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the easiest thing we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest thing we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest thing we can do
+is to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find out
+diseases that are caused by one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that are caused by one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that are caused by one single
+screw-up in one gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw-up in one gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw-up in one gene
+and there are various way which this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are various way which this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are various way which this can
+actually be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be uh
+screw up or not they can be dominant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up or not they can be dominant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up or not they can be dominant or
+recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive
+uh recessive means that you need to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recessive means that you need to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recessive means that you need to you
+know you receive through a chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you receive through a chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you receive through a chromosome
+one from the father and of your mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the father and of your mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the father and of your mother
+to be recessive you need to have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be recessive you need to have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be recessive you need to have both
+chromosomes that are screwed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes that are screwed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes that are screwed up
+your gene on both chromosomes to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gene on both chromosomes to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gene on both chromosomes to be
+dominant one is going to be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant one is going to be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant one is going to be enough
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+we classify these diseases also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we classify these diseases also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we classify these diseases also by
+another dimension which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another dimension which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another dimension which is
+if it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's on
+the x chromosome which is is a symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x chromosome which is is a symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x chromosome which is is a symmetry
+for man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for man
+and or if it's in any other chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or if it's in any other chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or if it's in any other chromosome
+so if it's in any other chromosome it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's in any other chromosome it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's in any other chromosome it's
+going to be an autosomal and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an autosomal and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an autosomal and can be
+dominantly recessive and examples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominantly recessive and examples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominantly recessive and examples are
+the huntington disease and cystic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the huntington disease and cystic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the huntington disease and cystic
+fibrosis and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibrosis and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibrosis and if it's
+x-linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-linked
+it can be dominant or recessive and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be dominant or recessive and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be dominant or recessive and that
+will give you right away a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you right away a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you right away a little
+example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this
+today there are about 400 single gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there are about 400 single gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there are about 400 single gene
+diseases that have been identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that have been identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that have been identified
+so for 400 diseases we know that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for 400 diseases we know that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for 400 diseases we know that there's
+a little screw up sometimes there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little screw up sometimes there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little screw up sometimes there is a
+very very simple reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple reason
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+base is termed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is termed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is termed from
+being a normal base coding for amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a normal base coding for amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a normal base coding for amino
+acid into stopping sequence so when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid into stopping sequence so when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid into stopping sequence so when that
+particular sequence is read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sequence is read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sequence is read
+the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein
+is no no not is not called after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no no not is not called after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no no not is not called after that
+particular point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point
+and the protein is screwed up and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein is screwed up and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein is screwed up and this
+this creates disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+i need this is the boiling point i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need this is the boiling point i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need this is the boiling point i need
+to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you
+i need to give you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to give you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to give you um
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+a little terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little terminology
+now an allele is a sequence of dna bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each
+snip for each gene for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snip for each gene for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snip for each gene for each
+whatever for each piece of your dna you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever for each piece of your dna you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever for each piece of your dna you
+have two alleles one thing from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two alleles one thing from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two alleles one thing from your
+mother and one kind in front of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother and one kind in front of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother and one kind in front of your
+father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+the locus is a physical location on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locus is a physical location on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locus is a physical location on the
+chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+telling a hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling a hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling a hole
+we know exactly where it is we know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know exactly where it is we know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know exactly where it is we know it's
+there we know in what on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we know in what on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we know in what on which
+chromosome is it and we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome is it and we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome is it and we know the
+position of the chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the chromosome
+linkage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage is
+a proximity of two alleles on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proximity of two alleles on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proximity of two alleles on the
+chromosome and it is kind of ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and it is kind of ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and it is kind of ambiguous
+because as you will see proximity may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as you will see proximity may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as you will see proximity may
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+several meanings in genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several meanings in genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several meanings in genetics
+the marker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marker is
+an allele with a particular position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allele with a particular position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allele with a particular position
+that we can track down somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can track down somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can track down somehow
+the distance the physical distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance the physical distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance the physical distance is
+the number of bases between one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bases between one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bases between one point
+and another but this is not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another but this is not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another but this is not the only
+difference we have and actually is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we have and actually is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we have and actually is not
+really the most interesting uh distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the most interesting uh distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the most interesting uh distance
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+the most interesting distance is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting distance is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting distance is the
+probability that two points on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that two points on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that two points on the
+chromosome will be recombined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome will be recombined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome will be recombined
+when you make your chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make your chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make your chip
+and the distance this probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance this probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance this probabilistic
+distance doesn't necessarily matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance doesn't necessarily matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance doesn't necessarily matter
+on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+on on the chromosome with a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the chromosome with a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the chromosome with a constant
+number of bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bases
+as you will see in a second so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you will see in a second so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you will see in a second so
+this means that there are points on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that there are points on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that there are points on the
+chromosomes they are easier to recombine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes they are easier to recombine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes they are easier to recombine
+and points of the common zone they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and points of the common zone they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and points of the common zone they are
+harder to recombine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to recombine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to recombine
+less likely to recombine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to recombine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely to recombine
+the measure by which we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure by which we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure by which we uh
+identify this probabilistic distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify this probabilistic distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify this probabilistic distance is
+called centimore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called centimore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called centimore
+a phenotype is a observable character it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phenotype is a observable character it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phenotype is a observable character it
+may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may
+separate a disease can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate a disease can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate a disease can be
+diabetes a disease itself the genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes a disease itself the genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes a disease itself the genotype
+is the internally coded in narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the internally coded in narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the internally coded in narrative
+information so it's a piece of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so it's a piece of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so it's a piece of dna
+and the penetrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the penetrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the penetrance
+uh the penetrance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the penetrance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the penetrance is
+if you take the series that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the series that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the series that uh
+frequent this interpretation seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent this interpretation seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent this interpretation seriously
+is the probability that given that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that given that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that given that you
+have the allele you will develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the allele you will develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the allele you will develop the
+phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the physical distance between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the physical distance between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the physical distance between two
+alleles are base pair but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles are base pair but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles are base pair but the
+recombination among them is not is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination among them is not is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination among them is not is not
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well you all know mendel's first law we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you all know mendel's first law we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you all know mendel's first law we
+know that a little pair separate when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a little pair separate when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a little pair separate when
+the game is is is formed and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is is is formed and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is is is formed and they are
+randomly reshuffled and create new pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly reshuffled and create new pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly reshuffled and create new pairs
+now usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now usually
+the the probabilistic measure we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the probabilistic measure we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the probabilistic measure we want to
+use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is
+is the probability that two points will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that two points will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that two points will
+be recombined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be recombined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be recombined
+at the next passage to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next passage to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next passage to the next
+generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+so we can say that on average one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can say that on average one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can say that on average one
+centimorgan which is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimorgan which is the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimorgan which is the probability of
+one percent of being recombined is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent of being recombined is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent of being recombined is about
+happens between one one megabases every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens between one one megabases every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens between one one megabases every
+one megabases you have one probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one megabases you have one probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one megabases you have one probability
+of being recombined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+these are kind of little gossips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are kind of little gossips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are kind of little gossips
+if the human autosomal physical map is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the human autosomal physical map is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the human autosomal physical map is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+three billion bases as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three billion bases as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three billion bases as you know
+the linkage map in centimorgan that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linkage map in centimorgan that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linkage map in centimorgan that is
+this probabilistic distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probabilistic distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probabilistic distance between
+points is different between humans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is different between humans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is different between humans and
+between male and female humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between male and female humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between male and female humans
+uh the 2800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the 2800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the 2800
+centimorgan for mayo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimorgan for mayo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimorgan for mayo and
+4200 centimorgan females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4200 centimorgan females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4200 centimorgan females
+why there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+female have the bigger genetic code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female have the bigger genetic code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female have the bigger genetic code
+male have this little white wimpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male have this little white wimpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male have this little white wimpy
+chromosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and
+females have this second big beautiful x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females have this second big beautiful x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females have this second big beautiful x
+chromosome which is much bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome which is much bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome which is much bigger than
+ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours
+like stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if you compute the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you compute the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you compute the difference
+between these two things you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two things you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two things you see that
+the probability of recombination of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of recombination of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of recombination of uh
+of the correspondence between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the correspondence between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the correspondence between the
+probability of recombination for male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of recombination for male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of recombination for male
+and female is also different one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and female is also different one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and female is also different one is a
+bigger crumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger crumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger crumb
+a bigger code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger code
+and so the difference usa is about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the difference usa is about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the difference usa is about one
+on average is one million per um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average is one million per um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average is one million per um one
+centimorgan for one million bases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimorgan for one million bases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimorgan for one million bases and
+for fema for male and female is about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fema for male and female is about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fema for male and female is about a
+bit more than a million for male and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more than a million for male and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more than a million for male and a
+bit less than a million for females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less than a million for females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less than a million for females
+and one notion that would be absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one notion that would be absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one notion that would be absolutely
+important for our ability to use markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for our ability to use markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for our ability to use markers
+is co-segregation the fact that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is co-segregation the fact that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is co-segregation the fact that two
+alleles are transmitted together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles are transmitted together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles are transmitted together
+to the next generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next generation
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+you're upset you're upset because i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're upset you're upset because i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're upset you're upset because i said
+that women have better chromosomes than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that women have better chromosomes than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that women have better chromosomes than
+we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those things can are those affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things can are those affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things can are those affected by
+like uh she said it's the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh she said it's the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh she said it's the physical
+efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+um can the locus of a particular allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can the locus of a particular allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can the locus of a particular allele
+change if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if
+like if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the
+packing into the chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing into the chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing into the chromosome
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+is altered in any way or is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is altered in any way or is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is altered in any way or is that
+something that's a very good question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a very good question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a very good question so
+then the follow-up to that is if that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the follow-up to that is if that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the follow-up to that is if that is
+the case does that affect the close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case does that affect the close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case does that affect the close
+segregation as well yeah so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation as well yeah so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation as well yeah so this is a
+very good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question
+you can imagine a locus is a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine a locus is a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine a locus is a variable
+and an allele as a state of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an allele as a state of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an allele as a state of this
+variable so you have you are given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so you have you are given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so you have you are given this
+locus and uh at position 3022 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus and uh at position 3022 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus and uh at position 3022 of
+chromosome 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome 5
+you have an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an a
+and if this is a polymorphism it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this is a polymorphism it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this is a polymorphism it is not
+polymorphism as everybody has a but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphism as everybody has a but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphism as everybody has a but if
+uh this is a polymorphism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a polymorphism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a polymorphism
+uh we expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we expect that
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+above one percent of the population will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above one percent of the population will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above one percent of the population will
+have a different letter there like a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different letter there like a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different letter there like a t
+or a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a g
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is due to mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is due to mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is due to mutations
+and there is nothing we can is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is nothing we can is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is nothing we can is not
+affected by the locus but the packaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the locus but the packaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the locus but the packaging
+of the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genes
+of the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chromosomes
+where they are next to each other may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are next to each other may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are next to each other may
+affect the probability that it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the probability that it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the probability that it would be
+transmitted together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted together
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there are several reasons why these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several reasons why these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several reasons why these
+linkages equilibrium exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkages equilibrium exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkages equilibrium exist
+one is the physical recombination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the physical recombination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the physical recombination of
+this which is very difficult to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is very difficult to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is very difficult to identify
+and the second are historical reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second are historical reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second are historical reasons
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+we tell you in a second uh caucasians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tell you in a second uh caucasians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tell you in a second uh caucasians
+come from a handful of people who left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a handful of people who left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a handful of people who left
+africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa
+and this handful of people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this handful of people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this handful of people were
+basically sermonated in this process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sermonated in this process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sermonated in this process so
+we all come from a very very restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all come from a very very restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all come from a very very restricted
+number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people
+that were alive between 25 and 50 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were alive between 25 and 50 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were alive between 25 and 50 000
+years ago which is a blink of an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago which is a blink of an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago which is a blink of an eye
+from an evolutionary point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an evolutionary point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an evolutionary point of view
+so if you look at the map of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the map of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the map of a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of an african-american population or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an african-american population or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an african-american population or an
+african population and european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african population and european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african population and european
+population you will see that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you will see that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you will see that there is a
+staggering difference in the variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering difference in the variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering difference in the variability
+of those and our believability now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those and our believability now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those and our believability now if
+you look at our things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at our things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at our things
+you may if you do a genotype study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may if you do a genotype study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may if you do a genotype study of
+caucasians you will see alleles that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caucasians you will see alleles that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caucasians you will see alleles that go
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+but you will not be able to say if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will not be able to say if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will not be able to say if this
+allele go together for equal physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele go together for equal physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele go together for equal physical
+recombination or simply because you live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination or simply because you live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination or simply because you live
+we live we withdraw our genetic codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we live we withdraw our genetic codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we live we withdraw our genetic codes
+from a depleted pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a depleted pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a depleted pool
+in which only very few combinations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which only very few combinations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which only very few combinations are
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+does that answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that answer your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that answer your question
+i have a picture in a second that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a picture in a second that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a picture in a second that may be
+helpful in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me let me go back to to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me go back to to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me go back to to to uh
+to all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all this
+is a single a single disease works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single a single disease works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single a single disease works and
+how dramatic can be the effect that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how dramatic can be the effect that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how dramatic can be the effect that a
+single disease has hemophilia as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single disease has hemophilia as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single disease has hemophilia as you
+know is excellent recessive disease that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is excellent recessive disease that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is excellent recessive disease that
+is fatal for women probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fatal for women probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fatal for women probably
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if a man is on the x chromosome we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a man is on the x chromosome we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a man is on the x chromosome we don't
+get we men don't get an x chromosome so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get we men don't get an x chromosome so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get we men don't get an x chromosome so
+we only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only get
+recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive
+we only get the mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only get the mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only get the mother
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+and we so if if the if if the woman has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we so if if the if if the woman has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we so if if the if if the woman has
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+she doesn't have any manifestations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't have any manifestations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't have any manifestations
+suggest a carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest a carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest a carrier
+and if a man has it has manifestations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a man has it has manifestations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a man has it has manifestations
+of the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't observe women with uh with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't observe women with uh with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't observe women with uh with uh
+it's very rare to find women with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very rare to find women with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very rare to find women with with
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+x-chromosomes hemophilia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-chromosomes hemophilia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-chromosomes hemophilia
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is a major screw-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a major screw-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a major screw-up
+in the history of europe caused by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of europe caused by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of europe caused by a
+gene like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene like that
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is queen victoria's family three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is queen victoria's family three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is queen victoria's family three
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+queen victoria is the one is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen victoria is the one is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen victoria is the one is the second
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is the one right in the middle half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one right in the middle half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one right in the middle half
+orange and half uh white so if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and half uh white so if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and half uh white so if they're
+around there both are women and square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there both are women and square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there both are women and square
+are men and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are men and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are men and
+if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a
+house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+colored she's a carrier if it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored she's a carrier if it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored she's a carrier if it's all
+colored is a is an effective child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored is a is an effective child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored is a is an effective child
+so when queen victoria had her fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when queen victoria had her fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when queen victoria had her fifth
+child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child
+by the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the first
+male we're talking about monarchy males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male we're talking about monarchy males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male we're talking about monarchy males
+have some kind of importance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of importance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of importance here
+the first male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first male
+the major leopold may turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major leopold may turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major leopold may turn out to be
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+affiliate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliate and
+she was very very upset and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was very very upset and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was very very upset and her
+declaration was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+their blood was strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their blood was strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their blood was strong
+and there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was no
+change in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in it
+no weakness in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no weakness in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no weakness in it
+so if we take her seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take her seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take her seriously
+what would you think it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you think it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you think it happened
+i mean this thing has incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this thing has incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this thing has incredible
+consequences if you look at down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences if you look at down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences if you look at down here
+and you see this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this this
+role of uh seven of five children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of uh seven of five children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of uh seven of five children
+with no descendant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no descendant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no descendant
+that's the russian family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the russian family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the russian family
+they were exterminated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were exterminated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were exterminated by the
+during the the russian revolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the the russian revolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the the russian revolution and
+people say that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say that um the
+the wife of uh nicholas ii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wife of uh nicholas ii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wife of uh nicholas ii
+started saying rasputin was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started saying rasputin was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started saying rasputin was one of the
+major causes of the upsetting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major causes of the upsetting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major causes of the upsetting of the
+population because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population because
+her first male born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her first male born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her first male born
+was hemophilia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hemophilia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hemophilia
+so it may just grew up i mean this led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it may just grew up i mean this led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it may just grew up i mean this led
+the withdrawal of the russians from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the withdrawal of the russians from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the withdrawal of the russians from the
+sect from the first world war and big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sect from the first world war and big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sect from the first world war and big
+big big changes i mean we still pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big changes i mean we still pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big changes i mean we still pay
+taxes because they are communists right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes because they are communists right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes because they are communists right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what do you think happened who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think happened who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think happened who is
+responsible for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's start from the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start from the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start from the assumption that
+they're strong their blood is strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're strong their blood is strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're strong their blood is strong
+you say okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay so
+poor victoria had the mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor victoria had the mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor victoria had the mutation
+would you believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you believe that
+would you pull that invitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you pull that invitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you pull that invitation
+how would you compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i would do is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i would do is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i would do is look at the
+randomness of the distribution of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness of the distribution of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness of the distribution of those
+alleles in the second generation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles in the second generation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles in the second generation we
+cannot genotype these people we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot genotype these people we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot genotype these people we can
+infer the genotype only by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer the genotype only by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer the genotype only by looking at
+what they have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have right
+so you would expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would expect that
+all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+of these guys at the on the third row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys at the on the third row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys at the on the third row
+they are victorious uh offsprings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are victorious uh offsprings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are victorious uh offsprings
+you would expect a 50 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect a 50 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect a 50 50
+distribution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right
+now for some of them we cannot really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for some of them we cannot really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for some of them we cannot really
+evaluate we have two we have two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate we have two we have two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate we have two we have two three
+we have to remove out because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to remove out because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to remove out because they don't
+have the same one we don't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same one we don't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same one we don't know anything
+about that if you take the other we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that if you take the other we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that if you take the other we have
+one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two
+we have one two uh they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one two uh they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one two uh they are
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+healthy and we can almost say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and we can almost say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and we can almost say that
+um and then we have three that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we have three that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we have three that are
+either affected or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either affected or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either affected or
+carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers
+this is a good really good 50 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good really good 50 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good really good 50 right
+i mean i would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i would say that
+you cannot really get any better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot really get any better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot really get any better than
+that with the sample size it's almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the sample size it's almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the sample size it's almost a
+perfect 50 percent if you go down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect 50 percent if you go down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect 50 percent if you go down and
+look downstream you will see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look downstream you will see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look downstream you will see that the
+ratio will be exactly the same for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio will be exactly the same for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio will be exactly the same for the
+women of the for for the daughters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women of the for for the daughters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women of the for for the daughters of
+nicholas the second weekend and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicholas the second weekend and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicholas the second weekend and now
+but if you look at the irene there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at the irene there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at the irene there you
+will see you have the same distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see you have the same distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see you have the same distribution
+so i would say that from victoria onward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would say that from victoria onward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would say that from victoria onward
+everything is pretty consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is pretty consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is pretty consistent
+so she did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she did
+okay she didn't have a mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay she didn't have a mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay she didn't have a mutation
+or she may um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she may um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she may um
+have been cheating on her husband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no because otherwise she's been cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because otherwise she's been cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because otherwise she's been cheating
+with everybody right we for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everybody right we for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everybody right we for all the
+children we have a very pretty nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children we have a very pretty nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children we have a very pretty nice
+distribution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this
+so what happened how about her mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well mother we don't have really enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mother we don't have really enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mother we don't have really enough
+information how about her father her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information how about her father her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information how about her father her
+father married a woman 20 years younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father married a woman 20 years younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father married a woman 20 years younger
+than he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he was
+it was rumored to be homosexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was rumored to be homosexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was rumored to be homosexual
+and he died six months later victoria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he died six months later victoria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he died six months later victoria
+was born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a postman maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a postman maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a postman maybe
+if you have an affiliate postman there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an affiliate postman there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an affiliate postman there
+will be a good explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a good explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a good explanation
+now somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now somebody
+made some research and found out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some research and found out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some research and found out that
+the grandmother of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grandmother of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grandmother of a
+queen victorious had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen victorious had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen victorious had
+two affected siblings who died of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two affected siblings who died of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two affected siblings who died of
+hemophilia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemophilia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemophilia
+so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case
+the blood is not really the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood is not really the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood is not really the strong
+because it's coming in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's coming in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's coming in from
+toxic work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic work
+from that line and and becomes part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that line and and becomes part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that line and and becomes part of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+monarchy of the uh european aristocracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchy of the uh european aristocracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchy of the uh european aristocracy
+you don't like this kind of gossip i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't like this kind of gossip i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't like this kind of gossip i
+mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean this was really the story of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this was really the story of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this was really the story of the
+day of the century in uh at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the century in uh at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the century in uh at that time
+but you see how we did it we had to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see how we did it we had to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see how we did it we had to wait
+two hundred and 170 years to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred and 170 years to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred and 170 years to find out
+what really happened because we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really happened because we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really happened because we had to
+observe we cannot genotype these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe we cannot genotype these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe we cannot genotype these people
+at the time so we had to observe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time so we had to observe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time so we had to observe there
+are characters of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are characters of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are characters of their
+thing but if we were able to genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but if we were able to genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but if we were able to genotype
+them what could we do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what could we do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what could we do well
+we could look at this thing of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could look at this thing of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could look at this thing of these
+small variations in their chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small variations in their chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small variations in their chromosomes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the oldest variation we have been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oldest variation we have been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oldest variation we have been able
+to use are called simple is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use are called simple is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use are called simple is a simple
+sequence repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence repeats
+and microcellulites so these are uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and microcellulites so these are uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and microcellulites so these are uh let
+me see if i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see if i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see if i have a
+slide explaining this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide explaining this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide explaining this now
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there are parts of the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are parts of the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are parts of the chromosomes
+of your genetic code in which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your genetic code in which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your genetic code in which you have
+sequences like gata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences like gata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences like gata
+that are repeated several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are repeated several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are repeated several times
+in your chromosome in your genetic code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your chromosome in your genetic code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your chromosome in your genetic code
+they repeated 13th time in me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they repeated 13th time in me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they repeated 13th time in me
+and 15 times in you two times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 15 times in you two times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 15 times in you two times in
+somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else
+and uh if we count these things we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if we count these things we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if we count these things we can
+actually identify a region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually identify a region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually identify a region of the
+chromosome that by linkage you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that by linkage you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that by linkage you remember
+by being attached to it from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being attached to it from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being attached to it from an
+evolution from evolutionary purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution from evolutionary purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution from evolutionary purposes
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+well we'll identify a stretch of genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll identify a stretch of genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll identify a stretch of genome
+that we can actually tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can actually tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can actually tag
+now the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem is that
+simple sequence repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple sequence repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple sequence repeats
+and microsatellites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have this little drawback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this little drawback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this little drawback
+they cannot occur in really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot occur in really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot occur in really interesting
+regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot
+you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot
+change to match a genetic code by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to match a genetic code by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to match a genetic code by
+repeating the same thing 13 times or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating the same thing 13 times or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating the same thing 13 times or two
+times and hope to get coherent proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and hope to get coherent proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and hope to get coherent proteins
+out of it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it right
+so we are confined in intros in regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are confined in intros in regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are confined in intros in regions
+that by design are supposed to be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by design are supposed to be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by design are supposed to be kind
+of uninteresting from an evolution from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uninteresting from an evolution from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uninteresting from an evolution from
+from a functional point of view they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a functional point of view they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a functional point of view they may
+be interest from an evolutionary point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interest from an evolutionary point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interest from an evolutionary point
+of view but they're kind of leftover of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view but they're kind of leftover of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view but they're kind of leftover of
+of of something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of something else
+now snips have this great property they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now snips have this great property they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now snips have this great property they
+are one single base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one single base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one single base
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so it's something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's something like this
+you have your sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your sequence
+and you have that little base that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have that little base that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have that little base that in
+ninety percent of the population is t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety percent of the population is t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety percent of the population is t
+and in ten percent of the population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in ten percent of the population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in ten percent of the population is
+g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+to be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sure that
+to qualify a single change like this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to qualify a single change like this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to qualify a single change like this as
+a snip and not just a simple mutation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a snip and not just a simple mutation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a snip and not just a simple mutation it
+has to have a minimal accuracy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have a minimal accuracy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have a minimal accuracy in the
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+and we stipulated this one percent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we stipulated this one percent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we stipulated this one percent but
+nobody takes the number seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody takes the number seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody takes the number seriously
+because that's below the genotype error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's below the genotype error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's below the genotype error
+the expected error so when you genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected error so when you genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected error so when you genotype
+people usually you have a higher cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people usually you have a higher cutoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people usually you have a higher cutoff
+to say well this is not really a snip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well this is not really a snip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well this is not really a snip
+this is something that is just due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that is just due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that is just due to
+genotype error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype error
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they are also the most common type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also the most common type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also the most common type of
+variations not only they go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations not only they go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations not only they go in
+interesting places but they can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting places but they can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting places but they can actually
+be in any place of the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in any place of the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in any place of the genome
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they have different functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different functions and
+different laws uh in terms of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different laws uh in terms of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different laws uh in terms of protein
+coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding
+so a sysnap is a snap occurring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a sysnap is a snap occurring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a sysnap is a snap occurring in
+according region uh our snap is a snip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according region uh our snap is a snip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according region uh our snap is a snip
+occurring in a regulatory regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in a regulatory regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in a regulatory regulatory
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+a asnet is the gene that occurs in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a asnet is the gene that occurs in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a asnet is the gene that occurs in a
+coding region but by changing the snip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding region but by changing the snip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding region but by changing the snip
+you don't change the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't change the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't change the amino acid
+right we have all this redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have all this redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have all this redundant
+vocabulary of amino acids and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary of amino acids and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary of amino acids and in this
+case it's going to be functionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's going to be functionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's going to be functionally
+silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent
+but it's going to still to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to still to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to still to be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+now why equally we cannot do this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what why why is nature are important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why why is nature are important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why why is nature are important and
+why if we can have microsatellites in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if we can have microsatellites in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if we can have microsatellites in
+other regions well this is a very old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other regions well this is a very old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other regions well this is a very old
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+and one of the very first and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the very first and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the very first and what this
+cratman guy did was to sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cratman guy did was to sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cratman guy did was to sequence
+11 alleles from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 alleles from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 alleles from
+from a locus from a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a locus from a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a locus from a gene
+uh called alkal dehydrogenase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh called alkal dehydrogenase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh called alkal dehydrogenase in
+drosophila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drosophila
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drosophila
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+you have 11 coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 11 coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 11 coding
+coding regions and you have 14 sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding regions and you have 14 sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding regions and you have 14 sites
+that have alternative basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have alternative basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have alternative basis
+now if you simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you simply
+imagine that these are random changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that these are random changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that these are random changes
+you would expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect that
+about 70 percent 75 percent of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 70 percent 75 percent of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 70 percent 75 percent of them will
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid
+now when you actually look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you actually look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you actually look at them
+you see that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that basically
+none of them does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them does
+why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that
+well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because
+this is a very important gene for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very important gene for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very important gene for this
+this this animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this animal
+they are born and they uh nurture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are born and they uh nurture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are born and they uh nurture in
+alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+like some my friends in college uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some my friends in college uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some my friends in college uh and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and they so the ability to detoxify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they so the ability to detoxify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they so the ability to detoxify
+alcohol is going to be a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol is going to be a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol is going to be a very important
+evolutionary um evolutionary point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary um evolutionary point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary um evolutionary point for
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+nature cannot be made mistake but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature cannot be made mistake but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature cannot be made mistake but you
+can kind of can kind of give them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of can kind of give them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of can kind of give them so
+many um changes in a critical region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um changes in a critical region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um changes in a critical region
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+i want to challenge a little your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to challenge a little your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to challenge a little your
+darwinian souls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darwinian souls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darwinian souls
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+it's not that we observe them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that we observe them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that we observe them
+we have the change the random change we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the change the random change we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the change the random change we
+kill off 75 percent of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill off 75 percent of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill off 75 percent of them
+and then we see that the remaining 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we see that the remaining 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we see that the remaining 25
+have survived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have survived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have survived
+these things just don't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things just don't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things just don't happen
+there is no natural selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no natural selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no natural selection
+in terms of environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of environment
+that is killing these 75 people 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is killing these 75 people 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is killing these 75 people 75
+percent of drosophila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of drosophila
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of drosophila
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're with me
+so in in the winning scheme what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in the winning scheme what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in the winning scheme what we
+would expect is that you have a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect is that you have a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect is that you have a random
+mutation you go out you don't run fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation you go out you don't run fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation you go out you don't run fast
+enough you get killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you get killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you get killed
+in this case you get a random mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you get a random mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you get a random mutation
+your random mutation is selected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random mutation is selected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random mutation is selected by the
+environment in some way typically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in some way typically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in some way typically by
+killing you and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing you and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing you and then
+before you can you can you can reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can you can you can reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can you can you can reproduce
+and that's it but in this case these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it but in this case these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it but in this case these
+things just don't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just don't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just don't happen
+so there is no random change and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is no random change and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is no random change and then
+selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection
+there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+in the control mechanism that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the control mechanism that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the control mechanism that will
+prevent the animal to have the mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the animal to have the mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the animal to have the mutation
+to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the snake map i was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the snake map i was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the snake map i was saying
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+this is how you read this smith map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you read this smith map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you read this smith map
+so you remember that you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you remember that you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you remember that you have two
+alleles for each locus and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles for each locus and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles for each locus and in this case
+what we have done is to genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have done is to genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have done is to genotype
+all these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these people
+there are the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the rows
+for this loci that are the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this loci that are the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this loci that are the columns
+so if an individual has a blue spot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if an individual has a blue spot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if an individual has a blue spot the
+blue spot means that is homozygous at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue spot means that is homozygous at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue spot means that is homozygous at
+the major allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major allele
+so he has both chromosomes with the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he has both chromosomes with the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he has both chromosomes with the most
+frequent allele in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent allele in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent allele in it
+in the most frequent in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most frequent in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most frequent in the population
+if his green is heterozygous and if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if his green is heterozygous and if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if his green is heterozygous and if he's
+red is homozygous to the minor alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is homozygous to the minor alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is homozygous to the minor alleles
+and his wife is a mixing dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his wife is a mixing dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his wife is a mixing dig
+now how would you do an association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how would you do an association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how would you do an association
+study suppose they draw that red line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study suppose they draw that red line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study suppose they draw that red line
+and they tell you you know down here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tell you you know down here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tell you you know down here at
+the phenotype up there don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenotype up there don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenotype up there don't have the
+phenotype could you make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype could you make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype could you make some
+association well you know if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association well you know if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association well you know if you look
+here there are some genes that one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are some genes that one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are some genes that one side
+are all blue and one side are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all blue and one side are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all blue and one side are more
+colorful you can do some statistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful you can do some statistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful you can do some statistics and
+say well this thing would allow me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this thing would allow me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this thing would allow me to
+distinguish between these two groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these two groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these two groups and
+they didn't predict which one is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't predict which one is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't predict which one is going
+to get the snip now the the phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the snip now the the phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the snip now the the phenotype
+now ask a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ask a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ask a slightly different
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+this is your sneak map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your sneak map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your sneak map
+what is the phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what makes these two groups different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes these two groups different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes these two groups different
+something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is
+observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable
+can you say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on
+buy a pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a pizza
+guess who i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+human yeah it's a human man these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human yeah it's a human man these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human yeah it's a human man these are
+two human samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you got a pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a pizza
+down there are african-americans up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there are african-americans up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there are african-americans up
+there are caucasians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+so to go back to your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to go back to your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to go back to your question
+if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look
+so the the evolutionary pressure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the evolutionary pressure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the evolutionary pressure of a
+the the link between two elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the link between two elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the link between two elements in the
+european population take the uh fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european population take the uh fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european population take the uh fifth
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+no take the sixth and the seventh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no take the sixth and the seventh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no take the sixth and the seventh two
+spots right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots right
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+you uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh no
+let me let me do this this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it takes these two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes these two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes these two points
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+these two points if you study them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two points if you study them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two points if you study them they
+go together if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go together if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go together if you look at the
+statistics they will go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics they will go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics they will go together
+why if you do it in a in a european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if you do it in a in a european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if you do it in a in a european
+population why because you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population why because you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population why because you don't have
+alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives
+you don't know if these things really go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know if these things really go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know if these things really go
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+because some physical reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some physical reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some physical reason
+or they're really just recombining like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they're really just recombining like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they're really just recombining like
+races but we cannot observe because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races but we cannot observe because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races but we cannot observe because our
+population is a population that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is a population that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is a population that doesn't
+have that particular step and this snip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that particular step and this snip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that particular step and this snip
+exists only in this other population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists only in this other population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists only in this other population
+in this case is the african-american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is the african-american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is the african-american
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+does this answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first quantitative law we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first quantitative law we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first quantitative law we have the
+most important quantitative law we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important quantitative law we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important quantitative law we have
+in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+in genetics dictates how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in genetics dictates how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in genetics dictates how many
+major minor and heterozygous uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major minor and heterozygous uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major minor and heterozygous uh people
+will have in the particular population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have in the particular population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have in the particular population
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+come on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on okay
+so in this case you take a single allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you take a single allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you take a single allele
+and you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually
+see that you have a you expect to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you have a you expect to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you have a you expect to have
+more people with the homozygous of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people with the homozygous of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people with the homozygous of the
+major allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major allele
+less people heterozygous and less people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less people heterozygous and less people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less people heterozygous and less people
+that are uh homozygous that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh homozygous that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh homozygous that the
+almost like they said the minor audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like they said the minor audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like they said the minor audio
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+what rule exists there to make uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what rule exists there to make uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what rule exists there to make uh to
+make to distribute these proportions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to distribute these proportions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to distribute these proportions
+so the the law is the higher dividend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the law is the higher dividend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the law is the higher dividend
+law that states that the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that states that the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that states that the probability of
+having a major allele the minor allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a major allele the minor allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a major allele the minor allele
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in the heterozygous is uh this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the heterozygous is uh this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the heterozygous is uh this formula
+is p squared plus two p q plus two q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p squared plus two p q plus two q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p squared plus two p q plus two q
+square equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square equal one
+we call this a situation of equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this a situation of equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this a situation of equilibrium
+when everything is all right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everything is all right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everything is all right in the
+population there hasn't been some major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population there hasn't been some major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population there hasn't been some major
+screw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up
+this is the law that dictates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the law that dictates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the law that dictates
+distribution this is what we expect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is what we expect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is what we expect in
+the population in equilibrium now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population in equilibrium now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population in equilibrium now in the
+matroditive population gets an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matroditive population gets an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matroditive population gets an
+equilibrium in one generation very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in one generation very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in one generation very
+distributing these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributing these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributing these things
+uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have
+not autosomal genes so in our case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not autosomal genes so in our case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not autosomal genes so in our case we
+need two generations to get to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two generations to get to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two generations to get to get an
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+now uh you can use this to make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh you can use this to make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh you can use this to make a lot of
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+games like for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games like for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games like for instance
+how many caucasians are carriers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many caucasians are carriers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many caucasians are carriers of
+cystic fibrosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cystic fibrosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cystic fibrosis
+well we know that cystic fibrosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that cystic fibrosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that cystic fibrosis
+affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects
+one of the 2500 caucasians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the 2500 caucasians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the 2500 caucasians
+so this is our q square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our q square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our q square
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+0.02 is going to be our q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.02 is going to be our q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.02 is going to be our q
+and the number of non-affected alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of non-affected alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of non-affected alleles
+is going to be 98 098 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be 98 098 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be 98 098 98
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so we can plug p and q up there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can plug p and q up there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can plug p and q up there and
+compute the 2 cube pq as a 1 out of 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the 2 cube pq as a 1 out of 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the 2 cube pq as a 1 out of 0.5
+which is a remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a remarkably
+high number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high number
+for a disease like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we make all these calculations under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we make all these calculations under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we make all these calculations under
+some assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assumptions
+first assumption we make is random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first assumption we make is random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first assumption we make is random
+making which is not a justification to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making which is not a justification to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making which is not a justification to
+have sex with anybody but is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sex with anybody but is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sex with anybody but is the
+mechanism of reproduction that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of reproduction that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of reproduction that we
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+that exists in our population that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists in our population that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists in our population that is
+the person you will mate with will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person you will mate with will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person you will mate with will not
+select you on the basis of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select you on the basis of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select you on the basis of a particular
+genotype if you are interested in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype if you are interested in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype if you are interested in that
+particular genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular genotype
+she will not ask you for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will not ask you for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will not ask you for your
+genetic map and say no you have a t in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic map and say no you have a t in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic map and say no you have a t in
+this log which i don't want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this log which i don't want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this log which i don't want you
+okay if if if this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if if if this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if if if this is the case
+all our calculations go down the drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our calculations go down the drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our calculations go down the drain
+well we can make some adjustment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the consequence of this is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of this is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of this is that we have
+a lot of problems when the selection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of problems when the selection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of problems when the selection is
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+things that are proxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are proxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are proxies
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+being my relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being my relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being my relative
+if somebody is my relative i am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody is my relative i am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody is my relative i am going to
+introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a
+bias because i'm going to select her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias because i'm going to select her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias because i'm going to select her
+on the basis of their genetic code i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the basis of their genetic code i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the basis of their genetic code i
+know i don't do this for for the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i don't do this for for the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i don't do this for for the genetic
+code but i'm going to have i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but i'm going to have i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but i'm going to have i'm going to
+do it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it anyway
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+the other assumption we have is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other assumption we have is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other assumption we have is that we
+have an infinite population which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite population which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite population which is
+kind of sensible for six billion people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the other thing we is so why we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we is so why we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we is so why we need
+this assumption well because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption well because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption well because we know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism of
+um of a spread of a character in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of a spread of a character in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of a spread of a character in the
+population is called drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is called drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is called drift
+is the way in which a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way in which a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way in which a particular
+distribu particular allele will get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribu particular allele will get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribu particular allele will get into
+the population and either conquer it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population and either conquer it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population and either conquer it at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+or just seem to disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just seem to disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just seem to disappear
+right so at some point we will reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so at some point we will reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so at some point we will reach
+some kind of evolutionary stability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of evolutionary stability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of evolutionary stability in
+which these things would be around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these things would be around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these things would be around
+and the problem you had a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem you had a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem you had a problem with
+this the moment in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the moment in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the moment in which
+people in the uh mate locally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the uh mate locally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the uh mate locally because
+again this creates some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this creates some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this creates some particular
+population research some some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population research some some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population research some some some
+particular bias do the fact that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular bias do the fact that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular bias do the fact that your
+fishing point is too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing point is too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing point is too small
+so at the end you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the end you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the end you're going to
+erase everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase everything
+in that particular population if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular population if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular population if
+everybody mates with each other in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody mates with each other in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody mates with each other in a
+particular even a very small population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular even a very small population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular even a very small population
+whatever we can say about variation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we can say about variation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we can say about variation is
+going to disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disappear
+now the contrast of the what is opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the contrast of the what is opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the contrast of the what is opposite
+of the drift is mutation so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drift is mutation so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drift is mutation so we have
+these random mutations that come up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random mutations that come up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random mutations that come up and
+show up in our genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up in our genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up in our genome
+but as you can see the funny thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you can see the funny thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you can see the funny thing
+between this mechanism that is whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this mechanism that is whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this mechanism that is whatever
+we observe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe is
+drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift
+and mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mutation
+mutation interviews changes drift makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation interviews changes drift makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation interviews changes drift makes
+this change stable so just get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change stable so just get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change stable so just get rid of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+is in shape contrast with what they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in shape contrast with what they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in shape contrast with what they've
+been taught in high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taught in high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taught in high school
+that is there is some kind of selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there is some kind of selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there is some kind of selection
+what is left hand here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is left hand here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is left hand here
+where people get eaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people get eaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people get eaten
+where people don't run fast enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there a way to account for selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a way to account for selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a way to account for selection
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+yes there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there is
+so let's give a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's give a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's give a quantitative
+representation of selection a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of selection a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of selection a
+quantitative representation of selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative representation of selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative representation of selection
+is a function it's a function of fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function it's a function of fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function it's a function of fitness
+they will tell you how good is somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will tell you how good is somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will tell you how good is somebody
+with that particular snip with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that particular snip with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that particular snip with
+particular allele to survive in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular allele to survive in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular allele to survive in this
+particular environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular environment
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now so suppose you have a an allele that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so suppose you have a an allele that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so suppose you have a an allele that
+has a distribution of zero six and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a distribution of zero six and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a distribution of zero six and zero
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+so you apply hard divine value uh low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you apply hard divine value uh low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you apply hard divine value uh low
+and you have that distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have that distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have that distribution of
+homozygous and heterozygous in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous and heterozygous in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous and heterozygous in your
+population then you have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population then you have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population then you have a function
+where we have a fitness function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a fitness function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a fitness function that
+will tell you that you have a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you that you have a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you that you have a zero
+your your your um selection rate will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your um selection rate will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your um selection rate will be
+0.2 because you're going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.2 because you're going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.2 because you're going to say that
+if you have the major allele or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the major allele or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the major allele or the
+heterozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous
+you are all right the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are all right the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are all right the probability of
+survival is is one if you if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival is is one if you if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival is is one if you if you are
+heterozygous homozygous at the minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous homozygous at the minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous homozygous at the minor
+allele you have a diminished capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele you have a diminished capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele you have a diminished capacity to
+survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive
+so we can compute out of this fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can compute out of this fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can compute out of this fitness
+function the selection function of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the selection function of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the selection function of zero
+two that will tell us how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that will tell us how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that will tell us how many people
+will lose in a particular category at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lose in a particular category at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lose in a particular category at
+each generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each generation
+now if you look at the effect in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at the effect in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at the effect in the
+first generation you see that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first generation you see that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first generation you see that there is
+an increase in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increase in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increase in the uh
+in the in the homozygous of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the homozygous of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the homozygous of the major
+allele a decrease in the homozygous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele a decrease in the homozygous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele a decrease in the homozygous in
+the heterozygous and the sharper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heterozygous and the sharper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heterozygous and the sharper
+decrease in the um homozygous the minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in the um homozygous the minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in the um homozygous the minor
+volume but there is something funny here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but there is something funny here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but there is something funny here
+that because we use the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we use the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we use the differential
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+smaller is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller is the number of
+individuals that are homozygous at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals that are homozygous at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals that are homozygous at the
+minor allele the smaller will be their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor allele the smaller will be their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor allele the smaller will be their
+depletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion
+right so this mutation does a mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this mutation does a mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this mutation does a mutation
+doesn't really go away ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really go away ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really go away ever
+it will simply stay there and slowly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will simply stay there and slowly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will simply stay there and slowly be
+taken out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out
+taking taking out individuals but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking taking out individuals but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking taking out individuals but it
+will be lurking in the genetic code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be lurking in the genetic code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be lurking in the genetic code
+for the years to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the years to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the years to come
+okay we have no explanation in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have no explanation in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have no explanation in this way
+or why dinosaurs disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why dinosaurs disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why dinosaurs disappear
+this simply tells us that a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simply tells us that a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simply tells us that a particular
+mutation we keep floating in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation we keep floating in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation we keep floating in our
+population and we have no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and we have no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and we have no good
+mathematical models to explain how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical models to explain how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical models to explain how they
+will disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will disappear
+now this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this this
+everything is based on on on harvey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is based on on on harvey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is based on on on harvey
+weinberg well right does it really work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weinberg well right does it really work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weinberg well right does it really work
+so this guy this raisin sanger in 1975
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy this raisin sanger in 1975
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy this raisin sanger in 1975
+uh in england they made this uh ex this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in england they made this uh ex this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in england they made this uh ex this
+this experiment they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment they um
+took blood samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took blood samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took blood samples
+these are blood groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are blood groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are blood groups
+uh which are again governed by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which are again governed by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which are again governed by one
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+uh allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh allele
+and they um look at the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they um look at the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they um look at the population
+of this group this random population and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this group this random population and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this group this random population and
+they found that if you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that if you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that if you compute the
+expected values using uh higher divine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected values using uh higher divine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected values using uh higher divine
+work and you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you compute
+the values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values in
+and you observe observed values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you observe observed values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you observe observed values
+these numbers are remarkably similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers are remarkably similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers are remarkably similar
+you see so we would expect 361.54
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so we would expect 361.54
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so we would expect 361.54
+to be mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be mm
+from a higher divine berk we get 363.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a higher divine berk we get 363.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a higher divine berk we get 363.
+uh we get 636 for mn and we get 334.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get 636 for mn and we get 334.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get 636 for mn and we get 334.
+now this number are so similar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this number are so similar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this number are so similar that
+somebody wrote a paper showing directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wrote a paper showing directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wrote a paper showing directly
+they've been falsified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been falsified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been falsified
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+you don't is the the precision of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't is the the precision of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't is the the precision of this
+number is above any reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is above any reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is above any reasonable
+statistical expectation of precision for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical expectation of precision for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical expectation of precision for
+a particular law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular law
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but let's say they falsify the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say they falsify the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say they falsify the number
+because they didn't know statistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't know statistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't know statistics and
+they didn't know that we got away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know that we got away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know that we got away with
+the better results but let's buy these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better results but let's buy these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better results but let's buy these
+things we've seen another population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've seen another population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've seen another population
+that is not really that close but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not really that close but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not really that close but it
+really works but we're also seeing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really works but we're also seeing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really works but we're also seeing some
+population in which that's really work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in which that's really work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in which that's really work
+so the betamoglobin sql cell anemia in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the betamoglobin sql cell anemia in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the betamoglobin sql cell anemia in
+west africa if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west africa if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west africa if you look
+if you compute the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compute the uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compute the uh the the
+distribution using hardy-weinberg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution using hardy-weinberg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution using hardy-weinberg and
+you compute and you observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute and you observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute and you observe the
+distribution of the population you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the population you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the population you have
+this remarkable change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at the difference of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the difference of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the difference of those two
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+we expect that to have 254 and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect that to have 254 and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect that to have 254 and as a
+matter of fact we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact we have
+64.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+sit again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit again
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think no i made a mistake it's flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think no i made a mistake it's flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think no i made a mistake it's flipped
+so we have sorry we have 600 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have sorry we have 600 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have sorry we have 600 and
+something not 64. this is 645. so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something not 64. this is 645. so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something not 64. this is 645. so your
+explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+is the opposite so you have to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the opposite so you have to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the opposite so you have to explain
+the opposite phenomena way smaller but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite phenomena way smaller but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite phenomena way smaller but
+because it's bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's bigger
+as a matter of fact you have a b you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matter of fact you have a b you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matter of fact you have a b you see
+you have more homozygous heterozygous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more homozygous heterozygous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more homozygous heterozygous in
+the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh no no the number is correct so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no no the number is correct so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no no the number is correct so this
+is the thing the inconsistent thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing the inconsistent thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing the inconsistent thing is
+that you have too many heterozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have too many heterozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have too many heterozygous
+given the homozygous given the mosaics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the homozygous given the mosaics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the homozygous given the mosaics
+on the minor alleles you shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the minor alleles you shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the minor alleles you shouldn't have
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get two pizzas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get two pizzas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get two pizzas
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+because the heterozygous get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the heterozygous get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the heterozygous get the
+protection against malaria so in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection against malaria so in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection against malaria so in doing
+so you have a bias to having a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a bias to having a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a bias to having a lot of
+heterozygous in the middle and keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous in the middle and keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous in the middle and keep the
+allele around in the population and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele around in the population and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele around in the population and the
+other below there doesn't remain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other below there doesn't remain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other below there doesn't remain uh
+that doesn't doesn't really change but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't doesn't really change but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't doesn't really change but
+the selective advantage is this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selective advantage is this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selective advantage is this for
+these 5400 people who have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 5400 people who have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 5400 people who have the
+heterozygous so in that particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous so in that particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous so in that particular case
+this is something that probably wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that probably wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that probably wouldn't
+be a good uh test to make here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good uh test to make here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good uh test to make here because
+here malaria is not really a big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here malaria is not really a big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here malaria is not really a big issue
+but in west africa it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in west africa it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in west africa it's going to be a
+big problem if we did did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem if we did did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem if we did did that
+test at birth or before birth would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test at birth or before birth would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test at birth or before birth would it
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+consistent with the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the prediction
+before birth if you did if you did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before birth if you did if you did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before birth if you did if you did the
+same distribution of the alleles before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distribution of the alleles before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distribution of the alleles before
+they had this pressure of malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had this pressure of malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had this pressure of malaria
+well that's exactly where is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's exactly where is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's exactly where is it the
+dying off factor that's causing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying off factor that's causing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying off factor that's causing the
+difference no there is no there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference no there is no there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference no there is no there is no
+well so let's put in this way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let's put in this way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let's put in this way we
+actually do it before they're born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it before they're born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it before they're born
+because the selection is actually on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the selection is actually on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the selection is actually on
+their parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents
+the pressure as usual is on the parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure as usual is on the parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure as usual is on the parents
+so if you keep these things around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you keep these things around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you keep these things around the
+chances that these people we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances that these people we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances that these people we go
+in older age and reproduce are higher so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in older age and reproduce are higher so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in older age and reproduce are higher so
+we the entire population has a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the entire population has a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the entire population has a global
+advantage in keeping around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage in keeping around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage in keeping around this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+but only in a particular form which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only in a particular form which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only in a particular form which is
+the heterozygous the homozygous is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heterozygous the homozygous is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heterozygous the homozygous is going
+to be too bad for you but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be too bad for you but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be too bad for you but the
+heterozygous is going to strike a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous is going to strike a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous is going to strike a nice
+balance between getting the disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between getting the disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between getting the disease and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and actually being protected by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually being protected by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually being protected by uh
+against malaria if you do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against malaria if you do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against malaria if you do something like
+this here you change the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here you change the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here you change the environmental
+condition you're screwed here i i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition you're screwed here i i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition you're screwed here i i'm
+pretty sure that if you do the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that if you do the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that if you do the same uh
+the same test this will not show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same test this will not show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same test this will not show up
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the population as a wall doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population as a wall doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population as a wall doesn't have a
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+pressure for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure for this
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+how do we map these things how do we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we map these things how do we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we map these things how do we use
+a marker as such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marker as such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marker as such
+well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first
+we want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genetic basis of genotype for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic basis of genotype for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic basis of genotype for a
+particular disease that is our phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular disease that is our phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular disease that is our phenotype
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what's the mindset for somebody looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the mindset for somebody looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the mindset for somebody looking
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+we are not really looking for this neck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not really looking for this neck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not really looking for this neck
+or the mutation that is changing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the mutation that is changing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the mutation that is changing that we
+are trying to find the marker that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to find the marker that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to find the marker that is in
+the proximity we will be happy to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proximity we will be happy to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proximity we will be happy to find
+the marker that is in the proximity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marker that is in the proximity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marker that is in the proximity of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+of the the equivalent cause so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the equivalent cause so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the equivalent cause so the
+mindset is more or less this one i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset is more or less this one i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset is more or less this one i have
+a marker and i observe in my data set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marker and i observe in my data set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marker and i observe in my data set a
+dependency between my phenotype and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency between my phenotype and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency between my phenotype and my
+marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker
+but in reality the extent of my claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in reality the extent of my claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in reality the extent of my claim
+cannot be this marker causes phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be this marker causes phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be this marker causes phenotype
+the extent of my claim can only be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent of my claim can only be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent of my claim can only be that
+this marker is linkage equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this marker is linkage equilibrium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this marker is linkage equilibrium with
+some real genotype that they haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real genotype that they haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real genotype that they haven't
+observed that is actually causing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that is actually causing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that is actually causing the
+phenotype and you see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype and you see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype and you see where the
+complexities start emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities start emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities start emerging
+the first complexity is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first complexity is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first complexity is that the
+phenotype and the genotype and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype and the genotype and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype and the genotype and the
+phenotype may have a complex form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype may have a complex form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype may have a complex form of
+causality they may have an interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality they may have an interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality they may have an interaction
+with an environmental condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an environmental condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an environmental condition
+or say they're having complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or say they're having complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or say they're having complete
+penetrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrates
+and the other thing is that algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is that algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is that algorithm is
+the linkage equilibrium between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linkage equilibrium between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linkage equilibrium between the
+marker and the genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker and the genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker and the genotype
+i don't respect that everybody getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't respect that everybody getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't respect that everybody getting
+exactly the same pair of genotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same pair of genotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same pair of genotypes
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where
+stochasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity
+comes in and this is what is making our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and this is what is making our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and this is what is making our
+life slightly more complex but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life slightly more complex but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life slightly more complex but
+definitely more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely more interesting
+now traits don't really follow uh single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now traits don't really follow uh single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now traits don't really follow uh single
+gene models if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene models if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene models if you look at the
+list of diseases they gave they are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of diseases they gave they are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of diseases they gave they are kind
+of minor diseases minor they're small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minor diseases minor they're small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minor diseases minor they're small
+incidents they're horrible diseases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents they're horrible diseases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents they're horrible diseases but
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+not going to say that 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to say that 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to say that 50
+of people who die of stroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who die of stroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who die of stroke
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+people who have diabetes or people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have diabetes or people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have diabetes or people that
+is for more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for more complicated
+um alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um alleles
+structures that cause more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that cause more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that cause more interesting
+diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases
+on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand
+even some mendelian traits are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some mendelian traits are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some mendelian traits are actually
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+if you look at the decline so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the decline so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the decline so
+the sickle cell anemia is a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sickle cell anemia is a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sickle cell anemia is a classical
+medallion disease but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallion disease but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallion disease but
+so we know where you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know where you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know where you have it
+but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+phenotypic variability of the disease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic variability of the disease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic variability of the disease is
+immense there are children that die at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense there are children that die at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense there are children that die at
+13 by stroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 by stroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 by stroke
+and there are people that live forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are people that live forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are people that live forever
+and they are perfectly healthy people we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are perfectly healthy people we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are perfectly healthy people we
+don't know why this happened we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why this happened we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why this happened we know
+these people get the disease but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people get the disease but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people get the disease but we
+don't know what why why this happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what why why this happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what why why this happened
+and so people are for instance studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people are for instance studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people are for instance studying
+the uh the early mortality uh of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the early mortality uh of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the early mortality uh of of of
+kids with the sickle cell anemia try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids with the sickle cell anemia try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids with the sickle cell anemia try to
+fight for another snip we say well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight for another snip we say well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight for another snip we say well you
+know these people get this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these people get this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these people get this particular
+disease that is genetically fun maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that is genetically fun maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that is genetically fun maybe
+the difference between their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between their
+long-term survival uh the chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term survival uh the chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term survival uh the chance of
+their long-term survival is really due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their long-term survival is really due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their long-term survival is really due
+exclusively to another smith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively to another smith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively to another smith
+actually are almost finding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are almost finding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are almost finding it
+another problem is in complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem is in complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem is in complete
+penetrance when you have an interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrance when you have an interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrance when you have an interaction
+with another variable this is the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another variable this is the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another variable this is the recent
+very famous case called bcr one b cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous case called bcr one b cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous case called bcr one b cell
+one is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a is a
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+is a particular locus that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular locus that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular locus that will
+be predictor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be predictor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be predictor of the
+greater risk of developing breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater risk of developing breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater risk of developing breast cancer
+in a woman now we know that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a woman now we know that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a woman now we know that it's very
+difficult for a woman to develop breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for a woman to develop breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for a woman to develop breast
+cancer before menopause so you expect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer before menopause so you expect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer before menopause so you expect in
+their 40s to have a very low incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their 40s to have a very low incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their 40s to have a very low incidence
+but if you look at if you average all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at if you average all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at if you average all
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+the the population in across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the population in across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the population in across
+people with vcr1 and people without vcr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with vcr1 and people without vcr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with vcr1 and people without vcr
+one you will see that the evidence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you will see that the evidence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you will see that the evidence is
+not really that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really that big
+they get slightly increase in chances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get slightly increase in chances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get slightly increase in chances of
+developing the breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the breast cancer
+but if you split them according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you split them according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you split them according to their
+age so you use age as an environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age so you use age as an environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age so you use age as an environmental
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+you see how the changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how the changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how the changes
+increase a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase a long time
+so when you have 40 is 37 chances 37
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have 40 is 37 chances 37
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have 40 is 37 chances 37
+chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances
+but when you're 80 is 85 percent chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're 80 is 85 percent chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're 80 is 85 percent chances
+that it's going to make a change but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to make a change but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to make a change but if
+you put them all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them all together
+you ever just something that is not such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever just something that is not such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever just something that is not such
+a clear result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clear result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clear result
+on the other hand the challenge here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the challenge here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the challenge here is
+actually to find out which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to find out which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to find out which is the
+environmental factor that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental factor that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental factor that is actually
+doing the d this place to find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the d this place to find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the d this place to find out that
+this age that is splitting this uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this age that is splitting this uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this age that is splitting this uh these
+women in these different groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women in these different groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women in these different groups
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so this is a necessary sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a necessary sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a necessary sufficient
+problem but we have also a redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but we have also a redundancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but we have also a redundancy
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+for instance we have recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance we have recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance we have recognized
+pigmentosa that may be caused by 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigmentosa that may be caused by 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigmentosa that may be caused by 14
+independent steps mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent steps mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent steps mutations
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+any of this mutation will show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this mutation will show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this mutation will show up
+positive to a particular genetic test uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive to a particular genetic test uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive to a particular genetic test uh
+for a full association with the with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a full association with the with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a full association with the with uh
+with with them with the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with them with the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with them with the disease
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+we have other diseases that are unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have other diseases that are unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have other diseases that are unknown
+to have polygenic causes if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have polygenic causes if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have polygenic causes if you have
+only one of these you will not develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of these you will not develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of these you will not develop
+the disease like the hispanic disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease like the hispanic disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease like the hispanic disease
+and we should need two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should need two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should need two different
+uh mutations on two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mutations on two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mutations on two different
+chromosomes which by the way opens an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes which by the way opens an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes which by the way opens an
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on
+what is the relationship the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the relationship the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the relationship the
+evolutionary relationship of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary relationship of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary relationship of objects
+that leave of loci that are on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leave of loci that are on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leave of loci that are on two
+different chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are completely independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are completely independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are completely independent
+well we have very complex systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have very complex systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have very complex systems that
+are displaced around their genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are displaced around their genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are displaced around their genes
+displaced around different chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced around different chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced around different chromosomes
+and we are able to rebuild this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are able to rebuild this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are able to rebuild this system
+from one generation to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we combine this with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we combine this with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we combine this with the idea
+that if you measure things by saying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you measure things by saying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you measure things by saying to
+morgan two things it doesn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morgan two things it doesn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morgan two things it doesn't make any
+sense to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to have
+to compare the distance of two loss i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare the distance of two loss i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare the distance of two loss i
+onto different chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto different chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto different chromosomes
+so this is a notion a kind of a radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a notion a kind of a radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a notion a kind of a radical
+notion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion but
+proposed in the thirties by sir ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed in the thirties by sir ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed in the thirties by sir ram
+fisher father of statistics and modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisher father of statistics and modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisher father of statistics and modern
+genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics
+under the name of affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he didn't have genotypes at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't have genotypes at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't have genotypes at that time
+but he wrote paper on nature talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he wrote paper on nature talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he wrote paper on nature talking
+about this very strange phenomenon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this very strange phenomenon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this very strange phenomenon and
+how unlikely was that there was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how unlikely was that there was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how unlikely was that there was really
+no relationship on things that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no relationship on things that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no relationship on things that they
+verified on the chrome on on the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified on the chrome on on the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified on the chrome on on the genetic
+code in this coding we always imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in this coding we always imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in this coding we always imagine
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and they were at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were at the same time
+functionally tightly related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally tightly related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally tightly related
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so how do we unders how we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we unders how we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we unders how we try to
+dissect all this this uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissect all this this uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissect all this this uh this this
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+stuff and also the simple one well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and also the simple one well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and also the simple one well you
+know the traditional way is to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the traditional way is to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the traditional way is to do the
+same game we did for victoria's secrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same game we did for victoria's secrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same game we did for victoria's secrets
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+finding large speed degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding large speed degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding large speed degree
+weight you know those 150 200 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you know those 150 200 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you know those 150 200 years
+and see what happened across three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happened across three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happened across three
+generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations
+we can do this with drosophila much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this with drosophila much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this with drosophila much
+faster but if we want to approach human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster but if we want to approach human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster but if we want to approach human
+diseases there's other doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases there's other doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases there's other doesn't really
+always have it so if you want to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have it so if you want to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have it so if you want to study
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+humans what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans what do we do
+one is to find a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is to find a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is to find a large
+large pedigree one is to say well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large pedigree one is to say well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large pedigree one is to say well you
+know i don't really need a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i don't really need a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i don't really need a large
+pedigree what i can get are trios i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree what i can get are trios i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree what i can get are trios i get
+mother father and child a very modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother father and child a very modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother father and child a very modern
+nuclear family and then i imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear family and then i imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear family and then i imagine
+because in all the parents i imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in all the parents i imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in all the parents i imagine
+that they will get statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will get statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will get statistical
+evidence of transmission by repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of transmission by repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of transmission by repeating
+the same measurement in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same measurement in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same measurement in different
+spheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres
+right like they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like they were
+huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge
+pedigree and in this case i can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree and in this case i can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree and in this case i can do
+everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in
+two generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can have but sometimes for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can have but sometimes for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can have but sometimes for some
+diseases uh finding parents is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases uh finding parents is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases uh finding parents is very
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+if you're looking up for two complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking up for two complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking up for two complex
+trades that uh show up late in age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that uh show up late in age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that uh show up late in age
+are there people that are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there people that are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there people that are actually
+studying the the basis of longevity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the the basis of longevity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the the basis of longevity
+and they recruit people in their 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they recruit people in their 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they recruit people in their 90s
+late 90s early 1st century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 90s early 1st century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 90s early 1st century
+early 2nd century it's kind of difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 2nd century it's kind of difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 2nd century it's kind of difficult
+to track down their parents and most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track down their parents and most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track down their parents and most of
+all it's difficult to try to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's difficult to try to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's difficult to try to generate
+so what do you do in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do in this case
+you get brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get brothers
+if you get the brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the brother
+you try to figure out what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to figure out what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to figure out what was the
+genotype so you assume that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype so you assume that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype so you assume that there is
+some kind of random distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of random distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of random distribution of
+these things across the two children and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things across the two children and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things across the two children and
+you try to figure out what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to figure out what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to figure out what was the
+original uh genotype of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original uh genotype of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original uh genotype of the of the
+parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents
+or you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do
+a standard case control experiment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard case control experiment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard case control experiment in
+which you collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you collect
+a bunch of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of people
+half of them or both of them have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them or both of them have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them or both of them have the
+disease other than don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease other than don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease other than don't have the
+disease and compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and compare
+the uh the association between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the association between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the association between
+the snip the mutation and the observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the snip the mutation and the observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the snip the mutation and the observable
+thread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another
+way to categorize these experiments one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to categorize these experiments one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to categorize these experiments one
+is one of the experiments are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the experiments are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the experiments are like
+double-sided like a case control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-sided like a case control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-sided like a case control
+experiment i have two both sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment i have two both sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment i have two both sides of the
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+affected and they're not effective or i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected and they're not effective or i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected and they're not effective or i
+can have single-sided effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have single-sided effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have single-sided effect
+studies and they will show you how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and they will show you how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and they will show you how you
+analyze them in which you recruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze them in which you recruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze them in which you recruit
+parents that are usually they're healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents that are usually they're healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents that are usually they're healthy
+parents with an affected child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents with an affected child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents with an affected child
+and you try to see what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to see what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to see what is the
+transmission that goes from parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission that goes from parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission that goes from parents
+child that make the child effective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child that make the child effective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child that make the child effective in
+this case all your pool all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case all your pool all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case all your pool all your
+recruited pool would be made by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruited pool would be made by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruited pool would be made by people
+that are either affected or related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are either affected or related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are either affected or related to
+an affected person which actually makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an affected person which actually makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an affected person which actually makes
+usually light much easier for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually light much easier for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually light much easier for the
+recruiter because if i have to give due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter because if i have to give due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruiter because if i have to give due
+to volunteer for the study if i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to volunteer for the study if i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to volunteer for the study if i am
+affected or my child is affected i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected or my child is affected i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected or my child is affected i'm
+going to be more willing to volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more willing to volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more willing to volunteer
+for the study than if i'm just a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the study than if i'm just a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the study than if i'm just a random
+boss that doesn't have the disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss that doesn't have the disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss that doesn't have the disease and
+by design i have to be independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by design i have to be independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by design i have to be independent of
+any subject with the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will go
+into details for each of these studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into details for each of these studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into details for each of these studies
+so the first thing we can do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we can do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we can do is to
+do linkage analysis that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do linkage analysis that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do linkage analysis that is the
+traditional analysis of pedigrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional analysis of pedigrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional analysis of pedigrees
+the second way we can do we can go is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second way we can do we can go is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second way we can do we can go is to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is a little sharing you remember what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little sharing you remember what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little sharing you remember what i
+was telling you about about brothers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was telling you about about brothers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was telling you about about brothers and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and siblings in general so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and siblings in general so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and siblings in general so if you have
+siblings what you can do is to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings what you can do is to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings what you can do is to imagine
+that there is a random distribution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a random distribution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a random distribution for
+a particular snip for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular snip for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular snip for a particular
+mutation and you would expect that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and you would expect that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and you would expect that if
+you have two brothers these two brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two brothers these two brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two brothers these two brothers
+will have a particular probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a particular probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a particular probability of
+getting one year or another now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting one year or another now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting one year or another now if you
+start if you start deviating from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start if you start deviating from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start if you start deviating from this
+distribution then you start becoming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then you start becoming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then you start becoming a
+bit suspicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit suspicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit suspicious
+uh the association studies are standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the association studies are standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the association studies are standard
+case control studies in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case control studies in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case control studies in which you
+compute the likelihood that a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the likelihood that a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the likelihood that a particular
+step is causing affecting your outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is causing affecting your outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is causing affecting your outcome
+tdt transmission is equilibrium test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tdt transmission is equilibrium test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tdt transmission is equilibrium test is
+the thing we actually use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we actually use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we actually use for
+the trios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trios
+and i will tell you in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will tell you in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will tell you in a second
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex traits like quantitative traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex traits like quantitative traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex traits like quantitative traits
+things that are not really binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not really binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not really binary
+diseases but are for instance your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases but are for instance your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases but are for instance your
+resistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+your inclination to start drinking which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your inclination to start drinking which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your inclination to start drinking which
+may have different degrees or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have different degrees or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have different degrees or your
+inclination to quit smoking which again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclination to quit smoking which again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclination to quit smoking which again
+can have different degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the best way of doing them of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way of doing them of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way of doing them of looking at
+this quantity traits is to use uh animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity traits is to use uh animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity traits is to use uh animal
+models so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so
+crosses which is not something we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses which is not something we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses which is not something we are
+allowed to do in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typically this collection uh hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically this collection uh hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically this collection uh hypothesis
+driven so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven so
+what these people do is they wake up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these people do is they wake up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these people do is they wake up in
+the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning
+they write a lot of papers before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write a lot of papers before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write a lot of papers before the
+night before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night before
+and they take a shower and they say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take a shower and they say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take a shower and they say oh
+pr7 may be related to my disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pr7 may be related to my disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pr7 may be related to my disease
+so they go out they ask money they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they go out they ask money they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they go out they ask money they
+recruit a bunch of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruit a bunch of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruit a bunch of people
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+use the money to genotype these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the money to genotype these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the money to genotype these people
+run an experiment and write a paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run an experiment and write a paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run an experiment and write a paper in
+which they either find something or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they either find something or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they either find something or they
+find nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find nothing
+usually if you don't find nothing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually if you don't find nothing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually if you don't find nothing you
+can write a table and this induced means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write a table and this induced means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write a table and this induced means
+behavior in scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in scientists
+the challenge here is that doing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge here is that doing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge here is that doing this is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know the official one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the official one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the official one
+what is very precious for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is very precious for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is very precious for us
+today are in this case is the samples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are in this case is the samples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are in this case is the samples of
+people so imagine you have a single drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so imagine you have a single drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so imagine you have a single drop
+of sample of from an individual and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sample of from an individual and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sample of from an individual and you
+can do a gazillions of these names but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a gazillions of these names but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a gazillions of these names but
+in this case you don't have to read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you don't have to read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you don't have to read a
+lot of papers what you can do is uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of papers what you can do is uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of papers what you can do is uh or
+you can add your doubts you can say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add your doubts you can say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add your doubts you can say well
+maybe it's not only this one maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not only this one maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not only this one maybe it's
+the second maybe this term maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second maybe this term maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second maybe this term maybe it's
+fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth
+what if i collect 500 snips and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i collect 500 snips and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i collect 500 snips and they
+test all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test all of them
+what if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i
+do an analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an analysis that
+would not collect any step we collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not collect any step we collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not collect any step we collect
+all of them and try to look to fish for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them and try to look to fish for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them and try to look to fish for
+dependencies in that in the dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies in that in the dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies in that in the dataset
+okay in this case becomes really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this case becomes really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this case becomes really really
+difficult this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult this is how
+things used to be done and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things used to be done and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things used to be done and this is a
+this is a three generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a three generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a three generation
+fourth generation uh liquid study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth generation uh liquid study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth generation uh liquid study
+and in this case you have a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case you have a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case you have a particular
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+and people are affected there are red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are affected there are red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are affected there are red
+ones people are not affected are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones people are not affected are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones people are not affected are the
+bluish one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluish one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluish one
+and you study a mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you study a mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you study a mechanism of
+transmission for a particular snip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission for a particular snip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission for a particular snip
+for a particular mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular mutation
+and what you do is use a quantity called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you do is use a quantity called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you do is use a quantity called
+likely ratio or loss cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely ratio or loss cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely ratio or loss cortex
+what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this
+you develop a method and a modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you develop a method and a modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you develop a method and a modular
+transmission that is uh accusing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission that is uh accusing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission that is uh accusing that
+particular disease their snip to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular disease their snip to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular disease their snip to be
+responsible for the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the disease
+okay so the tracking down of the snip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the tracking down of the snip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the tracking down of the snip
+will follow the the transmission of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow the the transmission of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow the the transmission of the
+snip of the mutation will follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snip of the mutation will follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snip of the mutation will follow the
+pattern of the observable characters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of the observable characters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of the observable characters in
+individuals you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you see
+and then you make another one in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make another one in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make another one in which
+is in which the mutation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in which the mutation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in which the mutation is not
+responsible for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for it
+and then using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then using
+very simple statistical methods you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple statistical methods you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple statistical methods you can
+compute that the data that you observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that the data that you observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that the data that you observe
+are generated by one model and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated by one model and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated by one model and the data
+that you observe are generated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you observe are generated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you observe are generated by the
+other model and you can compare these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other model and you can compare these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other model and you can compare these
+two models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two models
+and you say the model in which and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say the model in which and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say the model in which and you
+can say the model in which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say the model in which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say the model in which this
+mutation is responsible for the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation is responsible for the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation is responsible for the disease
+that is is following the same pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is is following the same pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is is following the same pattern of
+inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance
+is n times more probable or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n times more probable or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n times more probable or less
+probable than the hypothesis in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable than the hypothesis in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable than the hypothesis in which
+the two patterns are not associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two patterns are not associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two patterns are not associated with
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+now the problem here is that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem here is that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem here is that if you have
+uh if you have a large p degree of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a large p degree of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a large p degree of you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many snips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many snips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many snips
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+end up in the problem of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in the problem of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in the problem of um
+multiple comparisons so i i have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple comparisons so i i have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple comparisons so i i have to tell
+you this because this is my job but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this because this is my job but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this because this is my job but i
+don't believe in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe in this
+but if you one day want to publish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you one day want to publish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you one day want to publish a
+paper using standard statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper using standard statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper using standard statistical
+classical things you will end up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical things you will end up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical things you will end up in a
+thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called
+in a muddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a muddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a muddy
+area called multiple comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area called multiple comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area called multiple comparisons
+now multiple comparisons comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now multiple comparisons comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now multiple comparisons comes from a
+classical comes from a classical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical comes from a classical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical comes from a classical um
+superstition and from the statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superstition and from the statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superstition and from the statistics
+that is that you can infer you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that you can infer you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that you can infer you can say
+that two things are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two things are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two things are different
+if you can by repeating the experiment a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can by repeating the experiment a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can by repeating the experiment a
+hundred times or a million times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times or a million times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times or a million times or
+sometimes you will get less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you will get less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you will get less than
+0.05 mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 mistakes
+you have heard of this p-value this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heard of this p-value this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heard of this p-value this is
+the p-value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p-value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p-value
+is the probability that you will make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that you will make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that you will make an
+error by assuming that hypothesis more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error by assuming that hypothesis more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error by assuming that hypothesis more
+than n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n times
+okay in this case is five times out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this case is five times out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this case is five times out of a
+hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred
+now if i'm testing one hypothesis this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i'm testing one hypothesis this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i'm testing one hypothesis this
+is my arrow level suppose that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my arrow level suppose that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my arrow level suppose that i'm
+testing two hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing two hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing two hypothesis
+well the probability that i will do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the probability that i will do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the probability that i will do this
+by chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chance
+doubles so it's going to be the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles so it's going to be the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles so it's going to be the product
+of these two probabilities right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two probabilities right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two probabilities right because
+these are two joint probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two joint probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two joint probability
+distribution suppose i'm observing 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution suppose i'm observing 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution suppose i'm observing 500
+so it becomes 0.05 times 0.05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it becomes 0.05 times 0.05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it becomes 0.05 times 0.05
+smaller number suppose i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+500 steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 steps
+what should i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should i do
+that number will become so small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number will become so small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number will become so small
+that would be impossible to prove any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be impossible to prove any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be impossible to prove any
+anything because the number would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because the number would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because the number would be
+because the probability that they pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the probability that they pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the probability that they pick
+up one hypothesis by chance would be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one hypothesis by chance would be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one hypothesis by chance would be so
+high that they will need a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high that they will need a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high that they will need a lot of
+evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly
+amount of evidence to accept a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of evidence to accept a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of evidence to accept a
+particular hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular hypothesis
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+frequentist people have this problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequentist people have this problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequentist people have this problem uh
+patient people don't uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient people don't uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient people don't uh but
+it's a problem if you want to publish in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a problem if you want to publish in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a problem if you want to publish in
+the journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journal
+this is a this is something you will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is nonparametric allele sharing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nonparametric allele sharing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nonparametric allele sharing is
+the thing i was telling you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing i was telling you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing i was telling you before
+nonparametric method to assess linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric method to assess linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric method to assess linkage
+and what you do is you use uh siblings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you do is you use uh siblings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you do is you use uh siblings
+and you assume that your particular step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you assume that your particular step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you assume that your particular step
+is identical by the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identical by the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identical by the distribution of the
+snip of this mutation is identical by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snip of this mutation is identical by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snip of this mutation is identical by
+the descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the descent
+so i know what is the distribution i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i know what is the distribution i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i know what is the distribution i
+expect and what i can do is to see for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and what i can do is to see for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and what i can do is to see for a
+particular snip if there is a deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular snip if there is a deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular snip if there is a deviation
+from the distribution i would expect if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the distribution i would expect if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the distribution i would expect if
+these two guys were getting the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two guys were getting the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two guys were getting the people
+they get they were getting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get they were getting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get they were getting their
+mutation from the same pair of parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation from the same pair of parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation from the same pair of parents
+right so these are siblings i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are siblings i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are siblings i look at
+the probability that we get this net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that we get this net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that we get this net
+by chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chance
+and if they don't get the state by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they don't get the state by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they don't get the state by
+chance because they're all affected what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance because they're all affected what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance because they're all affected what
+i will find out is that these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will find out is that these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will find out is that these people
+that directly affected have a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that directly affected have a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that directly affected have a greater
+chance of getting this particular step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of getting this particular step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of getting this particular step
+and this will make my step suspicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will make my step suspicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will make my step suspicious
+making it suspicious doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it suspicious doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it suspicious doesn't mean that
+you prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove it
+now if you want to prove something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want to prove something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want to prove something like
+this from a statistical point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from a statistical point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from a statistical point of view
+using a new parametric method because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a new parametric method because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a new parametric method because
+you make no assumption about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make no assumption about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make no assumption about the
+distributional nature of your data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional nature of your data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional nature of your data you
+are going to have to need a huge amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have to need a huge amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have to need a huge amount
+of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data
+and this is not always feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not always feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not always feasible
+but this is really really physical so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is really really physical so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is really really physical so
+this is a week's test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a week's test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a week's test
+because it's simply telling you the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's simply telling you the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's simply telling you the only
+thing you prove is that that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you prove is that that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you prove is that that particular
+allele is transmitted more than in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele is transmitted more than in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele is transmitted more than in a
+different way than than than random well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way than than than random well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way than than than random well
+more than a random population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a random population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a random population
+now association studies are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now association studies are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now association studies are typically
+done using parametric methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done using parametric methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done using parametric methods and
+they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um
+they they test for association between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they test for association between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they test for association between
+uh between a particular phenotype and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between a particular phenotype and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between a particular phenotype and
+the in the genotype in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the genotype in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the genotype in two
+sets in two different populations well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets in two different populations well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets in two different populations well
+into different samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different samples
+what is the problem is that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the problem is that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the problem is that sometimes
+you recruit your sample from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recruit your sample from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recruit your sample from two
+different populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different populations
+uh i know it sounds absolutely silly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i know it sounds absolutely silly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i know it sounds absolutely silly but
+this is one of the major concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the major concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the major concerns
+supposedly people in red are all people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly people in red are all people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly people in red are all people
+with asthma and people with blue are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with asthma and people with blue are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with asthma and people with blue are all
+people that without asthma but then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that without asthma but then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that without asthma but then and
+they go and find out an association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go and find out an association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go and find out an association
+between the snip and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the snip and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the snip and this
+mutation and and this phenotype but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and and this phenotype but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and and this phenotype but then
+i discovered that for some reason i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i discovered that for some reason i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i discovered that for some reason i have
+recruited everybody with asthma from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruited everybody with asthma from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruited everybody with asthma from
+finland and everybody with uh um um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finland and everybody with uh um um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finland and everybody with uh um um with
+without asthma from sicily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without asthma from sicily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without asthma from sicily
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+is this nip going to account for asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this nip going to account for asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this nip going to account for asthma
+or is this sniff going to be account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this sniff going to be account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this sniff going to be account
+going to account for whatever our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to account for whatever our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to account for whatever our
+difference is between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is between these two
+populations these are called population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations these are called population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations these are called population
+of pictures and i know it sounds silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pictures and i know it sounds silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pictures and i know it sounds silly
+for people to recruit things across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to recruit things across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to recruit things across
+different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh
+across different uh uh countries um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different uh uh countries um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different uh uh countries um or
+very segregated populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very segregated populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very segregated populations
+on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand
+may have you have no guarantee that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have you have no guarantee that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have you have no guarantee that you
+don't have certifications in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have certifications in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have certifications in your
+population even if you recruit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population even if you recruit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population even if you recruit in
+beautifully multicultural massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully multicultural massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully multicultural massachusetts
+the probability that you will find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you will find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you will find out
+something about the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the um
+something about uh your sample that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about uh your sample that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about uh your sample that you
+don't really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really like
+like this ratification is not is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this ratification is not is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this ratification is not is not
+negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is really really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is really really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is really really um
+what is really really trendy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is really really trendy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is really really trendy
+today is to use transmission disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to use transmission disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to use transmission disc
+equilibrium tests there's much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium tests there's much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium tests there's much of this
+equilibrium test based on the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium test based on the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium test based on the assumption
+that directly using the parents of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that directly using the parents of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that directly using the parents of an
+individual as is controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual as is controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual as is controlled
+so you're sure you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're sure you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're sure you're not going to get
+any stratification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any stratification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any stratification
+right so i'm going to recruit a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm going to recruit a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm going to recruit a bunch of
+triads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triads
+father mother and child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father mother and child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father mother and child
+and the child is affected and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the child is affected and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the child is affected and the
+parents are not expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are not expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are not expecting
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then what i'm going to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what i'm going to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what i'm going to do is to
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+for each particular snap for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each particular snap for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each particular snap for a
+particular thing for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing for a particular
+mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if
+there is a dependency if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a dependency if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a dependency if there is a
+pattern so to speak between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so to speak between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so to speak between
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+distribution of transmission and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of transmission and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of transmission and the
+fact that all these kids are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that all these kids are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that all these kids are actually
+affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected
+and in this way i have a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this way i have a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this way i have a very powerful
+test and they had non-certified controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and they had non-certified controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and they had non-certified controls
+the only problem is that it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only problem is that it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only problem is that it's not always
+easy as i was saying to find find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy as i was saying to find find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy as i was saying to find find
+parents for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents for this
+and the other problem is that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other problem is that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other problem is that you may
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+phenotypic stratification with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic stratification with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic stratification with that
+suppose you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're looking
+for a particular disease that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular disease that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular disease that is
+related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to
+weakness an example i have is a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness an example i have is a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness an example i have is a color
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+people believe that there is a snake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe that there is a snake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe that there is a snake and
+people are looking for a step that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are looking for a step that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are looking for a step that is uh
+more more um uh making people more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more um uh making people more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more um uh making people more
+susceptible to have a bad outcome from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to have a bad outcome from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to have a bad outcome from
+collier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collier
+and what they do is to go and recruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they do is to go and recruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they do is to go and recruit
+the people in households so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in households so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in households so when
+somebody show us shows up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody show us shows up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody show us shows up in the
+hospital they recruit the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital they recruit the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital they recruit the entire
+household and use the parents as control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household and use the parents as control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household and use the parents as control
+now at that point the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at that point the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at that point the problem is
+because the phenotype is not really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the phenotype is not really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the phenotype is not really that
+easy to identify we don't know if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to identify we don't know if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to identify we don't know if these
+people for instance got an immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for instance got an immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for instance got an immunity
+20 years before because they got color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years before because they got color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years before because they got color
+these are parents of a child who has 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are parents of a child who has 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are parents of a child who has 50
+who is 15 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is 15 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is 15 years old
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+places where they are serious cholera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where they are serious cholera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where they are serious cholera
+usually these are still young people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually these are still young people but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually these are still young people but
+from the societal structure they're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the societal structure they're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the societal structure they're kind
+of old people they've been there around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of old people they've been there around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of old people they've been there around
+for like 35 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like 35 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like 35 years
+and this means that at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this means that at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this means that at that point
+you have this particular population that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this particular population that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this particular population that
+by design has a very different very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by design has a very different very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by design has a very different very
+phenotype that is very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype that is very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype that is very difficult to
+characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so qtl are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+traits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits that
+like in this case have variability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this case have variability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this case have variability in
+intensity i'm not looking for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity i'm not looking for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity i'm not looking for something
+that is black and white i'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is black and white i'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is black and white i'm looking for
+something with different degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with different degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with different degrees of
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+of severity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of severity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of severity
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still last year there was really no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still last year there was really no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still last year there was really no way
+of doing these things well nobody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing these things well nobody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing these things well nobody has
+proven ways of doing this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven ways of doing this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven ways of doing this now
+people are working very hard because qt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are working very hard because qt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are working very hard because qt
+are actually one of the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually one of the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually one of the most interesting
+things people are looking really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things people are looking really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things people are looking really hard to
+find ways to characterize at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to characterize at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to characterize at least some
+type of qtl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of qtl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of qtl
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you can in complex utl like qtl with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can in complex utl like qtl with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can in complex utl like qtl with the
+sensors data so one of the studies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors data so one of the studies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors data so one of the studies we
+have been doing is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing is about
+the development of breast development in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of breast development in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of breast development in
+women you say why well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women you say why well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women you say why well
+because breast development has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because breast development has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because breast development has been
+associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to
+breast cancer so we know that late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer so we know that late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer so we know that late
+breast development is protective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast development is protective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast development is protective of
+breast cancer at least one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer at least one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer at least one type of
+breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is a qtl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a qtl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a qtl
+why because you're looking at age which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you're looking at age which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you're looking at age which
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+which is not a binary variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not a binary variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not a binary variable
+and is a very complicated qtl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is a very complicated qtl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is a very complicated qtl
+because is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because is um
+you may have sensor data you may have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have sensor data you may have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have sensor data you may have uh
+girls that at some point decide for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls that at some point decide for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls that at some point decide for one
+reason or another to drop off the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason or another to drop off the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason or another to drop off the study
+so the way which you can organize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way which you can organize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way which you can organize for
+this particular qtr for every pdl is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular qtr for every pdl is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular qtr for every pdl is to
+imagine it to represent the structure as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it to represent the structure as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it to represent the structure as
+a survival study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a survival study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a survival study
+in which you imagine that your snip a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you imagine that your snip a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you imagine that your snip a
+particular snip is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular snip is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular snip is going to be a
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+and the other is going to be the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is going to be the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is going to be the control
+you draw your capital might curves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw your capital might curves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw your capital might curves in
+this case not for survival but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case not for survival but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case not for survival but for
+breast development which is a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast development which is a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast development which is a kind of a
+deadline point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline point
+and at the end you can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end you can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end you can compute
+the difference between these two samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between these two samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between these two samples
+and get evidence that actually there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get evidence that actually there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get evidence that actually there is
+a factor there that is putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor there that is putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor there that is putting them
+together and you can use other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you can use other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you can use other
+multivariate structures that allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate structures that allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate structures that allow you
+to start to to to study the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start to to to study the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start to to to study the interaction
+of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+of snips in in qtl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of snips in in qtl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of snips in in qtl
+but typically if you want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically if you want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically if you want to have a
+general model for qtl you have to resort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general model for qtl you have to resort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general model for qtl you have to resort
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+animals animal models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals animal models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals animal models
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+there is another interesting thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another interesting thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another interesting thing that
+is happening on this street mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and has been happening for the past four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has been happening for the past four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has been happening for the past four
+or five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five years
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have two or three large phenotypic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two or three large phenotypic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two or three large phenotypic
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+um run by hybrid and and and affiliated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um run by hybrid and and and affiliated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um run by hybrid and and and affiliated
+hospitals the oldest one is known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals the oldest one is known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals the oldest one is known as the
+flamingo heart study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flamingo heart study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flamingo heart study
+permanent heart study collects i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent heart study collects i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent heart study collects i don't
+know 50 000 people have been followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 50 000 people have been followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 50 000 people have been followed
+now they are the third generation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they are the third generation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they are the third generation they
+have been followed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been followed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been followed the
+family members have been followed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family members have been followed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family members have been followed we
+know about these people basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about these people basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about these people basically
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+these are selected for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are selected for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are selected for
+heart disease but there are also studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease but there are also studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease but there are also studies
+that report studies that have not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that report studies that have not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that report studies that have not been
+selected for anything like the nurses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for anything like the nurses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for anything like the nurses
+study nurses are wonderful individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study nurses are wonderful individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study nurses are wonderful individual
+incredibly compliant to doctor's order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly compliant to doctor's order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly compliant to doctor's order
+so even if you harass them for 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you harass them for 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you harass them for 30 years
+asking them every other year a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking them every other year a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking them every other year a complete
+report of what they have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report of what they have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report of what they have done
+diseases they have what is their diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases they have what is their diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases they have what is their diet
+how much they wait they will compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they wait they will compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they wait they will compile
+nurse study has 150 000 women that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse study has 150 000 women that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse study has 150 000 women that every
+other year go and feel a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other year go and feel a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other year go and feel a question
+just for the sake of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the sake of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the sake of it
+so about these women then this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about these women then this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about these women then this is now
+now in the second generation we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the second generation we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the second generation we know
+absolutely everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely everything
+we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much
+carrots they eat every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots they eat every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots they eat every year
+and uh you probably see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you probably see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you probably see one
+reason why you see these uh articles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you see these uh articles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you see these uh articles in
+the new york times they come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new york times they come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new york times they come out of
+trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends
+uh of they say the school of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of they say the school of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of they say the school of public
+health but usually they mean the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health but usually they mean the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health but usually they mean the channel
+there are people who own this data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who own this data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who own this data and
+these articles are like uh you know red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these articles are like uh you know red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these articles are like uh you know red
+hair are going to make you live longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair are going to make you live longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair are going to make you live longer
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+eating five carats a day has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating five carats a day has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating five carats a day has been
+associated to having brighter eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where those findings come out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those findings come out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those findings come out from
+from the nurses study there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nurses study there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nurses study there are these
+people that mine the dataset again they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that mine the dataset again they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that mine the dataset again they
+don't read in this case they take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't read in this case they take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't read in this case they take a
+shower in the morning and say what i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower in the morning and say what i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower in the morning and say what i can
+go and look into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and look into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and look into the
+nurse's study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse's study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse's study
+and say well how about the association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well how about the association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well how about the association
+between mascara and blindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between mascara and blindness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between mascara and blindness
+yeah the 150 000 women that use mascara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the 150 000 women that use mascara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the 150 000 women that use mascara
+every day wow actually you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day wow actually you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day wow actually you probably have
+a good proportion that uses mascara in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good proportion that uses mascara in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good proportion that uses mascara in a
+good proportion that doesn't use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good proportion that doesn't use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good proportion that doesn't use in
+mascara and you know it so they go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mascara and you know it so they go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mascara and you know it so they go there
+and the joke on the street is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the joke on the street is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the joke on the street is that they
+don't publish a new england journal they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't publish a new england journal they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't publish a new england journal they
+publish directly on the new york times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish directly on the new york times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish directly on the new york times
+because these are usually very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are usually very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are usually very high
+impact questions that people get right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact questions that people get right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact questions that people get right
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+but imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine
+if you can take all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can take all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can take all those things
+all those phenotypes and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those phenotypes and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those phenotypes and you could
+genotype those women we have blood for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype those women we have blood for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype those women we have blood for
+about 90 000 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90 000 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90 000 of them
+and run the food genetic code has came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run the food genetic code has came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run the food genetic code has came
+for these women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these women
+what would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you do
+you could find an association between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could find an association between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could find an association between
+mascara and sniffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mascara and sniffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mascara and sniffs
+or blindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or blindness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or blindness
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+whatever in snips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever in snips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever in snips
+can we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do this
+why don't we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we do it
+well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+genotype snip cost about 45 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype snip cost about 45 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype snip cost about 45 cents
+let's let you know very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let you know very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let you know very well
+to uh sniff a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh sniff a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh sniff a a
+an individual map is going to cost so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual map is going to cost so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual map is going to cost so if
+sorry an individual map is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry an individual map is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry an individual map is going to
+be about 90 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about 90 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about 90 000
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so a thousand individuals is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a thousand individuals is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a thousand individuals is going to
+cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you
+90 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and is that money they are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is that money they are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is that money they are very
+difficult to find that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to find that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to find that that that
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+in in if you go to nih and ask for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in if you go to nih and ask for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in if you go to nih and ask for this
+kind of money you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of money you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of money you're not going to get
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work is not a problem postdocs at hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is not a problem postdocs at hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is not a problem postdocs at hybrid
+are cheap and they work very hard so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cheap and they work very hard so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cheap and they work very hard so we
+could actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually have
+in a complete a thousand of complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a complete a thousand of complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a complete a thousand of complete
+snip maps in about seven thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snip maps in about seven thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snip maps in about seven thousand
+basement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement
+which is about two years for 10 postdocs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about two years for 10 postdocs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about two years for 10 postdocs
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how can we solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we solve this problem
+well you remember when we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you remember when we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you remember when we said that
+these things go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things go together
+maybe we don't need to genotype all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we don't need to genotype all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we don't need to genotype all of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+this is a example of a gene i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a example of a gene i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a example of a gene i don't
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't remember what gene is it uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't remember what gene is it uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't remember what gene is it uh but
+this is a gene this is a map of the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a gene this is a map of the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a gene this is a map of the gene
+that tells you the distance in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you the distance in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you the distance in terms of
+r square which is the metric i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r square which is the metric i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r square which is the metric i was
+telling you before the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you before the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you before the difference
+between two the the paris distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two the the paris distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two the the paris distance
+between two points um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two points um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two points um
+and as you can see you can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see you can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see you can identify
+blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+there the blue areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the blue areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the blue areas
+in which the correlation among this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the correlation among this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the correlation among this the
+r square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r square
+in this area is so high that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area is so high that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area is so high that you don't
+really need to genotype all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to genotype all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to genotype all of them
+you can just decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just decide
+where you go and you say okay pick any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go and you say okay pick any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go and you say okay pick any
+of them problem is to know this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them problem is to know this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them problem is to know this you
+first have to genotype them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first have to genotype them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first have to genotype them
+so at that point there is no much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that point there is no much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that point there is no much much
+purpose for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose for it
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+and the other problem is once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other problem is once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other problem is once you have
+this so here is easy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so here is easy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so here is easy right
+when i have a region that region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i have a region that region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i have a region that region of the
+combination there are four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination there are four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination there are four or five
+of lower combination i can say okay i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lower combination i can say okay i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lower combination i can say okay i
+pick up one two three four now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up one two three four now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up one two three four now the
+question is which one i pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which one i pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which one i pick
+now suppose i don't have five i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose i don't have five i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose i don't have five i have
+like in this case 59 which are not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this case 59 which are not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this case 59 which are not that
+many there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many there are
+regions like this they are 229 long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+well your guess how many snips do i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well your guess how many snips do i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well your guess how many snips do i need
+to genotype not which ones of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to genotype not which ones of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to genotype not which ones of course
+would require a little but how many do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would require a little but how many do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would require a little but how many do i
+need to genotype here to account for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to genotype here to account for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to genotype here to account for all
+the variations so these are the snips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variations so these are the snips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variations so these are the snips
+and these are all the combination i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all the combination i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all the combination i get
+in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population
+okay these things go together so i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these things go together so i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these things go together so i don't
+expect to see all possible combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see all possible combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see all possible combinations
+how many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them
+i will need to account for the 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will need to account for the 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will need to account for the 14
+different alternative variations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different alternative variations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different alternative variations of
+killer 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer 7
+over these 59 snips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these 59 snips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these 59 snips
+i want a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want a number
+because you're up to your third pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fifteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen
+two ten okay we have a tent here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ten okay we have a tent here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ten okay we have a tent here
+anybody getting closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a good guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you will buy ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these five snips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five snips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five snips
+allow you to reconstruct all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to reconstruct all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to reconstruct all the
+variations without any information loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations without any information loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations without any information loss
+i have a guy chaining a good friend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a guy chaining a good friend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a guy chaining a good friend of
+mine and when we developed the matter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine and when we developed the matter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine and when we developed the matter to
+identify this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify this thing
+uh bought me dinner because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bought me dinner because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bought me dinner because
+he has spent two years staring at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has spent two years staring at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has spent two years staring at these
+pictures and trying to figure out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and trying to figure out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and trying to figure out which
+word is need to generate and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word is need to generate and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word is need to generate and actually
+when he was wrong getting a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was wrong getting a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was wrong getting a lot of
+from people because oh you got me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people because oh you got me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people because oh you got me the
+wrong thing now imagine it's my normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong thing now imagine it's my normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong thing now imagine it's my normal
+task to stare at this picture and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task to stare at this picture and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task to stare at this picture and try to
+find out which is the right one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out which is the right one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out which is the right one which
+which are the optimal ones genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the optimal ones genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the optimal ones genotype
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what i've been doing is to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i've been doing is to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i've been doing is to play with
+the structure called aplotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure called aplotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure called aplotypes
+other types are the things you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types are the things you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types are the things you get from
+your mother and from your father under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mother and from your father under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mother and from your father under a
+stretch of the genome that is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch of the genome that is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch of the genome that is consistent
+one chromosome on another now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one chromosome on another now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one chromosome on another now the
+problem with haplotypes is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with haplotypes is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with haplotypes is that they're
+very difficult to identify for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to identify for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to identify for us
+when you sequence somebody you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sequence somebody you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sequence somebody you're going
+to have maps that look like the one i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have maps that look like the one i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have maps that look like the one i
+showed before i can tell you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed before i can tell you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed before i can tell you if you're
+heterozygous homozygous some major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous homozygous some major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous homozygous some major
+allele homozygous in the m m of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele homozygous in the m m of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele homozygous in the m m of the
+minor audio but it's very i cannot give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor audio but it's very i cannot give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor audio but it's very i cannot give
+you two bases so if that particular snip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two bases so if that particular snip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two bases so if that particular snip
+is as a and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as a and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as a and t
+as two alternative bases i can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two alternative bases i can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two alternative bases i can tell you
+if you are a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a t
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+a a but i cannot tell you if you are ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a but i cannot tell you if you are ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a but i cannot tell you if you are ta
+i cannot decide if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cannot decide if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cannot decide if
+two things are coming both from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things are coming both from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things are coming both from your
+parent from your mother or both from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent from your mother or both from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent from your mother or both from
+your father which is exactly the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your father which is exactly the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your father which is exactly the kind of
+information we need to build this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we need to build this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we need to build this kind
+of maps to reduce this information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maps to reduce this information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maps to reduce this information so
+these structures are called optotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures are called optotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures are called optotypes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+molecular methods that are horribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular methods that are horribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular methods that are horribly
+expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive
+to do this so they go into the into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this so they go into the into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this so they go into the into the
+chromosomes and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and they
+tear apart the chromosome and return two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tear apart the chromosome and return two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tear apart the chromosome and return two
+separate chromosomes and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate chromosomes and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate chromosomes and you know that
+one is coming from your mother and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is coming from your mother and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is coming from your mother and one
+is coming from your father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming from your father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming from your father
+there are stochastic methods to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are stochastic methods to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are stochastic methods to do this
+in which you can try to figure out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you can try to figure out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you can try to figure out by
+making some assumption how do things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some assumption how do things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some assumption how do things are
+transmitted on a population what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted on a population what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted on a population what is the
+distribution of the snips of the uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the snips of the uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the snips of the uh of
+an entire aqua type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire aqua type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire aqua type
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the best way of doing this is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way of doing this is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way of doing this is to use
+trios and try to guess what is the snip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trios and try to guess what is the snip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trios and try to guess what is the snip
+that is coming from the mother and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is coming from the mother and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is coming from the mother and which
+is the one coming from the father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one coming from the father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one coming from the father
+and so what people are doing now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what people are doing now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what people are doing now is
+developing a thing called hat map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a thing called hat map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a thing called hat map
+in which we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we will have
+a map you can go to hap.org and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map you can go to hap.org and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map you can go to hap.org and you will
+find all the data that are currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all the data that are currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all the data that are currently
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+there is a is a systematic now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a is a systematic now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a is a systematic now the
+resolution is 30 000 bases 30 kilobytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution is 30 000 bases 30 kilobytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution is 30 000 bases 30 kilobytes
+a systematic genotyping of all snips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a systematic genotyping of all snips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a systematic genotyping of all snips
+on the relatively small population there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the relatively small population there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the relatively small population there
+are 30 trills in which we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 30 trills in which we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 30 trills in which we can actually
+find out which are the phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out which are the phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out which are the phases
+the fact that one is coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that one is coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that one is coming from the
+father and the mother is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and the mother is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and the mother is called the
+phase of a genotype we can identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of a genotype we can identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of a genotype we can identify the
+phases from the parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases from the parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases from the parents
+and why you do this well because next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why you do this well because next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why you do this well because next
+time i want to design a genetic genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i want to design a genetic genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i want to design a genetic genetic
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+i can i don't have to run the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can i don't have to run the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can i don't have to run the genetic
+study and then say oh i could adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and then say oh i could adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and then say oh i could adjust
+genotype this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype this one
+i can actually go there see i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can actually go there see i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can actually go there see i'm
+interested in this particular gene find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this particular gene find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this particular gene find
+out which are the snips that they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which are the snips that they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which are the snips that they really
+need to genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to genotype
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but there is some even more good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is some even more good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is some even more good news
+that apparently all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apparently all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apparently all these things
+actually go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go together
+in stretches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stretches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stretches
+so this is a paper from couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a paper from couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a paper from couple of years
+ago in which they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago in which they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago in which they show
+that in they they made a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in they they made a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in they they made a final
+resolution map of a region of chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution map of a region of chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution map of a region of chromosome
+4 associated with crohn's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 associated with crohn's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 associated with crohn's disease
+and what they found except from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they found except from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they found except from the
+clinical things what they found out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical things what they found out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical things what they found out is
+that this region exactly from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this region exactly from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this region exactly from an
+evolutionary point of view broken in 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary point of view broken in 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary point of view broken in 11
+sub-regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-regions
+these regions are stable they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions are stable they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions are stable they are
+transmitted together so to speak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted together so to speak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted together so to speak and
+they are interrupted once in a while by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are interrupted once in a while by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are interrupted once in a while by
+higher regional recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher regional recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher regional recombination
+and autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and autonomous
+they found out that if you look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found out that if you look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found out that if you look at all
+these variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variations
+uh the alternative common upload types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the alternative common upload types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the alternative common upload types
+you have in the population they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in the population they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in the population they actually
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+you see the different colors they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the different colors they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the different colors they
+actually come from four ancestral upload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come from four ancestral upload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come from four ancestral upload
+types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types
+that are recombined have been recombined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are recombined have been recombined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are recombined have been recombined
+over the generations so again this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the generations so again this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the generations so again this goes
+back to your question i'm not sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your question i'm not sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your question i'm not sure that
+there is from a physical point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is from a physical point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is from a physical point of view
+there is no you see the the big block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no you see the the big block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no you see the the big block
+there in the main in the middle 92 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the main in the middle 92 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the main in the middle 92 basis
+kilobases well i'm not entirely sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobases well i'm not entirely sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobases well i'm not entirely sure
+that there is not a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is not a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is not a very high
+recombination spot there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination spot there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination spot there
+but because they all come from four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because they all come from four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because they all come from four
+upload types with no other variation i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload types with no other variation i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload types with no other variation i
+cannot see any recombination there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see any recombination there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see any recombination there
+because the probability of the combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the probability of the combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the probability of the combining
+requires a little pool to fish from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a little pool to fish from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a little pool to fish from and
+in this case the pool to fish farm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the pool to fish farm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the pool to fish farm is
+very very poor needless to say these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very poor needless to say these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very poor needless to say these are
+all locations and they all come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all locations and they all come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all locations and they all come from
+this handful of individuals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this handful of individuals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this handful of individuals so
+apparently these people all countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently these people all countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently these people all countries
+are 129
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 129
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 129
+ship pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship pairs
+that's super three years they all come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's super three years they all come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's super three years they all come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+four ancestral haplotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ancestral haplotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ancestral haplotypes
+the way you do is to use a hidden marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you do is to use a hidden marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you do is to use a hidden marker
+the way you identify this block is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you identify this block is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you identify this block is do
+you see the mark of models i will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the mark of models i will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the mark of models i will talk
+about in the micro modulus next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the micro modulus next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the micro modulus next week
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in for for for the merchandising method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for for for the merchandising method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for for for the merchandising method
+so i will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i will not
+bother you with this also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother you with this also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother you with this also because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and at this point what we can do once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point what we can do once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point what we can do once we
+have these blocks is to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these blocks is to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these blocks is to identify the
+snips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snips
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+tagging those particular blocks and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagging those particular blocks and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagging those particular blocks and then
+run them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run them
+and the saving we have we've shown is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the saving we have we've shown is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the saving we have we've shown is an
+exponential say between saving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential say between saving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential say between saving with
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's about is an average 10 percent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about is an average 10 percent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about is an average 10 percent but
+if your block is very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your block is very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your block is very big
+the number of snips you will need would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of snips you will need would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of snips you will need would
+be much smaller than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much smaller than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much smaller than 10
+and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is
+a small block the number of snip you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small block the number of snip you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small block the number of snip you
+will need would be a bigger block will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need would be a bigger block will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need would be a bigger block will
+be a bigger number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bigger number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bigger number
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the take-home message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the take-home message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the take-home message
+the fundamental take-up message for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental take-up message for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental take-up message for for
+a medical class is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medical class is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medical class is that
+all these technology has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these technology has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these technology has this
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+properties of finding out stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of finding out stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of finding out stuff
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the only way to find out this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to find out this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to find out this stuff is
+to have good phenotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have good phenotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have good phenotypes
+one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day
+running a snip would cost one cent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a snip would cost one cent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a snip would cost one cent
+maybe it would cost a tenth of a cent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it would cost a tenth of a cent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it would cost a tenth of a cent
+near to nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near to nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near to nothing
+but what makes very precious what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what makes very precious what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what makes very precious what makes
+this studies possible is the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this studies possible is the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this studies possible is the fact that
+you have something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something like the
+nurses like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses like it
+that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have
+critically annotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically annotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically annotated
+carefully recorded phenotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully recorded phenotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully recorded phenotypes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+nicely characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely characterized
+and this is where the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the other side of
+medical knowledge comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical knowledge comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical knowledge comes in
+not to find out what is really the cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to find out what is really the cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to find out what is really the cause
+but just to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to identify
+precisely as crisply as possible a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely as crisply as possible a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely as crisply as possible a
+particular kind of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of type
+at that point you can actually map the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point you can actually map the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point you can actually map the
+phenotype if your phenotype is is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype if your phenotype is is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype if your phenotype is is uh is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+slippery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippery
+yeah well it's very hard you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well it's very hard you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well it's very hard you will find
+any association and if you find it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any association and if you find it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any association and if you find it it
+probably will not be association with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will not be association with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will not be association with
+the thing you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you want
+because that's going to be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's going to be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's going to be a different
+phenotype the one you're thinking so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype the one you're thinking so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype the one you're thinking so the
+critical thing here is not to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thing here is not to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thing here is not to go back to
+the very first slide it's not really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first slide it's not really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first slide it's not really to
+do beanbag genetics the real critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do beanbag genetics the real critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do beanbag genetics the real critical
+thing here is to have good medicine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is to have good medicine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is to have good medicine that
+is able to characterize phenotypes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to characterize phenotypes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to characterize phenotypes that
+in turn allow these studies to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn allow these studies to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn allow these studies to happen
+and to create good explanation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to create good explanation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to create good explanation for
+friends for these phenotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends for these phenotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends for these phenotypes
+and the other big take-home message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other big take-home message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other big take-home message is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+hypothesis driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis driven
+without a passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a passion
+we don't need hypothesis anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need hypothesis anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need hypothesis anymore
+with enough money we can have skills we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enough money we can have skills we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enough money we can have skills we
+have intellect and we have phenotypes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have intellect and we have phenotypes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have intellect and we have phenotypes we
+have enough information we have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough information we have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough information we have enough
+juice to go and get our answer without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice to go and get our answer without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice to go and get our answer without
+thinking them in the shower but looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking them in the shower but looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking them in the shower but looking
+systematically at the genome and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically at the genome and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically at the genome and taking
+advantage of the fact that something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the fact that something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the fact that something is
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+uh likely to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh likely to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh likely to something else
+so if they tell you that something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they tell you that something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they tell you that something is
+associated with something else and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with something else and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with something else and this
+is my only study you will need 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my only study you will need 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my only study you will need 10 years
+before people can consolidate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before people can consolidate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before people can consolidate these
+studies in a meta-analysis study and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in a meta-analysis study and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in a meta-analysis study and say
+oh the evidence is not that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the evidence is not that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the evidence is not that big
+but if i start telling you you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i start telling you you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i start telling you you know i
+analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze
+500 or 5 000 or 50 000 snips and here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 or 5 000 or 50 000 snips and here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 or 5 000 or 50 000 snips and here it
+comes this snip is a million times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes this snip is a million times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes this snip is a million times more
+probable than any other snip to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable than any other snip to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable than any other snip to be
+associated with this phenotype that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this phenotype that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this phenotype that's a
+measure that you cannot get from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that you cannot get from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that you cannot get from an
+hypothesis driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis driven
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+so okay so when you would be the viewers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so when you would be the viewers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so when you would be the viewers
+of papers and grants usually black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers and grants usually black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers and grants usually black
+people because their studies are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because their studies are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because their studies are not
+hypothesis driven remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis driven remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis driven remember this
+see you next
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_QnAUd-em3E.txt b/_QnAUd-em3E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9383f0ea6da93f033fd4228f3dfea1116a300629
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_QnAUd-em3E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2224 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: You guys have been
+talking about graphs in
+
+lecture, right?
+
+So what are graphs?
+
+So graphs are a kind of
+formalism that have
+
+vertices and edges.
+
+A set of vertices is-- you
+can think of it-- it's
+
+like a set of things.
+
+And then the edges are
+the relationships
+
+between those things.
+
+So the set of all your
+friendships and your friends'
+
+friendships could be
+considered a graph.
+
+So if this is me and this is all
+two of my friends, then an
+
+edge between us would indicate
+a relationship of friendship.
+
+But there's no edge here,
+so there's no friendship
+
+between these two.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So you have vertices, which
+are also called nodes, and
+
+then you have edges, and they
+could also be called arcs.
+
+So if you see any of these
+names, these two are the same,
+
+and these two are the same.
+
+So what kinds of graphs
+do we have?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So there's a directed
+graph, and there's an
+
+undirected graph.
+
+So up on the screen here, is
+a directed graph, right?
+
+And so--
+
+I'm not a sports fan.
+
+I think those are the Bruins,
+and I don't know what the
+
+other team is.
+
+Do you know?
+
+OK.
+
+Yes, I think it's a hockey team
+somewhere up in Montreal.
+
+So this is a representation or
+a graph representation of
+
+cities, which are the nodes
+and vertices and then the
+
+roads that connect the cities.
+
+And, obviously, it's not to
+scale or accurate, but it's an
+
+abstraction, so we're
+OK with that.
+
+And the question here is what's
+the path to get from
+
+Boston to Montreal.
+
+So in this case, it's a directed
+graph, so that means
+
+that we can only go this
+direction from node to node,
+
+in the direction of the arrow.
+
+So, really, there's only
+one way to go, right?--
+
+two hops.
+
+So that's a directed graph, and
+then an undirected graph
+
+is basically the same thing,
+except we can go either
+
+direction on the edges, right?
+
+So on the directed graph in the
+previous slide, you could
+
+only go in this direction, so
+you had to make two hops in
+
+order to get to Montreal.
+
+In this undirected graph, you
+can just make one hop to get
+
+to Montreal-- so really
+conceptually very easy.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you have a
+directed graph in a case where
+
+there's one going from Boston
+to New York and another one
+
+going from New York to Boston?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So--
+
+and actually we'll see
+that in the code.
+
+So the question was, can I have
+New York here and then
+
+Boston here?
+
+Can I have this sort
+of relationship?
+
+And the answer is yes.
+
+This is actually just
+equivalent to
+
+an undirected graph.
+
+AUDIENCE: Probably you can have
+a directed graph in some
+
+cases like that.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So you could have--
+
+and we actually have-- actually,
+I think this might
+
+have an example of
+that, so, yes.
+
+So in this case, you have--
+
+Hartford has a path to Albany
+and back in a path to New York
+
+City, but there's no path
+directly back to Hartford.
+
+That work for you?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, then I won't
+insult Hartford then.
+
+I didn't do these graphs.
+
+If I had done them, I certainly
+wouldn't have used
+
+sports teams because I know next
+to nothing about sports.
+
+So I don't know the rationale
+behind picking the names,
+
+other than I'm supposed to say
+that the reason why the Bruins
+
+want to go to Montreal is
+because they want to kick
+
+Canada's butt.
+
+AUDIENCE: They did.
+
+PROFESSOR: Did they?
+
+AUDIENCE: They already have.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+Well, then this is a very
+apropos slide then.
+
+So what we have up here is
+a weighted graph, right?
+
+So the undirected and directed
+graphs have been really easy
+
+so far because they're just
+defining the fact that there
+
+is a relationship that exists
+between two vertices, right?
+
+So what a weighted graph does,
+though, is it says that not
+
+only is there a relationship
+between these two entities--
+
+these vertices--
+
+but it also has maybe a cost
+associated with it.
+
+So if these represent the road
+networks, then these
+
+represent, kind of,
+the total costs--
+
+the weights on these edges.
+
+So in saying that in order to
+get the Hartford, I need to
+
+pay $1.00; and then to get to
+Albany, I need to pay $3.00;
+
+and then to get to Montreal,
+to pay $6.00.
+
+So a common question--
+
+on weighted graphs in general--
+is what's the least
+
+cost path from here to here.
+
+So can anyone tell me?
+
+AUDIENCE: From Boston
+to Montreal?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes--
+
+what the least cost is from
+Boston to Montreal.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's--
+
+Hartford is your only choice.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Then New York
+and then Hartford.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So-- and the cost for that is
+$9.00, right?-- because you
+
+got $1.00, $7.00, $1.00--
+sum $9.00.
+
+There are actually
+two paths to get
+
+from Boston to Montreal.
+
+The other path is from Boston,
+Hartford, Albany, Montreal,
+
+but the cost of that
+path is $10.00.
+
+So the question is how do you
+figure out which path is
+
+shortest, right?
+
+So did he talk about
+breadth-first search and
+
+depth-first search at all?
+
+AUDIENCE: He only talked
+about depth-first.
+
+PROFESSOR: He only talked
+about depth-first.
+
+OK.
+
+So we need to do
+breadth-first.
+
+So before we do breadth-first,
+can someone define depth-first
+
+for me and maybe walk me through
+it a little bit?
+
+So let's take this off the
+screen, and let's assume that
+
+I have a very simple graph.
+
+I'm going to start here.
+
+I want to end here.
+
+And I have--
+
+So I'm starting at v0, and
+I want to get to v8.
+
+Let's call this a directed
+graph, so you
+
+can only go one direction.
+
+It also doesn't have any cycles,
+so that makes it a
+
+little easier.
+
+So if I'm starting here
+in depth-first
+
+search, what do I do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Pick a daughter--
+
+Pick a daughter?
+
+PROFESSOR: So you pick one of
+your children, so you're going
+
+to pick v1 or v4.
+
+Now, you go to this node.
+
+What do you do now?
+
+AUDIENCE: Pick a daughter.
+
+PROFESSOR: Same thing again.
+
+So you pick another daughter and
+because this is a really
+
+trivial example, we just walk
+down the line until you find
+
+the node that you're
+looking for.
+
+Or if you don't find it,
+and you have no more--
+
+there are no more children to
+look at, then there's no path
+
+that exists.
+
+But we can get to our goal
+node here, right?
+
+So what do we do once
+we find this node?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: We save
+it off somewhere.
+
+It becomes a path with just
+itself, and then we return
+
+that to who--
+
+And then we say, OK, well,
+where did I come from?
+
+Well, I came from v7.
+
+So, now, I know that my shortest
+path from v7 to v8 is
+
+going to be v7-v8.
+
+And then I'm back here,
+I'm going to add
+
+wherever I came from here.
+
+So the idea is that I grow my
+shortest paths backwards.
+
+Right?
+
+And, actually, the shortest path
+is the top one here, so--
+
+AUDIENCE: If you hit a branch
+in v7, can you go back to v7
+
+would you jump to
+the next branch?
+
+PROFESSOR: So, yes.
+
+So if I had something
+like this, and the
+
+answer would be--
+
+let's say that it
+loops around--
+
+so now we have a cycle.
+
+So it becomes interesting.
+
+So let's say that I've reached
+my goal here, and I know that
+
+if I'm at my goal, then
+my shortest path is
+
+just my goal, right?
+
+So now I return here and I say,
+well, what would be my
+
+shortest path in this case?
+
+Does this child have
+the shortest path?
+
+When I get here first to v7, I
+asked the question, what's the
+
+shortest path to v8 from either
+of my two children.
+
+So I'm going to look at all the
+children of v7, and I'm
+
+going to find what's the
+shortest path from v8--
+
+or from this node to
+the end node--
+
+and then from this node
+to the end node.
+
+And, obviously, this one's
+the shortest because
+
+it is the end node.
+
+So now, I know that
+my shortest path
+
+is this plus myself.
+
+And so that means that the
+shortest path from v6 to the
+
+end node is going to be
+this path, plus this.
+
+And I don't know if that's
+getting any clearer.
+
+So, really, if we start out at
+the beginning here, we're
+
+looking at this first node--
+
+we ask the question, what's the
+shortest path from v1 to
+
+the end, and what's
+the shortest path
+
+from v4 to the end?
+
+And we choose the shortest of
+those two paths as our answer,
+
+then we just add ourselves
+to the beginning.
+
+And that's all we do for
+each of these nodes.
+
+We ask, of the children at each
+of these nodes, what's
+
+the shortest path, and then we
+add ourselves to the beginning
+
+of that path and return
+that as our answer.
+
+So if we are to look
+at that in code--
+
+so you guys have all seen the
+graph object in class with the
+
+node and edges?
+
+Yes or no?
+
+OK So here is shortest
+path depth-first.
+
+So there's a lot of debugging
+code here, but--
+
+and some administrative stuff--
+so all this is doing
+
+is just making sure that
+the nodes we're looking
+
+for are in the graph.
+
+And, actually, let
+me backtrack.
+
+So when we first call shortest
+path, we're going to call it
+
+with a graph object.
+
+We're going to start
+in an end node.
+
+And we're also going to have
+this parameter visited, which
+
+keeps track of the nodes that
+we've already seen.
+
+And we'll get to that
+in a second.
+
+So one of the first things
+that we do that's of any
+
+importance is, we check to make
+sure that the start and
+
+end nodes are actually in the
+graph, because you can't get
+
+from one to the other
+if they don't exist.
+
+And now we're going to construct
+a path or a list
+
+that just contains the start
+node as its element.
+
+And then we're going
+to check to see if
+
+start is equal to end.
+
+So if we're already at our goal,
+then the shortest path
+
+is just us, right?
+
+We don't have to go anywhere.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: For comparison
+purposes.
+
+I mean, if you look at the
+definition of node, it's
+
+pretty sparse--
+
+pretty spartan.
+
+If we wanted to make it so that
+we just added the node
+
+object itself, would have to add
+an underbar equal method--
+
+stuff like that-- and in this
+case, we don't want to bother
+
+with kind of complicating
+it like that.
+
+So if we're not at the end,
+though, now, we need to figure
+
+out what the shortest path is
+from each of our children to
+
+the goal node, right?
+
+So we have a variable that we
+call shortest, and that's
+
+going to keep track of what our
+shortest path so far is,
+
+and then we're going to iterate
+through all the
+
+children in this node.
+
+And if the node is
+not in visited--
+
+and that's where this
+parameter comes in--
+
+we're going to say, OK, well,
+let's take a look at it.
+
+And then we're going to say--
+we're going to add it to
+
+visited so we know that
+we visited this node.
+
+It sounds kind of cyclic, which
+is funny because we have
+
+visited so that we
+avoid cycles.
+
+Because if we've already visited
+a node and we figured
+
+out what its shortest path
+is, why would we
+
+want to visit it again?
+
+If we're on a path,
+and we're saying--
+
+let's say I have--
+
+I'm trying to figure out the
+shortest path from v1 to v4--
+
+and I'm using depth-first--
+
+and so I decide depth-first
+first goes to v2, then to v3.
+
+Now, it's got two choices on
+which nodes to get the
+
+shortest path for.
+
+Let's say, for some reason,
+when it gets the list of
+
+children, it's going to get v1
+and v4, and if it's looking at
+
+v1 before it looks at v4, then,
+if we didn't have that
+
+check in there, just
+to make sure
+
+that we are not visiting--
+
+or looking at other nodes that
+we've already visited--
+
+then the algorithm would just
+go here, and it would repeat
+
+itself in a cycle, like that.
+
+So that's what that visited
+parameter is doing, is it's
+
+preventing that cyclic check.
+
+So now we ask the question--
+
+or we make a recursive call
+to shortest path, right?
+
+And the only parameter that
+changes is the start node.
+
+And we're going to ask it,
+what's the shortest path from
+
+this node to the end.
+
+And it's going to call itself
+again and return an answer.
+
+And if it doesn't return
+anything, then we're just
+
+going to ignore it
+and continue.
+
+But if it returns something,
+and either we haven't found
+
+shortest path yet, or the length
+of this new path that
+
+it's found is shorter than the
+shortest path that we've
+
+already found, then we're going
+to record it, and say
+
+that this is our new
+shortest path here.
+
+And then we're just going to
+keep iterating through all the
+
+children of the node until
+we've exhausted all
+
+possibilities.
+
+And then once we finish going
+through all the children,
+
+we're going to say--
+
+if we found the shortest
+path--
+
+that means that there exists a
+path from one of its children
+
+to the goal node--
+
+then we're going to add it to
+our existing path, which is
+
+just ourself.
+
+So we're adding ourselves to the
+beginning of the shortest
+
+path that it found.
+
+And then we will return it.
+
+So it's kind of growing the
+shortest path from the back to
+
+the front, right?
+
+Breadth-first search works in
+the opposite direction.
+
+So the way that--
+
+well, first, is anyone confused
+
+by depth-first search?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So this line here--
+
+this is--
+
+well, this if statement
+first is checking to
+
+see that we've got--
+
+that one of our children
+has a shortest path.
+
+It's possible that none of our
+possible children leads to the
+
+goal node, so let's say that
+I have another kind
+
+of subgraph on here.
+
+When v2 is my start node,
+I'm still going to
+
+check these two children.
+
+And let's say that my goal node
+is to get to v8, right?
+
+Well, I'm still going to check
+to see what the shortest path
+
+is for both of these children.
+
+Well, once I use this is my
+start node, there's obviously
+
+no path to the actual goal
+node, so the depth-first
+
+search call, or the call to the
+shortest path, is going to
+
+return none in this case.
+
+And we need to check that, so
+that's what that bit of code
+
+is doing there.
+
+It's saying if there is a
+shortest path, then we're
+
+going to just add ourselves to
+the front of that shortest
+
+path, and return that
+as our answer.
+
+But if there is no
+shortest path
+
+from one of our children--
+
+from any of the children
+on the start node--
+
+to the goal node, then we're
+just going to return none as
+
+our answer because we can't
+get to the goal node from
+
+where we are.
+
+Did that work for you?
+
+So why don't we take a look
+at how this is working.
+
+So we're going to try DFS
+on undirected graph.
+
+And the code that does this is
+called Test 2 here, and all it
+
+does is, it creates a
+graph with 10 nodes.
+
+And, in this case, it's going
+to be an undirected graph.
+
+And we're going to create
+a bunch of edges.
+
+So--
+
+is that diagram you sent
+out, is that the
+
+representation of it?
+
+AUDIENCE: This is the code
+from lecture, Professor
+
+[INAUDIBLE] code.
+
+So it only uses 5 nodes.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we have this
+graph, and what we're going to
+
+do is use depth-first search to
+compute the shortest path
+
+from here to here.
+
+So this is showing the depth
+of the recursion, right?
+
+So we start off on node 0, and
+then it starts looking for the
+
+shortest path from 1 to 4.
+
+And at the same depth, it's
+going to try and find the
+
+shortest path from 2 to 4.
+
+So it starts out here, and
+then it asks what's the
+
+shortest path from 1 to 4, and
+then what's the shortest path
+
+from 2 to 4.
+
+And so when it's looking at 1,
+now it's going to ask what's
+
+the shortest path from--
+
+I want it to do that--
+
+Hey, Sarri?
+
+Is there a bug in your code?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there?
+
+PROFESSOR: So is this
+the lecture code?
+
+AUDIENCE: None of
+this is mine.
+
+I did the breadth-first
+search.
+
+This is the depth-first?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, because
+it seems like it's
+
+checking node 0 twice.
+
+AUDIENCE: It didn't
+do that on mine.
+
+PROFESSOR: So it's
+going from--
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, no-- because
+there's a directed-- is from 1
+
+to 0, right?
+
+Yes.
+
+So what it's doing-- what the
+code does is, it says--
+
+it does a depth-first, so first,
+it looks at node 0, and
+
+then it goes for child in--
+
+for all the children nodes.
+
+What's the first child
+of node 0?
+
+It's node 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, because 0 hasn't
+been added to the
+
+visited list.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+And then--
+
+PROFESSOR: And then it asks,
+what are all the children of--
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, no.
+
+The print statement comes
+before it discovers that
+
+checking node 0 is
+an invalid path.
+
+I forgot to add another
+print statement.
+
+If you go to the code--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So where are we at?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+So see how I have the
+very first at
+
+the top of the function?
+
+See how there's the
+if to print?
+
+I say that, but then there's
+this check here
+
+if it's not in visited.
+
+If it is in visited, there's no
+print statement that says--
+
+PROFESSOR: --that says that--
+you know-- it's--
+
+AUDIENCE: That-- yes.
+
+So, basically, what's happened
+is, when we do that second
+
+check where we end up finding
+the second path from 0 to 4,
+
+it ends up hitting that test
+that says, we've already
+
+visited node 0, so we
+don't continue that.
+
+PROFESSOR: I got it.
+
+I got it.
+
+That was just a little--
+
+AUDIENCE: There was no print
+statements in the code before,
+
+and I was having a really hard
+time figuring it out, and I
+
+did this, and this made
+it a lot more clear--
+
+I thought-- to try and figure
+out how the depth-first search
+
+was working.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I
+think so, too.
+
+It's just maybe we should
+add a couple extra--
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I agree.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry.
+
+I was perplexed-- because
+I'm like, uh-oh.
+
+So it's working correctly.
+
+Is there any confusion
+on depth-first
+
+search, in spite of that?
+
+OK.
+
+So let's start our breadth-first
+search.
+
+So you guys covered depth-first
+search in lecture,
+
+so we need to do breadth-first
+search.
+
+OK.
+
+So the idea behind breadth-first
+search is that
+
+instead of asking the question,
+what's the shortest
+
+path from v1 to v4 and adding
+ourselves to the front of
+
+that, to get the shortest path,
+we're going to build the
+
+paths from the start outward--
+
+or from the start forward--
+
+so, in this case, we're building
+the paths from the
+
+goal backward.
+
+In this case, we're going to
+say, I'm at v0, so my current
+
+partial path is v0.
+
+Then I'm going to look
+at v1 and v4.
+
+And so I'm going to have--
+
+I'm going to say, now, this
+is my list of partial
+
+paths to the goal.
+
+And then, for v1, I'm
+going to say--
+
+I'm going to ask what its
+neighbors are, and we have v2.
+
+And then, for v4, we're going
+to ask the same question.
+
+So now we're building
+our partial paths.
+
+So, conceptually, what we're
+doing is, we're just
+
+maintaining a list of all
+the paths that we--
+
+or all-- the history
+of nodes--
+
+or paths that we've been looking
+at and just kind of
+
+going out one by one by one.
+
+So if we look at this in
+code, shortest path--
+
+BFS--
+
+has a slightly different call
+signature than the DFS method.
+
+So we still get a graph, and
+then we get this variable
+
+called paths.
+
+And what paths contains is the
+partial path, or list of the
+
+partial paths of tuples.
+
+So the format of this is, each
+element has a list of the
+
+nodes in the path and
+then the length of
+
+that particular path.
+
+So we also have the goal node.
+
+And what we do--
+
+the first thing that happens is,
+this pass gets shorted--
+
+or sorted.
+
+So it's sorted by the
+length of the path.
+
+So is anyone puzzled by
+this lambda here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So when you call the sorted
+function, you
+
+can pass it a list.
+
+You can also pass it
+this key parameter.
+
+And this key parameter is a
+function that takes an object,
+
+and it'll return, kind
+of, the value
+
+associated with that object.
+
+So, in this case, each of
+these paths contain--
+
+each of the elements and
+paths contains a tuple.
+
+And what this key function does
+is, it says, each element
+
+in this path has got a value
+that is equal to the
+
+length of that path.
+
+And this length parameter--
+that's just the second element
+
+in the tuple, right?
+
+So when sorted does its work,
+it's going to call this key
+
+function on each element
+in path.
+
+And what this function has
+to do is return the value
+
+associated with that
+particular element.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is lambda just a key
+word that generates an effect?
+
+PROFESSOR: Lambda is
+what's known as
+
+an anonymous function.
+
+And he covered that in a
+lecture at one point.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Did he
+just use lambda?
+
+AUDIENCE: He blew
+past it, so--
+
+this is something
+called lambda.
+
+Ask your TAs.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, since I'm
+your TA and I'm here--
+
+so real briefly--
+
+lambda is a way of, kind of,
+doing really simple--
+
+not really simple functions--
+but it's a way of creating
+
+anonymous function.
+
+So let's say that I want
+to create a function
+
+that squares a number.
+
+This is exactly--
+
+well, not exactly-- but, it's
+equivalent to this.
+
+I can use g as a function just
+as easily as I can use h.
+
+That's all.
+
+And it's useful for situations
+where you have elements that
+
+don't have an order to find.
+
+So like, sorted needs to know a
+value of an element in order
+
+to put it in order-- in order
+to do the sorting, right?
+
+So that's what this function
+does, is it gives each element
+
+in that list a value so that
+the sorting can do its job.
+
+So the key that we want to sort
+on, or the item that we
+
+want to sort on, is the
+length the path.
+
+And the reason why we want to
+do that is, we're going to
+
+take the first partial path that
+exists in our paths, and
+
+for every node in
+the shortest--
+
+or for every node in the--
+
+for every child of the last node
+in this path, we want to
+
+check to see if it's the goal,
+and if it's not, then we're
+
+going to append a new partial
+path, which is the path that
+
+we're looking at, plus one
+of the children nodes.
+
+And then the length of
+the path to this
+
+value called new paths.
+
+So it's saying--
+
+this node that I'm
+looking at--
+
+let's say that this is
+my partial path.
+
+What it's doing is, it's looking
+at this last node in
+
+this path, and it's saying
+what are all the
+
+children of this node?
+
+And if none of the children are
+the goal node, then it's
+
+going to create a new set of
+paths that are composed of
+
+this path, plus all
+the children.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if v2 also went to
+v10, would the new path be
+
+easier [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+So we should probably
+get rid of this.
+
+The reason why breadth-first
+search has its name, is that
+
+it doesn't try to go towards
+the end immediately.
+
+It grows gradually.
+
+So if you can kind of envision
+a graph like this.
+
+Depth-first works by going--
+
+by proceeding down until it
+finds the goal node for each
+
+of the possible paths.
+
+Right?
+
+What breadth-first search does
+is, it starts at a node, and
+
+then it builds all the
+paths from that node.
+
+And then for each of these,
+it builds the paths.
+
+So that's what I'm saying when
+I say partial paths.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+It's a new partial path, so--
+
+AUDIENCE: So it would be v0,
+v1, v2, v4-- the next one.
+
+And v0, v2, v [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So let's say
+this is v0, v1, v2.
+
+Let's say that I have this
+partial path already.
+
+All right?
+
+When I build a new partial--
+
+when I'm looking at this path,
+which is what I'm doing when I
+
+pop it off the front of
+the list of paths
+
+that I already have--
+
+I'm going to look at
+all its children.
+
+So I'm going to look at these
+two nodes right here.
+
+And then I'm going to say--
+let's say that my goal node is
+
+here, and then I'm going
+to say that these
+
+aren't my goal nodes.
+
+So I'm going to create new
+partial paths, and one of them
+
+is going to be v0,
+v1, v2, and v4.
+
+So I already have that.
+
+And the other partial
+path is going to be
+
+v0, v1, v2, and v5.
+
+AUDIENCE: You just find every
+single possible path to get
+
+the tuples [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Until you reach
+the goal node.
+
+So with depth-first search,
+you do have to--
+
+well, no, not even with
+depth-first search.
+
+There's some interesting
+properties about the different
+
+searches, but we just want you
+to be familiar with how they
+
+go about doing their task.
+
+So the idea is that we start
+off with a partial path--
+
+just this guy--
+
+and then we find all the
+other partial paths.
+
+So it'll start off with
+just this guy
+
+as its list of paths--
+
+so one element--
+
+and then it's going to pop
+this off the front.
+
+It's going to say, OK, I'm
+looking at this partial path.
+
+What are the additional paths
+that I can build off of this?
+
+And I can build four additional
+paths off of this.
+
+So now I have a set of four
+paths that I want to look at.
+
+And then it takes a look at,
+say, this partial path of v0,
+
+v1, and it says, what are the
+paths that I can build off of
+
+this, and then adds
+it to the end.
+
+And then it says, what are
+the paths that I can
+
+build off of this guy--
+
+adds those to the end-- what are
+the paths that I get from
+
+this guy-- adds those to the
+end, and so on and so forth.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you keep track
+of all the paths that you
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Oh, OK.
+
+Is that what you meant?
+
+AUDIENCE: You hit a node-- and
+there's another possible
+
+thing-- but if you don't hit a
+node-- if there's some paths
+
+somewhere else in the graph,
+then it doesn't
+
+ever reach into that.
+
+It just doesn't account
+for it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, I mean, it is
+possible for breadth-first
+
+search to go find nodes that
+don't reach the goal, but
+
+what's going to happen
+in those cases is,
+
+they're going to--
+
+so let's say that there's such
+a path at the front of this
+
+paths list, and it doesn't
+have any children.
+
+So you can't go anywhere after
+you've gotten to this node.
+
+Then what's going to happen is
+this for loop's not going to
+
+execute, right?-- because
+it has no children.
+
+And so it's just going to be
+discarded as a possibility.
+
+So I mean, the key thing is that
+you're generating these
+
+new partial paths for every node
+that you're looking at.
+
+And you're adding those to a
+list or a queue of partial
+
+paths that you need to examine
+in the future if you don't
+
+find your goal.
+
+If you do find a partial path
+that has a child that is the
+
+goal, then you can just
+immediately return that path
+
+because you know it's going
+to be the shortest
+
+path, in this case.
+
+So--
+
+I don't know.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what happens when
+you find two partial paths
+
+that both reach?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, then it depends
+on which one appears
+
+first in your list.
+
+So you're asking--
+
+let's do something
+really simple--
+
+if I have--
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK.
+
+So that makes sense.
+
+PROFESSOR: So at some point,
+you're going to have a partial
+
+path right here, or a list of
+partial paths that consist of
+
+v0, v1, and then v0 and v2.
+
+Whichever path you ultimately
+wind up returning is going to
+
+be dependent on whether or not
+this one comes first in your
+
+list of partial paths to check,
+or this one comes first
+
+in your list of partial
+paths to check.
+
+Did that kind of answer it?
+
+So is everyone good on
+breadth-first search,
+
+conceptually?
+
+Is the code flummoxing anyone?
+
+AUDIENCE: How do you find which
+one is the shortest?
+
+PROFESSOR: If you're building
+your partial path--
+
+so you've popped off this path
+that you're examining--
+
+and you look at all its
+children, and one of the
+
+children is a goal node, then
+you know that you've found the
+
+shortest path, right?--
+
+because you've been building
+this incrementally,
+
+one by one by one.
+
+And then if you've found the
+goal node, then you know to--
+
+you know, you already built up
+the shortest path possible.
+
+Because if the goal node had
+been on a shorter path before,
+
+you would have found
+it already.
+
+AUDIENCE: That would be a
+different scenario if that
+
+path were weighted.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, if the paths
+are weighted, then it's a
+
+little different because
+here, we're just
+
+doing shortest path.
+
+What you're talking about is
+doing a least cost path, in
+
+which case the main difference
+would be how it sorts its list
+
+of candidate paths, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Hmm?
+
+AUDIENCE: When it does sort it,
+it would say, keep this
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] path
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So in this case, our lambda
+function is saying that we're
+
+going to sort these lists
+based on their length.
+
+But if I wanted to say, sort
+them based on the sum of their
+
+weights, then I would have a
+function that sums up the
+
+weights on that path and uses
+that in the sorting in order
+
+to select the next partial
+path to search.
+
+AUDIENCE: Although, in that
+case, you'd actually have to
+
+ennumerate every single possible
+path, to show you
+
+found the lowest cost path.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because doesn't--
+
+I might understand this-- is
+that you find all the paths of
+
+length one through a certain
+point and all the
+
+paths of length 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: And so if you're
+worried about cost, it's
+
+possible-- in principal-- that
+your longest path is your
+
+lowest cost path.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait.
+
+You're not sorting it
+by length then.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+PROFESSOR: But what he's saying
+is that because you're
+
+growing it by one each time,
+then it's possible that--
+
+let's say that I have partial
+paths of length 2, but my
+
+least cost path is actually of
+length 5, then even if one of
+
+these nodes reaches--
+
+like, say that v2 reaches the
+goal before the actual least
+
+cost path, then you
+can't stop.
+
+You do have to integrate
+through all of them.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, you just
+sort it by cost.
+
+I think that it's a better
+example to say that if you
+
+have one partial path
+that has cost 7 ...
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+actually, wait.
+
+No.
+
+You're actually right.
+
+Because if you sort it by cost,
+then your least cost
+
+path is going to be in front
+of your queue all the time.
+
+AUDIENCE: No, I don't
+think that's true.
+
+Because imagine this--
+
+imagine you had a graph
+that was like-- this
+
+is your start node.
+
+This is your end node,
+and you go like
+
+this, this, this, this.
+
+And so you make a breadth-first,
+where you go to
+
+this node and this node, and the
+cost of this is 1 and the
+
+cost of this is 8.
+
+The cost of this is 20 and
+the cost of this is 1.
+
+This is your shortest path, or
+this is your cheapest path,
+
+but when you add them-- they're
+both of length 1--
+
+so you explore this one first
+because it's the cheapest at a
+
+cost of 1, but the total
+cost is 21 to
+
+continue from this node.
+
+But the total cost is
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] that node.
+
+So I think that he's right.
+
+Right?
+
+I thought you had to expand all
+nodes when you're doing
+
+breadth-first.
+
+That's why you do, like,
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+But, yes.
+
+For weights you have to
+expand all of them.
+
+PROFESSOR: So--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Possibly, yes.
+
+I'm blanking on the answer.
+
+But in this case, we don't have
+to enumerate all paths.
+
+AUDIENCE: We're just looking for
+the shortest path-- we can
+
+just find the shortest path.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+But if you're incorporating
+costs, then you would use a
+
+different algorithm, so it'd be,
+like, actual shortest path
+
+algorithm or something
+like that.
+
+So why don't we just run this.
+
+AUDIENCE: So is one better
+than the other, when you
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: They have different
+running characteristics.
+
+It really depends on
+your application.
+
+The nice thing about depth-first
+search is that
+
+it's fairly memory efficient
+because with breadth-first
+
+search, you're storing all
+the possible paths--
+
+all the possible
+partial paths.
+
+With depth-first search, you
+only have one path and memory
+
+at a given point, right?
+
+You have the path that you've
+already found from one of your
+
+children to the end
+node, plus 1.
+
+But with the breadth-first
+search, you're going to have a
+
+list of all the partial
+paths that you
+
+have to search through.
+
+So let's see.
+
+This doesn't make sense.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't think it
+matches the picture.
+
+AUDIENCE: [0, 4] is
+a path, isn't it?
+
+From the graph?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Yes.
+
+No, it's not matching
+the picture.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Is what?
+
+AUDIENCE: It was undirected.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, it was an
+undirected graph-- that's why.
+
+So if we run it directed,
+let's see what happens.
+
+AUDIENCE: 0 to 4 is still
+in the graph.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+You are absolutely right.
+
+Oh, you know what's going
+on-- it's running both.
+
+It's running the depth-first
+search.
+
+AUDIENCE: No, it's running
+both the directed and the
+
+undirected.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, it's
+also running the
+
+depth-first search as well.
+
+That was my question, because
+I was looking at this, and I
+
+was, like, that's not
+breadth-first search, that's
+
+depth-first search.
+
+This, on the other hand, is
+breadth-first search.
+
+So there we go.
+
+So if we have a graph--
+and let's see--
+
+so it starts off with node 0,
+and then it builds a new list
+
+of partial paths with [0, 1],
+[0, 2], so it's got, in this
+
+case, this partial path and
+then this partial path.
+
+And then it expands
+one of them.
+
+So, in this case,
+I guess [0, 1]
+
+was the path that was first
+on the list, right?
+
+So it's going to expand the
+children of 1, which is just 2
+
+and itself.
+
+But it's going to
+avoid cycles.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yes.
+
+And then it's going to expand
+this partial path-- the [0, 2]
+
+--
+
+because it's the shortest one,
+and it's going to add that new
+
+partial path to the end.
+
+And then it's going to expand
+this guy, and add the
+
+expansion here, and then it's
+going to expand this guy.
+
+And it turns out that one of
+the children of 3 is 4.
+
+So it's found the shortest
+path from 0 to 4.
+
+Make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: So, can you go
+back to [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+Then why does it say
+[0, 2, 3] then?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's the
+representation in the pass
+
+list, so each element in
+the path's list is
+
+represented as a tuple.
+
+The first element is the list
+of nodes on that path, and
+
+then the second element is
+the length of that path.
+
+And that's why we had that
+lambda function in the first
+
+place, right?
+
+So if you read the specification
+here, you have
+
+path length, and then
+you have the nodes
+
+that are on that path.
+
+And when we sort the path list--
+because we need to make
+
+sure that we're looking
+at the shortest path--
+
+then we use this lambda function
+in order to get that
+
+length for each tuple.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/b2VMwG1MTHg.txt b/b2VMwG1MTHg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8d8000a9d8ff75aac03e5e4af75d09b557a2339
--- /dev/null
+++ b/b2VMwG1MTHg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway today is gonna be a lot lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway today is gonna be a lot lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway today is gonna be a lot lighter
+than the past few days which have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the past few days which have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the past few days which have been
+heavy on theory and new stuff and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy on theory and new stuff and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy on theory and new stuff and I want
+to focus today on what can you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus today on what can you do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus today on what can you do with
+the photon and ion interactions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon and ion interactions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon and ion interactions with
+matter so we're gonna go through a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so we're gonna go through a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so we're gonna go through a whole
+bunch of different analytical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different analytical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different analytical and
+materials characterization techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials characterization techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials characterization techniques
+that use the stuff that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use the stuff that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use the stuff that we've been
+learning and see what you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and see what you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and see what you can actually
+do and I'll be drawing from examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and I'll be drawing from examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and I'll be drawing from examples
+from the open literature from textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the open literature from textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the open literature from textbooks
+and from my own work so stuff I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from my own work so stuff I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from my own work so stuff I was
+doing here on my PhD thesis there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here on my PhD thesis there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here on my PhD thesis there's
+actually a direct result of what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a direct result of what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a direct result of what we do
+here in 2201 so a quick review just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in 2201 so a quick review just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in 2201 so a quick review just to
+get it all on the board of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it all on the board of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it all on the board of what we've
+been looking at make sure I don't hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking at make sure I don't hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking at make sure I don't hit
+anyone the way in we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone the way in we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone the way in we talked about
+different photon interactions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different photon interactions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different photon interactions which
+include the photoelectric effect let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the photoelectric effect let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the photoelectric effect let's
+say this will be the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this will be the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this will be the energy of the
+scattered whatever and this will be its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered whatever and this will be its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered whatever and this will be its
+cross section we talked about Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section we talked about Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section we talked about Compton
+scattering we talked about payer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering we talked about payer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering we talked about payer
+production for the photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production for the photoelectric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production for the photoelectric effect
+the energy of the photoelectron comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the photoelectron comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the photoelectron comes
+off like the energy of the gamma ray -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off like the energy of the gamma ray -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off like the energy of the gamma ray -
+some very small difference the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very small difference the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very small difference the binding
+energy of the electron let's just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electron let's just call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electron let's just call
+it EB and this elects and this effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it EB and this elects and this effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it EB and this elects and this effect
+starts when you hit what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts when you hit what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts when you hit what's called the
+work function I'm just going to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work function I'm just going to put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work function I'm just going to put this
+all up there so when we explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up there so when we explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up there so when we explain the
+analytical techniques we can point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical techniques we can point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical techniques we can point to
+different bits of this and explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bits of this and explain why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bits of this and explain why
+we use these different things the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use these different things the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use these different things the cross
+section I made sure to keep this handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section I made sure to keep this handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section I made sure to keep this handy
+so I don't want to lose it strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to lose it strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to lose it strongly
+proportional with Z so the cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional with Z so the cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional with Z so the cross section
+comes out okay you need another line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out okay you need another line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out okay you need another line
+what was it proportional to oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it proportional to oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it proportional to oh yeah
+this is nuts it's like Z to the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nuts it's like Z to the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nuts it's like Z to the fifth
+over energy to the seven-halves which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over energy to the seven-halves which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over energy to the seven-halves which
+says that for higher Z materials the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that for higher Z materials the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that for higher Z materials the
+photoelectron yield is much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectron yield is much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectron yield is much much
+stronger and it's way more likely at way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger and it's way more likely at way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger and it's way more likely at way
+lower energy so you can imagine if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy so you can imagine if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy so you can imagine if you
+wanted to use this in an analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use this in an analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use this in an analytical
+technique and you want to study which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and you want to study which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and you want to study which
+photo electrons come from which elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo electrons come from which elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo electrons come from which elements
+you might think to use a low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think to use a low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think to use a low energy
+photon to excite them not a high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon to excite them not a high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon to excite them not a high energy
+photon because like we had done a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon because like we had done a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon because like we had done a couple
+times before if we draw our energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before if we draw our energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before if we draw our energy
+versus major cross-section range we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus major cross-section range we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus major cross-section range we had
+a graph that looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph that looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph that looks something like this
+where this was the photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was Compton scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Compton scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Compton scattering
+this is payer production and so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is payer production and so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is payer production and so by
+knowing what energy and oh I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what energy and oh I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what energy and oh I'm sorry
+that's supposed to be Z and this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to be Z and this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to be Z and this would
+give you the dominant the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the dominant the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the dominant the dominant
+process at each the combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at each the combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at each the combination of
+energy and Z so if you know what energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and Z so if you know what energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and Z so if you know what energy
+photons you've got and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons you've got and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons you've got and what you're
+looking for oh there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for oh there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for oh there you go
+let's see what was the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what was the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what was the energy of the
+Compton electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton electron
+I remember the wavelength formula ah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember the wavelength formula ah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember the wavelength formula ah it
+was like alpha one minus cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like alpha one minus cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like alpha one minus cosine theta
+over let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another one minus cosine theta in came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one minus cosine theta in came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one minus cosine theta in came
+the gamma ray energy what was the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamma ray energy what was the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamma ray energy what was the part
+that came beforehand that's why I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came beforehand that's why I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came beforehand that's why I have
+this here cuz I don't want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here cuz I don't want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here cuz I don't want to write
+anything wrong it's good to have it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything wrong it's good to have it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything wrong it's good to have it all
+up there at once one yeah that's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there at once one yeah that's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there at once one yeah that's all I
+was missing cool and the cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was missing cool and the cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was missing cool and the cross-section
+for Compton scattering scaled something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Compton scattering scaled something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Compton scattering scaled something
+like Z over energy something pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Z over energy something pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Z over energy something pretty
+simple not nearly as strong as pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple not nearly as strong as pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple not nearly as strong as pair
+production or photoelectric effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production or photoelectric effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production or photoelectric effect so
+you can think Compton scattering happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think Compton scattering happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think Compton scattering happens
+much more dominantly at low Z or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more dominantly at low Z or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more dominantly at low Z or the
+other two don't really happen that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two don't really happen that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two don't really happen that much
+at low Z whichever way you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low Z whichever way you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low Z whichever way you want to think
+of it and for pair production you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and for pair production you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and for pair production you get a
+whole mess of stuff you get positrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mess of stuff you get positrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mess of stuff you get positrons
+coming out you get a bunch of 511 ke V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out you get a bunch of 511 ke V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out you get a bunch of 511 ke V
+gamma rays and all sorts of other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays and all sorts of other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays and all sorts of other things
+you can detect and the cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can detect and the cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can detect and the cross section
+this one's got the funny scaling term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's like Z squared log energy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's like Z squared log energy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's like Z squared log energy over
+m ec squared so some Z squared kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m ec squared so some Z squared kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m ec squared so some Z squared kind of
+dependence so let's keep those up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence so let's keep those up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence so let's keep those up for
+now let's get the electron ones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah was it Z squared let me check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah was it Z squared let me check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah was it Z squared let me check
+no that's a C yeah yeah I'll just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's a C yeah yeah I'll just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's a C yeah yeah I'll just make
+sure that's a clearly a C squared so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that's a clearly a C squared so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that's a clearly a C squared so now
+for let's call it charged particle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's call it charged particle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's call it charged particle or
+just more generally ion electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just more generally ion electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just more generally ion electron
+interactions since these are fresher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions since these are fresher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions since these are fresher
+more fresh in our head what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fresh in our head what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fresh in our head what are the
+three ways in which charged particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways in which charged particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways in which charged particles
+can interact with matter that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interact with matter that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interact with matter that we talked
+about just rattle off any one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah bremsstrahlung are radiative what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah bremsstrahlung are radiative what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah bremsstrahlung are radiative what
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+is what ionization which we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what ionization which we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what ionization which we'll call
+inelastic collisions and yep Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic collisions and yep Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic collisions and yep Rutherford
+scattering which are kind of elastic are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering which are kind of elastic are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering which are kind of elastic are
+hard sphere collisions and if we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard sphere collisions and if we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard sphere collisions and if we had to
+make kind of a table of when do we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make kind of a table of when do we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make kind of a table of when do we care
+about which effect let's say this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which effect let's say this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which effect let's say this was an
+ion or electron scattering off of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion or electron scattering off of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion or electron scattering off of either
+electrons or nuclei in either elastic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or nuclei in either elastic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or nuclei in either elastic or
+inelastic ways first of all when can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic ways first of all when can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic ways first of all when can
+when do we actually care about elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do we actually care about elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do we actually care about elastic
+scattering off of electrons which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off of electrons which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off of electrons which would
+be hard sphere collisions off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard sphere collisions off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard sphere collisions off of
+electrons to help to help get you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to help to help get you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to help to help get you going
+in an elastic collision the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an elastic collision the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an elastic collision the maximum
+energy transfer can be this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer can be this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer can be this formula
+gamma times the incoming energy where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times the incoming energy where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times the incoming energy where
+gamma is four times the incoming mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is four times the incoming mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is four times the incoming mass
+times the mass of whatever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the mass of whatever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the mass of whatever you're
+hitting over m plus Big M squared let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting over m plus Big M squared let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting over m plus Big M squared let's
+say if one of these masses was mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if one of these masses was mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if one of these masses was mass of
+an electron what is gamma approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron what is gamma approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron what is gamma approximately
+equal for most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's say this was like electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's say this was like electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's say this was like electrons
+scattering off of protons or vice-versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off of protons or vice-versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off of protons or vice-versa
+how much energy could an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy could an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy could an electron
+transfer to a proton in an elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to a proton in an elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to a proton in an elastic
+collision basically zero the only time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision basically zero the only time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision basically zero the only time
+which this actually matters is if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this actually matters is if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this actually matters is if it's
+an electron hitting another electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron hitting another electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron hitting another electron in
+which case you can have pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case you can have pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case you can have pretty
+significant energy transfer so I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant energy transfer so I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant energy transfer so I'd say
+for elastic collisions off of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for elastic collisions off of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for elastic collisions off of electrons
+you only care about those four other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only care about those four other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only care about those four other
+electrons and I'm gonna put in low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and I'm gonna put in low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and I'm gonna put in low
+energy electrons why do we only care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy electrons why do we only care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy electrons why do we only care
+about them for low energy electrons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them for low energy electrons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them for low energy electrons or
+in other words what are the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what are the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what are the other
+methods of stopping power or interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods of stopping power or interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods of stopping power or interaction
+yeah Chris exactly yeah we already saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Chris exactly yeah we already saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Chris exactly yeah we already saw
+that bremsstrahlung that the radiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bremsstrahlung that the radiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bremsstrahlung that the radiated
+power scales with something like Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power scales with something like Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power scales with something like Z
+squared over m squared so with a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over m squared so with a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over m squared so with a really
+small mass and a really high Z and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small mass and a really high Z and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small mass and a really high Z and also
+a higher energy you end up radiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher energy you end up radiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher energy you end up radiating
+most of that power away as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of that power away as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of that power away as
+bremsstrahlung and there's not much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung and there's not much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung and there's not much of a
+chance of elastic collision so we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of elastic collision so we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of elastic collision so we only
+care about low energy electrons when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about low energy electrons when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about low energy electrons when it
+comes to elastic collisions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to elastic collisions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to elastic collisions with
+electrons for inelastic collisions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons for inelastic collisions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons for inelastic collisions with
+electrons well that's the hollow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons well that's the hollow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons well that's the hollow
+cylinder derivation that we had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder derivation that we had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder derivation that we had done
+from before where you have some particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before where you have some particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before where you have some particle
+with a mass m and a charge little ze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mass m and a charge little ze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mass m and a charge little ze
+getting slightly deflected by feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting slightly deflected by feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting slightly deflected by feeling
+the pull depending on what charge it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pull depending on what charge it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pull depending on what charge it is
+it could be towards or away of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be towards or away of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be towards or away of that
+electron away from some impact parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron away from some impact parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron away from some impact parameter
+B so we care about this pretty much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we care about this pretty much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we care about this pretty much all
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+electrons and ions or stripped bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and ions or stripped bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and ions or stripped bare
+nuclei actually matter in this case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei actually matter in this case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei actually matter in this case for
+elastic collisions off of nuclei this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collisions off of nuclei this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collisions off of nuclei this is
+what Rutherford scattering is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Rutherford scattering is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Rutherford scattering is it's a
+simple hard simple hard sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple hard simple hard sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple hard simple hard sphere
+collisions so this matter is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions so this matter is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions so this matter is pretty much
+all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+what about inelastic collisions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about inelastic collisions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about inelastic collisions with
+nuclei what is an inelastic collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei what is an inelastic collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei what is an inelastic collision
+actually mean with a nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not so fusion could be one of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so fusion could be one of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so fusion could be one of them but
+let's let's go more generally we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's go more generally we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's go more generally we have
+some nuclear reaction where it's the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nuclear reaction where it's the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nuclear reaction where it's the old
+thing that I keep drawing all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I keep drawing all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I keep drawing all the time
+of some little nucleus striking a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some little nucleus striking a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some little nucleus striking a large
+nucleus in an inelastic collision this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in an inelastic collision this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in an inelastic collision this
+is the case we haven't considered yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case we haven't considered yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case we haven't considered yet
+but I want to show you what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to show you what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to show you what actually
+happens in an inelastic collision these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in an inelastic collision these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in an inelastic collision these
+two nuclei joined together to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei joined together to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei joined together to form
+what's called a compound nucleus or CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a compound nucleus or CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a compound nucleus or CN
+at which point it breaks apart in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which point it breaks apart in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which point it breaks apart in some
+other way so there might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way so there might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way so there might be some
+different small particle and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different small particle and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different small particle and some
+different large particle coming off but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different large particle coming off but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different large particle coming off but
+in an inelastic collision it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an inelastic collision it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an inelastic collision it's almost
+like the incoming particle is absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the incoming particle is absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the incoming particle is absorbed
+and something else is remit 'add it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something else is remit 'add it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something else is remit 'add it
+could be that same particle at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that same particle at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that same particle at a
+different energy and it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy and it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy and it could be a
+different energy altogether so yeah I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy altogether so yeah I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy altogether so yeah I'd
+say fusion is an example it's kicked off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say fusion is an example it's kicked off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say fusion is an example it's kicked off
+by an inelastic collision because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an inelastic collision because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an inelastic collision because you've
+got to have some sort of absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have some sort of absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have some sort of absorption
+event of the small nucleus by the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of the small nucleus by the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of the small nucleus by the big
+nucleus and then maybe if it fuses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and then maybe if it fuses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and then maybe if it fuses and
+just stays that way it releases a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stays that way it releases a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stays that way it releases a ton of
+its binding energy well that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its binding energy well that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its binding energy well that's pretty
+cool so these actually do matter but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so these actually do matter but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so these actually do matter but not
+for all energies in all cases so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all energies in all cases so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all energies in all cases so let's
+go back to the Janus database of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the Janus database of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the Janus database of
+cross-sections to see when inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections to see when inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections to see when inelastic
+scattering actually matters bring us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering actually matters bring us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering actually matters bring us
+back to normal size and we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to normal size and we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to normal size and we'll look at
+some of the cross-sections to see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the cross-sections to see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the cross-sections to see when
+do we actually care about inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we actually care about inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we actually care about inelastic
+scattering so we haven't selected a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so we haven't selected a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so we haven't selected a
+database yet let's say we're firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database yet let's say we're firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database yet let's say we're firing
+protons at things and we'll pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons at things and we'll pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons at things and we'll pick a
+database that actually has some elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that actually has some elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that actually has some elements
+listed not a lot but iron that works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed not a lot but iron that works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed not a lot but iron that works so
+we can look at the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the difference between
+the elastic scattering cross-section and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elastic scattering cross-section and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elastic scattering cross-section and
+the anything cross-section so the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anything cross-section so the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anything cross-section so the red
+curve here and I make it thicker easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here and I make it thicker easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here and I make it thicker easily
+probably oh yeah I can make it thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably oh yeah I can make it thicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably oh yeah I can make it thicker
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+so it's easier to see plotz wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easier to see plotz wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easier to see plotz wait
+aha that's not what I wanted I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha that's not what I wanted I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha that's not what I wanted I'm not
+gonna mess around in this anymore can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna mess around in this anymore can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna mess around in this anymore can
+you guys see the two lines okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys see the two lines okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys see the two lines okay so this
+is the elastic scattering cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the elastic scattering cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the elastic scattering cross-section
+kind of funny to see it negative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funny to see it negative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funny to see it negative but
+then there's the anything cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the anything cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the anything cross-section
+which picks up at around three MeV or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picks up at around three MeV or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picks up at around three MeV or so
+and it usually takes somewhere between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it usually takes somewhere between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it usually takes somewhere between
+one and ten MeV for inelastic scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and ten MeV for inelastic scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and ten MeV for inelastic scattering
+to quote-unquote turn on and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quote-unquote turn on and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quote-unquote turn on and that's
+because you have to be able to excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to be able to excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to be able to excite
+the nucleus to some next energy level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus to some next energy level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus to some next energy level so
+sending in a proton at like 0.01 MeV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending in a proton at like 0.01 MeV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending in a proton at like 0.01 MeV is
+not going to excite any of the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to excite any of the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to excite any of the internal
+particles to a higher energy level so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to a higher energy level so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to a higher energy level so if
+you want to see some pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see some pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see some pretty interesting
+cases let's go to incident Neutron data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases let's go to incident Neutron data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases let's go to incident Neutron data
+where we have a ton of this data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll show you some examples yeah we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you some examples yeah we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you some examples yeah we got
+lots more data for neutrons so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots more data for neutrons so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots more data for neutrons so now we
+can look at some of these cross-sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this Z and prime let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this Z and prime let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this Z and prime let's take a look
+at what that looks like that means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what that looks like that means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what that looks like that means a
+neutron comes in different Neutron comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron comes in different Neutron comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron comes in different Neutron comes
+out notice that the scale only starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out notice that the scale only starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out notice that the scale only starts at
+862 ke V so let's make it something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+862 ke V so let's make it something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+862 ke V so let's make it something else
+oh my look at that nothing going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my look at that nothing going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my look at that nothing going on
+until you reach almost 1 MeV which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reach almost 1 MeV which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reach almost 1 MeV which means
+hey an elastic scattering doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey an elastic scattering doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey an elastic scattering doesn't really
+turn on until that so I would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on until that so I would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on until that so I would say that
+this can matter but for higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collisions so yeah it matters pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions so yeah it matters pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions so yeah it matters pretty
+much all the time but higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all the time but higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all the time but higher energy
+collisions and there's actually yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and there's actually yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and there's actually yeah
+only for low energy electrons yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for low energy electrons yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for low energy electrons yeah so
+for the that's the refer that the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the that's the refer that the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the that's the refer that the sort
+of compound reason that I and Chris said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compound reason that I and Chris said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compound reason that I and Chris said
+one is that you can't transfer much mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that you can't transfer much mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that you can't transfer much mass
+in an elastic collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an elastic collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an elastic collision
+I'm sorry much energy in an elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry much energy in an elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry much energy in an elastic
+collision unless the masses are close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision unless the masses are close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision unless the masses are close
+enough to each other and two at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to each other and two at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to each other and two at higher
+energies the electron radiates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies the electron radiates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies the electron radiates
+bremsstrahlung much much much faster as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung much much much faster as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung much much much faster as
+we saw at around 10 MeV bremsstrahlung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw at around 10 MeV bremsstrahlung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw at around 10 MeV bremsstrahlung
+and inelastic scattering give about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inelastic scattering give about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inelastic scattering give about
+equal contributions to the stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal contributions to the stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal contributions to the stopping
+power for Heisey materials like lead so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for Heisey materials like lead so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for Heisey materials like lead so
+once you're down and let's say like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're down and let's say like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're down and let's say like the
+KETV range yeah electron elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KETV range yeah electron elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KETV range yeah electron elastic
+collisions might matter so we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions might matter so we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions might matter so we talked
+about those three now I think we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those three now I think we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those three now I think we can
+launch into the analytical technique so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch into the analytical technique so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch into the analytical technique so
+for the rest of the lecture today it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the lecture today it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the lecture today it's
+all gonna be what can you do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gonna be what can you do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gonna be what can you do with the
+stuff that we've been learning since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we've been learning since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we've been learning since the
+first exam I know it hasn't been long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exam I know it hasn't been long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exam I know it hasn't been long
+since but we've actually learned a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since but we've actually learned a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since but we've actually learned a ton
+and I want to show you what's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to show you what's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to show you what's actually
+possible and this is not gonna be with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and this is not gonna be with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and this is not gonna be with
+slides it's all live from websites that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides it's all live from websites that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides it's all live from websites that
+I'd love for you guys to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd love for you guys to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd love for you guys to be able to
+follow a long way there check out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a long way there check out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a long way there check out at
+home so I'm going to show you an awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home so I'm going to show you an awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home so I'm going to show you an awesome
+resource through the MIT libraries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource through the MIT libraries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource through the MIT libraries and
+how to get there if you go to veera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get there if you go to veera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get there if you go to veera
+mit.edu there's a great tool called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu there's a great tool called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu there's a great tool called the
+ASM handbook you can see I've been there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASM handbook you can see I've been there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASM handbook you can see I've been there
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's the ASM handbooks online and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the ASM handbooks online and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the ASM handbooks online and
+this is kind of that's everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of that's everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of that's everything to
+know about material science metallurgy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about material science metallurgy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about material science metallurgy
+and analytical techniques absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analytical techniques absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analytical techniques absolutely
+everything from corrosion to fracked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from corrosion to fracked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from corrosion to fracked
+ography to characterization to structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ography to characterization to structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ography to characterization to structure
+of materials to where you can find every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials to where you can find every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials to where you can find every
+single alloy to binary phase diagrams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single alloy to binary phase diagrams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single alloy to binary phase diagrams of
+how things mix and we're gonna head to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things mix and we're gonna head to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things mix and we're gonna head to
+one of these handbooks number nine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these handbooks number nine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these handbooks number nine or
+ten materials characterization because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten materials characterization because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten materials characterization because
+with the stuff that's on this board you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the stuff that's on this board you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the stuff that's on this board you
+can understand how most materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand how most materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand how most materials
+characterization techniques work and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization techniques work and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization techniques work and I
+want to show you a few of them one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you a few of them one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you a few of them one of
+which no two of which we're gonna demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which no two of which we're gonna demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which no two of which we're gonna demo
+out next Friday's recitation so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out next Friday's recitation so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out next Friday's recitation so I think
+I told you guys in the syllabus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you guys in the syllabus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you guys in the syllabus and
+probably in person that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in person that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in person that we're going to
+try out some scanning electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try out some scanning electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try out some scanning electron
+microscopy and some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy and some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy and some energy
+dispersive x-ray or EDX analysis so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive x-ray or EDX analysis so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive x-ray or EDX analysis so with
+the x-ray transition stuff you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-ray transition stuff you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-ray transition stuff you've
+learned you actually know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned you actually know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned you actually know how to
+elementally analyze different materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementally analyze different materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementally analyze different materials
+and with scanning electron microscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with scanning electron microscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with scanning electron microscopy
+you can get some idea about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get some idea about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get some idea about how
+electrons can make images much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can make images much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can make images much better
+than optical images so let's head to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than optical images so let's head to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than optical images so let's head to
+electron optical methods scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron optical methods scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron optical methods scanning
+electron microscopy and show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron microscopy and show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron microscopy and show you what
+one of these things actually looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things actually looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things actually looks like
+let's take a look at an SEM or scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at an SEM or scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at an SEM or scanning
+electron microscope so up at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron microscope so up at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron microscope so up at the top
+there's a device called the electron gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a device called the electron gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a device called the electron gun
+for now just imagine it's a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now just imagine it's a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now just imagine it's a source of
+electrons but in a few minutes we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but in a few minutes we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but in a few minutes we'll
+actually explain how it works using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explain how it works using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explain how it works using the
+principle of thermionic emission which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of thermionic emission which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of thermionic emission which
+we talked about last Friday you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last Friday you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last Friday you've got
+some electronic lenses some focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some electronic lenses some focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some electronic lenses some focusing
+coils that cause this beam to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils that cause this beam to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils that cause this beam to get
+focused further and further so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused further and further so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused further and further so let's say
+you have this electron filament giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this electron filament giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this electron filament giving
+off electrons in all directions when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off electrons in all directions when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off electrons in all directions when you
+see boxes with X's like this on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see boxes with X's like this on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see boxes with X's like this on an
+electron optics diagram it usually means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron optics diagram it usually means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron optics diagram it usually means
+this is like a focusing coil of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a focusing coil of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a focusing coil of some
+sort so that will cause the electrons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so that will cause the electrons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so that will cause the electrons to
+get bent and focused there'll be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bent and focused there'll be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bent and focused there'll be another
+set of coils that focuses them further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of coils that focuses them further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of coils that focuses them further
+and some scanning coils that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some scanning coils that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some scanning coils that actually
+raster or XY scan this beam across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raster or XY scan this beam across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raster or XY scan this beam across the
+surface of a material and so in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a material and so in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a material and so in this way
+what you're actually doing is putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're actually doing is putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're actually doing is putting
+the electron beam at one part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron beam at one part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron beam at one part of your
+material and then with another detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and then with another detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and then with another detector
+let's call it a secondary electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it a secondary electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it a secondary electron
+detector looking at the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector looking at the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector looking at the electrons
+produced from collisions with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced from collisions with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced from collisions with those
+other electrons that then get detected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electrons that then get detected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electrons that then get detected
+here and the number of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the number of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the number of electrons
+produced at any point gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced at any point gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced at any point gives you the
+brightness of the image that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness of the image that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness of the image that's kind of
+as simple as it is despite how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as it is despite how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as it is despite how
+complicated this diagram looks there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated this diagram looks there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated this diagram looks there's
+an electron source there's coils that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron source there's coils that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron source there's coils that
+scan it back and forth like has anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan it back and forth like has anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan it back and forth like has anyone
+ever seen the old cathode ray tube or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen the old cathode ray tube or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen the old cathode ray tube or
+CRT televisions there's gonna be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRT televisions there's gonna be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRT televisions there's gonna be this
+kind of come a day when that answer's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of come a day when that answer's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of come a day when that answer's no
+and I'm kind of worried for that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm kind of worried for that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm kind of worried for that because
+the day that's the day I'll officially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day that's the day I'll officially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day that's the day I'll officially
+become old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become old
+but for now everyone's seen a CRT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now everyone's seen a CRT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now everyone's seen a CRT and
+not actually word the way that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually word the way that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually word the way that actually
+works that there's an electron gun that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that there's an electron gun that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that there's an electron gun that
+fires and scans left to right and up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires and scans left to right and up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires and scans left to right and up to
+down or raster's and produces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or raster's and produces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or raster's and produces that
+electron image in an SEM you use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron image in an SEM you use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron image in an SEM you use an
+electron gun kind of similar and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron gun kind of similar and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron gun kind of similar and then
+collect the electrons generated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the electrons generated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the electrons generated in the
+specimen what's called secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen what's called secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen what's called secondary
+electrons and the number that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and the number that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and the number that you see
+gives you the brightness of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the brightness of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the brightness of the image
+the cool thing is this actually allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool thing is this actually allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool thing is this actually allows
+you to look at both secondary electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at both secondary electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at both secondary electron
+contrast and topology of a sample so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast and topology of a sample so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast and topology of a sample so
+let's say this was your secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this was your secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this was your secondary
+electron detector and you had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron detector and you had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron detector and you had an
+electron beam scanning across your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron beam scanning across your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron beam scanning across your
+sample to some of those peaks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample to some of those peaks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample to some of those peaks and
+valleys and I'll probably draw one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valleys and I'll probably draw one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valleys and I'll probably draw one right
+here for a good reason let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a good reason let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a good reason let's say the
+electrons hit right here and you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons hit right here and you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons hit right here and you send
+out a wave of secondary electrons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a wave of secondary electrons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a wave of secondary electrons the
+material partly determines how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material partly determines how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material partly determines how many
+electrons come off but also so does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons come off but also so does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons come off but also so does the
+geometry they'll usually be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry they'll usually be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry they'll usually be a little
+cage with some sort of a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage with some sort of a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage with some sort of a positive
+voltage on it to attract those secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on it to attract those secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on it to attract those secondary
+electrons and some of them will curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and some of them will curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and some of them will curve
+into the detector and become part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the detector and become part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the detector and become part of
+your signal but some of them won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal but some of them won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal but some of them won't
+meanwhile if you have this beam right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile if you have this beam right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile if you have this beam right
+here producing secondary electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here producing secondary electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here producing secondary electrons
+pretty much all of them go slamming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all of them go slamming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all of them go slamming into
+your detector and that's what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your detector and that's what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your detector and that's what actually
+allows the electron microscope to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the electron microscope to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the electron microscope to get
+topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology
+that's why images in the SEM look fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why images in the SEM look fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why images in the SEM look fairly
+3d so I want to show you a few examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d so I want to show you a few examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d so I want to show you a few examples
+from my own boredom when I was doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my own boredom when I was doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my own boredom when I was doing a
+lot of was it science there we go it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of was it science there we go it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of was it science there we go it's a
+whole gallery of SEM images when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole gallery of SEM images when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole gallery of SEM images when I was
+supposed to be doing something better Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be doing something better Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be doing something better Oh
+No 404
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my websites broken oh yeah this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my websites broken oh yeah this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my websites broken oh yeah this is also
+what you do when you're bored right make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do when you're bored right make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do when you're bored right make
+your own 404 page ha my SEM galleries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own 404 page ha my SEM galleries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own 404 page ha my SEM galleries
+are dead well that's okay I have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dead well that's okay I have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dead well that's okay I have other
+images ready to show you guys so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images ready to show you guys so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images ready to show you guys so this is
+a neat this is a a paper that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat this is a a paper that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat this is a a paper that I
+published out of my PhD work that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published out of my PhD work that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published out of my PhD work that shows
+the real difference between optical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real difference between optical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real difference between optical and
+electron microscopy part of it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron microscopy part of it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron microscopy part of it is the
+limit of your resolution depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of your resolution depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of your resolution depends on the
+wavelength or debroglie wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength or debroglie wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength or debroglie wavelength of
+the thing you're using to make the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you're using to make the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you're using to make the image
+so an optical microscope in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an optical microscope in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an optical microscope in this case
+you can't get better resolution than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get better resolution than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get better resolution than
+about half a micron because even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half a micron because even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half a micron because even the
+blue wavelengths of light are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue wavelengths of light are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue wavelengths of light are getting
+down into about the 450 nanometer regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into about the 450 nanometer regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into about the 450 nanometer regime
+and it's very difficult without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very difficult without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very difficult without
+interference techniques or other fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference techniques or other fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference techniques or other fancy
+things to beat that diffraction limit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to beat that diffraction limit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to beat that diffraction limit to
+beat the sort of wavelength limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat the sort of wavelength limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat the sort of wavelength limit of
+optical microscopy so this is a 500 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical microscopy so this is a 500 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical microscopy so this is a 500 X
+optical microscope image and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical microscope image and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical microscope image and you can see
+these little fingers in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little fingers in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little fingers in this case it's
+liquid lead bismuth penetrating into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid lead bismuth penetrating into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid lead bismuth penetrating into a
+stainless steel that we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel that we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel that we were doing
+corrosion experiments on and that's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion experiments on and that's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion experiments on and that's as
+good as the image can get in an optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as the image can get in an optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as the image can get in an optical
+microscope switch down to an SEM and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope switch down to an SEM and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope switch down to an SEM and
+then all of a sudden the picture becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of a sudden the picture becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of a sudden the picture becomes
+much much much more clear you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much much more clear you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much much more clear you can start
+to see things the the best SCM we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see things the the best SCM we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see things the the best SCM we have
+in our lab has an ultimate resolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our lab has an ultimate resolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our lab has an ultimate resolution of
+about one nanometer now resolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one nanometer now resolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one nanometer now resolution is
+kind of a funny thing it's neat to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a funny thing it's neat to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a funny thing it's neat to tell
+you what that means it doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that means it doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that means it doesn't mean that
+if you have a pattern of lines that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a pattern of lines that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a pattern of lines that are
+exactly one nanometer thick that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one nanometer thick that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one nanometer thick that you
+will see them as lines one nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see them as lines one nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see them as lines one nanometer
+thick it means that if you then plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick it means that if you then plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick it means that if you then plot
+let's say your signal or your brightness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say your signal or your brightness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say your signal or your brightness
+versus X you'll have some barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus X you'll have some barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus X you'll have some barely
+distinguishable and fuzzy lines just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable and fuzzy lines just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable and fuzzy lines just
+enough for you to say those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for you to say those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for you to say those are two
+optically distinct features so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically distinct features so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically distinct features so what
+you'll actually see in a one nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually see in a one nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually see in a one nanometer
+microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is maybe something like this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe something like this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe something like this that's
+technically resolved at the level of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically resolved at the level of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically resolved at the level of one
+nanometer so the best you can do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer so the best you can do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer so the best you can do for
+crisp objects in this thing is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisp objects in this thing is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisp objects in this thing is about
+twenty nanometers not bad it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty nanometers not bad it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty nanometers not bad it's like a
+something that's a few thousand atoms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a few thousand atoms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a few thousand atoms on
+a side pretty cool and so what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side pretty cool and so what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side pretty cool and so what you can
+see in here is liquid lead bismuth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in here is liquid lead bismuth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in here is liquid lead bismuth
+penetrating into this stainless steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrating into this stainless steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrating into this stainless steel
+and you notice a few different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you notice a few different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you notice a few different things
+this image was taken in backscatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image was taken in backscatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image was taken in backscatter
+electron mode back scattering is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron mode back scattering is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron mode back scattering is we've
+talked about this before when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this before when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this before when you have a
+scattering event where theta equals pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering event where theta equals pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering event where theta equals pi
+we call that back scatter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's kind of split this into regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's kind of split this into regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's kind of split this into regular
+and back scatter for back scattering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back scatter for back scattering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back scatter for back scattering the
+cross-section for this is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section for this is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section for this is proportional
+to Z squared another one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z squared another one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z squared another one of those
+extremely Z dependent cross-sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely Z dependent cross-sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely Z dependent cross-sections
+which means that the larger the Z the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the larger the Z the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the larger the Z the
+higher the atomic number the more back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the atomic number the more back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the atomic number the more back
+scatter contrast you get so if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter contrast you get so if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter contrast you get so if you want
+to figure out where the little lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out where the little lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out where the little lead
+whiskers are penetrating into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskers are penetrating into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskers are penetrating into the
+stainless steel since lead has a Z of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel since lead has a Z of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel since lead has a Z of
+like 82 and iron has a Z of like 26 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 82 and iron has a Z of like 26 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 82 and iron has a Z of like 26 it
+shows up like night and day you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up like night and day you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up like night and day you have a
+question Julia okay yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question Julia okay yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question Julia okay yeah so this is
+something we'll actually be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll actually be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll actually be able to do
+so for the two folks I asked to bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the two folks I asked to bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the two folks I asked to bring in
+samples if you want to bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples if you want to bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples if you want to bring in
+something with very different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with very different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with very different elements
+in it we should be able to see it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it we should be able to see it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it we should be able to see it and
+back scatter contrast very very clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back scatter contrast very very clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back scatter contrast very very clearly
+and in the image of the SEM I'll go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the image of the SEM I'll go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the image of the SEM I'll go back
+to that which one of these pages was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that which one of these pages was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that which one of these pages was it
+aha notice here that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha notice here that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha notice here that there is a
+backscatter detector so it will detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscatter detector so it will detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscatter detector so it will detect
+which of those electrons scatter back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those electrons scatter back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those electrons scatter back at
+almost 180 degrees and that's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 180 degrees and that's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 180 degrees and that's a bit
+about Z squared proportionality super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Z squared proportionality super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Z squared proportionality super
+useful tool because if you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool because if you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool because if you want to see
+for example where the circuit board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example where the circuit board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example where the circuit board
+traces are and you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces are and you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces are and you want to look at
+aluminum versus oxygen contrasts that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum versus oxygen contrasts that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum versus oxygen contrasts that'll
+help you really well if you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you really well if you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you really well if you want to see
+where is Len penetrating into stainless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is Len penetrating into stainless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is Len penetrating into stainless
+steel it shines up clear as day just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel it shines up clear as day just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel it shines up clear as day just
+pretty fun the other thing the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fun the other thing the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fun the other thing the electrons
+will do when they enter into a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do when they enter into a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do when they enter into a material
+is excite lots of things so anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is excite lots of things so anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is excite lots of things so anything
+from x-rays 2oj electrons so now I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from x-rays 2oj electrons so now I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from x-rays 2oj electrons so now I'd
+like to bring up Oh J electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to bring up Oh J electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to bring up Oh J electron
+spectroscopy so electron or x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy so electron or x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy so electron or x-ray
+spectroscopic methods Oh J electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic methods Oh J electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic methods Oh J electron
+spectroscopy it's not just a thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy it's not just a thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy it's not just a thing to
+trip you up on the exam or a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip you up on the exam or a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip you up on the exam or a little
+minutia from radioactive decay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutia from radioactive decay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutia from radioactive decay it's
+actually incredibly useful because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually incredibly useful because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually incredibly useful because of
+where the Oh J electrons are generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Oh J electrons are generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Oh J electrons are generated
+and what they tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they tell you about the
+material so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so as a
+quick refresher normally you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick refresher normally you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick refresher normally you could have
+let's say if a photon comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if a photon comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if a photon comes in and
+ejects a photoelectron as another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejects a photoelectron as another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejects a photoelectron as another
+electron comes to fill that hole either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron comes to fill that hole either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron comes to fill that hole either
+an x-ray will be emitted or an oj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x-ray will be emitted or an oj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x-ray will be emitted or an oj
+electron will be emitted and it's those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron will be emitted and it's those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron will be emitted and it's those
+oj electrons their outer binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oj electrons their outer binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oj electrons their outer binding energy
+electrons they have very low binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they have very low binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they have very low binding
+energy which means see keep running out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which means see keep running out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which means see keep running out
+of room you know what I'm not gonna draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of room you know what I'm not gonna draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of room you know what I'm not gonna draw
+it I'm just gonna show you because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm just gonna show you because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm just gonna show you because I
+know there's a diagram of what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a diagram of what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a diagram of what I want to
+show you here if you want to see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you here if you want to see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you here if you want to see where
+the o'shea electrons are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o'shea electrons are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o'shea electrons are actually
+produced in a material there we go since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in a material there we go since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in a material there we go since
+there's such low energy the only Oh J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's such low energy the only Oh J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's such low energy the only Oh J
+electrons that actually get out would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that actually get out would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that actually get out would be
+in this outer few monolayers in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this outer few monolayers in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this outer few monolayers in fact
+there's some oj electron energies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some oj electron energies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some oj electron energies that
+can only get out one or two atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only get out one or two atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only get out one or two atomic
+monolayers from a material so it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolayers from a material so it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolayers from a material so it's one
+of the best surface analysis techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best surface analysis techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best surface analysis techniques
+that we have you can both use o j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have you can both use o j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have you can both use o j
+electrons to make an electron image like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to make an electron image like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to make an electron image like
+any other SEM and you can collect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other SEM and you can collect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other SEM and you can collect them
+and measure their energy to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measure their energy to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measure their energy to figure out
+which elements they came from and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which elements they came from and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which elements they came from and this
+kind of teardrop shape is a one it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of teardrop shape is a one it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of teardrop shape is a one it's a
+great synthesis of all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great synthesis of all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great synthesis of all the information
+you need to know in the SEM that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know in the SEM that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know in the SEM that we'll
+see on Friday and - it's why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on Friday and - it's why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on Friday and - it's why people
+screw up SEM analysis a lot a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up SEM analysis a lot a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up SEM analysis a lot a lot of the
+x-ray excitation happens down here why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray excitation happens down here why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray excitation happens down here why
+do you think that the x-ray excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that the x-ray excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that the x-ray excitation
+would happen near the end of the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen near the end of the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen near the end of the path of
+the electron beam from what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron beam from what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron beam from what you know
+about stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or if I asked you to draw a graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I asked you to draw a graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I asked you to draw a graph of
+let's say energy versus stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say energy versus stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say energy versus stopping power
+for ionization what would it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yep yep yep sort of flattens out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep yep yep sort of flattens out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep yep yep sort of flattens out
+and then eventually starts picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually starts picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually starts picking up
+again but not very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but not very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but not very much
+so as the energy of whatever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as the energy of whatever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as the energy of whatever you're
+going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into
+I'm sorry whatever particle you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry whatever particle you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry whatever particle you're
+sending in gets lower its stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending in gets lower its stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending in gets lower its stopping power
+increases and you have a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and you have a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and you have a much higher
+chance of this ionization happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of this ionization happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of this ionization happening
+especially in the case of electrons I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the case of electrons I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the case of electrons I
+usually come in at between 10 and 40 kV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually come in at between 10 and 40 kV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually come in at between 10 and 40 kV
+and so near the end of their range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so near the end of their range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so near the end of their range is
+where they produce a lot of the x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they produce a lot of the x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they produce a lot of the x-rays
+now there's a lot of other nuances to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a lot of other nuances to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a lot of other nuances to
+saying well which x-rays were produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well which x-rays were produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well which x-rays were produced
+here and what elements are they from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what elements are they from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what elements are they from
+let's say you had the same material here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you had the same material here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you had the same material here
+or here fewer x-rays will get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here fewer x-rays will get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here fewer x-rays will get out of the
+bottom region than they will from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom region than they will from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom region than they will from the
+top region so if you happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top region so if you happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top region so if you happen to be
+analyzing something that has a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing something that has a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing something that has a gradient
+in composition or a changing composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in composition or a changing composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in composition or a changing composition
+from the top to the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top to the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top to the bottom
+you might this be like oh well I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might this be like oh well I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might this be like oh well I have a
+few nano meters of oxygen on silicon why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few nano meters of oxygen on silicon why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few nano meters of oxygen on silicon why
+aren't I seeing any oxygen x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't I seeing any oxygen x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't I seeing any oxygen x-rays
+because you're probably generating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're probably generating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're probably generating them
+down here that's one of those things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here that's one of those things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here that's one of those things to
+note so sometimes you'll see and elect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so sometimes you'll see and elect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so sometimes you'll see and elect a
+an elemental map of things that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elemental map of things that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elemental map of things that shows
+x-rays of certain element coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays of certain element coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays of certain element coming from
+somewhere and you can't see it at all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and you can't see it at all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and you can't see it at all in
+the image that's because they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image that's because they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image that's because they might be
+underneath what you can see on the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath what you can see on the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath what you can see on the image
+it's kind of tricky like that I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of tricky like that I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of tricky like that I'll show
+you some examples of what those maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some examples of what those maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some examples of what those maps
+look like also from this paper so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like also from this paper so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like also from this paper so from
+from the electron image we kind of we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electron image we kind of we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electron image we kind of we
+sort of concluded all right lead is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of concluded all right lead is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of concluded all right lead is
+probably penetrating into the stainless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably penetrating into the stainless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably penetrating into the stainless
+steel how do we know for sure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel how do we know for sure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel how do we know for sure you can
+make EDX or elemental dispersive I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make EDX or elemental dispersive I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make EDX or elemental dispersive I'm
+sorry energy dispersive x-ray maps by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry energy dispersive x-ray maps by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry energy dispersive x-ray maps by
+focusing the electron beam at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing the electron beam at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing the electron beam at one point
+collecting all the different x-rays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting all the different x-rays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting all the different x-rays and
+then moving from one point to another to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then moving from one point to another to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then moving from one point to another to
+see when do you get characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when do you get characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when do you get characteristic
+x-rays from each of those elements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays from each of those elements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays from each of those elements so
+you can actually prove to say yes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually prove to say yes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually prove to say yes those
+little fingers are indeed bismuth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fingers are indeed bismuth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fingers are indeed bismuth and
+lead and you can see that in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead and you can see that in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead and you can see that in this case
+where the blood and bismuth is the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the blood and bismuth is the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the blood and bismuth is the iron
+is not but the curious thing we found is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not but the curious thing we found is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not but the curious thing we found is
+that in this whole band right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this whole band right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this whole band right here
+most of the chromium disappeared so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the chromium disappeared so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the chromium disappeared so it
+turns out that the corrosion mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the corrosion mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the corrosion mechanism
+was chromium dissolution and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was chromium dissolution and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was chromium dissolution and we would
+not have been able to know that without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been able to know that without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been able to know that without
+this EDX mapping and without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this EDX mapping and without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this EDX mapping and without
+understanding how the edx maps are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how the edx maps are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how the edx maps are made
+from the electrons interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electrons interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electrons interacting with
+matter and producing characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and producing characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and producing characteristic
+x-rays would have been able to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays would have been able to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays would have been able to prove
+this so yet another example where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so yet another example where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so yet another example where the
+basic stuff you're learning in 2201 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic stuff you're learning in 2201 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic stuff you're learning in 2201 is
+the theoretical underpinning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical underpinning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical underpinning of the
+techniques that we use all the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we use all the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we use all the time of
+material science which i thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science which i thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science which i thought was
+pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool
+got more examples of that that are even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more examples of that that are even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more examples of that that are even
+more striking because I let it collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more striking because I let it collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more striking because I let it collect
+for a little longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little longer
+you can actually see right here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see right here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see right here that
+where the bismuth is the iron isn't but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the bismuth is the iron isn't but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the bismuth is the iron isn't but
+the iron is not dissolving the chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron is not dissolving the chromium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron is not dissolving the chromium
+is it's just the leaded bismuth they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's just the leaded bismuth they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's just the leaded bismuth they're
+kind of sucking the chromium out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sucking the chromium out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sucking the chromium out of the
+metal right there and that's what making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal right there and that's what making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal right there and that's what making
+the stainless steel less stainless it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stainless steel less stainless it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stainless steel less stainless it's
+pretty neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty neat
+then on to EDX analysis what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on to EDX analysis what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on to EDX analysis what sort of
+information are we looking at at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information are we looking at at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information are we looking at at every
+one of these pixels I have a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these pixels I have a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these pixels I have a couple of
+other example x-ray spectra so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other example x-ray spectra so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other example x-ray spectra so now we're
+in a position to understand why one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to understand why one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to understand why one of
+these x-ray spectra looks the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these x-ray spectra looks the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these x-ray spectra looks the way it
+does in this case we're firing electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in this case we're firing electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in this case we're firing electrons
+atom material so whereas our material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom material so whereas our material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom material so whereas our material
+we're firing at it right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're firing at it right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're firing at it right here
+so we're firing in electrons and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're firing in electrons and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're firing in electrons and in some
+cases let's say we had an iron atom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases let's say we had an iron atom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases let's say we had an iron atom that
+electron can eject another electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron can eject another electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron can eject another electron and
+then one of those other electrons will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one of those other electrons will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one of those other electrons will
+fall down in that shell giving off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall down in that shell giving off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall down in that shell giving off a
+characteristic x-ray in this case since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic x-ray in this case since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic x-ray in this case since
+it's from the third to the second shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from the third to the second shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from the third to the second shell
+that would be what we call an L x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be what we call an L x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be what we call an L x-ray
+or a something to level-2 transition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a something to level-2 transition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a something to level-2 transition and
+every element has got its characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element has got its characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element has got its characteristic
+x-ray transitions like we saw on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray transitions like we saw on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray transitions like we saw on the
+nist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nist
+x-ray transition database and since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray transition database and since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray transition database and since we
+know what all those are we know where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what all those are we know where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what all those are we know where to
+expect them so we know where we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect them so we know where we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect them so we know where we expect
+to see chromium's x-rays and iron's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see chromium's x-rays and iron's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see chromium's x-rays and iron's
+x-rays gold kind of an interesting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays gold kind of an interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays gold kind of an interesting one
+we are there's two things about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are there's two things about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are there's two things about doing
+analysis with gold a lot of times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis with gold a lot of times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis with gold a lot of times you
+have to coat your materials in gold to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to coat your materials in gold to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to coat your materials in gold to
+boost their a secondary electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost their a secondary electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost their a secondary electron
+contrast but also gold's i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast but also gold's i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast but also gold's i think it's
+its l line or m line I forget which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its l line or m line I forget which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its l line or m line I forget which one
+is the same as Argon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as Argon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as Argon's
+k line and we have an expression in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k line and we have an expression in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k line and we have an expression in the
+electron microscopy world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron microscopy world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron microscopy world the
+probability of finding argon and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding argon and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding argon and your
+sample decreases with experience takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample decreases with experience takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample decreases with experience takes a
+second to parse that chances are if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to parse that chances are if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to parse that chances are if
+you're looking at a solid material you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a solid material you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a solid material you
+don't have argon in it but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have argon in it but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have argon in it but there are
+x-ray lines that overlap with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray lines that overlap with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray lines that overlap with each other
+like the L line for gold and the K line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the L line for gold and the K line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the L line for gold and the K line
+for argon are at pretty much the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for argon are at pretty much the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for argon are at pretty much the same
+energy certainly similar enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy certainly similar enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy certainly similar enough that
+it's within the resolution or like full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's within the resolution or like full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's within the resolution or like full
+width half maximum of these two peaks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width half maximum of these two peaks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width half maximum of these two peaks so
+remember how we were analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how we were analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how we were analyzing the
+uncertainty of our banana spectra with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of our banana spectra with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of our banana spectra with
+the FWHM or full width at half maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FWHM or full width at half maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FWHM or full width at half maximum
+same thing here and you can really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing here and you can really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing here and you can really see
+that the energy resolution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy resolution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy resolution of this
+detector is not the best so if you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector is not the best so if you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector is not the best so if you see a
+peak it might be due to two or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak it might be due to two or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak it might be due to two or more
+Peaks crowding in that right there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks crowding in that right there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks crowding in that right there and
+with a lot of Correction factors that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of Correction factors that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of Correction factors that I
+won't get into you can then use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get into you can then use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get into you can then use this
+information to integrate the area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to integrate the area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to integrate the area under
+these Peaks and get elemental analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Peaks and get elemental analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Peaks and get elemental analysis
+so you can say how much chromium or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say how much chromium or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say how much chromium or how
+much iron and silicon is in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much iron and silicon is in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much iron and silicon is in one of these
+samples what's this stuff here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples what's this stuff here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples what's this stuff here on the
+bottom anyone tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that continuum of observed x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continuum of observed x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continuum of observed x-ray
+energies Compton scattering is a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies Compton scattering is a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies Compton scattering is a photon
+effect so that would be if if this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so that would be if if this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so that would be if if this were
+a Compton well if this were a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Compton well if this were a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Compton well if this were a um a
+photon analysis spectrum then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon analysis spectrum then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon analysis spectrum then you would
+see something like this but of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something like this but of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something like this but of a
+different shape you'd have that Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shape you'd have that Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shape you'd have that Compton
+Bowl with an edge but this is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowl with an edge but this is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowl with an edge but this is in this
+case electrons interacting with material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case electrons interacting with material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case electrons interacting with material
+what do you think's causing that broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think's causing that broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think's causing that broad
+background well what are the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background well what are the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background well what are the different
+ways in which electrons can interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which electrons can interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which electrons can interact
+with matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matter
+you've seen the ionizations here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the ionizations here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the ionizations here we're
+not really seeing Rutherford scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really seeing Rutherford scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really seeing Rutherford scattering
+what's left bremsstrahlung yep that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left bremsstrahlung yep that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left bremsstrahlung yep that's
+exactly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it
+so the observed Bream Cerrone spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the observed Bream Cerrone spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the observed Bream Cerrone spectrum
+follows this sort of characteristic peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows this sort of characteristic peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows this sort of characteristic peak
+early and then tail off curve what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and then tail off curve what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and then tail off curve what's the
+actual bremsstrahlung spectrum that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual bremsstrahlung spectrum that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual bremsstrahlung spectrum that we
+are not sensing what would it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not sensing what would it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not sensing what would it look like
+so always running out of room if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so always running out of room if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so always running out of room if this is
+what we're actually observing let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're actually observing let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're actually observing let's say
+we have a few Peaks that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a few Peaks that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a few Peaks that would be
+intensity and that would be energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and that would be energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and that would be energy
+what's really going on physically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on physically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on physically that
+we're not seeing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mm-hmm that's right you actually should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm that's right you actually should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm that's right you actually should
+get more low-energy bremsstrahlung one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more low-energy bremsstrahlung one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more low-energy bremsstrahlung one
+of some of the reasons you don't is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the reasons you don't is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the reasons you don't is that
+the lower energy those x-rays come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower energy those x-rays come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower energy those x-rays come out
+the more they get absorbed self absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more they get absorbed self absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more they get absorbed self absorbed
+in the material in the few gas molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the material in the few gas molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the material in the few gas molecules
+in the SEM and in the window of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the SEM and in the window of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the SEM and in the window of the
+detector so just because this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so just because this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so just because this is what
+you see doesn't mean this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see doesn't mean this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see doesn't mean this is what's
+actually going on in your material if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going on in your material if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going on in your material if we
+think back then to where the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back then to where the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back then to where the electrons
+and x-rays are generated the x-rays that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x-rays are generated the x-rays that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x-rays are generated the x-rays that
+are generated down here the lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated down here the lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated down here the lower energy
+ones are going to be shielded more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are going to be shielded more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are going to be shielded more and
+this kind of messes up your elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of messes up your elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of messes up your elemental
+analysis because if you the x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis because if you the x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis because if you the x-rays
+produced here proportionally more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced here proportionally more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced here proportionally more of the
+low-energy ones will get out than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-energy ones will get out than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-energy ones will get out than the
+ones produced here so as you change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones produced here so as you change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones produced here so as you change your
+as you change your electron beam energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you change your electron beam energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you change your electron beam energy
+you might see your elemental composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see your elemental composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see your elemental composition
+appear to change when you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to change when you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to change when you know it's
+really not and that's because where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not and that's because where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not and that's because where the
+x-rays are being generated change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays are being generated change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays are being generated change and
+proportionally more of the low-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionally more of the low-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionally more of the low-energy
+ones get self shielded by your material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones get self shielded by your material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones get self shielded by your material
+so you actually have to correct for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you actually have to correct for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you actually have to correct for that
+and input your beam energy into the edx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and input your beam energy into the edx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and input your beam energy into the edx
+analyzer so it knows how to correct for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzer so it knows how to correct for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzer so it knows how to correct for
+this but with the understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but with the understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but with the understanding of
+you've been giving you guys in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been giving you guys in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been giving you guys in this
+class you can understand like well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can understand like well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can understand like well why
+can you get screwed up why do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you get screwed up why do we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you get screwed up why do we have to
+have all these correction factors so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these correction factors so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these correction factors so I
+think it's pretty neat then let's get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's pretty neat then let's get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's pretty neat then let's get on
+to some of the other methods like x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of the other methods like x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of the other methods like x-ray
+photoelectron spectroscopy or XPS this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectron spectroscopy or XPS this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectron spectroscopy or XPS this
+is something I hinted to a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something I hinted to a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something I hinted to a little bit
+earlier that actually uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that actually uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that actually uses the
+photoelectric effect because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect because it's a
+photoelectron spectroscopy method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one's incredibly useful because not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's incredibly useful because not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's incredibly useful because not
+only does it tell you what elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only does it tell you what elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only does it tell you what elements are
+there but in what binding state they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but in what binding state they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but in what binding state they are
+because photo electron spectrometer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because photo electron spectrometer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because photo electron spectrometer can
+be incredibly precise the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be incredibly precise the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be incredibly precise the energy
+equation should look pretty familiar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation should look pretty familiar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation should look pretty familiar to
+you it's whatever a photo electron you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's whatever a photo electron you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's whatever a photo electron you
+get is the gamma ray energy that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is the gamma ray energy that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is the gamma ray energy that comes
+in minus the binding energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in minus the binding energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in minus the binding energy of that
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+and the work function and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the work function and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the work function and so you can
+very very simply figure out for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simply figure out for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simply figure out for a given
+element and a given electron shell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and a given electron shell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and a given electron shell what
+photoelectron energies do you expect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectron energies do you expect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectron energies do you expect so
+you can collect them so I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can collect them so I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can collect them so I'll show you
+another example from this paper where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example from this paper where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example from this paper where we
+started to do that we wanted to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to do that we wanted to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to do that we wanted to answer
+the question what are the oxides forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question what are the oxides forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question what are the oxides forming
+on the stainless steel when lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stainless steel when lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stainless steel when lead
+corrodes it and just telling you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrodes it and just telling you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrodes it and just telling you which
+elements are there and in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are there and in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are there and in what
+proportion doesn't give the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion doesn't give the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion doesn't give the answer
+because what if there's multiple phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what if there's multiple phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what if there's multiple phases
+of each oxide like for example iron can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each oxide like for example iron can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each oxide like for example iron can
+take forms like Fe o Fe 2 O 3 Fe 3 o 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take forms like Fe o Fe 2 O 3 Fe 3 o 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take forms like Fe o Fe 2 O 3 Fe 3 o 4
+and this FeO can actually have a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this FeO can actually have a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this FeO can actually have a range
+of stoichiometry so how do you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stoichiometry so how do you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stoichiometry so how do you know you
+don't know there could be like scores of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there could be like scores of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there could be like scores of
+phases of this iron oxide and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases of this iron oxide and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases of this iron oxide and the
+question is how you know which ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how you know which ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how you know which ones are
+there the photoelectrons will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the photoelectrons will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the photoelectrons will tell you
+so what you can do first is fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do first is fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do first is fire
+monochromatic x-rays so single energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic x-rays so single energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic x-rays so single energy
+x-rays in this case from aluminum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays in this case from aluminum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays in this case from aluminum at
+your material and see which photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material and see which photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material and see which photo
+electrons of which energy come off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons of which energy come off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons of which energy come off and
+you can tell which atomic shell they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell which atomic shell they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell which atomic shell they're
+from and which elements they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and which elements they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and which elements they should be
+to a very high precision in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very high precision in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very high precision in this case
+this is done to 100 Mille MeV or zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done to 100 Mille MeV or zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done to 100 Mille MeV or zero
+point 1 MeV precision 0.1 evey precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 MeV precision 0.1 evey precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 MeV precision 0.1 evey precision
+so we can tell not only what elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can tell not only what elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can tell not only what elements
+are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there
+but what shells they came from then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what shells they came from then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what shells they came from then you
+can get even crazier you can scan very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get even crazier you can scan very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get even crazier you can scan very
+slowly over one of these Peaks with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly over one of these Peaks with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly over one of these Peaks with
+point zero zero one evey precision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero zero one evey precision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero zero one evey precision and
+start to see something pretty cool if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see something pretty cool if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see something pretty cool if
+you look at the carbon 1s electrons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the carbon 1s electrons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the carbon 1s electrons you
+can see that there are actually three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there are actually three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there are actually three of
+them only a couple of evie apart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them only a couple of evie apart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them only a couple of evie apart and
+this corresponds to different binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to different binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to different binding
+States of molecules with that carbon for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States of molecules with that carbon for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States of molecules with that carbon for
+an even more subtle example but ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even more subtle example but ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even more subtle example but ended up
+being incredibly important for us here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being incredibly important for us here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being incredibly important for us here's
+one of the chromium 2p shell Peaks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the chromium 2p shell Peaks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the chromium 2p shell Peaks you
+can actually see there's three of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see there's three of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see there's three of them
+superimposed give that funny-looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed give that funny-looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed give that funny-looking
+peak shape right there what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak shape right there what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak shape right there what that
+actually tells us is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tells us is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tells us is that there's
+chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium
+in three different binding states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three different binding states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three different binding states in
+that oxide and the ones we figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxide and the ones we figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxide and the ones we figured out
+must be there we saw the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be there we saw the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be there we saw the ones
+corresponding to CR 2 O 3 Fe CR 2 O 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to CR 2 O 3 Fe CR 2 O 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to CR 2 O 3 Fe CR 2 O 4
+and I forget which other one but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I forget which other one but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I forget which other one but we have
+them tabulated there we go oh wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them tabulated there we go oh wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them tabulated there we go oh wow
+Fe 2 point 4 CR 0 point 604 known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe 2 point 4 CR 0 point 604 known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe 2 point 4 CR 0 point 604 known
+crystallographic phases of these oxides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographic phases of these oxides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographic phases of these oxides
+so you can look at the peaks found to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can look at the peaks found to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can look at the peaks found to a
+resolution of like a hundredth of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of like a hundredth of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of like a hundredth of an
+electron volt compared to reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt compared to reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt compared to reference
+values taken on pure compounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values taken on pure compounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values taken on pure compounds and
+materials to figure out what actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to figure out what actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to figure out what actual
+oxides do you have that can help tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides do you have that can help tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides do you have that can help tell
+you things like how protective are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you things like how protective are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you things like how protective are they
+how fast are they going to grow and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast are they going to grow and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast are they going to grow and are
+they going to be a problem if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to be a problem if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to be a problem if you want
+to use this new stainless steel that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this new stainless steel that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this new stainless steel that we
+developed in the lead bismuth reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the lead bismuth reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the lead bismuth reactor
+it's the biggest problem with lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the biggest problem with lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the biggest problem with lead
+bismuth reactors is lead corrodes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bismuth reactors is lead corrodes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bismuth reactors is lead corrodes like
+everything and so the whole point of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and so the whole point of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and so the whole point of my
+graduate studies was design an alloy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate studies was design an alloy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate studies was design an alloy
+that doesn't corrode and lead and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't corrode and lead and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't corrode and lead and make
+it a lloyd composite out of it but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lloyd composite out of it but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lloyd composite out of it but you
+can't prove that it works unless you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't prove that it works unless you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't prove that it works unless you not
+only know how fast it corrodes but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only know how fast it corrodes but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only know how fast it corrodes but how
+it corrodes which oxides form and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it corrodes which oxides form and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it corrodes which oxides form and in
+what order that's the last part I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what order that's the last part I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what order that's the last part I
+haven't told you about yet is what order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you about yet is what order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you about yet is what order
+so I want to switch to another technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to switch to another technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to switch to another technique
+called secondary ion mass spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called secondary ion mass spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called secondary ion mass spectroscopy
+or Sims in this case you start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Sims in this case you start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Sims in this case you start off with
+firing ions out of material which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing ions out of material which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing ions out of material which will
+then eject or sputter away secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eject or sputter away secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eject or sputter away secondary
+ions in this case this process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions in this case this process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions in this case this process of
+sputtering let's say this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtering let's say this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtering let's say this is your
+material here you send in something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here you send in something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here you send in something like
+oxygen ions which might be like Oh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen ions which might be like Oh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen ions which might be like Oh to
+minus with a mass of 32 and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus with a mass of 32 and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus with a mass of 32 and then you
+blast off or sputter away a few atoms at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blast off or sputter away a few atoms at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blast off or sputter away a few atoms at
+a time from that surface and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time from that surface and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time from that surface and they'll
+come off the various masses and charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come off the various masses and charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come off the various masses and charges
+and in this case this sputtering could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case this sputtering could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case this sputtering could
+be due to Rutherford scattering because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be due to Rutherford scattering because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be due to Rutherford scattering because
+you might directly ballistically slam an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might directly ballistically slam an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might directly ballistically slam an
+ion out of the surface then every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion out of the surface then every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion out of the surface then every one of
+these ions has a different mass and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ions has a different mass and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ions has a different mass and a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+charge and by sending it through a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and by sending it through a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and by sending it through a mass
+spectrometer something that separates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer something that separates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer something that separates
+these materials by their mass to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials by their mass to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials by their mass to charge
+ratio because the higher the charge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio because the higher the charge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio because the higher the charge the
+more deflected and ion will be but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deflected and ion will be but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deflected and ion will be but the
+higher the mass the less deflected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the mass the less deflected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the mass the less deflected it
+will be that should sound really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be that should sound really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be that should sound really
+familiar in our idea here where how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar in our idea here where how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar in our idea here where how
+these ionization collisions happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ionization collisions happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ionization collisions happen if
+you remember the higher the charge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the higher the charge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the higher the charge the
+stronger the Coulomb force that q1 q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger the Coulomb force that q1 q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger the Coulomb force that q1 q2
+over R squared I think there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R squared I think there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R squared I think there was a
+constant in there so the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in there so the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in there so the higher the
+charge the higher those queues and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the higher those queues and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the higher those queues and the
+stronger the Coulomb forces but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger the Coulomb forces but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger the Coulomb forces but the
+larger the mass is the less momentum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the mass is the less momentum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the mass is the less momentum it
+can impart and so the deflection will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can impart and so the deflection will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can impart and so the deflection will be
+weaker exact same things happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker exact same things happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker exact same things happening here
+and you can separate out atoms not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can separate out atoms not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can separate out atoms not only
+by their charge in their mass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their charge in their mass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their charge in their mass but
+specifically by their isotope so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically by their isotope so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically by their isotope so this is
+one of those ways that you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those ways that you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those ways that you can figure
+out make an isotopic map of a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out make an isotopic map of a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out make an isotopic map of a material
+in three dimensions you can scan your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three dimensions you can scan your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three dimensions you can scan your
+ion beam across the material and collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion beam across the material and collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion beam across the material and collect
+the ions at every point and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ions at every point and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ions at every point and as you
+sputter you slowly wear away layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputter you slowly wear away layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputter you slowly wear away layers of
+this material and so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material and so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material and so you can actually
+reconstruct a 3d map with almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct a 3d map with almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct a 3d map with almost
+nanometre precision of every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometre precision of every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometre precision of every single
+isotope that was at every location which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope that was at every location which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope that was at every location which
+is quite cool as you can see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite cool as you can see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite cool as you can see that these
+master charge ratios can depend on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master charge ratios can depend on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master charge ratios can depend on which
+isotope of silicon you have what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope of silicon you have what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope of silicon you have what sort of
+cluster what molecule what charge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster what molecule what charge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster what molecule what charge you
+have and you can do some pretty crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and you can do some pretty crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and you can do some pretty crazy
+analysis of things to even figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of things to even figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of things to even figure out
+what sort of compounds exist on surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of compounds exist on surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of compounds exist on surfaces
+because sometimes you sputter off whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes you sputter off whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes you sputter off whole
+molecules they're gonna have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules they're gonna have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules they're gonna have their own
+mass to charge ratio and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass to charge ratio and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass to charge ratio and that's what we
+did for this led bismuth work lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for this led bismuth work lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for this led bismuth work lots of
+XPS spectra to jump through we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XPS spectra to jump through we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XPS spectra to jump through we wanted to
+find out which oxides were forming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out which oxides were forming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out which oxides were forming and
+in what order which one's the best one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what order which one's the best one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what order which one's the best one I
+want to show I think it's this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case we used setup we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we used setup we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we used setup we used
+ion sputtering to sputter away surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion sputtering to sputter away surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion sputtering to sputter away surface
+layers to a depth of a few hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers to a depth of a few hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers to a depth of a few hundred
+nanometers and we're actually able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers and we're actually able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers and we're actually able to
+show that the chromium oxide right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the chromium oxide right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the chromium oxide right here
+was on the outside of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the outside of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the outside of the sample
+followed by silicon oxide followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by silicon oxide followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by silicon oxide followed by
+iron metal so in this way we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron metal so in this way we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron metal so in this way we were able
+to figure out using XPS the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out using XPS the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out using XPS the nature of
+the oxides and using Simms the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxides and using Simms the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxides and using Simms the order of
+the oxides so not only how fast were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxides so not only how fast were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxides so not only how fast were
+they growing to nanometre precision but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they growing to nanometre precision but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they growing to nanometre precision but
+in what order did they form and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what order did they form and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what order did they form and that
+helped us figure out this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped us figure out this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped us figure out this sort of
+synergistic chromium and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synergistic chromium and silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synergistic chromium and silicon
+oxidation mechanism that helps really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation mechanism that helps really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation mechanism that helps really
+protect the layers of the stainless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the layers of the stainless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the layers of the stainless
+steel and explain why it's corrosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel and explain why it's corrosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel and explain why it's corrosion
+resistant and led bismuth all using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant and led bismuth all using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant and led bismuth all using
+principles from 2201 so it's about 205
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles from 2201 so it's about 205
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles from 2201 so it's about 205
+of so I wanted to stop and see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so I wanted to stop and see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so I wanted to stop and see if you
+guys have any questions on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have any questions on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have any questions on these
+analytical techniques knowing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical techniques knowing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical techniques knowing that we're
+actually going to go do a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to go do a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to go do a couple of
+these next Friday does anyone use any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these next Friday does anyone use any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these next Friday does anyone use any of
+these before yeah which ones views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+SEM and XPS okay cool yeah we've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEM and XPS okay cool yeah we've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEM and XPS okay cool yeah we've got all
+these instruments I think except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instruments I think except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instruments I think except for
+Sims here at MIT yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this would be the energy of the Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the energy of the Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the energy of the Compton
+electron that comes out when a photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that comes out when a photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that comes out when a photons
+scat when a photon scatters off of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scat when a photon scatters off of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scat when a photon scatters off of it so
+the photon will end up losing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon will end up losing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon will end up losing some
+energy and the Compton electron will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the Compton electron will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the Compton electron will
+pick up that energy sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up that energy sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up that energy sorry
+it's a 1 plus alpha times 1 minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 1 plus alpha times 1 minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 1 plus alpha times 1 minus cosine
+theta where alpha I'll mention what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta where alpha I'll mention what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta where alpha I'll mention what
+alpha is it's a ratio of the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is it's a ratio of the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is it's a ratio of the photon
+energy to the electron mass rest mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to the electron mass rest mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to the electron mass rest mass
+energy sure this is kind of a nice on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sure this is kind of a nice on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sure this is kind of a nice on
+these two boards right here it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two boards right here it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two boards right here it's kind of
+a nice summary of the stuff we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice summary of the stuff we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice summary of the stuff we've been
+doing over the last three weeks or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing over the last three weeks or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing over the last three weeks or so
+and then all the stuff I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all the stuff I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all the stuff I showed you
+today is what you can do with it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bBKzHydIl2c.txt b/bBKzHydIl2c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bd55d5a24435aff22ca46eb4fa64e0bad6caf3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bBKzHydIl2c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hi in our lesson today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi in our lesson today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi in our lesson today we
+shall try to find a relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall try to find a relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall try to find a relationship between
+line integrals and double integrals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals and double integrals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals and double integrals in
+particular we shall equate line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we shall equate line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we shall equate line
+integrals along certain types of closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals along certain types of closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals along certain types of closed
+curves to double integrals over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves to double integrals over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves to double integrals over the
+region enclosed by the particular closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region enclosed by the particular closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region enclosed by the particular closed
+curve in particular the uh title of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in particular the uh title of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in particular the uh title of
+today's lecture is Green's theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is Green's theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is Green's theorem and
+in terms of some particulars I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of some particulars I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of some particulars I guess the
+intuitive notion we'll have to accept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive notion we'll have to accept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive notion we'll have to accept is
+the idea of what one means by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of what one means by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of what one means by a
+connected region I think this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected region I think this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected region I think this is one of
+those times in mathematics where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those times in mathematics where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those times in mathematics where we can
+say if you have an intuitive idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you have an intuitive idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you have an intuitive idea of
+what the concept means you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the concept means you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the concept means you have the
+exact idea of what the concept means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact idea of what the concept means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact idea of what the concept means
+essentially connected means that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially connected means that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially connected means that you can
+get from any place in the region to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from any place in the region to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from any place in the region to any
+other place in the region without ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other place in the region without ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other place in the region without ever
+having to leave the region it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to leave the region it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to leave the region it's as
+simple as that okay connected means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as that okay connected means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as that okay connected means that
+you can get from any point in the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get from any point in the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get from any point in the region
+to any other point in the region without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any other point in the region without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any other point in the region without
+ever having to go outside the region the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever having to go outside the region the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever having to go outside the region the
+mathematician distinguishes between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician distinguishes between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician distinguishes between two
+different types of connected regions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of connected regions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of connected regions one
+of which is called Simply Connected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is called Simply Connected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is called Simply Connected the
+other of which being the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of which being the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of which being the opposite of
+Simply Connected meaning nons Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected meaning nons Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected meaning nons Simply
+Connected or multiply connected I prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected or multiply connected I prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected or multiply connected I prefer
+multiply connected to non-s Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply connected to non-s Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply connected to non-s Simply
+Connected because in non-s Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected because in non-s Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected because in non-s Simply
+Connected you don't know whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected you don't know whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected you don't know whether you're
+modifying simply or connected a non-s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying simply or connected a non-s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying simply or connected a non-s
+Simply Connected region when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected region when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected region when you say
+multip L connected means that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multip L connected means that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multip L connected means that in
+particular the region is connected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the region is connected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the region is connected the
+intuitive way of looking at this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way of looking at this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way of looking at this is that
+Simply Connected means no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected means no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected means no
+holes for example this region here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes for example this region here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes for example this region here is
+not only connected but it's Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only connected but it's Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only connected but it's Simply
+Connected there are no holes this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected there are no holes this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected there are no holes this region
+is connected you see I can get from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected you see I can get from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected you see I can get from any
+point to any other point without ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to any other point without ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to any other point without ever
+having to leave the region but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to leave the region but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to leave the region but it's
+called multiply connected because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called multiply connected because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called multiply connected because there
+are holes in the region by the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are holes in the region by the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are holes in the region by the way you
+see the trouble with using expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the trouble with using expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the trouble with using expressions
+like holes versus non- holes is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like holes versus non- holes is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like holes versus non- holes is that in
+that particular case where we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular case where we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular case where we're dealing
+with two or three dimensions there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two or three dimensions there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two or three dimensions there's
+certainly no problem because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly no problem because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly no problem because we
+intuitively visualize what a hole is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively visualize what a hole is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively visualize what a hole is in
+end dimensional space and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end dimensional space and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end dimensional space and we have
+analoges of these results in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges of these results in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges of these results in these
+n-dimensional space the problem is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional space the problem is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional space the problem is is
+that how do you describe a ho without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you describe a ho without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you describe a ho without
+referring to a picture and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to a picture and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to a picture and the more
+rigorous mathematical definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous mathematical definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous mathematical definition of a
+Simply Connected region is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected region is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected region is the following
+the connected region and it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connected region and it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connected region and it has to be
+connected before you talk about Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected before you talk about Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected before you talk about Simply
+Connected you see the connected region R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected you see the connected region R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected you see the connected region R
+is called Simply Connected if its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Simply Connected if its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Simply Connected if its
+complement is also connected remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is also connected remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is also connected remember
+the complement is the portion of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement is the portion of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement is the portion of space
+left when the particular region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left when the particular region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left when the particular region is
+deleted for example here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted for example here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted for example here we have a
+Simply Connected region notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected region notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected region notice that the
+compliment of this region would be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliment of this region would be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliment of this region would be for
+example the entire Blackboard with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the entire Blackboard with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the entire Blackboard with this
+piece missing and the enti a Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece missing and the enti a Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece missing and the enti a Blackboard
+with this piece missing is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this piece missing is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this piece missing is still a
+connected region on the other hand if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected region on the other hand if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected region on the other hand if we
+were to take this connected region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to take this connected region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to take this connected region and
+look at its complement its complement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its complement its complement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its complement its complement is
+this little hole together with what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little hole together with what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little hole together with what's
+outside here and notice that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside here and notice that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside here and notice that there is no
+way from getting from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from getting from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from getting from here to here
+without having to go outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to go outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to go outside the
+complement you see in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement you see in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement you see in other words the
+complement of the multiply connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the multiply connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the multiply connected
+region is not connected and at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is not connected and at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is not connected and at any rate
+whichever way you want to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever way you want to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever way you want to look at this
+is fine uh think of Simply Connected at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine uh think of Simply Connected at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine uh think of Simply Connected at
+least in the two- dimensional cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the two- dimensional cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the two- dimensional cases
+meaning no holes and with this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning no holes and with this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning no holes and with this as
+background Green's theorem call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background Green's theorem call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background Green's theorem call it the
+theorem I guess is stated as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I guess is stated as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I guess is stated as follows
+suppose R is Simply Connected with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose R is Simply Connected with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose R is Simply Connected with a
+boundary C other words R is the Region C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary C other words R is the Region C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary C other words R is the Region C
+is his boundary and a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his boundary and a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his boundary and a very interesting
+thing takes place if you form the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing takes place if you form the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing takes place if you form the line
+integral of around the boundary C and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of around the boundary C and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of around the boundary C and by
+the way with this Loop in here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way with this Loop in here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way with this Loop in here this is
+the symbol that we mean around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol that we mean around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol that we mean around the
+closed curve the Arro head is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve the Arro head is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve the Arro head is simply
+done to invoke the convention and we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to invoke the convention and we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to invoke the convention and we do
+have to pick a convention just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick a convention just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick a convention just like we
+did in calculus of a single variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in calculus of a single variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in calculus of a single variable
+about positive and negative and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about positive and negative and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about positive and negative and how you
+move we pick the positive direction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move we pick the positive direction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move we pick the positive direction as
+being the direction in which one goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the direction in which one goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the direction in which one goes
+around the boundary so that the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the boundary so that the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the boundary so that the region
+appears to our left as we go around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to our left as we go around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to our left as we go around the
+boundary you see as we're going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary you see as we're going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary you see as we're going around
+here you see in this direction the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see in this direction the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see in this direction the the
+region appears to our left at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region appears to our left at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region appears to our left at any rate
+I'll mention that in more detail later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mention that in more detail later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mention that in more detail later
+the the directed line integral around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the directed line integral around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the directed line integral around
+the closed curve C MDX plus ndy turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed curve C MDX plus ndy turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed curve C MDX plus ndy turns
+out to be a double integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a double integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a double integral over the
+region R enclosed by the curve and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R enclosed by the curve and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R enclosed by the curve and that
+double integral has as its integrand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral has as its integrand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral has as its integrand the
+partial of n with respect to x minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of n with respect to x minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of n with respect to x minus the
+partial of M with respect to Y and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of M with respect to Y and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of M with respect to Y and I
+will refer to this again again very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will refer to this again again very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will refer to this again again very very
+shortly but I hope that this Rings a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly but I hope that this Rings a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly but I hope that this Rings a
+familiar Bell in terms of what we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar Bell in terms of what we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar Bell in terms of what we talked
+about exact differentials remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about exact differentials remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about exact differentials remember a
+differential MDX plus ndy was exact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential MDX plus ndy was exact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential MDX plus ndy was exact if
+the partial of n with respect to x equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of n with respect to x equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of n with respect to x equal
+the partial of M with respect to Y I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of M with respect to Y I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of M with respect to Y I'll
+return to that in a moment for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to that in a moment for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to that in a moment for the time
+being all I want you to see is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being all I want you to see is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being all I want you to see is what
+green theorem says what green theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green theorem says what green theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green theorem says what green theorem
+does is it relates an a line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it relates an a line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it relates an a line integral
+along the boundary of a simply connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the boundary of a simply connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the boundary of a simply connected
+region to a double integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region to a double integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region to a double integral over the
+region itself the proof of the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region itself the proof of the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region itself the proof of the theorem
+is in the Thomas text it's available in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the Thomas text it's available in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the Thomas text it's available in
+a pretty straightforward form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty straightforward form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty straightforward form for
+anybody who would like to see the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who would like to see the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who would like to see the proof
+of the result I don't think I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the result I don't think I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the result I don't think I want to
+prove the result in this lecture I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the result in this lecture I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the result in this lecture I think
+I would rather Hammer excuse me hammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would rather Hammer excuse me hammer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would rather Hammer excuse me hammer
+home what the theorem says rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home what the theorem says rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home what the theorem says rather than
+what this rigorous proof is the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this rigorous proof is the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this rigorous proof is the idea is
+though that what a a line integral is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that what a a line integral is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that what a a line integral is is
+related to a multiple integral and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to a multiple integral and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to a multiple integral and all
+that's required for Green's theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required for Green's theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required for Green's theorem to
+be true is that MN the partial of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true is that MN the partial of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true is that MN the partial of with
+respect to Y the partial event with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y the partial event with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y the partial event with
+respect to X must exist and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X must exist and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X must exist and be
+continuous in a region containing R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous in a region containing R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous in a region containing R and
+we'll see later that even the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see later that even the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see later that even the condition
+of Simply Connected can be waved in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Simply Connected can be waved in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Simply Connected can be waved in fact
+in the Thomas demonstration we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Thomas demonstration we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Thomas demonstration we don't
+even deal with the most General Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even deal with the most General Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even deal with the most General Simply
+Connected regions he gives his proof for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected regions he gives his proof for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected regions he gives his proof for
+a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very specific
+type of Simply Connected region but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Simply Connected region but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Simply Connected region but
+again that isn't crucial either we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that isn't crucial either we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that isn't crucial either we'll
+talk about that in more detail later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in more detail later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in more detail later in
+the lecture as well as in the exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture as well as in the exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture as well as in the exercises
+the idea again though is what we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea again though is what we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea again though is what we're not
+relating arbitrary line integrals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating arbitrary line integrals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating arbitrary line integrals to
+arbitrary multiple integrals but green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary multiple integrals but green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary multiple integrals but green
+theorem relates a line integral along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem relates a line integral along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem relates a line integral along
+the boundary of a Simply Connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary of a Simply Connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary of a Simply Connected
+region to a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region to a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region to a double
+integral defined on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral defined on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral defined on the
+interior of the closed curve SE the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior of the closed curve SE the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior of the closed curve SE the
+region R and there are two interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R and there are two interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R and there are two interesting
+cases one of which well there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases one of which well there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases one of which well there are more
+than two but two that we'd like to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two but two that we'd like to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two but two that we'd like to talk
+about one of the interesting cases we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one of the interesting cases we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one of the interesting cases we've
+already hinted at and that is if MDX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already hinted at and that is if MDX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already hinted at and that is if MDX
+plus ndy is exact then the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ndy is exact then the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ndy is exact then the integral of
+MDX plus ndy around the closed curve C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDX plus ndy around the closed curve C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDX plus ndy around the closed curve C
+is zero and the reason for this you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and the reason for this you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and the reason for this you see
+is that the integral around the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the integral around the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the integral around the closed
+curve by Green's theorem is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve by Green's theorem is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve by Green's theorem is just the
+double integral partial n with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral partial n with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral partial n with respect
+to x minus partial n with respect to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x minus partial n with respect to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x minus partial n with respect to Y
+and if MDX plus ndy is exact then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if MDX plus ndy is exact then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if MDX plus ndy is exact then these
+two terms are equal so that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms are equal so that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms are equal so that their
+difference is identically zero and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is identically zero and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is identically zero and to
+integrate Z da over any region R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate Z da over any region R of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate Z da over any region R of
+course is just zero itself in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is just zero itself in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is just zero itself in other
+words then if MDX plus mdy is exact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words then if MDX plus mdy is exact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words then if MDX plus mdy is exact the
+integral around any closed curve is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral around any closed curve is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral around any closed curve is zero
+and by the way this ties in with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way this ties in with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way this ties in with a
+question that was raised in our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that was raised in our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that was raised in our previous
+lecture and that was we saw that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and that was we saw that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and that was we saw that if we
+had a force for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a force for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a force for
+example and we had a particle move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we had a particle move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we had a particle move from
+the point p 0 to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point p 0 to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point p 0 to the point
+P1 under the influence of that force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 under the influence of that force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 under the influence of that force
+that the work done as that particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the work done as that particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the work done as that particle
+moved in general depended on the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved in general depended on the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved in general depended on the curve
+which connected p 0 to P1 my claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which connected p 0 to P1 my claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which connected p 0 to P1 my claim is
+that if the force m i + n j has as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the force m i + n j has as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the force m i + n j has as its
+components see M and N where the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components see M and N where the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components see M and N where the partial
+of M with respect to y equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M with respect to y equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M with respect to y equals the
+partial of n with respect to X my claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of n with respect to X my claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of n with respect to X my claim
+is under those conditions the work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under those conditions the work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under those conditions the work is
+independent of the path and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the path and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the path and that's what
+we mean in turn in in turn by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean in turn in in turn by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean in turn in in turn by a
+conservative force field the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative force field the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative force field the proof is
+quite simple what we do is is we pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simple what we do is is we pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simple what we do is is we pick
+two different paths that connect p 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different paths that connect p 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different paths that connect p 0 to
+P1 we call one of the paths C1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 we call one of the paths C1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 we call one of the paths C1 and the
+other path C2 and now what we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other path C2 and now what we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other path C2 and now what we're saying
+is if we think of C as being the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we think of C as being the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we think of C as being the curve
+that keeps this region to our left as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps this region to our left as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps this region to our left as we
+go along here then the integral around C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along here then the integral around C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along here then the integral around C
+is zero but what is the integral around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero but what is the integral around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero but what is the integral around
+C it's the integral along C1 minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C it's the integral along C1 minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C it's the integral along C1 minus the
+integral along C2 and I hope that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along C2 and I hope that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along C2 and I hope that that's
+clear from the exercises of last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from the exercises of last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from the exercises of last time
+that when you switch the sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you switch the sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you switch the sense of the
+path all you do is change the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path all you do is change the sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path all you do is change the sign of
+the integrant in fact by the way while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrant in fact by the way while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrant in fact by the way while
+we're on that topic let's digress for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on that topic let's digress for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on that topic let's digress for a
+moment and return to our statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and return to our statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and return to our statement of
+Green's theorem and observe that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's theorem and observe that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's theorem and observe that if we
+were to switch the convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to switch the convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to switch the convention
+if we were to switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to switch the
+convention and keep the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and keep the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and keep the positive
+direction as that which kept the area on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as that which kept the area on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as that which kept the area on
+our right notice that this would change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our right notice that this would change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our right notice that this would change
+the sense here which should give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense here which should give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense here which should give me a
+minus sign but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign but if I
+interchange you see the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange you see the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange you see the order of the
+terms here if I reverse the sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here if I reverse the sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here if I reverse the sense the
+sign of the integral the double integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the integral the double integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the integral the double integral
+will also change the important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also change the important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also change the important point
+being that all of these signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that all of these signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that all of these signed
+conventions do are preserved by things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions do are preserved by things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions do are preserved by things
+like green green theorem and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like green green theorem and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like green green theorem and the like
+but the important point is getting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important point is getting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important point is getting back
+to this now the integral around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this now the integral around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this now the integral around the
+closed curve C is the integral along C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve C is the integral along C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve C is the integral along C1
+minus the integral along C2 and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the integral along C2 and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the integral along C2 and since
+the integral along that closed curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral along that closed curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral along that closed curve is
+zero it says that this minus this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it says that this minus this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it says that this minus this is
+zero consequently these two integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero consequently these two integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero consequently these two integrals
+are equal and since C1 and C2 were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal and since C1 and C2 were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal and since C1 and C2 were
+arbitrary paths that connect p 0 and P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary paths that connect p 0 and P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary paths that connect p 0 and P1
+that shows that the line integral in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows that the line integral in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows that the line integral in
+this particular case does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case does not depend on
+the path but only the points p 0 and P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path but only the points p 0 and P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path but only the points p 0 and P1
+again we will emphasize that more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we will emphasize that more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we will emphasize that more in the
+exercises the second interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises the second interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises the second interesting
+application of greens theorem is a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of greens theorem is a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of greens theorem is a form
+which not only shows us how a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which not only shows us how a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which not only shows us how a line
+integral and a multiple integral are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and a multiple integral are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and a multiple integral are
+related but it actually shows us a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but it actually shows us a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but it actually shows us a way
+of computing an area in terms of a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing an area in terms of a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing an area in terms of a line
+integral in particular if in Green's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in particular if in Green's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in particular if in Green's
+theorem we let N equal x and m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we let N equal x and m equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we let N equal x and m equal
+negative y notice that Green's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative y notice that Green's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative y notice that Green's theorem
+then becomes what the integral along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then becomes what the integral along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then becomes what the integral along the
+closed curve C MDX plus ndy is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve C MDX plus ndy is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve C MDX plus ndy is just
+minus y DX plus X Dy the partial of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y DX plus X Dy the partial of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y DX plus X Dy the partial of n
+with respect to X is 1 the partial of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X is 1 the partial of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X is 1 the partial of M
+with respect to Y is minus one therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Y is minus one therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Y is minus one therefore
+the partial of n with respect to x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of n with respect to x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of n with respect to x minus
+the partial of M with the partial of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of M with the partial of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of M with the partial of n
+with respect to x minus the partial of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x minus the partial of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x minus the partial of M
+respect to Y is 1 - minus one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y is 1 - minus one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y is 1 - minus one which is
+two in other words green theorem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in other words green theorem says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in other words green theorem says
+that the integral around the Clos curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral around the Clos curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral around the Clos curve
+in this case is twice the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is twice the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is twice the area of the
+region R you see without the two in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R you see without the two in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R you see without the two in here
+this would just be the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would just be the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would just be the area of the
+region R since two is a constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R since two is a constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R since two is a constant Factor
+we can take it outside the integral sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take it outside the integral sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take it outside the integral sign
+in other words in terms of a picture if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words in terms of a picture if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words in terms of a picture if
+I want to find the area of the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to find the area of the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to find the area of the region
+R and I want to use a line integral I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and I want to use a line integral I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and I want to use a line integral I
+need only take what one half of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need only take what one half of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need only take what one half of this
+integral in other words the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in other words the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in other words the area of the
+region r is 1/2 the integral around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region r is 1/2 the integral around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region r is 1/2 the integral around the
+boundary of r x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of r x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of r x
+dyus y DX okay and again I will drill on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyus y DX okay and again I will drill on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyus y DX okay and again I will drill on
+that in the homework the one remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the homework the one remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the homework the one remaining
+thing I wanted to point out before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I wanted to point out before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I wanted to point out before we
+got to a specific example is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to a specific example is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to a specific example is how we
+remove the rest restriction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the rest restriction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the rest restriction of the
+region being Simply Connected you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region being Simply Connected you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region being Simply Connected you see
+what I claim is is that we may replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I claim is is that we may replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I claim is is that we may replace
+Simply Connected by connected since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected by connected since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected by connected since
+multiply connected regions are unions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply connected regions are unions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply connected regions are unions of
+Simply Connected ones with cuts whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected ones with cuts whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected ones with cuts whatever
+that means now let me show you what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means now let me show you what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means now let me show you what I'm
+saying here look at this multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here look at this multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here look at this multiply
+connected region here what I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected region here what I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected region here what I'm saying is
+suppose I were to cut this region I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I were to cut this region I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I were to cut this region I can
+then visualize this as the union of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then visualize this as the union of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then visualize this as the union of two
+Simply Connected regions in fact if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected regions in fact if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply Connected regions in fact if I
+have a piece of paper in my pocket I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a piece of paper in my pocket I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a piece of paper in my pocket I
+think we might as well the entire two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we might as well the entire two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we might as well the entire two
+parts of calculus are almost over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of calculus are almost over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of calculus are almost over and
+I've never done an experiment for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never done an experiment for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never done an experiment for you
+here's one I think even I can hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one I think even I can hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one I think even I can hand
+handle here's a connected region it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle here's a connected region it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle here's a connected region it's a
+piece of paper I'll fold it and I'll now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper I'll fold it and I'll now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper I'll fold it and I'll now
+make it it's Simply Connected because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it it's Simply Connected because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it it's Simply Connected because
+there are no holes in it I will now undo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no holes in it I will now undo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no holes in it I will now undo
+that I will make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will make the
+region connected but now multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region connected but now multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region connected but now multiply
+connected you see there's a hole in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected you see there's a hole in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected you see there's a hole in it
+and all I'm saying is if I cut this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all I'm saying is if I cut this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all I'm saying is if I cut this
+region not necessarily along a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region not necessarily along a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region not necessarily along a straight
+line all I've got to do is to cut it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line all I've got to do is to cut it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line all I've got to do is to cut it if
+I cut this region then what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut this region then what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut this region then what I
+have are two two Simply Connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are two two Simply Connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are two two Simply Connected
+regions that can be viewed as being fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that can be viewed as being fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that can be viewed as being fit
+together this way but to see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this way but to see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this way but to see them
+clearly we can just separate them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly we can just separate them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly we can just separate them but
+the reason I wanted to cut them for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I wanted to cut them for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I wanted to cut them for you
+is to see that I can actually fit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to see that I can actually fit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to see that I can actually fit these
+together and notice that the cut that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and notice that the cut that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and notice that the cut that
+joins these two from a theoretical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins these two from a theoretical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins these two from a theoretical point
+of view has no thickness right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view has no thickness right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view has no thickness right that's
+just a line that joins these two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a line that joins these two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a line that joins these two and
+here's the key point you see physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the key point you see physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the key point you see physically
+certainly if I put a cut inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if I put a cut inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if I put a cut inside the
+region the result picture is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region the result picture is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region the result picture is different
+than with the cut missing in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than with the cut missing in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than with the cut missing in other words
+I can distinguish between the shape that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can distinguish between the shape that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can distinguish between the shape that
+I've drawn without the accentuated chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn without the accentuated chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn without the accentuated chalk
+Mark in here and the shape that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark in here and the shape that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark in here and the shape that I have
+with the accentuated chalk Mark in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the accentuated chalk Mark in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the accentuated chalk Mark in here
+but here's the key Point first of all as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the key Point first of all as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the key Point first of all as
+far as Computing a double area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as Computing a double area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as Computing a double area is
+concerned the cut having no thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned the cut having no thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned the cut having no thickness
+has zero area so if somehow I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero area so if somehow I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero area so if somehow I were to
+compute the area of the region R without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the area of the region R without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the area of the region R without
+the cut I would expect to get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut I would expect to get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut I would expect to get the same
+area or if I were to compute whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area or if I were to compute whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area or if I were to compute whatever
+you want to call this the density or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to call this the density or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to call this the density or
+what have you if I want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you if I want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you if I want to compute the
+mass of the region r with the cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the region r with the cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the region r with the cut it
+should be the same as the mass without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same as the mass without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same as the mass without
+the cut because the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut because the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut because the difference is
+essentially what a set of points which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what a set of points which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what a set of points which
+has zero area and by the way for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero area and by the way for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero area and by the way for those
+of you who may read ahead in mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who may read ahead in mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who may read ahead in mathematics
+and have heard such Expressions as leag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have heard such Expressions as leag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have heard such Expressions as leag
+integrals the leag integral and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals the leag integral and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals the leag integral and the like
+these are things defined on sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are things defined on sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are things defined on sets of
+measur zero what what these things mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measur zero what what these things mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measur zero what what these things mean
+from an intuitive point of view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an intuitive point of view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an intuitive point of view is
+essentially what we're talking about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we're talking about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we're talking about now
+you see here are infinitely many points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here are infinitely many points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here are infinitely many points
+on this cut and yet the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this cut and yet the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this cut and yet the important thing
+is that with respect to area these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that with respect to area these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that with respect to area these
+points even though they're infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points even though they're infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points even though they're infinite
+number contribute no area in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number contribute no area in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number contribute no area in other words
+there are infinitely many points on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are infinitely many points on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are infinitely many points on a
+line but a line having no thickness has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but a line having no thickness has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but a line having no thickness has
+no area so certainly putting the cut in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no area so certainly putting the cut in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no area so certainly putting the cut in
+does not affect the double integral on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not affect the double integral on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not affect the double integral on
+the other hand since we always assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand since we always assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand since we always assume
+that the re the region is kept on our on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the re the region is kept on our on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the re the region is kept on our on
+our left as we go around it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our left as we go around it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our left as we go around it turns out
+that from the single integral the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from the single integral the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from the single integral the line
+integral point of view each cut cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral point of view each cut cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral point of view each cut cancels
+because of opposite sense what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of opposite sense what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of opposite sense what I'm
+saying is if I take this region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is if I take this region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is if I take this region and
+slice it you see how do I Traverse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice it you see how do I Traverse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice it you see how do I Traverse this
+piece since I want the area to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece since I want the area to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece since I want the area to be
+enclosed on my left I Traverse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed on my left I Traverse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed on my left I Traverse this
+region in this particular direction when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in this particular direction when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in this particular direction when
+it comes to this piece I Traverse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to this piece I Traverse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to this piece I Traverse this
+region in this direction so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in this direction so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in this direction so that the
+area is enclosed to my left when I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is enclosed to my left when I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is enclosed to my left when I now
+superimpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose
+these two what happens is since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two what happens is since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two what happens is since this
+line integral and this line integral go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral and this line integral go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral and this line integral go
+exactly over the same curve remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly over the same curve remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly over the same curve remember I
+just separated these so I could see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just separated these so I could see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just separated these so I could see them
+better when I push these together this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better when I push these together this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better when I push these together this
+is the same line since they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same line since they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same line since they have the
+same function the same points but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function the same points but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function the same points but only
+opposite sense these two integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sense these two integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sense these two integrals
+cancel in other words if I'm given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel in other words if I'm given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel in other words if I'm given a
+region that's multiply connected I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that's multiply connected I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that's multiply connected I can
+view it like this meaning I go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view it like this meaning I go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view it like this meaning I go around
+this piece this way so that my region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece this way so that my region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece this way so that my region is
+on my left I go around the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my left I go around the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my left I go around the outside
+border this way so that the region is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border this way so that the region is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border this way so that the region is on
+my left and when I want to use green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my left and when I want to use green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my left and when I want to use green
+theorem all I do is essentially I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem all I do is essentially I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem all I do is essentially I don't
+even have to make the two cuts here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have to make the two cuts here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have to make the two cuts here I
+could even make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even make one
+cut and look at this as the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of see well the two is see if I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see well the two is see if I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see well the two is see if I make
+just the one cut and leave the line out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the one cut and leave the line out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the one cut and leave the line out
+there are no longer any holes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no longer any holes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no longer any holes in the
+region here but that's not the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here but that's not the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here but that's not the important
+point the important point is that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the important point is that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the important point is that to
+visualize the integral that I want or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the integral that I want or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the integral that I want or
+the region that I want all I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region that I want all I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region that I want all I have to do
+is put the cut in and whatever the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put the cut in and whatever the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put the cut in and whatever the cut
+does is canceled out in the statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is canceled out in the statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is canceled out in the statement of
+greens theorem in other words again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greens theorem in other words again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greens theorem in other words again that
+quite often in using green theorem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often in using green theorem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often in using green theorem we
+still apply it to multiply connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still apply it to multiply connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still apply it to multiply connected
+regions the reason that we stress Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions the reason that we stress Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions the reason that we stress Simply
+Connected is that the proofs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected is that the proofs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected is that the proofs that are
+given for green theorem are easiest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given for green theorem are easiest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given for green theorem are easiest to
+handle in the case of Simply Connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle in the case of Simply Connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle in the case of Simply Connected
+regions and then we simp simp L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and then we simp simp L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and then we simp simp L
+generalize it to multiply connected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize it to multiply connected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize it to multiply connected by
+pointing out what we just did here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out what we just did here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out what we just did here that
+we can always visualize a multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can always visualize a multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can always visualize a multiply
+connected region as a union of Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected region as a union of Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected region as a union of Simply
+Connected regions if the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected regions if the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected regions if the appropriate
+cuts are made and again that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts are made and again that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts are made and again that will be
+emphasized in the exercises I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized in the exercises I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized in the exercises I thought
+that what we should do to finish off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we should do to finish off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we should do to finish off
+today's lesson would be to actually do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lesson would be to actually do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lesson would be to actually do a
+trivial exercise by trivial I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial exercise by trivial I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial exercise by trivial I mean
+greens theorem has profound application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greens theorem has profound application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greens theorem has profound application
+it's more than just relating line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than just relating line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than just relating line
+integrals to multiple integrals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals to multiple integrals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals to multiple integrals the
+applications of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of these things are
+enormous and we're going to hit a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous and we're going to hit a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous and we're going to hit a few of
+these in the exercises but what I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the exercises but what I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the exercises but what I wanted
+to do is to pick sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to pick sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to pick sort of a
+straightforward example just to have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward example just to have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward example just to have you
+see what green theorem means when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what green theorem means when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what green theorem means when we
+translate it into a concrete situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it into a concrete situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it into a concrete situation
+and the example I have in mind is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the example I have in mind is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the example I have in mind is simply
+this let's compute the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's compute the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's compute the line integral
+around the closed curve c y Cub DX plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the closed curve c y Cub DX plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the closed curve c y Cub DX plus
+x 4 Dy where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 4 Dy where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 4 Dy where
+the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C happens to be the following simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C happens to be the following simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C happens to be the following simply
+closed uh uh closed curve I start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed uh uh closed curve I start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed uh uh closed curve I start at the
+origin and move to the point 1 one along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and move to the point 1 one along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and move to the point 1 one along
+the parabola y = x^2 then I move from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parabola y = x^2 then I move from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parabola y = x^2 then I move from 1
+one to 01 along the line Y = 1 right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to 01 along the line Y = 1 right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to 01 along the line Y = 1 right and
+then I move from 01 down to 0 0 along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I move from 01 down to 0 0 along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I move from 01 down to 0 0 along
+the line x equals 0 the boundary of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line x equals 0 the boundary of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line x equals 0 the boundary of this
+is what I'm calling my Region C my curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'm calling my Region C my curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'm calling my Region C my curve
+C notice that the region R enclosed by C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C notice that the region R enclosed by C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C notice that the region R enclosed by C
+lies on my left as I Traverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies on my left as I Traverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies on my left as I Traverse the
+boundary of c and what I what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of c and what I what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of c and what I what I want to
+do is to find the value of this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to find the value of this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to find the value of this line
+integral along this particular Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along this particular Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along this particular Clos
+curve C and again if you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C and again if you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C and again if you want to see
+this in terms of a lecture of last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of a lecture of last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of a lecture of last time
+where we talked about work and force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talked about work and force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talked about work and force
+imagine that my Force is defined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that my Force is defined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that my Force is defined in the
+XY plane at any point x comma y to be y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane at any point x comma y to be y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane at any point x comma y to be y
+Cub I + x 4th J Etc meaning Dr as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub I + x 4th J Etc meaning Dr as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub I + x 4th J Etc meaning Dr as usual
+will be dxi plus dyj and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be dxi plus dyj and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be dxi plus dyj and what we're
+saying is that this particular integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that this particular integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that this particular integral
+represents the work that would be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the work that would be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the work that would be done
+if a particle were starting at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a particle were starting at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a particle were starting at the point
+0 0 and being moved along the curve C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 and being moved along the curve C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 and being moved along the curve C so
+that it returns to the point 0 0 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it returns to the point 0 0 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it returns to the point 0 0 now
+keep in mind merely because the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind merely because the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind merely because the particle
+is returning to the same point from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is returning to the same point from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is returning to the same point from
+which it started is not enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it started is not enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it started is not enough to
+guarantee that the work done is zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that the work done is zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that the work done is zero in
+fact the guarantee that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the guarantee that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the guarantee that would be
+necessary would be that the partial of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary would be that the partial of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary would be that the partial of Y
+Cub with respect to Y would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub with respect to Y would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub with respect to Y would have to be
+identical to the partial of x to 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the partial of x to 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the partial of x to 4th
+with respect to X and that certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X and that certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X and that certainly
+isn't the case in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the case in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the case in this particular
+example we don't have a conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we don't have a conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we don't have a conservative
+force field in this case in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force field in this case in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force field in this case in this case we
+suspect that the work done should depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that the work done should depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that the work done should depend
+on the path connecting the points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the path connecting the points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the path connecting the points in
+particular if we go around a closed path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if we go around a closed path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if we go around a closed path
+the work done would not have to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work done would not have to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work done would not have to be zero
+at any rate that's enough lip service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any rate that's enough lip service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any rate that's enough lip service
+paid to the physical interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid to the physical interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid to the physical interpretation of
+this let's actually try to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's actually try to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's actually try to solve this
+problem and what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and what we're going to do is
+solve it in two ways the first way will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it in two ways the first way will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it in two ways the first way will
+be to emphasize green theorem we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to emphasize green theorem we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to emphasize green theorem we'll
+solve it first by Green theorem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it first by Green theorem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it first by Green theorem because
+that is the sermon for today and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the sermon for today and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the sermon for today and the
+second method will be to show how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second method will be to show how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second method will be to show how we
+would have solved the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have solved the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have solved the same problem
+problem if we didn't have green theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if we didn't have green theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if we didn't have green theorem
+the idea being I won't tell you which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea being I won't tell you which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea being I won't tell you which of
+the two ways one should have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two ways one should have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two ways one should have done this
+the important point from the from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important point from the from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important point from the from our
+point of view is that the two methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view is that the two methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view is that the two methods
+yield the same answer at any rate to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield the same answer at any rate to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield the same answer at any rate to use
+green theem notice that m is y cubed n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green theem notice that m is y cubed n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green theem notice that m is y cubed n
+is equal to X 4th so the statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to X 4th so the statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to X 4th so the statement of
+Green's theorem which says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's theorem which says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's theorem which says that the
+integral around the closed curve C MDX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral around the closed curve C MDX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral around the closed curve C MDX
+plus ndy is the double integral around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ndy is the double integral around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ndy is the double integral around
+the region enclosed by C the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region enclosed by C the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region enclosed by C the partial of
+m n with respect to x minus the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m n with respect to x minus the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m n with respect to x minus the partial
+of M with respect to yda that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M with respect to yda that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M with respect to yda that leads to
+this okay and now what is my region a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and now what is my region a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and now what is my region a uh
+I I'll think of it as being a dydx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll think of it as being a dydx and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll think of it as being a dydx and
+if I look at my region a I observe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at my region a I observe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at my region a I observe that
+for a fixed value of x y varies from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fixed value of x y varies from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fixed value of x y varies from the
+curve y varies from the curve x^2 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve y varies from the curve x^2 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve y varies from the curve x^2 to 1
+and X in turn varies any place from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X in turn varies any place from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X in turn varies any place from 0 to
+one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so
+the line integral that I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral that I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral that I'm trying to
+evaluate is this particular double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate is this particular double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate is this particular double
+integral by the way we don't really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral by the way we don't really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral by the way we don't really need
+this what comes next because from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what comes next because from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what comes next because from here
+on in this should be old hat but just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this should be old hat but just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this should be old hat but just by
+way of review notice that I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of review notice that I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of review notice that I could have
+written this with the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this with the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this with the order of
+integration reversed so that I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration reversed so that I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration reversed so that I wouldn't
+have to worry about an X squ in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about an X squ in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about an X squ in the
+lower limit I might like all of my lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower limit I might like all of my lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower limit I might like all of my lower
+limits to be zero other words I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits to be zero other words I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits to be zero other words I could
+have picked a horizontal strip and shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have picked a horizontal strip and shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have picked a horizontal strip and shown
+that for a fixed value of y X varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a fixed value of y X varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a fixed value of y X varies
+from 0 to the square root of Y and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to the square root of Y and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to the square root of Y and Y
+varies from 0 to 1 in any event this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies from 0 to 1 in any event this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies from 0 to 1 in any event this is
+just garnishing we this is the easy part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just garnishing we this is the easy part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just garnishing we this is the easy part
+all I'm saying is we now evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm saying is we now evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm saying is we now evaluate this
+iterated integral integrating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated integral integrating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated integral integrating with
+respect to X the integrand becomes x 4 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X the integrand becomes x 4 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X the integrand becomes x 4 -
+3x y^2 evaluated between x = 0 and x = <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x y^2 evaluated between x = 0 and x = <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x y^2 evaluated between x = 0 and x = <
+TK of Y that of course leads to y^ 2 - 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK of Y that of course leads to y^ 2 - 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK of Y that of course leads to y^ 2 - 3
+y 5es i integrate that between 0 and 1 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 5es i integrate that between 0 and 1 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 5es i integrate that between 0 and 1 I
+get 1/3 y Cub - 67 y 7 and as y goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1/3 y Cub - 67 y 7 and as y goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1/3 y Cub - 67 y 7 and as y goes
+from 0 to 1 this becomes -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 1 this becomes -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 1 this becomes -
+1121 by the way again I hope it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1121 by the way again I hope it's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1121 by the way again I hope it's clear
+from previous exercises that the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous exercises that the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous exercises that the minus
+sign simply has physical significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign simply has physical significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign simply has physical significance
+that all we're saying is is that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all we're saying is is that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all we're saying is is that one
+would expect that if the motion takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect that if the motion takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect that if the motion takes
+place in the direction of the force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the direction of the force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the direction of the force the
+force is helping us move the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is helping us move the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is helping us move the particle
+whereas if the force is taking place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if the force is taking place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if the force is taking place
+opposite to the direction of motion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite to the direction of motion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite to the direction of motion we
+have to push against the force to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to push against the force to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to push against the force to get
+the particle there so what we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle there so what we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle there so what we're saying
+is in one case the sense is positive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in one case the sense is positive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in one case the sense is positive the
+other is negative I'm not going to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is negative I'm not going to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is negative I'm not going to worry
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+physically about what the meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically about what the meaning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically about what the meaning of the
+minus sign is but using Green's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign is but using Green's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign is but using Green's theorem
+we have shown what that the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have shown what that the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have shown what that the integral
+around the closed curve c as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the closed curve c as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the closed curve c as we've
+defined C before y Cub DX + X4 Dy is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined C before y Cub DX + X4 Dy is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined C before y Cub DX + X4 Dy is -
+11 21st and what I would like to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 21st and what I would like to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 21st and what I would like to do now
+to finish today's lesson is to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish today's lesson is to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish today's lesson is to do the
+same problem only doing it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem only doing it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem only doing it without
+Green's theorem and again the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's theorem and again the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's theorem and again the point is
+to do this problem without using Green's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this problem without using Green's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this problem without using Green's
+theorem remember what my region was over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem remember what my region was over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem remember what my region was over
+here without having to refer back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here without having to refer back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here without having to refer back to the
+previous Bo what I'm doing is my curve C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Bo what I'm doing is my curve C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Bo what I'm doing is my curve C
+consists of three separate line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of three separate line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of three separate line
+integrals C1 is the curve y = x^2 as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals C1 is the curve y = x^2 as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals C1 is the curve y = x^2 as X
+goes from 0 to 1 C2 is the curve y = 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from 0 to 1 C2 is the curve y = 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from 0 to 1 C2 is the curve y = 1
+where X varies from 1 to zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X varies from 1 to zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X varies from 1 to zero and the
+curve C3 is X equals 0 and Y varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C3 is X equals 0 and Y varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C3 is X equals 0 and Y varying
+continuously from 1 to zero at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously from 1 to zero at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously from 1 to zero at any rate
+using the fact that if a curve is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the fact that if a curve is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the fact that if a curve is the
+union of curves that the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of curves that the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of curves that the line integral
+around that curve is the sum of the Cur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that curve is the sum of the Cur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that curve is the sum of the Cur
+the integral over the curves making up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over the curves making up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over the curves making up
+the union I get that the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union I get that the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union I get that the line integral
+along c y Cub DX plus x 4 d y is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along c y Cub DX plus x 4 d y is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along c y Cub DX plus x 4 d y is the sum
+of these three line integrals in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these three line integrals in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these three line integrals in other
+words I integrate along C1 C2 and C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I integrate along C1 C2 and C3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I integrate along C1 C2 and C3
+where C1 is y = x^2 and X varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where C1 is y = x^2 and X varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where C1 is y = x^2 and X varies
+continuously from 0 to 1 C2 is the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously from 0 to 1 C2 is the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously from 0 to 1 C2 is the line
+yal 1 and X varies continuously from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal 1 and X varies continuously from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal 1 and X varies continuously from 1
+to zero C3 is the line xal 0 and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero C3 is the line xal 0 and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero C3 is the line xal 0 and Y
+varies continuously from 1 to zero using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies continuously from 1 to zero using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies continuously from 1 to zero using
+the concepts that we talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concepts that we talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concepts that we talked about in the
+last lecture for example to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture for example to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture for example to evaluate
+this integral this will be what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral this will be what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral this will be what I
+replace y by x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace y by x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace y by x^2
+Dy by 2x DX and integrate as X goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy by 2x DX and integrate as X goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy by 2x DX and integrate as X goes from
+0 to 1 so my first integral is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 so my first integral is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 so my first integral is simply
+integral from 0 to 1 x 6 DX + x 4 * 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 1 x 6 DX + x 4 * 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 1 x 6 DX + x 4 * 2x
+DX okay my second integral coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay my second integral coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay my second integral coming back
+to here Y is constantly one all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here Y is constantly one all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here Y is constantly one all right so
+d y is zero that makes this term drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y is zero that makes this term drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y is zero that makes this term drop
+out consequently this term becomes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out consequently this term becomes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out consequently this term becomes what
+1 DX as X varies continuously from 1 to0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 DX as X varies continuously from 1 to0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 DX as X varies continuously from 1 to0
+so that integral becomes integral 1 to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that integral becomes integral 1 to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that integral becomes integral 1 to 0
+DX and my final integral over C3 notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and my final integral over C3 notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and my final integral over C3 notice
+that for that integral X is zero so both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that integral X is zero so both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that integral X is zero so both
+this term and this term drop out see X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and this term drop out see X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and this term drop out see X
+is zero so this term drops out the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so this term drops out the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so this term drops out the fact
+that X is a constant makes DX equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is a constant makes DX equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is a constant makes DX equal to
+Zer so this term drops out so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer so this term drops out so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer so this term drops out so my
+integrand is just 0 Dy as y goes from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand is just 0 Dy as y goes from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand is just 0 Dy as y goes from 1
+to 0er and to make a long story short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0er and to make a long story short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0er and to make a long story short
+here this integrant is simply x 6 + 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this integrant is simply x 6 + 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this integrant is simply x 6 + 2x
+5th DX from 0 to one this is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5th DX from 0 to one this is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5th DX from 0 to one this is simply
+another way of writing minus one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of writing minus one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of writing minus one this is
+zero so my line integral along the Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so my line integral along the Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so my line integral along the Clos
+curve C is 17th X 7th + 1/3 x 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C is 17th X 7th + 1/3 x 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C is 17th X 7th + 1/3 x 6
+evaluated between 0 and 1 minus one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated between 0 and 1 minus one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated between 0 and 1 minus one this
+comes out to be a 7th plus a 3 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to be a 7th plus a 3 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to be a 7th plus a 3 which is
+10 21st minus one makes this minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 21st minus one makes this minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 21st minus one makes this minus
+1121 and hopefully that checks with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1121 and hopefully that checks with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1121 and hopefully that checks with the
+answer that we got by the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that we got by the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that we got by the previous
+method and at any rate if nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and at any rate if nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and at any rate if nothing else
+that is an application as to how green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an application as to how green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an application as to how green
+theorem works now what this does as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem works now what this does as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem works now what this does as far
+as this lecture is concerned and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this lecture is concerned and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this lecture is concerned and the
+exercises will bring this out is it ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises will bring this out is it ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises will bring this out is it ties
+in line integrals with multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in line integrals with multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in line integrals with multiple
+integrals that will be the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that will be the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that will be the last lecture
+of this particular block of material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particular block of material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particular block of material and
+in the next uh lesson what we will do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next uh lesson what we will do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next uh lesson what we will do is
+introduce a new block of material we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new block of material we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new block of material we in
+particular shall talk about complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular shall talk about complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular shall talk about complex
+numbers and that will occupy us for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and that will occupy us for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and that will occupy us for a
+little while and at any rate though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while and at any rate though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while and at any rate though
+until next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+and Paul rosenbom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+making a donation at ocw.mit.edu/donate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bQ-miBkhy9M.txt b/bQ-miBkhy9M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cef845a30a606a1631ecbc970e177f251715111a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bQ-miBkhy9M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3173 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let's start.
+
+So last lecture we started
+on the topic of doing
+
+renormalization
+in position space.
+
+And the idea, let's say,
+was to look at something
+
+like the Ising model, whose
+partition function is obtained,
+
+if you have insides, by
+summing over all the 2 to the n
+
+configuration of a weight
+that tends to align variables,
+
+binary variables that
+are next to each other.
+
+And this next to each
+other is indicated
+
+by this nearest neighbor
+symbol, sigma i, sigma j.
+
+Potentially, we may want
+to add the magnetic field
+
+like term that [INAUDIBLE].
+
+The idea of the
+renormalization group
+
+is to obtain a similar
+Hamiltonian that
+
+describes interactions among
+spins that are further apart.
+
+We saw that we
+could do this easily
+
+in the case of the
+one-dimensional system.
+
+Well, let's say you have a line,
+and you have sites on the line.
+
+Each one of them wants to
+make their neighbor parallel
+
+to itself.
+
+And what we saw was
+that I could easily
+
+get rid of every other spin
+and keep one set of spins.
+
+If I do it that, I get
+a partition function
+
+that operates between
+the remaining spins.
+
+Was very easy to sum over the
+two variables that spin in
+
+between these two
+could have and conclude
+
+that after this step, which
+corresponds to removing half
+
+of the degrees of freedom, I
+get a new interaction, k prime,
+
+which was 1/2 log hyperbolic
+cosine of 2K, if h was zero.
+
+And we saw that
+that, which is also
+
+a prototype of other
+systems in one dimension,
+
+basically is incapable of giving
+you long-range order or phase
+
+transition at finite temperature
+that corresponds to finite k.
+
+So the only place where you
+could have potentially ordering
+
+over large landscape
+is when k becomes
+
+very large at zero temperature.
+
+We saw how the correlation
+length behaves and diverges
+
+as you approach zero temperature
+in this type of model.
+
+Now, the next step
+would be to look
+
+at something that
+is two-dimensional.
+
+And in this context,
+I describe how
+
+it would be ideal if, let's say,
+we start with a square lattice.
+
+We have interactions
+k between neighbors.
+
+And we could potentially
+do the same thing.
+
+Let's say remove one
+sublattice of spins,
+
+getting interactions among the
+other sublattice of spins that
+
+would again
+correspond to removing
+
+half of the spins in the system.
+
+But in terms of
+length scale change,
+
+it corresponds to
+square root of 2.
+
+This length compared
+to the old length
+
+is different by a factor
+of square root of 2.
+
+But the thing that
+I also indicated
+
+was that this spin is now
+coupled to all four of them.
+
+And once I remove the spin, I
+can generate new interactions
+
+operating between these spins.
+
+In fact, you will generate
+also a four-spin interaction,
+
+so your space of
+parameters is not
+
+closed under this procedure.
+
+The same applies to all
+higher dimensional systems,
+
+and so they are not really
+solvable by this approach
+
+unless you start making
+some approximations.
+
+So the particular approximation
+that I introduced here
+
+was done and applied shortly
+after Cavenaugh brought forth
+
+this idea of removing degrees
+of freedom and renormalization
+
+by-- I'll write this
+once, and hopefully I
+
+will not make a mistake.
+
+Niemeijer and van
+Leeuwen And it's
+
+a kind of cumulant expansion,
+as I will describe shortly.
+
+It's an approximation.
+
+And rather than doing
+the square lattice,
+
+it is applied to the
+triangular lattice.
+
+And that's going
+to be the hardest
+
+part of this class for me,
+to draw a triangular lattice.
+
+Not doing a good job.
+
+So basically, we put our
+spins, sigma i plus minus 1,
+
+on the sides of this.
+
+And we put an interaction k
+that operates between neighbors.
+
+And we want to do a
+renormalization in which we
+
+reduce the number of
+degrees of freedom.
+
+What Niemeijer and van Leeuwen
+suggested was the following.
+
+You can group the
+sublattices of the triangular
+
+lattice into three.
+
+I have indicated
+them by 1, 2, 3.
+
+Basically, there is going
+to be some selection
+
+of sublattice sites
+on this lattice.
+
+What they suggested was to
+basically define cells--
+
+so this would be one cell.
+
+This would be another cell.
+
+This would be another cell.
+
+This would be another
+cell over here-- such
+
+that every side of the
+original lattice belongs to one
+
+and only one site
+of these cells.
+
+OK.
+
+So basically, I guess the
+next one would come over here.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's call the
+site by label i.
+
+And let's give the cells label
+that I will indicate by Greek.
+
+So sites, I will
+indicate i, j, cells,
+
+by Greek letters,
+alphabet, et cetera.
+
+So that, for example,
+we can regard
+
+this as cell alpha,
+this one, this triangle,
+
+as forming cell beta.
+
+Now, the idea of
+Niemeijer and van Leeuwen
+
+was that to each
+cell, we are going
+
+to assign a new spin that is
+reflective of the configuration
+
+of the site spins.
+
+So for this, they propose
+the majority rule.
+
+Basically, they said that
+we call the spin for site
+
+alpha to be the majority
+of the site spins.
+
+So basically, if all three
+spins are plus or all three
+
+of them are minus, you
+basically go to plus or minus.
+
+If two of them are plus
+and one of them is minus,
+
+you would choose the
+one that is a majority.
+
+So you can see that this also
+has only two possibilities,
+
+plus 1 and minus 1, which
+would not have taken place
+
+if I had tried to do a
+majority of two sites.
+
+It would have worked
+if I had chosen
+
+a majority of three sites
+on a one-dimensional lattice
+
+clearly.
+
+So that's the rule.
+
+So you can see that for every
+configuration that I have
+
+originally, I can do
+these kinds of averaging
+
+and define a configuration
+that exists for the cells.
+
+And the idea is that if I weigh
+the initial configurations
+
+according to the weight
+where the nearest neighbor
+
+coupling is k, what is
+the weight that governs
+
+these new configurations for
+the averaged or majority cell
+
+spins?
+
+Now, to do this
+problem exactly is
+
+subject to the same difficulty
+that I mentioned before.
+
+That is, if I somehow
+do an averaging
+
+over the spins in here
+to get the majority,
+
+then I will generate
+interactions
+
+that run over further
+neighboring, as we
+
+will see shortly.
+
+So to remove that,
+they introduced a kind
+
+of uncontrolled break-up
+of the Hamiltonian
+
+that governed the system.
+
+That is, they wrote
+beta H minus beta
+
+H, which is the sum over
+all neighboring site spins,
+
+as the sum of a part that
+then cancels perturbatively
+
+and a part of that will treat
+as a correction to the part
+
+that we can solve exactly.
+
+The beta H zero is this
+sum over all cells alpha.
+
+What you do is
+basically you just
+
+include the interactions
+among the cell spins.
+
+So I have K sigma alpha 1
+sigma alpha 2 sigma alpha
+
+2 sigma alpha 3 sigma
+alpha 3 sigma alpha 1.
+
+So basically, these are the
+interactions within a cell.
+
+What have I left out?
+
+I have left out the interactions
+that operate between cells,
+
+so all of these things,
+which, of course, are
+
+the same strength but, for
+lack of better things to do,
+
+they said OK.
+
+We are going to sum over
+all, you can see now,
+
+neighboring cells.
+
+So the things that
+I left out, let's
+
+say, interactions between
+this cell alpha and beta,
+
+evolve-- let's say
+the spin number
+
+1 in this labeling of beta
+times spin number 2 of alpha
+
+and spin number 3 of alpha.
+
+Now, of course, what
+I call 1, 2, or 3
+
+will depend on the relative
+orientation of the neighboring
+
+cells.
+
+But the idea is the
+same, that basically,
+
+for each pair of
+neighboring cells,
+
+there will be two of
+these interactions.
+
+So again, these no a
+priori reason to regard
+
+this as a perturbation.
+
+Both of them clearly carry the
+same strength for the bond,
+
+this parameter K. OK?
+
+The justification
+is only solvability.
+
+So the partition function
+that I have to calculate,
+
+which is the sum of
+all spin configuration
+
+with the original weight, I can
+write as a sum over all spin
+
+configurations of e to the minus
+beta H 0, and then minus u,
+
+and the idea of
+perturbation is, of course,
+
+to write the part that depends
+on u as a perturbation.
+
+It's expanding the exponential.
+
+Now, solvability
+relies on the fact
+
+that the term that
+just multiplies 1
+
+is the sum of
+triplets that are only
+
+interacting between themselves.
+
+They don't see anybody else.
+
+So that's clearly
+very easily solvable,
+
+and we can calculate
+the partition functions
+
+0 that describes that.
+
+And then we can
+start to evaluate
+
+all of those other terms,
+once I have pulled out
+
+e to the minus beta H zero sum
+over all configurations in Z 0.
+
+The series that I
+will generate are
+
+averages of this
+interaction calculated
+
+with the 0 [INAUDIBLE]
+Hamiltonian.
+
+So my log of Z-- OK.
+
+That's how if I was to calculate
+the problem perturbatively.
+
+Now I'm going to do something
+that is slightly different.
+
+So what I will do
+is, rather than
+
+do the sum that I
+have indicated above,
+
+I will do a slight variation.
+
+I will sum only
+over configurations.
+
+Maybe I should write
+it in this fashion.
+
+I will sum only
+over configurations
+
+that under averaging give me
+a particular configuration
+
+of site spins.
+
+So, basically, let's say I pick
+a configuration in which this
+
+is-- the cell spin is plus,
+the cell spin is minus,
+
+whatever, some
+configuration of cell spins.
+
+Now, depending on this
+cell spin being plus,
+
+there are many
+configurations-- not many--
+
+but there are four
+configurations of the site
+
+spins that would correspond
+to this being plus.
+
+There are four configurations
+that would correspond to this.
+
+So basically, I specify
+what configuration of cell
+
+spins I want, and I do this sum.
+
+So the answer there is
+some kind of a weight that
+
+depends on my choice
+of [INAUDIBLE] sigma
+
+alpha [INAUDIBLE].
+
+OK.
+
+So then I have the
+same thing over here.
+
+And then, in principle,
+all of these quantities
+
+will become a function of the
+choice of my configuration.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is a weight
+for cell configurations
+
+once I average out over all
+site configurations that
+
+are compatible with that.
+
+So if I take the
+log of this, I can
+
+think of that as an
+effective Hamiltonian that
+
+operates on these variables.
+
+And this is what we
+have usually been
+
+indicating by the
+prime interactions.
+
+And so, if I take the
+log of that expression,
+
+I will get log of z 0 that
+is compatible with the choice
+
+of cell spins.
+
+And then the log
+of this series--
+
+we've seen this many times--
+it starts with minus U 0
+
+as a function of the
+specified interactions.
+
+And then I have
+the variance, again
+
+compatible with
+the interactions.
+
+OK?
+
+So now it comes to basically
+solving this problem.
+
+And I pick some particular cell.
+
+And I look at what
+configurations
+
+I could have that
+are compactible
+
+for a particular sign
+of the cell spin.
+
+As far as the site
+spins are concerned.
+
+And I will also
+indicate what the weight
+
+is that I have to put for that
+cell coming from minus beta H0.
+
+one thing that I
+can certainly do
+
+is to have the cell spin plus.
+
+And I indicated that
+that I can get either
+
+by having all three
+spins to be plus or just
+
+the majority, which means
+that one of the three
+
+can become minus.
+
+So there are these
+configurations
+
+that are consistent, all
+of them, with the sigma
+
+alpha prime, the
+majority that is plus.
+
+And there are four
+configurations
+
+that correspond to minuses we
+shall obtain by essentially
+
+flipping everything.
+
+And the weights are
+easy to figure out.
+
+Basically I have
+a triplet of spins
+
+that are coupled by
+interaction K. In this case,
+
+all three are positive.
+
+So I have three
+into the K factor,
+
+so I will get e to the 3K.
+
+Whereas if one of them becomes
+minus and two remain plus,
+
+you can see that
+there are two unhappy
+
+misaligned configurations.
+
+So I will get minus K, minus
+K, plus K. I will get e
+
+to the minus K. It doesn't
+matter which one of these three
+
+it is.
+
+If all three are minuses, then
+again, the sites are aligned.
+
+So I will get e to the 3K.
+
+If two minuses and 1
+plus, 2 bonds are unhappy.
+
+One is happy.
+
+I will get e to the minus
+K, e to the minus K,
+
+e to the minus K.
+
+So once I have specified
+what my cell spin is,
+
+the contribution to
+the partition function
+
+is obtained by summing over
+contributions things that
+
+are compatible with that.
+
+So what is it if I specify
+that my cell spin is plus?
+
+The contribution to
+the partition function
+
+is e to the 3K plus e
+to the 3 to the minus K.
+
+It's actually exactly
+the same thing
+
+if I had specified
+that it is minus.
+
+So we see that this
+factor, irrespective
+
+of whether the choice here
+is that the cell spin is
+
+plus or minus, is log of e to
+the 3K plus 3e to the minus
+
+K. Pair any one of the cells
+and how many cells I have,
+
+1/3 of the number of sites
+with the number of sites
+
+I had indicated by N,
+this would be N over 3.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, let's see what
+this U average is.
+
+So U-- I made one sign error.
+
+I put both of them
+as minuses, which
+
+means that in the
+notation I had-- no.
+
+That's fine.
+
+Minus U0.
+
+So I put the minus sign here
+-- is plus K sum over all pairs
+
+that are neighboring
+each other, for example,
+
+like the pair alpha
+beta I have indicated,
+
+but any other pair
+of neighboring cells.
+
+I have to write an
+expression such as this.
+
+So I have the K. I have sigma.
+
+I have beta 1 sigma alpha 2
+plus sigma beta 1 sigma alpha 3.
+
+So this is the expression
+that I have for you.
+
+I have to take the average
+of this quantity, basically
+
+the average of the sum.
+
+I will have two
+of these averages.
+
+Now in my zero to
+order weight, there
+
+is no coupling between this
+cell and any other cell.
+
+So what the spin on
+each cell is on average
+
+cares nothing about
+what the spin is
+
+on any other cell, which
+means that these averages are
+
+independent of each other.
+
+I can write it in this fashion.
+
+So all I need to
+do is to calculate
+
+the average of one
+of these columns,
+
+given that I have
+specified what the cell is.
+
+So let's pick, let's say sigma
+alpha 1 average in this zero
+
+to order weight.
+
+Now I can see
+immediately that I will
+
+have two possibilities, the
+top four or the bottom four.
+
+The top four corresponds
+to sigma cell being plus.
+
+The bottom four correspond to
+the sigma cell being minus.
+
+So the top four is
+essentially I have
+
+to look at the average
+on this column.
+
+I have-- it is either
+plus, and then I
+
+get a weight e to the 3K.
+
+Or it is minus.
+
+I get weight e to the minus
+K plus e to the minus k plus
+
+e to the minus k.
+
+So once I add 2 plus
+e to the minus K
+
+and subtract 1e to the
+minus K, I really get this.
+
+Now, of course, I have to
+normalize by the weights
+
+that I have per cell.
+
+And the weights are
+really these factors
+
+but divided by e to the
+3K plus 3 to the minus K.
+
+Whereas if I had specified
+that the cell spin is minus,
+
+and I wanted to calculate
+the average here,
+
+I would be dealing
+with these numbers.
+
+You can see that I will
+have a minus e to the 3K.
+
+I will have one plus and two
+minuses e to the minus K,
+
+so I will get minus
+e to the minus K e
+
+to the 3K plus 3e to the minus
+K, which is the normalizing
+
+weight.
+
+So it's just minus
+the other one.
+
+And I can put these two
+together and write it as e
+
+to the 3K plus e
+to the minus K e
+
+to the 3K plus 3e to the
+minus K sigma alpha prime.
+
+So the average of any one
+of these three site spins
+
+is simply proportional to what
+you said was the cell spin.
+
+The constant of proportionality
+depends on K according to this.
+
+So now if I substitute this
+over here, what do I find?
+
+I will find that
+minus U at the lowest
+
+level, each one of these factors
+will give me the same thing.
+
+So this K becomes 2K.
+
+I have a sum over alpha and
+betas that are neighboring.
+
+Each one of these
+sigmas I will replace
+
+by the corresponding
+average here.
+
+Add the cost of multiplying
+by one of these factors.
+
+And there are two such factors.
+
+So I basically get this.
+
+So add this order in the
+series that I have written,
+
+if I forget about all of those
+things, what has happened?
+
+I see that the weight that
+governs the cell spins
+
+is again something that only
+couples the nearest neighbor
+
+cells with a new interaction
+that I can call K prime.
+
+And this new
+interaction, K prime,
+
+is simply 2K into the
+3K plus e to the minus K
+
+e to the 3K plus 3 e
+to the minus K squared.
+
+So presumably, again, if I think
+of the axes' possible values
+
+of K running all the way
+from no coupling at 0
+
+to very strongly
+coupling at infinity,
+
+this tells me under rescaling
+where the parameters go.
+
+If I start here, where
+do I go back and forth?
+
+So let's follow the path that
+we followed in one dimension.
+
+We expect something
+to correspond
+
+to essentially no
+coupling at all.
+
+So we look at the limit
+where K goes to 0.
+
+Then you can see that
+what is happening here
+
+is that K prime is 2K.
+
+And then from here, when K
+goes to 0, all of these factors
+
+become 1.
+
+So numerator is 2,
+denominator is 4.
+
+The whole thing is squared.
+
+So basically in that limit,
+the interaction gets halved.
+
+So if I have a very
+[INAUDIBLE] coupling of 1/8,
+
+then it becomes 1/16 and
+then it becomes 1 over 32.
+
+I get pulled towards this.
+
+So presumably
+anything that is here
+
+will at long distance
+look disordered, just
+
+like one dimension.
+
+But now let's look
+at the other limit.
+
+What happens when K is very
+large, K goes to infinity?
+
+Then K prime is-- well,
+there's the 2K out front,
+
+but that's it.
+
+Because e to the 3K is going to
+dominate over e to the minus K
+
+when K is large, and
+this ratio goes to 1.
+
+So we see that if I
+start with a K of 1,000,
+
+then I go to 2,000 to
+4,000, and basically I
+
+get pulled towards a
+behavior of infinity.
+
+So this is different
+from one dimension.
+
+In one dimension, you
+were always going to 0.
+
+Now we can see that in
+this two-dimensional model,
+
+recoupling disappears,
+goes to no coupling.
+
+Strong enough coupling goes to
+everybody's following in line
+
+and doing the same
+thing at large scale.
+
+So we can very well
+guess that there
+
+should be some point
+in between that
+
+separates these
+two types of flows.
+
+And that is going to
+be the point where
+
+I would have KC,
+or let's call it--
+
+I guess I call it K
+star in the notes.
+
+So let's call it K star.
+
+So K star is 2K star e to the 3K
+star plus e to the minus K star
+
+e to the 3K star plus e to the
+minus-- 3e to the minus K star
+
+squared.
+
+So we can drop out the K star.
+
+You can see that what
+you have to solve
+
+is e to the 3K star plus
+e to the minus K star
+
+divided by e to the 3K star
+plus 3e to the minus K star.
+
+This ratio is 1 over
+square root of 2.
+
+I can multiply everything
+by e to the plus K star
+
+so that this becomes 1.
+
+And I have an algebraic equation
+to solve for e to the 4K star.
+
+So I will get root
+2e to the 4K star
+
+plus root 2 is e to
+the 4K star plus 1.
+
+And I get the value of K star,
+which is 1/4 log of-- whoops,
+
+this was a 3-- 3 minus root
+2 divided by root 2 minus 1.
+
+You put it in the
+calculator, and it
+
+becomes something that
+is of the order of 0.233.
+
+No, 27.
+
+So yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So, first
+thing, do we want
+
+to name what is the length
+factor by which we change
+
+the characteristic length?
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolutely.
+
+Yes.
+
+So the next-- yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: But we never kind
+of bothered to do it so far.
+
+PROFESSOR: We will
+need to do immediately.
+
+So just hold on a second.
+
+The next thing, I
+need this B factor.
+
+But it's obvious, I have
+reduced the number of degrees
+
+of freedom by 3,
+so the length scale
+
+must have in two dimensions
+increased by square root of 3.
+
+And you can do also the
+algebra analogous to this
+
+to convince you that
+the distance, let's say,
+
+from the center of this triangle
+to the center of that triangle
+
+is exactly [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Also,
+when you're writing
+
+the cumulant expansion--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: In all of
+our previous occasions
+
+when we did perturbations,
+the convergence of the series
+
+was kind of reassured because
+every perturbation was
+
+proportional to
+some scalar number
+
+that we claimed to be
+small, and thus series
+
+would hopefully converge.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: But In this
+case, how can you
+
+be sure that for
+modified interaction
+
+and renormalized version,
+you don't need [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, let me
+first slightly correct
+
+what you said before I
+think you meant correctly,
+
+which is that previously
+we had parameters
+
+that we were
+ensuring were small.
+
+That did not guarantee
+the convergence
+
+of the series or the lattice.
+
+In this case, we don't
+have even a parameter
+
+that we can make small.
+
+So the only thing
+that we can do,
+
+and I will briefly
+mention that, is
+
+to basically see what
+happens if we include
+
+more and more terms in that
+series and we compare results
+
+and whether there is
+some convergence or not.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you
+explain again how
+
+we got the K prime equation?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So I said that I have
+some configuration
+
+of the cell spins.
+
+Let's say the configuration
+is plus plus minus plus.
+
+Whatever, some configuration.
+
+Now there are many
+configurations of site spins
+
+that correspond to that.
+
+So the weight of
+this configuration
+
+is obtained by summing over the
+weights of all configurations
+
+of site spins that are
+compatible with that.
+
+And that was a series
+that we had over here.
+
+And K prime, or the
+interaction, typically we
+
+put in the exponent, so I
+have to take a log of this
+
+to see what the
+interactions are.
+
+The log has this
+series that starts
+
+with the average of
+this interaction.
+
+OK?
+
+So this was the formula
+for U. It's over here.
+
+And then here, it says I have
+to take an average of it.
+
+Average, given that I have
+specified what the cell spins
+
+are.
+
+And I see that that
+average is really
+
+product of averages
+of site spins.
+
+And I was able to evaluate
+the average of a site spin,
+
+and I found that up to some
+proportionality constant,
+
+it was the cell spin.
+
+So if the cell spin is
+specified to be plus,
+
+the average of each one of the
+site spins tends to be plus.
+
+If the cell spin is
+specified to be minus,
+
+since I'm looking at this
+subset of configuration,
+
+the average is
+likely to be minus.
+
+And that proportionality
+factor is here.
+
+I put that proportionality
+factor here,
+
+and I see that this average is
+a product of neighboring cell
+
+spins, which are weighted
+by this factor, which
+
+is like the original weights
+that you write, except
+
+with a new K. Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So after
+renormalization,
+
+we get some new kind of
+lattice, which is not random.
+
+It's completely new.
+
+Because what you did here is
+you take out certain cells--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: And call
+them [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+But what is this new lattice?
+
+This new lattice is
+a triangular lattice
+
+that this is rotated with
+respect to the original one.
+
+So it's exactly the
+same lattice as before.
+
+It's not a random lattice.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+But on the initial
+lattice, you specified
+
+that these cells
+would contribute to--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+I separated K and K prime.
+
+Yes.
+
+K and U, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+So if you want to do a
+renormalization group again,
+
+we'll need to--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Do this.
+
+AUDIENCE: Again [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+Yeah.
+
+But we do it once, and we
+have the recursion relation.
+
+And then we stop.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this possible
+for other odd number lattices?
+
+Will you still
+preserve the parameter?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+It's even possible
+for square lattices
+
+with some modification,
+and that's
+
+what you'll have in
+one of the problems.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine.
+
+But the point is-- OK.
+
+So I stopped here.
+
+So K star was 0.27, which is
+the coupling that separates
+
+places where you go
+to uncorrelated spins,
+
+places you go to everything
+ordered together.
+
+It turns out that the
+triangular lattice is something
+
+that one can solve exactly.
+
+It's one of the few things.
+
+And you'll have the pleasure
+of serving that also
+
+in a problem set.
+
+And you will show that KC, the
+correct value of the coupling,
+
+is something like 0.33.
+
+So that gives you an idea of how
+good or bad this approximation
+
+is.
+
+But the point in any
+case is that the location
+
+of the coupling is
+not that important.
+
+We have discussed that
+it is non-universal.
+
+The thing that maybe we
+should be more interested
+
+in is what happens if I'm
+in the vicinity of this,
+
+how rapidly do I move away?
+
+And actually I have to show
+that we are moving away.
+
+But because of topology,
+it's more or less obvious
+
+that it should be that way.
+
+So what I need to do is
+evaluate this at K star.
+
+OK.
+
+Now you can see that K
+prime is a function of K.
+
+So what you need to do
+is to take derivatives.
+
+So thers' some
+algebra involved here.
+
+And then, once you have
+taken the derivative,
+
+you have to put the
+value of K star.
+
+And here, some
+calculator is necessary.
+
+And at the end of the day, the
+number that you get, I believe,
+
+is something like 1.62.
+
+Yes.
+
+And so that says
+since being it's
+
+larger than 1, that you
+will be pushed away.
+
+But these things have
+been important to us
+
+as indicators of
+these exponents.
+
+In particular, I'm on the
+subspace that has symmetry,
+
+so I should be
+calculating yt here.
+
+As was pointed out,
+important to this step
+
+is knowing what the value
+of B is, which we can either
+
+look at by the ratio of
+the lattice constants
+
+or by the fact that I have
+removed one third of the spins.
+
+It has to be root
+3 to the power yt.
+
+So my yt is log of 1.62
+divided by log of root 3.
+
+So again you go and
+look at your calculator,
+
+and the answer comes
+out to be 0.88.
+
+Now the exact value of yt for
+all two-dimensionalizing models
+
+is 1.
+
+So again, this is an
+indicator of how good or bad
+
+you have done at this
+ordering perturbation tier.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, answering the question
+that you had before,
+
+suppose I were to go
+to order of U squared?
+
+Now, order of U
+squared, I have to take
+
+this kind of interaction,
+which is bilinear.
+
+Let's say pair of spins
+here, multiply two of them,
+
+so I will get a pair of spins
+here and pair of spins there.
+
+As long as they are
+distinct locations when
+
+I subtract the average squared,
+they will subtract out.
+
+So the only place where I
+will get something non-trivial
+
+is if I pick one
+here and one here.
+
+And by that kind
+of reasoning, you
+
+can convince yourself that
+what happens at next order
+
+is that in addition to
+interactions between neighbors,
+
+you will degenerate interactions
+between things that are two
+
+apart and things that
+are, well, three apart,
+
+so basically next
+nearest neighbors
+
+and next next nearest neighbors.
+
+So what you will
+have, even if you
+
+start with a form
+such as this, you
+
+will generate next nearest
+neighbor and next next nearest
+
+neighbor interactions.
+
+Let's call them K, L, M.
+
+So to be consistent, you have
+to go back to the original model
+
+and put the three interactions
+and construct recursion
+
+relations from the
+three parameters,
+
+K, L, M, to the new
+three parameters.
+
+More or less following
+this procedure,
+
+it's several pages of algebra.
+
+So I won't do it.
+
+Niemeijer and van
+Leeuwen did it,
+
+and they calculated
+the yt at next order
+
+by finding the fixed point in
+this three-dimensional space.
+
+It has one relevant direction,
+and that one relevant direction
+
+gave them an eigenvalue that
+was extremely close to 1.
+
+So I don't believe anybody
+has taken this to next order.
+
+You've got good enough,
+might as well stop.
+
+I think it's not going
+to improve and get better
+
+because this is an
+uncontrolled approximation.
+
+So it's likely to be
+one of those cases,
+
+that you asymptotically
+approach the good result
+
+and then move away.
+
+Now once I have
+yt, I can naturally
+
+calculate exponents
+such as alpha.
+
+First of all U,
+which is 1 over yt.
+
+1 over 0.88 is
+something like 1.13.
+
+And the exact result would be
+the inverse of 1 which is 1.
+
+And I can calculate alpha, which
+is 2 minus d, which is 2 mu.
+
+With that value of U,
+I will get minus 0.26.
+
+Again, the correct result
+would be corresponding
+
+to a logarithmic divergence.
+
+So this zeroed order, OK.
+
+Those things, let's say, for
+the exponents to 10%, 20%.
+
+You would say that, OK,
+what about other exponents,
+
+such as beta,
+gamma, and so forth.
+
+Clearly, to get those exponents,
+I also need to have yh.
+
+OK.
+
+So to get yh, I will add, as
+an additional perturbation,
+
+a term which is h sum
+over i sigma i, which
+
+is, of course, the same thing
+as sum over alpha, sigma alpha
+
+of 1 plus sigma alpha
+2 plus sigma alpha 3.
+
+And if I regard this
+as a perturbation,
+
+you can see that in the
+perturbative scheme,
+
+this would go under
+the transformation
+
+to the average of this
+quantity, and that the average
+
+of this quantity will
+give me 3 for each cell.
+
+So I will get 3h.
+
+And for each cell, I
+will get the average
+
+of a site spin, which is
+related to the cell spin
+
+through this factor
+that we calculated,
+
+e to the 3K e to the minus k e
+to the 3k plus 3e to the minus
+
+k sigma alpha prime.
+
+So we can see that by
+generating h prime,
+
+which is 3h times
+e to the 3K plus
+
+e to the minus K e to the
+3K plus 3e to the minus K.
+
+And I can evaluate d
+to the yh as dh prime
+
+by dh evaluated at
+the fixed point.
+
+So I will get essentially
+3 times this factor
+
+evaluated at the fixed point.
+
+But we can see that
+at the fixed point,
+
+this factor is 1 over root 2.
+
+So the answer is 3 over root 2.
+
+And my yh would be the log of 3
+over root 2 divided by log of b
+
+that we said is
+square root of 3.
+
+Put it in the calculator,
+you get a number
+
+that is of the order of 1.4.
+
+And exact yh is 1.875.
+
+So again, once you have yh,
+you can go and calculate
+
+through the exponent
+scaling relations all
+
+the other exponents
+that you have like beta.
+
+So not bad,
+considering that if you
+
+wanted to go through epsilon
+expansion, how much difficulty
+
+you would have.
+
+And in any case, we
+are at two dimensions,
+
+which is far away from four.
+
+And getting results
+at 2 is worse than
+
+trying to get results
+at three dimensions.
+
+Now we want to do the procedure
+as an approximation that
+
+is even simpler than this.
+
+And for that-- so that was
+the Niemeijer-van Leeuwen
+
+procedure.
+
+The next one is due to
+Kadanoff again and Migdal.
+
+And it's called bond-moving.
+
+And again, we have to
+do an approximation.
+
+You can't do things exact.
+
+So let's demonstrate that
+by a square lattice, which
+
+is much easier to draw than
+the triangular lattice.
+
+And let's kind of
+follow the procedure
+
+that we had for the
+one-dimensional case.
+
+Let's say we want to do
+rescaling by a factor of 2.
+
+And I want to keep this
+spin, this spin, this spin,
+
+this spin, this spin and get
+rid of all of the other spins
+
+that I have.
+
+Not the circular
+round, much as I
+
+did for the
+one-dimensional case.
+
+And the problem is
+that if I'm summing
+
+over this spin over
+here, there are
+
+paths that connect that
+spin to other spins.
+
+So by necessity, once I sum
+over all of these spins,
+
+I will generate all
+kinds of interactions.
+
+So the problem is all of these
+paths that connect things.
+
+So maybe-- and this is
+called bond-moving--
+
+maybe I can remove all of these
+things that are going to cause
+
+problem for--
+
+So if I do that, then
+the only connection
+
+between this spin and this
+spin comes from that side,
+
+between this spin and that
+spin comes from that side.
+
+And if the original interaction
+was K and I sum over this,
+
+I will get K prime, which is
+what I have over there, 1/2 log
+
+cos 2K, because the
+only thing that I did
+
+was to connect this
+site to two neighbors,
+
+and then effectively,
+it's the same thing
+
+as I was doing
+for one dimension.
+
+So clearly this is a
+very bad approximation,
+
+because I have reproduced
+the same result
+
+as one dimension for the
+two-dimensional case.
+
+And the reason is that
+I weakened the lattice
+
+so drastically, I removed
+most of the bonds.
+
+So there isn't that much weight
+for the lattice to order.
+
+Kadanoff and Migdal
+suggested was, OK.
+
+Let's not to remove these bonds.
+
+Just move them to some place
+that they don't cause any harm.
+
+So I take this bond and
+I strengthen this bond.
+
+I take this bond,
+strengthen this one.
+
+This one goes to this one.
+
+Essentially what
+happens is you can
+
+see that each one of the bonds
+has been strengthened by 2.
+
+So I have this because
+of the strength.
+
+So as simple as you can get to
+construct a potential recursion
+
+relation for this
+square lattice.
+
+So this is a way
+that the parameter K
+
+changes, going
+from 0 to infinity.
+
+And we can do the same thing
+that we did over there.
+
+So we can check that for K going
+zero, if I look at K prime,
+
+it is approximately 1/2 log of
+hyperbolic cosine of something
+
+that is close to 0.
+
+So that becomes 1 plus the
+square of this quantity, which
+
+is 4K squared over 2.
+
+And taking the log of that,
+it becomes 4K squared.
+
+The factor of 4 does
+not really matter.
+
+If K is very small,
+like 1 over 100,
+
+K squared would be
+10 to the minus 4.
+
+So basically, you certainly
+have the expected behavior
+
+of becoming disordered if you
+have a [INAUDIBLE] interaction.
+
+If you have a strong
+enough coupling,
+
+however, are we
+different from what
+
+we did for the
+one-dimensional case?
+
+Well, the answer is
+that in this case,
+
+K prime is 1/2 log
+hyperbolic cosine of 4K,
+
+starts as e to the 4K plus e
+to the minus 4K divided by 2.
+
+e to the minus 4K I can ignore.
+
+So you can see that in
+this case, I will have 2K.
+
+I can even ignore the minus
+log 2, which previously
+
+was so important because
+previously we had 1 here
+
+and now it became 2, which means
+that if I start to be 10,000,
+
+it will become 20,000,
+40,000 and now you're
+
+going this direction.
+
+So again, by necessity
+almost, I must
+
+have a fixed point at
+some value in between.
+
+So I essentially have
+to solve for K star
+
+as K star is 1/2
+log cos of 4K star.
+
+You can recast this as some
+algebraic equation in terms
+
+of e to the 4k e to the
+K star and manipulate it.
+
+And after you do
+your algebra, you
+
+will eventually come up
+with a value of K star,
+
+which I believe is 0.3.
+
+You can ask, well, the square
+lattice we will solve in class.
+
+I said the triangular lattice
+I will leave for you to solve.
+
+KC for the square lattice
+is something like 0.44.
+
+So you are off by about 25%.
+
+Of course, again, the quantity
+that you're interested in
+
+is b to t yt.
+
+b is 2 in this case.
+
+The length scale has
+changed by a factor of 2,
+
+which is dk prime by
+dk evaluated as K star,
+
+again, a combination of doing
+the algebra of derivatives,
+
+evaluating at K star, and
+then ultimately taking the log
+
+to convert it to a yt.
+
+And you come up with a value
+of yt that is around 0.75.
+
+And, as I said, the exact
+yt, which doesn't depend on
+
+whether you are dealing
+with a square lattice
+
+or a triangular
+lattice-- it's only
+
+a function of symmetry
+and dimensionality-- is 1.
+
+So you can see that gradually we
+are simplifying the complexity.
+
+Now we could, within
+this approximation,
+
+solve everything
+within one panel.
+
+Now this kind of
+approximation, again,
+
+is not particularly very good.
+
+But it's a quick and dirty
+way of getting results.
+
+And the advantage of it
+is that you can do this
+
+not only in two dimensions, but
+in higher dimensions as well.
+
+So let's say that you
+had a cubic lattice
+
+and you were doing rescaling
+by a factor of 2, which
+
+means that originally
+you had spins along
+
+the various diagonals
+and so forth--
+
+around the various partitions
+of a square of size 2 x 2,
+
+and you want to keep
+interactions among these
+
+and get rid of the interactions
+among all of the places
+
+that you are not interested in.
+
+And the way that you do
+that is precisely as before.
+
+You move these interactions
+and strengthen the things
+
+that you have over here.
+
+Now whereas the number
+of bonds that you
+
+had to move for the
+square lattice was 2--
+
+the enhancement factor
+was 2-- turns out
+
+that the enhancement factor in
+three dimensions would be 4.
+
+You essentially have to take
+one from here, one from there,
+
+one from there.
+
+So 1 plus 3 becomes 4.
+
+And you can convince
+yourself that if I
+
+had done this in d-dimensional
+hypercubic lattice, what
+
+I would have gotten is again
+the one-dimensional recursion
+
+relation, except for this
+enhancement factor, which
+
+is 2 to the power of d
+minus 1 in d dimensions.
+
+Actually, I could even do
+that for rescaling rather
+
+by a factor 2, by a factor of b.
+
+And hopefully, you
+can convince yourself
+
+that it will become b to
+the d minus 1 times 2K.
+
+And essentially that
+factor is a cross section
+
+that you have to remove.
+
+So the cross-sectional area that
+you encounter grows as the size
+
+to the power of d minus 1.
+
+And a kind of obvious
+consequence of that
+
+is that if I go to the limit
+of K going to infinity,
+
+you can see that K prime b would
+go like b to the d minus 1K.
+
+Essentially, if you were to
+have some kind of a system
+
+and you make pluses on one
+side, minuses on the one side,
+
+to break it, then,
+the number of bonds
+
+that you would
+have to break would
+
+grow like the
+cross-sectional area.
+
+So that's where that comes from.
+
+It turns out that, again,
+this approach is exact
+
+as we've seen for one dimension.
+
+As we go to higher dimensions,
+it becomes worse and worse.
+
+So I showed you how bad
+it was in two dimensions.
+
+If I calculate the fixed point
+and the exponents in three
+
+dimensions compared to our best
+numerical result, it is off by,
+
+I don't know, 40%, 50%,
+whereas 25% over there.
+
+So it gradually gets
+worse and worse.
+
+And so one approach that
+people have tried to do,
+
+which, again, doesn't
+seem to be very rigorous
+
+is to convert this into an
+expansion on dimensionality
+
+of 1.
+
+So it's roughly
+correct that it's
+
+going to be close to 1--
+correct close to one dimension.
+
+But as opposed to the
+previous epsilon expansion,
+
+there doesn't seem to be a
+controlled way to do this.
+
+I showed you how to do
+this for Ising models.
+
+Actually, you can do
+this for any spin model.
+
+So let's imagine that we have
+some kind of a model that's
+
+in one dimension.
+
+At each site, we
+have some variable
+
+that as i that I will
+not specify what it is,
+
+how many variables-- how
+many values it takes.
+
+But it interacts only with
+its neighboring sites.
+
+And so presumably, there
+is some interaction
+
+that depends on the two sites.
+
+There may be multiple
+couplings implicit in this
+
+if I try to write this in terms
+of the dot product of spins
+
+or things like this.
+
+So if I were to calculate
+the partition function in one
+
+dimension-- I already
+mentioned this last time--
+
+I have to do a sum
+over what this spin is
+
+of e to the K of si si
+plus 1 and a product
+
+over subsequent sites.
+
+And if I regard this as a
+matrix, which is generally
+
+called a transfer
+matrix, you can
+
+see that this
+multiplication involving
+
+the sum over all of the
+spins is equivalent to matrix
+
+multiplication.
+
+And, in particular, if I have
+periodic boundary conditions
+
+in which the last spin
+couples to the first spin,
+
+I would have trace of
+T to the power of N,
+
+where t is essentially this,
+e to the K of si si plus 1.
+
+Now, clearly I can
+write this as trace of T
+
+squared to the
+power of N over 2.
+
+Right.
+
+And this I can regard as
+the partition function
+
+of a system that has
+half as many spins.
+
+So I have performed the
+renormalization group
+
+like what we are doing
+in one dimension.
+
+I have T prime is T squared.
+
+And in general, you can see
+that I can write this as N
+
+to the b N over b.
+
+So the result of
+renormalization by a factor of b
+
+is simply one dimension to
+take the matrix that you have
+
+and raise it to b power.
+
+OK.
+
+And so I could parameterize my
+T by a set of interactions K,
+
+like we do for the Ising model.
+
+Raise it to the power of b,
+and I would generate the matrix
+
+that I could then
+parametrize by K prime,
+
+and I would have the
+relationship between K prime
+
+and K in one dimension.
+
+So this is d equals 1.
+
+And the way to generalize
+this Migdal Kadanoff, RG,
+
+to a very general
+system is simply
+
+to enhance the couplings.
+
+So basically, what
+I would write down
+
+is T prime, which, after
+rescaling by a factor of b,
+
+is a function of a set of
+parameters that I will K prime,
+
+is obtained by taking the
+matrix that I have for one set
+
+of couplings and raise
+it to the power of b.
+
+This is the exact
+one-dimensional result.
+
+And if I want to construct this
+approximation in d dimensions,
+
+I will just do this.
+
+So for a while, before people
+had sufficiently powerful
+
+computers to maybe
+simulate things as easily,
+
+this was a good way to estimate
+locations and exponents
+
+of phase diagrams,
+critical exponents,
+
+et cetera for essentially
+complicated problems
+
+that could have a set
+of parameters even here.
+
+Nowadays, as I
+said, you probably
+
+can do things much more easily
+by computer simulations.
+
+So I guess I still have
+another 10 minutes.
+
+I probably don't want
+to start on the topic
+
+of the next lecture.
+
+But maybe what I'll do is
+I'll expand a little bit
+
+on something that I mentioned
+very rapidly last lecture,
+
+which is that in this
+one-dimensional model where
+
+I solve the problem by
+transfer matrix, what I have is
+
+that the partition function
+is trace of some matrix raised
+
+to the N power.
+
+And if I diagonalize the
+matrix, what I will get
+
+is the sum over all eigenvalues
+raised to the N power.
+
+Now note that we expect
+phase transitions to occur,
+
+not for any finite system,
+but only in the limit where
+
+there are many
+degrees of freedom.
+
+And, actually, if
+I have such a sum
+
+as this in the limit of
+very large number of degrees
+
+of freedom, this becomes
+lambda max to the power of N.
+
+Now in order to get any one of
+these series of eigenvalues,
+
+what should I do?
+
+I should take a matrix,
+which is this e to the T--
+
+e to the strength
+of the interactions.
+
+What did I write? e to
+the K of S and S prime.
+
+So there is a matrix.
+
+All of its elements
+are Boltzmann weights.
+
+There are all positive.
+
+And find the eigenvalues
+of this matrix.
+
+Now for the case of the Ising
+model without a magnetic field,
+
+the matrix is 2 x 2.
+
+It's e to the K, corresponding
+to the diagonal terms
+
+where the spins are
+parallel, e to the minus K
+
+when the spins are antiparallel.
+
+And clearly you can see that the
+eigenvalues corresponding to 1,
+
+1 or 1, minus 1 as eigenvectors,
+are hyperbolic cosine of K--
+
+strike this.
+
+e to the K plus e to the
+minus K e to the K minus
+
+e to the minus K. You
+can see that to get this,
+
+all I had to do was to
+diagonalize a matrix that
+
+corresponded to one
+bond, if you like.
+
+And just as in here,
+there is no reason
+
+to expect that these
+eigenvalues, which
+
+depend on this
+set of parameters,
+
+should non-analytical functions.
+
+There is no reason
+for non-analyticity
+
+as long as you are dealing
+with a single bond.
+
+We expect non-analyticities
+at their limit of large N.
+
+So if each one of these
+is analytic function of K,
+
+the only way spanning the K
+axis that I could encounter
+
+in non-analyticity is if two
+of these eigenvalues cross,
+
+because we have seen a
+potential mechanism for phase
+
+transitions.
+
+We discussed this in A333.
+
+That if we have sum
+of contributions,
+
+that each one of them is
+exponentially large in N,
+
+and two of these
+contributions cross,
+
+then your partition function
+will jump from one hill
+
+to another hill.
+
+And you will have a
+discontinuity, let's say,
+
+in derivatives or whatever.
+
+So the potential
+mechanism that I can have
+
+is that if I have as
+a function of changing
+
+one of my parameters or a
+bunch of these parameters,
+
+the ordering of
+these eigenvalues--
+
+let's say lambda 0 is
+the largest one, lambda
+
+1 is the next one,
+lambda 2, et cetera.
+
+So each one of them
+is going its own way.
+
+If the largest one suddenly
+gets crossed by something else,
+
+then you willl basically abandon
+one eigenvalue for another,
+
+and you will have a mechanism
+for a phase transition.
+
+So what I told you was that
+there is a theorem that
+
+for a matrix where all of
+the eigenvalues are positive,
+
+this will never happen.
+
+The largest eigenvalue
+will remain non-degenerate.
+
+And there is some
+analog of this,
+
+probably you've seen
+in quantum mechanics,
+
+that if you have a
+potential, the ground
+
+state is non-degenerate.
+
+The ground state is
+always a function
+
+that is positive everywhere.
+
+And the next
+excitation would have
+
+to have a node go
+from plus to minus.
+
+And somehow you cannot
+have the eigenvalues cross.
+
+So in a similar sense, it turns
+out the largest eigenvalue,
+
+the largest eigenvector
+for these matrices,
+
+will have all of the
+elements positive,
+
+and it cannot become degenerate.
+
+And so you are guaranteed
+that this will not happen.
+
+Now the second part of
+this story that I briefly
+
+mentioned was you can repeat
+this for two dimensions,
+
+for three dimensions,
+higher dimensional things.
+
+So one thing that
+you could do is,
+
+rather than sorting the
+Ising model on a line,
+
+you can solve it on a ladder,
+or a ladder that has two rungs.
+
+So solving the Ising
+model on this structure
+
+is not very
+difficult because you
+
+can say that there are eight
+possible values that this
+
+can take.
+
+And so I can construct
+a matrix that
+
+is 8 x 8 that tells me how I
+go from the choice of eight
+
+possibilities here to the
+eight possibilities there.
+
+And I will have an 8 x 8 matrix
+that has these properties
+
+and will satisfy this.
+
+It will be true if
+I go to a 4 strip.
+
+It will be a 16 x 16.
+
+No problem.
+
+I can keep going.
+
+And it would say, well,
+the two-dimensional--
+
+and also you could do
+three-dimensional or higher
+
+dimensional models-- should
+not have a phase transition.
+
+Well, it turns out
+that all of this
+
+relies on having
+a finite matrix.
+
+And what Onsager showed
+was that, indeed,
+
+for any finite strip, you
+would have a situation
+
+such as this-- actually
+more accurately
+
+if I were to draw a
+situation such as this, where
+
+two eigenvalues would
+approach but will never cross.
+
+And one can show that
+the gap between them
+
+will scale as something
+like 1 over this length.
+
+And so in the limit where you
+go to a large enough system,
+
+you have the
+possibility of ascension
+
+to some singularity when two
+eigenvalues touch each other.
+
+So this scenario is very
+well known and studied
+
+in two dimensions.
+
+In higher dimensions,
+we actually
+
+don't really know what happens.
+
+OK.
+
+Any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: So it appears that
+there are or there are not
+
+phase transitions [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, we
+showed-- we were discussing
+
+phase transitions for
+the triangular lattice,
+
+for the square lattice.
+
+I even told you what the
+critical coupling is.
+
+AUDIENCE: But it seems to me
+that the conclusion of what
+
+you're-- of this part
+is that there aren't.
+
+PROFESSOR: As long as you
+have a finite strip, no.
+
+But if you have a 2-- an
+infinite strip, you do.
+
+So what I've shown you
+here is the following.
+
+If I have an L x N system
+in which you keep L finite
+
+and set N going to infinity,
+you won't see a singularity.
+
+But if I have an N x N system,
+and I said N goes to infinity,
+
+I will encounter a
+singularity in the limit
+
+of N going to infinity.
+
+Again, very roughly,
+one can also
+
+should develop a physical
+picture of what's going on.
+
+So let's imagine that
+you have a system that
+
+is a very large number but
+finite in one direction.
+
+And this other direction can
+be two, can be three, whatever.
+
+You have a finite size.
+
+But in this other
+direction, you basically
+
+can go as large as you like.
+
+Now presumably this
+two-dimensional model
+
+has a phase transition if
+it was infinite x infinite.
+
+And on approaching
+that phase transition,
+
+there would be a
+correlation length
+
+that would diverge
+with this exponent nu.
+
+So let's say I am sufficiently
+far away from the phase
+
+transition that the correlation
+length is something like this.
+
+So this patch of spins
+knows about each other.
+
+If I go closer to
+the transition,
+
+it will grow bigger and bigger.
+
+At some point, it will fit
+the size of the system,
+
+and then it cannot
+grow any further.
+
+So beyond that,
+what you will see
+
+is essentially
+there is one patch
+
+here, one patch
+here, one patch here.
+
+And you are back to a
+one-dimensional system.
+
+So what happens is that
+your correlation length
+
+starts to grow as if you were
+in two dimensions or three
+
+dimensions.
+
+Once it hits the
+size of the system,
+
+then it has to saturate.
+
+It cannot grow any bigger.
+
+And then this block becomes
+independent of the next block.
+
+So essentially, you would say
+that you would have effectively
+
+a one-dimensional system where
+the number of blocks that you
+
+have is of the
+order of N over L.
+
+So what we are going to do
+starting from next lecture
+
+is to develop again a more
+systematic approach, which
+
+is a series expansion about
+either low temperatures
+
+or more usefully about
+high temperature.
+
+And then we will take that
+high temperature expansion
+
+and gradually go
+in the direction
+
+to solve these
+two-dimensionalizing models
+
+exactly.
+
+And so we will
+see why I told you
+
+some of these results
+about exact value of KC,
+
+exact value yT.
+
+Where do they come from?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bmnKAp3EZ5o.txt b/bmnKAp3EZ5o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e99c94dd1a892fbf135270d7eef51ea2502e675
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bmnKAp3EZ5o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5159 @@
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+hi and welcome to 507 biochemistry
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+online the biochemistry course on MIT
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+open
+courseware I'm Dr bdan fideles let's
+
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+courseware I'm Dr bdan fideles let's
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+courseware I'm Dr bdan fideles let's
+metabolize some
+
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+metabolize some
+ 
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+metabolize some
+problems now today we're going to do a
+
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+problems now today we're going to do a
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+problems now today we're going to do a
+really nice problem this is problem one
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+really nice problem this is problem one
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+really nice problem this is problem one
+a problem set two now this is a problem
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+a problem set two now this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem set two now this is a problem
+about elucidating the primary structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about elucidating the primary structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about elucidating the primary structure
+of a protein problems like this one that
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+of a protein problems like this one that
+ 
+
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+of a protein problems like this one that
+we're about to discuss are a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to discuss are a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to discuss are a lot of fun
+because they're really biochemistry
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+because they're really biochemistry
+ 
+
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+because they're really biochemistry
+puzzles we're given a number of pieces
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+puzzles we're given a number of pieces
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+
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+puzzles we're given a number of pieces
+of data or Clues if you want and then we
+
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+of data or Clues if you want and then we
+ 
+
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+of data or Clues if you want and then we
+have to use not only our biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use not only our biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use not only our biochemical
+sense but also deduction and elimination
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+ align:start position:0%
+sense but also deduction and elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but also deduction and elimination
+process in order to come up with a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in order to come up with a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in order to come up with a final
+answer well in practice elucidating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well in practice elucidating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well in practice elucidating the
+primary structure of a protein is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary structure of a protein is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary structure of a protein is now a
+largely automated process and utilizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely automated process and utilizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely automated process and utilizes
+high resolution Mass spectrometry some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution Mass spectrometry some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution Mass spectrometry some
+of the traditional chemical method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the traditional chemical method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the traditional chemical method that
+we're discussing here are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're discussing here are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're discussing here are still
+occasionally useful but most importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally useful but most importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally useful but most importantly
+The Logical stepwise process through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Logical stepwise process through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Logical stepwise process through
+which we analyze and use each piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we analyze and use each piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we analyze and use each piece of
+data to construct a big picture result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to construct a big picture result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to construct a big picture result
+is really uh representative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really uh representative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really uh representative of the
+process by which we make discoveries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by which we make discoveries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by which we make discoveries in
+Biochemistry before we begin let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biochemistry before we begin let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biochemistry before we begin let me just
+say that this problem assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this problem assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this problem assumes
+familiarity with the structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity with the structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity with the structures and
+abbreviations of the 20 natural amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviations of the 20 natural amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviations of the 20 natural amino
+acids feel free to pause this video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids feel free to pause this video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids feel free to pause this video and
+review the relevant chapters in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the relevant chapters in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the relevant chapters in the book
+and the lecture notes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuing one important tool that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing one important tool that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing one important tool that we
+have for elucidating the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for elucidating the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for elucidating the primary
+structure of proteins is proteases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of proteins is proteases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of proteins is proteases
+proteases are enzymes that can hydrolize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases are enzymes that can hydrolize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases are enzymes that can hydrolize
+the peptide bonds of a polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptide bonds of a polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptide bonds of a polypeptide
+chain now proteases that can cleave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain now proteases that can cleave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain now proteases that can cleave in
+the middle of a polypeptide chain are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a polypeptide chain are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a polypeptide chain are
+also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called
+endopeptidases now you notice a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endopeptidases now you notice a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endopeptidases now you notice a lot of
+these names that end in A's denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these names that end in A's denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these names that end in A's denote
+enzymes and peptidase means an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes and peptidase means an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes and peptidase means an enzyme
+that acts on a peptide it's the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that acts on a peptide it's the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that acts on a peptide it's the enzyme
+that hydroly is the peptide bond Endo in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hydroly is the peptide bond Endo in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hydroly is the peptide bond Endo in
+this case refers to the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case refers to the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case refers to the fact that it
+acts in the middle of a polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts in the middle of a polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts in the middle of a polypeptide
+chain now we're going to be learning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain now we're going to be learning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain now we're going to be learning in
+this problem about Trin and kimot triin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem about Trin and kimot triin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem about Trin and kimot triin
+these are proteases that cleave in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are proteases that cleave in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are proteases that cleave in the
+middle of a polypeptide chain they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a polypeptide chain they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a polypeptide chain they are
+endopeptidases one important feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endopeptidases one important feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endopeptidases one important feature of
+prot cases is that they are specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prot cases is that they are specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prot cases is that they are specific
+they don't just cut any which one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't just cut any which one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't just cut any which one uh
+peptide bond but rather they recognize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond but rather they recognize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond but rather they recognize a
+specific sequence of amino acids in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific sequence of amino acids in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific sequence of amino acids in the
+case of Tron for example we are told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Tron for example we are told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Tron for example we are told
+that it Cleaves aasin to positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it Cleaves aasin to positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it Cleaves aasin to positively
+charged amino acid as as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged amino acid as as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged amino acid as as you know
+positively charged amino acids would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged amino acids would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged amino acids would be
+lysine or Arginine so Trin will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine or Arginine so Trin will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine or Arginine so Trin will always
+be cutting after Arginine or lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cutting after Arginine or lysine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cutting after Arginine or lysine
+let's take take a look now here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take take a look now here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take take a look now here is a
+polypeptide chain with amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain with amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain with amino acid
+residues R1 R2 R3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues R1 R2 R3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues R1 R2 R3
+R4 now let's look at this peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R4 now let's look at this peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R4 now let's look at this peptide bond
+right here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+middle of the chain all right now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the chain all right now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the chain all right now let's
+say in order for Tron to cut to hydroly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in order for Tron to cut to hydroly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in order for Tron to cut to hydroly
+this peptide bond it means that R2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peptide bond it means that R2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peptide bond it means that R2 the
+amino acid residue uh Adent to it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid residue uh Adent to it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid residue uh Adent to it should
+be a positively charged one so if R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a positively charged one so if R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a positively charged one so if R2
+is is lysine or Arginine then this Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is lysine or Arginine then this Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is lysine or Arginine then this Bond
+here becomes a good substrate for Tron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here becomes a good substrate for Tron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here becomes a good substrate for Tron
+and what's going to do it's going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's going to do it's going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's going to do it's going to use
+a water molecule it's going to put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Trion and it's going to hydrolize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trion and it's going to hydrolize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trion and it's going to hydrolize
+forming a carboxy end and an Aman end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a carboxy end and an Aman end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a carboxy end and an Aman end of
+this peptide bond so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+getting this is a carboxy end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and this is the Aman end of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the Aman end of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the Aman end of that
+original peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original peptide
+bond so what I want you to remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond so what I want you to remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond so what I want you to remember is
+that if we're having a reaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we're having a reaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we're having a reaction with
+stripson on a a polypeptide chain then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripson on a a polypeptide chain then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripson on a a polypeptide chain then
+the carboxy end of the peptide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxy end of the peptide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxy end of the peptide that
+results which is this particular amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results which is this particular amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results which is this particular amino
+acid is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is going to be
+one of either lysine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of either lysine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of either lysine or
+Arginine so in other words in a triin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arginine so in other words in a triin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arginine so in other words in a triin
+digest all the smaller peptides that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest all the smaller peptides that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest all the smaller peptides that we
+obtain are going to end in arginine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain are going to end in arginine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain are going to end in arginine or
+lysine except of course the very end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine except of course the very end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine except of course the very end of
+the chain which might have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain which might have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain which might have a different
+amino acid at its carboxy end now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid at its carboxy end now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid at its carboxy end now
+this consideration we just made about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this consideration we just made about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this consideration we just made about
+the tripsin digest in fact answers part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tripsin digest in fact answers part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tripsin digest in fact answers part
+one of the problem which is asking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problem which is asking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problem which is asking what
+is common about all these peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is common about all these peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is common about all these peptides
+generated by ATS and digest and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by ATS and digest and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by ATS and digest and as we
+just explained all these peptides should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just explained all these peptides should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just explained all these peptides should
+be ending with a positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ending with a positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ending with a positively charged
+amino acid such as lysine or Arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid such as lysine or Arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid such as lysine or Arginine
+this problem also mentions another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem also mentions another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem also mentions another
+protease kimot triin which is a protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease kimot triin which is a protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease kimot triin which is a protease
+that has a different specificity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a different specificity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a different specificity from
+Trin it actually Cleaves after amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trin it actually Cleaves after amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trin it actually Cleaves after amino
+acids that are either very hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids that are either very hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids that are either very hydrophobic
+and large or aromatic so let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large or aromatic so let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large or aromatic so let's write
+that down and remember so if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down and remember so if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down and remember so if we were to
+do a a digest with kimot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Trin then our R2 the residue that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trin then our R2 the residue that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trin then our R2 the residue that's
+recognized by the proteas it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized by the proteas it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized by the proteas it's going to
+have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+either uh aromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh aromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh aromatic
+so you know phenyalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know phenyalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know phenyalanine
+tyrosine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine or
+tryptophan or something that's large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophan or something that's large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophan or something that's large and
+hydrophobic such as Lucin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic such as Lucin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic such as Lucin
+isoline or even vein sometimes put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoline or even vein sometimes put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoline or even vein sometimes put this
+in parenthesis so if any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parenthesis so if any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parenthesis so if any of these
+residues are at disposition R2 then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues are at disposition R2 then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues are at disposition R2 then this
+Proteus kyot Trin is going to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proteus kyot Trin is going to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proteus kyot Trin is going to generate
+two peptides and once again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two peptides and once again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two peptides and once again the
+resulting peptide R2 at the carboxin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting peptide R2 at the carboxin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting peptide R2 at the carboxin and
+is going to be one of these amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be one of these amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be one of these amino acids
+that's going to be the signature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the signature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the signature of a
+kimot Tron digest now keeping these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kimot Tron digest now keeping these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kimot Tron digest now keeping these
+things in mind we're ready to tackle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in mind we're ready to tackle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in mind we're ready to tackle the
+rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem question two asks about the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem question two asks about the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem question two asks about the use
+of dtt or diot trol now dtt is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dtt or diot trol now dtt is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dtt or diot trol now dtt is a
+commonly used reducing agent which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used reducing agent which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used reducing agent which can
+reduce dfat bridges in proteins there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce dfat bridges in proteins there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce dfat bridges in proteins there
+are many reasons why we want use dtt for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many reasons why we want use dtt for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many reasons why we want use dtt for
+example when proteins form dulfi Bridges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when proteins form dulfi Bridges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when proteins form dulfi Bridges
+you may Shield certain amino acids from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may Shield certain amino acids from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may Shield certain amino acids from
+being accessible by proteases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being accessible by proteases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being accessible by proteases and
+therefore they're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they're not going to be
+cleaved and we get a mixture of peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaved and we get a mixture of peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaved and we get a mixture of peptides
+so it makes our analysis and our results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes our analysis and our results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes our analysis and our results
+very difficult now disulfide Bridges can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult now disulfide Bridges can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult now disulfide Bridges can
+also hold two peptides together that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hold two peptides together that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hold two peptides together that
+have no other calent attachment between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no other calent attachment between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no other calent attachment between
+them so in that case we get one fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so in that case we get one fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so in that case we get one fragment
+instead of two fragments and once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two fragments and once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two fragments and once again
+it complicates our analysis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it complicates our analysis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it complicates our analysis of the
+protein but more importantly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein but more importantly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein but more importantly because
+we're typically purifying proteins in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're typically purifying proteins in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're typically purifying proteins in an
+in the air in an oxygen atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air in an oxygen atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air in an oxygen atmosphere
+proteins can acquire dulfi bonds which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins can acquire dulfi bonds which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins can acquire dulfi bonds which
+weren't there in the beginning so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't there in the beginning so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't there in the beginning so in
+that case we can get very unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we can get very unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we can get very unusual
+results unreproducible and artifactual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results unreproducible and artifactual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results unreproducible and artifactual
+so that's why using DDT can prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why using DDT can prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why using DDT can prevent
+formation of sporus dulfi bridges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of sporus dulfi bridges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of sporus dulfi bridges and
+finally dtt is also useful to tell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally dtt is also useful to tell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally dtt is also useful to tell if
+there were any dulfi bridges in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were any dulfi bridges in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were any dulfi bridges in the
+protein to begin with because if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein to begin with because if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein to begin with because if we're
+looking at the analysis before and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the analysis before and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the analysis before and after
+using dtt we can tell if the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using dtt we can tell if the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using dtt we can tell if the results
+change and there then that will tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and there then that will tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and there then that will tell us
+whether dlfa Bridges were there to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether dlfa Bridges were there to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether dlfa Bridges were there to begin
+with now let's take a look at the dtt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemistry here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a disulfide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bond or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond or
+bridge in a protein and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge in a protein and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge in a protein and we're going to
+treat this with dtt which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat this with dtt which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat this with dtt which
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this is dtt or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is dtt or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is dtt or
+thool now if we substitute the sh groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thool now if we substitute the sh groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thool now if we substitute the sh groups
+with OES you notice we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with OES you notice we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with OES you notice we're going to have
+four OES and four carbons that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four OES and four carbons that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four OES and four carbons that's just a
+a an alcohol derived from a sugar which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an alcohol derived from a sugar which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an alcohol derived from a sugar which
+is called thos that's why the throl part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called thos that's why the throl part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called thos that's why the throl part
+of the name all right so when we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the name all right so when we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the name all right so when we do this
+chemical reaction this disulfide bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction this disulfide bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction this disulfide bridge
+is going to transfer between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to transfer between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to transfer between the two
+sulfur atoms of dtt and going to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur atoms of dtt and going to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur atoms of dtt and going to form a
+intra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra
+molecular sulfide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular sulfide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular sulfide
+Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond
+so our cyes are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduced and from dtt we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced and from dtt we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced and from dtt we're going to
+get this intra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this intra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this intra
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sulfide all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide all right and
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+because entropical considerations make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because entropical considerations make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because entropical considerations make
+the formation of the six member ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of the six member ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of the six member ring
+very very easy then this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very easy then this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very easy then this equilibrium
+will typically shift to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will typically shift to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will typically shift to the
+right of course we're also using vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of course we're also using vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of course we're also using vast
+quantities of dtt to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of dtt to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of dtt to make sure that the
+entire protein becomes reduced and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire protein becomes reduced and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire protein becomes reduced and then
+our agent is going to pick up this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our agent is going to pick up this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our agent is going to pick up this uh
+sulfas sufa bond this sums up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfas sufa bond this sums up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfas sufa bond this sums up the
+question two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question two of the
+problem next we're we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem next we're we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem next we're we're going to look
+at distinguishing between couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at distinguishing between couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at distinguishing between couple of
+different peptides that we generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different peptides that we generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different peptides that we generate
+during our analysis of our mystery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during our analysis of our mystery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during our analysis of our mystery
+protein so we're told that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so we're told that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so we're told that we're
+isolating by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating by
+hlc peptides of the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hlc peptides of the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hlc peptides of the following
+composition one has tryptophan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition one has tryptophan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition one has tryptophan
+phenyalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+veine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veine
+aspartate lysine cysteine that's peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate lysine cysteine that's peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate lysine cysteine that's peptide
+one another one has phenol alanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another one has phenol alanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another one has phenol alanine
+Serene cysteine and an unknown amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serene cysteine and an unknown amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serene cysteine and an unknown amino
+acid and finally the third one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and finally the third one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and finally the third one has
+alanine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine and
+lysine all right now obviously these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine all right now obviously these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine all right now obviously these
+peptides have different compositions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides have different compositions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides have different compositions so
+if we could just put them through Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could just put them through Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could just put them through Mass
+Spec Mass spectrometry we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spec Mass spectrometry we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spec Mass spectrometry we're going to
+get different masses so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different masses so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different masses so we're going to
+tell we can tell very quickly which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell we can tell very quickly which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell we can tell very quickly which one
+is which but if we don't have mass spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which but if we don't have mass spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which but if we don't have mass spec
+available we can also tell them apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available we can also tell them apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available we can also tell them apart
+only using uvv spectroscopy so all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only using uvv spectroscopy so all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only using uvv spectroscopy so all you
+need to remember is that an amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember is that an amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember is that an amino acid
+like tryptophan that we have here W has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tryptophan that we have here W has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tryptophan that we have here W has
+a very strong absorption in the 280 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very strong absorption in the 280 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very strong absorption in the 280 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom right whereas amino acids like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom right whereas amino acids like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom right whereas amino acids like
+pheny alanine present here or here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pheny alanine present here or here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pheny alanine present here or here they
+absorb only around 260 nanometers most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb only around 260 nanometers most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb only around 260 nanometers most
+of the other amino acids don't absorb in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other amino acids don't absorb in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other amino acids don't absorb in
+this range at all so if we were to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range at all so if we were to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range at all so if we were to plot
+the uvv Spectra of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uvv Spectra of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uvv Spectra of these
+peptides this is going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides this is going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides this is going to be our
+absorption and it's going to be Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption and it's going to be Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption and it's going to be Lambda
+in nanometers the wavelength so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nanometers the wavelength so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nanometers the wavelength so let's
+look in the range from 200 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the range from 200 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the range from 200 to
+400 let's put 300s about here 250 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 let's put 300s about here 250 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 let's put 300s about here 250 is
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and let's label these let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's label these let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's label these let's say
+this peptide is red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peptide is red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peptide is red
+this peptide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peptide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peptide is
+blue and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and this one is
+green all right so now the red peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green all right so now the red peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green all right so now the red peptide
+as I told you contains both stopan and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I told you contains both stopan and F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I told you contains both stopan and F
+Aline so it's going to absorb both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aline so it's going to absorb both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aline so it's going to absorb both
+around 260 and both around 280 to 300 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 260 and both around 280 to 300 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 260 and both around 280 to 300 so
+it's going to have a pretty big hump in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a pretty big hump in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a pretty big hump in
+this area from 250 to 300 now the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area from 250 to 300 now the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area from 250 to 300 now the blue
+pepti only has fenel so above 280 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepti only has fenel so above 280 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepti only has fenel so above 280 or so
+nanometer is going to drop off so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer is going to drop off so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer is going to drop off so it's
+going to look more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look more like
+this whereas the green one well it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whereas the green one well it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whereas the green one well it has
+neither fenel on it will trip to fan So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither fenel on it will trip to fan So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither fenel on it will trip to fan So
+Below 240 or so have it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Below 240 or so have it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Below 240 or so have it's going to have
+no UV absorption at all so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no UV absorption at all so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no UV absorption at all so it's going to
+drop off right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop off right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop off right
+here so basically if we're just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so basically if we're just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so basically if we're just looking
+say around 260 nanom we should see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say around 260 nanom we should see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say around 260 nanom we should see a
+stronger pie Peak from the red peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger pie Peak from the red peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger pie Peak from the red peptide
+and a weaker Peak from the blue one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a weaker Peak from the blue one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a weaker Peak from the blue one but
+if we look around 300 we should only see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look around 300 we should only see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look around 300 we should only see
+the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red
+peptide so that by just using the uvv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide so that by just using the uvv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide so that by just using the uvv
+absorption we can tell these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption we can tell these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption we can tell these three
+peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apart now we're ready to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart now we're ready to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart now we're ready to figure out the
+structure of our mystery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our mystery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our mystery
+protein this is exactly what the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein this is exactly what the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein this is exactly what the last
+part of the problem is asking so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem is asking so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem is asking so we're
+going to take each one of the clues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take each one of the clues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take each one of the clues
+provided a b c and d and analyze and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided a b c and d and analyze and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided a b c and d and analyze and see
+what information we can derive from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information we can derive from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information we can derive from each
+one of them the first piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them the first piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them the first piece of
+information that we given is the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we given is the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we given is the result
+of a total hydrolysis of our peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a total hydrolysis of our peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a total hydrolysis of our peptide
+with six molar HCL so we're told we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six molar HCL so we're told we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six molar HCL so we're told we get
+the following amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition we get two pheny alanines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition we get two pheny alanines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition we get two pheny alanines
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+Meine alanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meine alanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meine alanine
+phine two lysines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phine two lysines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phine two lysines
+one Serene two cine and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Serene two cine and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Serene two cine and one
+aspartate now recall this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate now recall this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate now recall this is not a
+comprehensive list because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive list because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive list because the
+hydrolysis in six molar HCL May destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis in six molar HCL May destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis in six molar HCL May destroy
+some of the amino acids and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the amino acids and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the amino acids and specifically
+we know for sure something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know for sure something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know for sure something like
+tryptophan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophan
+threonine and tyrosine they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine and tyrosine they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine and tyrosine they're going to
+be destroyed and we're not going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be destroyed and we're not going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be destroyed and we're not going to see
+them here so these amino acids may still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here so these amino acids may still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here so these amino acids may still
+be present in our protein but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be present in our protein but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be present in our protein but we're not
+going to be able to see them in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to see them in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to see them in this
+situation now let's analyze these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation now let's analyze these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation now let's analyze these uh
+amino acids and see what we can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and see what we can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and see what we can derive
+from this so first of all we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this so first of all we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this so first of all we have
+cysteines so two cysteines it means our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteines so two cysteines it means our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteines so two cysteines it means our
+protein can form disulfide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein can form disulfide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein can form disulfide
+Bridges so from the get-go 2 cine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges so from the get-go 2 cine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges so from the get-go 2 cine it
+means we can form an internal dulfi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we can form an internal dulfi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we can form an internal dulfi
+Bridge or our protein contains a dulfi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge or our protein contains a dulfi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge or our protein contains a dulfi
+bridge between two uh otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge between two uh otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge between two uh otherwise
+unconnected peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconnected peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconnected peptides
+so here are some possibilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some possibilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some possibilities for
+example our peptide is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example our peptide is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example our peptide is one
+chain and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and our
+cyes are not actually connected by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyes are not actually connected by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyes are not actually connected by a
+dulfi bridge another possibility is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dulfi bridge another possibility is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dulfi bridge another possibility is we
+do have a dulfi bridge between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them like that or yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like that or yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like that or yet another
+possibility is that we have two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that we have two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that we have two pieces
+two polypeptide chains and the dulfi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two polypeptide chains and the dulfi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two polypeptide chains and the dulfi
+bridge is the only thing that's holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge is the only thing that's holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge is the only thing that's holding
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+together now in each one of these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now in each one of these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now in each one of these cases
+obviously these uh polypeptide chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these uh polypeptide chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these uh polypeptide chains
+are oriented so in one end they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oriented so in one end they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oriented so in one end they're going
+to have the amine group let me draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the amine group let me draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the amine group let me draw it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NH3 here we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3 here we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3 here we're going to have
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the other end is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other end is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other end is going to be the
+carboxy group Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus and once again in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and once again in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and once again in this case we're
+going to have two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two of
+them all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right
+now how can we narrow down from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how can we narrow down from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how can we narrow down from these
+couple of possibilities well the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of possibilities well the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of possibilities well the fact
+that we're getting two lysines here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're getting two lysines here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're getting two lysines here is a
+very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important
+clue now remember we're told that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue now remember we're told that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue now remember we're told that our
+aptide this mystery protein it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aptide this mystery protein it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aptide this mystery protein it actually
+comes as a result of a tripin digest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes as a result of a tripin digest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes as a result of a tripin digest and
+if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you recall
+our uh discussion earlier we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh discussion earlier we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh discussion earlier we said that
+upon trsin digest all the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon trsin digest all the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon trsin digest all the smaller
+peptides that we obtain will end in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides that we obtain will end in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides that we obtain will end in a
+lysine or an Arginine they have the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine or an Arginine they have the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine or an Arginine they have the fact
+that we have two lysines here it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have two lysines here it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have two lysines here it means
+both of them they need to be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them they need to be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them they need to be at the
+carboxy ends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy ends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy ends of
+peptides because if they were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides because if they were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides because if they were in the
+middle of a chain the tripson would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a chain the tripson would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a chain the tripson would have
+cut that chain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut that chain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut that chain in
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so two lysines means we got to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two lysines means we got to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two lysines means we got to have two
+carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy
+ends all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends all right
+so therefore this seems to be the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore this seems to be the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore this seems to be the only
+possibility in which we can accommodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility in which we can accommodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility in which we can accommodate
+two lysin basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lysin basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lysin basically
+two the two carboxy ends that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the two carboxy ends that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the two carboxy ends that we see
+here here each one has to be a lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here each one has to be a lysine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here each one has to be a lysine
+this possibility only has one carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this possibility only has one carboxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this possibility only has one carboxy
+end so the other lysine that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so the other lysine that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so the other lysine that we have to
+place will be will not be at the end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place will be will not be at the end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place will be will not be at the end so
+would not be compatible with the trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be compatible with the trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be compatible with the trips
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+digest same applies for this case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest same applies for this case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest same applies for this case so
+these possibilities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these possibilities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these possibilities are
+not uh consistent with our data so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh consistent with our data so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh consistent with our data so we
+know already that our protein must look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already that our protein must look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already that our protein must look
+like this two polypeptide chains each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this two polypeptide chains each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this two polypeptide chains each
+one ends with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ends with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ends with a
+lysine and there must be a dulfi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine and there must be a dulfi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine and there must be a dulfi
+bridge the second clue we're given is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge the second clue we're given is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge the second clue we're given is
+that the edman degradation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the edman degradation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the edman degradation of the
+protein yields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein yields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein yields
+veine now as you know edman degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veine now as you know edman degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veine now as you know edman degradation
+is a chemical reaction by which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a chemical reaction by which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a chemical reaction by which we can
+digest the protein from the end Terminus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest the protein from the end Terminus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest the protein from the end Terminus
+from the amino Terminus of a polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the amino Terminus of a polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the amino Terminus of a polypeptide
+chain now as you recall we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain now as you recall we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain now as you recall we we have
+established in the first part that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established in the first part that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established in the first part that we
+have two amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two amino
+uh termin in our protein right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh termin in our protein right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh termin in our protein right so the
+fact that we only get one amino acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we only get one amino acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we only get one amino acid and
+that is vein it says that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is vein it says that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is vein it says that the other
+Amino Terminus might be blocked or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amino Terminus might be blocked or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amino Terminus might be blocked or
+somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat
+unavailable uh somehow unavailable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavailable uh somehow unavailable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavailable uh somehow unavailable for
+the edmin degradation so let's update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edmin degradation so let's update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edmin degradation so let's update
+the structure of our protein to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of our protein to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of our protein to take
+into account the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clue so we said we have two polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue so we said we have two polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue so we said we have two polypeptide
+chains there's a dulfi bond in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains there's a dulfi bond in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains there's a dulfi bond in between
+them now each one of them ends with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now each one of them ends with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now each one of them ends with a
+lysine this is the carboxy end and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine this is the carboxy end and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine this is the carboxy end and now
+we know from the edmin degradation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from the edmin degradation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from the edmin degradation the
+amino end of one of them has to be vant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino end of one of them has to be vant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino end of one of them has to be vant
+the other one going to put like a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one going to put like a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one going to put like a box
+like that is a blocked end so the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that is a blocked end so the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that is a blocked end so the amino
+Terminus is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus is not
+available so this is as much as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so this is as much as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so this is as much as we can
+tell from these first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell from these first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell from these first two
+Clues we're giving the products of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clues we're giving the products of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clues we're giving the products of the
+kimot trsin digest of our protein after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kimot trsin digest of our protein after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kimot trsin digest of our protein after
+it was previously treated with dtt so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was previously treated with dtt so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was previously treated with dtt so we
+know first DDT is going to cleave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know first DDT is going to cleave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know first DDT is going to cleave the
+dulfi bond and then kimot triin as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dulfi bond and then kimot triin as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dulfi bond and then kimot triin as we
+talked previously is going to cut after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked previously is going to cut after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked previously is going to cut after
+large hydrophobic or aromatic amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large hydrophobic or aromatic amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large hydrophobic or aromatic amino
+acids now we're told we're getting five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids now we're told we're getting five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids now we're told we're getting five
+smaller peptides let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look here are the five fragments one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here are the five fragments one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here are the five fragments one is
+tryptophan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophan
+veine one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veine one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veine one
+is cystine phenyalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another one is aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glycine another one has methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine another one has methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine another one has methionine
+alanine cysteine and lysine and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine cysteine and lysine and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine cysteine and lysine and finally
+the last one has Serene F phenyalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one has Serene F phenyalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one has Serene F phenyalanine
+and something that's not an amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something that's not an amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something that's not an amino acid
+it's going to make it like a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X all right now from what we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right now from what we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right now from what we know about
+kimot trips in digest we should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kimot trips in digest we should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kimot trips in digest we should be able
+to orient this peptides basically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to orient this peptides basically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to orient this peptides basically to
+tell which amino acids is the at the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which amino acids is the at the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which amino acids is the at the N
+Terminus and which amino acid is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus and which amino acid is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus and which amino acid is at the
+C Terminus of each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Terminus of each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Terminus of each one of
+them now the first one well we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now the first one well we know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now the first one well we know from
+the second clue that veiling is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second clue that veiling is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second clue that veiling is the the
+end Terminus so that makes it pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end Terminus so that makes it pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end Terminus so that makes it pretty
+easy then the the sequence has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy then the the sequence has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy then the the sequence has to be
+VW so failing is the end Terminus W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VW so failing is the end Terminus W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VW so failing is the end Terminus W is
+the C Terminus and as we said tryptophan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C Terminus and as we said tryptophan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C Terminus and as we said tryptophan
+is one of the amino acids recognized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the amino acids recognized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the amino acids recognized by
+kotson so it's going to end up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kotson so it's going to end up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kotson so it's going to end up at the
+carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy
+Terminus all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus all right
+CF that has to go C and F F fenel on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF that has to go C and F F fenel on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF that has to go C and F F fenel on
+another kimot triin uh amino acid that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kimot triin uh amino acid that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kimot triin uh amino acid that's
+left at this boxy Terminus DK now n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left at this boxy Terminus DK now n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left at this boxy Terminus DK now n
+neither of these amino acids is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of these amino acids is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of these amino acids is
+recognized by kimot Trin but we remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized by kimot Trin but we remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized by kimot Trin but we remember
+from clue one that K must be the carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from clue one that K must be the carboxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from clue one that K must be the carboxy
+Terminus so the sequence can only be d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus so the sequence can only be d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus so the sequence can only be d
+k all right now here m a c and k none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k all right now here m a c and k none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k all right now here m a c and k none of
+these is actually on our recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is actually on our recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is actually on our recognition
+list for koton but once again we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list for koton but once again we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list for koton but once again we know
+that K must be at the carboxy end so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K must be at the carboxy end so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K must be at the carboxy end so for
+now we're going to have M A and C in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to have M A and C in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to have M A and C in a
+particular order which we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular order which we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular order which we cannot
+establish just yet and K at the carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish just yet and K at the carboxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish just yet and K at the carboxy
+end and finally between SF and X well X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and finally between SF and X well X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and finally between SF and X well X
+is not even an amino acid and F is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not even an amino acid and F is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not even an amino acid and F is an
+amino acid that's left to the carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid that's left to the carboxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid that's left to the carboxy
+Terminus by kimot triin so it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus by kimot triin so it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus by kimot triin so it's probably
+X S and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X S and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X S and
+F now what about X we're told that X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F now what about X we're told that X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F now what about X we're told that X is
+X is not an amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrophobic and it has a molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic and it has a molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic and it has a molecular
+weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dalton all right so in order to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton all right so in order to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton all right so in order to figure
+out what x is we have to read back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what x is we have to read back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what x is we have to read back the
+beginning of the problem which tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the problem which tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the problem which tells us
+that we're looking at a protein that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking at a protein that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking at a protein that's
+associated with the plasma membrane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the plasma membrane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the plasma membrane and
+one way for proteins to associate with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way for proteins to associate with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way for proteins to associate with a
+plasma membrane is to be modified to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane is to be modified to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane is to be modified to
+incorporate a fatty acid such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate a fatty acid such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate a fatty acid such as
+palmitate so perhaps X which is blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palmitate so perhaps X which is blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palmitate so perhaps X which is blocking
+like the end Terminus of this peptide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the end Terminus of this peptide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the end Terminus of this peptide is
+a fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid now the general formula for fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid now the general formula for fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid now the general formula for fatty
+acids is something like this ch3 ch2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids is something like this ch3 ch2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids is something like this ch3 ch2
+repeated say n times and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated say n times and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated say n times and then
+Co all right so let's see what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co all right so let's see what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co all right so let's see what would be
+the fatty acids that has the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acids that has the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acids that has the molecular
+weight 256 dotons well the mass of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight 256 dotons well the mass of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight 256 dotons well the mass of a
+methyl group is 15 the max of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group is 15 the max of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group is 15 the max of this
+carboxilate is 45 so we have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxilate is 45 so we have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxilate is 45 so we have about
+60+ 14n =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60+ 14n =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60+ 14n =
+256 or 14n = 196 therefore n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 or 14n = 196 therefore n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 or 14n = 196 therefore n is
+14 all right so the fatty acid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 all right so the fatty acid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 all right so the fatty acid that
+would fit these criteria it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fit these criteria it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fit these criteria it's
+hydrophobic it has a mass of 256 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic it has a mass of 256 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic it has a mass of 256 will be
+ch3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch3
+ch2 14 * Co or the fatty acid with 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch2 14 * Co or the fatty acid with 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch2 14 * Co or the fatty acid with 16
+carbons this is pmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid now the answer that we got pinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid now the answer that we got pinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid now the answer that we got pinic
+acid was sort of anticipated in the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid was sort of anticipated in the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid was sort of anticipated in the text
+of the problem because it gave us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem because it gave us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem because it gave us an
+example one way to associate proteins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one way to associate proteins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one way to associate proteins to
+the plasma membrane is to form like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma membrane is to form like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma membrane is to form like a
+calent linkage with a fatty acid such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calent linkage with a fatty acid such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calent linkage with a fatty acid such as
+palmitate now but how does a protein uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palmitate now but how does a protein uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palmitate now but how does a protein uh
+associate with a plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with a plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with a plasma
+membrane uh when it has a ptic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane uh when it has a ptic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane uh when it has a ptic acid
+residue as part of it well let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue as part of it well let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue as part of it well let's take a
+look at a diagram here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a diagram here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a diagram here we have a
+representation of the plasma membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the plasma membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the plasma membrane
+where we have the phospholipid like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have the phospholipid like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have the phospholipid like the
+hydrophilic head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic head
+pointing uh inside and outside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing uh inside and outside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing uh inside and outside the cell
+and the hydrophobic tails of the fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hydrophobic tails of the fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hydrophobic tails of the fatty
+acids kind of lined up uh to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids kind of lined up uh to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids kind of lined up uh to each other
+all right now imagine we have a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now imagine we have a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now imagine we have a protein
+that's modified to contain one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's modified to contain one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's modified to contain one of these
+fatty acids then this fatty acid can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids then this fatty acid can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids then this fatty acid can
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+insert uh right next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert uh right next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert uh right next to the
+phospholipids of the plasma membrane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids of the plasma membrane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids of the plasma membrane and
+that way it tethers the protein right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it tethers the protein right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it tethers the protein right at
+the plasma membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma membrane
+the final clue that we given in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final clue that we given in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final clue that we given in order to
+figure out the structure of our mystery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the structure of our mystery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the structure of our mystery
+protein is the digest with an inorganic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is the digest with an inorganic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is the digest with an inorganic
+agent this time it's called Cyanogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent this time it's called Cyanogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent this time it's called Cyanogen
+bromide now Cyanogen bromide reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide now Cyanogen bromide reacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromide now Cyanogen bromide reacts
+quite specifically with methionines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite specifically with methionines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite specifically with methionines and
+it caves the peptide bond after Meine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it caves the peptide bond after Meine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it caves the peptide bond after Meine
+leaving behind a an unnatural amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving behind a an unnatural amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving behind a an unnatural amino acid
+called a homo seran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a homo seran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a homo seran
+lactone now let's take a look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactone now let's take a look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactone now let's take a look at what
+happens when we treat our protein with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we treat our protein with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we treat our protein with
+Cyanogen bromide so we're told we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cyanogen bromide so we're told we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cyanogen bromide so we're told we're
+getting the following peptides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+WF v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WF v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WF v
+d k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Fs C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fs C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fs C
+and an unnatural amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an unnatural amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an unnatural amino
+acid as I just explained to you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid as I just explained to you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid as I just explained to you the
+unnatural amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnatural amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnatural amino acid
+probably is this homo serian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lactone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactone
+so so most likely instead of this amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so most likely instead of this amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so most likely instead of this amino
+acid uh in the actual sequence we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid uh in the actual sequence we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid uh in the actual sequence we had a
+methionine right so we know these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine right so we know these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine right so we know these four
+residues F S C and M kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues F S C and M kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues F S C and M kind of go
+together all right now we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right now we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right now we can start
+putting together the clues from part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together the clues from part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together the clues from part
+three and four and try to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four and try to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four and try to figure out the
+structure the final structure of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein so the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so the peptide
+AK we know has to have k at the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK we know has to have k at the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK we know has to have k at the C
+Terminus now from part three we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus now from part three we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus now from part three we found
+out that there was a peptide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there was a peptide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there was a peptide that
+contained m a c and k after the kimot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained m a c and k after the kimot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained m a c and k after the kimot
+triin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triin
+digest right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest right so
+now we know K has to be the carboxy end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know K has to be the carboxy end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know K has to be the carboxy end
+and a has to be right before K so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a has to be right before K so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a has to be right before K so in
+order to get an AK peptide then a has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get an AK peptide then a has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get an AK peptide then a has to
+be right after methionine because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right after methionine because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right after methionine because that's
+where Cyanogen bromide is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Cyanogen bromide is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Cyanogen bromide is going to
+cleave the peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleave the peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleave the peptide bond
+so so the only sequence that we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the only sequence that we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the only sequence that we can uh
+have here is going to be C followed by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is going to be C followed by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is going to be C followed by m
+followed by a followed by K so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a followed by K so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a followed by K so when we
+treat to Cyanogen bromide we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat to Cyanogen bromide we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat to Cyanogen bromide we're going to
+be cleaving this bond between M and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cleaving this bond between M and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cleaving this bond between M and a
+generating M as a homo seran lactone now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating M as a homo seran lactone now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating M as a homo seran lactone now
+we also know that M has to be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that M has to be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that M has to be in this
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+peptide and we know it has to be CM as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide and we know it has to be CM as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide and we know it has to be CM as
+the sequence so therefore s and F have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence so therefore s and F have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence so therefore s and F have
+to be on the amino Terminus of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on the amino Terminus of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on the amino Terminus of this
+peptide and we also have a clue from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide and we also have a clue from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide and we also have a clue from
+part three which said that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part three which said that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part three which said that s
+f and this non-amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and this non-amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and this non-amino
+acid Moi were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid Moi were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid Moi were in the
+same uh peptide all right so from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh peptide all right so from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh peptide all right so from here
+we said that well the sequence there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that well the sequence there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that well the sequence there is
+probably X modifying the amino of s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably X modifying the amino of s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably X modifying the amino of s and
+then F at the carboxy end so putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then F at the carboxy end so putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then F at the carboxy end so putting
+these three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together we can come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we can come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we can come up with the
+sequence for this strand which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for this strand which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for this strand which is going
+to be x s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be x s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be x s
+f then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cm and then A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm and then A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm and then A and
+K so this is probably one of the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so this is probably one of the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so this is probably one of the peptide
+chains in our mystery protein then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains in our mystery protein then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains in our mystery protein then of
+course the other is going to to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the other is going to to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the other is going to to be
+composed of these amino acids now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of these amino acids now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of these amino acids now we
+already know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know something about the
+sequence of these for example we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of these for example we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of these for example we know
+V goes before w we also know D goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V goes before w we also know D goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V goes before w we also know D goes
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+K and also know C goes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F all right now we know this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F all right now we know this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F all right now we know this has to be
+the carboxy end of the of the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxy end of the of the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxy end of the of the peptide
+chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write
+it here Co minus and V has to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here Co minus and V has to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here Co minus and V has to be the
+amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end all right so then CF there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end all right so then CF there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end all right so then CF there's no
+other way has to be in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way has to be in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way has to be in the middle
+so the only possible sequence for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only possible sequence for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only possible sequence for our
+second chain is going to be v w c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chain is going to be v w c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chain is going to be v w c
+f d and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f d and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f d and
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+now that we've established the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've established the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've established the exact
+sequence of each one of these peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of each one of these peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of each one of these peptide
+chains then we can put together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains then we can put together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains then we can put together the
+final structure of our mystery protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final structure of our mystery protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final structure of our mystery protein
+so I'm going to transcribe these here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to transcribe these here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to transcribe these here
+first chain v w c f d and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first chain v w c f d and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first chain v w c f d and
+K right and we know the cysteine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right and we know the cysteine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right and we know the cysteine is
+going to have our D sulfite bridge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our D sulfite bridge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our D sulfite bridge to
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+cine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine which
+goes c m a k and then F and then s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes c m a k and then F and then s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes c m a k and then F and then s and
+now we know at the and Terminus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know at the and Terminus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know at the and Terminus of
+this uh peptide we're going to have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh peptide we're going to have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh peptide we're going to have our
+fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+residue ch2 14 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue ch2 14 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue ch2 14 *
+ch3 all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch3 all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch3 all right
+so let's just Mark once again the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just Mark once again the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just Mark once again the carbon
+o oxy ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o oxy ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o oxy ends
+here and the amino end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the amino end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the amino end here
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+is the final answer for our problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the final answer for our problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the final answer for our problem and
+the structure of our mystery peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of our mystery peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of our mystery peptide
+well that's it for this problem I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's it for this problem I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's it for this problem I hope
+you enjoyed this little uh protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enjoyed this little uh protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enjoyed this little uh protein
+mystery hunt now remember that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery hunt now remember that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery hunt now remember that this
+strategy that we used here in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that we used here in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that we used here in which we
+we Lo logically string together pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Lo logically string together pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Lo logically string together pieces
+of data to build like a big picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data to build like a big picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data to build like a big picture is
+really the same strategy that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same strategy that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same strategy that has been
+used and is being used right now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and is being used right now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and is being used right now to
+advance our knowledge about living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance our knowledge about living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance our knowledge about living
+systems and their underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and their underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and their underlying
+biochemistry
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bxv6d3dicIw.txt b/bxv6d3dicIw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e384a380f51304f9ee434df77fe27455ad4004c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bxv6d3dicIw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurement of the BH characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of the BH characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of the BH characteristic of
+a magnetizable core provides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnetizable core provides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnetizable core provides the
+constitutive law that relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive law that relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive law that relates to
+magnetization density M or equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetization density M or equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetization density M or equivalently
+the magnetic flux density B to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic flux density B to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic flux density B to the
+macroscopic magnetic field intensity H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic magnetic field intensity H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic magnetic field intensity H
+within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material here is the experiment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here is the experiment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here is the experiment the
+magnetizable material is in this donut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizable material is in this donut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizable material is in this donut
+shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped
+toroid the exitation or primary coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toroid the exitation or primary coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toroid the exitation or primary coil
+connected to these terminals is driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to these terminals is driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to these terminals is driven
+by the current it's 60 Herz from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the current it's 60 Herz from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the current it's 60 Herz from this
+variac the voltage across this series 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac the voltage across this series 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac the voltage across this series 1
+ohm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohm
+resistance then gives a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance then gives a horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance then gives a horizontal
+deflection of the oscilloscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the oscilloscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the oscilloscope
+proportional to I and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to I and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to I and thus
+H the terminals of the sensing coil are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the terminals of the sensing coil are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the terminals of the sensing coil are
+connected through the integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected through the integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected through the integrating
+network with resistance 100 K ohms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network with resistance 100 K ohms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network with resistance 100 K ohms and
+capacitance 1 microfarad to the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance 1 microfarad to the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance 1 microfarad to the vertical
+deflection terminals of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection terminals of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection terminals of the
+oscilloscope thus the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope thus the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope thus the vertical
+deflection is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection is proportional to the
+integral of the terminal volage the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the terminal volage the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the terminal volage the the
+flux Lambda and hence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B we turn up the varc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current the scope shows the BH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the scope shows the BH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the scope shows the BH
+hysteresis Loop typical of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysteresis Loop typical of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysteresis Loop typical of a
+magnetically soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material poly crystallin ferromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material poly crystallin ferromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material poly crystallin ferromagnetic
+material at the Domain level has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material at the Domain level has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material at the Domain level has
+randomly oriented magnetic moments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly oriented magnetic moments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly oriented magnetic moments that
+tend to cancel in the absence of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to cancel in the absence of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to cancel in the absence of an
+applied field as a magnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied field as a magnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied field as a magnetic field is
+applied the domain walls shift those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied the domain walls shift those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied the domain walls shift those
+domains with magnetic dipole moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains with magnetic dipole moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains with magnetic dipole moments
+aligned with the applied field grow at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with the applied field grow at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with the applied field grow at
+the expense of domains having oppositely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expense of domains having oppositely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expense of domains having oppositely
+directed magnetic dipole moments the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed magnetic dipole moments the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed magnetic dipole moments the
+result is a net magnetization that tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a net magnetization that tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a net magnetization that tends
+to be in the direction of H in ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the direction of H in ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the direction of H in ideal
+materials at high magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials at high magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials at high magnetic fields
+saturation results when all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation results when all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation results when all of the
+domains combine into one in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains combine into one in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains combine into one in real
+materials used for Transformers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials used for Transformers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials used for Transformers
+imperfections and boundaries result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections and boundaries result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections and boundaries result in
+the domain walls encountering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain walls encountering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain walls encountering a
+resistance to motion a phase leg then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to motion a phase leg then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to motion a phase leg then
+develops between the magnetization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops between the magnetization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops between the magnetization and
+the magnetic field intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H the BH trajectory makes this evident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the BH trajectory makes this evident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the BH trajectory makes this evident
+it shows that even when the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows that even when the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows that even when the applied
+field H is instantaneously zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field H is instantaneously zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field H is instantaneously zero there
+remains a Remnant flux density B subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a Remnant flux density B subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a Remnant flux density B subr
+and the field must be reversed to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the field must be reversed to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the field must be reversed to minus
+H subc the coercive field intensity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H subc the coercive field intensity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H subc the coercive field intensity to
+reduce the flux density to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero hysteresis can be both useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero hysteresis can be both useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero hysteresis can be both useful and
+harmful permanent magnetization at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful permanent magnetization at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful permanent magnetization at the
+remnants point is the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants point is the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants point is the basis for
+permanent magnets and for the storage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent magnets and for the storage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent magnets and for the storage of
+information on magnetic tapes and diss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on magnetic tapes and diss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on magnetic tapes and diss
+however periodic exitation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however periodic exitation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however periodic exitation of a
+hysteretic material such as in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysteretic material such as in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysteretic material such as in a
+Transformer or rotating machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer or rotating machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer or rotating machine
+dissipates energy and generates heat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipates energy and generates heat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipates energy and generates heat the
+area enclosed within the BH hysteresis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area enclosed within the BH hysteresis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area enclosed within the BH hysteresis
+Loop is the energy per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop is the energy per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop is the energy per unit volume
+dissipated in one cycle the dissipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated in one cycle the dissipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated in one cycle the dissipation
+arises from the resistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises from the resistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises from the resistance to
+propagation of the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the domain
+walls
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cKJ0Bx3N2tQ.txt b/cKJ0Bx3N2tQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6578812e60e1432e549344bb2e48ef31c61f0fa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cKJ0Bx3N2tQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+as we start the the process here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we start the the process here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we start the the process here it's
+critically important to remember what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically important to remember what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically important to remember what a
+business is all about we're not trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is all about we're not trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is all about we're not trying
+to win a science fair we're not trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win a science fair we're not trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win a science fair we're not trying
+to win some sort of intellectual debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win some sort of intellectual debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win some sort of intellectual debate
+we are trying to start a new Venture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to start a new Venture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to start a new Venture and
+when we think about a new venture or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about a new venture or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about a new venture or a
+new business it's important to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new business it's important to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new business it's important to simplify
+this down the single there is one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down the single there is one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down the single there is one single
+and necessary NE and sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and necessary NE and sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and necessary NE and sufficient
+condition for a business one single and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for a business one single and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for a business one single and
+necessary sufficient condition for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary sufficient condition for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary sufficient condition for a
+business it is not a business plan it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business it is not a business plan it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business it is not a business plan it is
+not a CEO it's not a mission statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a CEO it's not a mission statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a CEO it's not a mission statement
+it's not a product it's not even some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a product it's not even some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a product it's not even some
+sort of market analysis the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of market analysis the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of market analysis the single
+necessary and sufficient condition for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and sufficient condition for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and sufficient condition for a
+business is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+paying customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything that we do in a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we do in a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we do in a business
+drives to the point where we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives to the point where we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives to the point where we have a
+customer that will give us money for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer that will give us money for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer that will give us money for our
+product our offering and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product our offering and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product our offering and that's very
+very important sometimes I have students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important sometimes I have students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important sometimes I have students
+that come in and say let me explain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come in and say let me explain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come in and say let me explain to
+you about my Nano oscillation technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about my Nano oscillation technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about my Nano oscillation technology
+with carbon fiber tubing and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with carbon fiber tubing and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with carbon fiber tubing and the like
+and I don't understand what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't understand what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't understand what they're
+talking about but I look through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about but I look through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about but I look through their
+whole plan and I don't see a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole plan and I don't see a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole plan and I don't see a very
+important thing in their plan I see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing in their plan I see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing in their plan I see it's
+going to be 100 times better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 100 times better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 100 times better than the
+current technology it's going to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current technology it's going to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current technology it's going to reduce
+the cost by 50% of power consumption but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost by 50% of power consumption but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost by 50% of power consumption but
+I point out to them is you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I point out to them is you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I point out to them is you know you
+really need to speak to a friend of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to speak to a friend of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to speak to a friend of mine
+that and they say who's that a friend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they say who's that a friend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they say who's that a friend of
+mine whose kid is in business and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine whose kid is in business and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine whose kid is in business and they
+said what kind of business he is I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what kind of business he is I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what kind of business he is I said
+he's in a business that takes lemons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's in a business that takes lemons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's in a business that takes lemons
+they said what does he do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said what does he do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said what does he do with the
+lemons I said he squeezes the lemons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemons I said he squeezes the lemons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemons I said he squeezes the lemons and
+he and he puts sugar and water in it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and he puts sugar and water in it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and he puts sugar and water in it he
+makes lemonade and he gets someone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes lemonade and he gets someone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes lemonade and he gets someone to
+pay them for it and they say Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them for it and they say Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them for it and they say Well
+they're scratching what are you talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're scratching what are you talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're scratching what are you talking
+about are you insulting me no I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are you insulting me no I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are you insulting me no I'm trying
+to make a key Point here is until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a key Point here is until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a key Point here is until you
+get a paying customer you do not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a paying customer you do not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a paying customer you do not have a
+business so it's not about how great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so it's not about how great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so it's not about how great
+your technology is it's not about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology is it's not about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology is it's not about how
+wonderful your idea is it's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful your idea is it's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful your idea is it's not about
+how well you write your business plan or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well you write your business plan or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well you write your business plan or
+whatever else you do it's about getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever else you do it's about getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever else you do it's about getting
+paying customers and getting many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying customers and getting many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying customers and getting many of
+them and doing so in a profitable manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and doing so in a profitable manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and doing so in a profitable manner
+so that's what we're going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're going to focus on
+here we're going to start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to start with the
+customer and we're going to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and we're going to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and we're going to build the
+business back from that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d8IDtE-Ea0o.txt b/d8IDtE-Ea0o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bd084135d1d6213d2b02a2dedc7afb2f8e24c1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d8IDtE-Ea0o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,928 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to age 20. so this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20. so this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20. so this section
+is a preview or maybe a review of eagle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a preview or maybe a review of eagle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a preview or maybe a review of eagle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um depending on whether or not you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um depending on whether or not you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um depending on whether or not you have
+listened to electromagnetism already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listened to electromagnetism already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listened to electromagnetism already
+so first i just want to remind you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first i just want to remind you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first i just want to remind you how
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+relate electric and magnetic fields and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate electric and magnetic fields and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate electric and magnetic fields and
+how we can describe them from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can describe them from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can describe them from a
+different moving reference so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different moving reference so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different moving reference so if the
+reference frame moving in x direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame moving in x direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame moving in x direction
+then the x component of the fields do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the x component of the fields do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the x component of the fields do
+not change but the transverse components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change but the transverse components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change but the transverse components
+do change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do change
+as we have discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have discussed before
+but the core of this section is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the core of this section is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the core of this section is about
+how the fields the electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the fields the electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the fields the electric and magnetic
+fields are actually generated by charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are actually generated by charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are actually generated by charges
+in that current distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that current distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that current distribution
+and those this relation is described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those this relation is described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those this relation is described by
+maximum equation so the entirety of 802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum equation so the entirety of 802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum equation so the entirety of 802
+of classes on electromagnetism is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classes on electromagnetism is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classes on electromagnetism is about
+how to understand maximum equations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to understand maximum equations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to understand maximum equations so
+i'll do this here in a very short and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll do this here in a very short and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll do this here in a very short and
+quick manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick manner
+so you can write maxwell equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can write maxwell equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can write maxwell equations in
+four different equations the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different equations the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different equations the first one
+is called gauss's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called gauss's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called gauss's law
+and if you read the equation it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you read the equation it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you read the equation it just
+says that the divergence of an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the divergence of an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the divergence of an electric
+field gives the density of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field gives the density of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field gives the density of the of the
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+or the charge density of the source you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the charge density of the source you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the charge density of the source you
+can also read this equation by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also read this equation by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also read this equation by saying
+a charge density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charge density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charge density
+generates an electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates an electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates an electric field
+okay so charges generate electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so charges generate electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so charges generate electric field
+similarly gauss's law for magnetism can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly gauss's law for magnetism can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly gauss's law for magnetism can
+be read as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be read as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be read as
+magnetic charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic charges
+generate magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate magnetic fields
+or the divergence of the magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the divergence of the magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the divergence of the magnetic fields
+gives the density of the magnetic source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the density of the magnetic source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the density of the magnetic source
+however in nature we haven't observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in nature we haven't observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in nature we haven't observed
+magnetic monopoles or at least not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic monopoles or at least not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic monopoles or at least not yet
+and so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore
+there's no such thing there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no such thing there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no such thing there's no
+magnetic density you can read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic density you can read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic density you can read this
+equation also saying that all magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation also saying that all magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation also saying that all magnetic
+field lines need to be closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field lines need to be closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field lines need to be closed
+and so that's another way to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's another way to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's another way to look at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+then we have faraday's law which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have faraday's law which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have faraday's law which means
+that you can induce electric fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can induce electric fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can induce electric fields
+in a coil equal the negative change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a coil equal the negative change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a coil equal the negative change of
+the magnetic field in other way if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field in other way if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field in other way if you
+want to create an electric field you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create an electric field you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create an electric field you can
+do this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this with a
+charge or you can do this by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge or you can do this by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge or you can do this by changing
+this as a function of time the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a function of time the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a function of time the magnetic
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+changing magnetic fields generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing magnetic fields generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing magnetic fields generate
+electric fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric fields
+and very similarly you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very similarly you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very similarly you can look at
+ampere's law and saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampere's law and saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampere's law and saying that
+changing electric fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing electric fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing electric fields
+generate magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate magnetic fields
+and you can also generate magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also generate magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also generate magnetic
+fields with a current as we have seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields with a current as we have seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields with a current as we have seen in
+the previous section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous section
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+how we can understand and describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can understand and describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can understand and describe
+maximum equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum equation
+the difficulty now of 802 is often to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty now of 802 is often to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty now of 802 is often to
+understand the concept of fields the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the concept of fields the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the concept of fields the
+fact that there's you know a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's you know a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's you know a vector
+describing the strength of this abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the strength of this abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the strength of this abstract
+thing of an electric or magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of an electric or magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of an electric or magnetic field
+somewhere in space so things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in space so things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in space so things are
+changing this time let's complicate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this time let's complicate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this time let's complicate it
+and then there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's also
+a little bit of functional analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of functional analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of functional analysis
+needed in order to understand and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed in order to understand and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed in order to understand and how to
+find the electric field by a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the electric field by a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the electric field by a specific
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+those cases can often be simplified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases can often be simplified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases can often be simplified by
+having symmetric configurations like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having symmetric configurations like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having symmetric configurations like a
+charge on a sphere or a point charge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on a sphere or a point charge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on a sphere or a point charge or
+a cylinder or charges along the line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cylinder or charges along the line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cylinder or charges along the line in
+those cases those integrals or those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases those integrals or those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases those integrals or those
+divergences can be calculated rather in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences can be calculated rather in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences can be calculated rather in
+a straightforward manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straightforward manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straightforward manner
+okay so then there's another aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then there's another aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then there's another aspect
+which is relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is relating
+charges charge distributions or fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges charge distributions or fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges charge distributions or fields
+to forces and that's done by law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forces and that's done by law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forces and that's done by law and
+scores so the force in the charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores so the force in the charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores so the force in the charged
+particle which is moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which is moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which is moving in
+electromagnetic field is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field is given by the
+strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of
+the charge itself times the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge itself times the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge itself times the electric
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+the velocity of the charge across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the charge across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the charge across the
+strength of the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the magnetic
+field okay what that means is i can if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay what that means is i can if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay what that means is i can if i
+if i put a charge in electric field it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put a charge in electric field it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put a charge in electric field it's
+being pulled it's being accelerated if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pulled it's being accelerated if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pulled it's being accelerated if i
+have a moving charge in a magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a moving charge in a magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a moving charge in a magnetic field
+it's being bent around as a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being bent around as a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being bent around as a force
+bending it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending it around
+okay and then i can have this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then i can have this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then i can have this a
+relativistic equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equation of motion
+which uses our relativistic equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uses our relativistic equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uses our relativistic equation of
+motion and sets this equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and sets this equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and sets this equal
+to our lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dqrtJb6dj5c.txt b/dqrtJb6dj5c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7526064eadefd867c807b14880ea3a676b091c05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dqrtJb6dj5c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+visualization of standing waves that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of standing waves that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of standing waves that are
+electromagnetic requires that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic requires that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic requires that we see
+fields that are invisible and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that are invisible and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that are invisible and are
+varying at a frequency higher than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying at a frequency higher than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying at a frequency higher than we
+can actually perceive with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eyes the visualization of waves that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes the visualization of waves that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes the visualization of waves that are
+mechanical is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical is
+easier here we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier here we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier here we've got a
+spring under tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the transverse deflections satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse deflections satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse deflections satisfy the
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation the object in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the object in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the object in this
+demonstration is to see standing waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration is to see standing waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration is to see standing waves
+in the sinusoidal stady state Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sinusoidal stady state Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sinusoidal stady state Professor
+zhan will provide a fixed termination at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zhan will provide a fixed termination at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zhan will provide a fixed termination at
+that end and I'll try and provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end and I'll try and provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end and I'll try and provide the
+sosal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sosal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sosal
+exitation the first Mode's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy here's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy here's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy here's the second
+mode little harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode little harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode little harder to
+do try that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do try that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do try that
+again at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at any
+location the the the response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location the the the response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location the the the response is
+sinusoidal we have a null in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal we have a null in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal we have a null in the middle
+because a wave incident on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a wave incident on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a wave incident on that
+termination comes back and interferes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination comes back and interferes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination comes back and interferes
+with the incident wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here are the actual plates and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+short they're driven at the left by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short they're driven at the left by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short they're driven at the left by a
+radio frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio frequency
+generator to see the lamp we've turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator to see the lamp we've turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator to see the lamp we've turned
+the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights
+down next the generator is turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down next the generator is turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down next the generator is turned
+on and and the lamp is put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and and the lamp is put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and and the lamp is put in
+place I'm rubbing my feet on the carpet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I'm rubbing my feet on the carpet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I'm rubbing my feet on the carpet
+to generate static electricity to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate static electricity to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate static electricity to help
+ignite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lamp remember where there's light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp remember where there's light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp remember where there's light
+there's an oscillating electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field the dark areas are therefore where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the dark areas are therefore where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the dark areas are therefore where
+the electric field tends to null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the right end we also appear to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right end we also appear to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right end we also appear to have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+null remember the right end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shorted we can see the nulls even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorted we can see the nulls even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorted we can see the nulls even better
+if the lights are turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+completely what we see is the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely what we see is the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely what we see is the magnitude
+or envelope of the standing wave of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or envelope of the standing wave of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or envelope of the standing wave of
+electric field we can think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field we can think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field we can think of the
+electric field between the plates as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field between the plates as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field between the plates as
+being analogous to the deflection of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being analogous to the deflection of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being analogous to the deflection of our
+spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring
+the deflection like the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deflection like the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deflection like the electric field
+is pinned to zero at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pinned to zero at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pinned to zero at the right
+end the deflection like both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the deflection like both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the deflection like both the
+electric and magnetic fields is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic fields is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic fields is an
+oscillating function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating function of
+time it remains zero at the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points we can measure the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we can measure the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we can measure the magnetic field
+with a one- turn induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a one- turn induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a one- turn induction
+coil the coil voltage displayed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil the coil voltage displayed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil the coil voltage displayed on the
+scope indicates the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope indicates the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope indicates the magnetic field
+perpendicular to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis first we put the coil at the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis first we put the coil at the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis first we put the coil at the null
+in electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field the magnetic field is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the magnetic field is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the magnetic field is indeed
+tangential to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential to the
+plates and perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates and perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates and perpendicular to the
+direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+propagation the magnetic field should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation the magnetic field should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation the magnetic field should be
+a peak here at the null an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peak here at the null an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peak here at the null an electric
+field now moving toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field now moving toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field now moving toward the
+short where the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short where the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short where the electric field is
+maximum the magnetic field should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know and then at the short it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then at the short it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then at the short it should
+peek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again note that the phase shifts by 180°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again note that the phase shifts by 180°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again note that the phase shifts by 180°
+as we pass through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+null watch the Peaks and intensity move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null watch the Peaks and intensity move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null watch the Peaks and intensity move
+by a quarter wavelength as the short is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a quarter wavelength as the short is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a quarter wavelength as the short is
+removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again with a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on and with a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+removed it is the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed it is the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed it is the electric field
+intensity that is now the maximum at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity that is now the maximum at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity that is now the maximum at the
+right end we see this better with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right end we see this better with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right end we see this better with the
+lights out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by measuring the distance between nulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring the distance between nulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring the distance between nulls
+and the electric field intensity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electric field intensity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electric field intensity we
+determine the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wavelength it appears to be about 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CM electromagnetic waves propagate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM electromagnetic waves propagate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM electromagnetic waves propagate on
+the line at the velocity of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line at the velocity of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line at the velocity of light
+C so we can deduce the frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so we can deduce the frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so we can deduce the frequency of the
+source driving the plates at the Left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source driving the plates at the Left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source driving the plates at the Left
+End the frequency is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End the frequency is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End the frequency is equal to the
+velocity of light 3 * 10 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m/s divided by the wavelength about 1.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M so the frequency must be about 210
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so the frequency must be about 210
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so the frequency must be about 210
+mahz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the frequency that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the frequency that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the frequency that we should
+deduce from the osilloscope trace for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce from the osilloscope trace for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce from the osilloscope trace for
+the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probe the period is about 5.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe the period is about 5.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe the period is about 5.2
+nond The Frequency is about 195
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MHz the agreement with the 210 MHz we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHz the agreement with the 210 MHz we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHz the agreement with the 210 MHz we
+found from the wavelength is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found from the wavelength is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found from the wavelength is consistent
+with the accuracy of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the accuracy of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the accuracy of our
+measurements in visualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements in visualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements in visualizing
+electromagnetic standing waves we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic standing waves we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic standing waves we've
+used the light illumination to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the light illumination to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the light illumination to indicate
+the electric field intensity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field intensity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field intensity and the
+probe to measure the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe to measure the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe to measure the magnetic field
+intensity we've observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity we've observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity we've observe the
+distributions of En andh with open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions of En andh with open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions of En andh with open and
+shortcircuit terminations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eg8DJYwdMyg.txt b/eg8DJYwdMyg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d72d91f8d4214534fef7ee597794e26c703bcb4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eg8DJYwdMyg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer high quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hello everybody uh before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hello everybody uh before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hello everybody uh before we
+start the material a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the material a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the material a couple of
+announcements as usual there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements as usual there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements as usual there's some
+reading assignments and you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignments and you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignments and you might be
+surprised to see uh something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised to see uh something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised to see uh something from
+chapter five suddenly popping up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter five suddenly popping up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter five suddenly popping up but
+this is my Relentless attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my Relentless attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my Relentless attempt to
+introduce more python we'll see one New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce more python we'll see one New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce more python we'll see one New
+Concept later today list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept later today list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept later today list
+comprehension today we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension today we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension today we're going to look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+classification and you remember last on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and you remember last on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and you remember last on
+Monday we looked at unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday we looked at unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday we looked at unsupervised
+learning today we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning today we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning today we're looking at
+supervised learning it can usually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised learning it can usually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised learning it can usually be
+divided into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into two
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+regression where you try and predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression where you try and predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression where you try and predict
+some real number associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real number associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real number associated with a
+feature vector and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vector and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vector and this is something
+we've already done really right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done really right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done really right back
+when we looked at Curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we looked at Curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we looked at Curve
+fitting linear regression in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting linear regression in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting linear regression in particular
+it was exactly building a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was exactly building a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was exactly building a model that
+given some features would predict a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some features would predict a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some features would predict a
+point in this case it was pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in this case it was pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in this case it was pretty simple
+it was given X predict y you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was given X predict y you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was given X predict y you can imagine
+generalizing that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing that to
+multi-dimensions today I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensions today I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensions today I'm going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+classification which is very common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification which is very common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification which is very common in
+many ways more common than regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways more common than regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways more common than regression
+for in the machine learning world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the machine learning world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the machine learning world and
+here the goal is to predict a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the goal is to predict a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the goal is to predict a discrete
+value often called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value often called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value often called a
+label associated with some feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label associated with some feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label associated with some feature
+vector so this is the sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so this is the sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so this is the sort of thing
+where uh you try and for example predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you try and for example predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you try and for example predict
+whether uh person will have an adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh person will have an adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh person will have an adverse
+reaction to a drug you're not looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to a drug you're not looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to a drug you're not looking
+for a real number you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a real number you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a real number you're looking for
+will they get sick won't they will they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they get sick won't they will they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they get sick won't they will they
+not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get
+sick um maybe you're trying to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick um maybe you're trying to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick um maybe you're trying to predict
+the grade in a course A B C D and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grade in a course A B C D and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grade in a course A B C D and other
+grades we won't mention uh again those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades we won't mention uh again those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades we won't mention uh again those
+are labels so it doesn't have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labels so it doesn't have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labels so it doesn't have to be a
+binary label but it's a finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary label but it's a finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary label but it's a finite number of
+labels so here's an example to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels so here's an example to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels so here's an example to start
+with we won't Linger on it too long uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we won't Linger on it too long uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we won't Linger on it too long uh
+this is basically something you saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically something you saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically something you saw in
+in an earlier lecture where we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an earlier lecture where we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an earlier lecture where we had a
+bunch of animals and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of animals and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of animals and a bunch of
+properties and a label identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and a label identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and a label identifying
+whether or not they were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reptile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptile
+um so we start by building a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we start by building a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we start by building a distance
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+uh how far apart they are uh and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how far apart they are uh and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how far apart they are uh and in fact
+in this case I'm not using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I'm not using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I'm not using the
+representation you just saw I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you just saw I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you just saw I'm going to
+use the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the binary
+representation uh as Professor Grimson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation uh as Professor Grimson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation uh as Professor Grimson
+showed you and for the reasons he showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you and for the reasons he showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you and for the reasons he showed
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+and if you're interested uh I didn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're interested uh I didn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're interested uh I didn't uh
+produce this table by hand I wrote some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce this table by hand I wrote some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce this table by hand I wrote some
+python code to produce it uh not only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python code to produce it uh not only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python code to produce it uh not only to
+compute the instances but more in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the instances but more in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the instances but more in more
+more delicately to produce the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more delicately to produce the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more delicately to produce the actual
+table and uh you probably find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and uh you probably find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and uh you probably find it
+instructive at some point to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive at some point to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive at some point to at least
+remember that that code is there in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that code is there in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that code is there in case
+you need to ever produce a table for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to ever produce a table for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to ever produce a table for
+some paper uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some paper uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some paper uh in
+general you've probably noticed I spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you've probably noticed I spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you've probably noticed I spent
+relatively little time going over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little time going over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little time going over the
+actual vast amounts of codes we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual vast amounts of codes we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual vast amounts of codes we've been
+posting uh that doesn't mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting uh that doesn't mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting uh that doesn't mean you
+shouldn't look at it uh in part a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't look at it uh in part a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't look at it uh in part a lot of
+it's there because I'm hoping at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there because I'm hoping at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there because I'm hoping at some
+point in the future will be handy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the future will be handy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the future will be handy for
+you to have a model on how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to have a model on how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to have a model on how to do
+something all right so we have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right so we have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right so we have all these
+distances uh and we can tell how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances uh and we can tell how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances uh and we can tell how far
+apart one animal is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart one animal is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart one animal is from
+another now how do we use those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another now how do we use those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another now how do we use those to
+classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify
+animals and the simplest approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and the simplest approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and the simplest approach to
+classification and it's actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and it's actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and it's actually one
+that's used a fair amount in practice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used a fair amount in practice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used a fair amount in practice is
+called nearest neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called nearest neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called nearest neighbor
+so the learning part is Trivial we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the learning part is Trivial we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the learning part is Trivial we don't
+actually learn anything other than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn anything other than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn anything other than we
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+remember so we remember the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so we remember the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so we remember the training
+data and when we want to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and when we want to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and when we want to predict the
+label of a new example we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label of a new example we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label of a new example we find the
+nearest example in the training data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest example in the training data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest example in the training data and
+just choose the label associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose the label associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose the label associated with
+that example so here I've just drawn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example so here I've just drawn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example so here I've just drawn a
+cloud of red dots and black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud of red dots and black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud of red dots and black
+dots I have a f colored X and if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots I have a f colored X and if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots I have a f colored X and if I want
+to classify X as black or red I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify X as black or red I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify X as black or red I'd say
+well its nearest neighbor is red so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well its nearest neighbor is red so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well its nearest neighbor is red so
+we'll call X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call X
+red very doesn't get much simpler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right let's try and do it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right let's try and do it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right let's try and do it now
+for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our
+animals uh I've blocked out this lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh I've blocked out this lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh I've blocked out this lower
+right hand corner because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand corner because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand corner because I want to
+classify these three animals that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify these three animals that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify these three animals that are in
+Gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gray
+so my training data very small are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my training data very small are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my training data very small are these
+animals and these are my test set here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and these are my test set here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and these are my test set here
+so let's first try and classify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's first try and classify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's first try and classify the
+zebra if we look at the zebra's nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra if we look at the zebra's nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra if we look at the zebra's nearest
+neighbor well it's either a guppy or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor well it's either a guppy or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor well it's either a guppy or a
+dart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dart
+frog and well let's just choose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog and well let's just choose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog and well let's just choose one
+let's choose the guppy and if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's choose the guppy and if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's choose the guppy and if we look at
+the guppy it's not a reptile so we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guppy it's not a reptile so we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guppy it's not a reptile so we say
+the zebra is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zebra is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zebra is not a
+reptile so got one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at the python choose its nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the python choose its nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the python choose its nearest
+neighbor say it's a cobra the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor say it's a cobra the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor say it's a cobra the label
+associated with CRA is reptile so we win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with CRA is reptile so we win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with CRA is reptile so we win
+again on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+python alligator its nearest neighbor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python alligator its nearest neighbor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python alligator its nearest neighbor is
+clearly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a
+chicken and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken and so we
+classify the alligator as not a reptile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+dear clearly the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer all right what might have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all right what might have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all right what might have gone
+wrong well the problem with K nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong well the problem with K nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong well the problem with K nearest
+neighbors we can illustrate it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors we can illustrate it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors we can illustrate it by
+looking at this example so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this example so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this example so one of the
+things people do with classifiers these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things people do with classifiers these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things people do with classifiers these
+days is handwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days is handwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days is handwriting
+recognition so I just copied from a webs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so I just copied from a webs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so I just copied from a webs
+it a bunch of numbers then I wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a bunch of numbers then I wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a bunch of numbers then I wrote the
+number 40 in my own inimitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 40 in my own inimitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 40 in my own inimitable
+handwriting so if we go and we look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting so if we go and we look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting so if we go and we look for
+say the nearest neighbor of four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the nearest neighbor of four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the nearest neighbor of four or
+sorry of whatever that digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it is I believe this one and sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is I believe this one and sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is I believe this one and sure
+enough that's the row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that's the row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that's the row of
+fours we're okay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this now if we want to classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now if we want to classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now if we want to classify
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+zero the actual nearest neighbor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the actual nearest neighbor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the actual nearest neighbor in
+terms of the bit Maps if you will turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the bit Maps if you will turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the bit Maps if you will turns
+out to be this guy a very poorly written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be this guy a very poorly written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be this guy a very poorly written
+nine I didn't make up this nine it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine I didn't make up this nine it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine I didn't make up this nine it was
+it was already there and the problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was already there and the problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was already there and the problem we
+see here when we use nearest neighbor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here when we use nearest neighbor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here when we use nearest neighbor is
+if something is noisy if you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is noisy if you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is noisy if you have one
+noisy piece of data in this case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy piece of data in this case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy piece of data in this case this
+rather ugly looking version of nine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather ugly looking version of nine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather ugly looking version of nine you
+can get the wrong answer because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the wrong answer because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the wrong answer because you
+match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match
+it and indeed in this case you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and indeed in this case you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and indeed in this case you would get
+the wrong answer what is usually done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong answer what is usually done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong answer what is usually done to
+avoid that is something called K nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neighbors and the basic idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and the basic idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and the basic idea here is
+that we don't just take the nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't just take the nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't just take the nearest
+neighbors we take some number of nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors we take some number of nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors we take some number of nearest
+neighbors usually an odd number and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors usually an odd number and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors usually an odd number and we
+just let them vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let them vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let them vote
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now if we want to classify this fuchsia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we want to classify this fuchsia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we want to classify this fuchsia
+X and we said k equal to three we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and we said k equal to three we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and we said k equal to three we say
+well these are its three nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are its three nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are its three nearest
+neighbors one is red two are black so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors one is red two are black so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors one is red two are black so
+we're going to call x black is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call x black is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call x black is our
+better guess and maybe that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better guess and maybe that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better guess and maybe that's actually
+is a better guess because it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a better guess because it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a better guess because it looks like
+this red Point here is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red Point here is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red Point here is really an
+outlier right and we don't want to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier right and we don't want to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier right and we don't want to let
+the outliers dominate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outliers dominate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outliers dominate our
+classification and this is why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and this is why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and this is why people
+almost always use K nearest neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always use K nearest neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always use K nearest neighbors
+rather than just nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just nearest
+neighbor now if we look at this and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor now if we look at this and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor now if we look at this and we
+use K nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use K nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use K nearest
+neighbors those are the three nearest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors those are the three nearest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors those are the three nearest to
+uh the first numeral and they are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first numeral and they are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first numeral and they are all
+fours and if we look at the K nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours and if we look at the K nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours and if we look at the K nearest
+neighbors for the second numeral we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors for the second numeral we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors for the second numeral we
+still have this nine but now we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have this nine but now we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have this nine but now we have two
+zeros and so we vote and we decide it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and so we vote and we decide it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and so we vote and we decide it's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+zero is it infallible no but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is it infallible no but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is it infallible no but it's
+typically much more reliable than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically much more reliable than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically much more reliable than just
+nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest
+neighbors hence used much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often and that was our problem by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and that was our problem by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and that was our problem by the
+way with the alligator the nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with the alligator the nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with the alligator the nearest
+neighbor was the chicken but if we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor was the chicken but if we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor was the chicken but if we went
+back and looked at it maybe we should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and looked at it maybe we should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and looked at it maybe we should go
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we take the alligator's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we take the alligator's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we take the alligator's three
+nearest neighbors it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors it would be the
+chicken the Cobra and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken the Cobra and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken the Cobra and the
+rattlesnake or the boa we don't care and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rattlesnake or the boa we don't care and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rattlesnake or the boa we don't care and
+we would end up correctly classifying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would end up correctly classifying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would end up correctly classifying it
+now as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as a
+reptile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptile
+yes a limit to how many near to question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes a limit to how many near to question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes a limit to how many near to question
+is is there a limit to how many nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is there a limit to how many nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is there a limit to how many nearest
+neighbors you'd want uh absolutely um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors you'd want uh absolutely um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors you'd want uh absolutely um
+most obviously there's no point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most obviously there's no point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most obviously there's no point in
+setting k equal to whoops o on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting k equal to whoops o on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting k equal to whoops o on the
+rebound to the size of the training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebound to the size of the training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebound to the size of the training set
+right um so one of the problems with K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so one of the problems with K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so one of the problems with K
+nearest neighbors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors is
+efficiency if you're trying to find K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency if you're trying to find K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency if you're trying to find K
+nearest neighbors and K is bigger it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors and K is bigger it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors and K is bigger it
+takes longer so we worry about how big K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes longer so we worry about how big K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes longer so we worry about how big K
+should be and if we make it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be and if we make it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be and if we make it too
+big and this is a Cru thing we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and this is a Cru thing we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and this is a Cru thing we end up
+getting dominated by the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting dominated by the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting dominated by the size of the
+class so let's look at this picture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so let's look at this picture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so let's look at this picture we
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+before happens to be more red dots than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before happens to be more red dots than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before happens to be more red dots than
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+dots if I make K1 or 15 I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots if I make K1 or 15 I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots if I make K1 or 15 I'm going to
+classify a lot of things as red just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify a lot of things as red just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify a lot of things as red just
+because red is so much more prevalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because red is so much more prevalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because red is so much more prevalent
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+black and so when you have an imbalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and so when you have an imbalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and so when you have an imbalance
+which you usually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you usually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you usually do
+you have to be very careful about K does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be very careful about K does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be very careful about K does
+that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense so how do you choose K remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so how do you choose K remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so how do you choose K remember
+back on Monday when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on Monday when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on Monday when we talked about
+choosing k for K means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing k for K means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing k for K means
+clustering we typically do a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering we typically do a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering we typically do a very
+similar kind of thing we take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of thing we take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of thing we take our
+training data and we split it into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data and we split it into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data and we split it into two
+parts so we have we have training and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so we have we have training and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so we have we have training and
+testing but now we just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing but now we just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing but now we just take the
+training and we split that into training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and we split that into training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and we split that into training
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+testing multiple times and we experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing multiple times and we experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing multiple times and we experiment
+with different Cs and we see which KS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different Cs and we see which KS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different Cs and we see which KS
+gives us the best result on the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the best result on the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the best result on the training
+data and then that becomes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then that becomes our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then that becomes our
+K okay and that's a very common method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay and that's a very common method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay and that's a very common method
+it's called cross validation and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called cross validation and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called cross validation and it's
+for almost all of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost all of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost all of machine
+learning the algorithms have parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the algorithms have parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the algorithms have parameters
+in this case it's just one parameter K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's just one parameter K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's just one parameter K
+and the way we typically choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we typically choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we typically choose the
+parameter values is by searching through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values is by searching through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values is by searching through
+the space using this cross validation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space using this cross validation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space using this cross validation in
+the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training
+data does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data does that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data does that make sense to
+everybody great question and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody great question and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody great question and there was
+someone else had a question but maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else had a question but maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else had a question but maybe it
+was the same do you still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same do you still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same do you still have a
+question well just if you were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well just if you were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well just if you were using
+like K nearest and you get like if my K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like K nearest and you get like if my K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like K nearest and you get like if my K
+is three and I get three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three and I get three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three and I get three different
+clusters for the K three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters for the K three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters for the K three different
+clusters got well right so if K is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters got well right so if K is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters got well right so if K is three
+and I had red black and purple and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had red black and purple and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had red black and purple and I get
+one of each then what do I do and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of each then what do I do and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of each then what do I do and then
+I'm kind of stuck so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm kind of stuck so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm kind of stuck so you need to
+typically choose K in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically choose K in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically choose K in such a way that
+when you vote you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you vote you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you vote you get a
+winner right so if there's two any odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner right so if there's two any odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner right so if there's two any odd
+number will do if it's three well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number will do if it's three well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number will do if it's three well then
+you need another number so that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need another number so that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need another number so that somebody
+so there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always a
+majority right you want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority right you want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority right you want to make sure
+that there is a winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a winner
+also a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question let's see if I get this to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let's see if I get this to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let's see if I get this to you
+directly I'm much better at throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly I'm much better at throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly I'm much better at throwing
+overhand I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhand I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhand I
+guess wow finally got Applause for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess wow finally got Applause for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess wow finally got Applause for
+something all right advantages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right advantages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right advantages and
+disadvantages of KN andn the learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages of KN andn the learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages of KN andn the learning is
+really fast right I just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast right I just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast right I just remember
+everything no math is requ IR ired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything no math is requ IR ired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything no math is requ IR ired
+didn't have to show you any Theory it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to show you any Theory it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to show you any Theory it
+was obviously an idea it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was obviously an idea it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was obviously an idea it's easy to
+explain the method to somebody and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the method to somebody and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the method to somebody and the
+results why did I Rael with black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results why did I Rael with black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results why did I Rael with black
+because that's who it was closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's who it was closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's who it was closest
+to the disadvantages is it's memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the disadvantages is it's memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the disadvantages is it's memory
+intensive if I've got a million examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive if I've got a million examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive if I've got a million examples
+I have to store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to store them
+all and the predictions can take a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and the predictions can take a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and the predictions can take a long
+time if I have an example and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if I have an example and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if I have an example and I want to
+find its K nearest neighbors I'm doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its K nearest neighbors I'm doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its K nearest neighbors I'm doing a
+lot of comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of comp
+comparisons right if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons right if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons right if I have a
+million training points I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million training points I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million training points I have to
+compare my example to all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare my example to all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare my example to all a
+million so I have no real pre-processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so I have no real pre-processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so I have no real pre-processing
+overhead but each time I need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead but each time I need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead but each time I need to do a
+classification it takes a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification it takes a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification it takes a long
+time now there are better algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now there are better algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now there are better algorithms
+than brute force that give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than brute force that give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than brute force that give you
+approximate K nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate K nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate K nearest
+neighbors uh but on the whole it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors uh but on the whole it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors uh but on the whole it's still
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+and we're not not getting any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not not getting any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not not getting any
+information about what process might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what process might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what process might
+have generated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have generated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have generated the
+data right which we don't have a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right which we don't have a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right which we don't have a model
+of the data in the way we say when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data in the way we say when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data in the way we say when we
+did our linear regression for curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did our linear regression for curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did our linear regression for curve
+fitting we had a model for the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting we had a model for the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting we had a model for the data that
+sort of described a pattern we don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of described a pattern we don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of described a pattern we don't get
+that out of K nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neighbors I'm going to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors I'm going to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors I'm going to show you a
+different approach where we do get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach where we do get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach where we do get that
+and I'm going to do it on a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to do it on a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to do it on a more
+interesting examp example than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting examp example than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting examp example than
+reptiles I apologize to those you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles I apologize to those you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles I apologize to those you who
+are Reptil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Reptil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Reptil
+lists uh so you probably all heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists uh so you probably all heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists uh so you probably all heard of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Titanic uh there was a movie about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titanic uh there was a movie about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titanic uh there was a movie about it
+I'm told um it was one of the great sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm told um it was one of the great sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm told um it was one of the great sea
+disasters of all time a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters of all time a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters of all time a so-called
+unsinkable ship they had advertised it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsinkable ship they had advertised it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsinkable ship they had advertised it
+as Unsinkable hit an iceberg and went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Unsinkable hit an iceberg and went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Unsinkable hit an iceberg and went
+down the 1300 passengers 812 died the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the 1300 passengers 812 died the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the 1300 passengers 812 died the
+crew did way worse so at least it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew did way worse so at least it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew did way worse so at least it looks
+as if the crew was actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if the crew was actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if the crew was actually pretty
+heroic right they had a higher death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic right they had a higher death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic right they had a higher death
+rate so we're going to use machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so we're going to use machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so we're going to use machine
+learning to see if we can predict which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to see if we can predict which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to see if we can predict which
+passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers
+survived uh there's an online database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived uh there's an online database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived uh there's an online database
+I'm using it doesn't have all 1300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using it doesn't have all 1300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using it doesn't have all 1300
+passengers but has information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers but has information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers but has information about
+1,46 of them some of them that couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,46 of them some of them that couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,46 of them some of them that couldn't
+get the information says what cabin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the information says what cabin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the information says what cabin
+class they were in first second or third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class they were in first second or third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class they were in first second or third
+how old they were and their gender also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how old they were and their gender also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how old they were and their gender also
+has their name and their home address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has their name and their home address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has their name and their home address
+and things which I'm not using all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things which I'm not using all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things which I'm not using all right
+so we want to use these features to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to use these features to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to use these features to see
+if we can predict which passengers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can predict which passengers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can predict which passengers were
+going to survive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to survive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to survive the
+disaster well the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster well the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster well the first
+question is something that Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is something that Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is something that Professor
+Grimson alluded to is is it okay just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimson alluded to is is it okay just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimson alluded to is is it okay just to
+look at accuracy how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at accuracy how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at accuracy how are we going to
+evaluate our machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate our machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate our machine
+learning um and it's not if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um and it's not if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um and it's not if we just
+predict died for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict died for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict died for
+everybody well then we'll be 62%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody well then we'll be 62%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody well then we'll be 62%
+accurate for the passengers and 70% 76%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate for the passengers and 70% 76%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate for the passengers and 70% 76%
+accurate for the crew members usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate for the crew members usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate for the crew members usually
+machine learning if you're 76% you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning if you're 76% you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning if you're 76% you say
+that's not bad well here I can get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not bad well here I can get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not bad well here I can get that
+just by predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by predicting
+died so whenever you have a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died so whenever you have a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died so whenever you have a class
+imbalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance
+that much more of one than of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much more of one than of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much more of one than of the other
+accuracy isn't a particularly meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy isn't a particularly meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy isn't a particularly meaningful
+measure um I discovered this early on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure um I discovered this early on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure um I discovered this early on in
+my work in medical area there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my work in medical area there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my work in medical area there are a lot
+of diseases that rarely occur they occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diseases that rarely occur they occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diseases that rarely occur they occur
+in say 0.1% of the population and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say 0.1% of the population and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say 0.1% of the population and I can
+build a great model for predicting it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a great model for predicting it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a great model for predicting it by
+just saying nope you don't have it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying nope you don't have it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying nope you don't have it which
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+0.999% accurate but totally useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.999% accurate but totally useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.999% accurate but totally useless
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh and uh unfortunately you do see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh unfortunately you do see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh unfortunately you do see
+people doing that sort of thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing that sort of thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing that sort of thing in the
+literature all right so you saw these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature all right so you saw these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature all right so you saw these in
+an earlier lecture just to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier lecture just to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier lecture just to remind you
+we're going to be looking at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be looking at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be looking at other
+metrics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics uh
+sensitivity think of that as how good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity think of that as how good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity think of that as how good is
+it at identifying the positive cases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at identifying the positive cases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at identifying the positive cases in
+this case positive is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case positive is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case positive is going to be
+dead uh how specific is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead uh how specific is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead uh how specific is it
+and the positive predictive value if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the positive predictive value if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the positive predictive value if we
+say somebody died what's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say somebody died what's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say somebody died what's the probability
+that they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they really
+did and then there's the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and then there's the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and then there's the negative
+predictive value if we say they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive value if we say they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive value if we say they didn't
+die what's the probability they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+die so these are four very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die so these are four very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die so these are four very common
+metrics there is something called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics there is something called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics there is something called an
+fscore that combines them uh but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fscore that combines them uh but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fscore that combines them uh but I'm not
+going to be showing you that today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be showing you that today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be showing you that today I
+will mention that in the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mention that in the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mention that in the literature
+people often use the word recall to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often use the word recall to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often use the word recall to mean
+sensitivity or sensitivity to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity or sensitivity to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity or sensitivity to mean
+recall and specificity and precision are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall and specificity and precision are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall and specificity and precision are
+used pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used pretty much
+interchangeably so you might see various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably so you might see various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably so you might see various
+combinations of these words typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these words typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these words typically
+people talk about recall and precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about recall and precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about recall and precision
+or sensitivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sensitivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sensitivity and
+specificity all right so that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity all right so that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity all right so that makes
+sense why we want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense why we want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense why we want to look at the
+measures other than accuracy we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures other than accuracy we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures other than accuracy we will
+look at accuracy too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at accuracy too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at accuracy too
+and how they all tell us kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they all tell us kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they all tell us kind of
+different things and how you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and how you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and how you might
+choose a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a different
+balance so for example if I'm running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so for example if I'm running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so for example if I'm running a
+screening test say for breast cancer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening test say for breast cancer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening test say for breast cancer a
+mamogram uh and trying to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamogram uh and trying to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamogram uh and trying to find the
+people who should get on for a a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who should get on for a a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who should get on for a a more
+extensive examination what do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive examination what do I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive examination what do I want to
+emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize
+here which of these is likely to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which of these is likely to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which of these is likely to be the
+most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or what's likely to what would you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what's likely to what would you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what's likely to what would you care
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most well maybe I want sensitivity since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most well maybe I want sensitivity since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most well maybe I want sensitivity since
+I'm going to send this person on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to send this person on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to send this person on for
+future tests I really don't want to miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future tests I really don't want to miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future tests I really don't want to miss
+somebody who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who has
+cancer and so I might think spe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and so I might think spe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and so I might think spe
+sensitivity is more important than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity is more important than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity is more important than
+specificity in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity in that particular
+case on the other hand if I'm deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case on the other hand if I'm deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case on the other hand if I'm deciding
+who uh who is so sick I should do open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh who is so sick I should do open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh who is so sick I should do open
+heart surgery on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart surgery on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart surgery on
+them uh maybe I want to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh maybe I want to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh maybe I want to be pretty
+specific because the risks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific because the risks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific because the risks of the
+surgery itself are very high I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery itself are very high I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery itself are very high I don't
+want to do it on people who don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it on people who don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it on people who don't need
+it and so we end up having to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so we end up having to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so we end up having to choose a
+balance between these things depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between these things depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between these things depending
+upon our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+application the other thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application the other thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application the other thing I want to
+talk talk about before actually building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk talk about before actually building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk talk about before actually building
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+classifier is how we test our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier is how we test our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier is how we test our
+classifier uh because this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier uh because this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier uh because this is very
+important I'm going to talk about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I'm going to talk about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I'm going to talk about two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+methods leave one out class testing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods leave one out class testing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods leave one out class testing and
+repeated random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsampling for leave one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsampling for leave one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsampling for leave one
+out is typically used when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is typically used when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is typically used when you have a
+small number of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you want as much training data as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you want as much training data as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you want as much training data as
+possible as you build your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible as you build your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible as you build your
+model and so you take all of your n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so you take all of your n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so you take all of your n
+examples remove one of them train on N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples remove one of them train on N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples remove one of them train on N
+minus one test on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one test on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one test on the
+one then you put that one back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you put that one back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you put that one back and
+remove another one train on N minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove another one train on N minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove another one train on N minus one
+test on one and you do this for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on one and you do this for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on one and you do this for each
+element of the data and then you average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the data and then you average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the data and then you average
+your results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repeated random subsampling is done when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated random subsampling is done when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated random subsampling is done when
+you have a more a larger set of data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a more a larger set of data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a more a larger set of data and
+there you might say split your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you might say split your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you might say split your data
+8020 take 80% of the data to train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8020 take 80% of the data to train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8020 take 80% of the data to train
+on test it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on test it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on test it on
+20 so this is very similar to what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so this is very similar to what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so this is very similar to what I
+would talked about earlier in the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would talked about earlier in the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would talked about earlier in the answer
+to the question about how do you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question about how do you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question about how do you choose
+K right that I haven't seen the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right that I haven't seen the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right that I haven't seen the future
+examples but in order to believe in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but in order to believe in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but in order to believe in my
+model and say my parameter settings I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and say my parameter settings I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and say my parameter settings I do
+this repeated random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repeated random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repeated random
+subsampling or leave one out either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsampling or leave one out either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsampling or leave one out either
+one so there's the code for leave one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's the code for leave one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's the code for leave one
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+um absolutely nothing interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um absolutely nothing interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um absolutely nothing interesting about
+it so I'm not going to waste your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm not going to waste your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm not going to waste your time
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+it repeated random subsampling is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it repeated random subsampling is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it repeated random subsampling is a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting so what I've done here is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so what I've done here is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so what I've done here is I
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+sample this one is just to split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample this one is just to split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample this one is just to split it
+8020 it's not doing anything repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8020 it's not doing anything repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8020 it's not doing anything repeated
+and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start by sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by sampling
+20% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of the
+indices not the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices not the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices not the samples
+and I want to do that at random I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to do that at random I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to do that at random I don't
+want to say get consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones so we do that and then once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so we do that and then once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so we do that and then once I've
+got the indices I just go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the indices I just go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the indices I just go through and
+assign each example to either test or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign each example to either test or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign each example to either test or
+training and then return the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and then return the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and then return the two
+sets Okay but if I just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets Okay but if I just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets Okay but if I just sort of
+sampled one then I'd have to do a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled one then I'd have to do a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled one then I'd have to do a more
+complicated thing to subtract it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing to subtract it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing to subtract it from
+the other this is just a efficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other this is just a efficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other this is just a efficiency and
+then here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's
+the sorry about the yellow there uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorry about the yellow there uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorry about the yellow there uh the
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+splits obviously I was searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits obviously I was searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits obviously I was searching for
+results when I did my screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results when I did my screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results when I did my screen
+capture um so I'm just going to arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture um so I'm just going to arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture um so I'm just going to arrange
+a number of splits I'm going to split at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of splits I'm going to split at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of splits I'm going to split at
+8020 uh it takes a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8020 uh it takes a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8020 uh it takes a parameter
+method and that's interesting and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and that's interesting and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and that's interesting and we'll
+see the ramifications of that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ramifications of that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ramifications of that later
+that's going to be the machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the machine learning
+method so we're going to compare KNN to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so we're going to compare KNN to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so we're going to compare KNN to
+another method called logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another method called logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another method called logistic
+regression I didn't want to have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression I didn't want to have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression I didn't want to have to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+twice this code twice so I made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice this code twice so I made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice this code twice so I made the
+method itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method itself a
+parameter we'll see that introduces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we'll see that introduces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we'll see that introduces a
+slight complication but we'll get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight complication but we'll get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight complication but we'll get to it
+when we get to it um so I split it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to it um so I split it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to it um so I split it I
+apply whatever that method is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply whatever that method is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply whatever that method is to the
+training the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training the test
+set I get the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I get the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I get the results
+uh true positive false positive true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh true positive false positive true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh true positive false positive true
+negative false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative false
+negatives uh and then I call this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives uh and then I call this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives uh and then I call this thing
+get stats but I'm dividing it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stats but I'm dividing it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stats but I'm dividing it by the
+number of splits so that will give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of splits so that will give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of splits so that will give me
+the average number of true positives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average number of true positives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average number of true positives the
+average number of false positives Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of false positives Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of false positives Etc
+and then I'm just going to return them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm just going to return them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm just going to return them
+the average get stats actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average get stats actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average get stats actually just
+prints a bunch of statistics for us all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints a bunch of statistics for us all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints a bunch of statistics for us all
+right any questions about the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any questions about the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any questions about the two
+methods leave one out versus repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods leave one out versus repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods leave one out versus repeated
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sampling all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling all
+right so let's try it for KNN on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Titanic so I'm not going to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titanic so I'm not going to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titanic so I'm not going to show you the
+code for K nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for K nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for K nearest
+classify uh it it's in the code we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify uh it it's in the code we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify uh it it's in the code we
+uploaded it takes four arguments the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploaded it takes four arguments the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploaded it takes four arguments the
+training set the test set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set the test set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set the test set
+the label that we're trying to classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label that we're trying to classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label that we're trying to classify
+are we looking for the people who died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we looking for the people who died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we looking for the people who died
+or the people who didn't die are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the people who didn't die are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the people who didn't die are we
+looking for reptiles or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for reptiles or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for reptiles or not
+reptiles or if case there were six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles or if case there were six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles or if case there were six
+labels which one are we trying to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels which one are we trying to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels which one are we trying to detect
+and K as in how many nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K as in how many nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K as in how many nearest
+neighbors and then it Returns the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and then it Returns the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and then it Returns the true
+positives the false positives the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives the false positives the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives the false positives the true
+negatives and the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negatives then you recall we'd already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives then you recall we'd already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives then you recall we'd already
+looked at Lambda in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at Lambda in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at Lambda in a different
+context the issue here is K nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context the issue here is K nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context the issue here is K nearest
+classify takes four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify takes four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify takes four
+arguments yet if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments yet if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments yet if we go
+back here for example to random splits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here for example to random splits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here for example to random splits
+what we're seeing is I'm calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing is I'm calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing is I'm calling the
+method with only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method with only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method with only two
+arguments because after all if I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments because after all if I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments because after all if I'm not
+doing K nearest neighbors maybe I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing K nearest neighbors maybe I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing K nearest neighbors maybe I don't
+need to pass in K right I'm sure I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pass in K right I'm sure I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pass in K right I'm sure I don't
+so different methods will take different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different methods will take different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different methods will take different
+numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of
+parameters and yet I want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and yet I want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and yet I want to use the
+same function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function here
+method and so the trick I use to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and so the trick I use to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and so the trick I use to get
+around that and this is a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that and this is a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that and this is a very common
+programming Trick In Math it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming Trick In Math it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming Trick In Math it's called
+currying after the ma mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currying after the ma mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currying after the ma mathematician
+Curry not the Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curry not the Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curry not the Indian
+dish is I'm creating a function a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish is I'm creating a function a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish is I'm creating a function a new
+function called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called
+KNN this will be a function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KNN this will be a function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KNN this will be a function of two
+arguments the training set and the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the training set and the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the training set and the test
+set and it will be K nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and it will be K nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and it will be K nearest
+classifier with training set and test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier with training set and test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier with training set and test
+set as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set as
+variables and two constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and two constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and two constants
+survived so I'm going to predict who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived so I'm going to predict who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived so I'm going to predict who
+survived and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived and three
+Decay All right so I've been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay All right so I've been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay All right so I've been able to
+turn a function of four arguments K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a function of four arguments K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a function of four arguments K
+nearest classify into a function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest classify into a function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest classify into a function of two
+arguments KN andn by using Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments KN andn by using Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments KN andn by using Lambda
+abstraction this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction this is something that
+people do fairly frequently because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do fairly frequently because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do fairly frequently because it
+lets you build much more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you build much more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you build much more General
+programs when you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs when you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs when you don't have to worry
+about the number of arguments so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number of arguments so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number of arguments so it's a
+good trick to keep in your bag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good trick to keep in your bag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good trick to keep in your bag of
+tricks again it's a trick we've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks again it's a trick we've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks again it's a trick we've used
+before then I've just chosen 10 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before then I've just chosen 10 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before then I've just chosen 10 for the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+splits and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits and uh
+we'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try
+it and we'll try it for both methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we'll try it for both methods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we'll try it for both methods of
+testing all right any questions before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing all right any questions before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing all right any questions before I
+run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code so here it is we'll run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I should learn how to spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I should learn how to spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I should learn how to spell
+finished shouldn't I but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so here we have the
+results and uh they're well what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and uh they're well what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and uh they're well what can we
+say about them they're not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about them they're not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about them they're not much
+different to start with right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different to start with right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different to start with right so it
+doesn't appear that our testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't appear that our testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't appear that our testing
+methodology had much of a difference on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology had much of a difference on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology had much of a difference on
+how well the the K&N worked and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well the the K&N worked and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well the the K&N worked and that's
+actually kind of comforting right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of comforting right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of comforting right the
+accurate none of the none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate none of the none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate none of the none of the
+evaluation criteria are radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation criteria are radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation criteria are radically
+different so that's kind of good we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so that's kind of good we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so that's kind of good we hope
+that was true um the other thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was true um the other thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was true um the other thing to
+notice is that we're actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that we're actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that we're actually doing
+considerably better than just always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably better than just always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably better than just always
+predicting say didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting say didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting say didn't
+survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive
+right so we're we're doing better than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're we're doing better than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're we're doing better than a
+random prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random prediction
+all right let's go back now to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PowerPoint here are the results we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint here are the results we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint here are the results we don't
+need to study them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore better than 62%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore better than 62%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore better than 62%
+accuracy um but not much difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy um but not much difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy um but not much difference
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+experiments all right so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments all right so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments all right so that's one
+method now let's look at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method now let's look at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method now let's look at a different
+method and this is probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and this is probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and this is probably the most
+common method used in machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common method used in machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common method used in machine learning
+it's called logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regression it's in some ways if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression it's in some ways if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression it's in some ways if you look
+at it similar to linear regression but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it similar to linear regression but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it similar to linear regression but
+different in some important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways linear
+regression you will I'm sure recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you will I'm sure recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you will I'm sure recall
+produ is designed to predict a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number now what we want here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability so the probability of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so the probability of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so the probability of some
+event and we know that the dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and we know that the dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and we know that the dependent
+variable can only take on a finite set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable can only take on a finite set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable can only take on a finite set
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values right so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right so we want to
+predict survived or didn't survive it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict survived or didn't survive it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict survived or didn't survive it's
+no good to say we predict this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good to say we predict this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good to say we predict this person
+half survived you know survived but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half survived you know survived but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half survived you know survived but is
+brain dead or something I don't know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain dead or something I don't know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain dead or something I don't know you
+know that's not what we're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's not what we're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's not what we're trying to do
+and so the problem with just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the problem with just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the problem with just using
+regular linear regression is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular linear regression is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular linear regression is a lot of
+time you get nonsense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you get nonsense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you get nonsense
+predictions now you could claim okay 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions now you could claim okay 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions now you could claim okay 0.
+five is there and it means has a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is there and it means has a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is there and it means has a half
+probability of dying not that half died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of dying not that half died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of dying not that half died
+but in fact if you look at what goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact if you look at what goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact if you look at what goes on
+you could get more than one out of a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get more than one out of a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get more than one out of a or
+less than zero out of linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero out of linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero out of linear regression
+and that's non sense when we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's non sense when we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's non sense when we're talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+probabilities so we need a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so we need a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so we need a different
+method and that's logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and that's logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and that's logistic
+regression what logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression what logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression what logistic regression
+does is it finds what are called weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it finds what are called weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it finds what are called weights
+for each feature and you may recall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each feature and you may recall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each feature and you may recall I
+complained when Professor Grimson used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complained when Professor Grimson used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complained when Professor Grimson used
+the word weights to mean something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word weights to mean something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word weights to mean something
+somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat
+different so we take each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so we take each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so we take each
+feature uh for example the gender the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature uh for example the gender the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature uh for example the gender the
+the cabin class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+and compute for that a weight that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute for that a weight that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute for that a weight that we're
+going to use in making predictions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use in making predictions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use in making predictions so
+think of the weights as corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the weights as corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the weights as corresponding to
+the coefficients we get when we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients we get when we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients we get when we do a
+linear regression so we have now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression so we have now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression so we have now a
+coefficient associated with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient associated with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient associated with each
+variable and we're going to take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we're going to take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we're going to take those
+coefficients add them up and make a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients add them up and make a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients add them up and make a you
+know multiply them by something and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know multiply them by something and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know multiply them by something and make
+a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction
+a positive weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive weight
+implies and I'll come back to this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies and I'll come back to this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies and I'll come back to this later
+it almost implies that the variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost implies that the variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost implies that the variable is
+positively correlated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively correlated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively correlated with the
+outcome so we would for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so we would for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so we would for example
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the have scales is positively correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the have scales is positively correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the have scales is positively correlated
+with being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being a
+reptile a negative weight implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptile a negative weight implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptile a negative weight implies that
+the variable is negatively correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable is negatively correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable is negatively correlated
+with the outcome so number of legs might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outcome so number of legs might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outcome so number of legs might
+have a negative weight the more legs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative weight the more legs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative weight the more legs in
+animal has the less likely it is to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal has the less likely it is to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal has the less likely it is to be a
+reptile it's not absolute right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptile it's not absolute right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptile it's not absolute right it's
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+correlation and the absolute magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and the absolute magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and the absolute magnitude
+is related to the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the strength of the
+correlation so if it's big positive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation so if it's big positive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation so if it's big positive it
+means it's a really strong indicator if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a really strong indicator if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a really strong indicator if
+it's big negative it's a really strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's big negative it's a really strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's big negative it's a really strong
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indicator and then we use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator and then we use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator and then we use an
+optimization process to compute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization process to compute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization process to compute these
+weights from the training data it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights from the training data it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights from the training data it's a
+little bit complex it's key is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit complex it's key is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit complex it's key is the way
+it uses the log function hence the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses the log function hence the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses the log function hence the name
+logistic uh but I'm not going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic uh but I'm not going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic uh but I'm not going to make
+you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at
+it but I will show you how to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I will show you how to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I will show you how to implement
+how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use
+it so you start by importing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you start by importing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you start by importing something
+called SK learn. linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called SK learn. linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called SK learn. linear
+model sklearn is uh a python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model sklearn is uh a python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model sklearn is uh a python
+library and in that is a class called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and in that is a class called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and in that is a class called
+logistic regression it's the name of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression it's the name of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression it's the name of a
+class and here are three methods of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and here are three methods of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and here are three methods of that
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+fit which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit which
+takes a sequence of feature vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a sequence of feature vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a sequence of feature vectors and
+a sequence of labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of labels
+and returns an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and returns an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and returns an
+object of type logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of type logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of type logistic
+regression so this is the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression so this is the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression so this is the place where
+the optimization is done now all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization is done now all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization is done now all of the
+examples I'm going to show you these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I'm going to show you these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I'm going to show you these two
+sequences will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences will
+be well all right so think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well all right so think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well all right so think of this as
+the sequence of feature vectors one per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of feature vectors one per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of feature vectors one per
+passenger and the labels associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger and the labels associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger and the labels associated with
+those so this and this have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so this and this have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so this and this have to be the
+same label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same label
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that produces an object of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that produces an object of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that produces an object of this
+type and then I can ask for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and then I can ask for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and then I can ask for the
+coefficients which will return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which will return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which will return the
+weight of each variable each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of each variable each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of each variable each
+feature and then I can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature and then I can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature and then I can make a
+prediction given a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction given a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction given a feature
+Vector return the probabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector return the probabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector return the probabilities of
+different labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different labels
+all right let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's look
+at it as an example so first let's build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it as an example so first let's build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it as an example so first let's build
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+model so the build the model will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so the build the model will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so the build the model will take
+the examples the training data and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples the training data and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples the training data and I
+just said whether we're going to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said whether we're going to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said whether we're going to print
+something you'll notice from this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you'll notice from this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you'll notice from this slide
+I've El lighted the printed stuff we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've El lighted the printed stuff we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've El lighted the printed stuff we'll
+come back in a later slide and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back in a later slide and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back in a later slide and look at
+what's in there but for now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in there but for now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in there but for now I want to
+focus on actually building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on actually building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on actually building the
+model so I need to create two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so I need to create two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so I need to create two vectors
+two lists in this case the feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lists in this case the feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lists in this case the feature
+vectors and the labels so for Ian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and the labels so for Ian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and the labels so for Ian
+examples feature vectors. aen E.G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples feature vectors. aen E.G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples feature vectors. aen E.G
+features E.G label all right couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features E.G label all right couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features E.G label all right couldn't be
+much simpler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler than
+that and then just because it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then just because it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then just because it wouldn't
+fit on a line of my slide I've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit on a line of my slide I've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit on a line of my slide I've created
+this identifier called logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this identifier called logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this identifier called logistic
+regression which is SK learn. linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression which is SK learn. linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression which is SK learn. linear
+model. logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. logistic
+regression so this is the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression so this is the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression so this is the thing I
+imported and this is a class and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported and this is a class and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported and this is a class and now
+I'll get a model by first creating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get a model by first creating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get a model by first creating an
+instance of the class logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the class logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the class logistic
+regression here I'm getting an instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression here I'm getting an instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression here I'm getting an instance
+and then I'll call fit with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll call fit with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll call fit with that
+instance passing at feature Vex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance passing at feature Vex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance passing at feature Vex and
+labels I now have built a logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels I now have built a logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels I now have built a logistic
+regression model which is simply a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model which is simply a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model which is simply a set
+of weights for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weights for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weights for each of the
+variables this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense now we're going to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense now we're going to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense now we're going to apply the
+model and I think this is the last piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and I think this is the last piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and I think this is the last piece
+of python I'm going to introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of python I'm going to introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of python I'm going to introduce this
+semester in case you're tired of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester in case you're tired of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester in case you're tired of
+learning about python uh and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about python uh and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about python uh and this is
+least list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least list
+comprehension this is how I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension this is how I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension this is how I'm going to
+build my set of test feature vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build my set of test feature vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build my set of test feature vectors so
+before we go and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go and look at the
+code let's look at how list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code let's look at how list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code let's look at how list
+comprehension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension
+works so in its simplest form says some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so in its simplest form says some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so in its simplest form says some
+expression for some identifier in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for some identifier in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for some identifier in some
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+L it creates a new list by evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L it creates a new list by evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L it creates a new list by evaluating
+this expression Len L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression Len L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression Len L
+times with the ID in the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times with the ID in the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times with the ID in the expression
+replaced by each element of the list l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by each element of the list l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by each element of the list l
+so let's look at a simple example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a simple example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a simple example so
+here I'm saying Lal x * X for X in range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm saying Lal x * X for X in range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm saying Lal x * X for X in range
+10 so what's that going to do it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so what's that going to do it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so what's that going to do it's going
+to essentially create a list think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to essentially create a list think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to essentially create a list think of it
+as a list or at least a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a list or at least a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a list or at least a sequence of
+values a range type actually in Python 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values a range type actually in Python 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values a range type actually in Python 3
+of values 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values 0 to
+9 it will then create a list of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 it will then create a list of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 it will then create a list of length
+10 where the first element is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 where the first element is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 where the first element is going to
+be 0 * 0 the second element 1 * 1 Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 * 0 the second element 1 * 1 Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 * 0 the second element 1 * 1 Etc
+okay so it's a simple way for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a simple way for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a simple way for me to
+create a list looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a list looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a list looks like
+that I can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can be
+fancier and say for x * Lal x * X for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier and say for x * Lal x * X for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier and say for x * Lal x * X for X
+in range 10 and then I add an if if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in range 10 and then I add an if if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in range 10 and then I add an if if x
+mod 2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 2 is equal to
+zero so now instead of returning all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now instead of returning all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now instead of returning all
+building a list using each value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a list using each value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a list using each value in
+range 10 it will use only those values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range 10 it will use only those values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range 10 it will use only those values
+that satisfy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test so we can go look at what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so we can go look at what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so we can go look at what happens
+when we run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code so you can see the first list is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so you can see the first list is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so you can see the first list is 1
+* 1 2 * 2 Etc and the second list is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 2 * 2 Etc and the second list is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 2 * 2 Etc and the second list is
+much shorter because I'm only squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much shorter because I'm only squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much shorter because I'm only squaring
+the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers but you can see that list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but you can see that list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but you can see that list
+comprehension gives us a convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension gives us a convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension gives us a convenient
+compact way to do certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact way to do certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact way to do certain kinds of
+things like Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Lambda
+Expressions they're easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions they're easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions they're easy to
+misuse right I hate reading code where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misuse right I hate reading code where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misuse right I hate reading code where I
+have list comprehensions that go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have list comprehensions that go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have list comprehensions that go over
+multiple lines on my screen for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple lines on my screen for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple lines on my screen for example
+so I use it quite a lot for small things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I use it quite a lot for small things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I use it quite a lot for small things
+like this if it's very large I I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if it's very large I I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if it's very large I I find
+another way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all
+right so now we can move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in applying the model I first build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in applying the model I first build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in applying the model I first build
+my testing feature Vex by E.G features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my testing feature Vex by E.G features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my testing feature Vex by E.G features
+for e in test set so that will give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for e in test set so that will give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for e in test set so that will give me
+the features associated with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features associated with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features associated with each
+element in the test set I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the test set I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the test set I could
+obviously have written a for Loop to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously have written a for Loop to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously have written a for Loop to do
+the same thing but this was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but this was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but this was just a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+cooler then I'm going to get model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler then I'm going to get model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler then I'm going to get model.
+predict for each of these so model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict for each of these so model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict for each of these so model.
+predict prob a is nice in that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict prob a is nice in that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict prob a is nice in that I don't
+have to predict it for one example at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to predict it for one example at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to predict it for one example at a
+time I can pass it a set of examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I can pass it a set of examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I can pass it a set of examples and
+what I get back is a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get back is a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get back is a list of
+predictions so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convenient and then setting these to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and then setting these to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and then setting these to
+zero and for I and range Len of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and for I and range Len of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and for I and range Len of
+probs here a probability of 0 five what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probs here a probability of 0 five what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probs here a probability of 0 five what
+that's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying
+is what I get out of the logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I get out of the logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I get out of the logistic
+regression is a probability of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is a probability of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is a probability of something
+having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a
+label I then have to to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label I then have to to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label I then have to to build a
+classifier give a threshold and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier give a threshold and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier give a threshold and here
+what I've said if the probability of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've said if the probability of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've said if the probability of it
+being true is over 0.5 call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true is over 0.5 call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true is over 0.5 call it
+true so if the probability of survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so if the probability of survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so if the probability of survival
+is over 0.5 call it survived if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over 0.5 call it survived if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over 0.5 call it survived if it's
+below call it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below call it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below call it not
+survived we'll later see that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived we'll later see that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived we'll later see that again
+setting that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting that probability
+is itself an interesting thing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself an interesting thing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself an interesting thing but the
+default in most systems is half for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default in most systems is half for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default in most systems is half for
+obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasons okay so I get my probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons okay so I get my probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons okay so I get my probabilities
+for each feature vector and then for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each feature vector and then for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each feature vector and then for I
+and range lens of probabilities I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and range lens of probabilities I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and range lens of probabilities I'm just
+testing whether the predicted label is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing whether the predicted label is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing whether the predicted label is
+the same as the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the actual
+label and updating true positives false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and updating true positives false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and updating true positives false
+positives true negatives and false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives true negatives and false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives true negatives and false
+negatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives
+accordingly okay so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good all right let's put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right let's put it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right let's put it all
+together so I'm defining something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so I'm defining something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so I'm defining something
+called LR for logistic regression takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called LR for logistic regression takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called LR for logistic regression takes
+the training data the test data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training data the test data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training data the test data the
+probability it builds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it builds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it builds a
+model and then it gets the results by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then it gets the results by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then it gets the results by
+calling apply model with the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling apply model with the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling apply model with the label
+survived and whatever this prob was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived and whatever this prob was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived and whatever this prob was and
+again we'll do it for both leave one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll do it for both leave one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll do it for both leave one out
+and uh random splits and again for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh random splits and again for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh random splits and again for 10
+random splits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you'll notice it actually runs maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll notice it actually runs maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll notice it actually runs maybe
+you won't notice but it does run faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't notice but it does run faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't notice but it does run faster
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+KNN uh one of the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KNN uh one of the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KNN uh one of the nice thing about
+logistic regression is building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression is building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression is building the
+model takes a while but once you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model takes a while but once you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model takes a while but once you've got
+the model applying it to a large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model applying it to a large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model applying it to a large number
+of variables a feature vectors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables a feature vectors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables a feature vectors is
+fast it's independent of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast it's independent of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast it's independent of the number of
+training examples cuz we've got are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training examples cuz we've got are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training examples cuz we've got are
+weights so solving the optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so solving the optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so solving the optimization
+problem getting the weights depends upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem getting the weights depends upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem getting the weights depends upon
+the number of training examples once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of training examples once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of training examples once
+we've got the weights it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the weights it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the weights it's just
+evaluating a polinomial so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating a polinomial so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating a polinomial so it's very
+fast so that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Advantage so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those and we should probably compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and we should probably compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and we should probably compare
+them to our earlier KNN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to our earlier KNN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to our earlier KNN
+results so KNN on the left uh logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so KNN on the left uh logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so KNN on the left uh logistic
+regression on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and I guess if I look at it it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess if I look at it it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess if I look at it it looks
+like logistic regression did a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like logistic regression did a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like logistic regression did a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+um that's not guaranteed but it often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not guaranteed but it often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not guaranteed but it often
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+outperform uh because it's it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperform uh because it's it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperform uh because it's it's more
+subtle in what it does and being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle in what it does and being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle in what it does and being able to
+assign different weights to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign different weights to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign different weights to different
+variables so it's a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so it's a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so it's a little bit better
+that's that's probably a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's probably a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's probably a good thing
+um but there's another reason that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's another reason that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's another reason that's
+really important that people prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important that people prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important that people prefer
+logistic regression is it provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression is it provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression is it provides
+insights about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights about the
+variables so we can look at the feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so we can look at the feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so we can look at the feature
+weights so this code does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so this code does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so this code does
+that so we remember we looked at build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we remember we looked at build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we remember we looked at build
+model and I left out the printing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and I left out the printing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and I left out the printing well
+here I'm leaving out everything except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm leaving out everything except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm leaving out everything except
+the printing same function but leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the printing same function but leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the printing same function but leaving
+out everything except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out everything except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out everything except the
+printing um so we can do model underbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing um so we can do model underbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing um so we can do model underbar
+classes so model. classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so model. classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so model. classes
+underbar gives you the classes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underbar gives you the classes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underbar gives you the classes in this
+case the classes are survived didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the classes are survived didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the classes are survived didn't
+survive I forget what I called it we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive I forget what I called it we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive I forget what I called it we'll
+see so I can see what the classes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I can see what the classes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I can see what the classes it's
+using are and then for I and range Len
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using are and then for I and range Len
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using are and then for I and range Len
+model. CF underbar these are giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. CF underbar these are giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. CF underbar these are giving the
+weights of each variable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights of each variable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights of each variable the
+coefficients I can print what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are so let's run that and see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get we get a syntax error because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get we get a syntax error because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get we get a syntax error because I
+turned a comment into a line of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so our model
+classes are died and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes are died and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes are died and
+survived and for label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived and for label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived and for label
+survived uh What I've Done by the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived uh What I've Done by the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived uh What I've Done by the way in
+the representation is I represented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation is I represented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation is I represented the
+cabin class as a binary variable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabin class as a binary variable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabin class as a binary variable it's
+either zero or one because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or one because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or one because it doesn't
+make sense to treat them as a as if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to treat them as a as if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to treat them as a as if they
+were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really
+numbers right because we don't know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right because we don't know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right because we don't know for
+example the difference between first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the difference between first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the difference between first and
+second is the same as the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is the same as the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is the same as the difference
+between second and third if we treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between second and third if we treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between second and third if we treated
+the class we just said cabin class when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class we just said cabin class when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class we just said cabin class when
+used an integer implicitly the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used an integer implicitly the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used an integer implicitly the learning
+algorithm is going to assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is going to assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is going to assume that the
+difference between one and two is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between one and two is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between one and two is the
+same as between two and three if you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as between two and three if you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as between two and three if you for
+example look at the prices of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example look at the prices of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example look at the prices of these
+cabins you'll see that that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabins you'll see that that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabins you'll see that that's not true
+right the difference in an airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the difference in an airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the difference in an airplane
+between economy plus and economy is way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between economy plus and economy is way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between economy plus and economy is way
+smaller than between economy plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than between economy plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than between economy plus and
+first same thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first same thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first same thing on the
+Titanic but what we see here is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titanic but what we see here is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titanic but what we see here is that for
+the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label
+survived uh pretty good siiz positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived uh pretty good siiz positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived uh pretty good siiz positive
+weight for being in first class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cabin moderate for being in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabin moderate for being in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabin moderate for being in the second
+and if you're in the third class well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're in the third class well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're in the third class well
+tough luck so what we see here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough luck so what we see here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough luck so what we see here is that
+the rich people do better than the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rich people do better than the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rich people do better than the poor
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+shocking um if we look at age see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking um if we look at age see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking um if we look at age see it's
+negatively correlated what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively correlated what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively correlated what does this
+mean uh it's not a huge weight but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh it's not a huge weight but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh it's not a huge weight but it
+basically says that if you're older the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says that if you're older the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says that if you're older the
+bigger your age the less likely you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger your age the less likely you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger your age the less likely you are
+to have survived the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have survived the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have survived the the
+disaster and finally it says it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster and finally it says it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster and finally it says it's really
+bad to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad to be a
+male right that the men being a male was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male right that the men being a male was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male right that the men being a male was
+very negatively correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very negatively correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very negatively correlated with
+surviving so we see a nice thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving so we see a nice thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving so we see a nice thing here is
+we get these labels which we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get these labels which we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get these labels which we can make
+sense of one more slide and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done these values are slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these values are slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these values are slightly different
+because different randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because different randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because different randomization
+different example but the main point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different example but the main point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different example but the main point I
+want to say is you have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say is you have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say is you have to be a little
+bit wary of reading too much into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit wary of reading too much into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit wary of reading too much into these
+weights because not in this example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights because not in this example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights because not in this example but
+in other examples well also Al in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other examples well also Al in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other examples well also Al in this
+features are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features are often
+correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated
+and if they're correlated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're correlated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're correlated you
+run actually it's 3:56 I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run actually it's 3:56 I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run actually it's 3:56 I'm going to
+explain the problem with this on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the problem with this on Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the problem with this on Monday
+when I have time to do it properly so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have time to do it properly so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have time to do it properly so I
+I'll see you then
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/esmzYhuFnds.txt b/esmzYhuFnds.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..219c612a76bc9d66ffa614ae21cd147a3fbb0d80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/esmzYhuFnds.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8043 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer high quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I'm reluctant to say good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I'm reluctant to say good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I'm reluctant to say good
+afternoon given the weather but but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon given the weather but but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon given the weather but but I'll
+say it anyway um I guess now we all do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it anyway um I guess now we all do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it anyway um I guess now we all do
+know the we live in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the we live in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the we live in in
+Boston um and I should say I hope none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston um and I should say I hope none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston um and I should say I hope none
+of you were uh affected too much by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you were uh affected too much by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you were uh affected too much by the
+fire yesterday in Cambridge but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire yesterday in Cambridge but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire yesterday in Cambridge but that
+seems to have been a pretty disastrous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to have been a pretty disastrous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to have been a pretty disastrous
+event for some anyway here's the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event for some anyway here's the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event for some anyway here's the reading
+this is a chapter in the book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a chapter in the book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a chapter in the book on
+clustering a topic that Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering a topic that Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering a topic that Professor
+Grimson introduced last week and uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimson introduced last week and uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimson introduced last week and uh I'm
+going to try and well finish up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try and well finish up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try and well finish up with
+respect to this course today though not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this course today though not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this course today though not
+with respect to everything there is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to everything there is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to everything there is to
+know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+clustering quickly just reviewing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering quickly just reviewing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering quickly just reviewing where
+we were uh we're in the unit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were uh we're in the unit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were uh we're in the unit of the
+course on machine learning and we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on machine learning and we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on machine learning and we always
+follow the same Paradigm we observe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the same Paradigm we observe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the same Paradigm we observe some
+set of examples which we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of examples which we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of examples which we call the
+training data we try and infer something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data we try and infer something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data we try and infer something
+about the process that created those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the process that created those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the process that created those
+examples and then we use inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then we use inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then we use inference
+techniques different kinds of techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques different kinds of techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques different kinds of techniques
+to make predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make predictions
+about previously unseen data we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about previously unseen data we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about previously unseen data we call
+that the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the test
+data as Professor Grimson said you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as Professor Grimson said you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as Professor Grimson said you can
+think of two broad classes supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of two broad classes supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of two broad classes supervised
+where we have a set of examples in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a set of examples in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a set of examples in some
+label associated with the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label associated with the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label associated with the example
+Democrat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democrat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democrat
+Republican um smart dumb whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican um smart dumb whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican um smart dumb whatever you
+want to to associate with them um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to to associate with them um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to to associate with them um and
+then we try and infer the labels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we try and infer the labels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we try and infer the labels or
+unsupervised we're we're given a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised we're we're given a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised we're we're given a set of
+feature vectors without labels and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vectors without labels and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vectors without labels and then
+we attempt to group them into natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we attempt to group them into natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we attempt to group them into natural
+clusters that's going to be today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters that's going to be today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters that's going to be today's
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+clustering so clustering is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering so clustering is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering so clustering is an
+optimization problem as we'll see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem as we'll see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem as we'll see later
+supervised machine learning is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised machine learning is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised machine learning is also an
+optimization problem clusterings a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem clusterings a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem clusterings a
+rather simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather simple
+one we're going to start first with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're going to start first with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're going to start first with the
+notion of variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of variability
+so this little C is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this little C is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this little C is a single
+cluster and we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster and we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster and we're going to talk about
+the variability in that cluster of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variability in that cluster of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variability in that cluster of the
+sum of the distance between the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the distance between the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the distance between the mean of
+the cluster and each example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster and each example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster and each example in the
+cluster and then we Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster and then we Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster and then we Square
+it okay pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay pretty
+straightforward uh for the moment we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward uh for the moment we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward uh for the moment we can
+just assume that we're using ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that we're using ukian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that we're using ukian
+distance as our distance m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance as our distance m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance as our distance m
+manowski with P equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manowski with P equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manowski with P equal
+2 so variability should look pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so variability should look pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so variability should look pretty
+similar to to to something we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to to to something we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to to to something we've seen
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+right it's not quite variance right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not quite variance right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not quite variance right but
+it's very close in a minute we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very close in a minute we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very close in a minute we'll look
+at why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at why it's
+different and then we can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and then we can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and then we can look at the
+dissimilarity of a set of clusters a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissimilarity of a set of clusters a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissimilarity of a set of clusters a
+group of clusters which I'm writing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of clusters which I'm writing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of clusters which I'm writing as
+capital c and that's just the sum of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital c and that's just the sum of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital c and that's just the sum of all
+the variabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if I had divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I had divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I had divided
+variability by the size of the cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability by the size of the cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability by the size of the cluster
+what would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I
+have something we've seen before what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something we've seen before what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something we've seen before what
+would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+somebody isn't that just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody isn't that just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody isn't that just the
+variance so the question is why am I not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so the question is why am I not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so the question is why am I not
+doing that if up till now we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that if up till now we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that if up till now we always
+wanted to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about
+variance why suddenly am I not doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance why suddenly am I not doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance why suddenly am I not doing it
+why do I Define this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I Define this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I Define this notion of
+variability instead of good old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability instead of good old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability instead of good old
+variants any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thoughts what am I accomplishing by not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts what am I accomplishing by not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts what am I accomplishing by not
+dividing by the size of the cluster or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by the size of the cluster or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by the size of the cluster or
+what would happen if I did divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if I did divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if I did divide by the
+size of the cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the cluster
+yes absolutely i' normalize it I that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely i' normalize it I that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely i' normalize it I that's
+exactly what it would be doing and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it would be doing and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it would be doing and what
+might be good or bad about normalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what does it essentially mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what does it essentially mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what does it essentially mean to
+normalize it means that the penalty for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it means that the penalty for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it means that the penalty for
+a big cluster with a lot of variance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big cluster with a lot of variance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big cluster with a lot of variance in
+it is no higher than the penalty of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is no higher than the penalty of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is no higher than the penalty of a
+tiny little cluster with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little cluster with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little cluster with a lot of
+variant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant in
+it by not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by not
+normalizing what I'm saying is I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing what I'm saying is I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing what I'm saying is I want to
+penalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize
+big highly diverse clusters more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big highly diverse clusters more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big highly diverse clusters more than
+small highly diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small highly diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small highly diverse
+clusters okay and if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters okay and if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters okay and if you think about it
+that probably makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably makes
+sense you know big and bad is worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know big and bad is worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know big and bad is worse than
+small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bad all right so now we to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad all right so now we to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad all right so now we to find the
+objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective
+function and can we say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and can we say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and can we say that the
+optimization problem we want to solve by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem we want to solve by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem we want to solve by
+clustering is simply finding a Capital C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering is simply finding a Capital C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering is simply finding a Capital C
+that minim minimizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dissimilarity is that a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition well hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition well hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition well hint
+no what foolish thing could we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what foolish thing could we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what foolish thing could we do that
+would optimize that objective function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would optimize that objective function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would optimize that objective function
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I could have the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I could have the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I could have the same number of
+clusters as points assign each point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters as points assign each point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters as points assign each point to
+its own cluster whoops oh almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own cluster whoops oh almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own cluster whoops oh almost a
+relay the dissimilarity of each cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay the dissimilarity of each cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay the dissimilarity of each cluster
+would be zero or the variability would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero or the variability would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero or the variability would
+be zero so the dis similarity be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero so the dis similarity be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero so the dis similarity be zero
+and I'd have solved the problem well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd have solved the problem well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd have solved the problem well
+that's clearly not a very useful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly not a very useful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly not a very useful thing
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do so well what what do you think we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so well what what do you think we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so well what what do you think we do
+to get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get around
+that yeah we apply a constraint we apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah we apply a constraint we apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah we apply a constraint we apply
+a constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly and so we have to pick some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraint uh what would be a suitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint uh what would be a suitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint uh what would be a suitable
+constraint for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint for
+example well maybe we'd say okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well maybe we'd say okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well maybe we'd say okay the
+Clusters have to have some minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clusters have to have some minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clusters have to have some minimum
+distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between
+them or and this is the constraint we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or and this is the constraint we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or and this is the constraint we'll
+be using today we could constrain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using today we could constrain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using today we could constrain the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+clusters say all right I only want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters say all right I only want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters say all right I only want to
+have at most five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at most five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at most five
+clusters do the best you can to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters do the best you can to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters do the best you can to minimize
+dissimilarity but you're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissimilarity but you're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissimilarity but you're not allowed to
+use more than five clusters that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more than five clusters that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more than five clusters that's the
+most common constraint that gets placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common constraint that gets placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common constraint that gets placed
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+problem all right we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right we're going to look at
+two algorithms maybe I should say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two algorithms maybe I should say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two algorithms maybe I should say two
+methods because there multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods because there multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods because there multiple
+implementations of these methods uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations of these methods uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations of these methods uh the
+first is called hierarchical clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is called hierarchical clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is called hierarchical clustering
+and the second is called K means there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is called K means there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is called K means there
+should be an s on the word mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be an s on the word mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be an s on the word mean there
+sorry about that all right let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that all right let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that all right let's look at
+hierarchical clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first it's strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it's strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it's strange
+algorithm we start by assigning each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we start by assigning each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we start by assigning each
+item each example to its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item each example to its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item each example to its own
+cluster so this is the trivial solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster so this is the trivial solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster so this is the trivial solution
+we talked about before so if you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about before so if you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about before so if you have n
+items you now have n clust ERS each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items you now have n clust ERS each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items you now have n clust ERS each
+containing just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+item and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item and the next
+step we find the two most similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we find the two most similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we find the two most similar
+clusters we have and merge them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters we have and merge them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters we have and merge them into a
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+cluster so that now instead of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster so that now instead of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster so that now instead of n
+clusters we have n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clusters and we continue this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and we continue this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and we continue this process
+until all items are cluster into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until all items are cluster into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until all items are cluster into a
+single cluster of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cluster of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cluster of size
+n now of course that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now of course that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now of course that's kind of
+silly because all I wanted to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly because all I wanted to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly because all I wanted to put them
+all is in a single cluster I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is in a single cluster I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is in a single cluster I don't need
+to iterate I just go wham right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to iterate I just go wham right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to iterate I just go wham right but
+what's interesting about hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting about hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting about hierarchical
+clustering is you stop it typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering is you stop it typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering is you stop it typically
+somewhere along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the
+way you produce something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you produce something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you produce something called a
+dendogram me write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each step
+here that shows you what you've merged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that shows you what you've merged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that shows you what you've merged
+thus far we'll see an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus far we'll see an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus far we'll see an example of that
+shortly and then you can have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly and then you can have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly and then you can have some
+stopping criteria and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping criteria and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping criteria and we'll talk about
+that this is called gomera of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is called gomera of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is called gomera of
+hierarchical clustering because we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering because we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering because we start
+with a bunch of things and we AG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of things and we AG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of things and we AG
+glomerate them that is to say we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glomerate them that is to say we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glomerate them that is to say we put
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+together all right makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a
+catch what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch what do we mean by
+distance and there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and there are multiple
+plausible definitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible definitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible definitions of
+distance and you would get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and you would get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and you would get a different
+answer depending upon which measure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used these are called linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used these are called linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used these are called linkage
+metrics the most common one used is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics the most common one used is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics the most common one used is
+probably single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably single
+linkage and that says the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage and that says the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage and that says the distance
+between a pair of clusters is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of clusters is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of clusters is equal to
+the shortest distance from any member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest distance from any member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest distance from any member of
+One cluster to any member of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cluster so if I have two clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster so if I have two clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster so if I have two clusters
+here and here and they have Bunches of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and they have Bunches of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and they have Bunches of
+points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in
+them single leakage distance would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them single leakage distance would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them single leakage distance would say
+well let's use these two points which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's use these two points which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's use these two points which
+are the closest and the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the closest and the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the closest and the distance between
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+is the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Clusters you can also use complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linkage and that says the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage and that says the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage and that says the distance
+between any two clusters is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between any two clusters is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between any two clusters is equal to the
+greatest distance from any member to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest distance from any member to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest distance from any member to any
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+member okay so if we had the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member okay so if we had the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member okay so if we had the same
+picture we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably not the same picture but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not the same picture but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not the same picture but it's a
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+whoops then we would say well I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops then we would say well I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops then we would say well I guess
+complete linkage is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete linkage is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete linkage is probably the
+distance maybe between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally not surprisingly you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally not surprisingly you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally not surprisingly you can take
+the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average
+distance these are all plausible metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance these are all plausible metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance these are all plausible metrics
+they're all used in practice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all used in practice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all used in practice for
+different kinds of results depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of results depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of results depending
+upon the application of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clustering all right let's look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering all right let's look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering all right let's look at an
+example so what I have here is the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so what I have here is the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so what I have here is the air
+distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between
+uh six different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh six different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh six different
+cities uh Boston New York Chicago Denver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities uh Boston New York Chicago Denver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities uh Boston New York Chicago Denver
+San Francisco and Seattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco and Seattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco and Seattle
+and now let's say we're want to Cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's say we're want to Cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's say we're want to Cluster
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+airports based upon their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports based upon their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports based upon their
+distance so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so we
+start the first piece of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the first piece of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the first piece of our
+dendogram says well all right I have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendogram says well all right I have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendogram says well all right I have six
+cities I have six clusters each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities I have six clusters each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities I have six clusters each
+containing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+city all right what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next what's the next level going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next what's the next level going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next what's the next level going to look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I'm going to join Boston and New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm going to join Boston and New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm going to join Boston and New
+York as improbable as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York as improbable as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York as improbable as that
+sounds all right so that's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds all right so that's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds all right so that's the next
+level and if for some reason I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and if for some reason I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and if for some reason I only
+wanted to have five clusters well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have five clusters well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have five clusters well I
+could stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stop
+here next what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens well I look at it I say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well I look at it I say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well I look at it I say well
+I'll join Up Chicago with Boston and New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll join Up Chicago with Boston and New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll join Up Chicago with Boston and New
+York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right what do I get at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what do I get at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what do I get at the next
+level somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah doesn't look like it to me if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah doesn't look like it to me if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah doesn't look like it to me if you
+look at San Francisco and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at San Francisco and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at San Francisco and
+Seattle they are 808 miles and Denver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle they are 808 miles and Denver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle they are 808 miles and Denver
+and San Francisco is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12:35 so I I'd end up in fact joining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12:35 so I I'd end up in fact joining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12:35 so I I'd end up in fact joining
+San Francisco in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco in
+Seattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle
+ah well that explains why I need my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah well that explains why I need my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah well that explains why I need my
+hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing
+fixed all right so I combined San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed all right so I combined San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed all right so I combined San
+Francisco and Seattle and now it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco and Seattle and now it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco and Seattle and now it gets
+interesting I have two choices with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I have two choices with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I have two choices with
+Denver obviously there are only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choices and which I choose depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and which I choose depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and which I choose depends on
+which linkage Criterion I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which linkage Criterion I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which linkage Criterion I
+use if I'm using single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use if I'm using single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use if I'm using single
+linkage well then Denver gets joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage well then Denver gets joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage well then Denver gets joined
+with Boston New York and Chicago because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Boston New York and Chicago because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Boston New York and Chicago because
+it's closer to Chicago than it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's closer to Chicago than it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's closer to Chicago than it is to
+either San Francisco or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either San Francisco or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either San Francisco or
+Seattle but if I use complete linkage it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle but if I use complete linkage it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle but if I use complete linkage it
+gets joined up with San Francisco and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets joined up with San Francisco and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets joined up with San Francisco and
+Seattle because it is further from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle because it is further from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle because it is further from
+Boston than it is from uh I guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston than it is from uh I guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston than it is from uh I guess it's
+San Francisco or Seattle whichever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco or Seattle whichever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco or Seattle whichever it is
+right so this is a place where you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a place where you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a place where you see
+what answer I get depends upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what answer I get depends upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what answer I get depends upon the
+linkage criteria and then if I want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage criteria and then if I want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage criteria and then if I want I
+can consider to the next step and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can consider to the next step and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can consider to the next step and just
+join them all all right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join them all all right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join them all all right that's
+hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical
+clustering so it's good because you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering so it's good because you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering so it's good because you get
+this whole history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole history of the
+dendograms and you get to look at at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendograms and you get to look at at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendograms and you get to look at at it
+say well all right that looks pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well all right that looks pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well all right that looks pretty
+good I I'll stick with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I I'll stick with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I I'll stick with this
+clustering it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering it's
+deterministic given a linkage Criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic given a linkage Criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic given a linkage Criterion
+you always get the same answer there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always get the same answer there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always get the same answer there's
+nothing random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing random
+here notice by the way the answer might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice by the way the answer might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice by the way the answer might
+not be optimal with regards to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be optimal with regards to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be optimal with regards to that
+linkage criteria why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage criteria why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage criteria why
+not what kind of algorithm is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what kind of algorithm is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what kind of algorithm is this
+it's a greedy algorithm exactly and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a greedy algorithm exactly and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a greedy algorithm exactly and so
+I'm making locally optimal decisions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making locally optimal decisions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making locally optimal decisions at
+each point which may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point which may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point which may or may not be
+globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimal it's flexible choosing different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal it's flexible choosing different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal it's flexible choosing different
+linkage criteria get different results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage criteria get different results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage criteria get different results
+but it's also potentially really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also potentially really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also potentially really really
+slow this is not something you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow this is not something you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow this is not something you want to
+do on a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on a million
+examples the naive algorithm the one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the naive algorithm the one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the naive algorithm the one I
+just sort of showed you is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of showed you is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of showed you is n
+cubed n cubed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed n cubed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed n cubed is
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+impractical for some linkage criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impractical for some linkage criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impractical for some linkage criteria
+for example single linkage there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example single linkage there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example single linkage there exists
+very clever N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever N squared
+algorithms for others you can't beat n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms for others you can't beat n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms for others you can't beat n
+cubed but even N squared is really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed but even N squared is really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed but even N squared is really not
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+good which gets me to a much faster ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good which gets me to a much faster ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good which gets me to a much faster ex
+greedy algorithm called K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm called K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm called K
+means now the K in K means is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means now the K in K means is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means now the K in K means is the number
+of clusters you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clusters you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clusters you
+want so the catch with K means is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so the catch with K means is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so the catch with K means is if you
+don't have any idea how many clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any idea how many clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any idea how many clusters
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+want it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's it's
+problematical whereas hierarchical you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematical whereas hierarchical you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematical whereas hierarchical you
+get to inspect it and see what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to inspect it and see what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to inspect it and see what you're
+getting if you know how many you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting if you know how many you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting if you know how many you want
+it's a good choice because it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good choice because it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good choice because it's much
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F all right the algorithm again is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F all right the algorithm again is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F all right the algorithm again is very
+simple this is the one that Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple this is the one that Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple this is the one that Professor
+Grimson briefly discussed you randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimson briefly discussed you randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimson briefly discussed you randomly
+choose K examples as your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K examples as your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K examples as your initial
+centroids doesn't matter which of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids doesn't matter which of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids doesn't matter which of the
+examples you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you
+choose then you create K clusters by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose then you create K clusters by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose then you create K clusters by
+assigning each example to the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+centroid compute k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid compute k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid compute k
+centroids by averaging the examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids by averaging the examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids by averaging the examples in
+each cluster so in the first iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cluster so in the first iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cluster so in the first iteration
+the centroids are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centroids are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centroids are all
+examples that you started with but after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that you started with but after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that you started with but after
+that they're probably not examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're probably not examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're probably not examples
+because you're now taking the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're now taking the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're now taking the average of
+two examples which may not correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples which may not correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples which may not correspond to
+any example you have actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any example you have actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any example you have actually the
+average of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of n
+examples and then you just keep doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then you just keep doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then you just keep doing
+this until the centroids don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this until the centroids don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this until the centroids don't
+move right once you go through one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move right once you go through one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move right once you go through one
+iteration where they don't move there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration where they don't move there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration where they don't move there's
+no point in recomputing them again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no point in recomputing them again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no point in recomputing them again and
+again and again so it is Con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converged so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged so let's look at the
+complexity well at the moment we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity well at the moment we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity well at the moment we can't
+tell you how many iterations you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how many iterations you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how many iterations you're
+going to have but what's the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have but what's the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have but what's the complexity
+of one iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's think about what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's think about what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's think about what you're doing
+here you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've
+got K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got K
+centroids now I have to take each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids now I have to take each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids now I have to take each
+example and compare it to each and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and compare it to each and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and compare it to each and
+naively at least to each centroid to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively at least to each centroid to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively at least to each centroid to see
+which it's closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's closest
+to right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right so
+that's K comparisons per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's K comparisons per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's K comparisons per
+example so that's K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that's K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that's K *
+n time D where how much time each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time D where how much time each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time D where how much time each of
+these comparison takes which is likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these comparison takes which is likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these comparison takes which is likely
+to depend upon the dimensionality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend upon the dimensionality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend upon the dimensionality of the
+features right just the ukian distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features right just the ukian distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features right just the ukian distance
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example but this is a way small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but this is a way small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but this is a way small number
+than N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than N squared
+typically so each iteration is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically so each iteration is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically so each iteration is pretty
+quick and in practice as we'll see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick and in practice as we'll see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick and in practice as we'll see this
+typically converges quite quickly so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically converges quite quickly so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically converges quite quickly so you
+usually need a very small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iterations so it is quite efficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations so it is quite efficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations so it is quite efficient and
+then there are various ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are various ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are various ways you can
+optimize it to make it even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize it to make it even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize it to make it even more
+efficient this is the most commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient this is the most commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient this is the most commonly used
+clustering algorithm because it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering algorithm because it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering algorithm because it works
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+fast let's look at an example so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast let's look at an example so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast let's look at an example so I've
+got a bunch of Blue Points here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bunch of Blue Points here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bunch of Blue Points here
+and I actually wrote the code to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I actually wrote the code to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I actually wrote the code to do this
+I'm not going to show you the code and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to show you the code and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to show you the code and I
+chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose
+four uh centroids at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh centroids at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh centroids at
+random um colored Stars a green one a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random um colored Stars a green one a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random um colored Stars a green one a uh
+fuchsia colored one a red one and a blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so maybe they're not the ones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so maybe they're not the ones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so maybe they're not the ones you
+would have chosen but there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are and I then having chosen them assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and I then having chosen them assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and I then having chosen them assign
+each point to one of those centroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point to one of those centroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point to one of those centroids
+whichever one it's closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one it's closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one it's closest
+to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all
+right step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+then I recompute the centroids let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I recompute the centroids let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I recompute the centroids let's go
+back so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so we're
+here and these are the initial centroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and these are the initial centroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and these are the initial centroids
+now when I find the new centroids if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I find the new centroids if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I find the new centroids if we
+look at where the red one is the red one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at where the red one is the red one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at where the red one is the red one
+is this point this point and this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this point this point and this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this point this point and this point
+clearly the new centroid is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the new centroid is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the new centroid is going to
+move right it's going to move somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move right it's going to move somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move right it's going to move somewhere
+along in here or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along in here or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along in here or something like that
+right so we'll get those new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+centroids there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids there it
+is and now we'll reassign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points and what we'll see is this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and what we'll see is this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and what we'll see is this point
+is now closer to the red star than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now closer to the red star than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now closer to the red star than it is
+to the fuchia star having because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fuchia star having because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fuchia star having because we've
+moved the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved the red
+star whoops that one start said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star whoops that one start said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star whoops that one start said the
+wrong thing they were red to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong thing they were red to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong thing they were red to start with
+this one is now suddenly closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is now suddenly closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is now suddenly closer to the
+purple so it into the red it will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple so it into the red it will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple so it into the red it will get
+recolored we compute the new centroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to move something again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move something again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move something again we
+continue points will move around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue points will move around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue points will move around this
+time we move two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we move two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we move two
+points Here We Go Again notice again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points Here We Go Again notice again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points Here We Go Again notice again the
+centroids don't correspond to actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids don't correspond to actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids don't correspond to actual
+examples this one is close but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples this one is close but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples this one is close but it's not
+really one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of
+them move two more recompute centroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them move two more recompute centroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them move two more recompute centroids
+and we're done so here we've converged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're done so here we've converged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're done so here we've converged
+and I think it was five iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it was five iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it was five iterations
+and nothing will move again all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing will move again all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing will move again all right
+does that make sense to everybody so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense to everybody so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense to everybody so
+it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+um what are the downsides well choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are the downsides well choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are the downsides well choosing
+K foolishly can lead to strange results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K foolishly can lead to strange results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K foolishly can lead to strange results
+so if I chose k equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I chose k equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I chose k equal to
+three looking at this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three looking at this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three looking at this particular
+arrangement of points it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of points it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of points it it's not
+obvious what quote the right answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious what quote the right answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious what quote the right answer is
+right maybe it's making all of this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe it's making all of this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe it's making all of this one
+cluster I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster I don't know
+but there are weird KS and if you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are weird KS and if you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are weird KS and if you choose
+a k that is nonsensical with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k that is nonsensical with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k that is nonsensical with respect to
+your data then your clustering will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data then your clustering will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data then your clustering will be
+nonsensical so that's one problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsensical so that's one problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsensical so that's one problem we
+have to think about how do we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about how do we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about how do we choose
+K another problem this is one somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K another problem this is one somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K another problem this is one somebody
+raised last time is that the results can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised last time is that the results can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised last time is that the results can
+depend upon the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend upon the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend upon the initial
+centroids unlike hierarchical clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids unlike hierarchical clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids unlike hierarchical clustering
+K means is non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K means is non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K means is non-deterministic
+depending upon what random examples we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon what random examples we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon what random examples we
+choose we can get a different number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose we can get a different number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose we can get a different number of
+iterations if we choose them poorly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations if we choose them poorly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations if we choose them poorly it
+could take longer to converge more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take longer to converge more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take longer to converge more
+worrisome you get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome you get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome you get a different
+answer you're running this greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you're running this greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you're running this greedy
+algorithm and you might actually get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and you might actually get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and you might actually get to
+a different place depending upon which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different place depending upon which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different place depending upon which
+centroids you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids you
+chose so these are the two issues we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose so these are the two issues we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose so these are the two issues we
+have to think about dealing with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about dealing with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about dealing with so
+let's first think about ch choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first think about ch choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first think about ch choosing
+K what often happens is people choose K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what often happens is people choose K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what often happens is people choose K
+using AR priori knowledge about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+application you know if I'm in medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you know if I'm in medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you know if I'm in medicine
+I actually know that there are only five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually know that there are only five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually know that there are only five
+different kinds of bacteria in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of bacteria in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of bacteria in the world
+that's true I mean there are subspecies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true I mean there are subspecies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true I mean there are subspecies
+but five large categories and if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but five large categories and if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but five large categories and if I had a
+bunch of bacterium I wanted to Cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bacterium I wanted to Cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bacterium I wanted to Cluster
+may just set k equal to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may just set k equal to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may just set k equal to five
+uh maybe I believe there are only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I believe there are only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I believe there are only two
+kinds of people into the world those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of people into the world those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of people into the world those who
+are at MIT and those who are not and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at MIT and those who are not and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at MIT and those who are not and so
+I'll choose k equal to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll choose k equal to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll choose k equal to two
+um often we know enough about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um often we know enough about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um often we know enough about the
+application we can choose K as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application we can choose K as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application we can choose K as we'll see
+later often we can think we do when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't a better
+approach is to search for a good k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can try different values of K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can try different values of K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can try different values of K and
+evaluate the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the quality of the
+result assuming you have some Metric as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result assuming you have some Metric as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result assuming you have some Metric as
+say I like this clustering I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I like this clustering I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I like this clustering I don't like
+this clustering and we'll talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clustering and we'll talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clustering and we'll talk about how
+to do that in detail or you can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in detail or you can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in detail or you can run
+hierarchical clustering on a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering on a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering on a subset of
+data I've got a million points all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I've got a million points all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I've got a million points all right
+what I'm going to do is take a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is take a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is take a subset of
+a thousand of them or 10,000 run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand of them or 10,000 run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand of them or 10,000 run
+hierarchical CL clustering from that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical CL clustering from that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical CL clustering from that get
+a sense of the structure underlying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the structure underlying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the structure underlying the
+data decide K should be six and then run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data decide K should be six and then run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data decide K should be six and then run
+K means with k equal 6 people often do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K means with k equal 6 people often do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K means with k equal 6 people often do
+this they run hierarchical clustering on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they run hierarchical clustering on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they run hierarchical clustering on
+a small subset of the data and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small subset of the data and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small subset of the data and then
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K and we'll look but what the one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and we'll look but what the one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and we'll look but what the one we're
+going to look at is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at is that
+one what about unlucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what about unlucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what about unlucky
+centroids so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids so
+here I got same points we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I got same points we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I got same points we started with
+different initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different initial
+centroids uh I've got a fuchsia one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids uh I've got a fuchsia one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids uh I've got a fuchsia one a
+black one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black one and
+uh then I've got red and blue down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I've got red and blue down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I've got red and blue down here
+which I happen to accidentally choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I happen to accidentally choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I happen to accidentally choose
+close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one
+another well if I start with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another well if I start with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another well if I start with these
+centroids certainly you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids certainly you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids certainly you would expect
+things to take longer to conver Verge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to take longer to conver Verge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to take longer to conver Verge
+but in fact what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I get this assignment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I get this assignment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I get this assignment of
+blue this assignment of red and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue this assignment of red and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue this assignment of red and I'm
+done it converges on this which probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it converges on this which probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it converges on this which probably
+is not what we wanted out of this maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not what we wanted out of this maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not what we wanted out of this maybe
+it is but the fact that I converged on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but the fact that I converged on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but the fact that I converged on
+some very different place shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very different place shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very different place shows that
+it's a real weakness of the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real weakness of the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real weakness of the algorithm
+that it's sensitive to the randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's sensitive to the randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's sensitive to the randomly
+chosen initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well a couple of things you can do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a couple of things you can do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a couple of things you can do about
+that you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could be
+clever and try and select good initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever and try and select good initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever and try and select good initial
+centroids so people often will do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids so people often will do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids so people often will do that
+and what they'll do is try and just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they'll do is try and just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they'll do is try and just make
+sure that they're distributed over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they're distributed over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they're distributed over the
+space so they would look at some picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so they would look at some picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so they would look at some picture
+like this and say well let's just put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and say well let's just put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and say well let's just put my
+centroids at the corners or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids at the corners or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids at the corners or something
+like that so that they're far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apart another approach is to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart another approach is to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart another approach is to try
+multiple sets of randomly Chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple sets of randomly Chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple sets of randomly Chosen
+centroids and then just select the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results and that's what this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and that's what this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and that's what this little
+algorithm on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on the screen
+does so I'll say best is equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so I'll say best is equal to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so I'll say best is equal to K
+means of the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of the points
+themselves or something then for T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves or something then for T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves or something then for T and
+range number of Trials I'll say C equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range number of Trials I'll say C equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range number of Trials I'll say C equals
+K means of points and I'll just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K means of points and I'll just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K means of points and I'll just keep
+track and choose the one with the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and choose the one with the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and choose the one with the least
+dis similarity the thing I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis similarity the thing I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis similarity the thing I'm trying to
+minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the first one is got all the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first one is got all the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first one is got all the points
+in one cluster so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one cluster so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one cluster so it's very
+dissimilar and then I'll just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissimilar and then I'll just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissimilar and then I'll just keep
+generating for different KS and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating for different KS and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating for different KS and I'll
+choose the K that seems to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the K that seems to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the K that seems to be the
+best that does the best job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best that does the best job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best that does the best job of
+minimizing my objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing my objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing my objective
+function and this is a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this is a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this is a very common
+Solution by the way for any randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution by the way for any randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution by the way for any randomized
+greedy algorithm and there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm and there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm and there are a lot of
+randomized greedy algorithms that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized greedy algorithms that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized greedy algorithms that you
+just choose multiple initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose multiple initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose multiple initial conditions
+try them all out and pick the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I want to show you
+a a slightly more real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a slightly more real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a slightly more real
+example um so this is a file we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so this is a file we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so this is a file we've got
+with medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with medical
+patients and we're going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and we're going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and we're going to try and
+cluster them and see whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster them and see whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster them and see whether the
+Clusters tell us anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clusters tell us anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clusters tell us anything about the
+probability of them dying of a heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of them dying of a heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of them dying of a heart
+attack in say the next year or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack in say the next year or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack in say the next year or some
+period of time so toes simplify things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time so toes simplify things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time so toes simplify things
+and this is something I have done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something I have done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something I have done with
+research but we're looking at only four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research but we're looking at only four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research but we're looking at only four
+features here the heart rate in beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features here the heart rate in beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features here the heart rate in beats
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+minute the number of previous heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the number of previous heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the number of previous heart
+attacks the age and something called St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks the age and something called St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks the age and something called St
+elevation a binary attribute so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation a binary attribute so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation a binary attribute so the
+first three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three are
+obvious uh if you take an ECG of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious uh if you take an ECG of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious uh if you take an ECG of
+somebody's heart it looks like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's heart it looks like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's heart it looks like this this
+is a normal one they have the S the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a normal one they have the S the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a normal one they have the S the T
+and then there's this region between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this region between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this region between the
+S Wave and the T wave and if it's higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Wave and the T wave and if it's higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Wave and the T wave and if it's higher
+hence elevated that's a bad thing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence elevated that's a bad thing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence elevated that's a bad thing and so
+this is about the first thing that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about the first thing that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about the first thing that they
+measure if someone is having cardiac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure if someone is having cardiac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure if someone is having cardiac
+problems do they have St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elevation and then with each patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation and then with each patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation and then with each patient
+we're going to have an outcome whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have an outcome whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have an outcome whether
+they died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they died
+and it's related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's related to the
+features but it's probabilistic not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but it's probabilistic not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but it's probabilistic not
+deterministic so for example an older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic so for example an older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic so for example an older
+person with multiple heart attacks is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person with multiple heart attacks is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person with multiple heart attacks is at
+higher risk than a young person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher risk than a young person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher risk than a young person who's
+never had a heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had a heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had a heart
+attack that doesn't mean though that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that doesn't mean though that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that doesn't mean though that the
+older person will die first it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older person will die first it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older person will die first it's just
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probable we're going to take this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable we're going to take this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable we're going to take this data
+we're going to Cluster it and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to Cluster it and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to Cluster it and then we're
+going to look at what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at what's called the
+purity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity of the
+Clusters relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clusters relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clusters relative to the
+outcomes so is the cluster say enriched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so is the cluster say enriched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes so is the cluster say enriched
+by people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by people who
+died you know if you have one cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died you know if you have one cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died you know if you have one cluster
+and everyone in it died then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone in it died then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone in it died then the
+clustering is clearly finding some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering is clearly finding some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering is clearly finding some
+structure related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcome so the file is in the zip file I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so the file is in the zip file I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so the file is in the zip file I
+uploaded it it looks more or less like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploaded it it looks more or less like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploaded it it looks more or less like
+this right so it's very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so it's very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so it's very straightforward
+the outcomes are binary one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes are binary one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes are binary one is a
+positive outcome strangely enough in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive outcome strangely enough in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive outcome strangely enough in the
+medical jargon a death is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical jargon a death is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical jargon a death is a positive
+outcome I guess maybe if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome I guess maybe if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome I guess maybe if you're
+responsible for the medical bills it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the medical bills it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the medical bills it's
+positive if you're the patient it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive if you're the patient it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive if you're the patient it's hard
+to think of it as a good thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of it as a good thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of it as a good thing um
+nevertheless that's the way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless that's the way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless that's the way that they
+talk uh and the others are all there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk uh and the others are all there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk uh and the others are all there
+right heart rate other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right heart rate other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right heart rate other things
+all right let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's look at some
+code um so I've extracted some code I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code um so I've extracted some code I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code um so I've extracted some code I'm
+not going to show you all of it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to show you all of it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to show you all of it there's
+quite a lot of it as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of it as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of it as you'll
+see um so we'll start there's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um so we'll start there's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um so we'll start there's one of the
+files you've got is called cluster. piy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files you've got is called cluster. piy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files you've got is called cluster. piy
+I decided there was enough code I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided there was enough code I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided there was enough code I didn't
+want to put it all in one file I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put it all in one file I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put it all in one file I was
+getting confused so I said let me create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting confused so I said let me create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting confused so I said let me create
+a file that has some of the code and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file that has some of the code and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file that has some of the code and a
+different file that will then import it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different file that will then import it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different file that will then import it
+and use it cluster has things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use it cluster has things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use it cluster has things that are
+pretty much unrelated to this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much unrelated to this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much unrelated to this example
+but just useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just useful for
+clustering so an example here has name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering so an example here has name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering so an example here has name
+features and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and a
+label and really the only interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and really the only interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and really the only interesting
+thing in it and it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in it and it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in it and it's not that
+interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is
+distance and the fact that I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and the fact that I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and the fact that I'm using
+manowski with two says we're using ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manowski with two says we're using ukian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manowski with two says we're using ukian
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class cluster it's a lot more code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class cluster it's a lot more code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class cluster it's a lot more code to
+that one um so we start with a non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one um so we start with a non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one um so we start with a non-empty
+list of examples that's what init does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of examples that's what init does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of examples that's what init does
+you can imagine what the code looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine what the code looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine what the code looks like
+or you can look at it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can look at it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can look at it uh
+update is interesting in that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update is interesting in that it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update is interesting in that it takes
+the cluster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster and
+examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and
+puts them in if you think of K means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts them in if you think of K means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts them in if you think of K means in
+the in in the cluster closest to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in in the cluster closest to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in in the cluster closest to the
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+centroids and then Returns the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids and then Returns the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids and then Returns the amount
+the centroid has changed so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centroid has changed so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centroid has changed so if the
+centroid is changed by zero then it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid is changed by zero then it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid is changed by zero then it you
+don't have anything right creates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have anything right creates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have anything right creates the
+new new cluster and the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new new cluster and the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new new cluster and the most interesting
+thing is compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is compute
+centroid and if you look at this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid and if you look at this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid and if you look at this code
+you can see that I'm a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that I'm a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that I'm a slightly
+unreconstructed Ed python 2 programmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreconstructed Ed python 2 programmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreconstructed Ed python 2 programmers
+I just noticed this I really shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just noticed this I really shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just noticed this I really shouldn't
+have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written
+0.0 I should have just written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0 I should have just written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0 I should have just written
+Z but in Python 2 you had to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z but in Python 2 you had to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z but in Python 2 you had to write that
+0 zero sorry about that thought I'd fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 zero sorry about that thought I'd fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 zero sorry about that thought I'd fix
+these anyway so how do we compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anyway so how do we compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anyway so how do we compute the
+centroid uh we start by creating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid uh we start by creating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid uh we start by creating an
+array uh of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array uh of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array uh of all
+zeros the dimensionality is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros the dimensionality is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros the dimensionality is the number
+number of features in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of features in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of features in the
+example it's it's one of the uh methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's it's one of the uh methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's it's one of the uh methods
+from I didn't put up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I didn't put up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I didn't put up on the
+PowerPoint and then for e in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint and then for e in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint and then for e in
+examples uh I'm going to add to vs E.G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh I'm going to add to vs E.G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh I'm going to add to vs E.G
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+features and then I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and then I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and then I'm just going to
+divide valves by the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide valves by the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide valves by the length of
+self-thought examples a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-thought examples a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-thought examples a number of
+examples so now you see why I made it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so now you see why I made it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so now you see why I made it a
+py laab array or a numpy array rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py laab array or a numpy array rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py laab array or a numpy array rather
+than a list so I could do nice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a list so I could do nice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a list so I could do nice things
+like divide the whole thing in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like divide the whole thing in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like divide the whole thing in one
+expression as you do math any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression as you do math any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression as you do math any kind of
+math things you'll find these arrays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math things you'll find these arrays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math things you'll find these arrays are
+incredibly convenient rather than having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly convenient rather than having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly convenient rather than having
+to write recursive functions or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write recursive functions or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write recursive functions or do
+Bunches of iterations the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bunches of iterations the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bunches of iterations the fact that you
+can do it in one key stroke is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it in one key stroke is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it in one key stroke is
+incredibly nice and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly nice and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly nice and then I'm going to
+return the centroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variability is exactly what we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability is exactly what we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability is exactly what we saw in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+formula uh and then just for fun so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula uh and then just for fun so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula uh and then just for fun so you
+could see this I used an iterator here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see this I used an iterator here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see this I used an iterator here I
+don't know that any of you have used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that any of you have used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that any of you have used the
+yield statement in Python um I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield statement in Python um I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield statement in Python um I recommend
+it it's very convenient one of the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's very convenient one of the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's very convenient one of the nice
+things about python is almost anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about python is almost anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about python is almost anything
+that's built in you can make your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's built in you can make your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's built in you can make your own
+version of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it
+and so once I've done this if C is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so once I've done this if C is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so once I've done this if C is a
+cluster I can now write something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster I can now write something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster I can now write something like
+for C in Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C in Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C in Big
+C and this will make it work just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and this will make it work just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and this will make it work just like
+iterating over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating over a
+list right so this makes it possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list right so this makes it possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list right so this makes it possible to
+iterate over it uh if you haven't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over it uh if you haven't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over it uh if you haven't read
+about yield you probably should read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yield you probably should read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yield you probably should read the
+probably about two paragraphs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about two paragraphs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about two paragraphs in the
+textbook explaining how it works but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook explaining how it works but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook explaining how it works but
+it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very
+convenient dissimilarity we've we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient dissimilarity we've we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient dissimilarity we've we've
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen all right now we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen all right now we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen all right now we get to
+patients uh this is in the file uh Le 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients uh this is in the file uh Le 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients uh this is in the file uh Le 12
+lecture 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 12.
+Pi um in addition to importing The Usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi um in addition to importing The Usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi um in addition to importing The Usual
+Suspects of p laab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suspects of p laab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suspects of p laab and
+numpy and probably it should import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numpy and probably it should import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numpy and probably it should import
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+too um it Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too um it Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too um it Imports
+cluster the one we just looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster the one we just looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster the one we just looked
+at and so patient is a sub type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and so patient is a sub type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and so patient is a sub type of
+cluster do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster do
+example then I'm going to Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example then I'm going to Define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example then I'm going to Define this
+interesting thing called scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing called scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing called scale
+attributes so you might remember in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so you might remember in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so you might remember in the
+last lecture when Professor Grimson was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture when Professor Grimson was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture when Professor Grimson was
+looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these
+reptiles he ran into this problem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles he ran into this problem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles he ran into this problem about
+alligators looking like chickens because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alligators looking like chickens because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alligators looking like chickens because
+they each had a large number of legs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each had a large number of legs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each had a large number of legs and
+he said well what can we get do to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said well what can we get do to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said well what can we get do to get
+around this well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this well we can
+represent the feature as a binary number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the feature as a binary number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the feature as a binary number
+has legs doesn't have legs Z one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has legs doesn't have legs Z one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has legs doesn't have legs Z one and the
+problem he was dealing with is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem he was dealing with is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem he was dealing with is that when
+you have a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a feature
+vector and the dynamic range of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the dynamic range of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the dynamic range of some
+features is much greater than the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features is much greater than the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features is much greater than the others
+they tend to dominate because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to dominate because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to dominate because the
+distances just look bigger when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances just look bigger when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances just look bigger when you get
+ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian
+distance so for example if we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so for example if we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so for example if we wanted to
+Cluster the people in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cluster the people in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cluster the people in this
+room and I had one feature that was say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and I had one feature that was say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and I had one feature that was say
+one for male and zero for female and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for male and zero for female and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for male and zero for female and
+another feature that was one for wears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another feature that was one for wears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another feature that was one for wears
+glasses zeros for doesn't wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses zeros for doesn't wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses zeros for doesn't wear
+glasses and then a third feature which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and then a third feature which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and then a third feature which
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+weight and I clustered them well weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and I clustered them well weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and I clustered them well weight
+would always completely dominate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always completely dominate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always completely dominate the
+ukian distance right because the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian distance right because the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian distance right because the dynamic
+range of the weights in this room is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of the weights in this room is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of the weights in this room is
+much higher than the dynamic range of 0o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than the dynamic range of 0o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than the dynamic range of 0o
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+so for the reptiles he said well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the reptiles he said well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the reptiles he said well okay
+we'll just make it a binary variable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just make it a binary variable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just make it a binary variable but
+maybe we don't want to make weight a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we don't want to make weight a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we don't want to make weight a
+binary variable because maybe it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary variable because maybe it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary variable because maybe it is
+something we want to take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to take into account
+so what we do is we scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do is we scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do is we scale
+it so this is a method called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is a method called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is a method called
+z-scaling more General than just making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-scaling more General than just making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-scaling more General than just making
+things zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things zero or
+one it's a simple code it takes in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a simple code it takes in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a simple code it takes in all
+of the values of a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values of a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values of a specific
+feature and then perform some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature and then perform some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature and then perform some simple
+calculations and when it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and when it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and when it's done
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+resulting array it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting array it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting array it
+returns has a known mean and a known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns has a known mean and a known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns has a known mean and a known
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+deviation so what's the mean going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so what's the mean going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so what's the mean going to be
+it's always going to be the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to be the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to be the same thing
+independent of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the initial
+values take a look at the code try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values take a look at the code try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values take a look at the code try and
+see if you can figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out anybody want to take a guess at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out anybody want to take a guess at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out anybody want to take a guess at it
+zero right so the mean will always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so the mean will always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so the mean will always be
+zero and the standard deviation a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the standard deviation a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the standard deviation a little
+harder to figure but it will always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so it's done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so it's done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so it's done this
+scaling this is a very common kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling this is a very common kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling this is a very common kind of
+scaling called Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling called Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling called Z
+scaling uh the other way people scale is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling uh the other way people scale is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling uh the other way people scale is
+interpolate they take the smallest value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolate they take the smallest value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolate they take the smallest value
+and call it Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call it Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call it Z
+zero the biggest value they call it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the biggest value they call it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the biggest value they call it one
+and then they do a linear interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they do a linear interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they do a linear interpolation
+of all the values between 0 and one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the values between 0 and one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the values between 0 and one so
+the range is 0o to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range is 0o to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range is 0o to
+one that's also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's also very
+common so this is a general way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common so this is a general way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common so this is a general way to get
+all of the features sort of in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the features sort of in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the features sort of in the same
+ballpark so that we can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them and we'll look at what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we'll look at what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we'll look at what happens when
+we scale and when we don't scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we scale and when we don't scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we scale and when we don't scale
+and that's why my get data function has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why my get data function has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why my get data function has
+this parameter to scale it either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameter to scale it either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameter to scale it either
+creates a set of examples with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a set of examples with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a set of examples with the
+attributes as initially or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes as initially or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes as initially or
+scaled and then there's K means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled and then there's K means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled and then there's K means it's
+exactly the algorithm I showed you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the algorithm I showed you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the algorithm I showed you with
+one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little
+wrinkle which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkle which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkle which is this
+part you don't want to end up with empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you don't want to end up with empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you don't want to end up with empty
+clusters if I tell you I want four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters if I tell you I want four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters if I tell you I want four
+clusters I don't mean I want three with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters I don't mean I want three with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters I don't mean I want three with
+examples and one that's empty right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and one that's empty right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and one that's empty right
+because then I really don't have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then I really don't have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then I really don't have four
+clusters and so this is one of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and so this is one of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and so this is one of multiple
+ways to avoid having empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to avoid having empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to avoid having empty
+clusters basically what I did here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters basically what I did here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters basically what I did here is
+said well I'm going to try a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well I'm going to try a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well I'm going to try a lot of
+different initial conditions if one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different initial conditions if one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different initial conditions if one of
+them is so unlucky to give me an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is so unlucky to give me an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is so unlucky to give me an empty
+cluster I'm just going to skip it and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster I'm just going to skip it and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster I'm just going to skip it and go
+on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the next
+one by raising a value error empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by raising a value error empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by raising a value error empty
+cluster and if you look at the code you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster and if you look at the code you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster and if you look at the code you
+you'll see how this value error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how this value error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how this value error is
+used and then try K means we'll call K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and then try K means we'll call K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and then try K means we'll call K
+means numb trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means numb trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means numb trial
+times each one getting a different set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times each one getting a different set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times each one getting a different set
+of uh initial centroids and return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh initial centroids and return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh initial centroids and return the
+result with the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dissimilarity then I have various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissimilarity then I have various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissimilarity then I have various ways
+to uh examine the results nothing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh examine the results nothing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh examine the results nothing very
+interesting and here's the key place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and here's the key place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and here's the key place
+where we're going to run the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to run the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to run the whole thing
+we'll get the data initially not scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get the data initially not scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get the data initially not scaling
+it because remember to false to true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because remember to false to true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because remember to false to true
+then initially I'm only going to try 1 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then initially I'm only going to try 1 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then initially I'm only going to try 1 k
+k equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal
+2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and
+uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll
+call uh test clustering with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh test clustering with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh test clustering with the
+patients uh the number of clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients uh the number of clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients uh the number of clusters
+k i put in seed as a parameter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k i put in seed as a parameter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k i put in seed as a parameter here
+because I wanted to be able to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted to be able to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted to be able to play with
+it and make sure I got different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and make sure I got different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and make sure I got different
+different things for zero and one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things for zero and one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things for zero and one and
+two just as a testing thing and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two just as a testing thing and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two just as a testing thing and five
+trials it's defaulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials it's defaulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials it's defaulting
+too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we'll look at test clustering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at test clustering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at test clustering is
+returning the fraction of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning the fraction of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning the fraction of positive
+examples for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples for each
+cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+okay so let's see what happens when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see what happens when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see what happens when we
+run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we got two clusters cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we got two clusters cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we got two clusters cluster
+of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size
+118 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+118 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+118 with
+3305 and a cluster of size 132 with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3305 and a cluster of size 132 with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3305 and a cluster of size 132 with a
+positive fraction of Point quadruple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive fraction of Point quadruple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive fraction of Point quadruple
+3 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we be
+happy does our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy does our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy does our
+clustering tell us anything somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering tell us anything somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering tell us anything somehow
+correspond to the expected outcome for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the expected outcome for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the expected outcome for
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+here probably not right those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here probably not right those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here probably not right those numbers
+are pretty much indistinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty much indistinguishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty much indistinguishable
+statistically and you'd have to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically and you'd have to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically and you'd have to guess
+that the fraction of positives in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fraction of positives in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fraction of positives in the
+whole population is around 33 right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole population is around 33 right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole population is around 33 right that
+about third of these people died of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about third of these people died of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about third of these people died of
+their heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heart
+attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack
+and I might as well have assigned them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I might as well have assigned them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I might as well have assigned them
+randomly to the two clusters right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly to the two clusters right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly to the two clusters right
+there's not much difference between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much difference between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much difference between this
+and what you would get with the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you would get with the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you would get with the random
+result well why do we think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true because I didn't scale right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because I didn't scale right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because I didn't scale right and so
+one of the issues we had to deal with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the issues we had to deal with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the issues we had to deal with is
+well age had a big dynamic range and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well age had a big dynamic range and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well age had a big dynamic range and say
+St elevation which I told you was highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St elevation which I told you was highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St elevation which I told you was highly
+diagnostic was either zero or one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic was either zero or one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic was either zero or one and so
+probably everything is getting swamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably everything is getting swamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably everything is getting swamped
+by age or something else right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by age or something else right all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by age or something else right all right
+so we have an easy way to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an easy way to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an easy way to fix
+that we'll just uh scale the data now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll just uh scale the data now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll just uh scale the data now
+let's see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get uh all right right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting with casting rule good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting with casting rule good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting with casting rule good
+grief that caught me by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh good thing I have the answers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good thing I have the answers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good thing I have the answers in
+PowerPoint to show you because the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint to show you because the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint to show you because the code
+doesn't seem to be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more NOP all right well in the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more NOP all right well in the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more NOP all right well in the interest
+of getting through this lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting through this lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting through this lecture on
+schedule we'll go look at the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule we'll go look at the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule we'll go look at the results
+that we get I got last time I ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I
+scaled um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled um
+what we see here is that now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here is that now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here is that now there's a
+pretty dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic
+difference right one of the Clusters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right one of the Clusters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right one of the Clusters is
+a much higher fraction of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much higher fraction of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much higher fraction of positive
+patients than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients than
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+um but it's still a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's still a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's still a bit
+problematic so this has pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic so this has pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic so this has pretty
+good specificity or positive predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good specificity or positive predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good specificity or positive predictive
+value but its sensitivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but its sensitivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but its sensitivity is
+lousy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy
+um remember a third of our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember a third of our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember a third of our initial
+population more or less was positive 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population more or less was positive 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population more or less was positive 26
+is way less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is way less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is way less than a
+third so in fact I've got a class a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so in fact I've got a class a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so in fact I've got a class a
+cluster that is strongly enriched but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster that is strongly enriched but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster that is strongly enriched but
+I'm still lumping most of the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still lumping most of the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still lumping most of the positive
+patients into the other cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact there are 83
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there are 83
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there are 83
+positives uh or some code to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives uh or some code to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives uh or some code to do that and
+so we see that of the 83
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that of the 83
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that of the 83
+positives only this class is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives only this class is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives only this class is which is
+70% positive only has 26 in it to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70% positive only has 26 in it to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70% positive only has 26 in it to start
+with it so I'm clearly missing most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so I'm clearly missing most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so I'm clearly missing most of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+positives so why well my hypothesis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives so why well my hypothesis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives so why well my hypothesis was
+that different subgroups of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different subgroups of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different subgroups of positive
+patients have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+characteristics and so we could test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and so we could test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and so we could test
+this by trying other values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by trying other values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by trying other values of
+K to see with we would get more clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to see with we would get more clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to see with we would get more clusters
+so here I said let's try k equal 2 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six and here's what I got when I ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so what you'll notice here as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what you'll notice here as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what you'll notice here as we
+get uh to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh to say
+four that I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clusters this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters this
+one and this one which are heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this one which are heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this one which are heavily
+enriched with positive patients 26 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched with positive patients 26 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched with positive patients 26 as
+before in the first one but 76
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in the first one but 76
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in the first one but 76
+patients in the third one so I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in the third one so I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in the third one so I'm now
+getting a much higher fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a much higher fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a much higher fraction of
+patients in one of the quote risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in one of the quote risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in one of the quote risky
+clusters and I can continue to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and I can continue to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and I can continue to do
+that um but it if I look at k equal 6 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but it if I look at k equal 6 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but it if I look at k equal 6 we
+now look at the positive clusters there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the positive clusters there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the positive clusters there
+are three of them significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three of them significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three of them significantly
+positive but I'm not really getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but I'm not really getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but I'm not really getting a
+lot more patients total so maybe four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more patients total so maybe four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more patients total so maybe four is
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+answer so what you see here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so what you see here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so what you see here is that
+we have at least two parameters to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have at least two parameters to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have at least two parameters to play
+with scaling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with scaling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with scaling and
+K even though I was only wanted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K even though I was only wanted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K even though I was only wanted a
+structure that would separate the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that would separate the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that would separate the risk
+high risk patients from the lower risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk patients from the lower risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk patients from the lower risk
+which is why I started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I started with
+two I later discovered that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I later discovered that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I later discovered that in fact
+there were multiple reasons for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were multiple reasons for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were multiple reasons for being
+high-risk and so maybe one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risk and so maybe one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risk and so maybe one of these
+clusters is heavily enriched by old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters is heavily enriched by old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters is heavily enriched by old
+people maybe another one is heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people maybe another one is heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people maybe another one is heavily
+enriched by people who have had three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched by people who have had three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched by people who have had three
+heart attacks in the past or St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attacks in the past or St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attacks in the past or St
+elevation or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation or some
+combination and when I had only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and when I had only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and when I had only two
+clusters I couldn't get that fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters I couldn't get that fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters I couldn't get that fine
+gradation so this is what data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradation so this is what data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradation so this is what data
+scientists spend their time doing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists spend their time doing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists spend their time doing when
+they're doing clustering is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing clustering is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing clustering is they
+actually have multiple parameters they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have multiple parameters they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have multiple parameters they
+try different things out they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try different things out they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try different things out they look at
+the results and that's why you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results and that's why you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results and that's why you actually
+have to think to manipulate data rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think to manipulate data rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think to manipulate data rather
+than just push a button and wait for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just push a button and wait for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just push a button and wait for the
+answer all right more of this General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all right more of this General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all right more of this General
+topic on Wednesday when we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic on Wednesday when we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic on Wednesday when we're going to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+classification thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fsvkE3cR1Aw.txt b/fsvkE3cR1Aw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0010d6c193809aca01c092059835603a294bd7ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fsvkE3cR1Aw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+in this chapter we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this chapter we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this chapter we will talk about
+neutrinos and we'll start the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos and we'll start the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos and we'll start the discussion
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+relatively simple introduction um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple introduction um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple introduction um how
+does the neutrino look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the neutrino look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the neutrino look in
+the standard model and how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model and how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model and how does it
+interact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact um
+we have discussed the neutrino already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discussed the neutrino already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discussed the neutrino already
+quite a bit so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit so this is
+more or less a summary in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less a summary in the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less a summary in the standard
+model the neutrino is massless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the neutrino is massless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the neutrino is massless
+it's a massless particle and it acts via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a massless particle and it acts via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a massless particle and it acts via
+the weak interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak interaction
+so it interacts with w bosons and with z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it interacts with w bosons and with z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it interacts with w bosons and with z
+bosons and specifically it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosons and specifically it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosons and specifically it does not
+interact with photons or blue ones um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with photons or blue ones um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with photons or blue ones um
+you know if you look at the lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you look at the lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you look at the lagrangian
+or try to write down the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or try to write down the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or try to write down the current
+uh we find that there is a charge guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we find that there is a charge guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we find that there is a charge guard
+we have a w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a w
+and there's a neutral current via the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a neutral current via the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a neutral current via the z
+boson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boson
+it's quite interesting to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite interesting to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite interesting to think about
+those two currents a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two currents a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two currents a little bit more
+so in case of a charged current um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in case of a charged current um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in case of a charged current um
+we for example have an incoming neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we for example have an incoming neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we for example have an incoming neutrino
+we can determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can determine
+the flavor the kind of neutrino we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flavor the kind of neutrino we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flavor the kind of neutrino we have
+we are detecting the flavor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are detecting the flavor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are detecting the flavor of the
+lepton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lepton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lepton
+so if we for example identify an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we for example identify an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we for example identify an
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+in this interaction then the initial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interaction then the initial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interaction then the initial in
+the interaction the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction the initial
+neutrino was an electron neutrino while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino was an electron neutrino while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino was an electron neutrino while
+for the neutral current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the neutral current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the neutral current
+when we have um you know some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have um you know some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have um you know some sort of
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+happening we cannot identify directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening we cannot identify directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening we cannot identify directly
+the neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrino
+hence we cannot find the flavor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence we cannot find the flavor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence we cannot find the flavor of the
+neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino
+you can just measure the sum of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just measure the sum of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just measure the sum of all
+flavors of neutrinos in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors of neutrinos in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors of neutrinos in the
+nutrient count on that story neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrient count on that story neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrient count on that story neutrinos
+have three flavors they come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three flavors they come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three flavors they come in
+electron flavor muon flavor or tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron flavor muon flavor or tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron flavor muon flavor or tau
+flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neutrinos are left-handed anti-neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos are left-handed anti-neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos are left-handed anti-neutrinos
+are right-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right-handed
+um so that's the story that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's the story that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's the story that's
+how neutrinos are characterized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how neutrinos are characterized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how neutrinos are characterized in the
+standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model
+in the standard model we can in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the standard model we can in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the standard model we can in the
+content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+in in the framework we set up um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the framework we set up um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the framework we set up um we can
+calculate cross-sections scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate cross-sections scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate cross-sections scattering
+cross-sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections
+and here we are looking at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we are looking at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we are looking at you know
+neutrino nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino nuclear
+nuclei scattering again we can split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei scattering again we can split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei scattering again we can split
+this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up
+um in the charged current in neutral car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the charged current in neutral car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the charged current in neutral car
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+but they go very much in in parallel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they go very much in in parallel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they go very much in in parallel so
+we have elastic scattering or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have elastic scattering or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have elastic scattering or in the
+case of the charged current we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the charged current we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the charged current we talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+quasi-elastic scattering where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-elastic scattering where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-elastic scattering where we have
+an incoming neutrino let's say a mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incoming neutrino let's say a mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incoming neutrino let's say a mu
+neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino
+hitting a neutron producing a muon and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting a neutron producing a muon and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting a neutron producing a muon and a
+proton it's called quasi elastic because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton it's called quasi elastic because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton it's called quasi elastic because
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+not break up the target but we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not break up the target but we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not break up the target but we change
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+um it's it's kind so we change from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's kind so we change from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's kind so we change from a
+neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron
+to a proton in this case while for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a proton in this case while for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a proton in this case while for the
+elastic scattering the neutron just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering the neutron just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering the neutron just
+stays intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays intact
+we can also have nuclear resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also have nuclear resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also have nuclear resonant
+production where we hit the nuclei and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production where we hit the nuclei and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production where we hit the nuclei and
+then inside the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inside the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inside the nuclei
+we produce a meson like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produce a meson like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produce a meson like a
+neutral or charged pion and also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral or charged pion and also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral or charged pion and also that
+possible in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in the
+in the neutral current exchange and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neutral current exchange and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neutral current exchange and then
+we have deep inelastic scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have deep inelastic scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have deep inelastic scattering
+uh where we we hit a nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we we hit a nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we we hit a nuclei
+a nucleon that hard that would start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nucleon that hard that would start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nucleon that hard that would start
+breaking it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it up
+and in this case you know we scatter off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case you know we scatter off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case you know we scatter off
+the quark and we produce a new quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quark and we produce a new quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quark and we produce a new quark
+in the charge current interaction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the charge current interaction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the charge current interaction in the
+same quad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same quad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same quad
+in the neutral carbon interaction um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neutral carbon interaction um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neutral carbon interaction um
+so you know this is not different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this is not different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this is not different from
+the stories we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stories we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stories we had before
+the intriguing part about studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intriguing part about studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intriguing part about studying
+neutrino scattering is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino scattering is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino scattering is that
+we do know that we haven't we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know that we haven't we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know that we haven't we have
+weak interactions being being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak interactions being being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak interactions being being the
+dominant both being the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant both being the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant both being the process
+while if we um use photons to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while if we um use photons to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while if we um use photons to interact
+or we have electrons being intact and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we have electrons being intact and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we have electrons being intact and we
+can have a mixture of weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a mixture of weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a mixture of weak
+and weak and electromagnetic interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weak and electromagnetic interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weak and electromagnetic interaction
+another important takeaway from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important takeaway from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important takeaway from this
+slide is that when we calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is that when we calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is that when we calculate
+cross-section we find that a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section we find that a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section we find that a linear
+increase in the cross-section as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the cross-section as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the cross-section as a
+function of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the energy
+so while cross-sections for neutrino are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while cross-sections for neutrino are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while cross-sections for neutrino are
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+at higher energy those cross sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at higher energy those cross sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at higher energy those cross sections
+scale linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale linearly
+as we can discuss this for neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can discuss this for neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can discuss this for neutrino
+scattering with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering with
+nuclei and nucleons you can also look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and nucleons you can also look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and nucleons you can also look at
+neutrinos scattering with electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos scattering with electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos scattering with electrons
+directly there's a lot of electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly there's a lot of electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly there's a lot of electrons in
+the matter around us and when neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter around us and when neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter around us and when neutrinos
+travel through this matter they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through this matter they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through this matter they can
+interact with electrons too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with electrons too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with electrons too
+and they can leave in the charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can leave in the charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can leave in the charged
+current interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current interaction
+a muon and an electron neutrino and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a muon and an electron neutrino and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a muon and an electron neutrino and a
+neutral current interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral current interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral current interaction
+an electron in the mirror nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in the mirror nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in the mirror nitrogen
+also here you see cross-section total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here you see cross-section total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here you see cross-section total
+cross-section scale with s with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section scale with s with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section scale with s with the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+good that's the first first introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's the first first introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's the first first introduction
+to neutrino physics we'll go into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neutrino physics we'll go into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neutrino physics we'll go into more
+detail in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presentations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gA1ZO0xBiYg.txt b/gA1ZO0xBiYg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8676248a101aa09974998567d940ffb67a0229f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gA1ZO0xBiYg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3211 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: --afternoon.
+
+Our main subject for today
+is the fine structure
+
+of atoms, when spin couples and
+we bring spin into the picture.
+
+And if time permits,
+a Lamb shift.
+
+But before I get
+started, I just want
+
+to finish up our topic of the
+last class, which was helium.
+
+And I said for many,
+many years, we only
+
+discussed single electron atoms,
+but I introduced the helium
+
+atom into the curriculum because
+there are two aspects which
+
+are really new and
+which we can learn
+
+from helium with a
+more simple example.
+
+One was the fact of
+how the spin leads
+
+to interactions even if nothing
+couples directly to the spin.
+
+And we discussed it last
+class that because we
+
+have singlet and triplet
+states, they impose symmetry
+
+or anti-symmetry onto the
+spatial wave function.
+
+And that makes a big
+difference in the energy.
+
+And it is sort of this
+big Coulomb energy, which
+
+is connected to spin,
+which is actually
+
+responsible for
+magnetism in nature.
+
+The second aspect, the
+second new feature,
+
+which is, of course,
+also related to spin
+
+is the presence of singlet
+and triplet states.
+
+And it gives me an
+opportunity-- and this
+
+was the last point we
+discussed on Wednesday--
+
+to raise the question,
+what can cause
+
+a transition from
+triplet to singlet?
+
+And at the end of
+Wednesday's lecture,
+
+we discussed the question,
+what kind of couplings
+
+would allow you want to drive
+a transition from triplet
+
+to singlet?
+
+And at least based on the
+clicker result, for most of you
+
+the surprising answer was none.
+
+Optical fields, not.
+
+Rotating fields, not.
+
+Within the approximation
+we have so far-- namely,
+
+just a Hamiltonian with
+Coulomb interaction--
+
+there is nothing
+in the system which
+
+connects the singlet
+to the triplet world.
+
+Well, there is a
+very weak transition,
+
+but the lifetime of
+the triplet counts
+
+it in helium, as I will
+tell you a little bit later,
+
+is 8,000 seconds.
+
+It's extremely long life.
+
+We have an extreme form
+of metastability here.
+
+Just an anecdote.
+
+In the early days
+when people learned
+
+about the structure of atoms,
+they looked at spectra.
+
+And they never
+found any line which
+
+was connecting the singlet
+states with the triplet states.
+
+So it looked like if there were
+two different forms of helium,
+
+orthohelium and parahelium.
+
+So people even
+believed for a while
+
+there were two kinds
+of helium in nature
+
+because they seemed to be
+completely disconnected.
+
+But as we know now,
+of course, this simply
+
+reflects the high
+degree of metastability.
+
+I want to emphasize
+before I give you
+
+the general framework and the
+symmetry, spatial symmetry
+
+and spin symmetry,
+and we discuss all
+
+that in exchange
+symmetry-- I want
+
+to emphasize what I said
+at the end of the lecture
+
+on Wednesday.
+
+If you try to drive a transition
+between singlet and triplet,
+
+if you use a rotating magnetic
+field, you can't do that.
+
+Because a rotating magnetic
+field couples to the total
+
+spin.
+
+It just makes the
+total spin precess
+
+around the axis of
+the magnetic field.
+
+But what the magnetic
+field will never do
+
+is break up the relative
+angle between the two spins.
+
+And in a triplet state,
+the two spins are aligned.
+
+In the singlet states,
+they are anti-aligned.
+
+And with a magnetic
+field, you address
+
+both spins simultaneously.
+
+They precess together,
+and you can never
+
+change the angle
+between the two.
+
+So a singlet-triplet
+transition really
+
+requires that you go deeper.
+
+You really have a handle on the
+spins relative to each other.
+
+Let me make a second comment
+about the possibility
+
+of doing an optical transition.
+
+An optical transition, at least
+in the dipole approximation,
+
+has an electric field
+acting on the dipole moment
+
+of the electron.
+
+There is no spin involved.
+
+And let me sort of accentuate
+it by saying, you should really
+
+have in your mind that, at
+least in dipole approximation,
+
+the laser, the light, optical
+beams, do not couple to spin.
+
+The only couple to the spatial
+part of the wave function.
+
+And that has important
+consequences.
+
+In a lot of our research,
+we do Raman transitions.
+
+And with a Raman transition,
+we do spin flips.
+
+So how can a laser, or two
+laser beams through a Raman
+
+transition, flip the
+spin if the laser is not
+
+talking to the spin
+degree of freedom?
+
+Well, if you have
+a Raman transition
+
+and you excite a state which
+has spin orbit coupling,
+
+you excite the atom.
+
+The spin does nothing
+during the excitation.
+
+But then in the
+intermediate state,
+
+spin and angular momentum may be
+coupled by spin orbit coupling.
+
+And the spin is
+starting to precess
+
+due to spin orbit coupling.
+
+And then the spin
+rotates, and then
+
+the second leg of
+the Raman transition
+
+transfers the atoms back
+to the ground state,
+
+but now the spin has rotated.
+
+But it is never the laser
+which rotates the spin.
+
+What should be immediately
+clear from that
+
+is if you try to
+have a spin flip
+
+Raman transition in an atom
+which has no spin orbit
+
+coupling don't
+even look for that.
+
+It doesn't exist.
+
+Anyway, we just
+encountered it here
+
+and I want to tell
+you that there is even
+
+more general
+consequences of that.
+
+But let's now go back
+to the helium atom
+
+and look at the
+spatial symmetry which
+
+comes, of course,
+because operators
+
+are symmetric with regard
+to the two electrons.
+
+So what we have is we
+have the total spin
+
+is the sum of the spins of
+electron 1 and electron 2.
+
+And all spin operators--
+the spin operator s
+
+and its components-- are
+symmetric against particle
+
+exchange.
+
+In other words, if
+you couple to the spin
+
+through a magnetic field, you
+couple to the two electrons
+
+symmetrically.
+
+And therefore, you
+have the selection
+
+rule that only symmetric and
+symmetric and anti-symmetric
+
+and anti-symmetric
+states couple.
+
+Or, to express the same result
+in different words, both
+
+the spatial and the spin
+symmetry, each of them
+
+can be symmetric
+and anti-symmetric.
+
+Of course, the product of
+them has to be anti-symmetric
+
+because we're talking
+about fermions.
+
+So both of these symmetries
+are good quantum numbers.
+
+Or more formally, all
+observables commute
+
+with the particle
+exchange operator.
+
+So any arbitrary
+observable commute.
+
+So the commutator of the
+particle exchange operator
+
+vanishes.
+
+OK.
+
+But now, what is special
+to the approximation
+
+in which we have treated helium?
+
+As long as wave
+functions and operators
+
+separate into spin-dependent
+and space-dependent parts.
+
+The wave function
+had a spatial part,
+
+and then we multiplied
+with a spin wave function.
+
+So the wave function
+factor-wise separated
+
+into a spin part
+and a spatial part.
+
+Also, the operators.
+
+If you have operator
+for total spin,
+
+if you have operator
+for dipole moment,
+
+the operators are
+either addressing
+
+the spatial degree of freedom
+or the spin degree of freedom.
+
+So as long as this
+is the case, we
+
+have an even extended
+conservation law
+
+for both spin exchange for
+an exchange of the particles
+
+in the spatial domain
+and in the spin domain.
+
+So as long as wave
+functions and operators
+
+separate into spin and
+space-dependent parts,
+
+then the particle
+exchange operator
+
+can be regarded as the product
+of an exchange operator which
+
+only acts on the
+spatial wave function
+
+and on the spin part
+of the wave function.
+
+And both quantum numbers
+for spin exchange--
+
+symmetric/anti-symmetric--
+and for exchange of particles
+
+in the spatial part
+of the wave function,
+
+symmetric or anti-symmetric--
+are conserved.
+
+So often, we discuss
+symmetries and the reason
+
+why something is
+conserved because then we
+
+can think about
+how to evaluate it.
+
+Often, you can say,
+conservation laws
+
+are often written down just
+as a way to think about.
+
+How can we break them?
+
+And in this case, we can
+break this symmetries
+
+which doesn't allow transitions
+between singlet and triplet.
+
+We have to break them to
+get intercombination lines.
+
+So in order to get a singlet
+to triplet transition,
+
+it's only possible
+when we violate
+
+the assumptions we
+have just discussed.
+
+And of course, an assumption was
+that the wave function factors
+
+into spin part and spatial part.
+
+But when spin and
+spatial wave functions
+
+are mixed-- for
+instance, by spin
+
+orbit coupling-- then the
+assumptions we have discussed
+
+are no longer valid.
+
+So what we need
+is, for instance,
+
+a mixing of spin and
+spatial wave functions
+
+by spin orbit coupling.
+
+Well, as we will
+learn later today,
+
+spin orbit coupling
+is, actually,
+
+a relativistic effect.
+
+It naturally arises
+in the Dirac equation.
+
+And it scales with-- the
+nuclear charge is z to the 4.
+
+So therefore in helium,
+it is very, very weak.
+
+Therefore, the triplet ground
+state is extremely long-lived.
+
+The lifetime in helium
+is 8,000 seconds.
+
+It's one of the most
+longest-lived metastable states
+
+you can imagine and which
+you find in atomic physics.
+
+Now, since spin orbit coupling
+becomes rapidly stronger
+
+with nuclear charge, you would
+expect the metastable lifetime
+
+to be much shorter
+for the analogous
+
+state in the other rare gases.
+
+And indeed, the
+other rare gasses
+
+are on the order of 40 seconds.
+
+You have other atoms where you
+have singlet and triplet lines.
+
+We need two electrons
+and the two spins
+
+can form singlet or triplet.
+
+So that naturally
+also happens in atoms
+
+which are in the second
+column of the periodic table.
+
+Magnesium, calcium, strontium
+have intercombination lines.
+
+And they are actually very
+relevant in current research
+
+because these are candidates
+for atomic clocks.
+
+In those atoms--
+magnesium, calcium,
+
+strontium-- physics
+is more complicated.
+
+The line width is
+typically kilohertz.
+
+But that's probably
+just what you want.
+
+If the line width is kilohertz,
+the lifetime is millisecond.
+
+You still have a
+matrix element that you
+
+can drive the transition
+and observe it.
+
+For an atomic clock, you
+don't want a transition
+
+which is thousands of seconds
+or half the age of the universe
+
+because it's too weak to be
+observed, to weak to be driven.
+
+So intercombination
+lines of kilohertz,
+
+line widths of few
+hundred Hertz or such,
+
+are almost ideal for
+optical atomic clocks.
+
+Any questions?
+
+So maybe then I should just
+entertain you for a few minutes
+
+about, how do you measure
+an 8,000 second lifetime?
+
+Well, there is a recent paper.
+
+Insert Picture.
+
+Desktop.
+
+There's a recent
+paper a few years ago,
+
+Physical Review
+Letters, determination
+
+of the lifetime of
+metastable helium.
+
+Traditionally, people
+have measured the lifetime
+
+of metastable helium
+in the following way.
+
+No, they haven't observed
+helium for 8,000 seconds.
+
+Because if you have helium
+in the metastable state,
+
+maybe after a few seconds there
+is some collisions-- collision
+
+or deactivation.
+
+8,000 seconds, you
+would just have
+
+many, many systematic effects.
+
+What people did is
+they put some atoms
+
+into the metastable state,
+measured the number of excited
+
+atoms, and then-- maybe
+during 100 milliseconds,
+
+1 out of 80,000
+atoms should decay.
+
+And by determining what
+small fraction of the atoms
+
+has decayed, or how
+many photons you observe
+
+in 100 milliseconds divided
+by the total number of atoms,
+
+that's how you can
+measure the lifetime.
+
+Of course, the
+problem is, yes, you
+
+can measure the
+number of photons.
+
+But if you want to divide
+by the number of atoms,
+
+you have to know very accurately
+how many atoms you have.
+
+And this Australian group
+used the very clever trick
+
+to eliminate this uncertainty.
+
+And this is as follows.
+
+We have this extremely
+long-lived 8,000 seconds
+
+lifetime here.
+
+And this is the transition.
+
+But you can now excite the atom
+to the triplet P0 state, which
+
+is also sort of--
+it's a triplet state.
+
+Well, I assume because
+it is a P state,
+
+it has been orbit coupling.
+
+The lifetime is-- well,
+for an atom is very long.
+
+Typically, atoms
+decay in nanoseconds.
+
+But this lifetime
+is milliseconds.
+
+So what they did is they
+just excited all the atoms
+
+with a strongly saturating laser
+to the triplet P0 transition.
+
+And then within a
+few milliseconds,
+
+all the atoms emitted.
+
+And so all they had to
+do is measure accurately
+
+the ratio of the VUV photons
+emitted by the triplet ground
+
+state and by the
+triplet P0 state.
+
+And then the number
+of atoms canceled out.
+
+All they had to do is measure
+the ratio of 2 VUV intensities.
+
+So based on that research
+now, we have higher accuracy
+
+on the lifetime of
+metastable helium.
+
+The question is
+when I said we have
+
+to violate the above
+assumptions to get
+
+any decay between
+singlet and triplet.
+
+Metastable helium,
+pretty much everything
+
+you can think about
+it is forbidden.
+
+So for a long time,
+people believed
+
+it was a two-photon transition.
+
+One-photon transition
+was forbidden,
+
+but a two-photon
+transition was allowed.
+
+We know now that
+the decay path is
+
+one photon in one transition.
+
+Magnetic dipole transition.
+
+If you don't know what M1 is, we
+discuss it later in the course.
+
+But you may find it interesting
+that until rather recently,
+
+it was not clear what
+the decay path is.
+
+Well, recently means
+probably a few decades ago.
+
+But for a long time,
+it wasn't even clear
+
+and the calculations
+were not accurate enough
+
+what was the mechanism by
+which the metastable count
+
+state of helium could decay.
+
+When I prepared the class,
+I wanted to sort of give you
+
+a simple picture
+and say, hey, it
+
+is this mechanism which
+causes the transition
+
+from the triplet ground state
+to the singlet ground state,
+
+but I couldn't find
+a simple operator.
+
+It seems a little
+bit more complicated.
+
+The best I can tell you is
+that the decay path requires
+
+higher-order terms using the
+Dirac equation with coupling
+
+to the electromagnetic field.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes, Nancy.
+
+AUDIENCE: In the measurement
+of the lifetime of that state,
+
+what is the limiting factor?
+
+What makes this measurement
+to be not more precise?
+
+PROFESSOR: Here
+is the reference.
+
+I mean, this was a
+highly-accurate measurement
+
+for that it improved all
+previous measurements.
+
+What the current limit of
+accuracy is, I don't remember.
+
+But for instance, they had to
+put all atoms into the excited
+
+state or by strong saturation.
+
+Of course, saturation
+is never complete.
+
+Maybe there's a
+limitation to that.
+
+Finally, you have to
+measure the ratio of photons
+
+emitted by that state and
+emitted by that state.
+
+Well, they're both
+in the vacuum UV,
+
+but you may have a
+systematic effect
+
+if your photo-detector has a
+slightly different detection
+
+efficiency for 58
+nanometer and 62 nanometer.
+
+Nothing is perfect,
+but I really have
+
+to refer you to the
+reference for details.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's pretty
+much what I wanted
+
+to tell you about electronic
+structure, the hydrogen
+
+atom and special features
+about the helium atom.
+
+So we can now proceed from
+electronic energies, which
+
+were on the order of Rydberg.
+
+Or remember atomic units, fine
+structure constant squared
+
+times rest mass of the electron.
+
+So we've taken care
+of those energies
+
+and now we want to take
+care of smaller corrections.
+
+And what we discuss next is
+the fine structure and the Lamb
+
+shift.
+
+So this is now the title of our
+next chapter, Fine Structure
+
+and Lamb Shift.
+
+The fine structure energies
+are alpha square times smaller
+
+than the Rydberg.
+
+So they're on the order of
+alpha to the 4 mc squared.
+
+And well, if I write that as
+alpha square Rydberg, which
+
+is the same, but it may--
+this explains to you
+
+why alpha is called the
+fine structure constant.
+
+People had learned about the
+hydrogen spectrum, Bohr's model
+
+and all that, and then they
+found finer corrections.
+
+And those finer
+corrections were on a scale
+
+alpha square times smaller.
+
+And the constant
+which appears here,
+
+alpha, was called the
+fine structure constant
+
+because it described the
+structure of the fine structure
+
+corrections and the fine
+structure splittings.
+
+Of course if you want, you
+can make the fine structure
+
+constant already appear
+for electronic energies.
+
+But this simply
+reflects that I have
+
+used the rest mass
+of the electron
+
+as a reference energy,
+which unless you want
+
+to discuss fundamental
+units doesn't make
+
+any sense because c,
+the speed of light,
+
+it does not appear in
+the electronic structure
+
+as we discussed earlier.
+
+So therefore, the fine
+structure constant
+
+does enter the picture only when
+we now discuss fine structure
+
+corrections, fine
+structure splittings.
+
+The Lamb shift, which
+we will then discuss,
+
+is even higher order.
+
+It's alpha to the fifth.
+
+But just to tell
+you, the Lamb shift
+
+is on the order of a gigahertz.
+
+And you know that standard
+precision in all of your labs
+
+is now megahertz or better.
+
+So the lamb shift, also
+it's alpha to the fifth,
+
+is a big effect on the scale
+of how we understand and prove
+
+the structure of atoms today.
+
+OK, so let's talk about
+the fine structure.
+
+You will actually find
+a complete discussion
+
+of the fine structure
+in several textbooks
+
+on quantum mechanics--
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+What I want to do here is
+to have a careful discussion
+
+of the physical origin and
+provide a clear understanding
+
+what is responsible
+for the fine structure.
+
+So if you just want to
+get an accurate result,
+
+there's only one
+thing you have to do--
+
+solve the Dirac equation.
+
+The solution of the Dirac
+equation for the hydrogen atom
+
+gives us the
+electronic structure,
+
+the same as comes out
+of the Bohr model,
+
+but now including
+the fine structure.
+
+So it's nice.
+
+It just comes out.
+
+You don't have to put in the
+spin of the electron by hand.
+
+It comes out automatically.
+
+But it also comes
+out as a result
+
+and you don't fully understand
+what is the origin of that.
+
+Because you've just
+treated everything fully
+
+relativistically.
+
+So what I want to
+show you here is
+
+I want to show you
+that we can distinguish
+
+three contributions.
+
+There are three
+physical effects which
+
+all come in at the level
+alpha to the 4 mc squared.
+
+One is relativistic corrections
+to the kinetic energy.
+
+The second one is
+spin orbit coupling.
+
+And then there is
+a third one, which
+
+goes by the name Darwin term.
+
+And we can get this
+physical insight
+
+and obtain those
+three terms separately
+
+when we use what
+is called the Pauli
+
+approximation to
+the Dirac equation.
+
+If you do the so-called
+Pauli approximation
+
+to the Dirac
+equation, you simply
+
+expand the Dirac equation
+in powers of v/c.
+
+And then you get the Schrodinger
+equations plus correction
+
+terms.
+
+And what you obtain
+then is a Hamiltonian,
+
+which is the rest energy,
+which is constant;
+
+the non-relativistic kinetic
+energy, the Coulomb energy.
+
+But then, we have
+three more terms.
+
+And these are the
+three contributions
+
+to the fine structure.
+
+One is kinetic
+energy is p squared,
+
+but now there is a higher-order
+relativistic contribution,
+
+p to the 4.
+
+Then, there is a term,
+spin orbit coupling term.
+
+And then there is
+the third term,
+
+which will we identify
+as the Darwin term.
+
+Laplace operator
+e squared over r.
+
+So we have a kinetic
+energy correction.
+
+We have a spin orbit correction
+and we a Darwin term.
+
+And what we want to do in
+the next 45 minutes or so is
+
+we want to look
+at each of those.
+
+Any questions?
+
+The kinetic energy contribution
+is the simple expansion.
+
+You can get it from the
+Pauli approximation.
+
+You take the Dirac
+creation and deal
+
+with all the operators
+in the Dirac equation
+
+and do an expansion.
+
+But you can also just
+lean back and say, OK,
+
+what is the kinetic energy?
+
+And use the relativistic form
+of the kinetic energy, which
+
+is rest energy and pc squared.
+
+The square root of it.
+
+And if you say the kinetic
+energy is the energy minus mc
+
+squared, and then you take the
+full relativistic expression
+
+for the total energy minus 1.
+
+And now you do a Taylor
+expansion of the square root.
+
+You find the non-relativistic
+kinetic energy.
+
+And the first correction term
+with all the correct prefactors
+
+is this one.
+
+So this is the relativistic
+energy correction
+
+in the Pauli equation.
+
+That's all we have to say.
+
+The second term is
+spin orbit interaction.
+
+And as such, it is, I would say,
+more interesting because it now
+
+really addresses the spin.
+
+So yes, the term comes
+from the Dirac equation
+
+and appears separately
+as an identifiable term
+
+if you do the
+Pauli approximation
+
+to the Dirac equation.
+
+So I could just stop there and
+say, here, that's what it is.
+
+But I think it's insightful if
+I re-derive this term for you
+
+by using a physical picture.
+
+What do we have to add to the
+Schrodinger equation to get it?
+
+What we have to add to the
+Schrodinger equation is,
+
+of course, we have to put in
+that the electron has a spin.
+
+The Dirac equation is
+formulated in spin.
+
+It's automatically formulated
+for spin 1/2 particles.
+
+But if you start with
+the Schrodinger equation,
+
+you can first write it down
+for a spin-less particle,
+
+and now you have to
+add the spin by hand.
+
+So we have to add to the
+Schrodinger equation,
+
+or to the Bohr
+model, that we have
+
+an electron with
+an intrinsic spin.
+
+And the spin will couple
+to the rest of the world
+
+because it has a magnetic
+moment which is the g factor.
+
+We'll talk about g factors
+later in more detail.
+
+The Bohr magneton
+times the spin.
+
+If you add it to the
+Schrodinger equation,
+
+we have to assume the
+experimental value
+
+or you can see the
+value of which--
+
+the approximate value
+of the exact value
+
+from the Dirac equation,
+which is a g factor of 2.
+
+So if you put in by hand
+that the electron has a spin,
+
+the spin is associated
+with the magnetic moment.
+
+Now we have a coupling
+because an electron which
+
+moves in the Coulomb
+field of the nucleus
+
+sees in its moving
+frame a magnetic field.
+
+And this magnetic field
+couples to the spin.
+
+So the moving electron "sees"
+a motional magnetic field.
+
+Well, you know when you
+have an electric field
+
+and you look at the-- you have
+an electric field in one frame
+
+and you have a second frame,
+spatial relativity, which
+
+moves with a velocity v.
+Then, in the moving frame,
+
+you observe a motional
+magnetic field.
+
+Well, our moving frame
+is now the electron.
+
+So that looks like coupling
+to the Coulomb field,
+
+but we can immediately
+write it in a form
+
+where we recognize
+angular momentum.
+
+So this is the Coulomb field.
+
+And it involves now v cross r.
+
+And v cross r is just minus L,
+the orbital angular momentum.
+
+So this is now our
+motional magnetic field.
+
+And then the spin couples to it
+and we get spin orbit coupling.
+
+By the way, an
+equivalent picture
+
+because you will
+read about it or hear
+
+about it is you can get the
+magnetic field which couples
+
+to the spin by simply
+transforming the Coulomb
+
+field into the frame
+of the moving electron.
+
+But there is a more naive
+picture which is correct, too.
+
+If you are in the
+frame of the electron,
+
+then the proton is
+orbiting around you.
+
+And the orbiting proton
+is a ring current,
+
+which creates a magnetic field.
+
+And this magnetic
+field is or it has
+
+to be the same as
+we just got by doing
+
+the relativistic transformation
+of the Coulomb field
+
+into the frame of
+the moving electron.
+
+So therefore, let me
+just leave some room
+
+because I have to add something.
+
+If we want the spin
+orbit Hamiltonian,
+
+it's now the magnetic moment
+of the electron times this B
+
+field.
+
+And just collecting the terms,
+e squared, h bar squared,
+
+m squared, c squared,
+1 over r cubed.
+
+The magnetic moment is
+proportional to s, the spin.
+
+The motional B field
+is proportional to L.
+
+And now we have the famous
+spin orbit coupling term.
+
+OK, that would be too simple.
+
+So we have to now
+consider one more thing.
+
+And this is-- I told you
+that we can transform
+
+the electric field into the
+moving frame of the electron,
+
+but those transformations
+from one Lorentz
+
+frame into the other are simple
+when you go from one frame
+
+to another and they move
+with a constant velocity
+
+relative to each other.
+
+The electron is not moving
+with a constant velocity.
+
+It actually has a
+constant acceleration
+
+because it's on
+a circular orbit.
+
+So therefore, we have to use
+the relativistic transformation
+
+between coordinate frames.
+
+And it is in textbooks
+on spatial relativity.
+
+What happens is if
+you have-- if you
+
+do relativistic transformations
+between different moving
+
+coordinate systems,
+then you find
+
+that if you have a velocity
+like this, velocity like this,
+
+and you do subsequent
+transformations,
+
+you are not just going
+into a Lorentz frame which
+
+has very solid and relativistic
+addition of the velocities.
+
+In addition, your
+final Lorentz frame
+
+is rotated against
+the first frame.
+
+So adding a number of velocities
+which are not collinear--
+
+and this is what we have
+to do if the electron goes
+
+in a circle.
+
+We have to sort of
+follow the electron,
+
+follow different
+velocities and do
+
+relativistic transformations.
+
+Several relativistic
+Lorentz transformation
+
+executed in sequence are not a
+simple Lorentz transformation,
+
+they are Lorentz
+transformation plus rotation.
+
+And that means that if
+we go-- and the result
+
+can be summarized as follows.
+
+There is a rotational
+angular velocity
+
+which can be written as follows.
+
+You see immediately
+that this term
+
+is 0 when a, acceleration,
+and velocity are the same.
+
+So if you have a moving frame
+and you accelerate the moving
+
+frame, you don't get
+this term if everything
+
+is in one dimension.
+
+But if the acceleration
+is not in one dimension--
+
+and that's the case when the
+electron goes on the circle,
+
+you get an additional
+contribution.
+
+And if the acceleration
+is constant,
+
+you get-- and this is
+on the left-hand side--
+
+a constant angular velocity.
+
+A precession velocity.
+
+And the letter T indicates that
+it's the Thomas precession.
+
+Now, we have
+learned-- and that's
+
+nice to come back to the
+beginning of this course.
+
+We have discussed that if
+you have a magnetic field,
+
+we can go into a rotating
+frame and the magnetic field
+
+disappears.
+
+Well now, due to
+relativistic kinematics,
+
+we have an additional rotation.
+
+But using the same
+argument we used
+
+at the beginning of the course,
+this additional rotation
+
+corresponds to an
+additional magnetic field.
+
+So therefore, this precession
+is identical to the effect
+
+of an additional magnetic field.
+
+So there is an
+additional magnetic field
+
+with the letter T, the
+Thomas magnetic field.
+
+Those magnetic fields are
+related to the precession
+
+frequency by the
+gyromagnetic ratio.
+
+And if we use the value for the
+electron's gyromagnetic ratio--
+
+and in addition, we use the
+fact that the acceleration
+
+term for this
+relativistic kinematics
+
+is nothing else than the
+Coulomb acceleration,
+
+then we find that the
+Thomas magnetic field is
+
+just minus 1/2 the
+motional magnetic field we
+
+derived earlier.
+
+So therefore, if
+we go back and want
+
+to find an expression for
+the spin orbit coupling,
+
+we have to use the
+magnetic field, which
+
+is the sum of the two
+contributions we discussed,
+
+the motional contribution for--
+as if the electron would move
+
+in a linear way, plus
+the Thomas precession
+
+due to the rotational motion
+due to relativistic kinematics.
+
+And this will just
+reduce the final result
+
+by a factor of 1/2.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Two questions.
+
+Small one, what letter is the
+gyromagnetic ratio denoted by?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry
+for the handwriting.
+
+We have usually used
+lowercase gamma.
+
+And the e means the electron.
+
+So gamma electron is
+the gyromagnetic ratio
+
+of the electron.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+And then my other question, or
+more substantively concern--
+
+or confused, I guess.
+
+I wasn't sure where
+the h bar comes
+
+from in the expression
+for angular momentum.
+
+One line up.
+
+You go from v cross
+r to h bar over mL.
+
+And I wasn't sure where
+the h bar came from.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+It now depends.
+
+You're correct, angular
+momentum is r cross
+
+v. r cross v gives
+angular momentum.
+
+And because it's r cross
+v and not v cross r,
+
+the minus sign is
+absorbed into it.
+
+Now, the angular
+momentum-- it depends now.
+
+It's just purely definitional.
+
+If you wanted, the
+angular momentum
+
+has eigenvalues of
+L times L plus 1,
+
+which are dimensionless, then
+we have to account for h bar
+
+explicitly.
+
+So question is, do we want
+the angular momentum operator
+
+to have this kind of
+integer, or L times L plus 1?
+
+Yeah.
+
+This integer spectrum,
+or do we want
+
+to measure-- or, do we
+want to use operators
+
+which have units of h bar?
+
+That's where the
+h bar comes from.
+
+Other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So this is spin orbit coupling.
+
+Finally, the last contribution
+to the fine structure
+
+is the Darwin term.
+
+The Darwin term is
+sort of peculiar,
+
+but there is sort of
+an intuitive picture
+
+in which I can derive it.
+
+Well, it starts by saying
+that an electron-- well, we
+
+know an electron is, as far
+as we know, a point object.
+
+But in order to derive
+the Darwin term,
+
+we assume that the
+electron is not
+
+arbitrarily
+accurately localized,
+
+but it is smeared out.
+
+And you may remember
+when I discussed
+
+fundamental units and the
+fine structure constant alpha,
+
+and I told you that the
+fact that alpha is small
+
+leads to the fact
+that people say
+
+electromagnetic
+interactions are weak.
+
+I discussed with
+you that if you want
+
+to do single-particle physics
+and do single-particle pictures
+
+and single-particle
+equations, you
+
+can never assume that a
+particle is localized better
+
+than its Compton wavelengths.
+
+If you would localize
+the particle better
+
+than the Compton
+wavelengths, it would
+
+have a momentum
+uncertainty, which
+
+would lead to an energy
+uncertainty, which
+
+is larger than its rest mass.
+
+And you get into quantum field
+theory and pair production.
+
+So at some point,
+you have to be aware
+
+that single-particle
+pictures break down
+
+when you assume a
+localization of particles
+
+better than the
+Compton wavelengths.
+
+So therefore-- and
+I'm waving my hands
+
+because it's a
+hand-waving argument.
+
+But we can derive
+the Darwin term
+
+by assuming that the electron
+is sort of smeared out
+
+over a dimension.
+
+And this dimension can only
+be the Compton wavelengths,
+
+which is h bar over mc.
+
+And there is a nice
+German word for it,
+
+how you can imagine that
+the electron is smeared out.
+
+It goes by the word
+[SPEAKING GERMAN].
+
+I think the German word is much
+nicer than its translation,
+
+which is trembling motion.
+
+So at least in this
+picture you assume
+
+that the electron is
+sort of smeared out.
+
+It's not because the
+electron has a size.
+
+It just trembles.
+
+It just trembles and that leads
+to a smear-out over the Compton
+
+wavelengths.
+
+But that implies now that
+if this trembling motion is
+
+sufficiently fast, we should not
+use in our Schrodinger equation
+
+the Coulomb potential.
+
+You should use the Coulomb
+potential which is spatially
+
+averaged over the
+Compton wavelengths.
+
+So therefore, the
+phenomenological derivation
+
+of the Darwin term goes by
+replacing the Coulomb potential
+
+in the Schrodinger equation by
+the spatially-averaged Coulomb
+
+potential.
+
+So let me now derive
+what this means.
+
+So if we assume there is a
+very small displacement s,
+
+now we can take the
+Coulomb potential
+
+and expand it into its Coulomb
+potential plus derivative times
+
+s plus the second-order
+Taylor expansion
+
+the xi, the xj component.
+
+And then we need the
+second-order derivative xi
+
+xj of the Coulomb potential.
+
+So the correction is now--
+well, if you ever reach it
+
+in an isotropic way,
+the gradient term,
+
+a linear term
+doesn't contribute.
+
+It just averages to 0.
+
+So the leading correction
+comes from the curvature term.
+
+So therefore, we have to take
+the curvature or the Laplacian
+
+of the Coulomb potential.
+
+The scale of sx squared,
+sy squared, sz squared
+
+is the Compton
+wavelength squared.
+
+And well, maybe I'm taking
+the argument of the Compton
+
+wavelengths now too literally.
+
+But at least if I want to
+carry it through, sx squared,
+
+sy squared, sz squared, each
+of them 1/3 of s absolute value
+
+squared.
+
+So if I now use the
+Coulomb potential,
+
+I obtain the result where I
+have the Laplacian of 1/r.
+
+And as you, of course,
+know is the 1/r function
+
+has a non-vanishing
+Laplacian only at the origin.
+
+So therefore, the
+correction is only valid
+
+for s electrons which have
+a non-vanishing probability
+
+to feel the origin of
+the Coulomb potential.
+
+OK, I did a lot of
+hand-waving here.
+
+And yes, those
+factors of 1/2 are
+
+the fact that the electron is
+smeared out over the Compton
+
+radius and maybe prefactors.
+
+But OK, this is the
+physical picture.
+
+You can get an exact
+result by simply taking
+
+the Dirac equation, doing the
+non-relativistic approximation,
+
+and the term which appears
+in the Pauli equation
+
+is actually the same.
+
+The only thing
+which is different
+
+is that the
+prefactor is not 1/6.
+
+The exact prefactor is 1/8.
+
+So the exact results
+actually validates
+
+that the physical
+picture we have used
+
+is at least a reasonable
+approximation.
+
+OK, so we have now--
+let us summarize.
+
+For the fine structure, we
+have three different terms.
+
+And they all have a
+different signature.
+
+We have the relativistic
+kinetic energy correction,
+
+we have the spin orbit coupling,
+and we have the Darwin term.
+
+We can now ask, which term
+contributes for an s electron?
+
+Well, relative kinetic
+energy, of course.
+
+The Darwin term is
+only for s electrons.
+
+LS does not contribute because
+an s electron has L equal 0.
+
+So if we go to p and d states,
+to states with finite angular
+
+momentum, then we get
+contribution of LS.
+
+We always get a relativistic
+kinetic energy contribution.
+
+But for finite angular momentum,
+we don't have the Darwin term.
+
+And finally, we
+can also classify
+
+those different contribution
+by asking, what is the sign?
+
+Do those corrections lower
+or increase the total energy?
+
+Well, the Darwin term
+reduces the binding energy
+
+because it sort of
+takes a cusp away
+
+from the Coulomb interaction.
+
+The kinetic energy has the
+opposite sign and spin orbit
+
+coupling is L dot S. And S can
+be parallel or anti-parallel
+
+to L. So therefore, the
+spin orbit interaction has
+
+plus or minus sign.
+
+Any questions about
+those three terms?
+
+OK.
+
+The fact that we
+have spin and we
+
+have spin orbit interaction
+means that the spin orbit
+
+interaction, L dot S is
+not diagonal in L or S.
+
+So what we have to do is
+we have to introduce now
+
+the total angular momentum
+J. And since L plus S squared
+
+equals J squared, we
+can write the product LS
+
+as 1/2 J squared minus L
+squared minus S squared.
+
+So therefore, the LS interaction
+is diagonal in the J basis.
+
+So if you couple L and S to J
+a given state of the operator
+
+J has a definite value for LS.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's put in things together.
+
+So at the beginning
+of this class,
+
+we started out with
+a hydrogen atom
+
+where-- let me just focus on
+n equals 2, where we had n
+
+equals 2.
+
+All n equals 2 states have
+the same energy, that's
+
+what comes out of the
+non-relativistic Schrodinger
+
+equation with a
+Coulomb potential.
+
+And that means we had a
+degeneracy for the 2p 1/2,
+
+for the 2p 3/2 and
+the 2s 1/2 state.
+
+If you now put in spin
+orbit interaction, well,
+
+nothing of course happens
+to the s 1/2 state
+
+because it has no
+orbital angular momentum.
+
+And then in the P
+3/2 state, L equals
+
+1, 1 unit of orbital angular
+momentum, and the spin aligned.
+
+In the p 1/2 state,
+they are anti-aligned.
+
+So therefore, the two
+terms have opposite shifts.
+
+So the p 3/2 state is shifted
+up and the p 1/2 state
+
+is shifted down.
+
+But then in the
+second step, we want
+
+to add in now the two
+other contributions
+
+to the fine structure, the
+kinetic and the Darwin term.
+
+And then, something happens
+which is really remarkable.
+
+We have split the three levels.
+
+We have lifted the degeneracy
+between the three levels.
+
+But if you now add the
+kinetic and the Darwin term,
+
+it turns out that the s
+1/2 and the p 1/2 state
+
+become exactly degenerate again.
+
+So there is still a
+degeneracy in the spectrum.
+
+If we would use a
+non-relativistic approach
+
+and derive the Darwin
+term, the spin orbit
+
+term, and the relativistic
+correction separately,
+
+there would be no reason.
+
+It would just look like a
+freak accident in nature
+
+that those two levels
+come out equal.
+
+However, it's not
+a freak accident.
+
+It's the symmetry of
+the Dirac equation.
+
+So all those corrections
+have a deep connection
+
+in relativistic physics.
+
+And relativistic physics
+preserves the degeneracy in J.
+
+So let me write that down.
+
+So the fine structure does
+not lift the degeneracy
+
+between s 1/2 and p 1/2.
+
+It turns out that when we
+use the Dirac equation,
+
+we can get an exact expression
+for the fine structure
+
+into the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And it's a principal
+quantum number.
+
+And then the fine structure only
+depends on J and not on L and S
+
+separately.
+
+So that tells us that
+eventually the spin
+
+of the electron and
+the fine structure
+
+really have deep origins
+in the relativistic nature
+
+of the underlying physics.
+
+Any questions about
+fine structure?
+
+Let me get a white
+page and draw you
+
+sort of an energy-level diagram,
+put in a few numbers which then
+
+leads us to the discussion
+of the Lamb shift.
+
+So we have hydrogenic
+energy levels with n
+
+equals 1 and n equals 2.
+
+We have s states and
+we have p states.
+
+We just discussed the fine
+structure which shifts down
+
+the energy of all those levels
+in the ground-- I mentioned
+
+that the fine structure is
+alpha to the 4 mc squared.
+
+And for the ground state,
+the prefector is minus 1/8.
+
+And this is the one-- the
+term designation is s 1/2.
+
+Here, we get the 2s 1/2 level
+and the shift is minus 5/128
+
+in the same unit alpha
+to the 4 mc squared.
+
+We have the exact
+degeneracy between the s 1/2
+
+and the 2p 1/2 state.
+
+Whereas, the p 3/2 state is
+only shifted by minus 1/128.
+
+To put in some numbers
+in electron volt,
+
+the fine structure in the ground
+state is on the order of 10
+
+to the minus 4 electron volt.
+
+The splitting here, which is
+the fine structure splitting
+
+of the p 1/2 and the
+p 3/2 state is 4 times
+
+10 to the minus 5 electron volt.
+
+So that means at the level of
+10 to the minus 4 electron volt,
+
+we understand atomic structure.
+
+Well, but we want to go further.
+
+And the next thing
+we want to discuss
+
+is that-- what is the exact
+degeneracy between s 1/2
+
+and p 1/2 is actually lifted
+when we introduce photons.
+
+When we allow the
+electrons to couple
+
+to the electromagnetic
+field, that's
+
+QED, Quantum Electrodynamics.
+
+And that introduces the
+Lamb shift, which in the n
+
+equals 2 state is
+10 to the minus 6
+
+electron volt, which is
+approximately 1 gigahertz.
+
+And that's what we
+want to derive next.
+
+Since I have this
+nice, level diagram
+
+I want to also indicate to
+you what we do next week.
+
+And this is when we
+bring in the proton.
+
+So far we have said
+there is a point charge,
+
+but the proton is a particle
+which has finite size.
+
+But also, it has finite
+angular momentum.
+
+And then we have to
+bring in fine structure.
+
+And we will learn
+that the s 1/2 ground
+
+state splits into two
+hyperfine components.
+
+And the hyperfine structure
+will be at a similar energy
+
+scale as the Lamb shift.
+
+And actually, this fine
+structure splitting
+
+is the famous 14--
+it's about 1 gigahertz.
+
+It's the famous
+1,420 megahertz line,
+
+which everybody who does
+astrophysics knows about it.
+
+It's also, in other units,
+the famous hydrogen measure,
+
+which has an emission
+line at 21 centimeter.
+
+Anyway, this is
+sort of our roadmap.
+
+We have taken care of
+everything down to 10
+
+to the minus 5 electron volts.
+
+And now we want to proceed
+today and in the next lecture
+
+to 10 to the minus 6.
+
+First, the Lamb shift, where
+we are still holding on
+
+that the nucleus is a point
+charge, has no structure.
+
+Then, we have done
+everything we can do.
+
+What happens in the Coulomb
+field of a point charge?
+
+We have the spin
+of the electron.
+
+We have QED.
+
+We have done everything.
+
+And then what remains is to put
+in the structure of the proton,
+
+which will lead us to
+hyperfine structure.
+
+Any question?
+
+OK, then let's get started
+with the Lamb shift.
+
+Just to make sure that
+you're not getting confused,
+
+there is also a lamp shift.
+
+This is actually an
+old-fashioned word
+
+for an AC Stark effect.
+
+People in the '50s
+and '60s found
+
+that spectral lines
+in a mercury discharge
+
+shifted when you took
+another mercury lamp
+
+and illuminated the mercury with
+a strong light of another lamp.
+
+So a lamp shift
+is simply a shift
+
+due to the electromagnetic
+radiation emitted by a lamp.
+
+But that's what we
+are talking about.
+
+We want to talk about
+the Lamb shift, which
+
+is named after Willis Lamb,
+who received the Nobel
+
+Prize for the discovery that
+the 2s 1/2 and the 2p 1/2
+
+level in hydrogen
+are not degenerate.
+
+And he wouldn't have
+gotten the Nobel Prize
+
+if it would have been
+simply of one little feature
+
+in the spectrum of hydrogen.
+
+But the discovery of this
+lifting of the degeneracy
+
+actually opened up the
+field for the development
+
+of quantum electrodynamics.
+
+So this was the
+experimental discovery
+
+which led to quantum
+electrodynamics.
+
+And this is why it's a
+very famous effect done
+
+by a now very famous
+man, Willis Lamb.
+
+The full description of the
+Lamb shift would require QED.
+
+And later in this course,
+we are developing the tools
+
+to do that.
+
+I don't want to do it here.
+
+I want to give you a simplified
+physical picture which actually
+
+nicely relates the Lamb shift
+to the Darwin term which
+
+we have just discussed.
+
+But sort of just in full
+disclosure, what you have to do
+
+is, if you fully quantize
+the electromagnetic field,
+
+you have a vector
+potential which
+
+describes the vacuum mode.
+
+And you have a vector
+potential, which
+
+is the operator of the
+fully-quantized field.
+
+And if you now carry out
+second-order perturbation
+
+theory in this operator A of
+the quantized electromagnetic
+
+field.
+
+In other words, you allow
+the atom or the electron
+
+in the atom to couple to all
+the empty modes of the vacuum,
+
+then you obtain the Lamb
+shift in its full beauty.
+
+This is discussed nicely in
+"Atom Photon Interaction"
+
+by Claude
+Cohen-Tannoudji, et al.
+
+So this is the nature.
+
+The nature of the Lamb
+shift is the coupling
+
+to the vacuum modes.
+
+But I want to capture that now
+in a semi-classical picture.
+
+So the picture I
+am presenting here
+
+is due to Welton
+and Viki Weisskopf.
+
+And yes, it has to address
+the nature of the Lamb shift.
+
+And this is the coupling of
+the electron to the vacuum,
+
+but the vacuum is not empty.
+
+The vacuum is filled
+with a zero point
+
+energy of the
+electromagnetic field.
+
+What we need is that we
+have electromagnetic modes
+
+and they have a
+zero point energy.
+
+And each mode has a zero
+point energy of h bar omega.
+
+And maybe before I do
+any equations, which
+
+will take five minutes
+and about one page,
+
+I should just give you
+the physical picture.
+
+I think it's much clearer
+to understand that.
+
+So the moment each
+mode has an energy,
+
+then each mode has a
+fluctuating electric field.
+
+Now what we have
+to do is we have
+
+to multiply the contribution--
+the energy of each mode
+
+by the density of modes.
+
+We have to sum over all modes.
+
+But then in the end what
+we get is an expression
+
+for the fluctuating
+electric field.
+
+And remember, in
+the Darwin term,
+
+we assumed that the electron
+is trembling by itself
+
+and is smeared out over
+the Compton wavelengths.
+
+But now in addition to
+its own trembling motion,
+
+the electron is now shaken
+by the electric field
+
+of the vacuum.
+
+And this leads to an
+additional smear out.
+
+And this is the Lamb shift.
+
+So that's what we
+want to put together.
+
+So we want to calculate
+an additional contribution
+
+to a trembling motion
+of the electron.
+
+But this time, it is driven
+by the electric field which
+
+persists even in the vacuum.
+
+So that's the Lamb shift.
+
+OK, so it's 1/2 h
+bar omega per mode.
+
+We have to use the
+density of modes.
+
+And the density is, of
+course, per unit volume
+
+and frequency interval.
+
+So we have a density.
+
+mu is the frequency
+and you probably
+
+remember that the density of
+modes scales with frequency
+
+squared.
+
+So that means the density
+of the zero point energy
+
+is 1/2 h mu per mode
+times the mode density.
+
+And this means it scales
+now with mu cubed,
+
+the frequency cubed.
+
+And since we want
+to introduce now
+
+the electric field, the
+[INAUDIBLE] electric field.
+
+If you go from electric
+field to energy,
+
+the energy density
+of the electric field
+
+is proportional to e Squared.
+
+So therefore, what we
+derive from this picture
+
+that the vacuum is filled with
+an oscillating electric field.
+
+And this oscillating
+electric field
+
+is characterized by a value, by
+a spectral density E squared,
+
+which is proportional
+to mu cubed.
+
+And if I collect the constants
+h and speed of light, it's this.
+
+So the question is, what
+does this electric field
+
+do to the electron?
+
+Well, let's not discuss the
+electron in a hydrogenic orbit.
+
+Let's, rather, discuss
+in a simplified picture,
+
+what is the effect of such
+a field on a free electron?
+
+And we will later discuss that
+for very high-frequencies,
+
+an electron can be
+regarded as free.
+
+So therefore, if s is the
+coordinate of the electron,
+
+and you drive it with an
+oscillating electric field
+
+at frequency mu, then the
+driven amplitude of the electron
+
+is the electric field.
+
+I just want to make sure we
+keep track of the powers of mu.
+
+Because we take the
+second-derivative acceleration,
+
+we get two powers of mu.
+
+So we have an extra
+mu squared term.
+
+Of course, the phase
+is random, so we're not
+
+interested in the amplitude.
+
+We are interested in sort
+of an average amplitude
+
+square or an RMS
+amplitude, which
+
+is-- the amplitude
+was proportional
+
+to the electric field.
+
+The amplitude squared is
+proportional to the square
+
+of the electric field.
+
+And our prefactor
+involves now mu to the 4.
+
+Just in the equation
+at the top, we
+
+had an expression for
+the spectral density
+
+of the electric field E
+squared which goes mu cubed.
+
+So that means now that
+the spectral density
+
+of the motion of the electron
+s mu squared goes as 1 over mu.
+
+And yup, e squared h bar pi
+squared m squared e cubed.
+
+And now, yes, I wanted to
+do it in the same lecture
+
+as the Darwin term
+because we know
+
+that there was a change to the
+Coulomb potential in the Darwin
+
+term which came because the
+electron was smeared out
+
+over an area s squared.
+
+Remember, this was the
+Compton [INAUDIBLE] squared.
+
+And it involved the Laplacian of
+the potential Taylor expansion
+
+second order, second
+derivative in three dimension
+
+is the Laplacian.
+
+And for the Coulomb
+potential, this
+
+is non-vanishing, of
+course, only at the origin.
+
+So therefore, we
+have now executed
+
+what I discussed before.
+
+We calculated the
+sort of displacement
+
+of the free electron
+driven by the vacuum
+
+fluctuations of
+the electric field.
+
+And these smear
+out of the electron
+
+leads to a change of the-- of
+the average Coulomb potential.
+
+We average the Coulomb
+potential over the first motion
+
+of the electron.
+
+And that means now that we
+get a change of the binding
+
+energy of the electron, which
+is nothing else in perturbation
+
+theory than the matrix element
+of the perturbation operator.
+
+But this perturbation
+operator was a delta function.
+
+And we have the prefactor,
+which is the spectral density
+
+of the displacement
+s mu squared.
+
+So let's wrap up.
+
+So we know because of
+the delta function,
+
+it only affects s electrons.
+
+And remember I discussed
+at great lengths
+
+that for an electron with
+principal quantum number n,
+
+the probability to be at
+the center was n cubed.
+
+So here again, we have
+the n cubed factor,
+
+which we discussed for the
+hydrogenic wave function.
+
+And the only thing which is
+non non-trivial we have to do
+
+is we have to integrate
+over all modes mu.
+
+So therefore, what we
+had so far was the shift
+
+caused by one frequency of
+the electromagnetic spectrum.
+
+But now we have to integrate
+over all frequencies.
+
+So what we have to do is-- our
+spectrum s squared goes as 1
+
+over mu.
+
+And if you integrate 1 over
+mu over all frequencies,
+
+you get a logarithm.
+
+You get logarithmic divergences.
+
+So therefore, our result is--
+and I'm using now atomic units,
+
+alpha cubed z to the
+4 the n cubed factor.
+
+Everything is in
+units of atomic units.
+
+The atomic unit of energy
+is 1 Hartree or 2 Rydberg.
+
+But the factor which
+is now non-trivial
+
+is from the logarithm,
+we integrate.
+
+And we have divergences
+at both ends.
+
+So we need a cutoff at a minimum
+and at a maximum frequency.
+
+For the maximum
+frequency-- well,
+
+there is a natural cutoff.
+
+We have to cutoff at the
+rest energy of the electron,
+
+otherwise we are no longer
+doing single-particle theory.
+
+And the cutoff, the lower
+cutoff, is the following.
+
+We have used a picture
+here for free electron,
+
+but we can regard the
+orbiting electron only as
+
+a free electron on
+time scales which
+
+are much faster than
+one orbital period.
+
+So therefore, we have
+to use as a lower cutoff
+
+the frequency of the
+orbiting electron, which
+
+is z squared n cubed
+in atomic units.
+
+So with that, then I should
+stop because time is over.
+
+We have a little
+bit hand-wavingly,
+
+but it appears in
+a logarithm anyway.
+
+We have gotten for the ratio of
+the upper and the lower cutoff
+
+an expression which is n cubed
+over z squared times alpha
+
+squared.
+
+And if we apply it
+to s state where
+
+it's most important
+because there
+
+is the degeneracy between p
+1/2 and p 3/2 to be lifted,
+
+we get a result that
+the energy splitting is
+
+now-- and with the
+assumptions we have made,
+
+the logarithm is 8 over
+a squared, alpha squared.
+
+And from that, we
+would have derived
+
+a Lamb shift of 1,600 megahertz.
+
+Well, the exact value
+is 1,058 megahertz.
+
+I'm missing five minutes to
+discuss the result in terms
+
+of vacuum polarization,
+but that's
+
+something we do on Monday.
+
+Any quick question?
+
+OK, great.
+
+See you on Monday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gGQDQ0BSge4.txt b/gGQDQ0BSge4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..500d24f66f509ca653d38b232c2a26be8af98827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gGQDQ0BSge4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay today uh I'll use this Trinity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay today uh I'll use this Trinity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay today uh I'll use this Trinity the
+science engineering technology Trinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science engineering technology Trinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science engineering technology Trinity
+as sort of a theme that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a theme that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a theme that we're going to
+develop through the whole term and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop through the whole term and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop through the whole term and we'll
+just briefly refresh ourselves or remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly refresh ourselves or remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly refresh ourselves or remind
+ourselves what Professor lenberg uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what Professor lenberg uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what Professor lenberg uh
+talked to talked about yesterday or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to talked about yesterday or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to talked about yesterday or uh
+on Tuesday and then I'm going to go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday and then I'm going to go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday and then I'm going to go a
+little bit in some detail about uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in some detail about uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in some detail about uh how
+information is used in biology in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is used in biology in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is used in biology in cells
+uh it's a way of gaining sort of a broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a way of gaining sort of a broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a way of gaining sort of a broad
+perspective of the a facet of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the a facet of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the a facet of the
+biological basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological basis for
+bioengineering but it's also a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering but it's also a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering but it's also a way to
+introduce to you um what how we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce to you um what how we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce to you um what how we can use
+that information in developing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information in developing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information in developing uh
+technology okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology okay
+now just uh a few odds and ends uh we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just uh a few odds and ends uh we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just uh a few odds and ends uh we do
+have a course website on that course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a course website on that course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a course website on that course
+website will be uh articles that I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website will be uh articles that I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website will be uh articles that I may
+or may not uh download from newspapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not uh download from newspapers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not uh download from newspapers
+or magazines uh generally you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or magazines uh generally you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or magazines uh generally you know if
+you want to be in the biospace read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be in the biospace read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be in the biospace read the
+newspapers you know today the concern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers you know today the concern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers you know today the concern is
+uh the you know occurrence of the flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the you know occurrence of the flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the you know occurrence of the flu
+virus in Africa now so it's now spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus in Africa now so it's now spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus in Africa now so it's now spread
+from China to Turkey from the Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from China to Turkey from the Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from China to Turkey from the Middle
+East down to Africa there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East down to Africa there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East down to Africa there's a big
+question of how it got there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how it got there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how it got there and then
+what's the implications for a for a flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the implications for a for a flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the implications for a for a flu
+pandemic of course you know we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic of course you know we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic of course you know we have this
+very large concern about a flu pandemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large concern about a flu pandemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large concern about a flu pandemic
+and as biologists bioengineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as biologists bioengineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as biologists bioengineers and
+biotechnologists you know it's it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnologists you know it's it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnologists you know it's it's an
+area in which uh our contribution may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in which uh our contribution may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in which uh our contribution may be
+in some small part uh may play a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some small part uh may play a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some small part uh may play a large
+role okay so just just generally be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role okay so just just generally be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role okay so just just generally be
+aware of what uh is going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of what uh is going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of what uh is going on in the
+world we have online on the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we have online on the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we have online on the website
+videos that uh the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos that uh the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos that uh the various
+bioengineering professors uh have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering professors uh have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering professors uh have uh
+produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+that describes some facet of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes some facet of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes some facet of their
+research uh these are professionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh these are professionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh these are professionally
+produced videos so please go to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced videos so please go to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced videos so please go to them
+because they'll be useful in augmenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they'll be useful in augmenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they'll be useful in augmenting
+uh some of the uh uh seminars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the uh uh seminars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the uh uh seminars that
+you'll hear from uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear from uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear from uh the other
+faculty uh I went over the paper uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh I went over the paper uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh I went over the paper uh the
+paper will be graded uh generally a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper will be graded uh generally a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper will be graded uh generally a b c
+or fail um last year I think I gave an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fail um last year I think I gave an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fail um last year I think I gave an
+obscene percentage of days uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscene percentage of days uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscene percentage of days uh you know
+it's it's only a five-page paper so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's only a five-page paper so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's only a five-page paper so it's
+not it's not like a writing requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not like a writing requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not like a writing requirement
+thing where you sit up the night before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where you sit up the night before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where you sit up the night before
+and write something you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write something you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write something you really have to
+uh talk to me about what topic do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk to me about what topic do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk to me about what topic do you
+want to uh write about and how you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh write about and how you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh write about and how you are
+thinking about uh exploring that topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about uh exploring that topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about uh exploring that topic
+in your paper so there'll be a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your paper so there'll be a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your paper so there'll be a certain
+amount of interchange between you and me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of interchange between you and me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of interchange between you and me
+about your paper and as a result you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your paper and as a result you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your paper and as a result you'll
+have a well-crafted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a well-crafted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a well-crafted
+uh paper that will be relevant to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paper that will be relevant to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paper that will be relevant to uh the
+kinds of things that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that we're trying to
+accomplish or learn uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish or learn uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish or learn uh in this
+course uh this is just uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh this is just uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh this is just uh uh the
+schedule of the upcoming lectures and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule of the upcoming lectures and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule of the upcoming lectures and so
+these are the professors from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the professors from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the professors from uh
+different departments uh in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different departments uh in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different departments uh in engineering
+uh that will be talking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that will be talking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that will be talking about some
+flavor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of
+bioengineering and uh course ends on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering and uh course ends on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering and uh course ends on uh
+March 23rd that's when the paper will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March 23rd that's when the paper will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March 23rd that's when the paper will be
+due uh it'll be due in class I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due uh it'll be due in class I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due uh it'll be due in class I'd like
+also to have a uh email copy but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to have a uh email copy but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to have a uh email copy but we'll
+go into that detail much later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into that detail much later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into that detail much later in the
+term uh so this is only a half-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh so this is only a half-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh so this is only a half-term
+course and uh I'll end with uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and uh I'll end with uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and uh I'll end with uh a
+selected Topic in bioengineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected Topic in bioengineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected Topic in bioengineering and
+it's usually something that's topical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually something that's topical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually something that's topical
+based on what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what's in the
+news Okay um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news Okay um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news Okay um now
+Doug uh spent quite a lot of time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doug uh spent quite a lot of time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doug uh spent quite a lot of time uh
+emphasizing that Engineers are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing that Engineers are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing that Engineers are both
+scientists and technologists we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and technologists we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and technologists we create
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+but the technology is based on science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the technology is based on science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the technology is based on science
+on knowledge so science is uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on knowledge so science is uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on knowledge so science is uh what we
+can find out about something that exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find out about something that exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find out about something that exists
+uh Engineers either learn from that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Engineers either learn from that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Engineers either learn from that and
+develop technology or help uh understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop technology or help uh understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop technology or help uh understand
+that the basis for that science what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the basis for that science what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the basis for that science what I'd
+like to do today is to uh explore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do today is to uh explore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do today is to uh explore the
+bio the bioscience basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio the bioscience basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio the bioscience basis for
+bioengineering and when you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering and when you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering and when you talk about
+biology you really have to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology you really have to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology you really have to start with
+the cell you can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell you can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell you can talk about the
+molecules that comprise the cell you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that comprise the cell you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that comprise the cell you can
+talk about what cells how cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what cells how cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what cells how cells are
+organized into tissues and organs but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized into tissues and organs but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized into tissues and organs but in
+the end the quantal unit of life is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the quantal unit of life is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the quantal unit of life is the
+cell and so if you look in just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and so if you look in just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and so if you look in just the
+scale uh in which we immediately find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale uh in which we immediately find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale uh in which we immediately find
+ourselves uh in when we talk about cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves uh in when we talk about cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves uh in when we talk about cells
+we're in the microscopic World we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the microscopic World we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the microscopic World we're in
+the Micron to tens of Micron sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Micron to tens of Micron sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Micron to tens of Micron sizes
+because that's typically what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's typically what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's typically what are the
+range and sizes of cells and then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and sizes of cells and then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and sizes of cells and then if we
+think about how biology or biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how biology or biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how biology or biological
+structure is organized relative to cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is organized relative to cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is organized relative to cells
+there's how uh tissues which are how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's how uh tissues which are how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's how uh tissues which are how
+cells are organized to carry out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are organized to carry out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are organized to carry out a
+specific function and then the tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific function and then the tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific function and then the tissues
+themselves are organized into organs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are organized into organs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are organized into organs in
+higher or uh animals uh organs carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher or uh animals uh organs carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher or uh animals uh organs carry out
+a complexity of tasks and Al you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complexity of tasks and Al you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complexity of tasks and Al you know
+obviously the hierarchy goes to the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the hierarchy goes to the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the hierarchy goes to the body
+plan uh of a of an adult cells on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan uh of a of an adult cells on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan uh of a of an adult cells on the
+other hand are themselves uh we'll view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand are themselves uh we'll view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand are themselves uh we'll view
+them as machines that are composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as machines that are composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as machines that are composed of
+subsystems the subsystems are uh built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems the subsystems are uh built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems the subsystems are uh built
+from basic components uh the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from basic components uh the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from basic components uh the basic
+components themselves are you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components themselves are you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components themselves are you know some
+specified collection of atoms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified collection of atoms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified collection of atoms so
+obviously we can go down to the Nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we can go down to the Nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we can go down to the Nano
+scale but when we talk about nanoc scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but when we talk about nanoc scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but when we talk about nanoc scale
+uh in terms of biology it's really at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of biology it's really at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of biology it's really at
+the level of the macro molecules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the macro molecules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the macro molecules that
+comprise biological structure so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise biological structure so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise biological structure so the
+size range is huge uh when you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size range is huge uh when you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size range is huge uh when you talk
+about biology it's from nanometers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biology it's from nanometers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biology it's from nanometers to
+millimeters right I to meters sorry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters right I to meters sorry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters right I to meters sorry in
+size um we can think about uh biology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size um we can think about uh biology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size um we can think about uh biology in
+terms of energy that drives or that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of energy that drives or that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of energy that drives or that uh
+is the basis for a biological function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basis for a biological function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basis for a biological function
+uh we can talk about the forces that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can talk about the forces that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can talk about the forces that are
+involved uh in biology whether it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved uh in biology whether it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved uh in biology whether it's the
+forces uh that uh are EX Ed at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces uh that uh are EX Ed at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces uh that uh are EX Ed at the
+cellular level or forces that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular level or forces that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular level or forces that are
+exerted at the molecular level so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted at the molecular level so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted at the molecular level so as
+opposed to the physical world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the physical world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the physical world the
+biological world is very much a world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological world is very much a world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological world is very much a world in
+the pon Newton to Nano Newton range so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pon Newton to Nano Newton range so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pon Newton to Nano Newton range so
+it's not a lot of force Pon Newton is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a lot of force Pon Newton is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a lot of force Pon Newton is
+roughly the force exerted on a bacterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the force exerted on a bacterium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the force exerted on a bacterium
+by gra gravity or if I had a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by gra gravity or if I had a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by gra gravity or if I had a laser
+pointer and you saw the spot on the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and you saw the spot on the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and you saw the spot on the wall
+it would be the optical pressure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be the optical pressure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be the optical pressure of the
+flux of photons on the wall that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of photons on the wall that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of photons on the wall that's on
+the order of a Pon so we're not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of a Pon so we're not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of a Pon so we're not talking
+about a lot of force but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of force but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of force but at the
+molecular level that's what drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level that's what drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level that's what drives
+biology um as far as times biology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology um as far as times biology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology um as far as times biology is
+very much uh a chemistry based process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much uh a chemistry based process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much uh a chemistry based process
+and so chemical reactions and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so chemical reactions and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so chemical reactions and things
+that regulate and control chemistry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regulate and control chemistry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regulate and control chemistry uh
+in those time scales uh but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those time scales uh but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those time scales uh but it's also
+mechanical process and so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical process and so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical process and so there are
+mechanical steps and mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical steps and mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical steps and mechanical
+reactions at the molecular and cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions at the molecular and cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions at the molecular and cellular
+level that have their own time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that have their own time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that have their own time domain
+and then obviously there's other uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then obviously there's other uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then obviously there's other uh time
+dimensions for instance the uh onset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions for instance the uh onset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions for instance the uh onset of
+cancer is is measured in years as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer is is measured in years as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer is is measured in years as
+opposed to uh things that happen at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to uh things that happen at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to uh things that happen at the
+molecular level okay so uh just be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level okay so uh just be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level okay so uh just be aware
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+space you know that we're uh we'll be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you know that we're uh we'll be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you know that we're uh we'll be uh
+talking about uh in in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh in in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh in in different
+examples um I have this picture that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um I have this picture that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um I have this picture that I
+lifted from uh David Goods Soul's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted from uh David Goods Soul's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted from uh David Goods Soul's book
+it's a a rendering of a bacterial cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a rendering of a bacterial cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a rendering of a bacterial cell
+in which he has depicted uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he has depicted uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he has depicted uh the
+components or the contents of that cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or the contents of that cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or the contents of that cell
+uh in as realistic fashion as he as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in as realistic fashion as he as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in as realistic fashion as he as
+possible so it's the dimensions or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so it's the dimensions or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so it's the dimensions or the
+sizes of the macro molecules in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of the macro molecules in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of the macro molecules in this
+case the protein and the nucleic acid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the protein and the nucleic acid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the protein and the nucleic acid uh
+is uh represented as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh represented as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh represented as well as the
+concentration of these elements and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of these elements and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of these elements and so
+one of the Striking things that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Striking things that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Striking things that you see
+is that a cell is packed or or is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a cell is packed or or is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a cell is packed or or is a
+dense collection of macroo UL uh to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense collection of macroo UL uh to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense collection of macroo UL uh to your
+eye it may seem that this order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye it may seem that this order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye it may seem that this order is
+random but in fact there is order uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but in fact there is order uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but in fact there is order uh in
+in the organization of the cell and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the organization of the cell and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the organization of the cell and its
+contents um as I said cells range in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents um as I said cells range in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents um as I said cells range in
+size uh they in a lot of cases move at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh they in a lot of cases move at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh they in a lot of cases move at
+different rates uh their lifetimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rates uh their lifetimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rates uh their lifetimes
+depending on what cells can span from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what cells can span from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what cells can span from uh
+uh minutes to years uh we already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minutes to years uh we already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minutes to years uh we already talked
+about Force um they uh living systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Force um they uh living systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Force um they uh living systems
+basically combat entropy so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically combat entropy so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically combat entropy so that
+requires energy of some kind the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires energy of some kind the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires energy of some kind the energy
+uh uh is converted from energy sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh is converted from energy sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh is converted from energy sources
+that we ingest or we absorb from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we ingest or we absorb from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we ingest or we absorb from the
+environment uh and uh there's some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment uh and uh there's some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment uh and uh there's some basic
+activities that cells do uh all cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that cells do uh all cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that cells do uh all cells
+grow divide and die right and then uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow divide and die right and then uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow divide and die right and then uh in
+addition to that they uh take on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that they uh take on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that they uh take on some
+Advanced functions or specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced functions or specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced functions or specialized
+functions like an immune cell will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like an immune cell will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like an immune cell will
+migrate and look for uh pathogens in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate and look for uh pathogens in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate and look for uh pathogens in in
+an organism uh a muscle cell will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism uh a muscle cell will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism uh a muscle cell will
+contract a nerve cell will transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract a nerve cell will transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract a nerve cell will transmit
+information as electrical pulses and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as electrical pulses and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as electrical pulses and so
+on um just to give you an idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um just to give you an idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um just to give you an idea of the
+magnitude of uh biological complexity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of uh biological complexity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of uh biological complexity a
+bacterial cell is a unicellular organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell is a unicellular organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell is a unicellular organism
+so it's just its unit is one whereas an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just its unit is one whereas an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just its unit is one whereas an
+estimate for the number of cells in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for the number of cells in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for the number of cells in a
+human is on the order of 10 to the 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human is on the order of 10 to the 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human is on the order of 10 to the 13
+team so that's you and me and in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team so that's you and me and in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team so that's you and me and in our
+lifetime there's uh we turn over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime there's uh we turn over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime there's uh we turn over on the
+order of about 10 to the 16th cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of about 10 to the 16th cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of about 10 to the 16th cells so
+that's a lot of biology that goes on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of biology that goes on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of biology that goes on uh
+in the Span in in a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Span in in a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Span in in a human
+lifetime now uh we're Engineers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime now uh we're Engineers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime now uh we're Engineers okay
+you're here because you're uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here because you're uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here because you're uh you're
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+bioengineering and uh there's a aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering and uh there's a aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering and uh there's a aspect
+to understanding biological function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understanding biological function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understanding biological function at
+the cellular level at molecular level or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cellular level at molecular level or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cellular level at molecular level or
+on the other other hand uh at the tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other other hand uh at the tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other other hand uh at the tissue
+or organ level uh it'll be emphasized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or organ level uh it'll be emphasized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or organ level uh it'll be emphasized to
+you over and over again that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you over and over again that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you over and over again that uh you
+should view these things as a systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should view these things as a systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should view these things as a systems
+please uh actually everybody turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please uh actually everybody turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please uh actually everybody turn off
+your cell phones too okay so um if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cell phones too okay so um if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cell phones too okay so um if we
+think about Cellular Systems in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Cellular Systems in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Cellular Systems in biology
+uh we can think of of uh the of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can think of of uh the of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can think of of uh the of it in
+terms of the different kinds of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the different kinds of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the different kinds of cells
+that may make up a uh an organism or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may make up a uh an organism or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may make up a uh an organism or an
+animal um and one way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal um and one way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal um and one way of thinking about
+it is to break down uh biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to break down uh biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to break down uh biological
+processes uh in uh sort of basic units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh in uh sort of basic units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh in uh sort of basic units
+and we tend to think of them in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we tend to think of them in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we tend to think of them in terms of
+the chemical systems uh of a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical systems uh of a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical systems uh of a cell
+mechanical systems of a cell uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical systems of a cell uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical systems of a cell uh so the
+chemical systems are basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical systems are basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical systems are basically the
+biochemistry of cellular processes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry of cellular processes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry of cellular processes the
+mechanics describe uh all of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics describe uh all of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics describe uh all of the uh
+forces and structures that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and structures that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and structures that are
+contribute to force uh that produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to force uh that produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to force uh that produce
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+either at the molecular level or at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at the molecular level or at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at the molecular level or at the
+cellular level or at higher levels um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular level or at higher levels um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular level or at higher levels um we
+know for instance that cell membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for instance that cell membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for instance that cell membranes
+have the Capa have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Capa have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Capa have the ability to
+segregate charge when you distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate charge when you distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate charge when you distribute
+charge then you uh set up an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge then you uh set up an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge then you uh set up an electrical
+system and then uh we're living beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then uh we're living beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then uh we're living beings
+uh we as I said um try to combat entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we as I said um try to combat entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we as I said um try to combat entropy
+and so there's a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a certain amount of
+thermal energy uh that uh characterizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy uh that uh characterizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy uh that uh characterizes
+living systems that is the input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living systems that is the input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living systems that is the input from
+the environment and uh actually that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and uh actually that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and uh actually that uh
+amount of thermal energy from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of thermal energy from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of thermal energy from the
+environment uh accounts for a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment uh accounts for a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment uh accounts for a lot of the
+stochastic or random Behavior Uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic or random Behavior Uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic or random Behavior Uh that
+you see in uh biological processes so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in uh biological processes so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in uh biological processes so um
+you know as a formalism we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as a formalism we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as a formalism we can think of
+uh Cellular Systems or cellular machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Cellular Systems or cellular machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Cellular Systems or cellular machines
+as doing work and then the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as doing work and then the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as doing work and then the question is
+you know whether or not we can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether or not we can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether or not we can describe
+a cell in terms of its uh subsystems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell in terms of its uh subsystems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell in terms of its uh subsystems and
+whether that's a good representation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's a good representation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's a good representation so
+uh when Doug talked about models uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when Doug talked about models uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when Doug talked about models uh as
+an endpoint of uh the synthesis between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an endpoint of uh the synthesis between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an endpoint of uh the synthesis between
+uh experimental biology and Engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh experimental biology and Engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh experimental biology and Engineering
+uh one of the things that we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the things that we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the things that we want to do
+is to understand uh these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to understand uh these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to understand uh these different
+subsystems at the uh to a degree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems at the uh to a degree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems at the uh to a degree that
+maybe we are able to in the end model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we are able to in the end model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we are able to in the end model uh
+a cell uh either at a very basic level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell uh either at a very basic level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell uh either at a very basic level
+or at a very fine level because if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at a very fine level because if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at a very fine level because if we
+can model cellular cells or cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model cellular cells or cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model cellular cells or cellular
+processes then if you think ahead we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes then if you think ahead we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes then if you think ahead we can
+then uh devise or think about ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh devise or think about ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh devise or think about ways in
+which we can interfere or intervene or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can interfere or intervene or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can interfere or intervene or
+modify the behavior of cells or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the behavior of cells or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the behavior of cells or what
+cells do or things that go on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells do or things that go on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells do or things that go on in
+cells okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay
+now uh I told you a couple uh minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh I told you a couple uh minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh I told you a couple uh minutes
+ago that cells uh grow and they divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that cells uh grow and they divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that cells uh grow and they divide
+and and uh after they divide they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh after they divide they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh after they divide they become
+something okay and in a human being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay and in a human being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay and in a human being uh
+you start with a fertilized egg uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a fertilized egg uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a fertilized egg uh which
+grows and divides into 10 to the 13th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows and divides into 10 to the 13th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows and divides into 10 to the 13th
+cells so in the development of an embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so in the development of an embryo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so in the development of an embryo
+there's a lot of cell divisions that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of cell divisions that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of cell divisions that go
+on uh and in the lifetime of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh and in the lifetime of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh and in the lifetime of a of a
+person if there's 10 to the 16 cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if there's 10 to the 16 cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if there's 10 to the 16 cells
+then that means that there's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means that there's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means that there's on the
+order of 10 to the 16th cell divisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 to the 16th cell divisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 to the 16th cell divisions
+that go on so 10 to the 16 is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go on so 10 to the 16 is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go on so 10 to the 16 is a pretty
+big number and you know at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number and you know at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number and you know at the end of
+the day or at the end of the year or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day or at the end of the year or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day or at the end of the year or at
+the end of the decade or at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the decade or at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the decade or at the end of
+some point in your lifetime you pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point in your lifetime you pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point in your lifetime you pretty
+much want to make sure or hope that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much want to make sure or hope that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much want to make sure or hope that the
+cells that uh you're that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that uh you're that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that uh you're that are being
+replicated in your body uh as you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in your body uh as you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in your body uh as you as you
+age um actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age um actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age um actually have
+uh a high degree of exhibit a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a high degree of exhibit a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a high degree of exhibit a high
+degree of fidelity in copying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of fidelity in copying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of fidelity in copying the
+initial set of information that gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial set of information that gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial set of information that gave
+rise uh to to the uh cells in that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise uh to to the uh cells in that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise uh to to the uh cells in that to
+your cells when you were an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cells when you were an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cells when you were an
+embryo because if there are um errors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo because if there are um errors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo because if there are um errors in
+the information that specified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that specified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that specified the
+division of cells into two daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of cells into two daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of cells into two daughter
+cells then those errors get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then those errors get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then those errors get
+replicated and additional errors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated and additional errors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated and additional errors are
+introduced they get U they uh multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced they get U they uh multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced they get U they uh multiplied
+and uh there may may be Synergy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there may may be Synergy between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there may may be Synergy between
+these errors which we call mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these errors which we call mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these errors which we call mutations
+that lead to for instance cancer so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to for instance cancer so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to for instance cancer so if
+you think of this as um uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of this as um uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of this as um uh in terms of
+information uh the cell is an is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh the cell is an is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh the cell is an is uh
+somewhat of an autonomous system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat of an autonomous system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat of an autonomous system and the
+cell uh grows has the information for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh grows has the information for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh grows has the information for uh
+dividing into two cells and it has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing into two cells and it has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing into two cells and it has uh
+the capacity of of copying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity of of copying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity of of copying that
+information uh that specifies a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh that specifies a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh that specifies a cell
+into the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the two
+copies okay so this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies okay so this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies okay so this is a little bit
+different way of thinking about uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of thinking about uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of thinking about uh what
+we call DNA replication and cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call DNA replication and cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call DNA replication and cell
+division than how you may have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division than how you may have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division than how you may have heard
+about it uh for instance in 701 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh for instance in 701 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh for instance in 701 so that
+raises a question how many have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises a question how many have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises a question how many have taken
+701 or are taking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+701 or are taking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+701 or are taking it
+now so let's put it this way who hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so let's put it this way who hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so let's put it this way who hasn't
+had introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biology and then who hasn't had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and then who hasn't had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and then who hasn't had a
+biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course okay that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so uh in 10 to the 13th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so uh in 10 to the 13th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so uh in 10 to the 13th
+mitoses to give rise to the adult body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitoses to give rise to the adult body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitoses to give rise to the adult body
+plan or the 10 to the 16th uh divisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan or the 10 to the 16th uh divisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan or the 10 to the 16th uh divisions
+that give rise to cells uh in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give rise to cells uh in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give rise to cells uh in your
+entire lifetime uh you want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire lifetime uh you want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire lifetime uh you want to make sure
+that the information that encodes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the information that encodes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the information that encodes uh
+this process is copied Faithfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is copied Faithfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is copied Faithfully
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error now we know what that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error now we know what that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error now we know what that information
+is it's it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's it's your
+genome uh it's the organization of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome uh it's the organization of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome uh it's the organization of DNA
+the sequence of DNA uh in the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of DNA uh in the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of DNA uh in the cell and
+uh the genome uh is uh the the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the genome uh is uh the the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the genome uh is uh the the DNA
+encodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes
+uh or you can think of DNA as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you can think of DNA as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you can think of DNA as a as a
+chemical tape as an analog of of a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical tape as an analog of of a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical tape as an analog of of a type
+of a tape but in this case it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tape but in this case it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tape but in this case it's it's a
+of a chemical nature in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chemical nature in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chemical nature in which the
+sequence of just four bases uh specifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of just four bases uh specifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of just four bases uh specifies
+what ends up being the components list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up being the components list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up being the components list
+of the cell uh so it uh the genome it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell uh so it uh the genome it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell uh so it uh the genome it uh
+tells us uh what different uh proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us uh what different uh proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us uh what different uh proteins
+are encoded in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are encoded in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are encoded in the cell
+uh also in the genome are sequences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also in the genome are sequences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also in the genome are sequences that
+tell us uh where these protein or genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us uh where these protein or genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us uh where these protein or genes
+that encode these proteins lie and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encode these proteins lie and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encode these proteins lie and some
+aspect of the timing at which in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the timing at which in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the timing at which in which
+these genes are read out and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genes are read out and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genes are read out and then the
+other thing about the genome is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing about the genome is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing about the genome is that
+it's actually mirrored right it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually mirrored right it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually mirrored right it's not a
+single strand of DNA but it's a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single strand of DNA but it's a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single strand of DNA but it's a double
+strand of DNA and so if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of DNA and so if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of DNA and so if you remember
+back to even high school biology uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to even high school biology uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to even high school biology uh that
+double strand uh is a type of mirroring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double strand uh is a type of mirroring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double strand uh is a type of mirroring
+because one strand is a complement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one strand is a complement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one strand is a complement of
+the other meaning that if you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other meaning that if you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other meaning that if you only have
+one strand you can you can synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strand you can you can synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strand you can you can synthesize
+the information or the sequence on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information or the sequence on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information or the sequence on the
+other strand so you can think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strand so you can think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strand so you can think of the
+genome itself because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome itself because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome itself because it's a
+diploid uh copy in uh at least in in us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid uh copy in uh at least in in us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid uh copy in uh at least in in us
+as a way of of providing uh some air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of of providing uh some air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of of providing uh some air
+checking uh capability but also then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking uh capability but also then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking uh capability but also then uh
+in each cell you inherit uh almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each cell you inherit uh almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each cell you inherit uh almost a
+uh 100% accurate copy of your genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 100% accurate copy of your genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 100% accurate copy of your genome
+there is an error rate in uh DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an error rate in uh DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an error rate in uh DNA
+replication uh and we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication uh and we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication uh and we'll talk about that
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+minute okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute okay so
+uh there's uh uh cells uh grow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's uh uh cells uh grow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's uh uh cells uh grow and
+divide um some cells actually stay as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide um some cells actually stay as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide um some cells actually stay as a
+resident population of stem cells which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident population of stem cells which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident population of stem cells which
+uh just grow and divide grow and divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just grow and divide grow and divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just grow and divide grow and divide
+grow and divide spewing out cells which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and divide spewing out cells which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and divide spewing out cells which
+later will become specialized into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later will become specialized into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later will become specialized into
+different kinds of cells and so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of cells and so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of cells and so here is
+a representation of cells that uh give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation of cells that uh give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation of cells that uh give
+rise to the cells in our um uh immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to the cells in our um uh immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to the cells in our um uh immune
+system and our blood system so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and our blood system so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and our blood system so here's
+the tnb cells uh from uh lymphoid stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tnb cells uh from uh lymphoid stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tnb cells uh from uh lymphoid stem
+cells which originate from these plur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which originate from these plur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which originate from these plur
+poent stem cells and then uh blood uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poent stem cells and then uh blood uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poent stem cells and then uh blood uh
+red blood cells or platelets or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blood cells or platelets or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blood cells or platelets or other
+cells uh that arise again from this plur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells uh that arise again from this plur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells uh that arise again from this plur
+poent stem cell uh but through a myoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poent stem cell uh but through a myoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poent stem cell uh but through a myoid
+stem cell lineage so there are decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell lineage so there are decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem cell lineage so there are decisions
+that are made whether or not to stay or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are made whether or not to stay or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are made whether or not to stay or
+remain a stem cell um and then if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain a stem cell um and then if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain a stem cell um and then if the
+decision is to become a differentiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is to become a differentiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is to become a differentiated
+cell uh there's decisions that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh there's decisions that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh there's decisions that uh
+control or steps that control whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control or steps that control whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control or steps that control whether a
+cell uh ALS ultimately becomes one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh ALS ultimately becomes one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh ALS ultimately becomes one of
+these kinds of cells or becomes cells of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of cells or becomes cells of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of cells or becomes cells of
+the immune system and so on so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immune system and so on so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immune system and so on so that's a
+general uh uh plan of uh how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh uh plan of uh how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh uh plan of uh how uh
+complexity is um is carried out in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is um is carried out in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is um is carried out in uh in
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+systems now I talked about uh uh the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems now I talked about uh uh the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems now I talked about uh uh the DNA
+is the uh is how information is is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh is how information is is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh is how information is is uh
+represented and it's packaged into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented and it's packaged into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented and it's packaged into
+genomes the genomes themselves uh can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes the genomes themselves uh can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes the genomes themselves uh can be
+one piece of DNA or for very large uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece of DNA or for very large uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece of DNA or for very large uh
+genomes it's convenient to break them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes it's convenient to break them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes it's convenient to break them
+into uh smaller bits called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh smaller bits called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh smaller bits called
+chromosomes uh this is just a plot of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes uh this is just a plot of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes uh this is just a plot of of
+the different genomes that actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different genomes that actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different genomes that actually have
+been sequenced over the last 25 years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been sequenced over the last 25 years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been sequenced over the last 25 years or
+30 years um in which the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years um in which the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years um in which the size of the
+genome is represented in the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome is represented in the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome is represented in the number of
+of nucleotides uh in that genome or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nucleotides uh in that genome or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nucleotides uh in that genome or
+another way of thinking about how big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of thinking about how big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of thinking about how big a
+genome is is in its functional units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome is is in its functional units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome is is in its functional units
+which are the genes and so the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the genes and so the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the genes and so the human
+genome is three billion bases it encodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome is three billion bases it encodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome is three billion bases it encodes
+roughly 24,000 genes uh if I gave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 24,000 genes uh if I gave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 24,000 genes uh if I gave this
+uh uh if you sat in on this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh if you sat in on this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh if you sat in on this lecture
+maybe five years ago certainly 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five years ago certainly 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five years ago certainly 10 years
+ago we would have thought we had thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we would have thought we had thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we would have thought we had thought
+that the genome was more like 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the genome was more like 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the genome was more like 100,000
+genes but now that the genome has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes but now that the genome has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes but now that the genome has been
+sequenced uh it's now uh certain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequenced uh it's now uh certain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequenced uh it's now uh certain that
+the number is much smaller and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number is much smaller and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number is much smaller and very
+close to uh 24,000 uh genes uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to uh 24,000 uh genes uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to uh 24,000 uh genes uh these
+blue dots represent uh key genomes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue dots represent uh key genomes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue dots represent uh key genomes that
+have been sequenced with time and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sequenced with time and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sequenced with time and so you
+start you see that uh we started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you see that uh we started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you see that uh we started with a
+simple virus went to a simple organel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple virus went to a simple organel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple virus went to a simple organel
+went to more complex viruses and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to more complex viruses and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to more complex viruses and then
+eventually up the uh uh tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually up the uh uh tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually up the uh uh tree of
+complexity to uh yeast and then metazol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity to uh yeast and then metazol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity to uh yeast and then metazol
+such as flies worms and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as flies worms and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as flies worms and uh
+humans uh in the meantime uh genomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans uh in the meantime uh genomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans uh in the meantime uh genomes
+have been continued to be sequenced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been continued to be sequenced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been continued to be sequenced and
+uh we uh the community of genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we uh the community of genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we uh the community of genome
+sequencing people have spent a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing people have spent a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing people have spent a lot of
+time sequencing microorganisms since uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sequencing microorganisms since uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sequencing microorganisms since uh
+they're easy to sequence and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're easy to sequence and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're easy to sequence and the
+biological diversity is high and plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological diversity is high and plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological diversity is high and plus uh
+because we're interested in combating uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're interested in combating uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're interested in combating uh
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now uh again going back to what you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh again going back to what you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh again going back to what you uh
+should have learned uh already uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have learned uh already uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have learned uh already uh this
+is just a schematic representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a schematic representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a schematic representation of
+DNA uh this is a diagram of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA uh this is a diagram of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA uh this is a diagram of the uh
+chemical structures of DNA in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical structures of DNA in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical structures of DNA in which the
+four different bases are represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different bases are represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different bases are represented by
+different colors and what this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors and what this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors and what this uh
+diagram uh represents or shows is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh represents or shows is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh represents or shows is that
+uh what one strand uh encodes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what one strand uh encodes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what one strand uh encodes is
+mirrored in the other because uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrored in the other because uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrored in the other because uh one
+particular base uh will ba base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular base uh will ba base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular base uh will ba base pair
+with only one of the other uh uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only one of the other uh uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only one of the other uh uh other
+three bases so we have uh in double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bases so we have uh in double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bases so we have uh in double
+stranded DNA uh an exact uh complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded DNA uh an exact uh complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded DNA uh an exact uh complement
+of of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Strand and then uh again uh if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strand and then uh again uh if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strand and then uh again uh if you think
+of this in terms of a tape uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in terms of a tape uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in terms of a tape uh when we
+want to copy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to copy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to copy the
+genome it's a physical process so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome it's a physical process so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome it's a physical process so think
+of it as a tape machine in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a tape machine in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a tape machine in which you
+copy from one tape to another uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy from one tape to another uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy from one tape to another uh there's
+a readout or a reader which in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a readout or a reader which in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a readout or a reader which in this case
+is an enzyme complex called DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an enzyme complex called DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an enzyme complex called DNA
+polymerase and other uh co-actors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase and other uh co-actors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase and other uh co-actors and
+other Associated proteins uh that enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Associated proteins uh that enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Associated proteins uh that enzyme
+or that machine will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that machine will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that machine will take
+DNA DNA has to spool through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA DNA has to spool through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA DNA has to spool through the
+polymerase but this is a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase but this is a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase but this is a chemical
+process too so you need uh nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process too so you need uh nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process too so you need uh nucleotides
+to be fed in they get assembled in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fed in they get assembled in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fed in they get assembled in some
+coent uh uh through coent bonds and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent uh uh through coent bonds and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent uh uh through coent bonds and you
+get uh from one strand of DNA its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh from one strand of DNA its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh from one strand of DNA its
+complement and from the other strand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement and from the other strand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement and from the other strand uh
+it's that strand's complement is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that strand's complement is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that strand's complement is also
+synthesized so think of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized so think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized so think of this as a
+machine uh the machine uh does chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh the machine uh does chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh the machine uh does chemistry
+uh the chemistry uh synthes is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the chemistry uh synthes is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the chemistry uh synthes is a
+chemistry in which a a a copy a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in which a a a copy a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in which a a a copy a chemical
+copy of a chemical tape is made uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of a chemical tape is made uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of a chemical tape is made uh but
+that there has to be a process in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there has to be a process in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there has to be a process in which
+uh this uh machine reads the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this uh machine reads the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this uh machine reads the information
+or recognizes each base at each uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or recognizes each base at each uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or recognizes each base at each uh
+position and inserts with High Fidelity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and inserts with High Fidelity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and inserts with High Fidelity
+uh its complement okay now the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its complement okay now the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its complement okay now the error
+rate in just if uh in chemical synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in just if uh in chemical synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in just if uh in chemical synthesis
+is on the order of 1 in 10 or 1 in 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the order of 1 in 10 or 1 in 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the order of 1 in 10 or 1 in 100
+okay so um if you think of making DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um if you think of making DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um if you think of making DNA
+with a machine or just taking a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a machine or just taking a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a machine or just taking a simple
+set of chemicals and throw throwing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of chemicals and throw throwing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of chemicals and throw throwing them
+together and throwing in an enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and throwing in an enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and throwing in an enzyme that
+copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies
+them uh you get a pretty good copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh you get a pretty good copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh you get a pretty good copy of
+DNA you know 90% accurate is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA you know 90% accurate is pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA you know 90% accurate is pretty good
+right but when you think of your genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but when you think of your genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but when you think of your genome
+as being three billion bases 10% error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being three billion bases 10% error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being three billion bases 10% error
+means that you have 100 or 300 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you have 100 or 300 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you have 100 or 300 million
+uh you have a you know uh you have 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a you know uh you have 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a you know uh you have 300
+million sorry 10% error means that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million sorry 10% error means that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million sorry 10% error means that uh
+300 million bases are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 million bases are in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 million bases are in fact
+wrong so uh obviously we can't tolerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so uh obviously we can't tolerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so uh obviously we can't tolerate
+that uh rate or that level of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh rate or that level of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh rate or that level of of uh
+error so the genome is read uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so the genome is read uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so the genome is read uh by
+polymerase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase it
+uh reads or synthesizes a complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reads or synthesizes a complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reads or synthesizes a complimentary
+strand at the rate of about 800 or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand at the rate of about 800 or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand at the rate of about 800 or a
+th000 nucleotides per second uh for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 nucleotides per second uh for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 nucleotides per second uh for very
+large genomes then that would take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large genomes then that would take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large genomes then that would take a
+long time in our body a human cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in our body a human cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in our body a human cell
+divides approximately once a day and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides approximately once a day and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides approximately once a day and so
+we have three billion bases you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three billion bases you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three billion bases you could do
+the math uh you know your cell you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math uh you know your cell you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math uh you know your cell you don't
+have a lot of time to do a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of time to do a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of time to do a lot of things
+so uh there's for very large genomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there's for very large genomes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there's for very large genomes uh
+the replication proceeds in parallel at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replication proceeds in parallel at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replication proceeds in parallel at
+different places within a chromosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places within a chromosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places within a chromosome and
+all the chromosomes are being replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the chromosomes are being replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the chromosomes are being replicated
+simultanously so you have this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultanously so you have this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultanously so you have this process
+in which you make a copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you make a copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you make a copy of the
+genome uh and then uh those copies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome uh and then uh those copies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome uh and then uh those copies are
+then distributed to the daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then distributed to the daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then distributed to the daughter cells
+uh uh during cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh during cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh during cell
+division now as I said the frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division now as I said the frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division now as I said the frequency and
+error in just making a chemical copy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in just making a chemical copy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in just making a chemical copy is
+on the order of 1 in 100 or 1 in 10 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 1 in 100 or 1 in 10 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 1 in 100 or 1 in 10 um
+there's uh additional sources of uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh additional sources of uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh additional sources of uh in
+the process that improves this error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process that improves this error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process that improves this error
+rate so of course we can't live we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so of course we can't live we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so of course we can't live we we
+wouldn't be able to survive uh if if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to survive uh if if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to survive uh if if our
+DNA was mutated at that high rate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA was mutated at that high rate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA was mutated at that high rate and so
+for instance as a machine as a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance as a machine as a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance as a machine as a chemical
+machine that adds a nucleotide that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that adds a nucleotide that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that adds a nucleotide that's
+designed to base pair with an existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to base pair with an existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to base pair with an existing
+nucleotide in in a DNA strand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide in in a DNA strand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide in in a DNA strand the
+polymerase has a selectivity for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase has a selectivity for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase has a selectivity for certain
+nucleotides given what base it needs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides given what base it needs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides given what base it needs uh
+to insert and so that selectivity uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insert and so that selectivity uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insert and so that selectivity uh uh
+reduces the error rate so that uh uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the error rate so that uh uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the error rate so that uh uh at
+the level of polymerase the a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of polymerase the a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of polymerase the a rate
+becomes one in 10,000 or one in 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes one in 10,000 or one in 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes one in 10,000 or one in 100,000
+that's still pretty high so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still pretty high so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still pretty high so what do we
+have uh or what's available to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh or what's available to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh or what's available to improve
+Pro the Fidelity in DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro the Fidelity in DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro the Fidelity in DNA
+replication um the polymerase or one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication um the polymerase or one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication um the polymerase or one of
+the associated proteins actually checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associated proteins actually checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associated proteins actually checks
+which base got stuck in and it matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which base got stuck in and it matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which base got stuck in and it matches
+it looks to see what base it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks to see what base it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks to see what base it should have
+stuck in from reading the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in from reading the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in from reading the original
+Strand and it sees what base actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strand and it sees what base actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strand and it sees what base actually
+got stuck in and guess what it does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got stuck in and guess what it does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got stuck in and guess what it does the
+wrong base got stuck in it stops takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong base got stuck in it stops takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong base got stuck in it stops takes
+that base out and replaces it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that base out and replaces it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that base out and replaces it with the
+correct base so there's a proofreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct base so there's a proofreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct base so there's a proofreading
+function and that improves the Fidelity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that improves the Fidelity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that improves the Fidelity
+of replication by several log orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of replication by several log orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of replication by several log orders of
+magnitude more so we're moving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude more so we're moving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude more so we're moving in the
+right direction right so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right direction right so that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right direction right so that's uh
+problems in just the uh inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in just the uh inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in just the uh inherent
+Machinery that we have in copying DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery that we have in copying DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery that we have in copying DNA
+from one strand to another now on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one strand to another now on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one strand to another now on top of
+that there are a whole lot whole load of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a whole lot whole load of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a whole lot whole load of
+other factors which are trying to mutate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors which are trying to mutate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors which are trying to mutate
+that DNA and uh you know the a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DNA and uh you know the a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DNA and uh you know the a lot of
+the problems in or a lot of the causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems in or a lot of the causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems in or a lot of the causes
+of cancer uh are environmental uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancer uh are environmental uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancer uh are environmental uh
+influences that cause mutations uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences that cause mutations uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences that cause mutations uh in
+our genome so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our genome so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our genome so for
+instance you know I fly a lot of miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you know I fly a lot of miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you know I fly a lot of miles
+every year you know if you're in a jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year you know if you're in a jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year you know if you're in a jet
+at 40,000 ft um you know my exposure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 40,000 ft um you know my exposure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 40,000 ft um you know my exposure to
+uh ionizing radiation is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ionizing radiation is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ionizing radiation is a little bit
+more than yours or if you spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than yours or if you spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than yours or if you spend a lot of
+time uh sources of radiation then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh sources of radiation then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh sources of radiation then you
+know your DNA is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your DNA is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your DNA is going to get
+damaged um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged um there's
+uh mechanisms that uh look for damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mechanisms that uh look for damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mechanisms that uh look for damaged
+DNA where there's a chemical change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA where there's a chemical change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA where there's a chemical change in
+the DNA base uh in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA base uh in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA base uh in your
+genome or there could be uh a places in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome or there could be uh a places in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome or there could be uh a places in
+which a base got deleted or inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a base got deleted or inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a base got deleted or inserted
+anyway there's in addition to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there's in addition to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there's in addition to the uh
+error correction that's inherent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error correction that's inherent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error correction that's inherent in the
+replication Machinery there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication Machinery there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication Machinery there's
+post-replication error correction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-replication error correction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-replication error correction uh
+processes one called mismatch repair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes one called mismatch repair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes one called mismatch repair and
+that goes back and further cleans up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes back and further cleans up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes back and further cleans up uh
+the genome sequence and so the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome sequence and so the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome sequence and so the frequency
+of error after mismatch repair is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error after mismatch repair is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error after mismatch repair is now
+down to a level of one in a billion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a level of one in a billion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a level of one in a billion or
+one in 10 billion so you know the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in 10 billion so you know the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in 10 billion so you know the uh the
+evolution of uh the system in Faithfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of uh the system in Faithfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of uh the system in Faithfully
+copying one genome into two copies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying one genome into two copies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying one genome into two copies is
+actually uh a very finely honed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh a very finely honed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh a very finely honed uh
+process and it's all through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evolution now if you think of this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution now if you think of this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution now if you think of this I
+don't think there's a physical system if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's a physical system if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's a physical system if
+you copy from tape or copy onto disk uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you copy from tape or copy onto disk uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you copy from tape or copy onto disk uh
+you don't get you don't achieve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get you don't achieve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get you don't achieve this
+high level of Fidelity in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level of Fidelity in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level of Fidelity in those
+copies okay now all I told you about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies okay now all I told you about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies okay now all I told you about was
+that information got copied from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information got copied from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information got copied from one
+strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+uh or one uh one genome to another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or one uh one genome to another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or one uh one genome to another and
+that the information is in genes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the information is in genes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the information is in genes but
+that in itself doesn't tell you anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in itself doesn't tell you anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in itself doesn't tell you anything
+about the Machinery all all we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Machinery all all we know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Machinery all all we know from
+The genome is the parts list what all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The genome is the parts list what all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The genome is the parts list what all we
+know is that there's 24,000 genes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that there's 24,000 genes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that there's 24,000 genes we
+have a good idea of the function of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good idea of the function of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good idea of the function of many
+of those genes we don't know what all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those genes we don't know what all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those genes we don't know what all of
+those genes are what they do we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those genes are what they do we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those genes are what they do we have a
+good guess and we have we are continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good guess and we have we are continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good guess and we have we are continuing
+to be able to make better guesses about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to make better guesses about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to make better guesses about
+what those unknown genes are up to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those unknown genes are up to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those unknown genes are up to uh
+but uh in the end the genes encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh in the end the genes encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh in the end the genes encode
+proteins and the proteins are in are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and the proteins are in are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and the proteins are in are the
+execution Machinery uh of a cell they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution Machinery uh of a cell they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution Machinery uh of a cell they're
+the one th those are the macromolecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one th those are the macromolecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one th those are the macromolecules
+that actually carry out uh the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually carry out uh the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually carry out uh the work of
+the cell and so the question then is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and so the question then is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and so the question then is how
+do you go from information encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you go from information encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you go from information encoded in
+DNA to somehow information which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA to somehow information which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA to somehow information which is
+really just fun function all you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just fun function all you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just fun function all you care
+about is that different proteins carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that different proteins carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that different proteins carry
+out specific functions uh under certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out specific functions uh under certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out specific functions uh under certain
+conditions how do you go from uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions how do you go from uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions how do you go from uh a
+string of four bases uh to a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of four bases uh to a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of four bases uh to a function
+and so uh again in biology you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh again in biology you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh again in biology you've
+learned through the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned through the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned through the process of
+transcription in which a messenger RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription in which a messenger RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription in which a messenger RNA
+is made and then the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made and then the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made and then the process of
+translation in which the information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation in which the information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation in which the information in
+nucleic acid sequence is then translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid sequence is then translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid sequence is then translated
+into a protein sequence uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a protein sequence uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a protein sequence uh that
+eventually uh protein function arises so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh protein function arises so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh protein function arises so
+it's an odd concept right it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an odd concept right it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an odd concept right it's like
+taking it's like taking uh uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it's like taking uh uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it's like taking uh uh it's it's
+like taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking a
+blueprint uh a parts list of the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint uh a parts list of the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint uh a parts list of the you
+know of a machine and somehow trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of a machine and somehow trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of a machine and somehow trying to
+figure out how that parts list knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how that parts list knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how that parts list knows
+what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to
+do okay now there's an important concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay now there's an important concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay now there's an important concept
+that you have to keep in mind when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to keep in mind when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to keep in mind when
+you're uh trying to study or understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh trying to study or understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh trying to study or understand
+biological process um in that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process um in that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process um in that we have
+several levels of interactions that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several levels of interactions that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several levels of interactions that uh
+are responsible for encoding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for encoding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for encoding the
+information first of all in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information first of all in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information first of all in the case of
+DNA sequence it's the string of bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequence it's the string of bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequence it's the string of bases
+and the sequence of that string of bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sequence of that string of bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sequence of that string of bases
+which is important but that sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is important but that sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is important but that sequence is
+hardwired in that each base is coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired in that each base is coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired in that each base is coal
+attached to its neighbor so so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to its neighbor so so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to its neighbor so so it's a
+it's a chemical bond which holds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a chemical bond which holds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a chemical bond which holds the
+information uh in its place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh in its place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh in its place
+now what happens is that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens is that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens is that uh that
+information is then translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is then translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is then translated
+into uh a protein sequence a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh a protein sequence a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh a protein sequence a sequence of
+amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino
+acids and they're cinear in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and they're cinear in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and they're cinear in their
+information so the protein sequence if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so the protein sequence if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so the protein sequence if
+this represents a polypeptide chain is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this represents a polypeptide chain is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this represents a polypeptide chain is a
+string of amino acids also held together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of amino acids also held together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of amino acids also held together
+by Co veent bonds but that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Co veent bonds but that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Co veent bonds but that in
+itself doesn't encode or it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself doesn't encode or it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself doesn't encode or it doesn't
+represent uh function that's carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh function that's carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh function that's carried
+out what happens is that uh the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what happens is that uh the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what happens is that uh the amino
+acids in the polypeptide chain at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids in the polypeptide chain at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids in the polypeptide chain at least
+in a local area will tend to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a local area will tend to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a local area will tend to interact
+with each other in specified ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other in specified ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other in specified ways that
+we understand very well and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand very well and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand very well and what you
+have is uh local uh occurrences of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is uh local uh occurrences of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is uh local uh occurrences of the
+polypeptide chain aggreg ating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain aggreg ating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain aggreg ating or
+assembling or associating with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling or associating with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling or associating with each
+other in very stereotypic ways and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in very stereotypic ways and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in very stereotypic ways and so
+you have local organization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have local organization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have local organization of
+polypeptide and then these uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide and then these uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide and then these uh uh
+elements then further associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then further associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then further associate with
+each other and compact into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and compact into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and compact into something
+that uh has ultimately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh has ultimately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh has ultimately a
+three-dimensional structure so uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure so uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure so uh you
+have the information originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the information originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the information originally
+hardwired in a sequence but the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired in a sequence but the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired in a sequence but the nature
+of the amino acids that are in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the amino acids that are in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the amino acids that are in that
+sequence then uh causes that protein to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence then uh causes that protein to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence then uh causes that protein to
+fold once that protein folds it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold once that protein folds it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold once that protein folds it's only
+when the protein is folded does it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the protein is folded does it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the protein is folded does it is it
+become functional so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become functional so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become functional so that's how
+information encoded in a genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information encoded in a genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information encoded in a genome
+ultimately uh encodes or uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately uh encodes or uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately uh encodes or uh uh
+inherently has in it uh the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently has in it uh the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently has in it uh the information
+uh what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what to
+do okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay now
+this is a a diagram of how genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a diagram of how genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a diagram of how genes are
+turned on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on and
+off and uh it's uh it's a particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and uh it's uh it's a particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and uh it's uh it's a particular uh
+Network diagram when a Fage infects a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network diagram when a Fage infects a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network diagram when a Fage infects a
+bacterial cell there's one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell there's one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell there's one of two
+choices that's made the Fage either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that's made the Fage either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that's made the Fage either
+decides to integrate itself in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to integrate itself in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to integrate itself in the
+bacterial genome and hibernate or if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial genome and hibernate or if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial genome and hibernate or if the
+environmental conditions I.E the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental conditions I.E the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental conditions I.E the
+nutrients are high then that Fage will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients are high then that Fage will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients are high then that Fage will
+replicate and uh and generate new Fage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate and uh and generate new Fage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate and uh and generate new Fage
+and so this is the decision uh circuitry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the decision uh circuitry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the decision uh circuitry
+for that in which we have in blue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that in which we have in blue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that in which we have in blue the
+DNA sequence uh encoding um in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequence uh encoding um in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequence uh encoding um in this case
+uh the genes for different elements uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the genes for different elements uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the genes for different elements uh
+different proteins uh in front of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proteins uh in front of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proteins uh in front of these
+genes are sequences in which other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are sequences in which other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are sequences in which other
+proteins bind and those proteins whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins bind and those proteins whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins bind and those proteins whether
+they're Bound in front of a gene or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Bound in front of a gene or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Bound in front of a gene or not
+determines whether that Gene is turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines whether that Gene is turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines whether that Gene is turned
+on or is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or is uh
+inactive and you see from these arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive and you see from these arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive and you see from these arrows
+that uh genes that get uh are activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh genes that get uh are activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh genes that get uh are activate
+uh when genes are uh are expressed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when genes are uh are expressed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when genes are uh are expressed and
+protein made that those genes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein made that those genes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein made that those genes in
+combination with other genes uh can form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination with other genes uh can form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination with other genes uh can form
+a decision local logic circuit which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision local logic circuit which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision local logic circuit which
+then tells other genes to either turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tells other genes to either turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tells other genes to either turn on
+or turn off so you can look at how genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or turn off so you can look at how genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or turn off so you can look at how genes
+interact uh and understand and codify in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact uh and understand and codify in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact uh and understand and codify in
+very specific ways um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific ways um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific ways um the the
+biochemistry of a particular process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry of a particular process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry of a particular process and
+so this is a model it's a representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a model it's a representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a model it's a representation
+of how we see uh in this case gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we see uh in this case gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we see uh in this case gene
+expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is
+controlled and because it's a model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled and because it's a model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled and because it's a model we
+can then uh uh predict or simulate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then uh uh predict or simulate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then uh uh predict or simulate what
+the outputs would be whether it's the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs would be whether it's the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs would be whether it's the a
+prediction of whether the bacterial cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of whether the bacterial cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of whether the bacterial cell
+will or the the virus will replicate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will or the the virus will replicate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will or the the virus will replicate or
+whether it'll hibernate okay so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it'll hibernate okay so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it'll hibernate okay so uh this
+is uh again a role in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh again a role in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh again a role in which
+bioengineering plays because it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering plays because it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering plays because it is the
+element in which we can uh not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in which we can uh not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in which we can uh not only
+analiz biological processes but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analiz biological processes but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analiz biological processes but one of
+the goals if you remember in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goals if you remember in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goals if you remember in the the
+design and synthesis aspects of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and synthesis aspects of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and synthesis aspects of what
+Engineers do uh modeling is a important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers do uh modeling is a important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers do uh modeling is a important
+component in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in in
+design okay now in the last 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design okay now in the last 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design okay now in the last 10 minutes
+or so let's now take uh this little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so let's now take uh this little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so let's now take uh this little bit
+of information I walked you through in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information I walked you through in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information I walked you through in a
+very gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very gross
+level how DNA is replicated it's through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level how DNA is replicated it's through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level how DNA is replicated it's through
+polymerase now let's see what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase now let's see what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase now let's see what we can do
+with that little finding or that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that little finding or that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that little finding or that little
+bit of information and turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of information and turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of information and turn it into
+something that has uh a technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has uh a technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has uh a technological
+application which is uh DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application which is uh DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application which is uh DNA
+fingerprinting so how many watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprinting so how many watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprinting so how many watch
+um what's that show uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CSI I think more people watch CSI just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSI I think more people watch CSI just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSI I think more people watch CSI just
+don't be afraid just raise your hand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be afraid just raise your hand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be afraid just raise your hand we
+know you're all closet TV freak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're all closet TV freak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're all closet TV freak
+so okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay well
+anyway just just think about DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway just just think about DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway just just think about DNA
+fingerprinting or genotyping uh as as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprinting or genotyping uh as as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprinting or genotyping uh as as an
+as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an
+application the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application the background
+is uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is a
+chromosome has two arms and just in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome has two arms and just in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome has two arms and just in uh
+on chromosome 11 in our genomes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on chromosome 11 in our genomes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on chromosome 11 in our genomes there's
+a location called th1 okay it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a location called th1 okay it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a location called th1 okay it's a very
+specific location in the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific location in the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific location in the DNA
+sequence okay now first of all I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay now first of all I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay now first of all I want
+everybody to think of two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to think of two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to think of two numbers
+between six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between six and
+12 so the first number we call M and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so the first number we call M and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so the first number we call M and so
+everybody think of a number between 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody think of a number between 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody think of a number between 6
+and 12 write it down M and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12 write it down M and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12 write it down M and then the
+number and then everybody now think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then everybody now think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then everybody now think of a
+second number we'll call it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second number we'll call it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second number we'll call it uh
+F and again pick a number at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and again pick a number at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and again pick a number at random
+between 6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 6 and
+12 this is how uh actually five and 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 this is how uh actually five and 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 this is how uh actually five and 11
+sorry we'll do five and 11 we'll do th1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we'll do five and 11 we'll do th1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we'll do five and 11 we'll do th1
+okay okay so this is how DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is how DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is how DNA
+fingerprinting works and it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprinting works and it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprinting works and it's uh it's
+based on the discovery that in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the discovery that in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the discovery that in our
+genome we have areas in which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome we have areas in which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome we have areas in which in this
+case a four base sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a four base sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a four base sequence
+aatg happens to be replicated happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aatg happens to be replicated happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aatg happens to be replicated happens to
+be copied in uh in Tandem and at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be copied in uh in Tandem and at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be copied in uh in Tandem and at this
+position in all of our chromosomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in all of our chromosomes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in all of our chromosomes uh
+there'll be anywhere between five and 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be anywhere between five and 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be anywhere between five and 11
+copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies
+now we're all diploids right we got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're all diploids right we got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're all diploids right we got one
+copy from Mom and we got one copy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy from Mom and we got one copy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy from Mom and we got one copy from
+Dad so on one chromosome inherited from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dad so on one chromosome inherited from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dad so on one chromosome inherited from
+mom there's some number of repeats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom there's some number of repeats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom there's some number of repeats and
+on the other copy inherited from dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other copy inherited from dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other copy inherited from dad
+there's another uh there's another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another uh there's another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another uh there's another uh
+set of uh there's another set of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of uh there's another set of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of uh there's another set of of
+repeats so the number of repeats of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats so the number of repeats of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats so the number of repeats of
+these sequences uh determines which Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sequences uh determines which Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sequences uh determines which Al
+uh at that Locust that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at that Locust that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at that Locust that you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+now uh this is uh these repeats in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh this is uh these repeats in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh this is uh these repeats in our
+sequences uh aren't just confined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences uh aren't just confined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences uh aren't just confined to
+this one part in chromosome 11 but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one part in chromosome 11 but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one part in chromosome 11 but in
+fact uh there's millions of these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh there's millions of these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh there's millions of these kinds
+of repeats they range in size from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repeats they range in size from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repeats they range in size from two
+base repeats to uh you know six eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base repeats to uh you know six eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base repeats to uh you know six eight
+base repeats uh so this is just uh a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base repeats uh so this is just uh a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base repeats uh so this is just uh a map
+of the distribution of some commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution of some commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution of some commonly
+used four Bas repeats uh that are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used four Bas repeats uh that are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used four Bas repeats uh that are used
+in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+Diagnostics and in uh determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostics and in uh determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostics and in uh determining
+whether you or someone are related or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you or someone are related or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you or someone are related or uh
+are responsible for uh the or or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for uh the or or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for uh the or or the
+origin or source of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin or source of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin or source of a
+particular uh piece of DNA so in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh piece of DNA so in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh piece of DNA so in all of
+our chromosomes we all have uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our chromosomes we all have uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our chromosomes we all have uh these
+simple tandem repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple tandem repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple tandem repeats
+and so uh the question then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh the question then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh the question then in
+distinguishing just say you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing just say you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing just say you from
+somebody else so here's the scenario uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else so here's the scenario uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else so here's the scenario uh
+there's there was a crime and uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there was a crime and uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there was a crime and uh there's
+a pool of blood we take uh just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pool of blood we take uh just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pool of blood we take uh just say
+somebody smashed some glass grabbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody smashed some glass grabbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody smashed some glass grabbed
+something got cut left some left some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something got cut left some left some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something got cut left some left some
+blood on the glass we analyze the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood on the glass we analyze the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood on the glass we analyze the DNA
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now what we analyze the DNA for is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we analyze the DNA for is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we analyze the DNA for is uh
+the AL at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AL at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AL at
+th1 so how many people picked uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th1 so how many people picked uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th1 so how many people picked uh how
+many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people
+picked I'll say seven as one of the AL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked I'll say seven as one of the AL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked I'll say seven as one of the AL
+raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your
+hand my goodness that's that's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand my goodness that's that's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand my goodness that's that's more than
+statistic well okay then how many how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic well okay then how many how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic well okay then how many how
+many picked 10 as the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many picked 10 as the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many picked 10 as the other
+Al okay not as many now how many picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al okay not as many now how many picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al okay not as many now how many picked
+both seven and 10 as both Al so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both seven and 10 as both Al so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both seven and 10 as both Al so that's
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+okay we have 1 2 3 4 5 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have 1 2 3 4 5 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have 1 2 3 4 5 6
+7 okay now obviously at random chance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 okay now obviously at random chance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 okay now obviously at random chance at
+one at one Locus you matched at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at one Locus you matched at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at one Locus you matched at those
+two Al right now does that mean that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Al right now does that mean that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Al right now does that mean that you
+committed that crime and then think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed that crime and then think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed that crime and then think of
+the world population how many billion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world population how many billion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world population how many billion is
+the world population at random chance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world population at random chance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world population at random chance if
+we were only to look at one Al how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were only to look at one Al how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were only to look at one Al how many
+people would match just if we uh assayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would match just if we uh assayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would match just if we uh assayed
+at that one site okay so what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that one site okay so what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that one site okay so what's what's
+the answer obviously if we look at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer obviously if we look at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer obviously if we look at other
+sites in our genome for other repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites in our genome for other repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites in our genome for other repeats
+then we can knock down the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can knock down the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can knock down the number of
+incidences in which you by random chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidences in which you by random chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidences in which you by random chance
+would match with that sample but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would match with that sample but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would match with that sample but even
+with the piece of DNA that uh if just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the piece of DNA that uh if just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the piece of DNA that uh if just
+looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that
+loai we can still knock down the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loai we can still knock down the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loai we can still knock down the number
+of people that match so how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people that match so how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people that match so how many people
+so 711
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 711
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 711
+let's what was it 710 right 710 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's what was it 710 right 710 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's what was it 710 right 710 let's
+just say m is is seven and P is 10 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say m is is seven and P is 10 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say m is is seven and P is 10 now
+how many match at those two low side not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many match at those two low side not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many match at those two low side not
+just seven and 10 but uh that the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seven and 10 but uh that the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seven and 10 but uh that the seven
+was matched with the m and just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was matched with the m and just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was matched with the m and just one
+raise your hands high 1 two 3 four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hands high 1 two 3 four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hands high 1 two 3 four five
+okay so we knocked down we knocked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we knocked down we knocked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we knocked down we knocked out
+two people right so if we went to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people right so if we went to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people right so if we went to your
+mom and we went to your dad got their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom and we went to your dad got their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom and we went to your dad got their
+DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA
+samples then uh you should have uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples then uh you should have uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples then uh you should have uh you
+should have well let's say uh your DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have well let's say uh your DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have well let's say uh your DNA
+should have at least one of the Leal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have at least one of the Leal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have at least one of the Leal
+contributed by mom or dad now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed by mom or dad now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed by mom or dad now there
+would be a problem right if if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a problem right if if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a problem right if if you're if
+one of the alals didn't match mom or dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the alals didn't match mom or dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the alals didn't match mom or dad
+it means that either mom or dad wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that either mom or dad wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that either mom or dad wasn't
+your biological mother or father and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your biological mother or father and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your biological mother or father and
+that happens um if you uh listen to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens um if you uh listen to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens um if you uh listen to if
+you watch on uh on uh uh public TV uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch on uh on uh uh public TV uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch on uh on uh uh public TV uh
+there's a series uh by uh William Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a series uh by uh William Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a series uh by uh William Lewis
+Gates a professor at Harvard who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates a professor at Harvard who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates a professor at Harvard who uh
+genotyped uh the DNA of eight prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotyped uh the DNA of eight prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotyped uh the DNA of eight prominent
+afro-americans uh including Oprah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afro-americans uh including Oprah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afro-americans uh including Oprah
+Winfrey and uh and then revealed to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winfrey and uh and then revealed to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winfrey and uh and then revealed to them
+who their where their biological uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who their where their biological uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who their where their biological uh
+Origins were so it's it's all about DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins were so it's it's all about DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins were so it's it's all about DNA
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+okay so here um the the name of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here um the the name of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here um the the name of the game
+is to determine how many repeats there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to determine how many repeats there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to determine how many repeats there
+are in your genome and so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in your genome and so it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in your genome and so it's just a
+counting exercise and so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting exercise and so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting exercise and so now the
+technology is how do we count repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is how do we count repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is how do we count repeats
+how do we find uh we we know where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we find uh we we know where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we find uh we we know where to
+find the repeats because we can use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the repeats because we can use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the repeats because we can use uh
+polymerase to copy um using a strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase to copy um using a strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase to copy um using a strand
+that's designed to flank the regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's designed to flank the regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's designed to flank the regions
+that uh outly these uh satellites of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh outly these uh satellites of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh outly these uh satellites of
+repeats and we use polymerase to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats and we use polymerase to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats and we use polymerase to make a
+copy of one strand and the other so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of one strand and the other so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of one strand and the other so this
+is the polymerase Chain Reaction um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the polymerase Chain Reaction um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the polymerase Chain Reaction um and
+the number of repeats uh is directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of repeats uh is directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of repeats uh is directly
+correlated with the length of that copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the length of that copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the length of that copy
+the reper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reper
+okay and so if we take a piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so if we take a piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so if we take a piece of DNA
+that has these repeats throw in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has these repeats throw in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has these repeats throw in these
+primers amplify across this region we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers amplify across this region we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers amplify across this region we
+should be able to see in that DNA sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to see in that DNA sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to see in that DNA sample
+uh we should be able to based on size uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we should be able to based on size uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we should be able to based on size uh
+tell whether or not it correlates with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell whether or not it correlates with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell whether or not it correlates with
+one of the repeats uh in in a model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the repeats uh in in a model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the repeats uh in in a model uh
+DNA sample so this is just a sizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sample so this is just a sizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sample so this is just a sizing
+ladder of 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 repeats and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder of 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 repeats and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder of 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 repeats and uh
+these are samples taken from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are samples taken from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are samples taken from different
+people in which this corresponds to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in which this corresponds to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in which this corresponds to uh
+six repeats this corresponds to nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six repeats this corresponds to nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six repeats this corresponds to nine
+repeats uh this corresponds to eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats uh this corresponds to eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats uh this corresponds to eight
+repeats this corresponds to something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats this corresponds to something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats this corresponds to something a
+little bit less than 10 it turns out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less than 10 it turns out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less than 10 it turns out at
+th1 uh you're missing one base so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th1 uh you're missing one base so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th1 uh you're missing one base so that
+repeat turns out to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat turns out to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat turns out to be a little bit
+shorter um so in in almost all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter um so in in almost all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter um so in in almost all of these
+cases the AL are different you got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the AL are different you got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the AL are different you got one
+from Mom and one from Dad they turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Mom and one from Dad they turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Mom and one from Dad they turn out
+to be different in some cases they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be different in some cases they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be different in some cases they
+happen to be the same so you get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be the same so you get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be the same so you get one
+band okay so it's counting these repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now uh of course we want to measure at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh of course we want to measure at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh of course we want to measure at
+different lowai to exclude people uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lowai to exclude people uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lowai to exclude people uh by
+random at random and so we want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random at random and so we want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random at random and so we want to look
+at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different
+lowai uh we also want to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowai uh we also want to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowai uh we also want to increase the
+efficiency of this assay so we Multiplex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of this assay so we Multiplex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of this assay so we Multiplex
+the assay instead of looking at just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assay instead of looking at just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assay instead of looking at just one
+repeat we look at five or six repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat we look at five or six repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat we look at five or six repeats
+all in the same assay and so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the same assay and so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the same assay and so what we do
+is we size uh separate the different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we size uh separate the different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we size uh separate the different uh
+repeats of the different low site on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats of the different low site on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats of the different low site on an
+on a gel so it's a medium for separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a gel so it's a medium for separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a gel so it's a medium for separating
+DNA by size and so you see here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA by size and so you see here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA by size and so you see here the
+alals for Penta e the alals for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alals for Penta e the alals for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alals for Penta e the alals for this
+Locus the alals for th1 so just running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locus the alals for th1 so just running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locus the alals for th1 so just running
+on one gel you can discriminate among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one gel you can discriminate among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one gel you can discriminate among
+five different Loi if you run two gels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different Loi if you run two gels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different Loi if you run two gels
+you can discriminate among uh nine Losi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can discriminate among uh nine Losi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can discriminate among uh nine Losi
+and the standard uh test done in DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard uh test done in DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard uh test done in DNA
+forensics is looking at uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forensics is looking at uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forensics is looking at uh something
+like 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 12
+Loi so at 12 Loi the chances that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loi so at 12 Loi the chances that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loi so at 12 Loi the chances that you
+will match with a sample left at a crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will match with a sample left at a crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will match with a sample left at a crime
+scene is uh uh is scales on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene is uh uh is scales on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene is uh uh is scales on the order of
+uh the number of Loi that you test at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of Loi that you test at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of Loi that you test at so
+if you test at 12 Loi then uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you test at 12 Loi then uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you test at 12 Loi then uh if you
+have a world population of 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a world population of 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a world population of 10 to the
+12th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th
+individuals then there's a random chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals then there's a random chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals then there's a random chance
+that two people will will match uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two people will will match uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two people will will match uh in
+their DNA so uh this is virtually a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their DNA so uh this is virtually a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their DNA so uh this is virtually a full
+proof method for identifying uh identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof method for identifying uh identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof method for identifying uh identity
+um I'm going to speed through the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to speed through the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to speed through the rest
+of it uh if it's a matter of sizing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it uh if it's a matter of sizing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it uh if it's a matter of sizing uh
+by DNA then uh we understand how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DNA then uh we understand how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DNA then uh we understand how that
+process occurs um there's uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process occurs um there's uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process occurs um there's uh it's a
+matter of how long the de uh how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of how long the de uh how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of how long the de uh how long
+the gel is it's a matter of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gel is it's a matter of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gel is it's a matter of what the
+selectivity of the gel is for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity of the gel is for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity of the gel is for uh
+separating one piece of DNA from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating one piece of DNA from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating one piece of DNA from another
+other uh it's a matter of injecting how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh it's a matter of injecting how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh it's a matter of injecting how
+you inject the DNA in and there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inject the DNA in and there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inject the DNA in and there's an
+element of diffusion so let's hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of diffusion so let's hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of diffusion so let's hold the
+thought uh we'll go back to this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought uh we'll go back to this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought uh we'll go back to this and
+quickly finish it up uh on Tuesday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly finish it up uh on Tuesday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly finish it up uh on Tuesday and
+then I'll introduce you to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll introduce you to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll introduce you to the next
+topic
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hl2IeK4Ogl0.txt b/hl2IeK4Ogl0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08b371568ceb444b46fac5cc00eb4792f36a6e0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hl2IeK4Ogl0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+controversial question. Uh I asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial question. Uh I asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial question. Uh I asked you
+before the show a question and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the show a question and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the show a question and I have
+not seen the answer yet, but um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seen the answer yet, but um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seen the answer yet, but um the
+question was um in an environment when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was um in an environment when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was um in an environment when
+there are coding tools out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are coding tools out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are coding tools out there that
+allow people to build things um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow people to build things um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow people to build things um what's
+the value proposition of learning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value proposition of learning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value proposition of learning a
+language like Python to do that? Like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like Python to do that? Like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like Python to do that? Like do
+we still need to do it? And what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still need to do it? And what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still need to do it? And what's the
+value proposition of doing it? So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value proposition of doing it? So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value proposition of doing it? So you're
+going to reveal your answer. I'll reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reveal your answer. I'll reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reveal your answer. I'll reveal
+my answer. So, not sure if this exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my answer. So, not sure if this exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my answer. So, not sure if this exactly
+answers the question, but I said trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers the question, but I said trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers the question, but I said trust
+but verify. Oh, tell me more. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but verify. Oh, tell me more. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but verify. Oh, tell me more. Okay.
+Yeah, I've certainly definitely used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I've certainly definitely used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I've certainly definitely used
+Genaii tools before and for even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genaii tools before and for even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genaii tools before and for even for
+really simple things, it can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple things, it can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple things, it can get it
+wrong, especially um mathematical things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong, especially um mathematical things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong, especially um mathematical things
+and even programming things. And so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even programming things. And so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even programming things. And so I
+have sort of a I would say a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a I would say a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a I would say a basic
+knowledge of programming. And I was wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of programming. And I was wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of programming. And I was wait
+I'm at I would say it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at I would say it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at I would say it's a little more
+than basic for everyone out there. More
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than basic for everyone out there. More
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than basic for everyone out there. More
+than basic continue. Um and so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than basic continue. Um and so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than basic continue. Um and so I was
+able to start with what Genai gave me as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to start with what Genai gave me as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to start with what Genai gave me as
+a as as a program and kind of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as as a program and kind of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as as a program and kind of kind of
+tell you know what it in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you know what it in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you know what it in this particular
+test case it doesn't really work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test case it doesn't really work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test case it doesn't really work that
+well. And I didn't have to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. And I didn't have to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. And I didn't have to go back and
+ask it to fix it because that requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask it to fix it because that requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask it to fix it because that requires a
+lot more sort of back and forth with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more sort of back and forth with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more sort of back and forth with the
+with prompting. And I was able, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with prompting. And I was able, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with prompting. And I was able, you
+know, to just fix it on my own. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, to just fix it on my own. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, to just fix it on my own. It
+wasn't that hard of a fix. And, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that hard of a fix. And, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that hard of a fix. And, you
+know, as soon as you go back and prompt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, as soon as you go back and prompt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, as soon as you go back and prompt
+the the genai again and again and again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the genai again and again and again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the genai again and again and again,
+you start to introduce sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to introduce sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to introduce sort of
+variability of English language, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability of English language, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability of English language, right?
+like when you're talking to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you're talking to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you're talking to someone
+online, it's really hard to tell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online, it's really hard to tell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online, it's really hard to tell what
+they mean or right there's all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean or right there's all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean or right there's all these
+double meanings. Um, and Genai is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double meanings. Um, and Genai is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double meanings. Um, and Genai is all
+probabilistic. So, they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic. So, they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic. So, they're basically
+going to, you know, pick the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to, you know, pick the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to, you know, pick the highest
+probability of what you mean and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of what you mean and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of what you mean and then
+when they give you answers back again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they give you answers back again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they give you answers back again,
+they give it to you with whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give it to you with whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give it to you with whatever the
+highest probability for the next word to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest probability for the next word to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest probability for the next word to
+be, that's what they spit back at you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be, that's what they spit back at you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be, that's what they spit back at you.
+So as soon as you introduce sort of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as soon as you introduce sort of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as soon as you introduce sort of that
+prompting back and forth, it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompting back and forth, it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompting back and forth, it can
+introduce errors that potentially stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce errors that potentially stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce errors that potentially stack
+on top of errors, misunderstandings, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of errors, misunderstandings, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of errors, misunderstandings, and
+things like that. So having a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. So having a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. So having a really
+basic knowledge of programming could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic knowledge of programming could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic knowledge of programming could
+allow you to maybe start with a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to maybe start with a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to maybe start with a piece of
+code that the genai gives you back. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that the genai gives you back. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that the genai gives you back. So
+you're not starting with a blank slate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not starting with a blank slate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not starting with a blank slate.
+It's not super daunting to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not super daunting to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not super daunting to write it
+yourself, but you start with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself, but you start with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself, but you start with something
+and then you potentially test it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you potentially test it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you potentially test it and
+then debug it and then, you know, figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then debug it and then, you know, figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then debug it and then, you know, figure
+it out. Okay, now I trust that it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out. Okay, now I trust that it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out. Okay, now I trust that it works
+well. Mhm. Yeah. I feel like the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Mhm. Yeah. I feel like the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Mhm. Yeah. I feel like the ability
+to verify is the human component. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify is the human component. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify is the human component. Yes.
+And that is sort of what creates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is sort of what creates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is sort of what creates the
+balance with AI. Like if you let AI make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance with AI. Like if you let AI make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance with AI. Like if you let AI make
+all the decisions, then you've lost your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the decisions, then you've lost your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the decisions, then you've lost your
+self-reliance. Um and you can't choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reliance. Um and you can't choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reliance. Um and you can't choose
+your own adventure because you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own adventure because you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own adventure because you're going
+to get a bunch of errors and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a bunch of errors and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a bunch of errors and it's going
+to lead you down the wrong path.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hsQnmrHbbms.txt b/hsQnmrHbbms.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fae90b8fffefc6c8af6e369b167c55c375e7f212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hsQnmrHbbms.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us now abstract from a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now abstract from a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now abstract from a previous
+example and provide a general definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and provide a general definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and provide a general definition
+of for the discrete-time finite state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for the discrete-time finite state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for the discrete-time finite state
+Markov chain is first central in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain is first central in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain is first central in the
+description of a Markov process is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a Markov process is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a Markov process is the
+concept of a state which describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a state which describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a state which describes the
+current situation of the system we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current situation of the system we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current situation of the system we are
+interested in for example in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in for example in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in for example in the case of
+the checkout counter example the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checkout counter example the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checkout counter example the number
+of customers in the queue provided the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of customers in the queue provided the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of customers in the queue provided the
+right level of information needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right level of information needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right level of information needed to
+define a useful state time is assumed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a useful state time is assumed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a useful state time is assumed to
+be discrete that is divided in discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be discrete that is divided in discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be discrete that is divided in discrete
+time steps the system starts at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time steps the system starts at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time steps the system starts at time
+zero in an initial state and at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in an initial state and at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in an initial state and at each
+successive time steps the system goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive time steps the system goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive time steps the system goes
+from its current state to a next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its current state to a next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its current state to a next one
+chosen with some randomness as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen with some randomness as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen with some randomness as a result
+after n such transitions the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after n such transitions the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after n such transitions the state of
+the system will be random and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will be random and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will be random and so we can
+think of it as a random variable lets xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a random variable lets xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a random variable lets xn
+this random variable that is xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable that is xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable that is xn
+represents the state in which the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the state in which the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the state in which the system
+is after n transitions from an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after n transitions from an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after n transitions from an initial
+state in which it started to operate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in which it started to operate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in which it started to operate as
+a shortcut we may often say that xn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortcut we may often say that xn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortcut we may often say that xn is
+the state of the system at time n we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the system at time n we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the system at time n we
+suppose that there is a finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that there is a finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that there is a finite number of
+possible states for the system to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible states for the system to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible states for the system to be in
+here we have drawn a portion of a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have drawn a portion of a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have drawn a portion of a finite
+state space with M possible States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space with M possible States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space with M possible States
+labeled 1 to M using I and J as generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled 1 to M using I and J as generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled 1 to M using I and J as generate
+labels of course we could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels of course we could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels of course we could think of
+systems with an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with an infinite number of
+states either discrete or continuous but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states either discrete or continuous but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states either discrete or continuous but
+this is a bit more complicated and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit more complicated and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit more complicated and so in
+this course we restrict ourselves to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course we restrict ourselves to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course we restrict ourselves to a
+finite state space note that the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite state space note that the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite state space note that the initial
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could itself be fixed or chosen randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could itself be fixed or chosen randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could itself be fixed or chosen randomly
+assume now that the system started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume now that the system started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume now that the system started in
+state 3 what will happen next the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 3 what will happen next the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 3 what will happen next the system
+will evolve according to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will evolve according to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will evolve according to one of the
+possible transitions out of state 3 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible transitions out of state 3 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible transitions out of state 3 for
+example one of these arcs note here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one of these arcs note here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one of these arcs note here that
+we don't have an arc from 3 to 4 as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have an arc from 3 to 4 as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have an arc from 3 to 4 as a
+convention we only include arcs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention we only include arcs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention we only include arcs for
+transitions that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that can happen
+remember the checkout counter example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the checkout counter example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the checkout counter example
+because of our assumptions that no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our assumptions that no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our assumptions that no more
+than one person can join the queue at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one person can join the queue at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one person can join the queue at
+any time within an arcs of the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time within an arcs of the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time within an arcs of the type
+going from 1 to 3 or from 2 to 10 also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from 1 to 3 or from 2 to 10 also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from 1 to 3 or from 2 to 10 also
+because of the customer is being served
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the customer is being served
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the customer is being served
+one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time
+departures were limited to one person at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departures were limited to one person at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departures were limited to one person at
+a time and so no arcs of the type going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time and so no arcs of the type going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time and so no arcs of the type going
+from 2 to 0 or from 9 to 2 so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2 to 0 or from 9 to 2 so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2 to 0 or from 9 to 2 so the next
+transition out of 3 can be thought of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition out of 3 can be thought of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition out of 3 can be thought of a
+random jump where from state 3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random jump where from state 3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random jump where from state 3 the
+system will jump to either state 1 state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will jump to either state 1 state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will jump to either state 1 state
+to state J or jump unto itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state J or jump unto itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state J or jump unto itself
+these will be the only possibilities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will be the only possibilities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will be the only possibilities we
+want to describe the statistics of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the statistics of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the statistics of these
+jumps and we will use conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps and we will use conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps and we will use conditional
+probabilities given that at time 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities given that at time 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities given that at time 0 the
+system is in state 3 what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is in state 3 what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is in state 3 what is the
+probability that it will be in state J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it will be in state J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it will be in state J
+next these will be called transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next these will be called transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next these will be called transition
+probabilities for example the priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities for example the priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities for example the priority
+of going 4 3 2 1 4 B P 3 1 here P 3 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going 4 3 2 1 4 B P 3 1 here P 3 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going 4 3 2 1 4 B P 3 1 here P 3 2
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here P 3j note that these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here P 3j note that these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here P 3j note that these are the
+only possibilities as a result you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only possibilities as a result you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only possibilities as a result you have
+P 3 1 plus P 3 2 plus P 3 3 plus 3 J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 3 1 plus P 3 2 plus P 3 3 plus 3 J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 3 1 plus P 3 2 plus P 3 3 plus 3 J
+will be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume that the system continued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the system continued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the system continued to
+evolve and after various different steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve and after various different steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve and after various different steps
+come back in 3 at time n again what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back in 3 at time n again what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back in 3 at time n again what will
+happen next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen next
+while this property here says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this property here says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this property here says that the
+probability of going from state 3 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of going from state 3 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of going from state 3 to 1
+is again P 3 1 the same as before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again P 3 1 the same as before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again P 3 1 the same as before in
+other words here we will say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words here we will say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words here we will say that the
+chain is time ma genius that is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is time ma genius that is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is time ma genius that is these
+transition probabilities will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities will be the
+same irrespective of the time so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same irrespective of the time so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same irrespective of the time so this is
+true for all N and the summation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for all N and the summation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for all N and the summation that we
+have written here for this special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written here for this special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written here for this special case
+is of course general what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course general what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course general what we have is
+that the priority of I J if you sum all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the priority of I J if you sum all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the priority of I J if you sum all
+of these probabilities for all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these probabilities for all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these probabilities for all possible
+J's you will have 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in order for this probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order for this probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order for this probabilistic
+specification to make sense and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification to make sense and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification to make sense and be
+coherent we need to make a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent we need to make a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent we need to make a big
+assumption about the evolution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about the evolution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about the evolution of the
+state of the system this assumption the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system this assumption the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system this assumption the
+so called Markov property given in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so called Markov property given in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so called Markov property given in words
+here and in mathematical statement here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in mathematical statement here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in mathematical statement here
+is in fact the defining nature of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact the defining nature of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact the defining nature of what a
+Markov process is in words what it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov process is in words what it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov process is in words what it says
+is that every time the system finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every time the system finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every time the system finds
+itself in state 3 the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in state 3 the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in state 3 the transition
+probability of going to state 1 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of going to state 1 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of going to state 1 will
+always be p3 1 no matter how the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be p3 1 no matter how the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be p3 1 no matter how the system
+evolved in the past up to being in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved in the past up to being in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved in the past up to being in state
+3 in other words no matter what path the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 in other words no matter what path the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 in other words no matter what path the
+system has followed up to the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has followed up to the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has followed up to the current
+state the next state transition priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the next state transition priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the next state transition priority
+will be the same independent of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same independent of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same independent of that
+past mathematically conditionally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past mathematically conditionally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past mathematically conditionally on
+knowing your current state having more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing your current state having more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing your current state having more
+information about the past state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the past state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the past state
+variables does not change the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables does not change the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables does not change the transition
+probability to your next state so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to your next state so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to your next state so in
+other words the probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the probability distribution
+of the next state xn plus 1 depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next state xn plus 1 depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next state xn plus 1 depends on
+the past only through the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past only through the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past only through the value of the
+present state xn so you can see that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present state xn so you can see that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present state xn so you can see that as
+a definition of the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition of the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition of the transition
+probability and that property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and that property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and that property that
+equality from here to here being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality from here to here being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality from here to here being the
+Markov property for this property to old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov property for this property to old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov property for this property to old
+in any modeling application you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any modeling application you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any modeling application you need to
+choose your state carefully you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose your state carefully you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose your state carefully you want to
+ensure that the information contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that the information contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that the information contained in
+the description of your state captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of your state captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of your state captures
+all the relevant information to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the relevant information to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the relevant information to make
+prediction about the future evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction about the future evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction about the future evolution
+now given a system how to properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given a system how to properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given a system how to properly
+define the state variables which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the state variables which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the state variables which will
+allow us to model the its evolution as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to model the its evolution as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to model the its evolution as a
+Markov process is somewhat of an art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov process is somewhat of an art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov process is somewhat of an art and
+there are no cookbook recipes to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no cookbook recipes to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no cookbook recipes to do it
+however with a little bit of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however with a little bit of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however with a little bit of experience
+and practice one quickly gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice one quickly gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice one quickly gets the
+required intuitions to do this properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required intuitions to do this properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required intuitions to do this properly
+you will be able to do so in that class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/i-bP2OkQxUI.txt b/i-bP2OkQxUI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bcb0f2bbfc1ccf70367a8d9014c7da1febb30e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/i-bP2OkQxUI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we want to understand now is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to understand now is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to understand now is really
+about momentum space so we can ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about momentum space so we can ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about momentum space so we can ask the
+following question what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following question what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following question what happens to the
+normalization condition that we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization condition that we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization condition that we have for
+the wave function when we think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function when we think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function when we think in
+momentum variables so I will yes I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum variables so I will yes I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum variables so I will yes I will
+do this first so let's think of integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this first so let's think of integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this first so let's think of integral
+DX psy of X star psy of X well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX psy of X star psy of X well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX psy of X star psy of X well this is
+what we called integral the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we called integral the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we called integral the total
+integral for x squared the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for x squared the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for x squared the thing that
+should be equal to 1 if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to 1 if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to 1 if you have a
+probability interpretation for the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability interpretation for the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability interpretation for the wave
+function and but we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and but we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and but we would like to
+understand this what does it say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this what does it say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this what does it say about
+Phi of K so for that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of K so for that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of K so for that I have to
+substitute what size R in terms of K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute what size R in terms of K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute what size R in terms of K and
+try to rethink about this integral how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to rethink about this integral how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to rethink about this integral how
+to evaluate it so for example here I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate it so for example here I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate it so for example here I can
+make a little note that I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little note that I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little note that I'm going to use
+a variable of integration that I call K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable of integration that I call K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable of integration that I call K
+for the first factor and for this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first factor and for this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first factor and for this factor
+I'm going to use K Prime you should use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use K Prime you should use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use K Prime you should use
+different variables of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables of integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables of integration
+remember Phi of X is an integral over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Phi of X is an integral over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Phi of X is an integral over K
+but we should use different ones not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we should use different ones not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we should use different ones not to
+get confused so here we go the X 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused so here we go the X 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused so here we go the X 1 over
+square root of 2 pi integral we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 pi integral we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 pi integral we said
+this one is over K so it would be Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is over K so it would be Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is over K so it would be Phi
+star let me put the decay first the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star let me put the decay first the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star let me put the decay first the K
+Phi star of K e to the minus ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and decay that's the first sigh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decay that's the first sigh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decay that's the first sigh this is
+psystar and now we put sigh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psystar and now we put sigh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psystar and now we put sigh so this is
+the K prime Phi of X mu K prime Phi of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K prime Phi of X mu K prime Phi of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K prime Phi of X mu K prime Phi of K
+prime e to the I K prime X is the same X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime e to the I K prime X is the same X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime e to the I K prime X is the same X
+in the three places okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at this moment you always have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment you always have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment you always have to think
+what do I do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do next
+there are all these many integrals well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these many integrals well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these many integrals well
+the integrals over K there's no chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrals over K there's no chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrals over K there's no chance
+you're going to be able to do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be able to do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be able to do them
+apparently not to begin with because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently not to begin with because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently not to begin with because
+they are abstract integrals so K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are abstract integrals so K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are abstract integrals so K
+integrals have no chance maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals have no chance maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals have no chance maybe the
+integral that we have here the DX does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we have here the DX does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we have here the DX does
+have a chance so in fact let's let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chance so in fact let's let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chance so in fact let's let me
+write this as integral DK Phi star of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral DK prime Phi of K Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DK prime Phi of K Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DK prime Phi of K Prime and
+then I have 1 over 2 pi integral D X e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have 1 over 2 pi integral D X e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have 1 over 2 pi integral D X e
+to the I K prime minus K X I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I K prime minus K X I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I K prime minus K X I think they
+didn't miss any factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now comes to help this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now comes to help this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now comes to help this integral
+representation of the Delta function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a little opposite between the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little opposite between the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little opposite between the role
+of K and X here the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K and X here the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K and X here the integration
+variables over X there it was over K but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables over X there it was over K but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables over X there it was over K but
+the spirit of the Equality or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spirit of the Equality or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spirit of the Equality or the
+representation is it's violet you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is it's violet you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is it's violet you have
+the 1 over 2 pi a full integral over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 over 2 pi a full integral over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 over 2 pi a full integral over a
+variable and some quantity here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and some quantity here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and some quantity here and this
+is Delta of K prime minus K and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta of K prime minus K and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta of K prime minus K and finally
+I can do the last integral I can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do the last integral I can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do the last integral I can do the
+integral say over K Prime and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral say over K Prime and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral say over K Prime and that will
+just give me because a delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give me because a delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give me because a delta function
+that's what it does it evaluates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it does it evaluates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it does it evaluates the
+integrand at the value so you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand at the value so you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand at the value so you integrate
+over K Prime evaluates Phi at K so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K Prime evaluates Phi at K so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K Prime evaluates Phi at K so this
+is equal to integral DK five-star of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to integral DK five-star of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to integral DK five-star of K
+Phi of K and that's pretty neat look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of K and that's pretty neat look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of K and that's pretty neat look
+what we found we found what it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we found we found what it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we found we found what it's called
+parseval's theorem which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parseval's theorem which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parseval's theorem which is that
+integral DX of psy of x squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DX of psy of x squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DX of psy of x squared is
+actually equal to integral DK Phi of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to integral DK Phi of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to integral DK Phi of K
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's called parsable theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fear sometimes in the literature is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear sometimes in the literature is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear sometimes in the literature is also
+called plancherel theorem I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called plancherel theorem I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called plancherel theorem I think it
+depends on the generality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the generality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the generality of the
+identity so plan but this is very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so plan but this is very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so plan but this is very nice
+for us because it begins to tell us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us because it begins to tell us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us because it begins to tell us that
+there's yes indeed some more physics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yes indeed some more physics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yes indeed some more physics to
+Phi of K why the fact that this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of K why the fact that this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of K why the fact that this integral
+is equal to one was a key thing well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one was a key thing well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one was a key thing well the
+fact that it didn't change in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it didn't change in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it didn't change in time
+thanks to assuring the equation was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to assuring the equation was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to assuring the equation was very
+important it's equal to one we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's equal to one we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's equal to one we ended up
+with a probabilistic interpretation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a probabilistic interpretation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a probabilistic interpretation for
+the wave function we could argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function we could argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function we could argue that
+this could be a probability because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a probability because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a probability because it
+made sense and now we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sense and now we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sense and now we have a very
+similar relation for Phi of K not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar relation for Phi of K not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar relation for Phi of K not only
+five K represents as much physics as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five K represents as much physics as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five K represents as much physics as I
+of K as Phi of X but and it not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K as Phi of X but and it not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K as Phi of X but and it not only
+represents the weight with which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the weight with which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the weight with which you
+superimpose plane waves but now it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose plane waves but now it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose plane waves but now it also
+satisfies a normalization condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies a normalization condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies a normalization condition that
+says that the integral is also equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the integral is also equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the integral is also equal to
+this integral which is equal to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's starting to lead to the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's starting to lead to the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's starting to lead to the idea that
+this Phi of K could be thought maybe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Phi of K could be thought maybe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Phi of K could be thought maybe as
+a probability distribution in this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability distribution in this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability distribution in this new
+space in momentum space now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in momentum space now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in momentum space now I want to
+make momentum space a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make momentum space a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make momentum space a little bit more
+clear and this involves a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and this involves a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and this involves a little bit of
+moving around with constants but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around with constants but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around with constants but it's
+important we've been using K all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we've been using K all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we've been using K all the
+time and momentum is h-bar K but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and momentum is h-bar K but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and momentum is h-bar K but now
+let's put things in terms of momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put things in terms of momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put things in terms of momentum
+let's do every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do every
+thing with momentum itself so let's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with momentum itself so let's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with momentum itself so let's so
+let's go to momentum space to momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to momentum space to momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to momentum space to momentum
+language language and this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language language and this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language language and this is not
+difficult we have P is equal to H Bar K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult we have P is equal to H Bar K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult we have P is equal to H Bar K
+so VP over H bar is equal to DK or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so VP over H bar is equal to DK or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so VP over H bar is equal to DK or
+integrals and we can think of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and we can think of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and we can think of functions
+of K but these are just other functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K but these are just other functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K but these are just other functions
+of momentum so I can make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of momentum so I can make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of momentum so I can make this
+replacement in my Fourier relations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement in my Fourier relations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement in my Fourier relations so
+these are the two equations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two equations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two equations that we
+wrote there are the ones were aiming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote there are the ones were aiming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote there are the ones were aiming to
+write in a more momentum language rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in a more momentum language rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in a more momentum language rather
+than K even even though it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K even even though it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K even even though it's going to
+cost a few H bars here and there so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost a few H bars here and there so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost a few H bars here and there so the
+first equation becomes PI of X equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation becomes PI of X equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation becomes PI of X equal 1
+over square root of 2 pi integral well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 2 pi integral well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 2 pi integral well
+Phi of K is now Phi of P with a tilde e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of K is now Phi of P with a tilde e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of K is now Phi of P with a tilde e
+to the ikx is e to the IPX over H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ikx is e to the IPX over H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ikx is e to the IPX over H bar
+and DK is equal to VP over H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly for the second equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the second equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the second equation
+instead of 5k you will put Phi tilde of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 5k you will put Phi tilde of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 5k you will put Phi tilde of
+P 1 over square root of 2 pi integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 1 over square root of 2 pi integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 1 over square root of 2 pi integral
+psy effects e to the minus IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psy effects e to the minus IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psy effects e to the minus IP
+over h-bar and that integral doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h-bar and that integral doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h-bar and that integral doesn't
+change much the X so I did my change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change much the X so I did my change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change much the X so I did my change of
+variables and things are not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and things are not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and things are not completely
+symmetric if you look at them here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if you look at them here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if you look at them here they
+were beautifully symmetric in here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were beautifully symmetric in here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were beautifully symmetric in here you
+have 1 over H bar here and no H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 over H bar here and no H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 over H bar here and no H bar
+floating around so we're gonna do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around so we're gonna do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around so we're gonna do one
+more little change for more symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more little change for more symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more little change for more symmetry
+we're going to redefine let Phi tilde of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to redefine let Phi tilde of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to redefine let Phi tilde of
+P be replaced by Phi of P can square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P be replaced by Phi of P can square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P be replaced by Phi of P can square
+root of H bar you see I I'm doing this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of H bar you see I I'm doing this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of H bar you see I I'm doing this a
+little fast but the idea is that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fast but the idea is that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fast but the idea is that I could
+this is a function I invent that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function I invent that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function I invent that I can
+just call it a little different change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it a little different change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it a little different change
+its normalization to make it look good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its normalization to make it look good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its normalization to make it look good
+you can put wherever you want and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put wherever you want and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put wherever you want and one
+thing I did I was decided that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I did I was decided that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I did I was decided that I don't
+want to carry all this till that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to carry all this till that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to carry all this till that's all
+the time so I'm gonna replace Phi tilde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so I'm gonna replace Phi tilde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so I'm gonna replace Phi tilde
+of P by this Phi of P and that shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P by this Phi of P and that shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P by this Phi of P and that shouldn't
+be confused with the Phi of K not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be confused with the Phi of K not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be confused with the Phi of K not
+necessarily the same thing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the same thing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the same thing but it's
+simpler notation so if I do that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler notation so if I do that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler notation so if I do that here
+look you will have a Phi of P no tilde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you will have a Phi of P no tilde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you will have a Phi of P no tilde
+and 1 over square root of H bar because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 over square root of H bar because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 over square root of H bar because
+there will be a square root of H bar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a square root of H bar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a square root of H bar in
+the numerator and H bar there so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator and H bar there so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator and H bar there so this
+first equation will become sine of X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation will become sine of X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation will become sine of X 1
+over square root of 2 pi H bar integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 2 pi H bar integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 2 pi H bar integral
+Phi of P e to the IPX over H bar VP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of P e to the IPX over H bar VP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of P e to the IPX over H bar VP and
+the second equation here you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second equation here you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second equation here you must
+replace it by a 5 and the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by a 5 and the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by a 5 and the square root of
+H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar
+which will go down to the same position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will go down to the same position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will go down to the same position
+here so that the reverse equate inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that the reverse equate inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that the reverse equate inverse
+equation is Phi of P now 1 over square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is Phi of P now 1 over square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is Phi of P now 1 over square
+root of 2 pi H bar integral psy of X e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2 pi H bar integral psy of X e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2 pi H bar integral psy of X e
+to the minus IPX over H bar D X so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus IPX over H bar D X so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus IPX over H bar D X so this
+is forest theorem in momentum notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forest theorem in momentum notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forest theorem in momentum notation
+in which you're really summing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you're really summing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you're really summing over
+momenta and you put all these H bars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta and you put all these H bars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta and you put all these H bars in
+the right place and we've put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place and we've put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place and we've put them
+symmetrically you could do otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically you could do otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically you could do otherwise
+it's a choice but look at the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a choice but look at the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a choice but look at the evolution
+of things we've started with a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we've started with a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we've started with a standard
+theorem with K and X then derive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem with K and X then derive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem with K and X then derive a
+representation for a delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for a delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for a delta function
+derived parseval's theorem and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived parseval's theorem and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived parseval's theorem and finally
+rewrote this in true momentum language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrote this in true momentum language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrote this in true momentum language
+now you can ask what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can ask what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can ask what happens to
+parseval's theorem well you have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parseval's theorem well you have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parseval's theorem well you have to keep
+track of the normalizations what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the normalizations what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the normalizations what will
+happen look let me say it this left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen look let me say it this left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen look let me say it this left hand
+side when we do all these changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side when we do all these changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side when we do all these changes
+doesn't change at all the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change at all the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change at all the second one
+decay gets a DP over H bar and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay gets a DP over H bar and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay gets a DP over H bar and this
+becomes Phi tilde of P but Phi tilde of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes Phi tilde of P but Phi tilde of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes Phi tilde of P but Phi tilde of
+P then becomes square root times Phi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then becomes square root times Phi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then becomes square root times Phi of
+P so you get two square roots in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so you get two square roots in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so you get two square roots in the
+numerator and the decay that had a H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and the decay that had a H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and the decay that had a H bar
+in the denominator so they all disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator so they all disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator so they all disappear
+happily it's a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily it's a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily it's a good thing
+so parcel now reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral DX size squared of X equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DX size squared of X equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DX size squared of X equal
+integral DK 5 k5 P I'm sorry about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DK 5 k5 P I'm sorry about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DK 5 k5 P I'm sorry about just
+doing B now and it's a neat formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing B now and it's a neat formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing B now and it's a neat formula that
+we can use
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ijOnv0DUCPE.txt b/ijOnv0DUCPE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..701258a328b6f9b15b88c541a0eafdc3834c4ab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ijOnv0DUCPE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+in this section we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section we're going to talk
+about the emission and the absorption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the emission and the absorption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the emission and the absorption of
+photons so you can think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons so you can think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons so you can think about a
+scenario where you have an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where you have an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where you have an atom
+um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which
+emits the photon like in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits the photon like in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits the photon like in this picture
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and you create a new atom which we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you create a new atom which we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you create a new atom which we call
+you know the atom prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the atom prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the atom prime
+in the absorption process you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absorption process you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absorption process you have a
+collision between a photon and the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision between a photon and the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision between a photon and the atom
+and you make a new atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you make a new atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you make a new atom
+um again indicated by a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again indicated by a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again indicated by a prime
+so i want you to actually work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want you to actually work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want you to actually work this out
+um in in two activities the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in two activities the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in two activities the first one is
+on absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on absorption
+so here we have a stationary particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a stationary particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a stationary particle
+the atom with with a mass m0 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom with with a mass m0 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom with with a mass m0 and it's
+struck by a photon right this scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck by a photon right this scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck by a photon right this scenario
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and the photon has an energy q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the photon has an energy q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the photon has an energy q and
+becomes and and there's a new particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes and and there's a new particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes and and there's a new particle
+coming out with a rest mass m not prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out with a rest mass m not prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out with a rest mass m not prime
+and a recoiling velocity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a recoiling velocity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a recoiling velocity as
+has to have some sort of momentum v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have some sort of momentum v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have some sort of momentum v and
+so the question is how can we now find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is how can we now find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is how can we now find
+the mass of this new particle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of this new particle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of this new particle and the
+velocity so please stop the video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so please stop the video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so please stop the video and
+try to work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to work this out
+so the way to work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to work this out
+is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by
+um writing energy and momentum equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um writing energy and momentum equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um writing energy and momentum equation
+you can do this just with a four vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this just with a four vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this just with a four vector
+here even so we're not performing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here even so we're not performing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here even so we're not performing any
+launch transformation in this part you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch transformation in this part you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch transformation in this part you
+can just write down the four vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write down the four vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write down the four vector and
+you know this needs to be conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this needs to be conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this needs to be conserved
+energy and momentum need to be conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum need to be conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum need to be conserved
+in this collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this collision
+all right so we have the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have the mass
+of this initial particle at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this initial particle at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this initial particle at rest
+so the energy is m naught c square the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy is m naught c square the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy is m naught c square the
+energy of the photon is q the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon is q the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon is q the momentum
+of the photon is q over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photon is q over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photon is q over c
+and so then the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the final
+particle the outcoming new particle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the outcoming new particle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the outcoming new particle has
+its own mass but it has a boost so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own mass but it has a boost so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own mass but it has a boost so the
+total energy is m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy is m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy is m naught
+prime gamma using the velocity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime gamma using the velocity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime gamma using the velocity of this
+of this particle c square and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particle c square and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particle c square and the
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+m naught prime gamma times b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m naught prime gamma times b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m naught prime gamma times b
+so that's after the collision and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's after the collision and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's after the collision and so
+then you can use the energy relation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can use the energy relation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can use the energy relation in
+order to get to the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get to the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get to the mass
+this is a function of the velocity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function of the velocity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function of the velocity here
+and you can get the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get the velocity
+um by looking at the momentum so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by looking at the momentum so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by looking at the momentum so you
+basically solve for this v or v over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically solve for this v or v over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically solve for this v or v over c
+in this case and then if you want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case and then if you want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case and then if you want you
+can add this back in here in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add this back in here in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add this back in here in order to
+get the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the mass
+as just as a function of the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just as a function of the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just as a function of the energy of
+the mass of the initial particle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the initial particle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the initial particle and the
+energy of the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the proton
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+the second example now is the emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second example now is the emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second example now is the emission
+so here we have a stationary atom with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a stationary atom with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a stationary atom with a
+rest mass m naught and it emits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest mass m naught and it emits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest mass m naught and it emits the
+photon with energy q and it becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon with energy q and it becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon with energy q and it becomes the
+new atom with rest mass m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new atom with rest mass m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new atom with rest mass m naught
+prime and recalling with the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and recalling with the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and recalling with the velocity
+now given the two masses what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given the two masses what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given the two masses what is the
+energy of the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+so we set this up in the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we set this up in the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we set this up in the same way as
+before now we start with this particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now we start with this particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now we start with this particle
+at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest
+and that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that then
+the energy is m naught c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is m naught c squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is m naught c squared
+momentum is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is zero
+and that's you know equal to the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know equal to the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know equal to the energy
+and momentum of the new particle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum of the new particle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum of the new particle and the
+photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+in the very same way as we set this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very same way as we set this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very same way as we set this up
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+so now what we want to do here is use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we want to do here is use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we want to do here is use
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariance of the four vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance of the four vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance of the four vector
+using the energy and momentum relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the energy and momentum relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the energy and momentum relation
+so the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of this new particle times c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this new particle times c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this new particle times c square
+squared is equal to the energy squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to the energy squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to the energy squared
+the energy squared now you just bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy squared now you just bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy squared now you just bring
+this over here it's m naught c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over here it's m naught c squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over here it's m naught c squared
+minus q squared and then the momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus q squared and then the momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus q squared and then the momentum is
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+of this new particle is simply q square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this new particle is simply q square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this new particle is simply q square
+this you can now solve for q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can now solve for q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can now solve for q
+and you find this relation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find this relation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find this relation here
+okay so that's the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the energy of the
+of the outgoing filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outgoing filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outgoing filter
+um if you now define q naught as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you now define q naught as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you now define q naught as the
+difference in masses or the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in masses or the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in masses or the difference
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+of the masses times c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the masses times c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the masses times c square
+then you can write the the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can write the the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can write the the energy of the
+photon as q naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon as q naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon as q naught
+times one minus q naught over two m c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one minus q naught over two m c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one minus q naught over two m c
+square and that's always smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and that's always smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and that's always smaller than
+the difference in masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in masses
+all right so if we now analyze this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if we now analyze this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if we now analyze this and
+look at this some more and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this some more and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this some more and try to
+understand what it means what we find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it means what we find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it means what we find is
+that the emission and the absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the emission and the absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the emission and the absorption
+they only occur at a very precise value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only occur at a very precise value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only occur at a very precise value
+of of the energy of the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the energy of the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the energy of the photon
+it also means that an emitted photon can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also means that an emitted photon can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also means that an emitted photon can
+only be reabsorbed if the particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be reabsorbed if the particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be reabsorbed if the particles are
+moving with just the right velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with just the right velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with just the right velocity
+right so if you if you're an atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you if you're an atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you if you're an atom and
+the photon goes out and your neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon goes out and your neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon goes out and your neighboring
+atom is just sitting there next to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is just sitting there next to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is just sitting there next to you
+at rest as you've had rest before is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest as you've had rest before is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest as you've had rest before is not
+able to reabsorb the fulton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to reabsorb the fulton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to reabsorb the fulton
+all right so we learned just by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we learned just by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we learned just by using
+special relativity quite a bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity quite a bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity quite a bit about the
+physics involved in absorption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics involved in absorption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics involved in absorption and
+emission of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/j4m0Ye5Qgcg.txt b/j4m0Ye5Qgcg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b22a1d6a8b9bc742d5771ffa82eb64303a261ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/j4m0Ye5Qgcg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+as I mentioned last Friday there is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned last Friday there is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned last Friday there is uh
+one more topic that uh I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more topic that uh I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more topic that uh I want to
+cover um and that is the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover um and that is the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover um and that is the topic of
+diffusion and so today I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and so today I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and so today I'm going to talk
+about uh diffusion which uh in will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh diffusion which uh in will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh diffusion which uh in will be
+in the context of what diffusion depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of what diffusion depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of what diffusion depends
+on and how do we describe it um and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and how do we describe it um and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and how do we describe it um and in
+particular there's two laws fixed first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there's two laws fixed first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there's two laws fixed first
+law and fixed second law that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and fixed second law that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and fixed second law that I want to
+talk about and I want to talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about and I want to talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about and I want to talk about how
+this looks in the context of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks in the context of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks in the context of some of the
+chemistry that we've learned some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that we've learned some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that we've learned some of the
+things that we've learned so diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've learned so diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've learned so diffusion
+is is this is kind of a standard Picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this is kind of a standard Picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this is kind of a standard Picture
+People show for diffusion although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People show for diffusion although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People show for diffusion although
+really this is probably mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is probably mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is probably mostly
+convection right uh but it which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection right uh but it which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection right uh but it which is the
+movement you know it's not diffusion um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement you know it's not diffusion um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement you know it's not diffusion um
+um but but diffusion kind of has taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but diffusion kind of has taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but diffusion kind of has taken
+on this broader meaning right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this broader meaning right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this broader meaning right and so
+what what do we mean by diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we mean by diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we mean by diffusion
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+diffusion comes from the Latin word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion comes from the Latin word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion comes from the Latin word
+defund and that means to spread out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defund and that means to spread out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defund and that means to spread out okay
+but see to spread out but in in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see to spread out but in in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see to spread out but in in in this
+class um we're going to start uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um we're going to start uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um we're going to start uh by
+thinking about it as uh a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it as uh a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it as uh a particular
+movement down a concentration gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement down a concentration gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement down a concentration gradient
+and that is what's Happening Here Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what's Happening Here Right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what's Happening Here Right
+like you see this is a very concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see this is a very concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see this is a very concentrated
+droplet of dye that you put in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet of dye that you put in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet of dye that you put in there and
+then it's less concentrated out here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's less concentrated out here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's less concentrated out here you
+probably don't have any right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't have any right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't have any right so the
+concentration of the D out there is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the D out there is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the D out there is zero
+and in here it's very high and so it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here it's very high and so it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here it's very high and so it it
+wants to go down a concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to go down a concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to go down a concentration
+gradient so that's movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down a concentration gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a concentration gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a concentration gradient
+conentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh how do we describe this movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh how do we describe this movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh how do we describe this movement
+and and it really it goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it really it goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it really it goes back to
+experiments um that Robert Brown did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um that Robert Brown did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um that Robert Brown did and
+this is the original paper that he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the original paper that he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the original paper that he wrote
+way back in the 18 early 1800s I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back in the 18 early 1800s I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back in the 18 early 1800s I love
+the title of this paper a brief account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title of this paper a brief account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title of this paper a brief account
+of microscopial observations made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of microscopial observations made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of microscopial observations made
+specifically in the months of June July
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in the months of June July
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in the months of June July
+and August 1827 on the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and August 1827 on the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and August 1827 on the particles
+contained in the pollen and plants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in the pollen and plants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in the pollen and plants and
+on the general existence of active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the general existence of active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the general existence of active
+molecules in organic and inorganic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in organic and inorganic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in organic and inorganic
+bodies what a nice detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies what a nice detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies what a nice detailed
+title that was now this motion so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title that was now this motion so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title that was now this motion so he was
+he started with pollen okay and and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started with pollen okay and and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started with pollen okay and and he
+looked at it and it looked like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it and it looked like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it and it looked like this
+here's oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's oh
+that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loud right there wasn't supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud right there wasn't supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud right there wasn't supposed to be
+music so that that's what he saw except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music so that that's what he saw except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music so that that's what he saw except
+this isn't what he saw this is what kosu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't what he saw this is what kosu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't what he saw this is what kosu
+Endo randomly posted online and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Endo randomly posted online and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Endo randomly posted online and I'm
+showing you um but this is if you looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you um but this is if you looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you um but this is if you looked
+at paen in a microscope and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at paen in a microscope and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at paen in a microscope and you're
+Robert Brown back in the early 1800s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Brown back in the early 1800s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Brown back in the early 1800s
+you'd see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see
+this so he thought aha okay there's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so he thought aha okay there's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so he thought aha okay there's life
+this must have to do with biology you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must have to do with biology you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must have to do with biology you
+know and things are alive and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and things are alive and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and things are alive and so they
+move right it must be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move right it must be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move right it must be something like
+that and so you put other things in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so you put other things in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so you put other things in and
+they did the same thing they jiggled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did the same thing they jiggled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did the same thing they jiggled
+around right and then he said well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right and then he said well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right and then he said well okay
+what about if I put something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if I put something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if I put something that was
+once alive but not is not alive anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once alive but not is not alive anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once alive but not is not alive anymore
+it did the same thing it's okay wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did the same thing it's okay wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did the same thing it's okay wait a
+second maybe there's something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second maybe there's something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second maybe there's something to do
+with having ever been alive the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with having ever been alive the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with having ever been alive the spirit
+of the particles right and it's so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particles right and it's so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particles right and it's so okay
+the Ultimate Experience I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ultimate Experience I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ultimate Experience I'm going to
+break some glass which is what he did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break some glass which is what he did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break some glass which is what he did I
+love that I like breaking glass too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that I like breaking glass too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that I like breaking glass too and
+so he he broke the glass and he took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he he broke the glass and he took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he he broke the glass and he took
+little pieces of glass and put it under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces of glass and put it under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces of glass and put it under
+his microscope they did the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his microscope they did the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his microscope they did the same thing
+they all did the same thing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all did the same thing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all did the same thing right so
+they were really perplex what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really perplex what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really perplex what was going
+on this is the microscopic basis this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is the microscopic basis this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is the microscopic basis this
+this is now called brownie in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now called brownie in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now called brownie in motion
+it's random motion due to thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's random motion due to thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's random motion due to thermal energy
+and collisions um and and and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collisions um and and and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collisions um and and and it was
+it's the connection of this microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the connection of this microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the connection of this microscopic
+random motion due to thermal energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random motion due to thermal energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random motion due to thermal energy and
+macroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic
+observables that led to a big advance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables that led to a big advance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables that led to a big advance in
+our understanding of diffusion right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our understanding of diffusion right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our understanding of diffusion right and
+and so the the question of how far took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the question of how far took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the question of how far took
+almost 100 it took 80 years right so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 100 it took 80 years right so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 100 it took 80 years right so he
+say one of the first question say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one of the first question say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one of the first question say how
+far do these things go right how far are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far do these things go right how far are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far do these things go right how far are
+they going to they're randomly moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to they're randomly moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to they're randomly moving
+around I got that I see it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I got that I see it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I got that I see it in the
+microscope how far do they go so how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope how far do they go so how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope how far do they go so how far
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+are well that was a question that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well that was a question that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well that was a question that you
+can answer if you can get the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer if you can get the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer if you can get the mean
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+displacement mean Square squared I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement mean Square squared I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement mean Square squared I don't
+know I say tomato and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I say tomato and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I say tomato and and so
+displacement it's like you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement it's like you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement it's like you know it's
+okay and mean Square displacement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and mean Square displacement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and mean Square displacement and
+and it really came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really came from
+Einstein uh in in 1905
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually this was what Einstein did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this was what Einstein did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this was what Einstein did for
+his dissertation his PhD work was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his dissertation his PhD work was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his dissertation his PhD work was on
+this topic it was on understanding how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic it was on understanding how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic it was on understanding how
+to go from these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from these kind of
+microscopic flu random fluctuations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic flu random fluctuations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic flu random fluctuations to
+some macroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some macroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some macroscopic
+observables and so the if you the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables and so the if you the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables and so the if you the mean
+Square displacement well that's just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square displacement well that's just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square displacement well that's just you
+know it's the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the average of
+some some measurement of some distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some measurement of some distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some measurement of some distance
+the particles go so if we go you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles go so if we go you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles go so if we go you know if
+you look go back to the die there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look go back to the die there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look go back to the die there it is
+but now it's in atom form or molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's in atom form or molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's in atom form or molecule
+form and it's diffusing around diffusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and it's diffusing around diffusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and it's diffusing around diffusing
+around and and okay you say well how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and and okay you say well how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and and okay you say well how far
+did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it
+go that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that would be the
+circle and and that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and and that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and and that's something that
+Einstein tackled in his PhD and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein tackled in his PhD and found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein tackled in his PhD and found
+that the mean Square displacement is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mean Square displacement is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mean Square displacement is uh
+well let's just okay it's equal to six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just okay it's equal to six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just okay it's equal to six
+times some constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some constant times
+time this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is in
+three dimensions oh if you're in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions oh if you're in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions oh if you're in two
+Dimensions it's four if you're in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions it's four if you're in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions it's four if you're in one
+dimension it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension it's
+two but the main point isn't that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but the main point isn't that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but the main point isn't that the
+main point is that the mean Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point is that the mean Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point is that the mean Square
+displacement is a function of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is a function of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is a function of some
+constant times time right and and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times time right and and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times time right and and so so
+if you just wait long enough and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just wait long enough and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just wait long enough and you
+know this constant then you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this constant then you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this constant then you can figure
+out how far things diffuse that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how far things diffuse that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how far things diffuse that was
+pretty cool that was pretty cool but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool that was pretty cool but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool that was pretty cool but you
+see okay now what we're going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay now what we're going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay now what we're going to be more
+interested in in this class is not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in this class is not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in this class is not how
+far but how fast we're interested in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but how fast we're interested in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but how fast we're interested in how
+fast so if we ask and again these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so if we ask and again these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so if we ask and again these are
+questions that brown couldn't answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that brown couldn't answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that brown couldn't answer
+Brown observed these things and wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown observed these things and wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown observed these things and wrote
+about them and that's why it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and that's why it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and that's why it's called
+brownie emotion but it was later that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownie emotion but it was later that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownie emotion but it was later that
+people said well let's try to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said well let's try to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said well let's try to think
+about how to write this down and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to write this down and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to write this down and and
+come up with theories that explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with theories that explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with theories that explain it
+and so for how fast now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for how fast now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for how fast now we have
+uh the flux so we have the flux or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the flux so we have the flux or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the flux so we have the flux or the
+diffusion flux J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion flux J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion flux J
+right and we what we want is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we what we want is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we what we want is a way of
+describing how much so it's an amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how much so it's an amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how much so it's an amount
+okay so it's an amount of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's an amount of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's an amount of something
+substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance
+substance now the amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance now the amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance now the amount of the
+substance per area you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance per area you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance per area you're going to
+normalize it so you say I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it so you say I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it so you say I'm going to
+take like this sheet and I'm going say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take like this sheet and I'm going say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take like this sheet and I'm going say
+how much of it isoss Crossing this sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of it isoss Crossing this sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of it isoss Crossing this sheet
+area per time right so that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area per time right so that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area per time right so that's so
+substance amount of a substance uh per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance amount of a substance uh per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance amount of a substance uh per
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+time that's the flux did the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's the flux did the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's the flux did the the the
+time okay so like it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so like it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so like it could be
+grams the amount could be grams right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams the amount could be grams right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams the amount could be grams right a
+mass kilograms micrograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass kilograms micrograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass kilograms micrograms
+nanograms right it could be number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanograms right it could be number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanograms right it could be number of
+atoms moles that's also an amount right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms moles that's also an amount right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms moles that's also an amount right
+moles right so we're just say amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles right so we're just say amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles right so we're just say amount
+that's General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's General
+grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams
+moles right Etc n number of atoms that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles right Etc n number of atoms that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles right Etc n number of atoms that's
+that's mole that's what moles tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mole that's what moles tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mole that's what moles tells us
+right grams ET uh oh the time could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right grams ET uh oh the time could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right grams ET uh oh the time could also
+be oh the area could be centimet squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oh the area could be centimet squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oh the area could be centimet squared
+meters squared right it's an area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters squared right it's an area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters squared right it's an area and
+and then the time is is usually seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the time is is usually seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the time is is usually seconds
+usually doesn't have to be right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually doesn't have to be right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually doesn't have to be right and so
+this is what fix law gives us so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what fix law gives us so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what fix law gives us so this
+was first established how do you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first established how do you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first established how do you get a
+dependence of this flux right how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of this flux right how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of this flux right how do you
+get a dependence of this flux and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a dependence of this flux and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a dependence of this flux and again
+we got this constant in there and fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got this constant in there and fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got this constant in there and fixed
+first law is all about that fixed first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law is all about that fixed first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law is all about that fixed first
+law says that this flux is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law says that this flux is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law says that this flux is
+proportional to and I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to and I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to and I'm just going to
+write it like this for now concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient right so that's like the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient right so that's like the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient right so that's like the change
+in Okay C divided by the change in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Okay C divided by the change in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Okay C divided by the change in X
+that c is concentration here we'll draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c is concentration here we'll draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c is concentration here we'll draw
+an arrow concentration of C right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow concentration of C right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow concentration of C right well
+we could use brackets you know bracket a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use brackets you know bracket a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use brackets you know bracket a
+concentration of a right mass per liter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a right mass per liter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a right mass per liter
+something like that but I'll use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but I'll use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but I'll use the the
+the letter c Delta C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter c Delta C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter c Delta C
+over Delta X so that's the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Delta X so that's the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Delta X so that's the concentration
+gradient and what fix what fi did oh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and what fix what fi did oh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and what fix what fi did oh by
+the way this was also my this wasn't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this was also my this wasn't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this was also my this wasn't as
+as far it didn't take as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far it didn't take as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far it didn't take as long as
+Einstein but this was 18 uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+55 okay good so fi came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 okay good so fi came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 okay good so fi came
+along uh maybe 30 years later and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along uh maybe 30 years later and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along uh maybe 30 years later and he
+said well I want to know how fast things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well I want to know how fast things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well I want to know how fast things
+are going I want to understand how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going I want to understand how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going I want to understand how to
+describe the flux of these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the flux of these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the flux of these these
+randomly moving things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly moving things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly moving things
+and I notice that it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I notice that it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I notice that it depends on the
+concentration difference right and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration difference right and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration difference right and in
+particular I like it when things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I like it when things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I like it when things are
+when diffusion is positive so J is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when diffusion is positive so J is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when diffusion is positive so J is equal
+to minus D time DC DX and that is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus D time DC DX and that is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus D time DC DX and that is fixed
+first law because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law because
+inti and D is a constant D is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inti and D is a constant D is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inti and D is a constant D is this
+constant again so D is the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant again so D is the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant again so D is the diffusion
+constant we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we'll talk about this
+diffusion constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant
+there's the concentration gradient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the concentration gradient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the concentration gradient and
+and we got a minus sign notice oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got a minus sign notice oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got a minus sign notice oh
+movement down a concentration gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement down a concentration gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement down a concentration gradient
+but if I didn't have a minus sign then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I didn't have a minus sign then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I didn't have a minus sign then I
+wouldn't have a positive flux then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have a positive flux then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have a positive flux then the
+droplet wouldn't spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet wouldn't spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet wouldn't spread
+out that wouldn't be good right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that wouldn't be good right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that wouldn't be good right so we're
+going from high concentration to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from high concentration to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from high concentration to low
+concentration when I've got a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration when I've got a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration when I've got a bigger
+change in the concentration I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the concentration I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the concentration I've got
+faster diffusion that's what fix first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster diffusion that's what fix first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster diffusion that's what fix first
+law tells us okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law tells us okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law tells us okay
+good very importantly fixed first law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good very importantly fixed first law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good very importantly fixed first law
+means it's steady state steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's steady state steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's steady state steady state
+notice there is no T here there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there is no T here there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there is no T here there is no
+time for that we have to wait for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for that we have to wait for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for that we have to wait for the
+second law so steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law so steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law so steady
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+diffusion and that means not a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and that means not a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and that means not a function
+of time not a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time not a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time not a function of time
+so what you the the kinds of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you the the kinds of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you the the kinds of problems
+where fixed first law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where fixed first law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where fixed first law
+matters is and I know some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is and I know some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is and I know some of you
+probably seen fixed first law I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen fixed first law I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen fixed first law I get that
+but we're going to in a little bit we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to in a little bit we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to in a little bit we're
+going to connect it to crystals right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to connect it to crystals right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to connect it to crystals right um
+but so you know the kind of diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so you know the kind of diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so you know the kind of diffusion
+where the first law matters is the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first law matters is the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first law matters is the kind
+where we you're might you're holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we you're might you're holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we you're might you're holding
+concentrations equal let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations equal let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations equal let's say you're
+holding a concentration gradient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding a concentration gradient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding a concentration gradient and
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+changing right and so you're wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing right and so you're wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing right and so you're wondering
+well if I hold a concentration at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I hold a concentration at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I hold a concentration at one
+thing here and at another thing here how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and at another thing here how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and at another thing here how
+fast do things diffuse that's what fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast do things diffuse that's what fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast do things diffuse that's what fixed
+law tells us right and so let's do let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law tells us right and so let's do let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law tells us right and so let's do let's
+do an example here's my example I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an example here's my example I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an example here's my example I found
+these gloves because I was looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gloves because I was looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gloves because I was looking for
+coal polymers coal polymers right here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal polymers coal polymers right here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal polymers coal polymers right here's
+a coal polymer that doesn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coal polymer that doesn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coal polymer that doesn't have the
+nital groups remember the nital groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nital groups remember the nital groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nital groups remember the nital groups
+last Friday they were so important when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Friday they were so important when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Friday they were so important when
+we're doing our polymer Design This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing our polymer Design This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing our polymer Design This
+doesn't have it these are just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have it these are just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have it these are just this is
+rubber okay fine so there's the co-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber okay fine so there's the co-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber okay fine so there's the co-
+polymer right it's co polymerized with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer right it's co polymerized with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer right it's co polymerized with
+these two uh groups but uh and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two uh groups but uh and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two uh groups but uh and and it
+now it it's got those those groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it it's got those those groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it it's got those those groups
+because it gave me the right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gave me the right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gave me the right maybe
+flexibility and some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility and some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility and some of the other
+factors that I want in the glove but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that I want in the glove but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that I want in the glove but is
+it strong enough chemically and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it strong enough chemically and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it strong enough chemically and that's a
+very important question we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important question we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important question we talk about
+this you know last Friday that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know last Friday that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know last Friday that these
+these chemical groups change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chemical groups change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chemical groups change the
+mechanical properties they also change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical properties they also change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical properties they also change
+the chemical resilience right uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical resilience right uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical resilience right uh and so
+so here I have it I have a toxin this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I have it I have a toxin this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I have it I have a toxin this is
+what why we we wear gloves because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why we we wear gloves because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why we we wear gloves because we
+don't want to get methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get methyl
+chloride into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride into our
+skin methyl chloride is toxic at 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin methyl chloride is toxic at 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin methyl chloride is toxic at 50
+parts per million keep it out all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts per million keep it out all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts per million keep it out all right
+be very careful so I don't know I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very careful so I don't know I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very careful so I don't know I mean I
+know I look up online I say well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I look up online I say well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I look up online I say well okay
+but rubber these feel comfortable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rubber these feel comfortable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rubber these feel comfortable but
+how are they okay with methyl toxin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they okay with methyl toxin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they okay with methyl toxin
+methyl chloride which is a toxin that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl chloride which is a toxin that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl chloride which is a toxin that's
+a molecule it has a diffusion constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule it has a diffusion constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule it has a diffusion constant
+of 1 * 10- 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 * 10- 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 * 10- 6
+cm/s the gloves are 04 CM uh uh thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm/s the gloves are 04 CM uh uh thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm/s the gloves are 04 CM uh uh thick
+and I'm I'm working with paint remover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm I'm working with paint remover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm I'm working with paint remover
+right I'm working with paint remover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm working with paint remover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm working with paint remover the
+the concentration of paint remover is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of paint remover is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of paint remover is a
+gram per CET cubed am I safe how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram per CET cubed am I safe how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram per CET cubed am I safe how long
+how much am I going to be exposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much am I going to be exposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much am I going to be exposed to
+this at my skin I'm starting out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at my skin I'm starting out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at my skin I'm starting out with
+zero What's the flux through the glove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero What's the flux through the glove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero What's the flux through the glove
+right can I stay safe but first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can I stay safe but first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can I stay safe but first of all
+we can we we one thing that we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we we one thing that we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we we one thing that we can do is
+we can look at just to make sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at just to make sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at just to make sure we
+understand so this a diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so this a diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so this a diffusion
+constant why does it have those units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant why does it have those units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant why does it have those units
+well the units you know you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the units you know you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the units you know you can see this
+right like the units of J are like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like the units of J are like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like the units of J are like an
+amount right this is what we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount right this is what we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount right this is what we already
+said uh divided by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh divided by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh divided by an
+area times a time so if the units of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area times a time so if the units of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area times a time so if the units of c
+are are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are an
+amount okay I stayed with grams right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount okay I stayed with grams right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount okay I stayed with grams right
+over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a
+volume then you can see right away that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume then you can see right away that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume then you can see right away that
+diffusion must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area over time it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area over time it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area over time it has to
+be if it's not then this does the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if it's not then this does the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if it's not then this does the units
+don't work right I've got concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work right I've got concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work right I've got concentration
+over a length this is a 1D right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a length this is a 1D right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a length this is a 1D right I'm
+going across some some membrane maybe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going across some some membrane maybe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going across some some membrane maybe or
+some area right this is a membrane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some area right this is a membrane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some area right this is a membrane the
+glove right and so you can you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glove right and so you can you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glove right and so you can you can think
+about this for yourself the units have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for yourself the units have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for yourself the units have
+to be uh uh area over time right is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh uh area over time right is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh uh area over time right is it
+area over time ha centimet squared per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area over time ha centimet squared per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area over time ha centimet squared per
+second it work okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it work okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it work okay so that
+worked now the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked now the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked now the other thing
+is you know before I before we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know before I before we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know before I before we do the
+math why does this happen anyway right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math why does this happen anyway right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math why does this happen anyway right
+why is there diffusion and this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is there diffusion and this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is there diffusion and this is you
+know it's it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's actually quite
+straightforward to understand even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to understand even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to understand even when
+you go all the way back to Brown's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go all the way back to Brown's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go all the way back to Brown's
+experiments with pollen you say what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with pollen you say what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with pollen you say what the
+things are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are moving
+randomly why is there now a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly why is there now a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly why is there now a direction
+right why is there now a direction how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why is there now a direction how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why is there now a direction how
+is that possible How can there be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that possible How can there be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that possible How can there be a
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+if if it's all random how can there be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if it's all random how can there be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if it's all random how can there be a
+concentration gr you can you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gr you can you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gr you can you can get
+that because if you have some like high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because if you have some like high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because if you have some like high
+concentration let's suppose that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration let's suppose that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration let's suppose that this is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+high concentration and this is a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration and this is a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentration and this is a low
+concentration and you know you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and you know you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and you know you got the
+Brownie and stuff going on right you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownie and stuff going on right you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownie and stuff going on right you got
+it it's all you know in in something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's all you know in in something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's all you know in in something you
+know there's brownie in motion whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's brownie in motion whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's brownie in motion whatever
+containers the are these are or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers the are these are or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers the are these are or whatever
+is in whatever it's got brownie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in whatever it's got brownie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in whatever it's got brownie in
+motion and so but that means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and so but that means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and so but that means that it's
+because it's random it's equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's random it's equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's random it's equally likely
+to go that way as it is to go that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go that way as it is to go that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go that way as it is to go that way
+okay but so but see where so but see at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but so but see where so but see at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but so but see where so but see at
+the high concentration I've got more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high concentration I've got more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high concentration I've got more
+particles you can see that because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you can see that because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you can see that because I
+drew bigger Longer arrows so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew bigger Longer arrows so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew bigger Longer arrows so it's
+obvious more particles because it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious more particles because it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious more particles because it's more
+concentration there's just a lot more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration there's just a lot more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration there's just a lot more of
+them so there's more going across like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so there's more going across like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so there's more going across like
+you know if I try to draw a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I try to draw a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I try to draw a boundary
+here and a or boundaries inside here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a or boundaries inside here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a or boundaries inside here and
+I look at those as my areas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at those as my areas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at those as my areas right
+there's a high concentration there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a high concentration there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a high concentration there's a
+lot of stuff going randomly back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff going randomly back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff going randomly back and
+forth across them down here you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth across them down here you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth across them down here you can do
+the same thing but there's a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but there's a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but there's a lower
+concentration so there's less stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so there's less stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so there's less stuff
+going back and forth across those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth across those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth across those
+barriers right and now I bring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers right and now I bring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers right and now I bring them
+together I bring them together I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I bring them together I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I bring them together I
+bring the methylchloride to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the methylchloride to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the methylchloride to the
+glove to my hand right or I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glove to my hand right or I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glove to my hand right or I bring
+something with a high concentration next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a high concentration next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a high concentration next
+to something with a low concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something with a low concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something with a low concentration
+and I I keep the concentrations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I keep the concentrations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I keep the concentrations of the
+end points fixed I hold these fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points fixed I hold these fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points fixed I hold these fixed
+fixed first law tells me now how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed first law tells me now how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed first law tells me now how this
+happens and you know that if I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and you know that if I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and you know that if I bring
+them together now we look this was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together now we look this was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together now we look this was going
+just a little bit back and forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit back and forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit back and forth and
+this was going a lot bit back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going a lot bit back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going a lot bit back and forth
+and so there's going to be a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's going to be a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's going to be a net
+diffusion that way right there at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion that way right there at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion that way right there at the
+edge you can see it more goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge you can see it more goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge you can see it more goes to the
+right than goes to the left and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right than goes to the left and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right than goes to the left and so this
+starts to create a diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to create a diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to create a diffusion
+gradient that'll create a diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient that'll create a diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient that'll create a diffusion
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+right so that's why it works that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why it works that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why it works that's why
+concentration gradients cause diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradients cause diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradients cause diffusion
+and fix first law tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fix first law tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fix first law tells us
+how okay well let's answer so if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how okay well let's answer so if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how okay well let's answer so if we go
+to the question so let's see so the J so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question so let's see so the J so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question so let's see so the J so
+now I've got my my glove and so the J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got my my glove and so the J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got my my glove and so the J is
+equal to uh let's see it's -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh let's see it's -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh let's see it's -
+1.1 * 10 -6 CM 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 * 10 -6 CM 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 * 10 -6 CM 2
+per second times and this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second times and this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second times and this is going to be
+let's see uh okay I started with what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see uh okay I started with what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see uh okay I started with what I
+started with one gram right uh per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with one gram right uh per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with one gram right uh per
+centimeter cubed and on the skin I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter cubed and on the skin I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter cubed and on the skin I've
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+zero okay so it's going to be times 0 -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so it's going to be times 0 -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so it's going to be times 0 -1
+G per cm cubed and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G per cm cubed and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G per cm cubed and that's going to be
+divided by the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the distance
+0.04 cm and this goes to something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.04 cm and this goes to something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.04 cm and this goes to something like
+um uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh let's see
+2.5 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10-5 G per CM squar second that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-5 G per CM squar second that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-5 G per CM squar second that's the
+flux that's what fix law tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux that's what fix law tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux that's what fix law tells us
+because my skin is good enough my body's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my skin is good enough my body's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my skin is good enough my body's
+good enough to that anytime a toxin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to that anytime a toxin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to that anytime a toxin a
+meth chloride molecule touches it it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meth chloride molecule touches it it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meth chloride molecule touches it it um
+it the skin just takes it away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the skin just takes it away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the skin just takes it away and
+poisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisons
+me so but but that's important I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so but but that's important I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so but but that's important I mean
+it's it's not good but it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not good but it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not good but it's important
+because it keeps this concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it keeps this concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it keeps this concentration
+fixed right now otherwise this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed right now otherwise this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed right now otherwise this would
+build up and it would be changing so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up and it would be changing so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up and it would be changing so you
+can't use fixed law right no no fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use fixed law right no no fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use fixed law right no no fixed
+law applies when you've got these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law applies when you've got these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law applies when you've got these two
+concentrations are fixed and there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations are fixed and there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations are fixed and there's not
+a Time dependence right instead there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time dependence right instead there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time dependence right instead there's
+a rate there's a flux that you're after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate there's a flux that you're after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate there's a flux that you're after
+J okay all right and so now you say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay all right and so now you say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay all right and so now you say well
+this can I can I handle this can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can I can I handle this can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can I can I handle this can I
+handle this I Work It Out 50 per million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this I Work It Out 50 per million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this I Work It Out 50 per million
+right should have used the nitrol should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right should have used the nitrol should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right should have used the nitrol should
+have used the nital co polymer go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used the nital co polymer go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used the nital co polymer go back
+and make new polymers right maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make new polymers right maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make new polymers right maybe you
+need much much better chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need much much better chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need much much better chemical
+resilience which might lower this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience which might lower this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience which might lower this
+diffusion constant right this is serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant right this is serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant right this is serious
+stuff this is serious stuff and it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff this is serious stuff and it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff this is serious stuff and it's so
+serious that I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious that I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious that I want to talk about
+eggs so because you can make so okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs so because you can make so okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs so because you can make so okay the
+the rubber glove uh stop STS this toxin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rubber glove uh stop STS this toxin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rubber glove uh stop STS this toxin
+it slowed it down did it slow it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slowed it down did it slow it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slowed it down did it slow it down
+enough but do you know use fixed first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but do you know use fixed first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but do you know use fixed first
+slot yeah but but you can make membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot yeah but but you can make membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot yeah but but you can make membranes
+that are actually very selective it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually very selective it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually very selective it's
+the coolest thing right you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolest thing right you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolest thing right you make a
+membrane that only allows water to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane that only allows water to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane that only allows water to go
+through but not salt right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but not salt right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but not salt right that's a
+selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective
+membrane right and that's called osmosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane right and that's called osmosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane right and that's called osmosis
+when you can allow one fluid to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can allow one fluid to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can allow one fluid to go
+through it's semi-permeable permeable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it's semi-permeable permeable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it's semi-permeable permeable to
+one type of fluid but not another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of fluid but not another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of fluid but not another and
+the egg is such a great example I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the egg is such a great example I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the egg is such a great example I had to
+show you this video I made this years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this video I made this years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this video I made this years
+ago in another class and and because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago in another class and and because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago in another class and and because I
+wanted to show this is what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show this is what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show this is what you can do
+with eggs okay they're so cool here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eggs okay they're so cool here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eggs okay they're so cool here's a
+video so you soak them in vinegar okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so you soak them in vinegar okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so you soak them in vinegar okay
+it's even it's even got directions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even it's even got directions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even it's even got directions and
+everything we don't need any volume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we don't need any volume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we don't need any volume and
+there they are okay you still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are okay you still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are okay you still going
+vinegar now the vinegar dissolves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinegar now the vinegar dissolves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinegar now the vinegar dissolves the
+calcium carbonate you know this we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium carbonate you know this we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium carbonate you know this we've
+done these these reactions right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these these reactions right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these these reactions right so
+there you go you soak in in vinegar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go you soak in in vinegar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go you soak in in vinegar
+leave it overnight I'd say is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it overnight I'd say is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it overnight I'd say is probably
+the then you peel off the vinegar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then you peel off the vinegar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then you peel off the vinegar and
+look there's a membrane the egg has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's a membrane the egg has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's a membrane the egg has a
+really cool membrane this isn't cooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool membrane this isn't cooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool membrane this isn't cooked
+this is just a raw egg but now I add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a raw egg but now I add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a raw egg but now I add a
+bunch of syrup okay now the sugar this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of syrup okay now the sugar this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of syrup okay now the sugar this
+is almost pure sugar Su but so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost pure sugar Su but so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost pure sugar Su but so so the
+concentration gradient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient is
+enormous because the the liquid inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous because the the liquid inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous because the the liquid inside
+the egg doesn't have any sugar in it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the egg doesn't have any sugar in it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the egg doesn't have any sugar in it but
+outside the liquid has huge amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the liquid has huge amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the liquid has huge amounts of
+sugar in it so the water inside the egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar in it so the water inside the egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar in it so the water inside the egg
+wants to diffuse out 8 hours not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to diffuse out 8 hours not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to diffuse out 8 hours not well
+it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of
+enough 8 18 hours you pick that membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough 8 18 hours you pick that membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough 8 18 hours you pick that membrane
+up it's a really cool membrane the egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's a really cool membrane the egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's a really cool membrane the egg
+membrane it's it's a semi-permeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane it's it's a semi-permeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane it's it's a semi-permeable
+membrane and it's hard to see here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and it's hard to see here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and it's hard to see here but
+you see all the water is kind of gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see all the water is kind of gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see all the water is kind of gone
+it's totally deflated but completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally deflated but completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally deflated but completely
+stable cu the membrane's that strong the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable cu the membrane's that strong the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable cu the membrane's that strong the
+water inside has left and and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water inside has left and and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water inside has left and and then if
+you if you get some green dye and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you get some green dye and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you get some green dye and you
+put it back into some green water then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it back into some green water then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it back into some green water then
+you can make green eggs and you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make green eggs and you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make green eggs and you can make
+green ham that way and that's osmosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green ham that way and that's osmosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green ham that way and that's osmosis
+right and and so so but it's semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so so but it's semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so so but it's semi
+able you got to give the credit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able you got to give the credit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able you got to give the credit right
+you got to give the credit right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to give the credit right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to give the credit right in
+these things this was your years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things this was your years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things this was your years ago
+when I thought I had a a career in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I thought I had a a career in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I thought I had a a career in that
+in that in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that direction
+um so the egg is is such a cool membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the egg is is such a cool membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the egg is is such a cool membrane
+to play with and I most of us can access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play with and I most of us can access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play with and I most of us can access
+an egg I thought if you want to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an egg I thought if you want to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an egg I thought if you want to play
+with a really cool sem semi-permeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a really cool sem semi-permeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a really cool sem semi-permeable
+membrane that is is cool and you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane that is is cool and you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane that is is cool and you really
+will see fixed first law right at play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see fixed first law right at play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see fixed first law right at play
+you will see and you will feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see and you will feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see and you will feel
+it um okay now uh um there's one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um okay now uh um there's one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um okay now uh um there's one thing I
+want to comment on about all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to comment on about all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to comment on about all this stuff
+and I we are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I we are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I we are not going to
+learn the details of entropy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the details of entropy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the details of entropy in this
+class that is really something for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that is really something for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that is really something for a
+thermodynamics class um um but I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics class um um but I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics class um um but I got to
+just correct something because it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just correct something because it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just correct something because it's in
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+textbook because you know a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook because you know a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook because you know a lot of this
+diffusion stuff and and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion stuff and and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion stuff and and in fact
+dissolution remember we talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolution remember we talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolution remember we talking about
+like salt d olving we did we did whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like salt d olving we did we did whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like salt d olving we did we did whole
+lectures on this the dissolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on this the dissolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on this the dissolution
+remember these all have to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these all have to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these all have to do with the
+total energy of the system the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy of the system the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy of the system the total
+energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the
+system but you know we really focus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but you know we really focus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but you know we really focus in
+this class on one part of that on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class on one part of that on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class on one part of that on one
+part which is called the enthalpy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is called the enthalpy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is called the enthalpy the
+bonding right the bonding the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding right the bonding the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding right the bonding the potential
+of the bonding there's a whole another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bonding there's a whole another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bonding there's a whole another
+part that's related to the entropy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's related to the entropy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's related to the entropy and
+and I'm not we're not going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not we're not going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not we're not going to go into
+this in detail like I said this won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in detail like I said this won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in detail like I said this won't be
+you won't be tested on this but I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be tested on this but I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be tested on this but I got to
+bring it up because so entropy can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it up because so entropy can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it up because so entropy can be
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+important why does something dissolve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important why does something dissolve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important why does something dissolve it
+may be dominated by entropy it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be dominated by entropy it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be dominated by entropy it may be
+dominated by entropy not all the but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by entropy not all the but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by entropy not all the but
+that goes into the total energy still so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into the total energy still so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into the total energy still so
+we still have our happy place you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have our happy place you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have our happy place you know
+of of lower energy better but as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of lower energy better but as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of lower energy better but as you
+learn more about what that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about what that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about what that energy
+entails you got to start including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails you got to start including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails you got to start including
+entropy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy in the
+future so ail says oh for now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so ail says oh for now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so ail says oh for now we can
+state that entropy is a thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that entropy is a thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that entropy is a thermodynamic
+property of all substances that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of all substances that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of all substances that is
+proportional to their degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to their degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to their degree of
+disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder
+no that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's not
+true that is not true and so I I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that is not true and so I I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that is not true and so I I have a
+question okay so people you see this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so people you see this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so people you see this all
+the time entropy higher entropy more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time entropy higher entropy more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time entropy higher entropy more
+disorder my room is messy it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder my room is messy it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder my room is messy it's got a
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+entropy so which of these has a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so which of these has a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so which of these has a higher
+entropy which one of of these has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy which one of of these has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy which one of of these has a
+higher entropy and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher entropy and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher entropy and which is
+lower right this is a very simple grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower right this is a very simple grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower right this is a very simple grid
+they've got the same exact number how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got the same exact number how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got the same exact number how
+many think that the one on the right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many think that the one on the right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many think that the one on the right is
+you know it's a smoother one right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a smoother one right how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a smoother one right how
+many think that this is the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many think that this is the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many think that this is the lower
+entropy system no I've set this up I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy system no I've set this up I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy system no I've set this up I've
+set this up because you know that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this up because you know that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this up because you know that's not
+but why the reason is the real reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why the reason is the real reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why the reason is the real reason
+for what entropy is it's not simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what entropy is it's not simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what entropy is it's not simply
+disorder order because in this these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder order because in this these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder order because in this these are
+computerized experiments so we told the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computerized experiments so we told the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computerized experiments so we told the
+computer to pick randomly uh you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to pick randomly uh you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to pick randomly uh you know a
+place on a grid a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place on a grid a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place on a grid a certain number of
+times and then fill it in but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and then fill it in but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and then fill it in but in this
+case you restricted it you said no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you restricted it you said no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you restricted it you said no I
+can't have any two squares next to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have any two squares next to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have any two squares next to each
+other and in this case you simply did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and in this case you simply did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and in this case you simply did it
+randomly so this looks smoother this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly so this looks smoother this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly so this looks smoother this
+looks less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks less
+disordered but this has a higher entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered but this has a higher entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered but this has a higher entropy
+why because you have fewer options and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you have fewer options and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you have fewer options and
+that is what entropy is about entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what entropy is about entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what entropy is about entropy is
+about the number of possibilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number of possibilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number of possibilities that
+you have now you know that might look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have now you know that might look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have now you know that might look
+more disordered it might not but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more disordered it might not but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more disordered it might not but that's
+what it's under the hood of entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's under the hood of entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's under the hood of entropy is
+possibilities its number of states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities its number of states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities its number of states of
+accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible
+States you know a salt uh uh atom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you know a salt uh uh atom in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you know a salt uh uh atom in the
+crystal has very few possibilities if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal has very few possibilities if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal has very few possibilities if it
+were a perfect Crystal one it's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a perfect Crystal one it's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a perfect Crystal one it's got to
+be in the ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the ladder
+right but once it goes into the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but once it goes into the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but once it goes into the liquid
+it's got many more possibilities it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got many more possibilities it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got many more possibilities it's
+those numbers of states that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers of states that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers of states that matter
+right that's why its entropy goes way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's why its entropy goes way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's why its entropy goes way
+way up it's the number of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up it's the number of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up it's the number of possibilities
+the number of possible States okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of possible States okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of possible States okay good
+that was my aside on entropy now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my aside on entropy now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my aside on entropy now I want
+to get to so okay so we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to so okay so we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to so okay so we talked about
+fixed first law we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed first law we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed first law we talked about
+diffusion we looked it drops and we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion we looked it drops and we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion we looked it drops and we made
+sure the gloves we choose are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the gloves we choose are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the gloves we choose are going to
+be safe what about solids right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be safe what about solids right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be safe what about solids right what
+about solids well things diffuse around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solids well things diffuse around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solids well things diffuse around
+in solids too here's a red atom that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solids too here's a red atom that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solids too here's a red atom that is
+going to diffuse watch this super high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to diffuse watch this super high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to diffuse watch this super high
+tech video okay how does it do it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech video okay how does it do it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech video okay how does it do it a
+vacancy comes in look at that vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy comes in look at that vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy comes in look at that vacancy
+moving around moving around bam that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around moving around bam that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around moving around bam that
+atom moved it moved right self diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom moved it moved right self diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom moved it moved right self diffusion
+it moved it's a it's a single it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moved it's a it's a single it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moved it's a it's a single it's an
+atom of the same type you know that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom of the same type you know that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom of the same type you know that was
+able to move in the lattice because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to move in the lattice because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to move in the lattice because a
+vacancy diffused through right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy diffused through right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy diffused through right and so
+there's the the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the beginning
+and there's the end you see it moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the end you see it moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the end you see it moved
+over by one position but now we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by one position but now we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by one position but now we're all
+thinking we're all thinking and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking we're all thinking and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking we're all thinking and we're
+going back to our days of well okay hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to our days of well okay hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to our days of well okay hold
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+um what really happened right so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what really happened right so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what really happened right so here's
+the here's the vacancy on one side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's the vacancy on one side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's the vacancy on one side here
+it went over to this side there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went over to this side there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went over to this side there's the
+atom going through right so the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom going through right so the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom going through right so the vacancy
+moved that way the atom moved that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved that way the atom moved that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved that way the atom moved that way
+but as you know that atom had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you know that atom had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you know that atom had to
+experience some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience some
+barrier so it had to get over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier so it had to get over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier so it had to get over some
+activation right it had to get over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation right it had to get over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation right it had to get over some
+activation and that really helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation and that really helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation and that really helps us
+answer a question that has been burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer a question that has been burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer a question that has been burning
+in our minds this whole lecture which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our minds this whole lecture which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our minds this whole lecture which is
+what else does flux depend on we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else does flux depend on we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else does flux depend on we saw the
+concentration gradient thing right we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient thing right we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient thing right we we
+we looked at it in very simple terms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at it in very simple terms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at it in very simple terms we
+understood it but what about be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood it but what about be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood it but what about be
+itself well when you see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself well when you see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself well when you see something
+that's an activated process there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an activated process there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an activated process there's only
+one person that ever comes to mind right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person that ever comes to mind right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person that ever comes to mind right
+first name s last name a and it's Fon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name s last name a and it's Fon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name s last name a and it's Fon
+because you know that if it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that if it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that if it's an
+activated process then there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process then there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated process then there's some
+pre-exponential Factor times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-exponential Factor times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-exponential Factor times the
+activation energy divided by KBT if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy divided by KBT if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy divided by KBT if it's
+for a single atom or if it's a mole you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single atom or if it's a mole you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single atom or if it's a mole you
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+R there's your activation energy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R there's your activation energy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R there's your activation energy right
+there that but so now we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that but so now we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that but so now we can start
+connecting this so the so one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting this so the so one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting this so the so one thing you
+know about that diffusion constant is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about that diffusion constant is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about that diffusion constant is it
+will have a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a temperature
+dependence right and and you also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence right and and you also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence right and and you also know
+now that if you plot the log of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that if you plot the log of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that if you plot the log of it
+versus 1 overt you will get that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 1 overt you will get that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 1 overt you will get that oh
+we're back we're like in our happy place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back we're like in our happy place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back we're like in our happy place
+with this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this right
+fante so so this is this is an activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fante so so this is this is an activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fante so so this is this is an activated
+process for an atom diffusing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for an atom diffusing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for an atom diffusing and this
+would be you know maybe you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know maybe you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know maybe you know these
+these these kind of atoms diffusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these kind of atoms diffusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these kind of atoms diffusing
+through their own lives remember um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their own lives remember um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their own lives remember um
+these these have high barriers this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these have high barriers this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these have high barriers this this
+might be kind of hard to do but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be kind of hard to do but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be kind of hard to do but it's
+still going to happen it's still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to happen it's still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to happen it's still going
+to happen you might also get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen you might also get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen you might also get something
+like this and this goes back to our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and this goes back to our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and this goes back to our our
+discussions of defects in crystals you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of defects in crystals you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of defects in crystals you
+you might get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get an
+interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial
+diffusion right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion right so this is
+diffusion this is the topic that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion this is the topic that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion this is the topic that we're
+we're covering um but now we can relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're covering um but now we can relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're covering um but now we can relate
+the equation that governs the fusion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that governs the fusion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that governs the fusion the
+D to the Crystal and to the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D to the Crystal and to the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D to the Crystal and to the chemistry
+right because what is the barrier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because what is the barrier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because what is the barrier that
+that feels when it goes through so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feels when it goes through so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feels when it goes through so
+remember an interstitial like carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember an interstitial like carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember an interstitial like carbon and
+iron right carbon and iron to make steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron right carbon and iron to make steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron right carbon and iron to make steel
+right that would be an interstitial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be an interstitial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be an interstitial uh
+uh uh you know defect or an interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know defect or an interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know defect or an interstitial
+atom that you've added to the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that you've added to the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that you've added to the system to
+the iron lattice and how does it move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron lattice and how does it move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron lattice and how does it move
+well that's absolutely critical because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's absolutely critical because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's absolutely critical because
+it tells you how to make it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you how to make it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you how to make it right and
+we'll get to an example of that um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to an example of that um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to an example of that um so so
+like if I look now at these plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I look now at these plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I look now at these plots
+right and these are plots I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and these are plots I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and these are plots I think I
+showed you back when we Lo talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you back when we Lo talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you back when we Lo talked about
+interal defects um you you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interal defects um you you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interal defects um you you can really
+connect it to what we've learned so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect it to what we've learned so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect it to what we've learned so just
+to start like okay these are the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start like okay these are the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start like okay these are the log
+diffusion coefficient so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient so that's the
+diffusion coefficient that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient that we're talking
+about right there and versus 1,00 overt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right there and versus 1,00 overt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right there and versus 1,00 overt
+so it's 1 overt scale by th000 and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 1 overt scale by th000 and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 1 overt scale by th000 and and
+these are those oh beautiful Sante
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are those oh beautiful Sante
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are those oh beautiful Sante
+oranus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranus
+dependencies right and and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies right and and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies right and and these are
+experimental measurements and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental measurements and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental measurements and look
+here's here's High hydrogen in BCC iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's High hydrogen in BCC iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's High hydrogen in BCC iron
+here's hydrogen in FCC iron now notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's hydrogen in FCC iron now notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's hydrogen in FCC iron now notice
+at the same temperature right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature right at the
+same temperature there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature there's a huge
+difference and then I don't have I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and then I don't have I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and then I don't have I I
+have FCC up here right and then I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have FCC up here right and then I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have FCC up here right and then I've got
+BCC over there why well those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC over there why well those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC over there why well those are the
+stable phases at those temperatures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable phases at those temperatures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable phases at those temperatures but
+notice that when they're at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that when they're at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that when they're at the same
+temperature there's a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there's a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there's a huge difference
+why because you know from the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you know from the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you know from the crystal
+structure that there's more room right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that there's more room right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that there's more room right
+so the activated barrier the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the activated barrier the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the activated barrier the activation
+barrier will be lower in BCC those voids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier will be lower in BCC those voids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier will be lower in BCC those voids
+are bigger there's more space it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger there's more space it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger there's more space it's not
+as well packed we've covered that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well packed we've covered that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well packed we've covered that right
+and look at this so there's hydrogen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at this so there's hydrogen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at this so there's hydrogen is
+really small there's iron iron in BCC Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small there's iron iron in BCC Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small there's iron iron in BCC Fe
+compared to hydrogen B BCC Fe look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to hydrogen B BCC Fe look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to hydrogen B BCC Fe look at
+those orders of magnitude so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those orders of magnitude so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those orders of magnitude so there's an
+iron atom diffusing in its own solid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron atom diffusing in its own solid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron atom diffusing in its own solid and
+here's hydrogen atoms you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's hydrogen atoms you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's hydrogen atoms you can see
+there's carbon and so forth right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's carbon and so forth right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's carbon and so forth right so
+this is the the picture uh that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the picture uh that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the picture uh that comes
+back if we want to think about diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if we want to think about diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if we want to think about diffusion
+in solids we can connect it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solids we can connect it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solids we can connect it to the
+packing and Crystal structures because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing and Crystal structures because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing and Crystal structures because
+we know that these atoms these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that these atoms these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that these atoms these
+interstitial atoms are going to diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial atoms are going to diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial atoms are going to diffuse
+through the interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the interstitial
+space what is the interstitial space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space what is the interstitial space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space what is the interstitial space
+well here as just an example these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here as just an example these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here as just an example these are
+the the you know I showed you just BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the you know I showed you just BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the you know I showed you just BCC
+and FCC here they are right there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and FCC here they are right there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and FCC here they are right there's an
+octahedral site this is BCC down here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral site this is BCC down here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral site this is BCC down here so
+notice those are the the Shaded in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice those are the the Shaded in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice those are the the Shaded in uh
+atoms are the lattice sites right BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are the lattice sites right BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are the lattice sites right BCC
+see at the corners and in the middle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see at the corners and in the middle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see at the corners and in the middle and
+and now you say the the red atom is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you say the the red atom is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you say the the red atom is in
+the middle of gunti is in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of gunti is in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of gunti is in the middle
+let's say the red atom was here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the red atom was here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the red atom was here and it's
+moving to there and now it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to there and now it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to there and now it's in the
+middle so it might take that path as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so it might take that path as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so it might take that path as it
+diffuses it's going to find the voids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses it's going to find the voids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses it's going to find the voids
+diffusing atoms find the voids right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing atoms find the voids right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing atoms find the voids right and
+and so if you have something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have something that's
+trying to diffuse it's going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to diffuse it's going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to diffuse it's going to want to
+find these voids this is an octahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these voids this is an octahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these voids this is an octahedral
+site because this is an octahedron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site because this is an octahedron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site because this is an octahedron and
+you can have one of those in an FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have one of those in an FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have one of those in an FCC
+Crystal as well you can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal as well you can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal as well you can have an
+octahedral site so in FCC you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral site so in FCC you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral site so in FCC you've got
+atoms you got lattice sites in the faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms you got lattice sites in the faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms you got lattice sites in the faces
+but not in the center and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in the center and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in the center and so it's
+octahedral site is here in in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral site is here in in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral site is here in in in the
+Tetra you got tetrahedral sites those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tetra you got tetrahedral sites those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tetra you got tetrahedral sites those
+are other voids in the crystals right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other voids in the crystals right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other voids in the crystals right we
+touched on this a little bit when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched on this a little bit when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched on this a little bit when we
+talked about defects and crystals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about defects and crystals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about defects and crystals but
+now I want to I want to relate it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to I want to relate it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to I want to relate it to
+diffusion because how a crystal has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion because how a crystal has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion because how a crystal has
+voids how a crystal has voids is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids how a crystal has voids is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids how a crystal has voids is
+critical to D how something diffuses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to D how something diffuses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to D how something diffuses in
+it whether that something is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whether that something is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whether that something is something
+in the crystal itself or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the crystal itself or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the crystal itself or something
+you've added to it right how how and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've added to it right how how and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've added to it right how how and how
+it has voids depends on you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has voids depends on you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has voids depends on you know the
+bonding the chemistry and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding the chemistry and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding the chemistry and the the
+crystal structure right um so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure right um so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure right um so you could
+answer questions like this right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer questions like this right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer questions like this right these
+are a couple these are some uh uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple these are some uh uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple these are some uh uh just
+you know fairly now straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fairly now straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fairly now straightforward
+questions right that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer what if I had so it's a you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what if I had so it's a you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what if I had so it's a you you
+know if I had carbon is is what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I had carbon is is what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I had carbon is is what I just
+showed you in alpha or gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you in alpha or gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you in alpha or gamma
+iron right well it's so I'll just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron right well it's so I'll just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron right well it's so I'll just write
+the it's Alpha iron because it's an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's Alpha iron because it's an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's Alpha iron because it's an open
+I don't need to calculate stuff I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to calculate stuff I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to calculate stuff I just
+look up you know Alpha which one is BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up you know Alpha which one is BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up you know Alpha which one is BCC
+which one is FCC and it's Alpha because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is FCC and it's Alpha because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is FCC and it's Alpha because
+it's an open BCC structure and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an open BCC structure and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an open BCC structure and so the
+diffusion uh uh barriers are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh uh barriers are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh uh barriers are going to be
+lower okay iron in Alpha iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower okay iron in Alpha iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower okay iron in Alpha iron
+at 500 or 900 well now I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 500 or 900 well now I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 500 or 900 well now I've got a
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+question I know D is going to be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I know D is going to be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I know D is going to be higher
+so 900 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 900 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 900 right
+900 degrees C because of temp influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900 degrees C because of temp influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900 degrees C because of temp influence
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+temperature okay iron in hydrogen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay iron in hydrogen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay iron in hydrogen or
+iron or hydrogen in Alpha iron it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron or hydrogen in Alpha iron it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron or hydrogen in Alpha iron it's like
+what we just talked about right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just talked about right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just talked about right so this
+would be particle size right H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller right now these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller right now these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller right now these are
+conceptual kind of questions uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual kind of questions uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual kind of questions uh what's
+the fourth one silicon vacancy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth one silicon vacancy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth one silicon vacancy in
+Silicon or helium in Silicon well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon or helium in Silicon well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon or helium in Silicon well you
+know for a vacancy to move you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a vacancy to move you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a vacancy to move you need
+those kind of same atoms to move and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of same atoms to move and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of same atoms to move and if
+a same atom is moving through those SES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a same atom is moving through those SES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a same atom is moving through those SES
+that's harder that's harder than if a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's harder that's harder than if a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's harder that's harder than if a a
+small interstitial like hydrogen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small interstitial like hydrogen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small interstitial like hydrogen is
+moving through those voids right through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through those voids right through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through those voids right through
+those voids that's why when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those voids that's why when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those voids that's why when you look at
+this iron is orders and Orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this iron is orders and Orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this iron is orders and Orders of
+magnitude slower the D is orders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude slower the D is orders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude slower the D is orders and
+Orders of magnitude slower than carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orders of magnitude slower than carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orders of magnitude slower than carbon
+or hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hydrogen
+right and so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's going to be
+H and because the vacancy diffusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and because the vacancy diffusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and because the vacancy diffusion is
+so much slower and then five mg this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much slower and then five mg this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much slower and then five mg this is
+a good one because you know hydrogen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good one because you know hydrogen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good one because you know hydrogen in
+Platinum or hydrogen in magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Platinum or hydrogen in magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Platinum or hydrogen in magnesium
+magnesium has a larger atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium has a larger atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium has a larger atomic
+radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+larger are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger are
+Atomic right and you look it up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic right and you look it up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic right and you look it up and you
+say they got the same close-packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they got the same close-packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they got the same close-packed
+crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+structures but one of them has larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but one of them has larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but one of them has larger
+you know a larger radius what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a larger radius what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a larger radius what does that
+mean well it says something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well it says something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well it says something about the
+voids as well right the voids are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids as well right the voids are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids as well right the voids are going
+to be larger right if the remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be larger right if the remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be larger right if the remember this
+is happening through the voids this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening through the voids this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening through the voids this is
+happening through the voids this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening through the voids this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening through the voids this is how
+batteries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries are
+engineered this is this this is why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered this is this this is why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered this is this this is why we
+have a revolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a revolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a revolution in
+batteries right so this is a a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries right so this is a a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries right so this is a a couple
+years old there's so many great review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old there's so many great review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old there's so many great review
+articles on on battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles on on battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles on on battery
+technologies right but you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies right but you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies right but you know there
+are you can view batteries this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can view batteries this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can view batteries this is the
+cathode by the way what is a battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode by the way what is a battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode by the way what is a battery
+well you know a lithium battery is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know a lithium battery is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know a lithium battery is
+basically two sponges right and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two sponges right and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two sponges right and and and
+one of them is is is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is is is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is is is usually
+carbon yeah okay and and when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon yeah okay and and when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon yeah okay and and when you're
+running your battery lithium ions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running your battery lithium ions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running your battery lithium ions are
+going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in
+right and and the carbon is so strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and the carbon is so strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and the carbon is so strong
+and kind of able to hold you know hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of able to hold you know hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of able to hold you know hold
+those lithium atoms in and not break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lithium atoms in and not break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lithium atoms in and not break
+down so we often use carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we often use carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we often use carbon
+um uh on the anode side and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh on the anode side and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh on the anode side and and then
+when when we when we charge it up we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we when we charge it up we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we when we charge it up we we
+push them back over to where where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push them back over to where where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push them back over to where where they
+came from that's the cathode which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from that's the cathode which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from that's the cathode which is a
+lithium compound but you know it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium compound but you know it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium compound but you know it has to
+be a it has to be a material that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a it has to be a material that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a it has to be a material that can
+hold lithium in it hopefully at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold lithium in it hopefully at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold lithium in it hopefully at very
+high concent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concent
+but also be okay to lose it and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also be okay to lose it and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also be okay to lose it and not
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+collapse okay so but now and so you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse okay so but now and so you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse okay so but now and so you got
+lithium iron phosphate right those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium iron phosphate right those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium iron phosphate right those are
+the you know these ones you've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know these ones you've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know these ones you've got uh
+manganates you got Cobalts Cobalt oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganates you got Cobalts Cobalt oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganates you got Cobalts Cobalt oxide
+materials there are so many battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials there are so many battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials there are so many battery
+materials they all work the same way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials they all work the same way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials they all work the same way the
+lithium if it's a lithium battery it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium if it's a lithium battery it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium if it's a lithium battery it's
+the lithium right is going to leave some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lithium right is going to leave some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lithium right is going to leave some
+Crystal that has lithium in it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal that has lithium in it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal that has lithium in it but it's
+the crystal has to stay so it's a sponge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal has to stay so it's a sponge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal has to stay so it's a sponge
+that loses something from it but stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loses something from it but stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loses something from it but stays
+intact and that something goes over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact and that something goes over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact and that something goes over to
+the the anode it gets soaked up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the anode it gets soaked up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the anode it gets soaked up there
+and then you know you and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know you and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know you and you can
+recharge discharge recharge is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recharge discharge recharge is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recharge discharge recharge is you're
+just pushing these lithiums back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pushing these lithiums back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pushing these lithiums back and
+forth right oh but you're pushing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth right oh but you're pushing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth right oh but you're pushing them
+back and forth you are diffusing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth you are diffusing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth you are diffusing them
+that's what you're doing you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're doing you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're doing you are
+diffusing them through whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing them through whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing them through whatever
+structure you're putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you're putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you're putting them
+into right so if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into right so if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into right so if it's the
+cathode and and you're trying to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode and and you're trying to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode and and you're trying to get the
+lithium to come back in or to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium to come back in or to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium to come back in or to go back
+out then you can imagine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then you can imagine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then you can imagine that the
+barriers and the dimensionality itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers and the dimensionality itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers and the dimensionality itself
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+crucial what is an activation energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial what is an activation energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial what is an activation energy for
+a lithium atom in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lithium atom in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lithium atom in a given
+material and does it take a ond path it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and does it take a ond path it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and does it take a ond path it
+turns out these can be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out these can be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out these can be extremely
+efficient look at those they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient look at those they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient look at those they're
+practically holes they're lines in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically holes they're lines in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically holes they're lines in the
+lithium iron phosphate that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium iron phosphate that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium iron phosphate that's a really
+nice cathode material because you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice cathode material because you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice cathode material because you got
+these channels these High conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these channels these High conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these channels these High conduction
+channels these highways right but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels these highways right but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels these highways right but then
+you say well but maybe I need 3D voids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well but maybe I need 3D voids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well but maybe I need 3D voids
+maybe it shouldn't have channels it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it shouldn't have channels it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it shouldn't have channels it
+should have voids so it can choose more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have voids so it can choose more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have voids so it can choose more
+paths okay or maybe we have planes maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths okay or maybe we have planes maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths okay or maybe we have planes maybe
+it's a layered structure where they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a layered structure where they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a layered structure where they have
+these 2D planes they can travel through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 2D planes they can travel through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 2D planes they can travel through
+what's the best well it's it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best well it's it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best well it's it's it's not
+trivial because it's it's one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial because it's it's one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial because it's it's one of these
+as usual constrained optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual constrained optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual constrained optimization
+problems where when you make the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where when you make the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where when you make the pathway
+faster you might need to have more voids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster you might need to have more voids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster you might need to have more voids
+where you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you lose
+material or maybe you make the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or maybe you make the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or maybe you make the material
+unstable right so you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable right so you're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable right so you're kind of
+fighting you want it to have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting you want it to have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting you want it to have a really
+high density but you also want it to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high density but you also want it to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high density but you also want it to but
+the the the lithium diffusion in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the lithium diffusion in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the lithium diffusion in a
+battery material is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery material is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery material is related to the
+charge time right that so so if you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge time right that so so if you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge time right that so so if you plot
+like here's another uh paper from a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's another uh paper from a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's another uh paper from a few
+years ago right if you plot materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago right if you plot materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago right if you plot materials
+now here's the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the specific
+power and and so that's the how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and and so that's the how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and and so that's the how much
+power watts per weight here's the Watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power watts per weight here's the Watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power watts per weight here's the Watt
+hours so that's the energy right per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so that's the energy right per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so that's the energy right per
+weight and and this is the charge rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and and this is the charge rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and and this is the charge rate
+right this is this is the charge rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is the charge rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is the charge rate
+and notice so you want it to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice so you want it to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice so you want it to be very
+very fast charging and these These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast charging and these These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast charging and these These are
+different materials there's the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials there's the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials there's the lead
+acid battery it's still in your car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid battery it's still in your car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid battery it's still in your car
+right um these are nickel metal hydrides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um these are nickel metal hydrides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um these are nickel metal hydrides
+and and so forth other Technologies here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so forth other Technologies here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so forth other Technologies here
+are the lithium uh uh here the lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the lithium uh uh here the lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the lithium uh uh here the lithium
+ion batteries is what's in your cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion batteries is what's in your cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion batteries is what's in your cell
+phone notice something as I get up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone notice something as I get up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone notice something as I get up to
+higher to faster charge rates more open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher to faster charge rates more open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher to faster charge rates more open
+void
+
+ align:start position:0%
+void
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+void
+right in the material um I lose I lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the material um I lose I lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the material um I lose I lose
+energy density I go this way right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density I go this way right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density I go this way right I
+don't want to go that way I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go that way I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go that way I want to go
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+way constrained optimization con these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way constrained optimization con these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way constrained optimization con these
+are the things what goes into solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things what goes into solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things what goes into solving
+these problems is calculating diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems is calculating diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems is calculating diffusion
+barriers right and energy densities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers right and energy densities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers right and energy densities and
+all the other things that matter but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other things that matter but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other things that matter but if
+you want to target fast charging you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to target fast charging you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to target fast charging you got
+to know the diffusion barriers right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the diffusion barriers right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the diffusion barriers right one
+of the number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number one
+uh challenges in battery design is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh challenges in battery design is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh challenges in battery design is to
+keep that high while continuing to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that high while continuing to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that high while continuing to push
+up that way right see polymers you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that way right see polymers you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that way right see polymers you could
+imagine that a polymer is slower it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that a polymer is slower it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that a polymer is slower it
+makes sense right because it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right because it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right because it's it's
+harder as we talked about when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder as we talked about when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder as we talked about when we talk
+about polymers it's harder to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about polymers it's harder to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about polymers it's harder to make
+crystallin polymers to keep a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin polymers to keep a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin polymers to keep a polymer
+from having some amorphous region I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having some amorphous region I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having some amorphous region I mean
+after all you got these you know 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all you got these you know 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all you got these you know 100,000
+unit long strands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit long strands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit long strands of
+spaghetti so it kind of makes sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti so it kind of makes sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti so it kind of makes sense that
+that the diffusion is going to be lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the diffusion is going to be lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the diffusion is going to be lower
+in a polymer than in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a polymer than in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a polymer than in one of these
+crystals right like an Olivine lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals right like an Olivine lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals right like an Olivine lithium
+iron phosphate right so that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron phosphate right so that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron phosphate right so that makes sense
+but polymers would be great because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but polymers would be great because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but polymers would be great because
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+lighter right and and they're they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter right and and they're they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter right and and they're they can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+flexible right and so so we like Polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible right and so so we like Polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible right and so so we like Polymer
+batteries a lot we want them for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries a lot we want them for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries a lot we want them for many
+applications right so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications right so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications right so these are the
+kinds of trade-offs that you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of trade-offs that you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of trade-offs that you think about
+and D is right there in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D is right there in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D is right there in the center
+because none of us want a battery that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because none of us want a battery that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because none of us want a battery that
+takes you know two days to charge right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you know two days to charge right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you know two days to charge right
+okay and now we get to the next part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we get to the next part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we get to the next part
+which I'll I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll I'll just
+introduce which is now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce which is now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce which is now we're going to
+think about time and I and I want to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about time and I and I want to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about time and I and I want to set
+this problem up and and then we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem up and and then we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem up and and then we'll we'll
+solve it on on Wednesday and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it on on Wednesday and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it on on Wednesday and then and
+then finish um but I want to set it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finish um but I want to set it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finish um but I want to set it up
+because the next thing that's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the next thing that's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the next thing that's related to
+diffusion is time and I want to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is time and I want to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is time and I want to give you
+an example of how that's so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of how that's so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of how that's so important
+with something called case hardening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something called case hardening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something called case hardening
+right so if you buy a gear and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you buy a gear and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you buy a gear and you do
+buy a gears all the time whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a gears all the time whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a gears all the time whether you
+like it or not or know it or not lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it or not or know it or not lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it or not or know it or not lots of
+stuff has gears in it right um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff has gears in it right um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff has gears in it right um and and
+you look at the gear closely it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the gear closely it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the gear closely it would
+look different on the outside if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look different on the outside if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look different on the outside if you
+cross if you do a cross-section most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross if you do a cross-section most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross if you do a cross-section most
+gears are going to look different on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears are going to look different on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears are going to look different on the
+outside and the reason has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and the reason has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and the reason has to do with
+exactly what we just talked about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we just talked about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we just talked about if
+this is an iron if this is a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an iron if this is a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an iron if this is a piece of
+iron pure iron it's going to be too soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron pure iron it's going to be too soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron pure iron it's going to be too soft
+so you're now turning this and it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're now turning this and it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're now turning this and it's got
+to have mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have mechanical
+Integrity right and so so you got to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity right and so so you got to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity right and so so you got to you
+got to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to make it
+harder but the thing is that so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder but the thing is that so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder but the thing is that so if you
+put it in and it's pure iron it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in and it's pure iron it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in and it's pure iron it's too
+soft but now if you make it this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft but now if you make it this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft but now if you make it this really
+ultra high strength carbon infused steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra high strength carbon infused steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra high strength carbon infused steel
+it gets too brittle it gets too brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets too brittle it gets too brittle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets too brittle it gets too brittle
+right and so you need a balance and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you need a balance and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you need a balance and one
+of the ways to balance the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways to balance the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways to balance the mechanical
+strength of something like a gear or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of something like a gear or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of something like a gear or
+many many other materials is is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many other materials is is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many other materials is is to
+harden just the outside that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harden just the outside that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harden just the outside that's called
+case hardening the case it's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case hardening the case it's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case hardening the case it's the case
+right how do you do it well you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how do you do it well you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how do you do it well you get
+carbon remember carbon going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon remember carbon going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon remember carbon going into the
+iron makes it a lot harder but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron makes it a lot harder but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron makes it a lot harder but it also
+makes it more brittle so if you made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it more brittle so if you made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it more brittle so if you made the
+whole gear the same amount of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole gear the same amount of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole gear the same amount of carbon
+infus and iron is going to be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infus and iron is going to be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infus and iron is going to be too
+brittle if you don't put any on it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle if you don't put any on it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle if you don't put any on it's not
+mechanically strong enough so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically strong enough so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically strong enough so what you
+do is you very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you very very
+delicately expose this piece of iron to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicately expose this piece of iron to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicately expose this piece of iron to
+carbon you harden it but just on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon you harden it but just on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon you harden it but just on the
+outside now how does the carbon get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside now how does the carbon get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside now how does the carbon get in
+diffusion it gets into the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion it gets into the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion it gets into the material
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+diffusion so then the question at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so then the question at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so then the question at your
+gear making plant that you have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear making plant that you have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear making plant that you have to know
+is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what
+temperature what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature what
+temperature and how long should I expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and how long should I expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and how long should I expose
+this gear to how much carbon you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gear to how much carbon you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gear to how much carbon you got
+concentration you got temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration you got temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration you got temperature and
+you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got
+time and and if you know that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and and if you know that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and and if you know that you can
+actually process this material in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually process this material in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually process this material in just
+the way you want and you have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you want and you have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you want and you have to know
+those parameters and that is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parameters and that is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parameters and that is fixed
+Second Law so fixed Second Law so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law so fixed Second Law so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law so fixed Second Law so this
+is these are steel uh um pipes and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these are steel uh um pipes and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these are steel uh um pipes and they
+are going to be case hardened right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be case hardened right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be case hardened right so
+what's happening you got an iron with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening you got an iron with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening you got an iron with a
+certain amount of of carbon content but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of of carbon content but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of of carbon content but
+now I need to add more carbon but just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to add more carbon but just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to add more carbon but just a
+just the right amount to the exterior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the right amount to the exterior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the right amount to the exterior of
+those of those iron of those steel pipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of those iron of those steel pipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of those iron of those steel pipes
+right how long should I do it and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how long should I do it and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how long should I do it and that
+is fixed Second Law which I'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed Second Law which I'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed Second Law which I'll write
+down right so how do we figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right so how do we figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right so how do we figure that out
+well we use the time dependent version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we use the time dependent version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we use the time dependent version
+of fixed law and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fixed law and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fixed law and the second
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixed second law says that the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed second law says that the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed second law says that the change in
+concentration with time is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration with time is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration with time is equal to the
+diffusion constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant
+times the second derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second derivative of the
+concentration with position that's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration with position that's fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration with position that's fixed
+Second Law and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law and so this is
+non steady state which means and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non steady state which means and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non steady state which means and and
+we're not going to derive this but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to derive this but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to derive this but I do
+want you to know that this is the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to know that this is the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to know that this is the fixed
+Second Law equation and how you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law equation and how you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law equation and how you might
+apply it which is why we'll do a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it which is why we'll do a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it which is why we'll do a problem
+with it um but it's non steady state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it um but it's non steady state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it um but it's non steady state and
+um and that means that the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that means that the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that means that the concentration
+is going to be a function that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a function that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a function that you're
+going to get is going to be a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is going to be a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is going to be a function
+of position and time it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of position and time it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of position and time it's going to be a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+both so now I can answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so now I can answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so now I can answer the question
+remember before I had to keep the I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember before I had to keep the I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember before I had to keep the I had
+to keep the um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the um you know the
+concentrations fixed to apply fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations fixed to apply fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations fixed to apply fixed
+first law now I can answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law now I can answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first law now I can answer the question
+well okay if I have certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay if I have certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay if I have certain
+parameters right what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right what is the
+concentration going to be what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration going to be what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration going to be what is the
+concentration going to be at some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration going to be at some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration going to be at some time
+and some place and that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some place and that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some place and that's exactly the
+question I have to answer how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have to answer how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have to answer how much
+carbon am I going to have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon am I going to have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon am I going to have at
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+position in in the case right the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in in the case right the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in in the case right the case
+hardening and what position of the pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardening and what position of the pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardening and what position of the pipe
+exterior how much carbon am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior how much carbon am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior how much carbon am I going to
+have at what time how long should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at what time how long should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at what time how long should I
+leave it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it in the
+and then that's the question I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's the question I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's the question I'm trying
+to answer and it by the way what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer and it by the way what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer and it by the way what
+temperature right and and so if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right and and so if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right and and so if you if
+you the the thing that fix Second Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the thing that fix Second Law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the thing that fix Second Law
+helps us understand is if I start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us understand is if I start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us understand is if I start with
+some CS that's the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some CS that's the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some CS that's the starting
+concentration and I have some uh sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and I have some uh sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and I have some uh sorry I
+have a starting concentration c not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a starting concentration c not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a starting concentration c not and
+I expose at the surface some higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expose at the surface some higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expose at the surface some higher
+concentration right remember before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration right remember before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration right remember before I
+kept these fixed I kept these fixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept these fixed I kept these fixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept these fixed I kept these fixed and
+I got a flux now I'm going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a flux now I'm going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a flux now I'm going to be able to
+get this so this is like this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this so this is like this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this so this is like this is like
+okay this line here is time equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this line here is time equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this line here is time equals zero
+but now I can time one I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I can time one I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I can time one I can actually
+get this profile time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two time three that's the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two time three that's the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two time three that's the position
+through some surface okay so what so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some surface okay so what so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some surface okay so what so
+this is what fixed Second Law tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what fixed Second Law tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what fixed Second Law tells us
+it tells us these profiles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us these profiles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us these profiles the
+concentration in the material and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the material and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the material and it
+just simply it just simply is a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply it just simply is a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply it just simply is a Time
+dependent version of diffusion okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent version of diffusion okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent version of diffusion okay what
+we're going to do is we're going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're going to pick
+up with this we'll do this example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this we'll do this example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this we'll do this example of
+case hardening we'll do a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case hardening we'll do a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case hardening we'll do a few more
+comments on the class I'll tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on the class I'll tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on the class I'll tell you a
+little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the
+final and please bring your laptops on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and please bring your laptops on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and please bring your laptops on
+Wednesdays for the last 15 minutes we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesdays for the last 15 minutes we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesdays for the last 15 minutes we'll
+reserve for you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluations for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jbhbJBtS48w.txt b/jbhbJBtS48w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3ab113bfc7592925ba15c6bc724b6fbafe96351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jbhbJBtS48w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um Lenny Martinez I'm a sophomore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Lenny Martinez I'm a sophomore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Lenny Martinez I'm a sophomore and
+aaster actually um part of the saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaster actually um part of the saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaster actually um part of the saving
+gorag Gora group our game is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorag Gora group our game is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorag Gora group our game is called
+saving gorag Gora it's a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving gorag Gora it's a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving gorag Gora it's a game
+about well it has to do with the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well it has to do with the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well it has to do with the topic
+of color and our goal was to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of color and our goal was to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of color and our goal was to sort of
+teach children how to prevent Cola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach children how to prevent Cola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach children how to prevent Cola
+because our target audience were Ghan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our target audience were Ghan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our target audience were Ghan
+children ages 8 to 13 approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children ages 8 to 13 approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children ages 8 to 13 approximately
+and pretty much our main goal was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty much our main goal was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty much our main goal was just
+to sort of educate them in a fun way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of educate them in a fun way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of educate them in a fun way
+that wouldn't seem like we're educating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them okay so our design brief was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so our design brief was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so our design brief was pretty
+General um it said consider look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General um it said consider look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General um it said consider look at the
+col tool kit and that's online that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col tool kit and that's online that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col tool kit and that's online that you
+can find online and try to create a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find online and try to create a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find online and try to create a game
+to sort of teach kids about colera so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of teach kids about colera so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of teach kids about colera so
+they gave us our Target ience which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave us our Target ience which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave us our Target ience which was
+Ghan children ages 8 to 13 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghan children ages 8 to 13 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghan children ages 8 to 13 and then
+we we're thinking of originally well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're thinking of originally well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're thinking of originally well it
+was an idea that we had from based off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an idea that we had from based off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an idea that we had from based off
+Animal Crossing where it's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Animal Crossing where it's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Animal Crossing where it's a bunch of
+different mini games so each mini game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mini games so each mini game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mini games so each mini game
+would include a small lesson and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include a small lesson and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include a small lesson and then
+overall like they would all come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall like they would all come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall like they would all come
+together to com be one large metap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to com be one large metap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to com be one large metap
+puzzle and in solving that metal puzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle and in solving that metal puzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle and in solving that metal puzle
+the players would learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players would learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players would learn how
+to I guess prevent col or counter col
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I guess prevent col or counter col
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I guess prevent col or counter col
+and that was most what led most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was most what led most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was most what led most of our
+design process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the visual style came about well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the visual style came about well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the visual style came about well we
+had a very well we had original visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very well we had original visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very well we had original visual
+sty that was very different from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sty that was very different from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sty that was very different from what
+you guys saw in the presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys saw in the presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys saw in the presentation
+um we had to research we had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had to research we had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had to research we had done
+research on children's but we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on children's but we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on children's but we had to
+sort of take a look back and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take a look back and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take a look back and sort of
+redo everything because it wasn't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo everything because it wasn't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo everything because it wasn't as
+like once we compared it once we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like once we compared it once we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like once we compared it once we had a
+finished build we compared it to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished build we compared it to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished build we compared it to some
+more research had to research on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more research had to research on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more research had to research on like
+sort of what cartoons would better look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what cartoons would better look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what cartoons would better look
+like and we found that our it was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and we found that our it was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and we found that our it was sort
+of uh very different and very clashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh very different and very clashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh very different and very clashing
+so we did some research more on Ghan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we did some research more on Ghan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we did some research more on Ghan
+culture and we sort of tried to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and we sort of tried to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and we sort of tried to find
+make it sort of fit better and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it sort of fit better and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it sort of fit better and so we
+went for more artsy Woody cartoonish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went for more artsy Woody cartoonish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went for more artsy Woody cartoonish
+little well very little kid but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little well very little kid but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little well very little kid but it's
+still not too childish for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people I originally really was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I originally really was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I originally really was
+interested in the class because one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the class because one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the class because one of
+the textbooks was the design of everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks was the design of everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks was the design of everyday
+things and it's a book I find really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it's a book I find really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it's a book I find really
+interesting i' like been trying to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting i' like been trying to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting i' like been trying to read
+it but it's kind of hard with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's kind of hard with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's kind of hard with the
+curriculum or the overall M curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum or the overall M curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum or the overall M curriculum
+but um so I really came into the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um so I really came into the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um so I really came into the class
+thinking that I really wanted to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that I really wanted to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that I really wanted to work on
+the design aspect of things but as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design aspect of things but as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design aspect of things but as we
+started working on projects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working on projects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working on projects the
+management side became a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management side became a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management side became a bit more
+interesting a bit more something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting a bit more something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting a bit more something I
+started working a bit more because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working a bit more because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working a bit more because it
+was more accessible for me with my not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more accessible for me with my not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more accessible for me with my not
+so robust knowledge of coding and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so robust knowledge of coding and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so robust knowledge of coding and but
+then later on for this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later on for this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later on for this project
+particular I took the role of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I took the role of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I took the role of the the
+writer so I was in charge of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer so I was in charge of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer so I was in charge of writing
+most of the dialogue and that was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the dialogue and that was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the dialogue and that was also
+very interesting so I feel like I gained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting so I feel like I gained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting so I feel like I gained
+a lot more skills than I thought I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have uh I think a really big part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh I think a really big part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh I think a really big part of the
+process is to start writing really early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is to start writing really early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is to start writing really early
+um the writing we sort of left it off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the writing we sort of left it off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the writing we sort of left it off a
+bit until we had the general mini games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit until we had the general mini games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit until we had the general mini games
+and sort of used the writing to tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of used the writing to tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of used the writing to tie
+everything back together but I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything back together but I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything back together but I think it
+would have been much more smoother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been much more smoother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been much more smoother
+process or much more interesting process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or much more interesting process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or much more interesting process
+that we started the writing how we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started the writing how we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started the writing how we used
+the writing to lead the design process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing to lead the design process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing to lead the design process
+um but it wasn't I mean it's would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it wasn't I mean it's would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it wasn't I mean it's would have
+been better had we started earlier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been better had we started earlier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been better had we started earlier but
+it wasn't too bad of too much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't too bad of too much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't too bad of too much of a
+difference between the work we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the work we have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the work we have now
+and the work we had before but aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the work we had before but aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the work we had before but aside
+from that I think uh it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that I think uh it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that I think uh it's really
+important to start meet early with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to start meet early with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to start meet early with like
+meet early and like sort of come to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet early and like sort of come to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet early and like sort of come to a
+consensus on what you want to do be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus on what you want to do be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus on what you want to do be uh
+we had a lot of mini the reason a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a lot of mini the reason a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a lot of mini the reason a lot of
+we had a lot of more mini gamess to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a lot of more mini gamess to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a lot of more mini gamess to
+begin with than when we ended and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with than when we ended and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with than when we ended and it was
+good that we met early and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that we met early and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that we met early and sort of
+decided what to cut and what to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided what to cut and what to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided what to cut and what to include
+and that sort of helped us lead on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sort of helped us lead on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sort of helped us lead on uh
+like work towards one common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path uh working with the client was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path uh working with the client was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path uh working with the client was very
+interesting I we met him two three well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I we met him two three well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I we met him two three well
+four five maybe almost five times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five maybe almost five times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five maybe almost five times I
+think it was we've met him a lot we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was we've met him a lot we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was we've met him a lot we've
+met him a lot interacting with him was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met him a lot interacting with him was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met him a lot interacting with him was
+interesting um the first time we met him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um the first time we met him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um the first time we met him
+was where he uh did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was where he uh did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was where he uh did a lot of
+demonstrations was sort of I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations was sort of I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations was sort of I guess
+showed us more what we were supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed us more what we were supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed us more what we were supposed to
+be aiming for because was a very social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aiming for because was a very social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aiming for because was a very social
+interaction and very deep interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and very deep interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and very deep interaction
+and that I think the goal of our games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I think the goal of our games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I think the goal of our games
+is to be a bit more is to be really deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be a bit more is to be really deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be a bit more is to be really deep
+while also appearing to be very just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while also appearing to be very just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while also appearing to be very just
+playful and he also helped us um when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful and he also helped us um when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful and he also helped us um when we
+were going our our art reworks that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going our our art reworks that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going our our art reworks that he
+was suggesting like maybe you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was suggesting like maybe you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was suggesting like maybe you should
+look at these you should look more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these you should look more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these you should look more
+towards this type of the culture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards this type of the culture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards this type of the culture this
+part of the culture or this part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the culture or this part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the culture or this part and
+that was very nice as a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interacting the class has been actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting the class has been actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting the class has been actually
+really fun it's a lot of work and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun it's a lot of work and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun it's a lot of work and but
+it's a lot of interesting work cuz once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of interesting work cuz once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of interesting work cuz once
+you see like the game I actually hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see like the game I actually hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see like the game I actually hadn't
+seen the final like the builds we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the final like the builds we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the final like the builds we had
+until today and it's like this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until today and it's like this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until today and it's like this actually
+is like really like the I had SE I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like really like the I had SE I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like really like the I had SE I had
+written the dialogue separately so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the dialogue separately so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the dialogue separately so I was
+working sort of just looking at the PCT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working sort of just looking at the PCT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working sort of just looking at the PCT
+the art assets and it was very nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art assets and it was very nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art assets and it was very nice to
+see everything come together in one nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see everything come together in one nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see everything come together in one nice
+build of like here's the game you helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build of like here's the game you helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build of like here's the game you helped
+make it's wonderful
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jsiCft5v2dk.txt b/jsiCft5v2dk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b339f61a71bb5edc7955e241863e2fe75da5502
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jsiCft5v2dk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we're gonna have sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're gonna have sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're gonna have sort of a
+different kind of class since the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of class since the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of class since the last
+class today I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today I'm going to talk about
+essentially how we bring to bear the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially how we bring to bear the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially how we bring to bear the set
+of issues we've talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues we've talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues we've talked about this
+semester to a real-world topic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester to a real-world topic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester to a real-world topic and
+actually how it plays out in policy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how it plays out in policy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how it plays out in policy in
+practice and I'll draw on some my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and I'll draw on some my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and I'll draw on some my own
+experience having applied the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience having applied the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience having applied the kind of
+tools we learned in 1401 to the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools we learned in 1401 to the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools we learned in 1401 to the field of
+healthcare economics for 25 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare economics for 25 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare economics for 25 years and
+how that has led me to be able to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that has led me to be able to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that has led me to be able to help
+in the development of healthcare policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development of healthcare policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development of healthcare policy
+in the u.s. and talk about sort of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. and talk about sort of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. and talk about sort of where
+healthcare stands healthcare policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare stands healthcare policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare stands healthcare policy
+stands at this point so let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands at this point so let's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands at this point so let's do a
+little bit of background about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of background about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of background about
+healthcare in the u.s. basically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare in the u.s. basically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare in the u.s. basically about
+healthcare in the u.s. we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare in the u.s. we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare in the u.s. we have to
+recognize that the u.s. spends by far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the u.s. spends by far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the u.s. spends by far
+the most money on healthcare of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most money on healthcare of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most money on healthcare of any
+developed nation in the world we spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed nation in the world we spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed nation in the world we spend
+about 17 and 1/2 percent of our gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 17 and 1/2 percent of our gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 17 and 1/2 percent of our gross
+domestic product on healthcare that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic product on healthcare that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic product on healthcare that
+amounts to almost ten thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to almost ten thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to almost ten thousand dollars
+per man woman and child every man woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per man woman and child every man woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per man woman and child every man woman
+and child in America that dwarfs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and child in America that dwarfs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and child in America that dwarfs the
+rest of the world the typical European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world the typical European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world the typical European
+nation spends about two-thirds as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation spends about two-thirds as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation spends about two-thirds as much
+as a percent of GDP on health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a percent of GDP on health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a percent of GDP on health care
+england spends less than half as much on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england spends less than half as much on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england spends less than half as much on
+health care so basically we spend a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care so basically we spend a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care so basically we spend a lot
+in health care as a share of our economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in health care as a share of our economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in health care as a share of our economy
+and what do we get for it well um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we get for it well um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we get for it well um the
+evidence here the first fact is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence here the first fact is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence here the first fact is clear
+the evidence all we get for it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence all we get for it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence all we get for it's a
+little bit mixed so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit mixed so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit mixed so if you look at the
+typical thing on the web you know US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical thing on the web you know US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical thing on the web you know US
+health care is terrible our money's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care is terrible our money's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care is terrible our money's
+wasted you'll see that on things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted you'll see that on things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted you'll see that on things like
+infant mortality we rate like 20th in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant mortality we rate like 20th in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant mortality we rate like 20th in
+the world or life expects they were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world or life expects they were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world or life expects they were like
+20th in the world so by those metrics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th in the world so by those metrics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th in the world so by those metrics we
+don't do very well um but in fact those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do very well um but in fact those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do very well um but in fact those
+metrics are misleading because we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics are misleading because we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics are misleading because we also
+have we have the most unequal health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have the most unequal health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have the most unequal health
+care system in the world so the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care system in the world so the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care system in the world so the right
+way to think about is to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about is to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about is to think about the
+haves and the have-nots the haves which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haves and the have-nots the haves which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haves and the have-nots the haves which
+is us and most people in America people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is us and most people in America people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is us and most people in America people
+who are well insured in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are well insured in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are well insured in the system
+actually get probably the best health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get probably the best health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get probably the best health
+care in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in the world
+okay now that might be disputed by many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that might be disputed by many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that might be disputed by many
+people but I think about this like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but I think about this like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but I think about this like an
+economist would think about it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist would think about it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist would think about it we
+how would you decide whether people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you decide whether people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you decide whether people
+prefer product a versus product B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer product a versus product B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer product a versus product B
+whether they buy product a versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they buy product a versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they buy product a versus
+product B every year 1 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product B every year 1 million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product B every year 1 million people
+come to the u.s. to get you for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the u.s. to get you for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the u.s. to get you for the
+healthcare problems no one leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare problems no one leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare problems no one leaves
+no one's going England for surgery no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one's going England for surgery no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one's going England for surgery no
+one's flying from the USA England for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's flying from the USA England for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's flying from the USA England for
+surgery they're coming here if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery they're coming here if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery they're coming here if you're in
+the system we have the best health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we have the best health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we have the best health care
+in the world unfortunate if you're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world unfortunate if you're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world unfortunate if you're out
+of the system we have some of the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system we have some of the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system we have some of the worst
+health care in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care in the world
+so white baby born in America today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so white baby born in America today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so white baby born in America today
+there's roughly a slightly more than 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's roughly a slightly more than 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's roughly a slightly more than 0.5
+percent chance the baby will die in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent chance the baby will die in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent chance the baby will die in
+their first year that's comparable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first year that's comparable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first year that's comparable to
+that's comparable to northern Europe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's comparable to northern Europe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's comparable to northern Europe if
+you look at a black baby born in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a black baby born in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a black baby born in the US
+the odds they die in the first year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odds they die in the first year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odds they die in the first year
+about twice that which is worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about twice that which is worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about twice that which is worse than
+Barbados
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbados
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbados
+so the problem in the u.s. is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem in the u.s. is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem in the u.s. is not that
+our outcomes are bad the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our outcomes are bad the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our outcomes are bad the problems
+they're very unequal okay that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very unequal okay that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very unequal okay that we're
+spending all this money we're delivering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending all this money we're delivering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending all this money we're delivering
+good but not exceptional outcomes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but not exceptional outcomes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but not exceptional outcomes for
+people in the system and bad outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the system and bad outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the system and bad outcomes
+people out the system so Chloe we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out the system so Chloe we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out the system so Chloe we're not
+getting a lot of values not like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a lot of values not like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a lot of values not like we
+deliver exceptional exceptionally good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver exceptional exceptionally good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver exceptional exceptionally good
+outcomes people in the system we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes people in the system we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes people in the system we're
+slightly better just by spending a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better just by spending a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better just by spending a lot
+more and we're worse for many Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and we're worse for many Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and we're worse for many Americans
+who are left out of the system so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are left out of the system so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are left out of the system so that's
+sort of the this set up of where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the this set up of where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the this set up of where we are
+which is really have two fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really have two fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really have two fundamental
+problems in health care in the u.s. our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in health care in the u.s. our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in health care in the u.s. our
+spending is too high and our access is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending is too high and our access is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending is too high and our access is
+too unequal okay now what's so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too unequal okay now what's so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too unequal okay now what's so I want to
+focus today's lecture on those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus today's lecture on those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus today's lecture on those two
+aspects and think about how can we bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects and think about how can we bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects and think about how can we bring
+the kind of lessons we've learned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of lessons we've learned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of lessons we've learned in
+this course to thinking about addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course to thinking about addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course to thinking about addressing
+those problems so let's so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems so let's so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems so let's so I'm going to
+focus on the access problem the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the access problem the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the access problem the cost
+problem let's start with the access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem let's start with the access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem let's start with the access
+problem now in America before 2010 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now in America before 2010 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now in America before 2010 we
+had about or before 2014 we had about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about or before 2014 we had about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about or before 2014 we had about 50
+million uninsured Americans 50 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uninsured Americans 50 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uninsured Americans 50 million
+people who did not have health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who did not have health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who did not have health insurance
+in the u.s. we're the only nation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. we're the only nation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. we're the only nation in the
+world only developed nation in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world only developed nation in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world only developed nation in the world
+with significant uninsured population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with significant uninsured population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with significant uninsured population
+now the fact that 50 million uninsured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fact that 50 million uninsured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fact that 50 million uninsured
+is that a problem on its face if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a problem on its face if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a problem on its face if I just
+said here's a fact 50 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here's a fact 50 million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here's a fact 50 million people
+America don't have health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America don't have health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America don't have health insurance
+based on that fact alone can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that fact alone can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that fact alone can you tell me
+whether there's a problem or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a problem or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a problem or not
+you should go ahead no why not yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go ahead no why not yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go ahead no why not yeah you
+know many more people not don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many more people not don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many more people not don't have
+flat-screen TVs and don't own homes why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat-screen TVs and don't own homes why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat-screen TVs and don't own homes why
+do we think that we should care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think that we should care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think that we should care if
+people don't have something the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't have something the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't have something the answer
+would be we would only care if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be we would only care if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be we would only care if what
+under what condition when do ya if well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under what condition when do ya if well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under what condition when do ya if well
+they'd be better off they did have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be better off they did have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be better off they did have it
+now make you better at it because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now make you better at it because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now make you better at it because they
+could be richer but that's not our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be richer but that's not our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be richer but that's not our
+problem given their budget they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem given their budget they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem given their budget they're not
+buying it what what under what condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying it what what under what condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying it what what under what condition
+is the market not under what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the market not under what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the market not under what type of
+conditions with the market not deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions with the market not deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions with the market not deliver
+the best outcome if there's a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best outcome if there's a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best outcome if there's a market
+failure so the fact that people aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure so the fact that people aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure so the fact that people aren't
+insured doesn't matter except a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insured doesn't matter except a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insured doesn't matter except a if
+there's a market failure or B for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a market failure or B for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a market failure or B for
+redistribution purposes remember that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution purposes remember that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution purposes remember that's
+the two reasons we want the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two reasons we want the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two reasons we want the government
+involved so if if health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so if if health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so if if health insurance
+markets were perfectly functioning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets were perfectly functioning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets were perfectly functioning and
+people are uninsured we're roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are uninsured we're roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are uninsured we're roughly
+equally distributed income as everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally distributed income as everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally distributed income as everyone
+else there'd be no cause for worry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else there'd be no cause for worry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else there'd be no cause for worry but
+in fact that's not true we've talked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that's not true we've talked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that's not true we've talked in
+this class about why marks like health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class about why marks like health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class about why marks like health
+insurance won't function well which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance won't function well which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance won't function well which is a
+problem of adverse selection okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of adverse selection okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of adverse selection okay the
+prod there's information phase which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod there's information phase which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod there's information phase which
+will lead health insurance markets not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead health insurance markets not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead health insurance markets not
+to function well and the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to function well and the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to function well and the people
+uninsured tend to be much poorer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured tend to be much poorer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured tend to be much poorer than
+the people who are insured it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are insured it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are insured it's also
+redistribution of concern so the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution of concern so the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution of concern so the reason
+we care about the uninsured are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about the uninsured are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about the uninsured are both
+because market failures and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because market failures and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because market failures and for
+redistribution that they tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution that they tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution that they tend to be
+lower income what's interesting is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower income what's interesting is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower income what's interesting is the
+uninsured don't tend to be the poorest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured don't tend to be the poorest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured don't tend to be the poorest
+in society they tend to be the near poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in society they tend to be the near poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in society they tend to be the near poor
+so here's the way sort of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the way sort of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the way sort of health
+insurance coverage works in the US for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance coverage works in the US for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance coverage works in the US for
+the vast majority of Americans 60% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of Americans 60% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of Americans 60% of
+Americans 600 Americans have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans 600 Americans have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans 600 Americans have what's
+called employer sponsored insurance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called employer sponsored insurance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called employer sponsored insurance so
+like you're most of your parents like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're most of your parents like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're most of your parents like me
+they get health insurance from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get health insurance from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get health insurance from their
+employer okay the typical upper income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer okay the typical upper income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer okay the typical upper income
+American is health insurance from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American is health insurance from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American is health insurance from their
+employer typical averaging American does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer typical averaging American does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer typical averaging American does
+about 60% of Americans okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60% of Americans okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60% of Americans okay
+then and I'm going to do this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and I'm going to do this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and I'm going to do this sort of
+pre ACA so before 2014 before the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre ACA so before 2014 before the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre ACA so before 2014 before the big
+change that was put in place by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that was put in place by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that was put in place by
+the Affordable Care Act you had about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Affordable Care Act you had about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Affordable Care Act you had about
+another maybe six percent that bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another maybe six percent that bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another maybe six percent that bought
+into what we call individual or non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what we call individual or non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what we call individual or non
+group health insurance that if they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group health insurance that if they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group health insurance that if they went
+out on their own and bought insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on their own and bought insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on their own and bought insurance
+but that's a tiny market compared ESI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a tiny market compared ESI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a tiny market compared ESI
+and the reason is because of exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is because of exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is because of exactly the
+adverse selection problem we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse selection problem we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse selection problem we talked
+about think about yourself as an insurer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about think about yourself as an insurer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about think about yourself as an insurer
+and you're worried about a versatile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're worried about a versatile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're worried about a versatile
+itself an insurer and think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself an insurer and think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself an insurer and think about what
+your goal is your goals that insurer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal is your goals that insurer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal is your goals that insurer is
+to essentially absorb risk in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to essentially absorb risk in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to essentially absorb risk in a way that
+allows you to make a profit so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to make a profit so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to make a profit so what you
+want is you want to live off the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is you want to live off the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is you want to live off the law of
+large numbers you know that with a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers you know that with a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers you know that with a large
+enough group you could be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough group you could be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough group you could be able to
+predict what their costs will be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what their costs will be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what their costs will be and
+therefore you can just make a profit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can just make a profit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can just make a profit on
+top so insurers love when MIT comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so insurers love when MIT comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so insurers love when MIT comes to
+an insurer they're delighted they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insurer they're delighted they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insurer they're delighted they're
+like look you got between MIT and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look you got between MIT and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look you got between MIT and and
+Lincoln labs so if you got about ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln labs so if you got about ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln labs so if you got about ten
+thousand employees I with great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand employees I with great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand employees I with great
+certainty can predict what the cost will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty can predict what the cost will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty can predict what the cost will
+be next year for a group of ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be next year for a group of ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be next year for a group of ten thousand
+employees and so aizen insurer can know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and so aizen insurer can know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and so aizen insurer can know
+I can just charge that plus X percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just charge that plus X percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just charge that plus X percent
+and I'm golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm golden
+but when John Gruber walks in the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when John Gruber walks in the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when John Gruber walks in the door
+they're like why you coming to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like why you coming to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like why you coming to me
+individual maybe because you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual maybe because you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual maybe because you know you're
+sick maybe because you love skydiving I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick maybe because you love skydiving I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick maybe because you love skydiving I
+don't know but I'm wary of you so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but I'm wary of you so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but I'm wary of you so I'm
+gonna charge you a lot of money to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna charge you a lot of money to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna charge you a lot of money to get
+health insurance as a result most very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance as a result most very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance as a result most very
+few people bought health and show on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people bought health and show on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people bought health and show on
+their health insurance on their own and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their health insurance on their own and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their health insurance on their own and
+in particular the reason they didn't is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the reason they didn't is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the reason they didn't is
+because insurers would not offer health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because insurers would not offer health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because insurers would not offer health
+insurance to people if they were at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance to people if they were at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance to people if they were at all
+sick they would do things like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick they would do things like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick they would do things like having
+what we call pre-existing conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call pre-existing conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call pre-existing conditions
+exclusions these were features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusions these were features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusions these were features of
+insurance contracts which said look you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance contracts which said look you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance contracts which said look you
+walked in the door John and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked in the door John and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked in the door John and you want
+health insurance but I know in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance but I know in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance but I know in the past
+you've had cancer or asthma or knee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had cancer or asthma or knee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had cancer or asthma or knee
+surgery I'm gonna say I'm gonna insure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery I'm gonna say I'm gonna insure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery I'm gonna say I'm gonna insure
+you but not for any expenses that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but not for any expenses that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but not for any expenses that might
+arise from recurrence of those past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise from recurrence of those past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise from recurrence of those past
+injuries to cancer in the past and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injuries to cancer in the past and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injuries to cancer in the past and that
+comes up in the future because you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in the future because you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in the future because you had
+cancer I'm not gonna cover a the couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer I'm not gonna cover a the couples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer I'm not gonna cover a the couples
+of the future because you had knee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future because you had knee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future because you had knee
+surgery I'm not going to cover anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery I'm not going to cover anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery I'm not going to cover anything
+comes the future because you had ads but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the future because you had ads but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the future because you had ads but
+I'm not going to cover it so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to cover it so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to cover it so I'm going
+to give you essentially partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you essentially partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you essentially partial
+sure there's gonna be a market failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there's gonna be a market failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there's gonna be a market failure
+I'm gonna insure you but only for part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna insure you but only for part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna insure you but only for part
+of what you need okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you need okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you need okay
+alternatively they could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively they could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively they could use
+pre-existing condition exclusions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-existing condition exclusions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-existing condition exclusions they
+could use what's called medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use what's called medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use what's called medical
+underwriting which was basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting which was basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting which was basically saying
+okay John come in I'm gonna give an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay John come in I'm gonna give an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay John come in I'm gonna give an exam
+if you look sick I'm gonna deny you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look sick I'm gonna deny you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look sick I'm gonna deny you
+insurance or if you look sick I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance or if you look sick I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance or if you look sick I'm gonna
+charge you a hundred times more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge you a hundred times more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge you a hundred times more than
+someone else so these were not illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else so these were not illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else so these were not illegal
+or even immoral these were just ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even immoral these were just ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even immoral these were just ways
+insurers came up with to try to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurers came up with to try to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurers came up with to try to deal
+with the adverse selection problem as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the adverse selection problem as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the adverse selection problem as a
+result this was a market that did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result this was a market that did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result this was a market that did not
+function very well question about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function very well question about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function very well question about that
+no totally legal in every state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no totally legal in every state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no totally legal in every state
+virtually every state totally legal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every state totally legal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every state totally legal and
+not immoral I mean this is just their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not immoral I mean this is just their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not immoral I mean this is just their
+maximizing their profits so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing their profits so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing their profits so what
+companies do and the point is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies do and the point is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies do and the point is that when
+they did this what this meant was if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did this what this meant was if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did this what this meant was if you
+didn't have an employer-sponsored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have an employer-sponsored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have an employer-sponsored
+insurance or sure so the governor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance or sure so the governor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance or sure so the governor to
+come to next then you were subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to next then you were subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to next then you were subject to
+the fact that if you got sick you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that if you got sick you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that if you got sick you might
+like it might not be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it might not be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it might not be able to get
+insurance which is sort of weird and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance which is sort of weird and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance which is sort of weird and
+shirin supposed to cover if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirin supposed to cover if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirin supposed to cover if you were
+sick but in fact if you were sick you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick but in fact if you were sick you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick but in fact if you were sick you
+might not be able to get it okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be able to get it okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be able to get it okay so that
+was the fundamental market failure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the fundamental market failure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the fundamental market failure we
+had here through adverse selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here through adverse selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here through adverse selection
+now we also thousand ploy response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we also thousand ploy response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we also thousand ploy response
+insurance so that was about two-thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance so that was about two-thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance so that was about two-thirds
+of the population okay you also had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population okay you also had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population okay you also had on
+the order of 15 percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 15 percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 15 percent of the
+population had government sponsored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population had government sponsored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population had government sponsored
+insurance probably more like twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance probably more like twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance probably more like twenty
+percent twenty percent private is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent twenty percent private is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent twenty percent private is a
+government-sponsored insurance the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government-sponsored insurance the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government-sponsored insurance the two
+big programs here are called Medicare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big programs here are called Medicare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big programs here are called Medicare
+and Medicaid now if you ever take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Medicaid now if you ever take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Medicaid now if you ever take my
+1441 class I will only hold you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1441 class I will only hold you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1441 class I will only hold you
+responsible easy to program z' okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible easy to program z' okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible easy to program z' okay
+Medicare is health insurance for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicare is health insurance for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicare is health insurance for the
+elderly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly
+Medicaid is health insurance for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicaid is health insurance for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicaid is health insurance for the
+poor and those are our two big public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor and those are our two big public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor and those are our two big public
+insurance programs okay in about twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance programs okay in about twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance programs okay in about twenty
+and if you're in those programs are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're in those programs are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're in those programs are also
+set they don't have any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set they don't have any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set they don't have any of these
+features if you're in your covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features if you're in your covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features if you're in your covered
+forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever
+okay so about about 20% of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so about about 20% of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so about about 20% of people are
+there and then finally if you add up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then finally if you add up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then finally if you add up the
+numbers we had about 15 numbers so quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we had about 15 numbers so quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we had about 15 numbers so quite
+add up but you know about 15% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up but you know about 15% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up but you know about 15% of the
+population was uninsured 15 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population was uninsured 15 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population was uninsured 15 percent
+uninsured see about two thirds private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured see about two thirds private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured see about two thirds private
+about one-fifth public in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one-fifth public in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one-fifth public in about
+one-sixth uninsured okay and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-sixth uninsured okay and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-sixth uninsured okay and those
+individuals who typically were not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who typically were not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who typically were not the
+poorest because the poorest people got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest because the poorest people got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest because the poorest people got
+medicaid the typical uninsured person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicaid the typical uninsured person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicaid the typical uninsured person is
+like a what we call the working poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a what we call the working poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a what we call the working poor
+someone who's got a job but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's got a job but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's got a job but it's a
+crappy jobs that are off for health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy jobs that are off for health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy jobs that are off for health
+insurance but they make enough money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but they make enough money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but they make enough money
+they can't qualify for being in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't qualify for being in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't qualify for being in the
+low-income program so your family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income program so your family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income program so your family
+struggling it like 40 50 thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling it like 40 50 thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling it like 40 50 thousand
+dollars a year high enough income that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a year high enough income that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a year high enough income that
+they're not qualifying for Medicaid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not qualifying for Medicaid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not qualifying for Medicaid but
+not a good enough job they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good enough job they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good enough job they're getting
+health insurance that's your typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance that's your typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance that's your typical
+uninsured family two thirds of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured family two thirds of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured family two thirds of the
+uninsured are in families that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured are in families that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured are in families that are
+headed by a full-time full-year worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed by a full-time full-year worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed by a full-time full-year worker
+okay they're not the typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're not the typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're not the typically the
+unemployed down their luck people they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployed down their luck people they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployed down their luck people they
+develop the people who are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the people who are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the people who are trying to
+play by the rules they say in politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play by the rules they say in politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play by the rules they say in politics
+but simply can't get a job with health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but simply can't get a job with health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but simply can't get a job with health
+insurance okay so that's your basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance okay so that's your basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance okay so that's your basic
+landscape and when we know from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and when we know from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and when we know from that
+landscape is that a lot of the access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape is that a lot of the access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape is that a lot of the access
+problems were because of this group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems were because of this group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems were because of this group and
+this group because the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group because the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group because the people who
+couldn't get in this market and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get in this market and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get in this market and as a
+result we're often uninsured that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result we're often uninsured that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result we're often uninsured that was a
+lot of what drove the access problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what drove the access problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what drove the access problems so
+that was sort of the first that's aford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of the first that's aford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of the first that's aford
+that's one of the two big problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the two big problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the two big problems that
+face our system and for many many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face our system and for many many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face our system and for many many years
+we know we had that problem and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we had that problem and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we had that problem and for
+about a hundred years about we've tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred years about we've tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred years about we've tried
+to reform health care in the u.s. deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reform health care in the u.s. deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reform health care in the u.s. deal
+with that problem and probably about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that problem and probably about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that problem and probably about
+every 17 years on average there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 17 years on average there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 17 years on average there was a
+big attempt to reform health care and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big attempt to reform health care and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big attempt to reform health care and
+they always failed and they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always failed and they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always failed and they always
+failed because they failed between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed because they failed between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed because they failed between two
+extremes there were two extreme views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes there were two extreme views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes there were two extreme views
+that could never quite meet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could never quite meet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could never quite meet in the
+middle ground and they come to what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle ground and they come to what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle ground and they come to what I
+talked about last time which is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time which is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time which is how do
+we solve the problem of market failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve the problem of market failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve the problem of market failures
+and insurance markets well one version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and insurance markets well one version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and insurance markets well one version
+of solving that I described was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving that I described was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving that I described was
+subsidization you could remember with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidization you could remember with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidization you could remember with my
+MIT program if I paid the healthy guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT program if I paid the healthy guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT program if I paid the healthy guys
+500 bucks that all by - and I'd solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 bucks that all by - and I'd solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 bucks that all by - and I'd solved
+the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+so one version with subsidization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one version with subsidization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one version with subsidization the
+problem is subsidization only works if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is subsidization only works if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is subsidization only works if
+it's big enough to overcome these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's big enough to overcome these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's big enough to overcome these
+problems and no one ever proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and no one ever proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and no one ever proposed
+subsidization big enough to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidization big enough to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidization big enough to overcome
+these problems in my MIT example I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems in my MIT example I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems in my MIT example I was
+gonna get four dollars are very healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get four dollars are very healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get four dollars are very healthy
+first of all means giving money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all means giving money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all means giving money to
+healthy people which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy people which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy people which is sort of
+political a little difficult like hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political a little difficult like hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political a little difficult like hey
+the healthier you are the more money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthier you are the more money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthier you are the more money you
+get seems a bit weird also it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get seems a bit weird also it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get seems a bit weird also it's just
+hard to solve these problems by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to solve these problems by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to solve these problems by just
+subsidizing people insurance companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidizing people insurance companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidizing people insurance companies
+are still too good at trying to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still too good at trying to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still too good at trying to get rid
+of the sick people and even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sick people and even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sick people and even if you
+subsidized people to come in insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized people to come in insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized people to come in insurance
+covers will always have an incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers will always have an incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers will always have an incentive
+they'll say great healthy will come a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say great healthy will come a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say great healthy will come a
+subsidy I still want to avoid the sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy I still want to avoid the sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy I still want to avoid the sick
+so it doesn't solve the problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't solve the problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't solve the problem the
+insurance companies I did talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies I did talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies I did talk about
+this last time as MIT insurance company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last time as MIT insurance company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last time as MIT insurance company
+I should try to shed the sick people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should try to shed the sick people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should try to shed the sick people and
+that problem still existed under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem still existed under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem still existed under this
+solution the other extreme which is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the other extreme which is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the other extreme which is sort
+of back in style again is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back in style again is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back in style again is the
+single-payer model which is saying look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-payer model which is saying look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-payer model which is saying look
+let's just have the government provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just have the government provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just have the government provide
+health insurance to everyone we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance to everyone we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance to everyone we have the
+government price social security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government price social security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government price social security
+everyone the government's health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone the government's health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone the government's health
+insurance to every elderly in America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance to every elderly in America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance to every elderly in America
+through Medicare everyone over 65 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Medicare everyone over 65 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Medicare everyone over 65 in
+America boom gets government provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America boom gets government provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America boom gets government provided
+health insurance talk about socialism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance talk about socialism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance talk about socialism
+okay every American gets that in Canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay every American gets that in Canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay every American gets that in Canada
+every everybody gets sick gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every everybody gets sick gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every everybody gets sick gets
+government provided health insurance why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government provided health insurance why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government provided health insurance why
+not just do it here let's get rid of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just do it here let's get rid of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just do it here let's get rid of all
+the crap with insurance companies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crap with insurance companies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crap with insurance companies we
+don't like after all insurance company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like after all insurance company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like after all insurance company
+administrative costs are about 15% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative costs are about 15% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative costs are about 15% of
+medical spending so boom we could lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical spending so boom we could lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical spending so boom we could lower
+Matt 15% of medical spending that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt 15% of medical spending that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt 15% of medical spending that is you
+know that's like five hundred billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's like five hundred billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's like five hundred billion
+dollars a year boom it's gone okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a year boom it's gone okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a year boom it's gone okay so
+basically why not so single-payer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically why not so single-payer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically why not so single-payer is
+something a lot of people advocated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a lot of people advocated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a lot of people advocated for
+let's just have one giant universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just have one giant universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just have one giant universal
+health insurance program now the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance program now the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance program now the problem
+with this the problem of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this the problem of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this the problem of the
+single-payer approach is largely there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-payer approach is largely there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-payer approach is largely there's
+pros and cons economics perspective but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pros and cons economics perspective but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pros and cons economics perspective but
+the problems here are largely political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems here are largely political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems here are largely political
+which is that to make single-payer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that to make single-payer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that to make single-payer
+happen you have three enormous political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you have three enormous political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you have three enormous political
+barriers which come back to economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers which come back to economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers which come back to economics
+everything comes back to economics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything comes back to economics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything comes back to economics but
+they play their way out in the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they play their way out in the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they play their way out in the political
+system okay the first problem is paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay the first problem is paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay the first problem is paying
+for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+ping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ping
+for it which is that single-payer to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it which is that single-payer to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it which is that single-payer to get
+have the government give everyone health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the government give everyone health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the government give everyone health
+insurance means a massive expansion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance means a massive expansion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance means a massive expansion the
+government which means a big increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government which means a big increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government which means a big increase in
+taxes and we know taxes have deadweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes and we know taxes have deadweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes and we know taxes have deadweight
+loss and what taxes are politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss and what taxes are politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss and what taxes are politically
+unpopular now here's what's misleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpopular now here's what's misleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpopular now here's what's misleading
+about that here's the fundamental thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that here's the fundamental thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that here's the fundamental thing
+so I worked for the state of Vermont the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I worked for the state of Vermont the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I worked for the state of Vermont the
+state of Vermont want to do their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Vermont want to do their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Vermont want to do their own
+single-payer plan if any place can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-payer plan if any place can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-payer plan if any place can do
+its Vermont they're like super Lefty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Vermont they're like super Lefty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Vermont they're like super Lefty
+they essentially have one insurance care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially have one insurance care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially have one insurance care
+which is Blue Cross anyway they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Blue Cross anyway they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Blue Cross anyway they're a
+small state it seemed like venez can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small state it seemed like venez can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small state it seemed like venez can do
+Fremont was gonna do it so I worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fremont was gonna do it so I worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fremont was gonna do it so I worked with
+them to put the numbers together what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to put the numbers together what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to put the numbers together what it
+would cost them and I good news and bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cost them and I good news and bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cost them and I good news and bad
+news the good news who I said to Vermont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news the good news who I said to Vermont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news the good news who I said to Vermont
+if you do single-payer you will lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do single-payer you will lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do single-payer you will lower
+the cost of health care in Vermont total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of health care in Vermont total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of health care in Vermont total
+by at least 10 percent at least that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by at least 10 percent at least that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by at least 10 percent at least that was
+conservative the bad news is to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative the bad news is to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative the bad news is to pay for
+it you're gonna have to more than double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're gonna have to more than double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're gonna have to more than double
+the entire amount of taxes collected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire amount of taxes collected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire amount of taxes collected in
+the state of Vermont and that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of Vermont and that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of Vermont and that second
+sentence just could killed everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence just could killed everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence just could killed everything
+okay what's the problem the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the problem the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the problem the problem is
+that right now health insurance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now health insurance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now health insurance in
+America is paid for by by essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America is paid for by by essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America is paid for by by essentially a
+hidden tax what's the hidden tax it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden tax what's the hidden tax it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden tax what's the hidden tax it's
+the fact that when your employer gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that when your employer gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that when your employer gives
+you health insurance they pay you less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you health insurance they pay you less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you health insurance they pay you less
+wages as a result remember a tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages as a result remember a tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages as a result remember a tax
+incidence discussion and we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence discussion and we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence discussion and we said that
+essentially tax to the employer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tax to the employer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tax to the employer
+Falls the employer employee depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls the employer employee depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls the employer employee depending on
+basically elasticity's we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically elasticity's we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically elasticity's we can think of
+health insurance the same way when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance the same way when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance the same way when
+you're poor gives you health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're poor gives you health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're poor gives you health insurance
+he didn't just eat the whole cost he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't just eat the whole cost he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't just eat the whole cost he
+says look I'm paying you a total set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says look I'm paying you a total set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says look I'm paying you a total set of
+compensation part of which is health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation part of which is health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation part of which is health
+insurance so I'm gonna pass the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance so I'm gonna pass the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance so I'm gonna pass the cost
+that health is on at least partially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that health is on at least partially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that health is on at least partially to
+your wages that's essentially a hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wages that's essentially a hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wages that's essentially a hidden
+tax so at MIT right now I have a health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax so at MIT right now I have a health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax so at MIT right now I have a health
+service plan through MIT which cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service plan through MIT which cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service plan through MIT which cost
+about eighteen thousand dollars a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eighteen thousand dollars a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eighteen thousand dollars a year
+for my family I pay about six thousand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my family I pay about six thousand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my family I pay about six thousand a
+year on my paycheck MIT pays twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year on my paycheck MIT pays twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year on my paycheck MIT pays twelve
+thousand but the truth is MIT pays me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand but the truth is MIT pays me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand but the truth is MIT pays me
+twelve thousand less they don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve thousand less they don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve thousand less they don't just
+give me that health insurance out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me that health insurance out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me that health insurance out the
+goodness of their heart they take it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness of their heart they take it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness of their heart they take it out
+of my wages or at least partially out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my wages or at least partially out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my wages or at least partially out of
+my wages that's essentially a hidden tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wages that's essentially a hidden tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wages that's essentially a hidden tax
+that Americans pay over you to finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Americans pay over you to finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Americans pay over you to finance
+health insurance if we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance if we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance if we went to
+single-payer that hidden tax will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-payer that hidden tax will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-payer that hidden tax will go
+away I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away I
+$12,000 race that's great but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$12,000 race that's great but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$12,000 race that's great but it also
+face a high new taxation to pay for have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face a high new taxation to pay for have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face a high new taxation to pay for have
+to pay for the government-sponsored plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for the government-sponsored plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for the government-sponsored plan
+now given the total cost would fall we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given the total cost would fall we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given the total cost would fall we
+should be able to net this out in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to net this out in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to net this out in a way
+that most people win the problem then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most people win the problem then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most people win the problem then
+becomes the politics which is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the politics which is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the politics which is your
+tracing a hidden tax with a not hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing a hidden tax with a not hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing a hidden tax with a not hidden
+tax and that's very ugly politically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax and that's very ugly politically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax and that's very ugly politically so
+people don't believe their employers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't believe their employers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't believe their employers
+will pay them more if you don't make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay them more if you don't make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay them more if you don't make the
+employers fight health insurance like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers fight health insurance like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers fight health insurance like
+all the employers will just pocket it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the employers will just pocket it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the employers will just pocket it
+and I could teach some tax incidence -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could teach some tax incidence -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could teach some tax incidence -
+my face is blue but they just won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my face is blue but they just won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my face is blue but they just won't
+believe it they'll say employers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it they'll say employers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it they'll say employers will
+just pocket it but I have to pay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pocket it but I have to pay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pocket it but I have to pay this
+new tax or single-payer so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new tax or single-payer so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new tax or single-payer so that's the
+first problem single payer faces is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem single payer faces is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem single payer faces is that
+people don't really understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't really understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't really understand that
+trade-off between getting rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between getting rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between getting rid of the
+hidden tax and adding a new non hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden tax and adding a new non hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden tax and adding a new non hidden
+tax that's problem one problem two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax that's problem one problem two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax that's problem one problem two is
+the problem we talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we talked a little bit about
+behavioral economics and about loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral economics and about loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral economics and about loss
+aversion there's a general feature what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion there's a general feature what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion there's a general feature what
+we call status quo bias in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call status quo bias in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call status quo bias in human
+thinking status quo bias which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking status quo bias which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking status quo bias which is
+essentially it is harder for me to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it is harder for me to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it is harder for me to give
+up what I'm used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what I'm used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what I'm used to
+then then to grab something new we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then to grab something new we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then to grab something new we
+talked about the mug example member I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the mug example member I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the mug example member I
+talked about mug so basically you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about mug so basically you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about mug so basically you had to
+pay anymore to get the mug away from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay anymore to get the mug away from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay anymore to get the mug away from me
+that I was willing to pay to buy it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was willing to pay to buy it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was willing to pay to buy it then
+once you have something you value it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have something you value it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have something you value it
+more than if you didn't have it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than if you didn't have it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than if you didn't have it yet
+right now six three of Americans have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now six three of Americans have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now six three of Americans have
+employer-sponsored insurance and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer-sponsored insurance and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer-sponsored insurance and if we
+say to them give that up for Bernie care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to them give that up for Bernie care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to them give that up for Bernie care
+okay they're gonna be like I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're gonna be like I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're gonna be like I don't know
+I kind of like my employer sponsor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of like my employer sponsor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of like my employer sponsor it's
+you know yeah you might tell me Bernie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah you might tell me Bernie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah you might tell me Bernie
+care it's gonna be better but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care it's gonna be better but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care it's gonna be better but that's
+just you talking I know what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you talking I know what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you talking I know what I have
+right now which I'm Clara sponsored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now which I'm Clara sponsored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now which I'm Clara sponsored
+insurance I don't want to move away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance I don't want to move away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance I don't want to move away from
+that status quo so status quo bias makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that status quo so status quo bias makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that status quo so status quo bias makes
+it hard in general - radical changes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hard in general - radical changes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hard in general - radical changes on
+an economic system and this is a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an economic system and this is a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an economic system and this is a perfect
+example to be hard to get people to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to be hard to get people to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to be hard to get people to give
+up what they have for something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what they have for something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what they have for something that
+they don't really know about yet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really know about yet okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really know about yet okay
+that's second problem the third problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's second problem the third problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's second problem the third problem
+is once again about money but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is once again about money but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is once again about money but really
+beyond the scope of this course which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the scope of this course which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the scope of this course which is
+the problem of the insurance companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of the insurance companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of the insurance companies
+and lobby which is that the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lobby which is that the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lobby which is that the insurance
+business is big business in America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is big business in America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is big business in America
+health insurance companies make about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance companies make about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance companies make about
+900 billion dollars a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900 billion dollars a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900 billion dollars a year
+okay if you said to them hey health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you said to them hey health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you said to them hey health
+there's companies you know would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's companies you know would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's companies you know would you
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+you guys mind just giving up your 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys mind just giving up your 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys mind just giving up your 900
+billion dollars so we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars so we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars so we can have
+single-payer health care but like I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-payer health care but like I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-payer health care but like I say
+yeah it's been a good run go for it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's been a good run go for it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's been a good run go for it no
+they're gonna lobby and fight that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna lobby and fight that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna lobby and fight that
+because they want to keep their business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want to keep their business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want to keep their business
+and that's gonna be pretty hard for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's gonna be pretty hard for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's gonna be pretty hard for us
+to overcome so single-payer has always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome so single-payer has always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome so single-payer has always
+struggled with dealing with these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggled with dealing with these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggled with dealing with these kinds
+of political problems and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of political problems and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of political problems and that's why
+we've been stuck we've been stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been stuck we've been stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been stuck we've been stuck
+between one alternative subsidization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one alternative subsidization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one alternative subsidization
+the other alternative which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other alternative which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other alternative which is
+single-payer okay and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-payer okay and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-payer okay and that's where
+economists have come in came in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists have come in came in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists have come in came in in the
+2000s folks like myself to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s folks like myself to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s folks like myself to talk about a
+new alternative way to do it okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new alternative way to do it okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new alternative way to do it okay which
+was essentially to try to bring in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially to try to bring in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially to try to bring in some
+of the best features of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best features of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best features of these two
+approaches okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches okay
+and we does the solution we proposed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we does the solution we proposed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we does the solution we proposed so
+I if you want to read more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if you want to read more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if you want to read more about this
+I've actually written a comic book to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually written a comic book to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually written a comic book to
+explain it it's a graphic novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it it's a graphic novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it it's a graphic novel
+technically it's called healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it's called healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it's called healthcare
+reform it's like 9 bucks on Amazon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform it's like 9 bucks on Amazon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform it's like 9 bucks on Amazon and
+so I like to think of everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I like to think of everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I like to think of everything in
+terms of images now I'm not gonna draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of images now I'm not gonna draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of images now I'm not gonna draw
+one doctor I draw anything but the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doctor I draw anything but the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doctor I draw anything but the way I
+like to think about this is solution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think about this is solution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think about this is solution we
+came up with which we first pioneered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with which we first pioneered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with which we first pioneered
+here in Massachusetts and then brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Massachusetts and then brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Massachusetts and then brought
+to the whole country through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whole country through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whole country through the
+Affordable Care Act is what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affordable Care Act is what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affordable Care Act is what we call a
+three-legged stool approach three-legged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-legged stool approach three-legged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-legged stool approach three-legged
+stool approach leg one is deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stool approach leg one is deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stool approach leg one is deal with this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+deal with the insurance discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the insurance discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the insurance discrimination
+problem and so leg one is ban insurer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so leg one is ban insurer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so leg one is ban insurer
+discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no more pre-existing conditions no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more pre-existing conditions no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more pre-existing conditions no more
+medical underwriting that is if I walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical underwriting that is if I walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical underwriting that is if I walk
+in the door and you have offered anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the door and you have offered anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the door and you have offered anyone
+you have to offer me health insurance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to offer me health insurance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to offer me health insurance at
+the average price for my age and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average price for my age and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average price for my age and you
+have to offer to me so any four-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to offer to me so any four-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to offer to me so any four-year-old
+who walks through the door wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who walks through the door wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who walks through the door wanting
+insurance you have to sell to them if to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance you have to sell to them if to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance you have to sell to them if to
+sell them at a fixed forty-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell them at a fixed forty-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell them at a fixed forty-year-old
+price you can't say you're sick I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you can't say you're sick I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you can't say you're sick I'm not
+gonna sell to you okay so the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna sell to you okay so the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna sell to you okay so the first step
+is to ban insurer discrimination to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to ban insurer discrimination to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to ban insurer discrimination to try
+to solve that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that problem
+now the problem this raises is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem this raises is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem this raises is you have
+simply create if you do this alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply create if you do this alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply create if you do this alone
+you've created a new problem which is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've created a new problem which is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've created a new problem which is if
+you tell insurers they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell insurers they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell insurers they can't
+discriminate against the sick you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate against the sick you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate against the sick you don't
+solve the adverse selection problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the adverse selection problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the adverse selection problem you
+just making sure is gobank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making sure is gobank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making sure is gobank
+okay now here's the way I like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now here's the way I like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now here's the way I like to think
+of it I'm sure none of you ever gambled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it I'm sure none of you ever gambled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it I'm sure none of you ever gambled
+on sports but if you had gambled on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sports but if you had gambled on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sports but if you had gambled on
+sports you might know the way sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports you might know the way sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports you might know the way sports
+gambling works is that there's a guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling works is that there's a guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling works is that there's a guy in
+the middle called the bookie and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle called the bookie and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle called the bookie and the
+bookies goal is to not is to get exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookies goal is to not is to get exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookies goal is to not is to get exactly
+the same number of bets on either team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of bets on either team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of bets on either team
+so no man so they take no risk and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no man so they take no risk and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no man so they take no risk and just
+make their profits off the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their profits off the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their profits off the top
+so what bookies do is they set point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what bookies do is they set point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what bookies do is they set point
+spreads so the Patriots played the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads so the Patriots played the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads so the Patriots played the
+Dolphins this past weekend I am sadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolphins this past weekend I am sadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolphins this past weekend I am sadly
+I'm a Dolphins fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a Dolphins fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a Dolphins fan
+okay patron dolphins the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay patron dolphins the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay patron dolphins the point spread
+was something like Tenny we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something like Tenny we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something like Tenny we know what
+the spread was in the Patriots game I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread was in the Patriots game I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread was in the Patriots game I
+think it's like eight points so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like eight points so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like eight points so they
+Dench spread was chosen the patrons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dench spread was chosen the patrons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dench spread was chosen the patrons of
+favorite by E what that meant was your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite by E what that meant was your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite by E what that meant was your
+bet was either the Patriots win by eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet was either the Patriots win by eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet was either the Patriots win by eight
+or more or the Dolphins win or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more or the Dolphins win or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more or the Dolphins win or the
+Patriots win by eight or by less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patriots win by eight or by less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patriots win by eight or by less than
+eight so one side is page one by eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so one side is page one by eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so one side is page one by eight
+or more one side his Patriots win by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more one side his Patriots win by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more one side his Patriots win by
+less than eight or dolphins win and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than eight or dolphins win and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than eight or dolphins win and the
+reason you have that biased thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you have that biased thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you have that biased thing is
+because people think the Patriots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people think the Patriots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people think the Patriots are
+better they are better and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they are better and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they are better and as a result
+you want to get if you said an even bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get if you said an even bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get if you said an even bet
+page two and dolphins win everywhere bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page two and dolphins win everywhere bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page two and dolphins win everywhere bed
+in the Patriots you'd lose money so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Patriots you'd lose money so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Patriots you'd lose money so you
+want an equal distribution of risks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want an equal distribution of risks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want an equal distribution of risks so
+what you want is you want to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want is you want to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want is you want to set the
+point spread so the distortion of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread so the distortion of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread so the distortion of risk
+is equal then having done that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal then having done that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal then having done that you just
+make your money off the top now imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your money off the top now imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your money off the top now imagine
+I passed the law which said all sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I passed the law which said all sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I passed the law which said all sports
+books have to reopen at halftime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books have to reopen at halftime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books have to reopen at halftime and
+make the same bets available that made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the same bets available that made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the same bets available that made
+before the game started well those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the game started well those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the game started well those of
+you watch the exciting game this weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch the exciting game this weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch the exciting game this weekend
+you realize at halftime became pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize at halftime became pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize at halftime became pretty
+obvious the Patriots weren't gonna win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious the Patriots weren't gonna win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious the Patriots weren't gonna win
+by eight that is a lot closer game than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by eight that is a lot closer game than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by eight that is a lot closer game than
+people thought so the reopen that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought so the reopen that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought so the reopen that a
+bunch people would suddenly bet against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch people would suddenly bet against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch people would suddenly bet against
+the Patriots the pate resented up losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Patriots the pate resented up losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Patriots the pate resented up losing
+and the insurers would have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the insurers would have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the insurers would have gone
+bankrupt the bookie would have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt the bookie would have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt the bookie would have gone
+bankrupt okay insurers are just bookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt okay insurers are just bookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt okay insurers are just bookies
+that's all they are they just want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all they are they just want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all they are they just want a
+predictable distribution of risks so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable distribution of risks so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable distribution of risks so if
+you tell them you have to are for health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell them you have to are for health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell them you have to are for health
+is are starting from the same price but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are starting from the same price but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are starting from the same price but
+only the sick are gonna buy they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the sick are gonna buy they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the sick are gonna buy they're
+gonna lose money so that's why we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna lose money so that's why we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna lose money so that's why we need
+the second leg of the stool which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second leg of the stool which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second leg of the stool which I
+talked about last time which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time which was the
+individual mandate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the individual mandate which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual mandate which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual mandate which is to say
+okay insurers if you offer health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay insurers if you offer health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay insurers if you offer health
+adjouris everyone at a fair price we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjouris everyone at a fair price we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjouris everyone at a fair price we
+will as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will as
+our part of the deal make sure everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our part of the deal make sure everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our part of the deal make sure everyone
+buys health insurance so when the 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys health insurance so when the 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys health insurance so when the 40
+year old walks into your office wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old walks into your office wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old walks into your office wanting
+insurance you can no it's not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance you can no it's not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance you can no it's not because
+they're sick just because they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sick just because they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sick just because they have to
+so we say to insurers you price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we say to insurers you price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we say to insurers you price
+insurance fairly and in return we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance fairly and in return we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance fairly and in return we'll
+make sure you get the fair to shoes risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you get the fair to shoes risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you get the fair to shoes risk
+so you say to me in my MIT insurance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say to me in my MIT insurance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say to me in my MIT insurance you
+price insurance of 1,500 no try to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price insurance of 1,500 no try to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price insurance of 1,500 no try to keep
+out the sick I'll make sure everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the sick I'll make sure everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the sick I'll make sure everyone
+buys so you make your hundred dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys so you make your hundred dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys so you make your hundred dollar
+profit so that's the mandate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so that's the mandate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so that's the mandate was
+essentially trying to bring was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially trying to bring was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially trying to bring was trying
+to allow get rid of just discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow get rid of just discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow get rid of just discrimination
+by bringing in the entire pool of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bringing in the entire pool of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bringing in the entire pool of people
+so insurance compared lis price the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so insurance compared lis price the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so insurance compared lis price the
+problem with that is you can't mandate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that is you can't mandate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that is you can't mandate
+something people can't afford okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something people can't afford okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something people can't afford okay so in
+Massachusetts where we're creating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts where we're creating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts where we're creating is
+plan in the mid-2000s a typical family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in the mid-2000s a typical family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in the mid-2000s a typical family
+health insurance policy was about twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance policy was about twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance policy was about twelve
+thousand dollars a year the poverty line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars a year the poverty line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars a year the poverty line
+for a family was twenty two thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a family was twenty two thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a family was twenty two thousand
+dollars a year we couldn't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a year we couldn't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a year we couldn't exactly
+mandate people they'd spend fifty five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate people they'd spend fifty five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate people they'd spend fifty five
+percent of their income on health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of their income on health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of their income on health
+insurance that was not really feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance that was not really feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance that was not really feasible
+so a third leg of the stool we came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a third leg of the stool we came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a third leg of the stool we came up
+with is subsidies to make health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is subsidies to make health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is subsidies to make health
+insurance affordable saying if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance affordable saying if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance affordable saying if you're
+low income we will offset the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low income we will offset the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low income we will offset the cost of
+your insurance just like the subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your insurance just like the subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your insurance just like the subsidy
+approach here well offset the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach here well offset the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach here well offset the cost of
+your insurance to make it more formal we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your insurance to make it more formal we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your insurance to make it more formal we
+do it on the income related basis so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it on the income related basis so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it on the income related basis so it
+doesn't cost so much so don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cost so much so don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cost so much so don't have to
+pay for everyone's insurance like single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for everyone's insurance like single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for everyone's insurance like single
+payer remember single payer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payer remember single payer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payer remember single payer is
+essentially taking someone like me who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking someone like me who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking someone like me who's
+happy with my insurance swapping it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with my insurance swapping it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with my insurance swapping it out
+for a new government insurance this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a new government insurance this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a new government insurance this is
+saying no if you're happy with insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no if you're happy with insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no if you're happy with insurance
+stick with your insurance but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with your insurance but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with your insurance but if you're
+low income and can't access the employer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low income and can't access the employer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low income and can't access the employer
+market this gives you a new place to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market this gives you a new place to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market this gives you a new place to go
+and that was the idea that became Romney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the idea that became Romney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the idea that became Romney
+care the plan here in Massachusetts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care the plan here in Massachusetts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care the plan here in Massachusetts and
+eventually then became Obamacare or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually then became Obamacare or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually then became Obamacare or the
+Affordable Care Act okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affordable Care Act okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affordable Care Act okay so this is
+essentially the idea of that plan now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the idea of that plan now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the idea of that plan now
+did it work um unambiguously yes now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it work um unambiguously yes now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it work um unambiguously yes now you
+won't find anyone more biased than me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't find anyone more biased than me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't find anyone more biased than me on
+this question but I think what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question but I think what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question but I think what I think
+if I've tried to teach you one thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've tried to teach you one thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've tried to teach you one thing in
+this class it's that we need to rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class it's that we need to rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class it's that we need to rely on
+real facts wherever possible and if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real facts wherever possible and if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real facts wherever possible and if not
+we could turn to theory but here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could turn to theory but here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could turn to theory but here we have
+a set of real facts that we could turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of real facts that we could turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of real facts that we could turn
+to which is that essentially what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which is that essentially what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which is that essentially what we did
+in Massachusetts with this laws we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Massachusetts with this laws we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Massachusetts with this laws we
+covered about two thirds of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered about two thirds of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered about two thirds of the
+uninsured population at the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured population at the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured population at the federal
+level we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level we
+about 45% of the uninsured population it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 45% of the uninsured population it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 45% of the uninsured population it
+was a lower number because the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lower number because the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lower number because the federal
+law did not apply to undocumented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law did not apply to undocumented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law did not apply to undocumented
+immigrants which are about 1/4 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants which are about 1/4 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants which are about 1/4 of the
+uninsured it's not an issue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured it's not an issue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured it's not an issue in
+Massachusetts a big issue in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts a big issue in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts a big issue in other
+places it's about a quarter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places it's about a quarter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places it's about a quarter of the
+uninsurance the federal law did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsurance the federal law did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsurance the federal law did not
+apply to undocumented immigrants so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to undocumented immigrants so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to undocumented immigrants so as a
+result the share cover was lower but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the share cover was lower but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the share cover was lower but a
+large number are covered yeah great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number are covered yeah great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number are covered yeah great
+question so there are three reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so there are three reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so there are three reasons why
+people left uninsured the first reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people left uninsured the first reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people left uninsured the first reason
+was 1/4 of the uninsured undocumented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 1/4 of the uninsured undocumented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 1/4 of the uninsured undocumented
+immigrants and the law didn't apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants and the law didn't apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants and the law didn't apply to
+them so right now the upper bound was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so right now the upper bound was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so right now the upper bound was
+75% just to start the second reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% just to start the second reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% just to start the second reason is
+that the individual mandate contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the individual mandate contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the individual mandate contained
+exemptions to make it both a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions to make it both a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions to make it both a little more
+humane and quite frankly politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humane and quite frankly politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humane and quite frankly politically
+feasible so if you could not get if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible so if you could not get if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible so if you could not get if your
+income was below the poverty line you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income was below the poverty line you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income was below the poverty line you
+were not subject to the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not subject to the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not subject to the individual
+mandate and if you could not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate and if you could not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate and if you could not get
+insurance for less than 8 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance for less than 8 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance for less than 8 percent of
+your income you're not subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income you're not subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income you're not subject to
+individual mandate so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual mandate so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual mandate so there are
+exemptions and the third thing was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions and the third thing was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemptions and the third thing was the
+individual mandate was not like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual mandate was not like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual mandate was not like we're
+gonna throw you in jail it was a tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna throw you in jail it was a tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna throw you in jail it was a tax
+penalty and many people decide they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty and many people decide they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty and many people decide they'd
+rather just pay the penalty than buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather just pay the penalty than buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather just pay the penalty than buy
+health insurance so for those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance so for those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance so for those three
+reasons the number of people did not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the number of people did not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons the number of people did not get
+health insurance under the Affordable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance under the Affordable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance under the Affordable
+Care Act now there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care Act now there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care Act now there's a bunch of
+interesting question why should the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question why should the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question why should the
+mandate penalty a bigger how should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate penalty a bigger how should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate penalty a bigger how should we
+handle that there's a lot of I could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that there's a lot of I could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that there's a lot of I could go
+for hours on this but that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hours on this but that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hours on this but that's basically
+the structure of what we had okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of what we had okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of what we had okay so
+basically that worked it didn't get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that worked it didn't get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that worked it didn't get to
+see universal coverage it wasn't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see universal coverage it wasn't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see universal coverage it wasn't as
+effective as single-payer would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective as single-payer would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective as single-payer would have
+been but it was the largest single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been but it was the largest single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been but it was the largest single
+insurance expansion American history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance expansion American history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance expansion American history and
+the evidence is clear brought many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence is clear brought many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence is clear brought many
+people into insurance in improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into insurance in improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into insurance in improve
+people's suits of health care and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's suits of health care and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's suits of health care and
+improved health so basically that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved health so basically that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved health so basically that was
+kind of the kind of the step forward on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the kind of the step forward on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the kind of the step forward on
+access now the problem with this is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access now the problem with this is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access now the problem with this is it's
+only a step there's still many uninsured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a step there's still many uninsured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a step there's still many uninsured
+and this has been politically really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has been politically really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has been politically really
+challenging okay because these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging okay because these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging okay because these two
+answers are quite simple just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers are quite simple just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers are quite simple just give
+people one here's have single-payer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people one here's have single-payer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people one here's have single-payer this
+is super complicated okay I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is super complicated okay I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is super complicated okay I talked about
+these in about 15 seconds each this took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in about 15 seconds each this took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in about 15 seconds each this took
+five minutes to go through okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes to go through okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes to go through okay and
+people thought it was just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought it was just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought it was just too
+complicated didn't make sense lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated didn't make sense lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated didn't make sense lots of
+reason we can talk lots of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we can talk lots of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we can talk lots of reasons
+people didn't like it so it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't like it so it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't like it so it's never
+really been as politically successful as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been as politically successful as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been as politically successful as
+people like myself who helped develop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like myself who helped develop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like myself who helped develop it
+would have hoped and it's left a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have hoped and it's left a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have hoped and it's left a lot of
+people uninsured so we haven't solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uninsured so we haven't solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uninsured so we haven't solved
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+probably made a big step forward but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably made a big step forward but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably made a big step forward but we
+haven't solved it and that's the ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't solved it and that's the ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't solved it and that's the ongoing
+debate today we see particularly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate today we see particularly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate today we see particularly on the
+Democratic Party the Republican Party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic Party the Republican Party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic Party the Republican Party
+really doesn't focus much on insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't focus much on insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't focus much on insurance
+coverage but Democratic Party does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage but Democratic Party does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage but Democratic Party does and
+there that's why there there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's why there there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's why there there's a lot of
+energy behind single-payer right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy behind single-payer right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy behind single-payer right now is
+like look you tried the kind of halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look you tried the kind of halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look you tried the kind of halfway
+ground that kind of worked but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground that kind of worked but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground that kind of worked but not
+didn't work all the way so let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work all the way so let's just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work all the way so let's just go
+all the way to single-payer yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to single-payer yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to single-payer yeah yeah
+basically a lot actually it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a lot actually it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a lot actually it's quite
+interesting well it worked quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting well it worked quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting well it worked quite well
+medica a lot of people who are uninsured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medica a lot of people who are uninsured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medica a lot of people who are uninsured
+actually our people are already eligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our people are already eligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our people are already eligible
+for free Medicaid coverage and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free Medicaid coverage and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free Medicaid coverage and just
+don't take it now we don't quite know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't take it now we don't quite know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't take it now we don't quite know
+why it could be language barriers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it could be language barriers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it could be language barriers they
+don't understand a lot of people a lot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand a lot of people a lot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand a lot of people a lot a
+lot of even legal immigrants just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of even legal immigrants just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of even legal immigrants just don't
+understand they're eligible it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand they're eligible it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand they're eligible it could be
+people just don't want a government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't want a government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't want a government
+handout they're embarrassed taking help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout they're embarrassed taking help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout they're embarrassed taking help
+from the government could people think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the government could people think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the government could people think I
+don't need it I'm never gonna be sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need it I'm never gonna be sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need it I'm never gonna be sick
+we don't know why so part of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know why so part of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know why so part of what the
+mandate did was say look you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate did was say look you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate did was say look you already
+have free health insurance just pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have free health insurance just pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have free health insurance just pay
+attention and take it that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and take it that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and take it that's part of the
+effect it had was bringing people in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it had was bringing people in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it had was bringing people in so
+a large part of the coverage increase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part of the coverage increase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part of the coverage increase is
+actually bringing people who are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bringing people who are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bringing people who are already
+eligible just weren't taking it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible just weren't taking it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible just weren't taking it up
+before okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay
+so that's kind of where we are so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of where we are so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of where we are so where
+we stand now in coverage is we've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stand now in coverage is we've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stand now in coverage is we've taken
+a giant step forward we've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant step forward we've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant step forward we've covered
+probably about now probably between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about now probably between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about now probably between a
+third and 40% of the uninsured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and 40% of the uninsured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and 40% of the uninsured in
+America but we're sort of right now kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America but we're sort of right now kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America but we're sort of right now kind
+of stuck at that point and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuck at that point and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuck at that point and the question
+is do we just sort of stick there or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do we just sort of stick there or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do we just sort of stick there or do
+we try something more aggressive at with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try something more aggressive at with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try something more aggressive at with
+the political problems I don't know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the political problems I don't know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the political problems I don't know but
+that's gonna be the challenge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be the challenge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be the challenge the
+challenge going forward okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge going forward okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge going forward okay so that's
+questions about that is--that's we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that is--that's we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that is--that's we're on
+problem number one which is accessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem number one which is accessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem number one which is accessing
+coverage now let's turn to problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage now let's turn to problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage now let's turn to problem
+number two which is costs cost is way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two which is costs cost is way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two which is costs cost is way
+harder what I just did was the easy part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder what I just did was the easy part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder what I just did was the easy part
+it's way hard look at your health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way hard look at your health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way hard look at your health care
+costs and here's why two facts that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and here's why two facts that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and here's why two facts that are
+seemingly contrary to do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly contrary to do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly contrary to do you think about
+it fact one since 1950 US spending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fact one since 1950 US spending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fact one since 1950 US spending on
+health care as a share of our economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care as a share of our economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care as a share of our economy
+has quadrupled we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has quadrupled we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has quadrupled we've got
+and more than quadruple gone for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more than quadruple gone for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more than quadruple gone for four
+percent of our GDP being health care to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of our GDP being health care to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of our GDP being health care to
+over 17 percent and it's been worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 17 percent and it's been worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 17 percent and it's been worth it
+if you look at the improvements in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the improvements in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the improvements in our
+health and you value them in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and you value them in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and you value them in the way
+economists do which is we have valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists do which is we have valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists do which is we have valued
+statistical values of life we approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical values of life we approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical values of life we approach
+we apply versus provides improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply versus provides improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply versus provides improvement
+health the improvement our health has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health the improvement our health has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health the improvement our health has
+been worth the money spent in health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been worth the money spent in health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been worth the money spent in health
+care you guys don't really that health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care you guys don't really that health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care you guys don't really that health
+care totally sucked in nineteen fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care totally sucked in nineteen fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care totally sucked in nineteen fifty
+okay babies born in nineteen fifty were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay babies born in nineteen fifty were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay babies born in nineteen fifty were
+four times as likely to die before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times as likely to die before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times as likely to die before they
+reached their first birthday if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached their first birthday if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached their first birthday if you had
+a heart attack in nineteen fifty you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heart attack in nineteen fifty you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heart attack in nineteen fifty you
+were four times likely to die within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were four times likely to die within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were four times likely to die within the
+first year to put it in terms all young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year to put it in terms all young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year to put it in terms all young
+healthy people care about if you hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy people care about if you hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy people care about if you hurt
+your knee skiing in nineteen fifty tore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your knee skiing in nineteen fifty tore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your knee skiing in nineteen fifty tore
+your ACL in nineteen fifty eight or ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ACL in nineteen fifty eight or ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ACL in nineteen fifty eight or ear
+cartilage you're in the hospital for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage you're in the hospital for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage you're in the hospital for a
+week you're on crutches for six weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week you're on crutches for six weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week you're on crutches for six weeks
+eight hours I use the rest of your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight hours I use the rest of your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight hours I use the rest of your life
+today you go to an outpatient center you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you go to an outpatient center you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you go to an outpatient center you
+get author scopic surgery you're back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get author scopic surgery you're back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get author scopic surgery you're back on
+the slopes a couple weeks later okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slopes a couple weeks later okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slopes a couple weeks later okay
+healthcare is just way better and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare is just way better and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare is just way better and our
+health is way better America is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health is way better America is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health is way better America is a much
+better off nation spending seventeen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off nation spending seventeen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off nation spending seventeen
+percent of GDP on health with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of GDP on health with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of GDP on health with how
+healthy we are than we were in nineteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy we are than we were in nineteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy we are than we were in nineteen
+fifty and once again do the economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty and once again do the economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty and once again do the economists
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+no one ever advertises hey would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one ever advertises hey would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one ever advertises hey would you
+like nineteen fifties health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nineteen fifties health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nineteen fifties health care
+nineteen fifties prices no one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteen fifties prices no one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteen fifties prices no one out
+there's offering that because it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's offering that because it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's offering that because it's worth
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+that's fact one fact to is we waste a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fact one fact to is we waste a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fact one fact to is we waste a
+huge amount of money on health care by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of money on health care by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of money on health care by
+some estimates about a third of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some estimates about a third of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some estimates about a third of what we
+spend on health care is totally wasteful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on health care is totally wasteful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on health care is totally wasteful
+does nothing to improve our health now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does nothing to improve our health now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does nothing to improve our health now
+how can those two facts to be consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can those two facts to be consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can those two facts to be consistent
+it's worth it but it's wasteful well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth it but it's wasteful well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth it but it's wasteful well the
+answer is that the other two-thirds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that the other two-thirds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that the other two-thirds is
+super awesome that basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super awesome that basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super awesome that basically the
+increase in health care works been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in health care works been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in health care works been
+productive has been amazing what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive has been amazing what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive has been amazing what we've
+dragged along all this unproductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged along all this unproductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged along all this unproductive
+spending - so it's good news and bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending - so it's good news and bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending - so it's good news and bad
+news so the good news is well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news so the good news is well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news so the good news is well that's
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+we just cut out the 1/3 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just cut out the 1/3 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just cut out the 1/3 that's
+unproductive we solved our problem ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unproductive we solved our problem ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unproductive we solved our problem ok
+literally if we could just simply cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally if we could just simply cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally if we could just simply cut
+out the one-third so productive we spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the one-third so productive we spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the one-third so productive we spend
+the same mad as Europe doesn't health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mad as Europe doesn't health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mad as Europe doesn't health
+care we'd solve our entire long-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care we'd solve our entire long-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care we'd solve our entire long-run
+fiscal problem the bad news is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal problem the bad news is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal problem the bad news is that it's
+easy to look back and see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to look back and see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to look back and see what the
+one-third was it's hard to look forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third was it's hard to look forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third was it's hard to look forward
+and say what it's going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say what it's going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say what it's going to be that
+health care comes with a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care comes with a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care comes with a huge amount of
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+about what's going to work and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going to work and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going to work and what's
+going to be worth it and as a result it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be worth it and as a result it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be worth it and as a result it
+is very hard to say okay fine we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very hard to say okay fine we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very hard to say okay fine we'll
+cover this we'll cover that because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover this we'll cover that because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover this we'll cover that because it's
+hard to know what's gonna work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to know what's gonna work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to know what's gonna work and
+what's not and so essentially you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not and so essentially you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not and so essentially you're in
+this very difficult spot so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very difficult spot so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very difficult spot so what what
+are the kind that's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind that's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind that's a sort of
+fundamental trade-off that we face so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental trade-off that we face so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental trade-off that we face so
+what are the potential solutions to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the potential solutions to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the potential solutions to this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+so essentially um there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially um there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially um there's a couple of
+different solutions to the problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions to the problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions to the problem okay
+two different paths we can follow okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different paths we can follow okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different paths we can follow okay
+path one is the regulatory path which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path one is the regulatory path which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path one is the regulatory path which is
+basically path that Europe follows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically path that Europe follows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically path that Europe follows what
+Europe does is they just much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe does is they just much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe does is they just much much more
+heavily regulate the delivery of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily regulate the delivery of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily regulate the delivery of health
+care and they do that in two ways one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and they do that in two ways one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and they do that in two ways one is
+the extra of regulations in some case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra of regulations in some case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra of regulations in some case
+about what healthcare you can get so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what healthcare you can get so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what healthcare you can get so for
+instance England has the euphemistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance England has the euphemistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance England has the euphemistically
+name nice the nationalists you forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name nice the nationalists you forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name nice the nationalists you forever
+effectiveness which actually tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness which actually tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness which actually tells
+people they can't get some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they can't get some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they can't get some things
+it literally rations so for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it literally rations so for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it literally rations so for example for
+many years it's no longer true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years it's no longer true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years it's no longer true in
+England if you're over 75 you could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England if you're over 75 you could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England if you're over 75 you could not
+get a transplant said look we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a transplant said look we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a transplant said look we've got a
+limited number of kidneys you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited number of kidneys you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited number of kidneys you're gonna
+die soon anyway let's give the kidney to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die soon anyway let's give the kidney to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die soon anyway let's give the kidney to
+a young person actually kind of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young person actually kind of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young person actually kind of makes
+sense okay the idea is look we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay the idea is look we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay the idea is look we have a
+some donor kidneys why should it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some donor kidneys why should it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some donor kidneys why should it be
+earned by some random factor like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned by some random factor like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned by some random factor like when
+you got online you should be turned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got online you should be turned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got online you should be turned by
+who gets the most value from the kidney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gets the most value from the kidney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gets the most value from the kidney
+it's gonna be someone who's 30 not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be someone who's 30 not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be someone who's 30 not so
+known as 75 okay so one regular route is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as 75 okay so one regular route is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as 75 okay so one regular route is
+to literally have regulations like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to literally have regulations like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to literally have regulations like that
+that's actually pretty rare most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually pretty rare most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually pretty rare most
+countries don't actually regulate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries don't actually regulate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries don't actually regulate in
+that way most countries kind of let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way most countries kind of let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way most countries kind of let you
+get what your doctor says you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what your doctor says you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what your doctor says you should get
+there's three routes so one route is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three routes so one route is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three routes so one route is
+sort of regulatory the other route of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of regulatory the other route of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of regulatory the other route of
+regulate so one route is sort of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate so one route is sort of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate so one route is sort of what we
+call sort of regulating you know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call sort of regulating you know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call sort of regulating you know I don't
+call it access sort of technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it access sort of technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it access sort of technological
+regulation regularly which technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation regularly which technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation regularly which technology
+you can get the second kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the second kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the second kind of
+regulation Europe is supply regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation Europe is supply regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation Europe is supply regulation
+so they basically don't let there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they basically don't let there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they basically don't let there be
+many doctors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many doctors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many doctors and
+um they're not many doctors in hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're not many doctors in hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're not many doctors in hospitals
+so there are as many MRI machines in LA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are as many MRI machines in LA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are as many MRI machines in LA
+as there are in Canada okay basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there are in Canada okay basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there are in Canada okay basically
+just not many place to go get an MRI in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not many place to go get an MRI in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not many place to go get an MRI in
+Canada so if you hurt your knee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada so if you hurt your knee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada so if you hurt your knee
+in the u.s. you go you get an MRI like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. you go you get an MRI like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. you go you get an MRI like
+the next day in Canada you get it six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day in Canada you get it six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day in Canada you get it six
+weeks later okay so only way to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks later okay so only way to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks later okay so only way to control
+is to actually regulate the supply of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually regulate the supply of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually regulate the supply of
+medical care just give people less stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical care just give people less stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical care just give people less stuff
+they can use and the third way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can use and the third way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can use and the third way to
+control the third regulatory mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the third regulatory mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the third regulatory mechanism
+and the most important is price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most important is price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most important is price
+regulation we are the only nation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation we are the only nation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation we are the only nation in the
+world which essentially lets the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world which essentially lets the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world which essentially lets the free
+market determine the price of healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market determine the price of healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market determine the price of healthcare
+services every other nation regulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services every other nation regulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services every other nation regulates
+the prices that people pay for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices that people pay for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices that people pay for their
+health care services now the question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care services now the question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care services now the question we
+have to ask is why why does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask is why why does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask is why why does that make
+sense well the answer would be that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense well the answer would be that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense well the answer would be that we
+think it would make sense if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would make sense if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would make sense if we think
+there's a fundamental market failure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fundamental market failure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fundamental market failure in
+the determination of healthcare prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determination of healthcare prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determination of healthcare prices
+and in fact it turns out there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it turns out there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it turns out there are
+numbers of market failures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of market failures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of market failures and
+termination of health care prices so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination of health care prices so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination of health care prices so one
+market failure for example is imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market failure for example is imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market failure for example is imperfect
+information I don't know I can't shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I don't know I can't shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I don't know I can't shop
+effectively when I'm in the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively when I'm in the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively when I'm in the back of the
+ambulance dying from heart attack can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance dying from heart attack can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance dying from heart attack can't
+be like you know that house but it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like you know that house but it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like you know that house but it looks
+expensive take me over there I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive take me over there I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive take me over there I want to
+shop there you can't really shop it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop there you can't really shop it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop there you can't really shop it's a
+hard it's harder to shop and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it's harder to shop and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it's harder to shop and if you
+couldn't prices aren't posted you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't prices aren't posted you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't prices aren't posted you don't
+really know what it costs you your heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what it costs you your heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what it costs you your heart
+attack treated in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack treated in different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack treated in different places
+there's imperfect information there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's imperfect information there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's imperfect information there's
+also imperfect competition which is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also imperfect competition which is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also imperfect competition which is if
+you have your heart attack on Cape Cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your heart attack on Cape Cod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your heart attack on Cape Cod
+there's like one huh huh kit which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like one huh huh kit which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like one huh huh kit which is an
+island with no way off but a ferry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island with no way off but a ferry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island with no way off but a ferry
+there's like one place to go there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like one place to go there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like one place to go there's one
+hospital they have perfect monopoly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital they have perfect monopoly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital they have perfect monopoly okay
+you just you can't get off the island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you can't get off the island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you can't get off the island
+you're gonna die otherwise so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna die otherwise so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna die otherwise so it's
+imperfect competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect competition
+there's even imperfect competition where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even imperfect competition where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even imperfect competition where
+you think the competition might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the competition might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the competition might be
+perfect so take Boston there are so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect so take Boston there are so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect so take Boston there are so many
+hospitals in Boston you cannot literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals in Boston you cannot literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals in Boston you cannot literally
+fall down without hitting a hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall down without hitting a hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall down without hitting a hospital
+okay yet there is an enormous dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yet there is an enormous dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yet there is an enormous dispersion
+the prices hospitals charge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices hospitals charge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices hospitals charge in
+particular the very famous hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the very famous hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the very famous hospitals
+like Mass General Hospital charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Mass General Hospital charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Mass General Hospital charge
+multiples of what less famous hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of what less famous hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of what less famous hospitals
+charge even though let's also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge even though let's also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge even though let's also like
+really nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nearby
+I will because they have essentially we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will because they have essentially we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will because they have essentially we
+call a reputational monopoly then even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a reputational monopoly then even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a reputational monopoly then even
+though they don't actually physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they don't actually physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they don't actually physical
+monopoly people like I want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly people like I want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly people like I want to go to
+that G H they're the best even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that G H they're the best even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that G H they're the best even if
+they're not going so the best they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going so the best they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going so the best they just
+have this view of being the best and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this view of being the best and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this view of being the best and
+they could charge higher price as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could charge higher price as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could charge higher price as a
+result even if their outcomes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result even if their outcomes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result even if their outcomes are
+necessarily better in other markets we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily better in other markets we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily better in other markets we
+think perfect information would allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think perfect information would allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think perfect information would allow us
+to get rid of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of these kinds of
+inefficiencies it doesn't exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiencies it doesn't exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiencies it doesn't exist in
+health care as a result perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care as a result perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care as a result perfect
+competition still does not work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition still does not work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition still does not work in
+health care price setting and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care price setting and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care price setting and as a
+result all other countries regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result all other countries regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result all other countries regular
+health care price in big not other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care price in big not other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care price in big not other
+countries even the US or regular health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries even the US or regular health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries even the US or regular health
+care prices so the Medicare program has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care prices so the Medicare program has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care prices so the Medicare program has
+regulated prices that covers millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated prices that covers millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated prices that covers millions of
+Americans it's just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans it's just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans it's just for the
+non-government broad health insurance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-government broad health insurance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-government broad health insurance in
+the US there's non regulated prices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US there's non regulated prices okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US there's non regulated prices okay
+now I am NOT despite my tone saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I am NOT despite my tone saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I am NOT despite my tone saying that
+regulating prices is the answer it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating prices is the answer it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating prices is the answer it's not
+clear raylene prices comes with a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear raylene prices comes with a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear raylene prices comes with a huge
+number of additional problems like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of additional problems like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of additional problems like we
+talked about we talked about regulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about we talked about regulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about we talked about regulating
+monopolies which is the government may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolies which is the government may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolies which is the government may
+not know the proper price to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know the proper price to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know the proper price to set the
+government do a terrible job that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government do a terrible job that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government do a terrible job that may
+get lobbied they may be corrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lobbied they may be corrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lobbied they may be corrupt
+indeed in the u.s. in the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in the u.s. in the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in the u.s. in the 1970s
+virtually every state did regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every state did regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every state did regulate
+hospital prices and every state went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital prices and every state went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital prices and every state went
+away from that because they thought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that because they thought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that because they thought the
+system was broken so it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was broken so it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was broken so it's not like
+there's any dismount the European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any dismount the European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any dismount the European
+solution is an easy answer that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is an easy answer that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is an easy answer that's why
+the other route to people in pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other route to people in pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other route to people in pushing
+lately is a different route which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately is a different route which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately is a different route which is the
+incentives route which is basically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives route which is basically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives route which is basically to
+say look we don't want a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look we don't want a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look we don't want a regular
+supplier prices what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier prices what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier prices what we're going to do
+is we're going to say doctors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to say doctors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to say doctors and
+hospitals you get together and form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals you get together and form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals you get together and form
+these units we call accountable care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these units we call accountable care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these units we call accountable care
+organizations a cos this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations a cos this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations a cos this is a big
+innovation of the Affordable Care Act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation of the Affordable Care Act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation of the Affordable Care Act of
+Obamacare set up these a cos these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obamacare set up these a cos these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obamacare set up these a cos these are
+hospitals and doctors all get together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and doctors all get together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and doctors all get together
+it'd be basically like soup to nuts all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be basically like soup to nuts all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be basically like soup to nuts all
+the health care you need in one group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health care you need in one group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health care you need in one group
+and we say to them we are gonna pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say to them we are gonna pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say to them we are gonna pay you
+one flat amount of money to care for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one flat amount of money to care for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one flat amount of money to care for
+John and then within that you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John and then within that you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John and then within that you decide
+what he gets you decide what prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he gets you decide what prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he gets you decide what prices
+everybody pays and makes you figure all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody pays and makes you figure all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody pays and makes you figure all
+that out but we're gonna be flat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out but we're gonna be flat them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out but we're gonna be flat them
+out in particular that flat amount is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in particular that flat amount is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in particular that flat amount is
+not gonna rise much and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna rise much and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna rise much and that's why we
+bring the cost of healthcare under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the cost of healthcare under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the cost of healthcare under
+control we're gonna baste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control we're gonna baste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control we're gonna baste
+every ACO will get an amount let's we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every ACO will get an amount let's we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every ACO will get an amount let's we'll
+get the math it's a flat amount and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the math it's a flat amount and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the math it's a flat amount and she
+won't rise much okay and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't rise much okay and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't rise much okay and that's how
+bring health care costs under control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring health care costs under control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring health care costs under control
+that has a number of wonderful features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a number of wonderful features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a number of wonderful features
+first of all it's much less evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it's much less evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it's much less evil
+sounding than things like not only of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding than things like not only of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding than things like not only of
+MRIs are regulating what prices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRIs are regulating what prices okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRIs are regulating what prices okay
+second of all this much fewer regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of all this much fewer regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of all this much fewer regulatory
+tools we just say here's a flat amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools we just say here's a flat amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools we just say here's a flat amount
+were giving you per person and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were giving you per person and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were giving you per person and we're
+done okay so that sounds great the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay so that sounds great the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay so that sounds great the
+problem is we haven't been able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is we haven't been able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is we haven't been able to get
+it to work and that's because it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to work and that's because it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to work and that's because it turns
+out doctor nozzles aren't very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out doctor nozzles aren't very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out doctor nozzles aren't very good at
+figuring how to set price and set supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring how to set price and set supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring how to set price and set supply
+they're just not they don't how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not they don't how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not they don't how to
+really figure this out and the ACO so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really figure this out and the ACO so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really figure this out and the ACO so
+far I've not actually performed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I've not actually performed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I've not actually performed very
+well they've not saved much money so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they've not saved much money so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they've not saved much money so
+really we're stuck between a route which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we're stuck between a route which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we're stuck between a route which
+seems a lot easier but we haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a lot easier but we haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a lot easier but we haven't really
+figured how to make work and a route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured how to make work and a route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured how to make work and a route
+which has worked all around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has worked all around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has worked all around the world
+but sees politically nightmarish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sees politically nightmarish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sees politically nightmarish and
+that's kind of where we are right now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of where we are right now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of where we are right now in
+terms of controlling costs and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of controlling costs and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of controlling costs and that's
+difficult spot we find ourselves in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult spot we find ourselves in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult spot we find ourselves in but
+then be clear this is not like oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be clear this is not like oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be clear this is not like oh that's
+sort of interesting John I'll go home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interesting John I'll go home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interesting John I'll go home
+and forget about it now this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forget about it now this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forget about it now this is the
+entire future okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire future okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire future okay
+healthcare costs are the key to term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare costs are the key to term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare costs are the key to term in
+the entire fiscal future of the US as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire fiscal future of the US as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire fiscal future of the US as I
+mentioned last lecture the US is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned last lecture the US is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned last lecture the US is
+currently SN about seventy five trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently SN about seventy five trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently SN about seventy five trillion
+dollars in deficit over the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in deficit over the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in deficit over the long run
+seventy trillion of that is healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy trillion of that is healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy trillion of that is healthcare
+okay health care is the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay health care is the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay health care is the single
+determinant of the u.s. fiscal balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the u.s. fiscal balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the u.s. fiscal balance
+in the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run
+literally it's the single most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally it's the single most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally it's the single most important
+government problem facing health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government problem facing health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government problem facing health care
+also signals a foreign government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also signals a foreign government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also signals a foreign government
+problem facing your generation next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem facing your generation next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem facing your generation next
+generations I like to say that all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations I like to say that all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations I like to say that all that
+matters we think about the future is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters we think about the future is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters we think about the future is
+health care costs and global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care costs and global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care costs and global warming
+because either way we're underwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because either way we're underwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because either way we're underwater
+okay basically those are the two big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically those are the two big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically those are the two big
+issues we have to face going forward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues we have to face going forward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues we have to face going forward so
+this is a serious issue that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a serious issue that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a serious issue that you're
+generations you have to struggle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations you have to struggle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations you have to struggle with
+sorry as you as you go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry as you as you go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry as you as you go on
+so that's health care in the u.s. in 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's health care in the u.s. in 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's health care in the u.s. in 40
+minutes so this class you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so this class you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so this class you know there's a
+famous skit from Saturday Night Live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous skit from Saturday Night Live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous skit from Saturday Night Live
+which is what you remember five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you remember five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you remember five years
+after college it's and it's five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after college it's and it's five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after college it's and it's five minutes
+and three and a half minutes of spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three and a half minutes of spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three and a half minutes of spring
+break okay I don't expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay I don't expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay I don't expect you to
+remember the formula for you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the formula for you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the formula for you know if
+you're not going on in economics don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going on in economics don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going on in economics don't
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+remember the formula for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the formula for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the formula for you know
+deriving a cost function okay what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving a cost function okay what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving a cost function okay what I
+expect you get out of this class is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you get out of this class is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you get out of this class is a
+and interesting economics and I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting economics and I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting economics and I hope
+you'll go on I sincerely hope that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go on I sincerely hope that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go on I sincerely hope that and
+I'm available to anyone who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm available to anyone who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm available to anyone who wants to
+talk about the pros and cons of going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the pros and cons of going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the pros and cons of going on
+in economics obviously I'm more Pro but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics obviously I'm more Pro but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics obviously I'm more Pro but
+I'm happy to talk about it okay some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to talk about it okay some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to talk about it okay some of
+its always feel free to reach out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its always feel free to reach out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its always feel free to reach out about
+that but B even if you don't want any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but B even if you don't want any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but B even if you don't want any
+comics I want this to make you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comics I want this to make you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comics I want this to make you more
+educated consumer of the newspaper okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated consumer of the newspaper okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated consumer of the newspaper okay
+this is we are in an era as I said in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we are in an era as I said in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we are in an era as I said in my
+very first lecture where truth and facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first lecture where truth and facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first lecture where truth and facts
+and the scientific method are themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scientific method are themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scientific method are themselves
+under attack and MIT is the last bastion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under attack and MIT is the last bastion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under attack and MIT is the last bastion
+of fighting this war we are the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fighting this war we are the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fighting this war we are the place
+that explains a scientific method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains a scientific method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains a scientific method that
+used a scientific method and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a scientific method and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a scientific method and we need to
+use the methods you've learned here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the methods you've learned here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the methods you've learned here to
+think intelligently whatever your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think intelligently whatever your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think intelligently whatever your
+conclusions but to think intelligently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions but to think intelligently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions but to think intelligently
+about these economics topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these economics topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these economics topics and
+fundamentally that means being annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally that means being annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally that means being annoying
+and to illustrate that I like down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to illustrate that I like down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to illustrate that I like down with
+the joke which some of you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joke which some of you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joke which some of you may have
+heard sorry I apologize if you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard sorry I apologize if you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard sorry I apologize if you have so
+the joke is a doctor a doctor a priest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joke is a doctor a doctor a priest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joke is a doctor a doctor a priest
+and an economist go golfing they get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an economist go golfing they get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an economist go golfing they get in
+the golf course and they hit the golf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golf course and they hit the golf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golf course and they hit the golf
+course and they're behind someone going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and they're behind someone going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and they're behind someone going
+incredibly slowly I don't know if many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly slowly I don't know if many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly slowly I don't know if many
+golfers among you but the idea is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golfers among you but the idea is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golfers among you but the idea is if
+you're very slow figure out you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very slow figure out you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very slow figure out you're
+supposed to allow the people behind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to allow the people behind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to allow the people behind you
+to play through and get ahead of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play through and get ahead of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play through and get ahead of you
+this person won't let anyone play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person won't let anyone play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person won't let anyone play
+through and he's like fifty shots a hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and he's like fifty shots a hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and he's like fifty shots a hole
+it's disgusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's disgusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's disgusting
+okay and there's like 50 people lined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's like 50 people lined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's like 50 people lined up
+behind this guy and these folks are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this guy and these folks are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this guy and these folks are so
+disgusted they quit after nine holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusted they quit after nine holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusted they quit after nine holes
+they go back to the clubhouse they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go back to the clubhouse they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go back to the clubhouse they're
+pounding their beers like what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounding their beers like what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounding their beers like what an
+ I can't believe you wouldn't let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ I can't believe you wouldn't let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ I can't believe you wouldn't let
+us play through it ruin our day and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us play through it ruin our day and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us play through it ruin our day and so
+it goes up to them and says excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up to them and says excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up to them and says excuse me
+are you new to this club and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you new to this club and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you new to this club and they said
+yes we are said well I could tell you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we are said well I could tell you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we are said well I could tell you're
+new to the club because if you weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to the club because if you weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to the club because if you weren't
+new you have known the person I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new you have known the person I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new you have known the person I'm
+playing behind is blind and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing behind is blind and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing behind is blind and actually
+it's a miracle you can get the ball in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a miracle you can get the ball in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a miracle you can get the ball in
+the hole at all and it usually gets it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hole at all and it usually gets it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hole at all and it usually gets it
+an honor to be the same course as he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an honor to be the same course as he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an honor to be the same course as he is
+and the person walks away and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the person walks away and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the person walks away and there's
+like a deadly silence and that people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a deadly silence and that people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a deadly silence and that people at
+the table like wow I feel terrible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table like wow I feel terrible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table like wow I feel terrible and
+and the doctor goes I can't I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the doctor goes I can't I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the doctor goes I can't I feel
+terrible I can't believe him myself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible I can't believe him myself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible I can't believe him myself a
+man of healing would be so insulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man of healing would be so insulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man of healing would be so insulting
+towards someone who's blind I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards someone who's blind I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards someone who's blind I'm gonna
+dedicate a wing of my hospitals of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicate a wing of my hospitals of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicate a wing of my hospitals of the
+blind and turns the priest the priest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind and turns the priest the priest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind and turns the priest the priest
+says I can't believe myself a man of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I can't believe myself a man of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I can't believe myself a man of the
+cloth and I ain't supposed to care for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloth and I ain't supposed to care for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloth and I ain't supposed to care for
+the UH the less able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UH the less able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UH the less able
+Society would do this I'm gonna set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society would do this I'm gonna set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society would do this I'm gonna set up a
+free soup kitchen for the blind and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free soup kitchen for the blind and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free soup kitchen for the blind and they
+turn to the economist economists as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to the economist economists as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to the economist economists as well
+if he's blind why doesn't just play at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he's blind why doesn't just play at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he's blind why doesn't just play at
+night and makes sense right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and makes sense right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and makes sense right and
+basically the point is that the job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the point is that the job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the point is that the job of
+the economist is to sort of be annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economist is to sort of be annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economist is to sort of be annoying
+and look for the basic flaws and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look for the basic flaws and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look for the basic flaws and
+arguments to understand them to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments to understand them to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments to understand them to ask the
+difficult questions but to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult questions but to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult questions but to have
+responsible answers and that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible answers and that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible answers and that's what I
+hope you'll get out of this course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you'll get out of this course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you'll get out of this course I
+hope you'll take forward with you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you'll take forward with you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you'll take forward with you so
+thank you very much sharing it with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much sharing it with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much sharing it with me
+and good luck on the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good luck on the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good luck on the final
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kPxBd_S5tsA.txt b/kPxBd_S5tsA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80c81877901b29677f252fdbee4b211d18557b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kPxBd_S5tsA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+our subject today then is Fermi's golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our subject today then is Fermi's golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our subject today then is Fermi's golden
+rule so that's what we're gonna develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so that's what we're gonna develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so that's what we're gonna develop
+Fermi's golden rule and this has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi's golden rule and this has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi's golden rule and this has to do
+with the study of transitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the study of transitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the study of transitions and
+typically they're interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they're interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they're interesting and
+sophisticated thing about this subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated thing about this subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated thing about this subject
+is that you have a transition from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have a transition from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have a transition from some
+initial state to a state that is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state to a state that is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state to a state that is part of
+a continuum of states that's what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuum of states that's what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuum of states that's what makes
+it complicated the transition from once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it complicated the transition from once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it complicated the transition from once
+this great state or another discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great state or another discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great state or another discrete
+state with a perturbation it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with a perturbation it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with a perturbation it's kind of a
+simple matter to do but when you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple matter to do but when you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple matter to do but when you can go
+into a continuum you have to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a continuum you have to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a continuum you have to integrate
+over the set of final States and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the set of final States and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the set of final States and that
+makes it a lot more interesting so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it a lot more interesting so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it a lot more interesting so so we
+go from a discrete state state into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from a discrete state state into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from a discrete state state into a
+continuum and that makes it somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum and that makes it somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum and that makes it somewhat
+challenging so we will consider is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging so we will consider is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging so we will consider is in
+two forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forms
+it's worse than still in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worse than still in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worse than still in the case of
+what we call constant perturbations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might say well we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say well we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say well we're doing
+time-dependent perturbation theory yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent perturbation theory yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent perturbation theory yes
+we are but this kind of perturbation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are but this kind of perturbation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are but this kind of perturbation you
+will think of it as saying that H is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think of it as saying that H is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think of it as saying that H is H
+zero plus a V that is time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus a V that is time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus a V that is time independent
+but the way we think of it is that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way we think of it is that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way we think of it is that here
+is time here is time zero and here is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time here is time zero and here is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time here is time zero and here is V
+V turns on at time equals zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V turns on at time equals zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V turns on at time equals zero so
+there's a little bit of time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of time dependence
+there was no V before time equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no V before time equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no V before time equals zero
+and there is a V after time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a V after time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a V after time
+zero so it's almost like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's almost like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's almost like different
+meltonian changes and we want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meltonian changes and we want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meltonian changes and we want to see
+what habit transitions we get because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what habit transitions we get because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what habit transitions we get because
+always the subject is the subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the subject is the subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the subject is the subject of
+transitions and we will see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions and we will see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions and we will see an
+application of this later today the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of this later today the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of this later today the
+other case is what is called a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perturbation in which H is equal to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation in which H is equal to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation in which H is equal to H
+zero plus Delta H and Delta H is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus Delta H and Delta H is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus Delta H and Delta H is gonna
+be harmonic to H Prime that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be harmonic to H Prime that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be harmonic to H Prime that's
+conventions to put a two in there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions to put a two in there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions to put a two in there it's
+convenient times cosine Omega T and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient times cosine Omega T and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient times cosine Omega T and this
+will be for T between 0 and T 0 sorry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be for T between 0 and T 0 sorry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be for T between 0 and T 0 sorry if
+some people can't see this too far to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people can't see this too far to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people can't see this too far to
+the right to H prime cosine of Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to H prime cosine of Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to H prime cosine of Omega T
+when T is between 0 and T zero and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when T is between 0 and T zero and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when T is between 0 and T zero and it's
+zero otherwise an H prime of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero otherwise an H prime of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero otherwise an H prime of course is
+time independent as well I'm independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time independent as well I'm independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time independent as well I'm independent
+so these are the two main cases when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the two main cases when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the two main cases when we
+will consider transitions and once we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider transitions and once we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider transitions and once we'll
+do the first one in a lot of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first one in a lot of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first one in a lot of detail
+today the subject is trying to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the subject is trying to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the subject is trying to get the
+transitions understood for this case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions understood for this case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions understood for this case and
+after that next time we will do the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that next time we will do the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that next time we will do the case
+of the harmonic perturbation that brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the harmonic perturbation that brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the harmonic perturbation that brings
+in a few new issues but then all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few new issues but then all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few new issues but then all of the
+rest is the same so once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is the same so once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is the same so once you've
+understood how to do the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood how to do the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood how to do the constant
+transition the harmonic perturbation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition the harmonic perturbation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition the harmonic perturbation is
+going to be easier so constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be easier so constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be easier so constant
+perturbations will be useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations will be useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations will be useful to
+understand for example the phenomenon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand for example the phenomenon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand for example the phenomenon of
+auto-ionization some atoms sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-ionization some atoms sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-ionization some atoms sometimes
+ionize spontaneously and this has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize spontaneously and this has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize spontaneously and this has to do
+with this subject harmonic perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this subject harmonic perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this subject harmonic perturbations
+has to do with even a more popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with even a more popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with even a more popular
+subject which is atoms interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject which is atoms interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject which is atoms interacting with
+radiation you send in an electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation you send in an electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation you send in an electromagnetic
+field that is a harmonically varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that is a harmonically varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that is a harmonically varying
+perturbation and that's gonna allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation and that's gonna allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation and that's gonna allow you
+to calculate transitions and by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate transitions and by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate transitions and by the time
+we're done with issue we'll be experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done with issue we'll be experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done with issue we'll be experts
+in calculating trans atomic transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in calculating trans atomic transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in calculating trans atomic transitions
+so one subject we need since we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one subject we need since we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one subject we need since we're going
+to be doing transitions between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing transitions between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing transitions between a
+discrete state or continuum is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete state or continuum is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete state or continuum is to
+describe the continuum and for that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the continuum and for that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the continuum and for that for
+the continuum we use the sub the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuum we use the sub the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuum we use the sub the concept
+of a density of states in the continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we will be considering momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we will be considering momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we will be considering momentum
+eigenstates and is a momentum you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates and is a momentum you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates and is a momentum you know
+very well the momentum of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well the momentum of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well the momentum of three
+particles that continuum takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that continuum takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that continuum takes
+absolutely continuous values so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely continuous values so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely continuous values so there's
+no way you can crown them or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way you can crown them or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way you can crown them or you can
+tell how many there are per momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how many there are per momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how many there are per momentum
+range is like saying how many numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is like saying how many numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is like saying how many numbers
+are there from 0 to 1 the way you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there from 0 to 1 the way you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there from 0 to 1 the way you have
+to do that always is by adding an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that always is by adding an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that always is by adding an extra
+parameter you wish you didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you wish you didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you wish you didn't have to
+add and that's kind of things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and that's kind of things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and that's kind of things that we
+have to do in physics sometimes we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do in physics sometimes we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do in physics sometimes we have
+to add parameters you consider when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add parameters you consider when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add parameters you consider when we
+discussed last time the Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last time the Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last time the Delta function
+perturbation we broadened it and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation we broadened it and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation we broadened it and we were
+able to calculate and then we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to calculate and then we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to calculate and then we saw that
+the broadening size didn't matter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broadening size didn't matter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broadening size didn't matter for
+the result therefore good so here we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result therefore good so here we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result therefore good so here we'll
+do the same you know that the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same you know that the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same you know that the momentum
+eigenstates for particle in an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates for particle in an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates for particle in an interval
+or in a circle are quantized and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a circle are quantized and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a circle are quantized and then
+you can count quantized States so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can count quantized States so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can count quantized States so we
+will put the whole world in a box big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put the whole world in a box big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put the whole world in a box big
+box size of the galaxy size of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box size of the galaxy size of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box size of the galaxy size of the earth
+size of the laboratory maybe is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the laboratory maybe is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the laboratory maybe is big
+enough and we'll put this parameter L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and we'll put this parameter L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and we'll put this parameter L
+there for the size of the box and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for the size of the box and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for the size of the box and we
+will get the density of states because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get the density of states because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get the density of states because
+now the states can be counted afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the states can be counted afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the states can be counted afterwards
+by the time we're all done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time we're all done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time we're all done with the
+transition rates of the firm is Golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rates of the firm is Golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rates of the firm is Golden
+Rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule
+we hope that length is gonna disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope that length is gonna disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope that length is gonna disappear
+so that's something we will see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something we will see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something we will see that it
+happens in calculations and there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in calculations and there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in calculations and there will
+be good reasons why it happens so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good reasons why it happens so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good reasons why it happens so we'll
+put the world in a big box not that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the world in a big box not that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the world in a big box not that big
+draw it but it's supposed to be very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it but it's supposed to be very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it but it's supposed to be very big
+length L and you think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length L and you think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length L and you think of the
+quantization of momentum by considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of momentum by considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of momentum by considering
+a wave function that would be normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and has is a momentum eigenstate has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has is a momentum eigenstate has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has is a momentum eigenstate has
+momentum in the X Direction y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the X Direction y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the X Direction y direction
+and Z direction and that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z direction and that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z direction and that the wave
+function if all the sides of this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if all the sides of this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if all the sides of this world
+as a cubical world with length L that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cubical world with length L that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cubical world with length L that we
+function normalize this is properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function normalize this is properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function normalize this is properly
+normalized you square it and the norm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized you square it and the norm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized you square it and the norm is
+equal to 1 times this factor square you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 times this factor square you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 times this factor square you
+integrate it it's all good so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it it's all good so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it it's all good so this is a
+nice wave function in which the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice wave function in which the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice wave function in which the integral
+size squared the cube x over the box is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size squared the cube x over the box is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size squared the cube x over the box is
+1 and then what else do we do we decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then what else do we do we decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then what else do we do we decide
+that we have to consider periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to consider periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to consider periodic
+boundary conditions we'll think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions we'll think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions we'll think of it as
+a torus properly speaking in which each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a torus properly speaking in which each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a torus properly speaking in which each
+direction is a circle so the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is a circle so the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is a circle so the wave
+function repeats itself after x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function repeats itself after x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function repeats itself after x
+increases by L after y increases by L or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by L after y increases by L or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by L after y increases by L or
+after Z increases by L you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Z increases by L you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Z increases by L you could have
+chosen a box with a finite big wall at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a box with a finite big wall at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a box with a finite big wall at
+the end it would make no difference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it would make no difference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it would make no difference for
+the counting at the end of the day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counting at the end of the day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counting at the end of the day so
+the conditions are that KX multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions are that KX multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions are that KX multiplied by
+L should be a multiple of NX 2 pi x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L should be a multiple of NX 2 pi x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L should be a multiple of NX 2 pi x and
+X KY times L 2 pi x and y kz times l 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X KY times L 2 pi x and y kz times l 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X KY times L 2 pi x and y kz times l 2
+pi and z and therefore the total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and z and therefore the total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and z and therefore the total number
+of states can be calculated by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states can be calculated by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states can be calculated by taking
+a little differential of this thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little differential of this thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little differential of this thing we
+say well if we let KX vary by a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well if we let KX vary by a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well if we let KX vary by a little
+bit bkx from this equation times L is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bkx from this equation times L is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bkx from this equation times L is 2
+pi b NX v KY times l 2 pi times DN y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi b NX v KY times l 2 pi times DN y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi b NX v KY times l 2 pi times DN y and
+b kz x LS 2 pi times vm z so if i were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b kz x LS 2 pi times vm z so if i were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b kz x LS 2 pi times vm z so if i were
+to consider a little interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider a little interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider a little interval of
+momentum defined by d KX v KY d kz a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum defined by d KX v KY d kz a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum defined by d KX v KY d kz a
+little cube in momentum space the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cube in momentum space the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cube in momentum space the number
+of states in this cube would be the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states in this cube would be the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states in this cube would be the n
+which is the NX v + y the NZ and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the NX v + y the NZ and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the NX v + y the NZ and this is
+equal to L over 2 PI cubed the cube K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to L over 2 PI cubed the cube K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to L over 2 PI cubed the cube K
+which is d KX d KY the kz I've say if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is d KX d KY the kz I've say if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is d KX d KY the kz I've say if in
+this momentum rage the quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this momentum rage the quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this momentum rage the quantum number
+and X can take this number of values D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X can take this number of values D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X can take this number of values D
+and X the quantum number 1 and Y can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X the quantum number 1 and Y can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X the quantum number 1 and Y can
+take a set of values and the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a set of values and the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a set of values and the same for
+the quantum number in the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum number in the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum number in the Z Direction
+the total set of quantum numbers is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total set of quantum numbers is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total set of quantum numbers is the
+product of them so that there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of them so that there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of them so that there is that
+many states in this little cube of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many states in this little cube of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many states in this little cube of
+momentum space that this momentum space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space that this momentum space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space that this momentum space
+that is between some K and a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is between some K and a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is between some K and a little more
+called decay so well that's a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called decay so well that's a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called decay so well that's a famous
+formula and it's the the N if we go to L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and it's the the N if we go to L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and it's the the N if we go to L
+over 2 PI cubed b cubed K some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 PI cubed b cubed K some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 PI cubed b cubed K some people
+know this by heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this by heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this by heart
+but now we want to write this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we want to write this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we want to write this in the
+terms of a density of states as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a density of states as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a density of states as a
+function of energy so if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of energy so if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of energy so if this is the
+number of states in some interval in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states in some interval in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states in some interval in
+momentum space I can try to convert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space I can try to convert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space I can try to convert this
+into saying well all this states because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into saying well all this states because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into saying well all this states because
+the momentum is varying with in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum is varying with in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum is varying with in some
+little bounds the energy is varying with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bounds the energy is varying with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bounds the energy is varying with
+in some little bounce so let's figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some little bounce so let's figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some little bounce so let's figure
+out how much the D is and then the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much the D is and then the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much the D is and then the total
+number of states will be given in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states will be given in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states will be given in this
+range by the number of states per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range by the number of states per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range by the number of states per unit
+energy multiplied by this thing so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy multiplied by this thing so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy multiplied by this thing so this
+is the density of states which is States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per unit energy and many times this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit energy and many times this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit energy and many times this is
+the quantity we really want we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity we really want we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity we really want we have here
+an energy as well so we think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy as well so we think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy as well so we think of this
+the cube K as a little cube in momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube K as a little cube in momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube K as a little cube in momentum
+space if momentum States has an origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if momentum States has an origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if momentum States has an origin
+here you can imagine states with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can imagine states with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can imagine states with some
+momentum and then a little cube in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and then a little cube in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and then a little cube in here
+saying how much the momentum varies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how much the momentum varies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how much the momentum varies so
+all these states have some momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these states have some momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these states have some momentum and
+vary a little bit in the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary a little bit in the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary a little bit in the momentum
+therefore they all basically have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they all basically have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they all basically have some
+energy up to some little variation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy up to some little variation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy up to some little variation so
+how do we connect these two things well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we connect these two things well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we connect these two things well
+you remember e is equal to H squared K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember e is equal to H squared K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember e is equal to H squared K
+squared over 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and how about the cube K we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how about the cube K we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how about the cube K we'll try to
+think of the cube K physically as all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the cube K physically as all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the cube K physically as all
+the states that have momentum K and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states that have momentum K and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states that have momentum K and now
+this is a space diagram now this is XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a space diagram now this is XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a space diagram now this is XY
+and Z so here are the states with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z so here are the states with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z so here are the states with
+momentum K the point in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum K the point in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum K the point in this direction
+so this is the direction the states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the direction the states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the direction the states are
+pointing and now we think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing and now we think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing and now we think of them as
+having some possible solid angle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some possible solid angle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some possible solid angle here
+the Omega so if so this is the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega so if so this is the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega so if so this is the direction
+so let me not say there x y&z let me use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me not say there x y&z let me use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me not say there x y&z let me use
+angles here fada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles here fada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles here fada
+and five representing the arm as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five representing the arm as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five representing the arm as the
+muscle and polar angle of this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle and polar angle of this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle and polar angle of this direction
+so we have a little range here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a little range here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a little range here and a
+little range of magnitude of momentum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little range of magnitude of momentum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little range of magnitude of momentum so
+let me see if I can draw it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I can draw it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I can draw it kind of
+nicer you can imagine a little cone as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer you can imagine a little cone as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer you can imagine a little cone as
+it grows and the last part is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grows and the last part is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grows and the last part is a little
+thick piece of the cone here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick piece of the cone here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick piece of the cone here of
+thickness D K so the cube K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the volume of that little pill box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the volume of that little pill box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the volume of that little pill box
+here and it's K squared D Omega times D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's K squared D Omega times D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's K squared D Omega times D
+K so that's the cube K and now to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so that's the cube K and now to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so that's the cube K and now to relate
+it to the energy we have here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the energy we have here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the energy we have here this
+equation so we take a differential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we take a differential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we take a differential and
+it's the energy is H squared K DK over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so d cube K here is KD K KB Omega times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so d cube K here is KD K KB Omega times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so d cube K here is KD K KB Omega times
+KD K and this is the same KD K here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD K and this is the same KD K here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD K and this is the same KD K here so
+we can write it as K D Omega and for K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write it as K D Omega and for K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write it as K D Omega and for K
+DK we have M over H squared the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK we have M over H squared the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK we have M over H squared the energy
+so we're almost done with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're almost done with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're almost done with our
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we go back through this equation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back through this equation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back through this equation and we
+have Rho of e the e or the N is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Rho of e the e or the N is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Rho of e the e or the N is equal to
+L over 2 PI cubed the cube K but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L over 2 PI cubed the cube K but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L over 2 PI cubed the cube K but now we
+have what D cube K is is M over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what D cube K is is M over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what D cube K is is M over H
+squared K the Omega D e so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared K the Omega D e so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared K the Omega D e so this is our
+formula and this is Rho of e be e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and this is Rho of e be e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and this is Rho of e be e and
+here for example you have Rho of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually if it were Rho of e I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if it were Rho of e I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if it were Rho of e I should
+have here K expressed in terms of e it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here K expressed in terms of e it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here K expressed in terms of e it
+just makes the formula a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just makes the formula a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just makes the formula a little more
+messy but if you think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but if you think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but if you think of it as a
+function of the energy you have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the energy you have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the energy you have to say
+the words properly what is Rho of e Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words properly what is Rho of e Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words properly what is Rho of e Rho
+fee is the density of states per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee is the density of states per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee is the density of states per unit
+energy but when you're only counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but when you're only counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but when you're only counting
+states that have a momentum within an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that have a momentum within an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that have a momentum within an
+angle be Omega so this is the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle be Omega so this is the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle be Omega so this is the density of
+states per unit energy because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states per unit energy because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states per unit energy because this
+gives you state so this must be States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you state so this must be States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you state so this must be States
+per unit energy but you're only looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit energy but you're only looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit energy but you're only looking
+at the states that are within an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the states that are within an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the states that are within an angle
+the Amida if you were to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Amida if you were to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Amida if you were to look at the
+density of all states that have energy e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of all states that have energy e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of all states that have energy e
+you would have to integrate over omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to integrate over omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to integrate over omega
+but many times we want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many times we want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many times we want to make a
+transition you have an atom and you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition you have an atom and you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition you have an atom and you send
+in an electromagnetic wave when you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an electromagnetic wave when you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an electromagnetic wave when you want
+to make a transition and you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a transition and you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a transition and you want to see
+how many electrons for example are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many electrons for example are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many electrons for example are
+kicked out in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked out in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked out in some
+erection so you need the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erection so you need the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erection so you need the density of
+states in within some solid angles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in within some solid angles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in within some solid angles so
+this is a relatively useful thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a relatively useful thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a relatively useful thing to
+have not to integrate so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not to integrate so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not to integrate so that you can
+keep control over your states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep control over your states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep control over your states and
+orientem at a given angle okay so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientem at a given angle okay so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientem at a given angle okay so we've
+done a little bit of basic preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a little bit of basic preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a little bit of basic preparation
+we've said what the Fermi Golden Rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said what the Fermi Golden Rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said what the Fermi Golden Rule
+aims to do and it requires transition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aims to do and it requires transition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aims to do and it requires transition to
+the continuum where we'll have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuum where we'll have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuum where we'll have to use
+density of states and here is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states and here is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states and here is an example
+of how you calculate the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you calculate the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you calculate the density of
+state
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lFDL2Qif2vE.txt b/lFDL2Qif2vE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe14f9dbc80c2b3bd6d6b60bbdcd24e36ce476f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lFDL2Qif2vE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now that we understand the types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we understand the types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we understand the types
+of droplets that are emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplets that are emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplets that are emitted
+by different types of respiration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by different types of respiration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by different types of respiration and
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+evolution in the environment as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in the environment as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in the environment as a
+function of humidity and other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of humidity and other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of humidity and other factors
+let's talk about the different ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the different ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the different ways that
+transmission can actually occur between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission can actually occur between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission can actually occur between
+two individuals of a respiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two individuals of a respiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two individuals of a respiratory
+pathogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogen
+so the first is contact transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first is contact transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first is contact transmission
+through so-called fomites these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so-called fomites these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so-called fomites these are
+residues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues of
+those infectious droplets that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those infectious droplets that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those infectious droplets that have been
+emitted by breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted by breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted by breathing
+which can build up on surfaces such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can build up on surfaces such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can build up on surfaces such as
+tables floors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables floors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables floors
+even on people's clothing on their hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on people's clothing on their hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on people's clothing on their hands
+from the breathing of an infected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the breathing of an infected person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the breathing of an infected person
+and then a susceptible person touches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a susceptible person touches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a susceptible person touches
+those surfaces and then touches their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those surfaces and then touches their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those surfaces and then touches their
+eyes or touches their nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes or touches their nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes or touches their nose
+and in various ways gets the pathogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in various ways gets the pathogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in various ways gets the pathogen
+into their body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their body
+so that is not likely to be the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is not likely to be the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is not likely to be the dominant
+mode of transmission for covid19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of transmission for covid19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of transmission for covid19
+as the evidence is building up of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the evidence is building up of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the evidence is building up of other
+modes of transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of transmission
+nevertheless it is still recommended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it is still recommended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it is still recommended to
+be disinfecting and washing surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be disinfecting and washing surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be disinfecting and washing surfaces
+to protect against this potential mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect against this potential mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect against this potential mode
+of transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transmission
+another mode of transmission is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mode of transmission is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mode of transmission is through
+large ballistic drops so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large ballistic drops so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large ballistic drops so these are the
+droplets we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets we talked about
+in the beginning some of which are large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning some of which are large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning some of which are large
+enough to sediment to the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to sediment to the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to sediment to the ground
+others of which will eventually settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others of which will eventually settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others of which will eventually settle
+but which can be transferred by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which can be transferred by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which can be transferred by the
+momentum of a cough or a sneeze or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a cough or a sneeze or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a cough or a sneeze or some
+violent exhalatory event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent exhalatory event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent exhalatory event
+to another person and that other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another person and that other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another person and that other person
+can directly breathe in those droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can directly breathe in those droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can directly breathe in those droplets
+so this is especially important when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is especially important when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is especially important when
+dealing with symptomatic individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with symptomatic individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with symptomatic individuals
+on the other hand for covid19 it's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand for covid19 it's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand for covid19 it's well
+established that the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established that the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established that the majority of
+transmissions are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions are in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions are in fact
+asymptomatic so people are not coughing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptomatic so people are not coughing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptomatic so people are not coughing
+or sneezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sneezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sneezing
+and yet are still managing to transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet are still managing to transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet are still managing to transmit
+this highly infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this highly infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this highly infectious
+virus which brings us then to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus which brings us then to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus which brings us then to the third
+motor transmission which is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor transmission which is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor transmission which is through
+aerosol droplets these are the droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol droplets these are the droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol droplets these are the droplets
+which do not settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do not settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do not settle
+quickly on the time scale of occupancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly on the time scale of occupancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly on the time scale of occupancy
+of the room or a ventilation or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the room or a ventilation or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the room or a ventilation or other
+factors that remove those droplets such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that remove those droplets such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that remove those droplets such
+as deactivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as deactivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as deactivation
+and those droplets are emitted even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those droplets are emitted even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those droplets are emitted even in
+normal respiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal respiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal respiration
+normal breathing so just simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal breathing so just simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal breathing so just simply the
+puffs of breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puffs of breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puffs of breathing
+speaking it put those aerosol droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it put those aerosol droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it put those aerosol droplets
+in the air and then they're carried by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air and then they're carried by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air and then they're carried by
+air currents in the room which we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air currents in the room which we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air currents in the room which we will
+analyze in greater detail later in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze in greater detail later in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze in greater detail later in this
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+and essentially fill the room and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially fill the room and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially fill the room and as a
+first approximation those droplets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approximation those droplets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approximation those droplets are
+spread throughout the room and is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread throughout the room and is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread throughout the room and is a
+well-mixed space of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed space of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed space of air
+and within that context there are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within that context there are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within that context there are still
+two modes of transmission we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two modes of transmission we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two modes of transmission we can talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+if people are not wearing any mass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people are not wearing any mass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people are not wearing any mass or
+face covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face covering
+then those puffs of respiration can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those puffs of respiration can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those puffs of respiration can be
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+impinging upon a susceptible person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impinging upon a susceptible person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impinging upon a susceptible person who
+then can breathe them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can breathe them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can breathe them in
+and that those aerosols will be at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that those aerosols will be at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that those aerosols will be at a
+higher concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher concentration
+than the background ambient air of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the background ambient air of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the background ambient air of the
+well-mixed room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed room
+and so that we refer to that as short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that we refer to that as short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that we refer to that as short
+range aerosol transmission and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range aerosol transmission and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range aerosol transmission and we will
+return to that uh in the last part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to that uh in the last part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to that uh in the last part of
+the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+but what we're going to focus on first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're going to focus on first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're going to focus on first
+is long-range airborne transmissions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is long-range airborne transmissions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is long-range airborne transmissions so
+these are the droplets that end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the droplets that end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the droplets that end up
+in the air they become well mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air they become well mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air they become well mixed
+throughout the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the space
+and anyone in the room even very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anyone in the room even very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anyone in the room even very far
+away can breathe those droplets in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away can breathe those droplets in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away can breathe those droplets in and
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+can inhale an infectious dose and become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inhale an infectious dose and become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inhale an infectious dose and become
+infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+it's important to recognize the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to recognize the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to recognize the role of
+face coverings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face coverings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face coverings
+especially in the context of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the context of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the context of these
+respiratory droplet transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory droplet transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory droplet transmission
+modes so whether it's a mask or a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so whether it's a mask or a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so whether it's a mask or a face
+shield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shield
+the those facial coverings can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those facial coverings can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those facial coverings can
+essentially eliminate short range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially eliminate short range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially eliminate short range
+aerosol transmission of course they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol transmission of course they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol transmission of course they also
+completely eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely eliminate
+large drop emission because the droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large drop emission because the droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large drop emission because the droplets
+don't make it through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make it through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make it through those
+sort of ballistic protections if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ballistic protections if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ballistic protections if you
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+and even the momentum generated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the momentum generated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the momentum generated in the
+air from the breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air from the breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air from the breathing
+is largely eliminated by shields or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is largely eliminated by shields or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is largely eliminated by shields or
+masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks
+on the other hand these small aerosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand these small aerosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand these small aerosol
+droplets can pass through mass they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets can pass through mass they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets can pass through mass they
+certainly can pass around face shields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly can pass around face shields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly can pass around face shields
+or even plastic shields that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even plastic shields that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even plastic shields that you see
+in various public spaces these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various public spaces these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various public spaces these days
+and those droplets then are quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those droplets then are quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those droplets then are quickly
+spread around the room and we're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread around the room and we're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread around the room and we're left
+with the airborne motor transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the airborne motor transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the airborne motor transmission
+we will see later there is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see later there is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see later there is an important
+distinction between a mask and a shield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between a mask and a shield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between a mask and a shield
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+while both of them block the momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while both of them block the momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while both of them block the momentum of
+the fluid that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid that leads to
+sort of puffs and respiratory jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of puffs and respiratory jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of puffs and respiratory jets
+and plumes of transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plumes of transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plumes of transfer
+they do provide in the case of the mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do provide in the case of the mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do provide in the case of the mask
+additionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally
+filtration which can actually block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration which can actually block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration which can actually block
+many of the droplets not necessarily all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the droplets not necessarily all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the droplets not necessarily all
+but a significant fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a significant fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a significant fraction
+and that will be an important aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be an important aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be an important aspect of
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+how to make spaces safe from airborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make spaces safe from airborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make spaces safe from airborne
+transmission
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mbr667kATEg.txt b/mbr667kATEg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9b56b2628657baa3ea0131f63a5c6cc7eb408c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mbr667kATEg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu welcome Happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu welcome Happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu welcome Happy
+Halloween and for uh and for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halloween and for uh and for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halloween and for uh and for those of
+you uh watching this video at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh watching this video at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh watching this video at home
+you'll be glad to know the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be glad to know the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be glad to know the whole
+audience has joined me and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience has joined me and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience has joined me and they're all
+dressed out in costumes you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed out in costumes you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed out in costumes you know and
+it's a real fun day here as as we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real fun day here as as we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real fun day here as as we do
+this so making me not feel alone in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so making me not feel alone in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so making me not feel alone in my
+costume you know a lot of moral support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costume you know a lot of moral support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costume you know a lot of moral support
+there so that's great so yeah yeah so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's great so yeah yeah so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's great so yeah yeah so um
+so uh this is a lecture lecture 05 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is a lecture lecture 05 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is a lecture lecture 05 on
+Signal processing on databases just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Signal processing on databases just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Signal processing on databases just for
+a recap for those of you who missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recap for those of you who missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recap for those of you who missed
+earlier classes or going this out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier classes or going this out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier classes or going this out of
+order on on the web um the uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order on on the web um the uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order on on the web um the uh you know
+signal processing really alludes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing really alludes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing really alludes to
+detection Theory finding things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection Theory finding things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection Theory finding things which
+alludes to the underlying mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alludes to the underlying mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alludes to the underlying mathematical
+basis of that which is linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of that which is linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of that which is linear algebra
+and uh the databases really refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the databases really refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the databases really refers to
+working with unstructured data um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with unstructured data um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with unstructured data um uh
+strings and other types of things two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and other types of things two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and other types of things two
+two things that aren't really uh talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that aren't really uh talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that aren't really uh talked
+about together but we're bringing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about together but we're bringing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about together but we're bringing them
+together uh here because we have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh here because we have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh here because we have lots of
+new data sets that require it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data sets that require it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data sets that require it and so
+this uh this um this talk is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this um this talk is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this um this talk is probably
+the one that's getting most into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's getting most into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's getting most into
+something that we would say relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we would say relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we would say relates to
+detection Theory because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection Theory because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection Theory because we're going to
+be dealing with a lot with background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with a lot with background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with a lot with background
+data models and in particular power laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data models and in particular power laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data models and in particular power laws
+and methods of constructing power Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and methods of constructing power Law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and methods of constructing power Law
+data sets U methods of um sampling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets U methods of um sampling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets U methods of um sampling and
+fitting and using that as a basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting and using that as a basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting and using that as a basis for
+doing uh doing uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh doing uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh doing uh um
+um the kind of work that you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the kind of work that you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the kind of work that you want to do
+so moving in here so just our outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving in here so just our outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving in here so just our outline
+it's uh we got a lot of material to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh we got a lot of material to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh we got a lot of material to go
+over here today um this is all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here today um this is all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here today um this is all sort of
+using the data set when we get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the data set when we get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the data set when we get into the
+data set that we talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that we talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that we talked about in the
+last lecture which is this Reuters data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture which is this Reuters data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture which is this Reuters data
+set so we'll be applying some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so we'll be applying some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so we'll be applying some of these
+ideas to that data set so uh just go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas to that data set so uh just go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas to that data set so uh just go to
+introduction here and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction here and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction here and then we're going
+to get to sampling Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to sampling Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to sampling Theory and
+subsampling Theory various types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsampling Theory various types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsampling Theory various types of
+distributions and then end up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and then end up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and then end up with the
+reuter data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuter data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuter data
+set so the overall goal of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so the overall goal of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so the overall goal of this lecture
+is to really uh develop a background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to really uh develop a background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to really uh develop a background
+model for for these types of data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for for these types of data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for for these types of data sets
+that is based on what I'm calling a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is based on what I'm calling a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is based on what I'm calling a a
+perfect power law and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect power law and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect power law and then we're going
+to basically after we can construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically after we can construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically after we can construct a
+perfect allow power law we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect allow power law we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect allow power law we're going to
+sample that power law and look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that power law and look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that power law and look at what
+happens when we sample it what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we sample it what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we sample it what are the
+effects of sampling it and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of sampling it and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of sampling it and then we can
+use the power law to look at things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the power law to look at things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the power law to look at things like
+deviations and such now you might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations and such now you might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations and such now you might ask
+well why are we so concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why are we so concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why are we so concerned about
+backgrounds and power laws and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds and power laws and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds and power laws and it's
+because here's sort of the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here's sort of the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here's sort of the basis of
+detection theory on one slide so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection theory on one slide so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection theory on one slide so in
+detection Theory you know you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection Theory you know you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection Theory you know you basically
+have a model which consists of noise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model which consists of noise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model which consists of noise and
+a sing signal and you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sing signal and you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sing signal and you have two
+hypotheses h0 which is the there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses h0 which is the there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses h0 which is the there's only
+noise in your data and H1 that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in your data and H1 that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in your data and H1 that there's
+signal plus noise and so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal plus noise and so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal plus noise and so essentially
+when you do detection Theory what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do detection Theory what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do detection Theory what you're
+doing is given these models okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is given these models okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is given these models okay you can
+then compute sort of optimal filters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compute sort of optimal filters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compute sort of optimal filters for
+answering the question is there a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering the question is there a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering the question is there a signal
+there or is it just just noise that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or is it just just noise that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or is it just just noise that's
+essentially what detection Theory boils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what detection Theory boils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what detection Theory boils
+down to um in this data in now when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to um in this data in now when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to um in this data in now when we
+deal with graph Theory you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with graph Theory you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with graph Theory you know it's
+obviously not so clean in terms of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not so clean in terms of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not so clean in terms of our
+Dimensions here uh you know we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions here uh you know we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions here uh you know we'll have
+some kind of high dimensional space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of high dimensional space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of high dimensional space and
+our signal will be projected into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our signal will be projected into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our signal will be projected into that
+high-dimensional space But nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-dimensional space But nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-dimensional space But nevertheless
+the the uh the concept is still just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the concept is still just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the concept is still just as
+important that we have noise and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we have noise and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we have noise and a
+signal and that's what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and that's what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and that's what we're trying to
+do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here
+um detection Theory works in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um detection Theory works in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um detection Theory works in the
+traditional domains that we've applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional domains that we've applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional domains that we've applied
+it to uh because we have a fairly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to uh because we have a fairly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to uh because we have a fairly good
+model for the background which tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the background which tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the background which tends to
+be gaussian random noise it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be gaussian random noise it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be gaussian random noise it's sort of
+the kind of the fundamental sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the fundamental sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the fundamental sort of
+distribution that we use um um in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that we use um um in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that we use um um in in
+lots of our our data sets and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of our our data sets and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of our our data sets and if we
+didn't have that model it would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have that model it would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have that model it would be very
+difficult for us to proceed with much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for us to proceed with much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for us to proceed with much of
+detection Theory and the Gyan random uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection Theory and the Gyan random uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection Theory and the Gyan random uh
+uh noise model works because in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh noise model works because in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh noise model works because in many
+respects if you're collecting sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects if you're collecting sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects if you're collecting sensor
+data you really will have gausian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you really will have gausian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you really will have gausian
+physics uh going on uh you also you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh going on uh you also you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh going on uh you also you know
+law of large numbers in terms of if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of large numbers in terms of if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of large numbers in terms of if you
+have lots of sort of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of sort of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of sort of different
+distributions that are pulled together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that are pulled together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that are pulled together
+they will end up beginning to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will end up beginning to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will end up beginning to look like
+a gausian as well so that's sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gausian as well so that's sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gausian as well so that's sort of what
+what we have in many the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have in many the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have in many the traditional
+fields that we've worked in in Signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that we've worked in in Signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that we've worked in in Signal
+processing but now we're sort of in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing but now we're sort of in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing but now we're sort of in this
+new area where a lot of our data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new area where a lot of our data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new area where a lot of our data sets
+arrive from artificial processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive from artificial processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive from artificial processes
+processes that are a result of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that are a result of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that are a result of human
+actions be it uh data on a network be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions be it uh data on a network be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions be it uh data on a network be it
+uh data in a social network uh be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh data in a social network uh be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh data in a social network uh be it
+other types of data that have sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of data that have sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of data that have sort of a
+strong sort of artificial element to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong sort of artificial element to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong sort of artificial element to
+them we find that the gussian model does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we find that the gussian model does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we find that the gussian model does
+not sort of reveal itself in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sort of reveal itself in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sort of reveal itself in the same
+way that we've seen in other sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we've seen in other sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we've seen in other sets
+so what we need this we really need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we need this we really need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we need this we really need a
+background model so we have to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background model so we have to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background model so we have to have to
+do something about it so there has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something about it so there has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something about it so there has been
+a fair amount of research in literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair amount of research in literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair amount of research in literature
+to come up with sort of first principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with sort of first principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with sort of first principles
+methods for creating uh uh Power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for creating uh uh Power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for creating uh uh Power law
+distributions in data sets we talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions in data sets we talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions in data sets we talked a
+little bit about these distributions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about these distributions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about these distributions in
+the previous lectures um and they've met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lectures um and they've met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lectures um and they've met
+with mixed results it's been difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mixed results it's been difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mixed results it's been difficult
+to sort of come up with what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of come up with what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of come up with what is the
+under underlying uh sort of physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under underlying uh sort of physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under underlying uh sort of physics of
+the processes that result in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes that result in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes that result in certain
+vertices and graphs having an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and graphs having an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and graphs having an enormous
+number of edges and other vertices only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges and other vertices only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges and other vertices only
+having a few and so there has been been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a few and so there has been been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a few and so there has been been
+work on that encourage you to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that encourage you to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that encourage you to look at
+that literature here we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that literature here we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that literature here we're going to do
+much more of a um sort of go from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of a um sort of go from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of a um sort of go from from
+the reverse Direction which is uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse Direction which is uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse Direction which is uh let's
+begin by coming up with some way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin by coming up with some way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin by coming up with some way to
+construct a perfect power law with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a perfect power law with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a perfect power law with no
+concept of of well what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of of well what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of of well what is the
+underlying physics motivating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying physics motivating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying physics motivating this
+essentially a basic linear model for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a basic linear model for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a basic linear model for a
+perfect power law that we probably can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect power law that we probably can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect power law that we probably can
+do and then we'll sort of go go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then we'll sort of go go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then we'll sort of go go from
+there and linear models are something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and linear models are something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and linear models are something
+that we often use in our business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we often use in our business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we often use in our business and
+it's a good good first starting point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good good first starting point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good good first starting point so
+along those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along those
+lines this is a way to co construct you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines this is a way to co construct you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines this is a way to co construct you
+know uh a perfect power law uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh a perfect power law uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh a perfect power law uh in a
+matrix so let me this is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so let me this is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so let me this is basically a
+slide of definitions here so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide of definitions here so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide of definitions here so let me
+spend a little time going through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little time going through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little time going through them
+so we're going to represent our graph or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to represent our graph or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to represent our graph or
+our data as a random Matrix basically of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data as a random Matrix basically of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data as a random Matrix basically of
+of you know zero where there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know zero where there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know zero where there's no
+connection between uh these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between uh these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between uh these are the
+these are this is a set of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is a set of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is a set of vertices
+connected with another set of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with another set of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with another set of vertices
+there are N Out of these vertices and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are N Out of these vertices and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are N Out of these vertices and N
+in of these vertices if you have a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in of these vertices if you have a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in of these vertices if you have a DOT
+here the row corresponds to the vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the row corresponds to the vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the row corresponds to the vertex
+that the edge left and the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the edge left and the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the edge left and the column
+corresponds to the vertex that the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the vertex that the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the vertex that the edge
+is going into so this adjacency Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going into so this adjacency Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going into so this adjacency Matrix a
+is just going to be constructed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be constructed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be constructed by
+randomly filling this Matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly filling this Matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly filling this Matrix with
+entries and the only real constraint on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and the only real constraint on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and the only real constraint on
+them is that when you sum a we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is that when you sum a we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is that when you sum a we're going
+to allow a multiple edges so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow a multiple edges so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow a multiple edges so you can
+have more the values aren't just zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more the values aren't just zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more the values aren't just zero
+and one but they can have more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one but they can have more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one but they can have more than that
+but when you sum sum The Matrix a all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you sum sum The Matrix a all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you sum sum The Matrix a all
+its values up you get a value M which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its values up you get a value M which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its values up you get a value M which is
+the total number of of edges in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of of edges in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of of edges in in the
+graph so we have essentially a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so we have essentially a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so we have essentially a graph
+with uh uh this could be a bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh this could be a bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh this could be a bipartite
+graph or not um but you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph or not um but you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph or not um but you know with
+essentially N Out uh vertices n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially N Out uh vertices n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially N Out uh vertices n in
+vertices and M total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and M total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and M total
+edges um the perfect power law we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges um the perfect power law we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges um the perfect power law we're
+going to have essentially two perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have essentially two perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have essentially two perfect
+power law laws here one on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law laws here one on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law laws here one on the uh
+outdegree so if you sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdegree so if you sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdegree so if you sum
+these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+rows okay and then you do a histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows okay and then you do a histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows okay and then you do a histogram
+you're going to want to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to produce a
+histogram that looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram that looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram that looks something like this
+so you have an outdegree for each vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have an outdegree for each vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have an outdegree for each vertex
+and this would show how many vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would show how many vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would show how many vertices
+have that out degree and so our power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that out degree and so our power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that out degree and so our power
+law says that these points should fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law says that these points should fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law says that these points should fall
+on a slope with a negative uh Power log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a slope with a negative uh Power log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a slope with a negative uh Power log
+coefficient of alpha out so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of alpha out so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of alpha out so that's
+essentially the one one definition there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the one one definition there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the one one definition there
+and then we likewise have another going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we likewise have another going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we likewise have another going
+in the for the other degrees so the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the for the other degrees so the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the for the other degrees so the in
+degrees have their own power law so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees have their own power law so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees have their own power law so
+these are the definitions this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the definitions this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the definitions this is what
+we're saying is a perfect power law so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is a perfect power law so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is a perfect power law so
+we so we're saying a perfect power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so we're saying a perfect power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so we're saying a perfect power law
+has these properties and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these properties and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these properties and we're going to
+attempt to construct it we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to construct it we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to construct it we have no
+physical basis for saying why the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical basis for saying why the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical basis for saying why the data
+should look this way we're just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look this way we're just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look this way we're just saying
+this is a linear model of the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear model of the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear model of the data and
+we're going to construct it that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to construct it that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to construct it that way and
+again these can be undirected multi-edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these can be undirected multi-edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these can be undirected multi-edge
+we can allow self loops and disconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can allow self loops and disconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can allow self loops and disconnected
+vertices and hyperedges anything you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and hyperedges anything you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and hyperedges anything you can
+get by just randomly throwing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by just randomly throwing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by just randomly throwing down
+values onto a matrix and again the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values onto a matrix and again the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values onto a matrix and again the only
+constraint is that the s that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is that the s that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is that the s that the the
+sum in both directions is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum in both directions is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum in both directions is equal to the
+number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of
+edges so given that can we construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so given that can we construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so given that can we construct
+such a thing well it turns out we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing well it turns out we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing well it turns out we can
+construct such a thing fairly simply in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct such a thing fairly simply in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct such a thing fairly simply in
+and so in mat lab we can construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in mat lab we can construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in mat lab we can construct a
+perfect Power log graph with uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect Power log graph with uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect Power log graph with uh this
+four line function here we'll construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four line function here we'll construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four line function here we'll construct
+this it will it will construct a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it will it will construct a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it will it will construct a degree
+distribution that has this uh property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that has this uh property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that has this uh property
+and we the three number parameters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we the three number parameters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we the three number parameters to
+this distribution are alpha which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution are alpha which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution are alpha which is the
+slope D Max which is the maximum degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope D Max which is the maximum degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope D Max which is the maximum degree
+vertex and then this number ND which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and then this number ND which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and then this number ND which is
+roughly proportional to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly proportional to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly proportional to the number of
+bins that we're going to have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins that we're going to have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins that we're going to have here
+essentially the number of points it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the number of points it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the number of points it's
+not exactly that but roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly that but roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly that but roughly
+proportional to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to that
+and so when you do this little equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you do this little equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you do this little equation
+here the first thing that you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the first thing that you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the first thing that you will see
+is we are we are going to be creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we are we are going to be creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we are we are going to be creating a
+logarithmic spacing of bins we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic spacing of bins we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic spacing of bins we kind of
+need to do that here but but at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that here but but at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that here but but at a
+certain point we get a below a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point we get a below a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point we get a below a value
+where the spacing will be will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the spacing will be will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the spacing will be will have
+essentially one bin per integer and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially one bin per integer and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially one bin per integer and so
+these are two very separate regimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two very separate regimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two very separate regimes
+we're going to have one which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have one which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have one which is called
+the integer regime where basically each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integer regime where basically each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integer regime where basically each
+integer has one you know is represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer has one you know is represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer has one you know is represented
+in and then it transitions to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then it transitions to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then it transitions to a
+logarithmic regime and you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic regime and you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic regime and you might say
+this is somewhat artificial it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somewhat artificial it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somewhat artificial it's
+actually very reflective of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very reflective of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very reflective of what's
+really going on we really see here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on we really see here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on we really see here you
+know we really have a dmax we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we really have a dmax we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we really have a dmax we really
+have almost always a a count at one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have almost always a a count at one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have almost always a a count at one and
+then you know we have a count at two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know we have a count at two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know we have a count at two or
+three and then they start spreading out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then they start spreading out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then they start spreading out
+and so this is just an artificial way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is just an artificial way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is just an artificial way to
+create this type of distribution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this type of distribution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this type of distribution which
+is a perfect power law uh distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a perfect power law uh distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a perfect power law uh distribution
+um so it's very simple very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's very simple very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's very simple very efficient
+code for creating one of these um it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for creating one of these um it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for creating one of these um it has
+a smooth transition from what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smooth transition from what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smooth transition from what we call
+the iner bins and the logarithmic bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iner bins and the logarithmic bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iner bins and the logarithmic bins
+um and it also gives a very nice sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it also gives a very nice sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it also gives a very nice sort of
+what we call Poor Man slope estimator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call Poor Man slope estimator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call Poor Man slope estimator so
+there's a lot of research out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of research out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of research out there
+about how do you estimate the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do you estimate the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do you estimate the slope of
+your power law and there's all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your power law and there's all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your power law and there's all kinds of
+of algorithms for doing this well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algorithms for doing this well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algorithms for doing this well the
+simplest way is just to take the two end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way is just to take the two end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way is just to take the two end
+points take the first point and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points take the first point and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points take the first point and the last
+point and you know you're perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you know you're perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you know you're perfectly
+fitting two points and you could argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting two points and you could argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting two points and you could argue
+you're perfectly fitting the two most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're perfectly fitting the two most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're perfectly fitting the two most
+important points um and you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important points um and you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important points um and you get this
+nice simple a value for the slope here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice simple a value for the slope here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice simple a value for the slope here
+um in addition you can make the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in addition you can make the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in addition you can make the argument
+that regardless of how you bin the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regardless of how you bin the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regardless of how you bin the data
+you will always have these two bins you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will always have these two bins you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will always have these two bins you
+will always have a bin at dmax and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always have a bin at dmax and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always have a bin at dmax and you
+will always have a bin at one and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always have a bin at one and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always have a bin at one and all
+the other bins are kind of kind of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other bins are kind of kind of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other bins are kind of kind of be
+somewhat a matter of choice or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat a matter of choice or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat a matter of choice or of
+fitting and so again that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting and so again that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting and so again that's another
+reason to rationalize Alpha so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to rationalize Alpha so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to rationalize Alpha so I would
+say if you see if you plot your data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you see if you plot your data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you see if you plot your data and
+you have to estimate an alpha that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to estimate an alpha that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to estimate an alpha that I
+would just sort of say well here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just sort of say well here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just sort of say well here's
+here's what you do and um it's as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what you do and um it's as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what you do and um it's as good
+an estimate of alpha as any and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate of alpha as any and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate of alpha as any and it's
+very nicely defined so we we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely defined so we we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely defined so we we call that
+when we talk about estimating the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about estimating the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about estimating the slope
+here this is the formula we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the formula we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the formula we're going to
+use so so far this code is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so so far this code is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so so far this code is just
+constructed a degree a a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed a degree a a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed a degree a a degree
+distribution I.E the degree and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I.E the degree and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I.E the degree and then
+number of of vertices with that degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of vertices with that degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of vertices with that degree
+will be the outputs of this perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the outputs of this perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the outputs of this perfect
+power law function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law function we
+still have to assign that degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to assign that degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to assign that degree
+distribution to an actual set of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to an actual set of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to an actual set of edges
+okay and here's the code that will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's the code that will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's the code that will do
+that for you it will say given a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you it will say given a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you it will say given a degree
+distribution it will create a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it will create a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it will create a set of
+vertices uh that uh that that do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh that uh that that do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh that uh that that do that
+now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the
+actual pairing of the vertices into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual pairing of the vertices into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual pairing of the vertices into
+edges is arbitrary and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is arbitrary and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is arbitrary and in
+fact these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact these are all
+different um adjacency matrices for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um adjacency matrices for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um adjacency matrices for for
+the same degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same degree
+distribution that is every single one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that is every single one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that is every single one of
+these has the same degree distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these has the same degree distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these has the same degree distribution
+in the both the rows and the columns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the both the rows and the columns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the both the rows and the columns so
+the actual which vertices are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual which vertices are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual which vertices are connected
+to which is a second order statistic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which is a second order statistic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which is a second order statistic so
+the three distribution in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three distribution in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three distribution in the first
+order but how you want to connect those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but how you want to connect those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but how you want to connect those
+vertices up is somewhat arbitrary and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices up is somewhat arbitrary and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices up is somewhat arbitrary and so
+that's a a a free of Freedom that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a a free of Freedom that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a a free of Freedom that you
+have here so for example if I just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so for example if I just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so for example if I just take
+the vertices out of here and I just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices out of here and I just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices out of here and I just say
+all right every single vertex in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right every single vertex in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right every single vertex in your
+list I'm just going to pair it up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I'm just going to pair it up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I'm just going to pair it up with
+yourself I will get an adjacency Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I will get an adjacency Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I will get an adjacency Matrix
+that's all diagonals essentially all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all diagonals essentially all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all diagonals essentially all
+self Loops if I take that list and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self Loops if I take that list and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self Loops if I take that list and just
+randomly reorder the vertex labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly reorder the vertex labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly reorder the vertex labels
+themselves then then I get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves then then I get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves then then I get something
+that looks like this if I just randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this if I just randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this if I just randomly
+reorder The Edge pairs if I look like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder The Edge pairs if I look like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder The Edge pairs if I look like I
+get something like like like this and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something like like like this and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something like like like this and if
+I randomly relabel both the vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I randomly relabel both the vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I randomly relabel both the vertices and
+reconnect the uh the vertices into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnect the uh the vertices into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnect the uh the vertices into
+different edges I get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different edges I get something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different edges I get something like
+this and for the most part when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and for the most part when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and for the most part when we talk
+about our randomly generating our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our randomly generating our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our randomly generating our
+perfect power laws we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect power laws we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect power laws we're going to talk
+about this which is probably most like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this which is probably most like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this which is probably most like
+what we what we really encounter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what we really encounter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what we really encounter is
+essentially something that's equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially something that's equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially something that's equivalent
+to randomly labeling your ver vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to randomly labeling your ver vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to randomly labeling your ver vertices
+and then randomly taking those vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then randomly taking those vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then randomly taking those vertices
+and randomly pairing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and randomly pairing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and randomly pairing them
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+so that basically talks about how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that basically talks about how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that basically talks about how we can
+actually construct a graph from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually construct a graph from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually construct a graph from our
+perfect power law Edge now so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect power law Edge now so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect power law Edge now so this is a
+forward model given a set of these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward model given a set of these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward model given a set of these this
+these sort of three sort of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of three sort of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of three sort of parameters
+we can generate a perfect power law but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generate a perfect power law but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generate a perfect power law but
+in in in if we're dealing with data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in if we're dealing with data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in if we're dealing with data we
+often want slightly different parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often want slightly different parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often want slightly different parameters
+so as I said before our three par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said before our three par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said before our three par
+parameters were Alpha which is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters were Alpha which is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters were Alpha which is greater
+than zero D Max which is the um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero D Max which is the um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero D Max which is the um which is
+the degree of the the highest degree in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of the the highest degree in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of the the highest degree in
+the in the data which we're saying is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the data which we're saying is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the data which we're saying is is
+greater than one and then this parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one and then this parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one and then this parameter
+ND which roughly corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ND which roughly corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ND which roughly corresponds to the
+number of bins so we can generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bins so we can generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bins so we can generate a
+power law model for any of these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law model for any of these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law model for any of these values
+here that satisfy these constraints so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that satisfy these constraints so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that satisfy these constraints so
+that's a large number however what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a large number however what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a large number however what we'll
+typically see is that we want to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically see is that we want to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically see is that we want to want to
+use these parameters so we'll want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these parameters so we'll want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these parameters so we'll want to
+have an alpha a number of vertices and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an alpha a number of vertices and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an alpha a number of vertices and a
+number of edges as more often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges as more often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges as more often the
+parameters we want to work with and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters we want to work with and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters we want to work with and we
+can compute those by inverting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute those by inverting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute those by inverting these
+formulas that is if we compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that is if we compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that is if we compute the
+degree we can com we can sum it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree we can com we can sum it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree we can com we can sum it to
+compute the number of vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the number of vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the number of vertices and
+likewise we can sum the uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we can sum the uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we can sum the uh the the the
+distribution times the degree to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution times the degree to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution times the degree to get the
+number of edges so given these an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges so given these an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges so given these an alpha
+and our model we can invert these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our model we can invert these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our model we can invert these all
+right and what you see here is for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what you see here is for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what you see here is for for a
+given value of alpha the allowed values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given value of alpha the allowed values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given value of alpha the allowed values
+of N and M okay given that is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and M okay given that is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and M okay given that is that is
+the values of N and M that will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of N and M that will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of N and M that will be a
+power law and so what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law and so what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law and so what you see is that
+not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all
+combinations of vertices vertex count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of vertices vertex count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of vertices vertex count
+and Edge count can be constructed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Edge count can be constructed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Edge count can be constructed in
+power there's a band here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power there's a band here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power there's a band here this is a
+logarithmic graph it's a wide band but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic graph it's a wide band but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic graph it's a wide band but
+there's a band here of allowable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a band here of allowable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a band here of allowable
+data that will produce that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that will produce that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that will produce that and
+typically what you see is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what you see is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what you see is kind of the
+middle of this band is like a ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this band is like a ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this band is like a ratio of
+around 10 which happens to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10 which happens to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10 which happens to be kind of
+the magic number that we see in lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic number that we see in lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic number that we see in lots of
+our data sets when people say I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data sets when people say I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data sets when people say I have
+power allow data someone will ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power allow data someone will ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power allow data someone will ask you
+what's your Edge to vertex to ratio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your Edge to vertex to ratio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your Edge to vertex to ratio and
+the law we say it's like eight or 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law we say it's like eight or 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law we say it's like eight or 10 or
+20 or something like that and again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or something like that and again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or something like that and again you
+see it's because in order for it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's because in order for it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's because in order for it to be
+power Law data least according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Law data least according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Law data least according to this
+model it has to fall into this band here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it has to fall into this band here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it has to fall into this band here
+you'll also see this is a very nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also see this is a very nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also see this is a very nonlinear
+function here and we'll get into fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here and we'll get into fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here and we'll get into fitting
+that later and it's a nasty nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later and it's a nasty nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later and it's a nasty nasty
+function to invert because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to invert because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to invert because we have
+integer data and data that's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer data and data that's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer data and data that's almost
+continuous and it's a it's a nasty nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and it's a it's a nasty nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and it's a it's a nasty nasty
+business we can do it but it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business we can do it but it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business we can do it but it's kind of a
+nasty business so but given an alpha N&M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty business so but given an alpha N&M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty business so but given an alpha N&M
+that are consistent we can actually then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are consistent we can actually then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are consistent we can actually then
+generate a dmax and an ND that will sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a dmax and an ND that will sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a dmax and an ND that will sort
+of best fit those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of best fit those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of best fit those
+parameters so let's do an example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so let's do an example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so let's do an example here
+so I didn't uh just dress up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I didn't uh just dress up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I didn't uh just dress up in this
+crazy outfit for nothing we have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy outfit for nothing we have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy outfit for nothing we have a whole
+Halloween theme to our lecture today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halloween theme to our lecture today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halloween theme to our lecture today so
+uh this is uh when I go trick orre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is uh when I go trick orre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is uh when I go trick orre
+trick-or treating with my daughter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick-or treating with my daughter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick-or treating with my daughter of
+course the our favorite thing is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the our favorite thing is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the our favorite thing is to do
+the distribution of the candy when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the candy when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the candy when we're
+done and so this shows last year's candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and so this shows last year's candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and so this shows last year's candy
+distribution we'll see how it varies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we'll see how it varies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we'll see how it varies uh
+as you can see uh Hershey's chocolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see uh Hershey's chocolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see uh Hershey's chocolate
+bars not surprisingly extremely popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars not surprisingly extremely popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars not surprisingly extremely popular
+um um what else is popular here Swedish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um what else is popular here Swedish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um what else is popular here Swedish
+Fish not so popular nut SLE Crunch bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fish not so popular nut SLE Crunch bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fish not so popular nut SLE Crunch bars
+not so popular again what's I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so popular again what's I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so popular again what's I actually
+found this some much but this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this some much but this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this some much but this list
+hasn't changed since when I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed since when I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed since when I went
+trick-or-treating this is a tough list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick-or-treating this is a tough list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick-or-treating this is a tough list
+to break into you know getting a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break into you know getting a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break into you know getting a new
+candy that makes it to Halloween worthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy that makes it to Halloween worthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy that makes it to Halloween worthy
+candy is pretty hard so but uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy is pretty hard so but uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy is pretty hard so but uh so this
+just shows the distribution of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows the distribution of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows the distribution of all the
+candy that we collected and um here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy that we collected and um here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy that we collected and um here's
+some basic information so we had 77
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic information so we had 77
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic information so we had 77
+pieces of candy or distinct edges um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of candy or distinct edges um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of candy or distinct edges um we
+had 19 types of candy our Edge to vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 19 types of candy our Edge to vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 19 types of candy our Edge to vertex
+ratio was four um the um the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio was four um the um the uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio was four um the um the uh the the
+dmax was 15 so we had 15 Hershey's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmax was 15 so we had 15 Hershey's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmax was 15 so we had 15 Hershey's
+kisses uh N1 that's that we had eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kisses uh N1 that's that we had eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kisses uh N1 that's that we had eight
+types of candy that we only got one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of candy that we only got one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of candy that we only got one of
+and then our power uh slope was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our power uh slope was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our power uh slope was was
+Alpha and then our fit parameters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and then our fit parameters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and then our fit parameters to
+this when we actually fit were we got 77
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when we actually fit were we got 77
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when we actually fit were we got 77
+21 and and an MR 3.7 and this shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 and and an MR 3.7 and this shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 and and an MR 3.7 and this shows you
+the data so this is the candy degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so this is the candy degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so this is the candy degree
+and this is the number and this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the number and this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the number and this shows
+you what we measured this is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what we measured this is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what we measured this is the uh the
+poor man's slope here uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor man's slope here uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor man's slope here uh this is the
+model and then one thing we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then one thing we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then one thing we can do is
+actually which is very helpful is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually which is very helpful is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually which is very helpful is we can
+rebend the measured data using the bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebend the measured data using the bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebend the measured data using the bins
+extracted from the model and that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted from the model and that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted from the model and that gets
+you these these red uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these these red uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these these red uh uh uh uh
+um X's here um or plus signs here um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X's here um or plus signs here um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X's here um or plus signs here um and
+we'll discover that very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discover that very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discover that very important
+because the data you have is often very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the data you have is often very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the data you have is often very
+rarely bined in a way that's proper for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely bined in a way that's proper for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely bined in a way that's proper for
+looking at for seeing the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at for seeing the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at for seeing the proper
+distribution and we can actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and we can actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and we can actually use
+this model to come up with what a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model to come up with what a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model to come up with what a better
+set of bins would be and then bin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of bins would be and then bin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of bins would be and then bin the
+data with respect to that so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with respect to that so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with respect to that so that's just
+an example of this in in actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+practice so now that we have have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so now that we have have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so now that we have have a
+mechanism for generating perfect power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for generating perfect power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for generating perfect power
+law let's see what happens when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law let's see what happens when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law let's see what happens when we
+sample it let's see what happens when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample it let's see what happens when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample it let's see what happens when we
+um um uh do the things to it that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh do the things to it that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh do the things to it that we
+typically do to clean up our data I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do to clean up our data I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do to clean up our data I
+bring this up because um in standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this up because um in standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this up because um in standard
+graph Theory as I've talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph Theory as I've talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph Theory as I've talked about in the
+in in previous lectures we often have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in previous lectures we often have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in previous lectures we often have um
+um uh what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what we call
+random uh undirected erish Reni graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uh undirected erish Reni graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uh undirected erish Reni graphs
+which are basically vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are basically vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are basically vertices
+without Direction and usually the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without Direction and usually the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without Direction and usually the edges
+are unweighted so we just have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unweighted so we just have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unweighted so we just have like a
+zero or a one so very simplified uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or a one so very simplified uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or a one so very simplified uh
+simplified graphs I'm actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified graphs I'm actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified graphs I'm actually going to
+getting a little hot here in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat so um so a lot of our graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so um so a lot of our graph theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so um so a lot of our graph theory
+is based on these types of graphs and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on these types of graphs and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on these types of graphs and as
+we've talked about before that our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about before that our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about before that our data
+tends to not look like that but so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to not look like that but so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to not look like that but so one
+of the things we do so that we can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we do so that we can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we do so that we can apply
+the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory
+to to that data is that we often make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to that data is that we often make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to that data is that we often make
+the data look like that so we'll often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data look like that so we'll often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data look like that so we'll often
+make the data undirected we'll often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the data undirected we'll often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the data undirected we'll often
+make the data you know basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the data you know basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the data you know basically uh
+unweighted and other types of things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted and other types of things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted and other types of things so
+we can apply all the theory that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can apply all the theory that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can apply all the theory that we've
+developed over the last several decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed over the last several decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed over the last several decades
+on these particular types of very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these particular types of very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these particular types of very well
+studied graphs so now that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied graphs so now that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied graphs so now that we have a
+perfect power law graph we can see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect power law graph we can see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect power law graph we can see what
+happens if we apply those same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we apply those same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we apply those same
+corrections to the data and so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections to the data and so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections to the data and so here's
+what we see so we generated a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see so we generated a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see so we generated a perfect
+Power log graph Alpha is 1.3 the dmax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power log graph Alpha is 1.3 the dmax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power log graph Alpha is 1.3 the dmax
+was 1,000 our ND was 50 this generated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 1,000 our ND was 50 this generated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 1,000 our ND was 50 this generated a
+data set with uh 18,000 uh vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set with uh 18,000 uh vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set with uh 18,000 uh vertices and
+84,000 edges and so uh here is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84,000 edges and so uh here is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84,000 edges and so uh here is a very
+simple way to make it um we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to make it um we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to make it um we're going to
+make it um undirected by basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it um undirected by basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it um undirected by basically
+taking the Matrix and adding its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the Matrix and adding its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the Matrix and adding its
+transpose and then taking the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and then taking the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and then taking the upper
+diagonal this is actually the best way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal this is actually the best way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal this is actually the best way a
+to make an adjacency Matrix undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an adjacency Matrix undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an adjacency Matrix undirected
+um to take that upper uh upper P portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to take that upper uh upper P portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to take that upper uh upper P portion
+because um a lot of the statistics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um a lot of the statistics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um a lot of the statistics you
+compute well you won't you basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute well you won't you basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute well you won't you basically it
+saves you having to deal with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves you having to deal with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves you having to deal with a lot of
+annoying factors of two so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying factors of two so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying factors of two so a lot of
+times we'll just do a plus a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we'll just do a plus a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we'll just do a plus a transpose
+but then you get these annoying factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you get these annoying factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you get these annoying factors
+of two laying around and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two laying around and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two laying around and so this is a
+way to sort of not do that um so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to sort of not do that um so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to sort of not do that um so we're
+getting rid of we've made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of we've made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of we've made it
+undirected um we're Made It undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected um we're Made It undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected um we're Made It undirected
+by doing that we're going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that we're going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that we're going to make it
+unweighted by basically doing converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted by basically doing converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted by basically doing converting
+them everything to a zer1 and then back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them everything to a zer1 and then back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them everything to a zer1 and then back
+to double so that makes it unweighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to double so that makes it unweighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to double so that makes it unweighted
+and then we're getting rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're getting rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're getting rid of the
+diagonal so that eliminates self Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so that eliminates self Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so that eliminates self Loops
+so so we've done all these things we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we've done all these things we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we've done all these things we've
+cleaned up our data in this way and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaned up our data in this way and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaned up our data in this way and so
+what happens well so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens well so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens well so the the the
+triangles were the input model well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles were the input model well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles were the input model well now
+we've cleaned up our data and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've cleaned up our data and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've cleaned up our data and we see
+this sort of mess that we've done to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of mess that we've done to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of mess that we've done to our
+data and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll call this uh call this keeping with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this uh call this keeping with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this uh call this keeping with
+our Halloween theme here we'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Halloween theme here we'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Halloween theme here we'll call this
+our witches broom distribution here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our witches broom distribution here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our witches broom distribution here and
+if anybody who's looked at degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody who's looked at degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody who's looked at degree
+distributions on data will be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions on data will be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions on data will be like
+you'll recognize this shape instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll recognize this shape instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll recognize this shape instantly
+because you have kind of this bendiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have kind of this bendiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have kind of this bendiness
+coming up here and then this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up here and then this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up here and then this sort of
+Fanning out down here very common thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fanning out down here very common thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fanning out down here very common thing
+that we see in uh in in the data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in uh in in the data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in uh in in the data sets
+that we plot um and in fact fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we plot um and in fact fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we plot um and in fact fact you
+there's not an insignificant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not an insignificant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not an insignificant amount of
+literature devoted to trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature devoted to trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature devoted to trying to
+understand these bumps and wiggles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these bumps and wiggles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these bumps and wiggles and
+do they really uh mean something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they really uh mean something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they really uh mean something
+underlying about the physical phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying about the physical phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying about the physical phenomenon
+that's taking place and while it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taking place and while it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taking place and while it's the
+case that those bumps and wiggles may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that those bumps and wiggles may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that those bumps and wiggles may
+actually be representative of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be representative of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be representative of some
+physical phenomenon based on this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical phenomenon based on this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical phenomenon based on this we
+also have to concede the fact it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to concede the fact it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to concede the fact it's also
+consistent with our cleaning up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with our cleaning up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with our cleaning up
+procedure that is the thing we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that is the thing we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that is the thing we're trying
+to do to make our data better is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to make our data better is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to make our data better is
+introducing nonlinear phenomena on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing nonlinear phenomena on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing nonlinear phenomena on the
+data which we may confuse with real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which we may confuse with real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which we may confuse with real
+phenomena so this is a very much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena so this is a very much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena so this is a very much a
+cautionary tale and So based on that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautionary tale and So based on that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautionary tale and So based on that I
+certainly encourage people not to clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly encourage people not to clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly encourage people not to clean
+up their data in that way and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their data in that way and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their data in that way and sort of
+keep the directedness don't throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the directedness don't throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the directedness don't throw away
+the self Loops keep the weighted do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self Loops keep the weighted do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self Loops keep the weighted do your
+degree distributions in this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree distributions in this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree distributions in this way and
+live with the fact that that's what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with the fact that that's what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with the fact that that's what your
+data really is like and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data really is like and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data really is like and trying to
+understand it that way rather than try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it that way rather than try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it that way rather than try
+and clean it up in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clean it up in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clean it up in this way
+uh sometimes you have no choice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes you have no choice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes you have no choice the
+algorithm that you have will only work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that you have will only work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that you have will only work
+on data that have been cleaned up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data that have been cleaned up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data that have been cleaned up in
+this way but you have to recognize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but you have to recognize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but you have to recognize you
+are introducing a new phenomena it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are introducing a new phenomena it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are introducing a new phenomena it's a
+highly nonlinear process that's cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly nonlinear process that's cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly nonlinear process that's cleaning
+up and you have to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you have to be careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you have to be careful about
+that so however given that given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so however given that given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so however given that given that
+we've done this is there a way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this is there a way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this is there a way that we
+can recover the original Power law so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recover the original Power law so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recover the original Power law so uh
+we can try that so we have here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try that so we have here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try that so we have here is the
+data that we this the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we this the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we this the the the the
+original data that we cleaned up is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data that we cleaned up is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data that we cleaned up is now
+these circles okay and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circles okay and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circles okay and we're going to
+take that data set and compute an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that data set and compute an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that data set and compute an alpha
+and an N&M from it for using our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an N&M from it for using our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an N&M from it for using our our
+inversion formulas and then compute what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion formulas and then compute what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion formulas and then compute what
+the power law of that would be so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power law of that would be so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power law of that would be so that's
+this the triangles so here's our here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the triangles so here's our here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the triangles so here's our here's
+our poor man's Alpha fits this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our poor man's Alpha fits this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our poor man's Alpha fits this is our
+model all right this is what the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all right this is what the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all right this is what the model
+is these triangles here is the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these triangles here is the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these triangles here is the model
+we're saying and then we can say aha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying and then we can say aha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying and then we can say aha
+let's use the bins that came from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use the bins that came from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use the bins that came from this
+model to rebend this these circles onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to rebend this these circles onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to rebend this these circles onto
+these uh red plus signs here so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh red plus signs here so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh red plus signs here so that's
+our new data set and what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new data set and what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new data set and what you see is
+that we've done a pretty good job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done a pretty good job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done a pretty good job of
+recovering the original Power law so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering the original Power law so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering the original Power law so if
+we had data that we observed to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had data that we observed to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had data that we observed to look
+like this we wouldn't be sure it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we wouldn't be sure it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we wouldn't be sure it was a
+power law like we don't know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law like we don't know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law like we don't know it's like
+well what's this Bend here and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's this Bend here and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's this Bend here and what's
+this Fanning out here but then if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fanning out here but then if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fanning out here but then if you go
+through this process and rebid it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this process and rebid it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this process and rebid it you
+can be like oh no that looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be like oh no that looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be like oh no that looks like a
+power law and so that's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law and so that's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law and so that's a way of
+recovering the power law that we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering the power law that we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering the power law that we may
+have lost through some filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedure here's another example so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure here's another example so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure here's another example so what
+we're going to do is essentially take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is essentially take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is essentially take
+our Matrix and compute the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Matrix and compute the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Matrix and compute the correlation
+of it uh we've talked a lot about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it uh we've talked a lot about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it uh we've talked a lot about you
+know if we say have an instance Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we say have an instance Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we say have an instance Matrix
+we multiply it to do a correlation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply it to do a correlation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply it to do a correlation in
+this in this case we're treating our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this case we're treating our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this case we're treating our
+random Matrix as not an adjacent Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Matrix as not an adjacent Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Matrix as not an adjacent Matrix
+but as an incidence Matrix a randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as an incidence Matrix a randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as an incidence Matrix a randomly
+generated incidence Matrix and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated incidence Matrix and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated incidence Matrix and so these
+are again the parameters that we use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are again the parameters that we use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are again the parameters that we use um
+we're converting it to uh all unweighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're converting it to uh all unweighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're converting it to uh all unweighted
+all zeros and ones and then we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros and ones and then we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros and ones and then we are
+correlating with itself to construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlating with itself to construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlating with itself to construct the
+adjacent Mage taking the upper diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent Mage taking the upper diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent Mage taking the upper diagonal
+and then and then removing the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then removing the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then removing the diagonal
+and this is the result of what we see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the result of what we see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the result of what we see so
+here's our input model again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our input model again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our input model again the
+triangles and then this is the measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and then this is the measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and then this is the measured
+the measured uh what we get out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measured uh what we get out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measured uh what we get out from
+there and if you saw this you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if you saw this you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if you saw this you might be
+like wow that's a really good power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wow that's a really good power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wow that's a really good power law
+in fact I've certainly seen data I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I've certainly seen data I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I've certainly seen data I mean
+most of the time I would see yep that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time I would see yep that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time I would see yep that is
+a power law distribution we absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power law distribution we absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power law distribution we absolutely
+have a power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a power law
+distribution however if we then apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution however if we then apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution however if we then apply
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedure so again we have our measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so again we have our measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so again we have our measured
+data okay we're going to do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay we're going to do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay we're going to do our
+parameters here get our poor man's Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here get our poor man's Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here get our poor man's Alpha
+parameter and then fit the triangles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and then fit the triangles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and then fit the triangles are
+the new fit okay and and then we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new fit okay and and then we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new fit okay and and then we use
+those bins to rebin and we see here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bins to rebin and we see here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bins to rebin and we see here that
+when we actually rebin the data we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we actually rebin the data we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we actually rebin the data we get
+something looks very much not like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something looks very much not like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something looks very much not like a
+power D law distribution so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power D law distribution so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power D law distribution so here's an
+example reverse before we had data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example reverse before we had data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example reverse before we had data that
+didn't look like a power law but when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look like a power law but when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look like a power law but when we
+rebend it we recovered the power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebend it we recovered the power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebend it we recovered the power law
+here we have data that may that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have data that may that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have data that may that you know
+just sort of in this random Bing may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of in this random Bing may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of in this random Bing may
+look like a power law we actually see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a power law we actually see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a power law we actually see it
+has this bump and in continuing with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this bump and in continuing with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this bump and in continuing with our
+Halloween theme we can call this The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halloween theme we can call this The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halloween theme we can call this The
+Witches nose distribution because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Witches nose distribution because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Witches nose distribution because it
+comes along here as this giant bump and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along here as this giant bump and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along here as this giant bump and
+then goes back to a power law and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes back to a power law and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes back to a power law and this
+actually there's meaning for this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's meaning for this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's meaning for this um
+that we will and we will see this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will and we will see this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will and we will see this uh
+later uh in the actual data that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh in the actual data that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh in the actual data that this is
+not just uh that when you do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just uh that when you do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just uh that when you do these
+correlation matrices certain types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation matrices certain types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation matrices certain types of
+them uh particularly self correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh particularly self correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh particularly self correlations
+are very more likely will produce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very more likely will produce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very more likely will produce this
+type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of
+distribution but again even though we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but again even though we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but again even though we
+have this bump you would still argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this bump you would still argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this bump you would still argue
+that our linear perfect power law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our linear perfect power law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our linear perfect power law is
+still a very good first order fit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a very good first order fit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a very good first order fit so
+we've still captured most of the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've still captured most of the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've still captured most of the dynamic
+range of the of the distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of the of the distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of the of the distribution and
+this is now a Delta from that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a Delta from that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a Delta from that and so
+we're very comfortable with that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very comfortable with that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very comfortable with that right
+we start with our linear models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with our linear models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with our linear models that
+models most of the data and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models most of the data and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models most of the data and then we have
+a second order if we wanted to we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second order if we wanted to we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second order if we wanted to we could
+go in and come up with some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and come up with some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and come up with some kind of
+second order you know subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order you know subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order you know subtract the
+linear model from here and you would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model from here and you would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model from here and you would see
+sort of some kind of Hump you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of some kind of Hump you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of some kind of Hump you know uh
+distribution here and you could then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here and you could then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here and you could then
+model your data as a linear model plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model your data as a linear model plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model your data as a linear model plus
+some kind of Correction again very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of Correction again very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of Correction again very
+classic signal processing way to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic signal processing way to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic signal processing way to deal
+with our data and certainly seems as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our data and certainly seems as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our data and certainly seems as
+relevant here as anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else uh let's see here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and uh here and again so the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh here and again so the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh here and again so the power
+law uh can be preserved as we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law uh can be preserved as we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law uh can be preserved as we talked
+about there so moving on another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there so moving on another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there so moving on another
+phenomenon that's often documented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that's often documented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that's often documented in
+the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature
+is called uh densification in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called uh densification in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called uh densification in fact
+there's many Papers written on what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many Papers written on what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many Papers written on what is
+called densification this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called densification this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called densification this is the
+observation that if you construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that if you construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that if you construct a
+graph okay and you compute the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay and you compute the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay and you compute the ratio of
+the edges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges to
+vertices uh over time the that ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh over time the that ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh over time the that ratio
+will go up and there's a lot of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up and there's a lot of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up and there's a lot of research
+talking about the physical phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the physical phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the physical phenomenon
+that might produce that type of effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might produce that type of effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might produce that type of effect
+and so while that physical phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so while that physical phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so while that physical phenomenon
+might be there it's also a byproduct of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be there it's also a byproduct of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be there it's also a byproduct of
+just sampling the data so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sampling the data so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sampling the data so for instance
+here what we're going to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we're going to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we're going to do is we
+created our perfect power law graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created our perfect power law graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created our perfect power law graph and
+we're going to sample it we're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sample it we're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sample it we're basically
+going to take subsamples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take subsamples of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take subsamples of that
+data and we're going to do it in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and we're going to do it in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and we're going to do it in in
+little chunks of about 10% of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chunks of about 10% of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chunks of about 10% of the data
+at a time and the and the the triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time and the and the the triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time and the and the the triangles
+and the circles show when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the circles show when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the circles show when we look at
+each set of data independently and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each set of data independently and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each set of data independently and then
+the the the then we have these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the then we have these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the then we have these lines
+show what happens when you look when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what happens when you look when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what happens when you look when we
+sort of do it cumulatively we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do it cumulatively we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do it cumulatively we basically
+we like we we take 10% of the data then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like we we take 10% of the data then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like we we take 10% of the data then
+20% of the data then 30% and move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of the data then 30% and move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of the data then 30% and move on
+here and we have two different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we have two different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we have two different ways of
+sampling our data here random is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling our data here random is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling our data here random is I'm
+just taking that whole Matrix and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking that whole Matrix and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking that whole Matrix and I'm
+randomly picking edges out of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly picking edges out of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly picking edges out of it and
+what you see is that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that each
+sample okay has a relatively low vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay has a relatively low vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay has a relatively low vertex
+to uh I mean Edge to vertex distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh I mean Edge to vertex distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh I mean Edge to vertex distribution
+but as you add more and more and more up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you add more and more and more up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you add more and more and more up
+it gets denser and this is just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets denser and this is just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets denser and this is just simply
+the fact that given a finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that given a finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that given a finite number of
+vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+okay you eventually if you kept on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you eventually if you kept on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you eventually if you kept on
+adding edges and edges and edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding edges and edges and edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding edges and edges and edges
+eventually it would go this would become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it would go this would become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it would go this would become
+infinite if you add a different number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite if you add a different number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite if you add a different number
+of edges to a finite SAR of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges to a finite SAR of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges to a finite SAR of vertices
+then the D then it will get denser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the D then it will get denser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the D then it will get denser and
+denser and denser and denser and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser and denser and denser and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser and denser and denser and this is
+sort of a byproduct of treating these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a byproduct of treating these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a byproduct of treating these as
+sort of zero and ones you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of zero and ones you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of zero and ones you know and and
+and not and not recognizing so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not and not recognizing so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not and not recognizing so so this
+just naturally occurs through through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just naturally occurs through through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just naturally occurs through through
+sampling the linear sampling here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling the linear sampling here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling the linear sampling here is
+where basically I'm taking whole rows at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically I'm taking whole rows at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically I'm taking whole rows at
+a time or I could have taken whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time or I could have taken whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time or I could have taken whole
+columns at a time so I'm taking each row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns at a time so I'm taking each row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns at a time so I'm taking each row
+and my right I'm dropping them down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my right I'm dropping them down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my right I'm dropping them down and
+there you say it's constant so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you say it's constant so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you say it's constant so I'm
+basically for each I'm essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for each I'm essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for each I'm essentially
+taking a whole vertex and adding it at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a whole vertex and adding it at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a whole vertex and adding it at a
+time and here the sampling is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and here the sampling is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and here the sampling is somewhat
+independent of it the densification you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of it the densification you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of it the densification you
+know if you sample it whole rows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you sample it whole rows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you sample it whole rows the
+density of that will be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of that will be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of that will be the same
+as if you did did so this is just good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you did did so this is just good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you did did so this is just good
+to know and then good to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and then good to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and then good to know about
+sampling and these phenomena can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and these phenomena can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and these phenomena can take
+place and how sampling can play an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and how sampling can play an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and how sampling can play an
+important role in the in the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role in the in the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role in the in the data that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observe another phenomenon that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe another phenomenon that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe another phenomenon that's been
+studied extensively is what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied extensively is what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied extensively is what happens to
+the slope of the degree distribution as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the degree distribution as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the degree distribution as
+you add data and again we do the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add data and again we do the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add data and again we do the exact
+same type of sampling and you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of sampling and you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of sampling and you see here
+that when we just you know this data had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we just you know this data had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we just you know this data had
+a slope I believe of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slope I believe of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slope I believe of one
+1.3 and you can see if we if we sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 and you can see if we if we sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 and you can see if we if we sample
+it randomly just take random vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it randomly just take random vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it randomly just take random vertices
+that the slope starts out very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the slope starts out very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the slope starts out very very high
+and each sample stays stays high but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each sample stays stays high but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each sample stays stays high but
+when we start accumulating them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start accumulating them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start accumulating them they
+start converging on the True Value from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start converging on the True Value from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start converging on the True Value from
+from converging from Ab above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from converging from Ab above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from converging from Ab above and
+likewise when you do linear sampling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise when you do linear sampling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise when you do linear sampling you
+have a direction in the opposite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a direction in the opposite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a direction in the opposite the
+opposite way and they both end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite way and they both end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite way and they both end up
+converging onto the True Value here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging onto the True Value here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging onto the True Value here at
+1.3 and so again this just shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 and so again this just shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 and so again this just shows that
+the slope of your degree distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of your degree distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of your degree distribution is
+also very much a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very much a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very much a function of the
+sampling it could be also be a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling it could be also be a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling it could be also be a function
+of the underlying phenomenon but again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the underlying phenomenon but again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the underlying phenomenon but again a
+cautionary tale that one needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautionary tale that one needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautionary tale that one needs to be
+very aware of how one's sampling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aware of how one's sampling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aware of how one's sampling and
+again these uh these uh these perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these uh these uh these perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these uh these uh these perfect
+power Law data sets are very useful tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Law data sets are very useful tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Law data sets are very useful tool
+for doing that so if you have a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that so if you have a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that so if you have a real
+data set and you're sampling in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and you're sampling in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and you're sampling in some way
+and you want to know what are what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know what are what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know what are what is
+maybe real phenomenon versus what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe real phenomenon versus what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe real phenomenon versus what is
+sampling effects if you go and generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling effects if you go and generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling effects if you go and generate
+a perfect power law that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect power law that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect power law that's an
+approximation of this data set you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of this data set you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of this data set you can
+then very quickly see which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then very quickly see which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then very quickly see which which
+phenomena are just a result of sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena are just a result of sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena are just a result of sampling
+of perfect power law and which phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perfect power law and which phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perfect power law and which phenomena
+are maybe indicative of some deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maybe indicative of some deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maybe indicative of some deeper
+underlying correlations between the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying correlations between the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying correlations between the data
+the data so again a very useful useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so again a very useful useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so again a very useful useful
+tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+here moving on we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here moving on we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here moving on we're going to talk about
+subsampling one of the problems that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsampling one of the problems that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsampling one of the problems that we
+have is very large data sets and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is very large data sets and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is very large data sets and often
+we can't compute the degree Distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't compute the degree Distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't compute the degree Distribution
+on the entire data set or we can't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the entire data set or we can't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the entire data set or we can't you
+know and this has sort of been a bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and this has sort of been a bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and this has sort of been a bread
+and butter of signal processing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and butter of signal processing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and butter of signal processing for
+years where if we want to compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years where if we want to compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years where if we want to compute a
+background model that we don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background model that we don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background model that we don't just
+simply sum up all the data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply sum up all the data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply sum up all the data that we
+randomly select data from from the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly select data from from the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly select data from from the data
+set and we use that as a model of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and we use that as a model of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and we use that as a model of our
+background and that's a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and that's a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and that's a much more
+efficient way from a computational and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way from a computational and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way from a computational and
+data handling perspective than Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data handling perspective than Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data handling perspective than Simply
+Computing the mean or the variance based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the mean or the variance based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the mean or the variance based
+on the entire data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the entire data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the entire data set
+so again you know we we need good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you know we we need good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you know we we need good
+background estimation in order to do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background estimation in order to do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background estimation in order to do our
+our anomaly detection and again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our anomaly detection and again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our anomaly detection and again it's
+prohibitive to Traverse the data so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibitive to Traverse the data so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibitive to Traverse the data so the
+question is can we accurately estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is can we accurately estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is can we accurately estimate
+the background from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background from a
+sample so let's see what happens we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so let's see what happens we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so let's see what happens we have
+a perfect power law we can we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect power law we can we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect power law we can we can look
+at what happens when we sample that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what happens when we sample that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what happens when we sample that so
+we've generated a power law okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've generated a power law okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've generated a power law okay and
+this is not this I've changed I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not this I've changed I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not this I've changed I've
+changed this may look like the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this may look like the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this may look like the degree
+distribution but it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but it's actually a
+different plot so this is showing every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plot so this is showing every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plot so this is showing every
+single vertex in the data set all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single vertex in the data set all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single vertex in the data set all right
+and this shows the IND degree of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shows the IND degree of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shows the IND degree of that
+vertex and we've sorted them so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and we've sorted them so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and we've sorted them so the
+highest degree vertex is over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest degree vertex is over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest degree vertex is over here and
+the lowest degree vertex is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest degree vertex is over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest degree vertex is over here
+okay so this is all the all the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is all the all the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is all the all the all the
+vertices okay and uh and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay and uh and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay and uh and so this is the
+true data and this is what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true data and this is what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true data and this is what happens when
+we take a 140th sample I just say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a 140th sample I just say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a 140th sample I just say I'm
+only going to take 140 to the edges what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to take 140 to the edges what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to take 140 to the edges what
+does it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it look
+like some relatively simple math here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some relatively simple math here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some relatively simple math here
+which I won't go over but it's there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I won't go over but it's there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I won't go over but it's there for
+we can actually come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually come up with a
+correction allows us to sample that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction allows us to sample that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction allows us to sample that data
+based on the median distributions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the median distributions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the median distributions I
+apologize for the slides we will correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for the slides we will correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for the slides we will correct
+them uh for the for the web uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh for the for the web uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh for the for the web uh when we
+when we go out there so all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go out there so all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go out there so all right so
+moving on so one of the things we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on so one of the things we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on so one of the things we we
+talked about sampling and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about sampling and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about sampling and we talked
+mainly about sort of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly about sort of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly about sort of single
+distributions we can also talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions we can also talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions we can also talk about
+joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint
+distributions so we can actually use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions so we can actually use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions so we can actually use the
+degree as a way of labeling the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree as a way of labeling the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree as a way of labeling the vertices
+and look at them so it's a way of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at them so it's a way of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at them so it's a way of sort
+of compressing you know if we just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compressing you know if we just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compressing you know if we just say
+we're going to we're going to label each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to label each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to label each
+vertex by its degree this is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex by its degree this is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex by its degree this is a way of
+compressing many degree many vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing many degree many vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing many degree many vertices
+into into a smaller dimensional space uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into a smaller dimensional space uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into a smaller dimensional space uh
+way to look at that and we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at that and we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at that and we can then
+count the the correlations we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the the correlations we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the the correlations we can look
+at the distribution of how many edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the distribution of how many edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the distribution of how many edges
+are there from De from vertices of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there from De from vertices of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there from De from vertices of this
+degree to vertices of that degree and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree to vertices of that degree and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree to vertices of that degree and so
+it's a a tool for projecting our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a tool for projecting our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a tool for projecting our data
+and understanding what's going on and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding what's going on and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding what's going on and we
+can also then rebend that data with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also then rebend that data with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also then rebend that data with a
+power law which will make it more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law which will make it more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law which will make it more more
+uh uh easily understood so if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh easily understood so if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh easily understood so if we look
+here we see that um we have the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see that um we have the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see that um we have the uh the
+uh the degree distribution so this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the degree distribution so this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the degree distribution so this shows
+us the for a perfect power Law data uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the for a perfect power Law data uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the for a perfect power Law data uh
+for vertices with this degree in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for vertices with this degree in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for vertices with this degree in and
+this degree out how many how many edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this degree out how many how many edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this degree out how many how many edges
+there were between them and as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were between them and as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were between them and as you see
+here you know obviously there was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know obviously there was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know obviously there was a lot
+of vertices here between low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices here between low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices here between low degree
+edges and not so much here but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and not so much here but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and not so much here but this is
+somewhat a misnomer because of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat a misnomer because of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat a misnomer because of the way
+the data comes out we're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data comes out we're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data comes out we're not really
+binning it properly however if we go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binning it properly however if we go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binning it properly however if we go and
+fit a perfect power law to this data all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a perfect power law to this data all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a perfect power law to this data all
+right and then pick a new set of bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then pick a new set of bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then pick a new set of bins
+based on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on those
+okay so rebend the day we can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so rebend the day we can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so rebend the day we can see here
+that we get a much smoother uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get a much smoother uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get a much smoother uniform
+distribution so while here we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so while here we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so while here we may have
+thought that this was an artificially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that this was an artificially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that this was an artificially
+low you know dense uh not dense region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low you know dense uh not dense region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low you know dense uh not dense region
+this is very artificially High what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very artificially High what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very artificially High what you
+see here is when you rebend this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is when you rebend this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is when you rebend this and
+this uh that there's a very sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh that there's a very sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh that there's a very sort of uh
+smooth distribution from what we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth distribution from what we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth distribution from what we expect
+for our perfect power law here that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our perfect power law here that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our perfect power law here that this
+is a fairly uniform distribution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fairly uniform distribution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fairly uniform distribution with
+respect to that and so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that and so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that and so basically
+essentially puts more more bins where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially puts more more bins where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially puts more more bins where we
+care where we actually have data as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care where we actually have data as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care where we actually have data as
+opposed to wasting bins over here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to wasting bins over here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to wasting bins over here where
+we don't we have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data using our perfect power law model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data using our perfect power law model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data using our perfect power law model
+we can actually compute analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually compute analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually compute analytically
+what this should be so here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this should be so here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this should be so here's an example
+of what that looks like and again very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what that looks like and again very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what that looks like and again very
+similar to what we see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we see and
+given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the
+data and a model for the data we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and a model for the data we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and a model for the data we can
+then compute the uh the ratio of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compute the uh the ratio of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compute the uh the ratio of The
+observed to the model to get a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed to the model to get a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed to the model to get a sense of
+you know when what what what data is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when what what what data is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when what what what data is uh
+is is unusual versus versus what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is unusual versus versus what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is unusual versus versus what we
+expect from a perfect power our linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from a perfect power our linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from a perfect power our linear
+fit and we see that very clearly here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and we see that very clearly here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and we see that very clearly here so
+this is the data just dividing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the data just dividing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the data just dividing the the
+data by the model here and you see again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data by the model here and you see again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data by the model here and you see again
+uh you see all this data appears like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see all this data appears like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see all this data appears like
+it's you know this is the ratio the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know this is the ratio the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know this is the ratio the log
+of the ratio and so it's a zero means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ratio and so it's a zero means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ratio and so it's a zero means
+that it's essentially the ratio is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's essentially the ratio is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's essentially the ratio is one
+so all of this is expected and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of this is expected and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of this is expected and then we
+see all these fluctuations here things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all these fluctuations here things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all these fluctuations here things
+that are higher than we expected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are higher than we expected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are higher than we expected and
+things that are lower than we expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are lower than we expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are lower than we expected
+and so this is the classic um um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the classic um um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the classic um um uh the
+point the time where you see this most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the time where you see this most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the time where you see this most
+is whenever they look show you a map of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whenever they look show you a map of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whenever they look show you a map of
+the United States by county of some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States by county of some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States by county of some you
+know uh uh maybe like it's uh classic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh uh maybe like it's uh classic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh uh maybe like it's uh classic is
+like a cancer cluster or heart disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cancer cluster or heart disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cancer cluster or heart disease
+or any phenomena and what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any phenomena and what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any phenomena and what you see is
+that certain counties in the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certain counties in the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certain counties in the western
+part of the United States are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the United States are extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the United States are extremely
+healthy and certain counties are Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and certain counties are Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and certain counties are Just
+Deadly and it's just a fact that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deadly and it's just a fact that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deadly and it's just a fact that they're
+very sparsely populated and so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sparsely populated and so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sparsely populated and so they're
+dealing with small numbers effect here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with small numbers effect here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with small numbers effect here
+so basically this just showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically this just showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically this just showing you
+oscillations between zero and one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations between zero and one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations between zero and one here
+so what we call plason sampling and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we call plason sampling and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we call plason sampling and so
+it makes it very difficult to uh to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it very difficult to uh to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it very difficult to uh to know
+what uh what what what what those what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what what what what those what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what what what what those what
+those are however if we rebend the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are however if we rebend the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are however if we rebend the data
+and then divide by the model we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then divide by the model we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then divide by the model we see that
+the vast majority of our data as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of our data as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of our data as
+expected Ed is in this very sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected Ed is in this very sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected Ed is in this very sort of you
+know in this uh in this uh normal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this uh in this uh normal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this uh in this uh normal uh
+regime another thing we can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime another thing we can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime another thing we can actually do
+is we can look at like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can look at like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can look at like the most
+unexpected data set so we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected data set so we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected data set so we can look at
+the sort of the most typical data set oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the most typical data set oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the most typical data set oh
+these got moved here didn't they I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these got moved here didn't they I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these got moved here didn't they I don't
+know what's going on with the PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on with the PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on with the PowerPoint
+today um but this shows us the surpluses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um but this shows us the surpluses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um but this shows us the surpluses
+the uh deficits and the most typical so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh deficits and the most typical so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh deficits and the most typical so
+here's like you know the uh the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like you know the uh the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like you know the uh the the most
+extreme bin uh the most underrepresented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme bin uh the most underrepresented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme bin uh the most underrepresented
+bin and the sort of the most average bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin and the sort of the most average bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin and the sort of the most average bin
+and these are the areas that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the areas that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the areas that they
+correspond to in the real data set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to in the real data set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to in the real data set so
+you can use this to find extremes based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this to find extremes based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this to find extremes based
+on a a statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a a statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a a statistical
+test and again you see that here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and again you see that here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and again you see that here again
+um we have we have these different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have we have these different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have we have these different uh
+that shows what the measured overe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows what the measured overe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows what the measured overe
+expected is uh versus measured and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected is uh versus measured and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected is uh versus measured and you
+can see this is this is the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is this is the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is this is the original
+data set and this is the rebin data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and this is the rebin data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and this is the rebin data set
+and you see the rebin sort of removes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the rebin sort of removes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the rebin sort of removes a
+lot of these very sparse points over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these very sparse points over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these very sparse points over
+here and gives you very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and gives you very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and gives you very narrow
+distribution over around what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over around what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over around what you
+expected you can actually go and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected you can actually go and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected you can actually go and find
+the selected edges if you want so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selected edges if you want so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selected edges if you want so this
+just shows the different types of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows the different types of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows the different types of edges
+the you know the maximum if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the maximum if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the maximum if you actually
+want to go and look at those edges this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go and look at those edges this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go and look at those edges this
+would be the maximum these would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the maximum these would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the maximum these would be the
+minimum and this these are the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and this these are the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and this these are the other
+types so it's a useful thing you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so it's a useful thing you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so it's a useful thing you can get
+go say all right we've we found that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go say all right we've we found that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go say all right we've we found that we
+have an artificially High correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an artificially High correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an artificially High correlation
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+uh vertices with this degree and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertices with this degree and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertices with this degree and this
+degree we can then backtrack and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree we can then backtrack and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree we can then backtrack and find
+out which specific vertices there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which specific vertices there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which specific vertices there are
+and see if that's anything that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if that's anything that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if that's anything that's uh
+interested um we can also use this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested um we can also use this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested um we can also use this plot
+to look at these questions of edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at these questions of edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at these questions of edge
+order and so hopefully this will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and so hopefully this will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and so hopefully this will work
+today so here's a if I if I uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so here's a if I if I uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so here's a if I if I uh if I
+randomly select vertices and I compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly select vertices and I compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly select vertices and I compute
+the their their degree versus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the their their degree versus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the their their degree versus so
+basically what we did before we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we did before we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we did before we we
+subsample and then compute over what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsample and then compute over what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsample and then compute over what is
+expected and we play this and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected and we play this and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected and we play this and you can
+just see here we get this sort of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see here we get this sort of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see here we get this sort of when
+we randomly select the vertices you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we randomly select the vertices you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we randomly select the vertices you know
+we basically get kind of a typical you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically get kind of a typical you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically get kind of a typical you
+know they each sample looks very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they each sample looks very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they each sample looks very much
+the same again up here in these high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same again up here in these high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same again up here in these high
+degrees we have this Pon sampling effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees we have this Pon sampling effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees we have this Pon sampling effect
+where we have some just you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have some just you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have some just you know this is
+we have no vertices so we get a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no vertices so we get a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no vertices so we get a zero
+which is sort of lower than expected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of lower than expected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of lower than expected and
+we if we have like two vertices we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we have like two vertices we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we have like two vertices we get
+higher than expected and so again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than expected and so again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than expected and so again we
+still have that plon effect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have that plon effect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have that plon effect um
+interestingly if we do linear sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly if we do linear sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly if we do linear sampling
+which is we take whole rows at a time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we take whole rows at a time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we take whole rows at a time we
+get a very different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a very different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a very different type of
+phenomenon so you see you get these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon so you see you get these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon so you see you get these uh
+whenever you do whenever you do run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you do whenever you do run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you do whenever you do run into
+a high degree row by definition it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high degree row by definition it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high degree row by definition it is
+unusual which again means you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual which again means you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual which again means you have to be
+very careful you're going to run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful you're going to run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful you're going to run into
+this High degree row eventually by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this High degree row eventually by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this High degree row eventually by
+sampling but you have to be careful it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling but you have to be careful it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling but you have to be careful it's
+like oh my goodness this is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh my goodness this is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh my goodness this is very very
+unusual uh uh type of thing so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual uh uh type of thing so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual uh uh type of thing so again
+cautionary tale about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautionary tale about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautionary tale about about
+sampling all right so we've talked a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling all right so we've talked a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling all right so we've talked a lot
+about the theory here let's get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the theory here let's get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the theory here let's get into
+some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real
+data so this is our Reuters data again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so this is our Reuters data again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so this is our Reuters data again I
+showed it to you the other day uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it to you the other day uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it to you the other day uh the
+various document distributions we had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various document distributions we had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various document distributions we had in
+this case uh 800,000 documents 47,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh 800,000 documents 47,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh 800,000 documents 47,000
+extracted entities for a total of 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted entities for a total of 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted entities for a total of 6
+million essentially edges so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million essentially edges so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million essentially edges so we have
+it's a bipartite graph or essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bipartite graph or essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bipartite graph or essentially
+between documents and four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between documents and four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between documents and four different
+types and we can now look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and we can now look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and we can now look at the
+different the degree distributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the degree distributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the degree distributions of
+the different classes and see see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different classes and see see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different classes and see see what
+we have so the first one we want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so the first one we want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so the first one we want to look
+at are the locations and so we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at are the locations and so we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at are the locations and so we look at
+the distribution of the documents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the documents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the documents and
+the entities so basically imagine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entities so basically imagine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entities so basically imagine we
+took just so we're very clear here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took just so we're very clear here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took just so we're very clear here so
+what I'm doing is just taking this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing is just taking this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing is just taking this part
+of the Matrix and the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix and the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix and the distribution of
+the documents is summing up the row this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documents is summing up the row this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documents is summing up the row this
+way and the distribution of locations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and the distribution of locations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and the distribution of locations is
+suming up and down along the columns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suming up and down along the columns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suming up and down along the columns so
+for each one of these types we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of these types we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of these types we can do
+those different types we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different types we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different types we have
+essentially two different degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially two different degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially two different degree
+distributions one associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions one associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions one associated with the
+documents and one associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents and one associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents and one associated with the
+entities so this shows us our document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities so this shows us our document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities so this shows us our document
+distribution so we have the measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we have the measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we have the measured
+data we have our our fit we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we have our our fit we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we have our our fit we have our
+model and then our rebinning and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then our rebinning and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then our rebinning and you
+know you could say that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could say that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could say that this is
+approximately a power law and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a power law and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a power law and then when
+you rebin it that this sort of s shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rebin it that this sort of s shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rebin it that this sort of s shaped
+effect is still there which probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is still there which probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is still there which probably
+means it's really there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's really there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's really there there's
+something going on in the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going on in the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going on in the data that
+really is making this Boe effect and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is making this Boe effect and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is making this Boe effect and so
+that's really there likewise here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really there likewise here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really there likewise here we
+have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our
+model uh we have the measure data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh we have the measure data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh we have the measure data we
+have our model uh Alpha which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our model uh Alpha which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our model uh Alpha which is the
+Blue Line we have the model fit and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blue Line we have the model fit and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blue Line we have the model fit and then
+our rebinning and again you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rebinning and again you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rebinning and again you could say
+the the the power law models a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the power law models a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the power law models a pretty
+good fot but again we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fot but again we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fot but again we have something
+going on here some kind of phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here some kind of phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here some kind of phenomenon
+going on there and we continue this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there and we continue this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there and we continue this for
+each type we can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each type we can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each type we can look at the
+organizations and again we don't have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and again we don't have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and again we don't have as
+many organizations again similar types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many organizations again similar types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many organizations again similar types
+of phenomenon here this is so sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phenomenon here this is so sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phenomenon here this is so sort of
+sparse it's difficult to really say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse it's difficult to really say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse it's difficult to really say
+what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on
+here of course we do do people which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of course we do do people which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of course we do do people which is
+of course our people always the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course our people always the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course our people always the first
+thing that you talk about when you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you talk about when you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you talk about when you talk
+about power law distributions and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about power law distributions and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about power law distributions and again
+very nicely we have our our measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely we have our our measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely we have our our measured
+data and our fit and again we see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and our fit and again we see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and our fit and again we see this
+sort of uh bent broom distribution here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh bent broom distribution here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh bent broom distribution here
+you know bending and then with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bending and then with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bending and then with sort of
+this fan out effect here but then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fan out effect here but then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fan out effect here but then when
+we model it and rebin it we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we model it and rebin it we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we model it and rebin it we get
+something that looks much more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks much more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks much more like a
+true power law and you can see that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true power law and you can see that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true power law and you can see that very
+nicely here with the uh with the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely here with the uh with the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely here with the uh with the actual
+person data a very a very good power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person data a very a very good power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person data a very a very good power law
+so this sells us that regardless of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sells us that regardless of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sells us that regardless of what
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+underlying data looks like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying data looks like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying data looks like this is
+probably really is a power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably really is a power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably really is a power law
+distribution and then we have the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then we have the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then we have the times
+and again a similar type of thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again a similar type of thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again a similar type of thing here
+uh different types of things things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different types of things things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different types of things things and
+we actually have a little Spike here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have a little Spike here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have a little Spike here um
+um the the reuter data has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the reuter data has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the reuter data has a certain
+sort of collection of times associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collection of times associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collection of times associated
+with the actual filing of events there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the actual filing of events there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the actual filing of events there's
+only 35 of them and so we do get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 35 of them and so we do get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 35 of them and so we do get a
+little Spike here which is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Spike here which is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Spike here which is exactly what
+we expect although you wouldn't see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect although you wouldn't see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect although you wouldn't see that
+in really clearly in the true data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in really clearly in the true data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in really clearly in the true data but
+when you rebin it this this bump comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you rebin it this this bump comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you rebin it this this bump comes
+out fairly clearly so again proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out fairly clearly so again proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out fairly clearly so again proper
+binning extremely important we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binning extremely important we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binning extremely important we can look
+at our correlations as well so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our correlations as well so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our correlations as well so let's
+just look at the person person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the person person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the person person
+correlations and again what we saw here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and again what we saw here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and again what we saw here
+is sort of we see this is the raw data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of we see this is the raw data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of we see this is the raw data
+so something looks very much like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something looks very much like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something looks very much like a
+power law but when we go through our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law but when we go through our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law but when we go through our
+reing process we see this kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reing process we see this kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reing process we see this kind of this
+wi's nose effect here really in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi's nose effect here really in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi's nose effect here really in the data
+so this would tell you you know to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would tell you you know to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would tell you you know to first
+order it's a power law but you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order it's a power law but you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order it's a power law but you actually
+have this uh this correlation uh taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this uh this correlation uh taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this uh this correlation uh taking
+place here right here so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place here right here so that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place here right here so that's uh
+that's uh you know something that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh you know something that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh you know something that that
+really seems to be taking place the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seems to be taking place the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seems to be taking place the same
+you see the same thing when we do time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the same thing when we do time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the same thing when we do time
+you know again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can look at documents let's now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at documents let's now look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at documents let's now look
+at sampling so again this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sampling so again this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sampling so again this is the same
+sampling we did we're going to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling we did we're going to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling we did we're going to now
+basically look at the document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically look at the document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically look at the document
+densification so this is selecting whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densification so this is selecting whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densification so this is selecting whole
+rows we select a whole document so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows we select a whole document so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows we select a whole document so we're
+getting a whole row and this just shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a whole row and this just shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a whole row and this just shows
+you the four different types here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the four different types here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the four different types here and
+you see that they behave they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that they behave they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that they behave they they they
+behave exactly as expected each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave exactly as expected each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave exactly as expected each
+individual sample is reflective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual sample is reflective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual sample is reflective of the
+overall densification because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall densification because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall densification because they
+you're taking whole rows okay now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking whole rows okay now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking whole rows okay now let's
+take the entities so now we're cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the entities so now we're cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the entities so now we're cutting
+across these and now you see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across these and now you see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across these and now you see something
+that looks much more like random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks much more like random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks much more like random
+sampling when you randomly SE select an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling when you randomly SE select an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling when you randomly SE select an
+entity okay that's sort of a random set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity okay that's sort of a random set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity okay that's sort of a random set
+of documents and again the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of documents and again the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of documents and again the individual
+samples but when you sort summing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples but when you sort summing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples but when you sort summing them
+up you see that they get denser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you see that they get denser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you see that they get denser and
+denser and denser so you know individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser and denser so you know individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser and denser so you know individual
+document has a sort of a good sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document has a sort of a good sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document has a sort of a good sample of
+the overall distribution when you pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall distribution when you pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall distribution when you pick a
+person you're you know as you you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you're you know as you you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you're you know as you you take a
+higher fraction of the data you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher fraction of the data you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher fraction of the data you're going
+to get more and more and more with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get more and more and more with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get more and more and more with that
+so again all consistent with what we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again all consistent with what we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again all consistent with what we saw
+before uh a little noisier to see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh a little noisier to see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh a little noisier to see here
+but trust me the power lot XO also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trust me the power lot XO also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trust me the power lot XO also
+behaves exactly as uh we expected uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves exactly as uh we expected uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves exactly as uh we expected uh
+likewise this is essentially linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise this is essentially linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise this is essentially linear
+sampling and here's the random sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and here's the random sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and here's the random sampling
+behaving exactly as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving exactly as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving exactly as we
+expected we can look at the Joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected we can look at the Joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected we can look at the Joint
+distributions so here is the actual this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions so here is the actual this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions so here is the actual this
+is the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the location
+cross correlation so this showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross correlation so this showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross correlation so this showing you
+basically the document versus entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the document versus entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the document versus entity
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+distributions so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measured and it's been rebend this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and it's been rebend this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and it's been rebend this is
+measured divided by the expected so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured divided by the expected so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured divided by the expected so is
+the expected rebend this is the measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected rebend this is the measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected rebend this is the measure
+divided by the model and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the model and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the model and here's the
+model and the expected divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the expected divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the expected divided by the
+model and you can basically compare all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you can basically compare all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you can basically compare all
+these different types to use statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different types to use statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different types to use statistic
+different create different statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different create different statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different create different statistical
+tests and actually we can find here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and actually we can find here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and actually we can find here uh
+the measured rebend divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measured rebend divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measured rebend divided by the
+expected rebend uh we can get our sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected rebend uh we can get our sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected rebend uh we can get our sort
+of our surpluses and deficits and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our surpluses and deficits and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our surpluses and deficits and other
+types of things in the actual data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things in the actual data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things in the actual data and
+so here you see something that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you see something that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you see something that maybe
+looks like a artificially High grouping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a artificially High grouping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a artificially High grouping
+here some artificially low and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some artificially low and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some artificially low and some
+expected you can then use these as ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected you can then use these as ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected you can then use these as ways
+to actually go and find anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually go and find anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually go and find anomalous
+documents or documents are like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents or documents are like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents or documents are like if you
+say look this is the most typical type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look this is the most typical type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look this is the most typical type
+of thing you know I mean people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing you know I mean people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing you know I mean people like
+well why would you try and find the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why would you try and find the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why would you try and find the most
+normal well a lot of times you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal well a lot of times you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal well a lot of times you want to
+be a to like in terms of summarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a to like in terms of summarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a to like in terms of summarization
+be like here's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like here's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like here's a very
+representative you know set of documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative you know set of documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative you know set of documents
+they have the statistical properties is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the statistical properties is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the statistical properties is
+very consistent with everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very consistent with everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very consistent with everything else
+because people will like well what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people will like well what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people will like well what does
+that mean to be that so again a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean to be that so again a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean to be that so again a very
+useful way to look at the data do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way to look at the data do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way to look at the data do the
+same thing with organization again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with organization again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with organization again you
+know basically get the measured rebend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically get the measured rebend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically get the measured rebend
+uh the measured divided by the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the measured divided by the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the measured divided by the expected
+the expected rebend the model if we fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected rebend the model if we fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected rebend the model if we fit
+the model and the various different sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and the various different sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and the various different sort
+of ratio shows of all of them which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ratio shows of all of them which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ratio shows of all of them which you
+can do to find various sort of outliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to find various sort of outliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to find various sort of outliers
+and such uh again a very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such uh again a very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such uh again a very useful
+interesting that it picked the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that it picked the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that it picked the most
+representative one way up here so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative one way up here so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative one way up here so that's
+an interesting so here's a very unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting so here's a very unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting so here's a very unusual
+representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative
+sample so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so so
+uh uh persons you can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh persons you can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh persons you can do the same thing
+and and I guess one of the things I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I guess one of the things I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I guess one of the things I'm
+also trying is that you see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also trying is that you see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also trying is that you see that these
+these all don't look the same right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all don't look the same right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all don't look the same right I
+mean you hopefully from looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you hopefully from looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you hopefully from looking at these
+it's like this one the the the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this one the the the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this one the the the location
+distribution is clearly you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is clearly you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is clearly you know a
+little similar to the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little similar to the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little similar to the organization
+distribution but the person distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but the person distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but the person distribution
+looks very different and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very different and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very different and the time
+distribution looks very different so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution looks very different so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution looks very different so you
+see that you have to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you have to be careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you have to be careful about
+sort of sometimes we'll just take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sometimes we'll just take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sometimes we'll just take all
+these different categories and lump them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different categories and lump them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different categories and lump them
+together in one big distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in one big distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in one big distribution and
+here's a situation like these are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a situation like these are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a situation like these are really
+pretty different things and you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty different things and you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty different things and you really
+want to treat them as four sort of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to treat them as four sort of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to treat them as four sort of four
+distinct classes of types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct classes of types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct classes of types of
+things so as an example of selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so as an example of selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so as an example of selected
+edges you know this just goes the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges you know this just goes the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges you know this just goes the most
+typical it just shows sort of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical it just shows sort of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical it just shows sort of various
+sort of entities that were selected in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of entities that were selected in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of entities that were selected in a
+very representative document this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very representative document this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very representative document this is a
+very low degree you know various and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low degree you know various and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low degree you know various and so
+this might be you know show you entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be you know show you entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be you know show you entities
+uh here's the kind of surplus example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the kind of surplus example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the kind of surplus example
+just and going be going and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and going be going and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and going be going and actually
+finding those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding those
+edges same with same with person sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges same with same with person sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges same with same with person sort of
+very sort of generic people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of generic people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of generic people you know
+higher degree here's a very low so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher degree here's a very low so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher degree here's a very low so this
+person Jeremy Smith is very unusual in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person Jeremy Smith is very unusual in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person Jeremy Smith is very unusual in
+terms of what they connected with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what they connected with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what they connected with a
+Surplus ones here can't really read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus ones here can't really read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus ones here can't really read that
+over there but just examples of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there but just examples of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there but just examples of things
+that you can actually use this to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually use this to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually use this to go in
+and actually find things all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually find things all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually find things all right so
+that brings us at the end to the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings us at the end to the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings us at the end to the lecture
+part um so just again developing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um so just again developing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um so just again developing this
+background model is very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background model is very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background model is very important for
+for the graphs based on the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the graphs based on the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the graphs based on the perfect
+Power log gives us a very simple heris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power log gives us a very simple heris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power log gives us a very simple heris
+for creating a linear model we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for creating a linear model we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for creating a linear model we can then
+really sort of quantify the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of quantify the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of quantify the effects of
+sampling which is very important um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling which is very important um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling which is very important um
+again traditional sampling approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again traditional sampling approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again traditional sampling approaches
+can easily create nonlinear phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily create nonlinear phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily create nonlinear phenomenon
+that we have to be careful of and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to be careful of and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to be careful of and be
+aware of um and allows us to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of um and allows us to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of um and allows us to develop
+techniques for comparing real data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for comparing real data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for comparing real data with
+per with power law fits that we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per with power law fits that we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per with power law fits that we can then
+use a statistical test for finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a statistical test for finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a statistical test for finding
+unusual bits of data it's so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual bits of data it's so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual bits of data it's so very
+classic detection Theory here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic detection Theory here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic detection Theory here you know
+come up with a model for the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a model for the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a model for the background
+create a linear fit for that background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a linear fit for that background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a linear fit for that background
+then use that model to then quantify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use that model to then quantify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use that model to then quantify the
+data to see which things are unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to see which things are unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to see which things are unusual
+again just using very classic detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just using very classic detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just using very classic detection
+Theory techniques again having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory techniques again having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory techniques again having a
+background model being sort of the Lynch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background model being sort of the Lynch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background model being sort of the Lynch
+pin of doing that and I'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin of doing that and I'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin of doing that and I'm not saying
+that this uh this power this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh this power this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh this power this is very
+recent work uh you know this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent work uh you know this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent work uh you know this is this
+this power law model you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power law model you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power law model you know something
+we did in the last year or so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in the last year or so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in the last year or so we just
+published it uh you know this summer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published it uh you know this summer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published it uh you know this summer I
+can't guarantee that in three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't guarantee that in three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't guarantee that in three or four
+years from now that this people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now that this people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now that this people will
+still be using this model because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be using this model because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be using this model because it is
+very new but I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very new but I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very new but I think this is
+representative of the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of the kinds of things
+that will be in three or four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be in three or four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be in three or four or five
+years that people it may not be this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that people it may not be this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that people it may not be this but
+something like this to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this to sort of
+characterize our data and so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize our data and so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize our data and so I think
+it's very useful there all right so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very useful there all right so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very useful there all right so with
+that we will take a short break and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will take a short break and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will take a short break and then
+we will show the example code and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show the example code and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show the example code and uh
+talk about the assignment so very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the assignment so very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the assignment so very good
+thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/msAXs6o-9Ko.txt b/msAXs6o-9Ko.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1697156d915fe41f3fc67cdbf2ebc962b30f271f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/msAXs6o-9Ko.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and today we are going to cover a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and today we are going to cover a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and today we are going to cover a lot
+of stuff but a little bit uh lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff but a little bit uh lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff but a little bit uh lighter
+than the previous two lectures so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the previous two lectures so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the previous two lectures so it
+should be fine uh I don't exactly know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fine uh I don't exactly know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fine uh I don't exactly know
+how far I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far I'm going to go
+so I'll continue tomorrow whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll continue tomorrow whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll continue tomorrow whatever I
+haven't covered today it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't covered today it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't covered today it's going to be
+uh basically this three things uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically this three things uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically this three things uh where
+can we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we find
+data uh how can we start looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh how can we start looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh how can we start looking at it
+to give us a sense of what distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us a sense of what distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us a sense of what distribution
+the data might have been generated by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data might have been generated by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data might have been generated by uh
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+uh you know since we've gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know since we've gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know since we've gone through
+there's all sorts of things we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of things we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of things we can do
+when we once we know probability and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we once we know probability and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we once we know probability and one
+of one of the things we can do is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the things we can do is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the things we can do is sort
+of extract much more from the data than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extract much more from the data than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extract much more from the data than
+what the RO data would be and I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the RO data would be and I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the RO data would be and I'll give
+you an example of that very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of that very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of that very powerful
+example of that so that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that so that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that so that's what we're
+going to do today and maybe some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do today and maybe some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do today and maybe some of
+tomorrow uh and then uh tomorrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow uh and then uh tomorrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow uh and then uh tomorrow and
+next week we'll go back to probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we'll go back to probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we'll go back to probability
+talk about marginal and conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about marginal and conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about marginal and conditional
+distribution and then function of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then function of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then function of random
+variables then we'll go back to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables then we'll go back to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables then we'll go back to some
+examples again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples again
+later okay so that's the plan for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so that's the plan for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so that's the plan for today
+uh where can we find actual data uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where can we find actual data uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where can we find actual data uh
+where can we where does it live uh in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where can we where does it live uh in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where can we where does it live uh in uh
+in the real world uh and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world uh and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world uh and in particular
+how can you get hold of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you get hold of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you get hold of it
+yourself so uh there are basically three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so uh there are basically three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so uh there are basically three
+ways there probably more but three sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways there probably more but three sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways there probably more but three sort
+of broad things I want to cover today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of broad things I want to cover today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of broad things I want to cover today
+okay so where I can you find data so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where I can you find data so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where I can you find data so one
+possibility is actually a lot of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is actually a lot of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is actually a lot of data
+floating by around most of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating by around most of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating by around most of it is
+actually much much much more data than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much much much more data than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much much much more data than
+was there there even when Sarah and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there there even when Sarah and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there there even when Sarah and I
+were doing our PhD or our undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing our PhD or our undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing our PhD or our undergraduate
+degrees um so one first step would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees um so one first step would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees um so one first step would be to
+see what what does exist out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what does exist out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what does exist out
+there then possibly what exists out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then possibly what exists out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then possibly what exists out
+there is not what you want in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not what you want in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not what you want in particular
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you run experiments is often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+case although not even always the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case although not even always the case
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might need to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might need to evaluate the
+effect of your experiment is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of your experiment is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+actually doesn't actually exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't actually exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't actually exist
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need the specific data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need the specific data that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh that will be needed for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in that case you might need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in that case you might need
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect your own data and then
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect your own data and then
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is a bit in between
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is a bit in between
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually cover for is the uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually cover for is the uh there
+is actually a lot of data that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a lot of data that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a lot of data that's a
+that's in the internet that the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the internet that the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the internet that the internet
+keep generating for us it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep generating for us it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep generating for us it is not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily there in a smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily there in a smooth
+already prepared for us database uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already prepared for us database uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already prepared for us database uh but
+it can be getable with not too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be getable with not too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be getable with not too many
+steps uh this can be combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh this can be combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh this can be combined
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially with experiments or this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be combined with surveys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be combined with surveys
+so let's start with the sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with the sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with the sort of more
+traditional way of going and looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way of going and looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way of going and looking for
+existing data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing data
+libraries what I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries what I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries what I'm going to give you
+today is really just um a very like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is really just um a very like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is really just um a very like a
+tip of the iceberg of the DAT of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip of the iceberg of the DAT of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip of the iceberg of the DAT of the
+data sources that might be available and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sources that might be available and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sources that might be available and
+how to get how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get how to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get how to find
+them uh because if I if I had started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh because if I if I had started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh because if I if I had started
+listing data sources I think we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing data sources I think we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing data sources I think we could
+have been there till the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been there till the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been there till the end of the
+semester uh looking at web uh page UR on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester uh looking at web uh page UR on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester uh looking at web uh page UR on
+the screen and it would have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen and it would have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen and it would have gotten
+somewhat boring and maybe not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat boring and maybe not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat boring and maybe not all that
+useful uh in fact I saw doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh in fact I saw doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh in fact I saw doing some
+little searching I saw that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little searching I saw that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little searching I saw that there are
+now database of databases so uh so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now database of databases so uh so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now database of databases so uh so maybe
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have done a joint project of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a database of the database of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a database of the database of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+database Etc and eventually it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database Etc and eventually it would
+have been born so I just putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been born so I just putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been born so I just putting the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular sources of data and then
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping in mind that eventually if you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping in mind that eventually if you
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+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something for which you might
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something for which you might
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+need existing uh sour of data uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need existing uh sour of data uh you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be able to once you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh more efficiently with like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh more efficiently with like what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it is you're looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it is you're looking for a
+great resources particularly for MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great resources particularly for MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great resources particularly for MIT
+students since it's MIT libraries but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students since it's MIT libraries but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students since it's MIT libraries but
+even for other in the wide world uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for other in the wide world uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for other in the wide world uh you
+should feel free to go in this web page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should feel free to go in this web page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should feel free to go in this web page
+is the uh the library in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh the library in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh the library in particular
+there is a librarian uh in the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a librarian uh in the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a librarian uh in the social
+science Library here Katherine mcel who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Library here Katherine mcel who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Library here Katherine mcel who
+knows a lot about data uh and is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows a lot about data uh and is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows a lot about data uh and is always
+willing to help out in uh finding data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to help out in uh finding data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to help out in uh finding data
+even buying data yes the MIT Library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even buying data yes the MIT Library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even buying data yes the MIT Library
+might consider buying data that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might consider buying data that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might consider buying data that you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need as long as they think that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need as long as they think that it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a data purchase that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a data purchase that would
+benefit other people in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit other people in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit other people in the in the
+future so if you consider buying data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so if you consider buying data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so if you consider buying data
+about uh cupcake production in kamazu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh cupcake production in kamazu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh cupcake production in kamazu
+maybe they'll be like well maybe not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they'll be like well maybe not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they'll be like well maybe not but
+if it's something that actually would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's something that actually would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's something that actually would be
+us useful to have for example in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us useful to have for example in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us useful to have for example in my
+experience MIT libraries are often quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience MIT libraries are often quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience MIT libraries are often quite
+willing to purchase GIS data which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to purchase GIS data which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to purchase GIS data which they
+add to their GIS library and and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to their GIS library and and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to their GIS library and and many
+people use later but certainly she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use later but certainly she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use later but certainly she can
+help you in finding data that already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you in finding data that already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you in finding data that already
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in particular finding the data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in particular finding the data on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic that you are interested in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic that you are interested in and
+show you how to look for the data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to look for the data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to look for the data in the
+mi in the MIT libraries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mi in the MIT libraries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mi in the MIT libraries and
+others so that's the first big resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so that's the first big resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so that's the first big resources
+to go to they have a web page that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to they have a web page that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to they have a web page that is
+updated regularly uh and then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated regularly uh and then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated regularly uh and then there is
+actually a real person to talk to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a real person to talk to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a real person to talk to which
+is quite useful if there is an interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite useful if there is an interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite useful if there is an interest
+she's always delighted to to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's always delighted to to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's always delighted to to do a
+session so we could invite her during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session so we could invite her during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session so we could invite her during a
+recitation or something so maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation or something so maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation or something so maybe we'll
+pull you on that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull you on that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull you on that in the
+future now popular sources of data are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future now popular sources of data are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future now popular sources of data are
+data.gov the executive uh branch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data.gov the executive uh branch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data.gov the executive uh branch of the
+government generates a bunch of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government generates a bunch of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government generates a bunch of data
+that they just put on the public domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they just put on the public domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they just put on the public domain
+partly for um transparency reason partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly for um transparency reason partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly for um transparency reason partly
+because because they like to have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because they like to have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because they like to have people
+looking at it uh so that's a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it uh so that's a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it uh so that's a source of
+data on anything and everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on anything and everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on anything and everything from
+tariffs to uh um you know protection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs to uh um you know protection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs to uh um you know protection of
+nature in national parks and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature in national parks and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature in national parks and other
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+that um another very popular source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um another very popular source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um another very popular source of
+data is the iums website uh the iums has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is the iums website uh the iums has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is the iums website uh the iums has
+the census the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the census the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the census the
+censuses uh at least not the very old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censuses uh at least not the very old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censuses uh at least not the very old
+censuses are actually there in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censuses are actually there in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censuses are actually there in their
+entirety more recent censuses uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirety more recent censuses uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirety more recent censuses uh we have
+extracts available 1% extract of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracts available 1% extract of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracts available 1% extract of
+censuses of the population and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censuses of the population and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censuses of the population and the
+sensus ask a few questions uh so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensus ask a few questions uh so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensus ask a few questions uh so and
+it's on a very large number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on a very large number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on a very large number of people
+it's freely available very easy to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's freely available very easy to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's freely available very easy to work
+with the iums website also hosts a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the iums website also hosts a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the iums website also hosts a bunch
+of other data sources that we use very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other data sources that we use very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other data sources that we use very
+frequently some of them you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently some of them you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently some of them you're going to
+see today for example the the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see today for example the the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see today for example the the current
+population survey which is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population survey which is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population survey which is is a
+quarterly survey of the US population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterly survey of the US population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterly survey of the US population
+available on a fairly large sample state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available on a fairly large sample state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available on a fairly large sample state
+by state that has more information than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by state that has more information than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by state that has more information than
+you might uh than you might think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might uh than you might think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might uh than you might think you
+might want to need uh on things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to need uh on things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to need uh on things like
+wages hours uh uh type of jobs people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages hours uh uh type of jobs people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages hours uh uh type of jobs people
+have and stuff like that and many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and stuff like that and many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and stuff like that and many more
+of these public serving service um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these public serving service um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these public serving service um
+public survey data are there for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public survey data are there for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public survey data are there for example
+the American time use survey very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American time use survey very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American time use survey very
+interesting survey that asks how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting survey that asks how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting survey that asks how many
+hour people spend doing various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour people spend doing various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour people spend doing various things
+in the day uh if you've seen several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the day uh if you've seen several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the day uh if you've seen several
+recent articles in the Press not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent articles in the Press not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent articles in the Press not so
+recently but a few weeks ago about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently but a few weeks ago about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently but a few weeks ago about uh
+how men and women share or don't share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how men and women share or don't share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how men and women share or don't share
+equally the responsibility in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally the responsibility in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally the responsibility in the
+household this is American time use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household this is American time use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household this is American time use
+survey data so these are just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey data so these are just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey data so these are just a few
+examples time use survey data also tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples time use survey data also tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples time use survey data also tells
+us um that uh Esther and I worked much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um that uh Esther and I worked much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um that uh Esther and I worked much
+harder when we were in school then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder when we were in school then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder when we were in school then you
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+were um so the there there has actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um so the there there has actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um so the there there has actually
+been a sort of a series of articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a sort of a series of articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a sort of a series of articles
+about sort of how the the amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of how the the amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of how the the amount of time
+that students spend studying in college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students spend studying in college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students spend studying in college
+has been going down um pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been going down um pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been going down um pretty pretty
+precipitously maybe that's not true of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitously maybe that's not true of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitously maybe that's not true of n
+students but in general this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students but in general this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students but in general this has been
+documented I actually don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented I actually don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented I actually don't think it's
+do it's going to documenting it for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's going to documenting it for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's going to documenting it for me
+because I was a student in France but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was a student in France but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was a student in France but I
+can tell you I worked harder than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you I worked harder than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you I worked harder than you
+was in college um there is pro there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in college um there is pro there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in college um there is pro there is
+actually probably an international time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually probably an international time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually probably an international time
+use survey to be found somewhere but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use survey to be found somewhere but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use survey to be found somewhere but
+probably not on that although it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not on that although it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not on that although it is it
+might even be linked so you you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even be linked so you you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even be linked so you you would
+you might be able to compare the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to compare the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to compare the work
+habit of French students age 17 to 19 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit of French students age 17 to 19 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit of French students age 17 to 19 to
+American students age 17 to 19 uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American students age 17 to 19 uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American students age 17 to 19 uh and uh
+the it would be interesting potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it would be interesting potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it would be interesting potentially
+what would be very interesting in France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be very interesting in France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be very interesting in France
+would be to show that it's totally B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to show that it's totally B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to show that it's totally B
+model with 90 % of the students doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with 90 % of the students doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with 90 % of the students doing
+exactly nothing and 10% of the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly nothing and 10% of the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly nothing and 10% of the student
+doing uh working you know pulling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh working you know pulling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh working you know pulling the
+mean to to a reasonable number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to to a reasonable number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to to a reasonable number
+um a few years ago the ipms project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a few years ago the ipms project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a few years ago the ipms project
+started repeating the same effort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started repeating the same effort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started repeating the same effort of
+anonymizing and cleaning up and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymizing and cleaning up and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymizing and cleaning up and putting
+online uh the US Census for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online uh the US Census for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online uh the US Census for other
+countries and this is the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and this is the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and this is the international
+iems project so on the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iems project so on the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iems project so on the international
+iems project project you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iems project project you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iems project project you have uh
+censuses from lots and lots of countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censuses from lots and lots of countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censuses from lots and lots of countries
+so you might think that it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think that it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think that it's very easy
+to very difficult to get data from Kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very difficult to get data from Kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very difficult to get data from Kenya
+think again for example the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think again for example the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think again for example the I
+International has censuses from Kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh that's it
+has there are more places it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has there are more places it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has there are more places it doesn't
+have the information from then places it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the information from then places it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the information from then places it
+does have the information from basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have the information from basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have the information from basically
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+started I want to say about 10 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started I want to say about 10 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started I want to say about 10 years ago
+putting them on and what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them on and what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them on and what they're doing
+is they're buying the censuses from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're buying the censuses from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're buying the censuses from the
+statistical offices and working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical offices and working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical offices and working with the
+statistical offices to clean them up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical offices to clean them up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical offices to clean them up and
+put them in and doing that progressively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in and doing that progressively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in and doing that progressively
+so I don't know how many places they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know how many places they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know how many places they've
+reached uh but uh uh so there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached uh but uh uh so there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached uh but uh uh so there are more
+places that don't have the censuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that don't have the censuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that don't have the censuses
+online than places that do but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online than places that do but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online than places that do but there are
+a fair amount that means there is lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair amount that means there is lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair amount that means there is lots
+and lots and lots of very rich Micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots and lots of very rich Micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots and lots of very rich Micro
+Data that can be used used in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Data that can be used used in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Data that can be used used in different
+countries uh the so these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh the so these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh the so these are two
+interesting data sources the um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting data sources the um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting data sources the um another
+very rich sources to find data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich sources to find data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich sources to find data on
+anything and everything is this icps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and everything is this icps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and everything is this icps
+website at the University of Michigan uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website at the University of Michigan uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website at the University of Michigan uh
+so it's this is really the first Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this is really the first Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this is really the first Big
+Data ver I'm going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Data ver I'm going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Data ver I'm going to be talking about
+data ver today what's data ver basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ver today what's data ver basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ver today what's data ver basically
+a dump uh where people put uh databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dump uh where people put uh databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dump uh where people put uh databases
+usually researchers put data sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually researchers put data sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually researchers put data sets that
+they have collected or assembled or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have collected or assembled or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have collected or assembled or
+clean or something like that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean or something like that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean or something like that and then
+they put them and uh the icpsr um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put them and uh the icpsr um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put them and uh the icpsr um uh
+organization has done a wonderful job uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization has done a wonderful job uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization has done a wonderful job uh
+working on how data needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on how data needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on how data needs to be
+anonymized made secure for the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymized made secure for the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymized made secure for the people
+who uh who who have given their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh who who have given their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh who who have given their
+information so they know names address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so they know names address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so they know names address
+Etc doesn't show up and documented such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc doesn't show up and documented such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc doesn't show up and documented such
+that other people can use it so the cpsr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other people can use it so the cpsr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other people can use it so the cpsr
+data comes with very good documentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data comes with very good documentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data comes with very good documentation
+dictionaries Etc that's reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries Etc that's reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries Etc that's reasonably
+uniform from data set to data set which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform from data set to data set which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform from data set to data set which
+means that once you understand how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that once you understand how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that once you understand how to
+read a code book for one data set in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a code book for one data set in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a code book for one data set in the
+ipsr data set data vers would be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipsr data set data vers would be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipsr data set data vers would be useful
+for another uh for another collection as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another uh for another collection as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another uh for another collection as
+well yes as more and more data becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes as more and more data becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes as more and more data becomes
+available about the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available about the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available about the same set of
+individuals there's also some studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals there's also some studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals there's also some studies
+where people are able to sort of De
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are able to sort of De
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are able to sort of De
+identify corela reidentified yes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify corela reidentified yes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify corela reidentified yes uh
+something is also seen when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is also seen when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is also seen when it comes to
+some of these data sets I wouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these data sets I wouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these data sets I wouldn't say
+in those because this is very much a pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those because this is very much a pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those because this is very much a pre
+Big Data world where you have a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Data world where you have a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Data world where you have a data set
+of you know a few like a few variable on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know a few like a few variable on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know a few like a few variable on
+a few people over here and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people over here and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people over here and a few
+variable on a few people over here but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable on a few people over here but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable on a few people over here but I
+think you're exact you're asking exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're exact you're asking exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're exact you're asking exactly
+the right question so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right question so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right question so there are
+databases that are publicly available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases that are publicly available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases that are publicly available
+but publicly available without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but publicly available without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but publicly available without
+identifying information and identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying information and identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying information and identifying
+information you have to ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have to ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have to ask yourself
+what's identifying information you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's identifying information you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's identifying information you could
+say well there are very many people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well there are very many people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well there are very many people who
+live in in Boston so the fact that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in in Boston so the fact that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in in Boston so the fact that I
+live in Boston shouldn't be identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in Boston shouldn't be identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in Boston shouldn't be identifying
+information but once you cross that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but once you cross that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but once you cross that with
+Suppose there is a data set there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there is a data set there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there is a data set there is
+very useful data set called um on Aging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful data set called um on Aging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful data set called um on Aging
+which followed um a cohort of older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which followed um a cohort of older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which followed um a cohort of older
+people they started at 45 that were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they started at 45 that were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they started at 45 that were not
+so old yet but they they they are now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so old yet but they they they are now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so old yet but they they they are now uh
+older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older
+they they have followed them for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have followed them for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have followed them for a long
+time maybe about 20 years uh people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe about 20 years uh people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe about 20 years uh people who
+were when they first started 40 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were when they first started 40 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were when they first started 40 and
+older when you access the public release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older when you access the public release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older when you access the public release
+of this database which I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this database which I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this database which I think you can
+get from I cpsr by the way you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from I cpsr by the way you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from I cpsr by the way you cannot
+get the state where people live and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the state where people live and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the state where people live and you
+must say come on like how am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must say come on like how am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must say come on like how am I going to
+identify someone from the state we live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify someone from the state we live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify someone from the state we live
+in and it's exactly for the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it's exactly for the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it's exactly for the reason
+you're talking about well maybe not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about well maybe not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about well maybe not just
+from the state but from the state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the state but from the state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the state but from the state and
+the fact that they have cancer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that they have cancer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that they have cancer and the
+fact that they have two kids and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that they have two kids and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that they have two kids and the
+fact that they uh do this and they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that they uh do this and they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that they uh do this and they do
+that it might be conceivably possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might be conceivably possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might be conceivably possible to
+cross that with other data set that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross that with other data set that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross that with other data set that make
+their way in Internet and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way in Internet and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way in Internet and figure out
+that this this person is Mr uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um one Mr Smith who uh who lives in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one Mr Smith who uh who lives in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one Mr Smith who uh who lives in such
+cities and someone can start calling him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and someone can start calling him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and someone can start calling him
+and say Hey you want some uh new uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say Hey you want some uh new uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say Hey you want some uh new uh
+magic bubble gum cancer treatment so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic bubble gum cancer treatment so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic bubble gum cancer treatment so for
+this uh for this this reason actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for this this reason actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for this this reason actually
+the the requirement in term of the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the requirement in term of the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the requirement in term of the type
+of information you can leave on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information you can leave on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information you can leave on this
+public data set have become stricter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public data set have become stricter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public data set have become stricter and
+stricter which doesn't mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stricter which doesn't mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stricter which doesn't mean you can
+never access the state in this aging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never access the state in this aging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never access the state in this aging
+data set for example but to access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set for example but to access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set for example but to access the
+state in the Aging data set you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in the Aging data set you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in the Aging data set you're going
+to need to First apply to MIT for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to First apply to MIT for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to First apply to MIT for a
+human subject clearance where basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subject clearance where basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subject clearance where basically
+you're going to commit not to share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to commit not to share the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to commit not to share the
+data with anybody and to use it on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with anybody and to use it on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with anybody and to use it on an
+encrypted disk and in that then once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted disk and in that then once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted disk and in that then once you
+have that you can uh call you know email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that you can uh call you know email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that you can uh call you know email
+this guys with a request saying please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guys with a request saying please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guys with a request saying please
+give me this dat and he going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me this dat and he going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me this dat and he going to take
+sometime uh but you're exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime uh but you're exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime uh but you're exactly
+right uh so icpsr I think is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so icpsr I think is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so icpsr I think is kind of the
+the grandmother of this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grandmother of this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grandmother of this idea that
+researchers should be shared sharing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers should be shared sharing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers should be shared sharing the
+data that they collect or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that they collect or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that they collect or they
+accumulate and they clean up uh then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate and they clean up uh then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate and they clean up uh then the
+baby of that is the Harvard MIT data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby of that is the Harvard MIT data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby of that is the Harvard MIT data
+center as a data ver which resides at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center as a data ver which resides at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center as a data ver which resides at
+Harvard but is open to uh to the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard but is open to uh to the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard but is open to uh to the MIT
+community in fact is pretty open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in fact is pretty open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in fact is pretty open to
+everybody who wants to get data from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who wants to get data from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who wants to get data from it
+uh which does a little bit the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which does a little bit the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which does a little bit the same
+thing works on help with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing works on help with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing works on help with people
+anonymizing their data storing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymizing their data storing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymizing their data storing it
+securely and distributes it to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securely and distributes it to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securely and distributes it to people
+uh even yes does JP also publish some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even yes does JP also publish some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even yes does JP also publish some of
+the data sets yes uh I'm coming to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data sets yes uh I'm coming to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data sets yes uh I'm coming to that
+in exactly one minute uh in fact I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly one minute uh in fact I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly one minute uh in fact I had
+it on this slide because it leaves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on this slide because it leaves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on this slide because it leaves in
+the in the have a data ver but I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the have a data ver but I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the have a data ver but I thought
+I will put it in under international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will put it in under international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will put it in under international
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+sources and then Amazon has a data ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and then Amazon has a data ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and then Amazon has a data ver
+you would think if there is if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think if there is if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think if there is if there is
+something to do they would have done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do they would have done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do they would have done it
+uh so in fact I did not know till I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in fact I did not know till I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in fact I did not know till I
+prepar this lecture that Amazon has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepar this lecture that Amazon has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepar this lecture that Amazon has a
+datae but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datae but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datae but then I
+thought by first principle they must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought by first principle they must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought by first principle they must
+have a data ver so I looked for one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a data ver so I looked for one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a data ver so I looked for one and
+in fact sure enough there it is it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact sure enough there it is it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact sure enough there it is it has a
+lot of public data actually publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of public data actually publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of public data actually publicly
+available data you can just register on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available data you can just register on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available data you can just register on
+the data ver and geted so there is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data ver and geted so there is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data ver and geted so there is also
+some uh some sources of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some sources of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some sources of data
+there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh
+the other interesting sources of data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other interesting sources of data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other interesting sources of data so
+if you're interested in household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in household
+surveys but not in the US so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys but not in the US so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys but not in the US so if you're
+interested in the US based household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the US based household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the US based household
+survey the IPM place is a good page is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey the IPM place is a good page is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey the IPM place is a good page is a
+good place to start if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to start if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to start if you're interested
+International household survey data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International household survey data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International household survey data
+there is a lot of it um first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of it um first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of it um first of all
+there are the demographic and health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the demographic and health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the demographic and health
+surveys so there to answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys so there to answer your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys so there to answer your question
+a propo the demographic and health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propo the demographic and health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propo the demographic and health
+surveys there are very few developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys there are very few developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys there are very few developing
+countries in the world which does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the world which does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the world which does not
+have a democratic and health survey so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a democratic and health survey so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a democratic and health survey so
+what people have done is either using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done is either using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done is either using
+them individually or combining them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them individually or combining them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them individually or combining them they
+have the same questionnaires in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same questionnaires in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same questionnaires in all
+countries so they are very easy to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so they are very easy to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so they are very easy to to
+combine as their uh as their name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine as their uh as their name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine as their uh as their name
+indicate they are mostly have dat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate they are mostly have dat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate they are mostly have dat on
+demographic and health issues uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic and health issues uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic and health issues uh for
+example they don't have anything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they don't have anything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they don't have anything on
+income but they have assets um by assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income but they have assets um by assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income but they have assets um by assets
+I mean table and refrigerators and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean table and refrigerators and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean table and refrigerators and uh
+cycles and this type of stuff and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and this type of stuff and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and this type of stuff and from
+the assets you can construct like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets you can construct like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets you can construct like a
+measure of uh of of how wealthy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of uh of of how wealthy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of uh of of how wealthy a
+household is because it turns out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household is because it turns out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household is because it turns out how
+much stuff people have is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stuff people have is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stuff people have is quite
+correlated with how wealthy they are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with how wealthy they are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with how wealthy they are and
+then there is lots and lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is lots and lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is lots and lots and lots of
+data on maternal health and child health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on maternal health and child health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on maternal health and child health
+and a little bit of data on education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit of data on education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit of data on education
+and stuff like that so the DHS is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that so the DHS is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that so the DHS is a very
+rich source of data they are freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich source of data they are freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich source of data they are freely
+available you just need to register to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you just need to register to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you just need to register to
+say what you are planning to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what you are planning to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what you are planning to do with
+them uh this is individual level data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh this is individual level data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh this is individual level data
+again you have geographic information uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have geographic information uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have geographic information uh
+and you can that's already there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can that's already there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can that's already there on the
+website and with one more level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and with one more level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and with one more level of
+permission you can actually get GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission you can actually get GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission you can actually get GPS
+coordinate of the location of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of the location of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of the location of the
+villages yes I was wondering so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages yes I was wondering so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages yes I was wondering so when
+you're using a public data set do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a public data set do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a public data set do you
+have to be concerned about how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be concerned about how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be concerned about how about
+accuracy in the data set and then how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy in the data set and then how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy in the data set and then how do
+you sort of go about figuring out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of go about figuring out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of go about figuring out what
+to trust and what not to trust um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trust and what not to trust um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trust and what not to trust um so
+good thing if you've never collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing if you've never collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing if you've never collected
+data is that you assume that the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is that you assume that the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is that you assume that the data
+set you you get from the Internet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you you get from the Internet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you you get from the Internet is
+pretty good data and once you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good data and once you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good data and once you start
+collecting and cleaning data you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting and cleaning data you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting and cleaning data you will
+never assume that ever again uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never assume that ever again uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never assume that ever again uh so
+obviously the data sets that are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the data sets that are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the data sets that are out
+there have issues and their quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have issues and their quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have issues and their quality
+differ from data set to data set um data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ from data set to data set um data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ from data set to data set um data
+sets like the demographic and health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets like the demographic and health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets like the demographic and health
+survey or the the data that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey or the the data that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey or the the data that I'm going to
+talk about in a minute the living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a minute the living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a minute the living
+standard measurement survey from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard measurement survey from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard measurement survey from the
+World Bank or the Rend uh public data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Bank or the Rend uh public data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Bank or the Rend uh public data
+sets are all a pretty good quality data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are all a pretty good quality data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are all a pretty good quality data
+set so when you collect your own data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so when you collect your own data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so when you collect your own data or
+when people collect their own data there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people collect their own data there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people collect their own data there
+are a number of steps that they can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a number of steps that they can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a number of steps that they can uh
+take to ensure that the data is not fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to ensure that the data is not fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to ensure that the data is not fake
+that the data is not too noisy and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the data is not too noisy and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the data is not too noisy and that
+the data is informative of what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is informative of what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is informative of what we are
+uh trying to get and um when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to get and um when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to get and um when you get
+data from this collections DHS LS SMS uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from this collections DHS LS SMS uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from this collections DHS LS SMS uh
+uh the the Rand data set or the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the Rand data set or the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the Rand data set or the US
+equivalent of those you can be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of those you can be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of those you can be sure that
+those steps have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps have been
+taken now there are sort of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken now there are sort of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken now there are sort of technical
+steps which is for example when you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps which is for example when you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps which is for example when you send
+investigators to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigators to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigators to the
+field uh it would be very nice for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh it would be very nice for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh it would be very nice for them
+to sit under a tree and enter the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit under a tree and enter the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit under a tree and enter the data
+and uh some of them do that almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh some of them do that almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh some of them do that almost
+surely so a technical step that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely so a technical step that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely so a technical step that you need
+to do is that when you do a survey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is that when you do a survey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is that when you do a survey you
+back check which is you're sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back check which is you're sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back check which is you're sending
+another team of people who go behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another team of people who go behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another team of people who go behind the
+first team to collect the same data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first team to collect the same data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first team to collect the same data from
+the same household and cost check so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same household and cost check so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same household and cost check so
+this is sort of you know that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of you know that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of you know that you have
+to back check some amount of your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back check some amount of your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back check some amount of your data
+and people do do that um certainly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people do do that um certainly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people do do that um certainly in
+those big data sets there are also uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those big data sets there are also uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those big data sets there are also uh so
+you can be sure when you're using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be sure when you're using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be sure when you're using these
+sources of data and when you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of data and when you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of data and when you're using
+data set from reputable organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set from reputable organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set from reputable organizations
+like japal for example that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like japal for example that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like japal for example that something
+like that would have happened now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that would have happened now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that would have happened now
+another issue which is an issue that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue which is an issue that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue which is an issue that is
+to uh both uh whatever the sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh both uh whatever the sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh both uh whatever the sources of
+data you're trying to collect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you're trying to collect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you're trying to collect is
+that you're asking questions which may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're asking questions which may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're asking questions which may
+or may not be the right question to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be the right question to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be the right question to get
+at the variable that you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the variable that you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the variable that you're looking for
+uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for
+example uh time use data might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh time use data might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh time use data might have a
+trous tremendous amount of recall error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trous tremendous amount of recall error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trous tremendous amount of recall error
+where people just don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people just don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people just don't really
+remember and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and
+possibly the recall error has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly the recall error has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly the recall error has changed
+over time now people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time now people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time now people
+have calendars they remember exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have calendars they remember exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have calendars they remember exactly
+what they are doing and before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are doing and before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are doing and before they
+didn't making that up I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't making that up I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't making that up I don't know if
+that's the case uh and then one might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case uh and then one might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case uh and then one might be
+worried about despite all your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about despite all your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about despite all your best
+effort the the quality of the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort the the quality of the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort the the quality of the data is
+not perfect just because it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfect just because it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfect just because it's it's a
+it's a hard question to ask so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hard question to ask so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hard question to ask so this is a
+conceptual issue that you can never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual issue that you can never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual issue that you can never be
+sure that a new one has exactly answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that a new one has exactly answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that a new one has exactly answered
+the right question it is your job as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right question it is your job as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right question it is your job as the
+user of the data to decide whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user of the data to decide whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user of the data to decide whether the
+data is actually uh getting at what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is actually uh getting at what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is actually uh getting at what you
+want it to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to get
+at sorry there was a question over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sorry there was a question over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sorry there was a question over there
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neighborh so the demographic and health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborh so the demographic and health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborh so the demographic and health
+surveys have this uh this this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys have this uh this this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys have this uh this this kind of
+uh uniform data on a lot of countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uniform data on a lot of countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uniform data on a lot of countries
+usually several round I'll give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually several round I'll give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually several round I'll give you one
+example of that data is very bad for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that data is very bad for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that data is very bad for one
+thing that I know is immunization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I know is immunization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I know is immunization in
+India maybe in other places it has great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India maybe in other places it has great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India maybe in other places it has great
+data on immunization but uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on immunization but uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on immunization but uh in
+immunization uh when I started working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunization uh when I started working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunization uh when I started working
+on immunization which is something I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on immunization which is something I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on immunization which is something I I I
+have done a lot of work with over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done a lot of work with over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done a lot of work with over the
+over the future one big issue is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the future one big issue is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the future one big issue is people
+don't don't have their immunization C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't have their immunization C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't have their immunization C
+necessarily so if you ask people is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily so if you ask people is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily so if you ask people is your
+K is your child fully immunized which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is your child fully immunized which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is your child fully immunized which
+means uh the question you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh the question you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh the question you're really
+asking is did they get the five shots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is did they get the five shots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is did they get the five shots
+that constitute full immunization they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constitute full immunization they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constitute full immunization they
+will typically tell you something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will typically tell you something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will typically tell you something so
+about 30% % of people say yes uh or said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30% % of people say yes uh or said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30% % of people say yes uh or said
+yes in India in 2005 you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes in India in 2005 you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes in India in 2005 you might think
+that's not very much and in fact that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very much and in fact that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very much and in fact that is
+not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very
+much uh but when we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh but when we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh but when we looked at the
+same when we looked at the same data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same when we looked at the same data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same when we looked at the same data
+asking much more detailed questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking much more detailed questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking much more detailed questions
+about each shot because it turns out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each shot because it turns out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each shot because it turns out for
+example a BCG leaves a mark most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a BCG leaves a mark most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a BCG leaves a mark most of the
+time other shots get administer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time other shots get administer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time other shots get administer in the
+ti uh kids in India get shot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ti uh kids in India get shot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ti uh kids in India get shot because
+they're sick adults too every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sick adults too every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sick adults too every time you
+go to the doctor in India you get a shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the doctor in India you get a shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the doctor in India you get a shot
+no matter what so people might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what so people might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what so people might get
+confused that they have gotten five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused that they have gotten five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused that they have gotten five
+shots but these were not immunition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots but these were not immunition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots but these were not immunition so
+you can ask questions a bit better Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask questions a bit better Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask questions a bit better Etc
+so when we did a bit better for a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we did a bit better for a like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we did a bit better for a like a
+small place in rajastan we found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small place in rajastan we found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small place in rajastan we found out
+that the full imation rate in our Sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the full imation rate in our Sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the full imation rate in our Sample
+about was 1% so like wow that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was 1% so like wow that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was 1% so like wow that's not the
+same so what we did to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so what we did to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so what we did to try and
+understand the discrepancy with the DHS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the discrepancy with the DHS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the discrepancy with the DHS
+data is that we ask the exact same DHS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is that we ask the exact same DHS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is that we ask the exact same DHS
+questioner for our sample for not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioner for our sample for not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioner for our sample for not the
+same people because we had just gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people because we had just gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people because we had just gone
+over this very long survey so clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this very long survey so clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this very long survey so clearly
+they remember but a set of comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they remember but a set of comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they remember but a set of comparable
+people and we got the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and we got the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and we got the same
+30% so we realized that there it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% so we realized that there it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% so we realized that there it's not
+that they had done their job wrongly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had done their job wrongly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had done their job wrongly is
+that the way that the questions are ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way that the questions are ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way that the questions are ask
+it just didn't work for this population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just didn't work for this population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just didn't work for this population
+you would have asked very differently so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have asked very differently so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have asked very differently so
+this is something that when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that when you don't
+when you use the data that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use the data that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use the data that's already
+there you have to kind of take it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have to kind of take it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have to kind of take it for
+what it is with some amount of uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is with some amount of uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is with some amount of uh some
+amount of question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of question
+that is why uh in a lot of cases and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why uh in a lot of cases and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why uh in a lot of cases and I'm
+going that in a minute uh when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that in a minute uh when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that in a minute uh when it's
+possible to use administrative data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to use administrative data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to use administrative data or
+to use data that's not self-reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use data that's not self-reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use data that's not self-reported
+about what people have done that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what people have done that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what people have done that's
+really nice for example if you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice for example if you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice for example if you're trying
+to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect
+prices then or to have answer to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices then or to have answer to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices then or to have answer to get
+questions on prices you could either ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on prices you could either ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on prices you could either ask
+people how much they paid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how much they paid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how much they paid for
+something or you could try and go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or you could try and go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or you could try and go and
+find the price and you would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the price and you would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the price and you would probably
+have much more reliable data if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much more reliable data if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much more reliable data if you go
+and find the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so the the World Bank has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the the World Bank has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the the World Bank has a bunch of
+data again on anything and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data again on anything and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data again on anything and everything
+practices of business uh everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices of business uh everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices of business uh everything
+you're interested and in particular they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested and in particular they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested and in particular they
+have conducted for a very long time onus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conducted for a very long time onus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conducted for a very long time onus
+Dion was involved in setting it upus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dion was involved in setting it upus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dion was involved in setting it upus
+dton got the Noel price this year if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dton got the Noel price this year if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dton got the Noel price this year if you
+remember uh this living standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh this living standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh this living standard
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+surveys these are very rich household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys these are very rich household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys these are very rich household
+surveys on people in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys on people in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys on people in developing
+countries uh they have them for lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh they have them for lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh they have them for lots and
+lots of countries uh in some countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of countries uh in some countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of countries uh in some countries
+you even have panels or repeated course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even have panels or repeated course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even have panels or repeated course
+sections so you can see how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections so you can see how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections so you can see how things
+change over time and most of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time and most of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time and most of them are
+freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely
+available and they have data and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and they have data and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and they have data and they
+have this very long questionnaire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this very long questionnaire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this very long questionnaire
+usually they stay in a household from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they stay in a household from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they stay in a household from
+two to four hours so they ask them of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to four hours so they ask them of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to four hours so they ask them of
+every from you know every type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every from you know every type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every from you know every type of
+questions lots and lots of questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions lots and lots of questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions lots and lots of questions on
+education on what people consume and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education on what people consume and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education on what people consume and how
+much they how they earn their money etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they how they earn their money etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they how they earn their money etc
+etc so there are very rich description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so there are very rich description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so there are very rich description
+of the households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the households
+there uh Rand has uh um a bunch of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh Rand has uh um a bunch of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh Rand has uh um a bunch of data
+sets as well including again uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets as well including again uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets as well including again uh three
+very nice uh household um uh panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice uh household um uh panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice uh household um uh panel
+surveys one for Indonesia which they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys one for Indonesia which they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys one for Indonesia which they are
+at least at around four uh one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at around four uh one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at around four uh one for
+Malaysia and one one for Mexico and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia and one one for Mexico and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia and one one for Mexico and the
+one the one for Indonesia and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the one for Indonesia and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the one for Indonesia and the one
+for Mexico is are panels with excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mexico is are panels with excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mexico is are panels with excellent
+followup survey so you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup survey so you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup survey so you have something
+like 98% of household in in Indonesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 98% of household in in Indonesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 98% of household in in Indonesia
+that are followed every 5 years now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are followed every 5 years now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are followed every 5 years now for
+about 20 years so there is a lot to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 years so there is a lot to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 years so there is a lot to look
+at in term of how you know even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in term of how you know even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in term of how you know even if
+they've moved they look for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've moved they look for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've moved they look for them
+wherever they've moved uh so very rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever they've moved uh so very rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever they've moved uh so very rich
+very good data bit complicated to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good data bit complicated to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good data bit complicated to use
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+the just the questionnaires are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just the questionnaires are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just the questionnaires are like
+about that fat so but once you get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that fat so but once you get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that fat so but once you get into
+it totally worth it yes one question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it totally worth it yes one question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it totally worth it yes one question so
+for developing countries things change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for developing countries things change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for developing countries things change a
+lot faster so how frequently is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot faster so how frequently is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot faster so how frequently is this
+data so they are not the data sets they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so they are not the data sets they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so they are not the data sets they
+are collected once for a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are collected once for a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are collected once for a set of
+households and and uh like um unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households and and uh like um unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households and and uh like um unless you
+are in the case of panel data where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the case of panel data where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the case of panel data where you
+come back to to the same household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to to the same household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to to the same household
+regularly they're not updated they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly they're not updated they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly they're not updated they're
+just put there uh there might not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put there uh there might not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put there uh there might not be the
+data set you go to to have the uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set you go to to have the uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set you go to to have the uh your
+daily update of the microeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily update of the microeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily update of the microeconomic
+condition of a particular country uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of a particular country uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of a particular country uh but
+there might be the data set to go to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be the data set to go to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be the data set to go to if
+you're trying to understand a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to understand a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to understand a particular
+behavior that people might have uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that people might have uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that people might have uh in in
+in both countries so for example uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both countries so for example uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both countries so for example uh if
+you're interested in health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in health care
+Behavior you know what do people do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior you know what do people do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior you know what do people do when
+their sons are sick versus their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sons are sick versus their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sons are sick versus their
+daughters is sick um you might not care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters is sick um you might not care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters is sick um you might not care
+that the data set is 5 years old it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the data set is 5 years old it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the data set is 5 years old it
+might not even be true today but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not even be true today but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not even be true today but at
+least if it was true 5 years ago you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least if it was true 5 years ago you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least if it was true 5 years ago you're
+learning something about a phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning something about a phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning something about a phenomenon
+that uh uh that is useful to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh that is useful to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh that is useful to understand
+how people behave and how they function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people behave and how they function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people behave and how they function
+yes so you mentioned earlier about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you mentioned earlier about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you mentioned earlier about all
+um looking for data sets that have back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looking for data sets that have back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looking for data sets that have back
+checks on the surveys that they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks on the surveys that they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks on the surveys that they do is
+that what would be comprised of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what would be comprised of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what would be comprised of a
+followup survey or are there no so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup survey or are there no so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup survey or are there no so a
+followup survey and a back checks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup survey and a back checks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup survey and a back checks are
+different things uh so back checks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things uh so back checks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things uh so back checks you
+never get the data on the back checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get the data on the back checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get the data on the back checks
+what you get is the final product after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get is the final product after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get is the final product after
+the Backes has been done and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Backes has been done and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Backes has been done and the data
+has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+reconciled uh but it's the outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciled uh but it's the outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciled uh but it's the outcome of
+that process but what the back checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process but what the back checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process but what the back checks
+are is that you send your team of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is that you send your team of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is that you send your team of
+investigators they go to the Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigators they go to the Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigators they go to the Village
+they collect the data they come back uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they collect the data they come back uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they collect the data they come back uh
+in the past they used to fill up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past they used to fill up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past they used to fill up the
+data in on paper and now they put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in on paper and now they put it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in on paper and now they put it on
+tablet so that makes this process much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet so that makes this process much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet so that makes this process much
+easier uh regardless how the data comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier uh regardless how the data comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier uh regardless how the data comes
+through someone um has it uh either on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through someone um has it uh either on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through someone um has it uh either on
+paper or on their computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or on their computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or on their computer
+computer in parallel you send an other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer in parallel you send an other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer in parallel you send an other
+team that goes to the same household a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team that goes to the same household a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team that goes to the same household a
+couple of weeks later and they ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks later and they ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks later and they ask a
+subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the
+questionnaire first question they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaire first question they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaire first question they will
+ask is has anyone visited you so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is has anyone visited you so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is has anyone visited you so if the
+answer is no that kind of helps second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no that kind of helps second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no that kind of helps second
+question they will ask is in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question they will ask is in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question they will ask is in particular
+the questions that are at risk of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that are at risk of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that are at risk of being
+forged are the questions that are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forged are the questions that are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forged are the questions that are um
+usedful for uh that that are a filter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usedful for uh that that are a filter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usedful for uh that that are a filter so
+for example has anyone be sick in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example has anyone be sick in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example has anyone be sick in the
+household if the answer is yes you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household if the answer is yes you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household if the answer is yes you have
+like a five page questionnaire of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a five page questionnaire of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a five page questionnaire of like
+whether you went to the doctor and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you went to the doctor and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you went to the doctor and how
+much you had to wait and then so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you had to wait and then so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you had to wait and then so the the
+interviewer might feel like I would kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewer might feel like I would kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewer might feel like I would kind
+of uh say sheave a good 20 minutes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh say sheave a good 20 minutes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh say sheave a good 20 minutes on
+the survey if the answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the survey if the answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the survey if the answer to this
+question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+no so you can go to this kind of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so you can go to this kind of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so you can go to this kind of kind of
+tempting question and and ask them again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting question and and ask them again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting question and and ask them again
+and then if things are roughly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if things are roughly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if things are roughly the same
+you you know things change over time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know things change over time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know things change over time and
+there is a recall question so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a recall question so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a recall question so you don't
+accept you don't expect 100% matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept you don't expect 100% matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept you don't expect 100% matching
+between one and the other but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and the other but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and the other but you can
+once you look at the data you can decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you look at the data you can decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you look at the data you can decide
+that in fact that person has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact that person has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact that person has been
+visited and roughly the job has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited and roughly the job has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited and roughly the job has been
+done then you're happy if it's not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done then you're happy if it's not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done then you're happy if it's not been
+done you go back to your interviewer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you go back to your interviewer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you go back to your interviewer and
+you like confront them and then you fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like confront them and then you fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like confront them and then you fire
+them and all sorts of stuff like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and all sorts of stuff like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and all sorts of stuff like that so
+if your incentives are nicely in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your incentives are nicely in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your incentives are nicely in place
+then you don't have this problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't have this problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't have this problem and
+therefore the data of the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the data of the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the data of the first uh
+collection is reliable and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection is reliable and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection is reliable and that's what
+you're going to put on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to put on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to put on the on the
+internet so so just to be clear a back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet so so just to be clear a back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet so so just to be clear a back
+check is get taking a subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is get taking a subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is get taking a subset of the
+initial questions and then resurveying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial questions and then resurveying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial questions and then resurveying
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same as compared to a followup survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as compared to a followup survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as compared to a followup survey
+which is it with comparable people or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is it with comparable people or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is it with comparable people or is
+it same so you have both you have cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it same so you have both you have cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it same so you have both you have cases
+where uh you have what we call repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you have what we call repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you have what we call repeated
+crosssections where you have a survey of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssections where you have a survey of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssections where you have a survey of
+a sample of people and then a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample of people and then a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample of people and then a couple of
+years later precisely because change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later precisely because change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later precisely because change
+things change over time Etc you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things change over time Etc you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things change over time Etc you go back
+and you resample another set of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you resample another set of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you resample another set of people
+not necessarily the same but from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the same but from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the same but from the
+same you you take your sample in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you you take your sample in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you you take your sample in the
+same way from the same community so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way from the same community so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way from the same community so you
+have comparable information from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have comparable information from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have comparable information from two
+communities but the people cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities but the people cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities but the people cannot be
+linked another situation is when so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked another situation is when so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked another situation is when so the
+demographic and health surveys are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic and health surveys are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic and health surveys are like
+that they are never panels they never go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are never panels they never go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are never panels they never go
+back to the same people but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the same people but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the same people but they have
+repeated cross-section on many countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated cross-section on many countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated cross-section on many countries
+for example India is at the is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example India is at the is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example India is at the is at the
+fourth one uh so you have you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one uh so you have you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one uh so you have you can say
+how things you can see how things evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things you can see how things evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things you can see how things evolve
+over time uh and maybe then you can if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time uh and maybe then you can if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time uh and maybe then you can if
+you want you can aggregate the data at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you can aggregate the data at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you can aggregate the data at
+the level of the district or the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the district or the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the district or the state
+and construct a panel of regions but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and construct a panel of regions but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and construct a panel of regions but you
+cannot construct a panel of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot construct a panel of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot construct a panel of individuals
+or individual households and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or individual households and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or individual households and then there
+is the cases like the Indonesia Family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cases like the Indonesia Family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cases like the Indonesia Family
+Life surveys or the gal data set that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life surveys or the gal data set that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life surveys or the gal data set that I
+go to in a minute are usually panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to in a minute are usually panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to in a minute are usually panels
+which means that the same exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the same exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the same exact
+household were interviewed several time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household were interviewed several time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household were interviewed several time
+so then you you attempt to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you you attempt to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you you attempt to go back to
+the same people and ask them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same people and ask them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same people and ask them the
+question sometimes you don't find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question sometimes you don't find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question sometimes you don't find them
+but the objective is to is to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the objective is to is to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the objective is to is to go to the
+same same people I clearly don't teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same people I clearly don't teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same people I clearly don't teach
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+enough uh you have the objective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh you have the objective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh you have the objective of
+going to the same uh to the same people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the same uh to the same people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the same uh to the same people
+to uh uh to ask them the questions again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh to ask them the questions again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh to ask them the questions again
+so there you can see how a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you can see how a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you can see how a particular
+household how does same it it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household how does same it it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household how does same it it is the
+same people usually the same questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people usually the same questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people usually the same questions
+although when you go back again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although when you go back again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although when you go back again
+typically you want to add some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you want to add some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you want to add some stuff
+that you realize you forgot last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you realize you forgot last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you realize you forgot last time
+Etc so sometimes the qu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so sometimes the qu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so sometimes the qu the
+questionnaire change a little bit or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaire change a little bit or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaire change a little bit or you
+realize that a particular module nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that a particular module nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that a particular module nobody
+people were staring at you blankly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were staring at you blankly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were staring at you blankly when
+you were trying to ask these question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were trying to ask these question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were trying to ask these question so
+you just get rid of it so there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get rid of it so there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get rid of it so there might be
+some changes in one wave to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some changes in one wave to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some changes in one wave to the other
+but typically there'll be at least a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically there'll be at least a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically there'll be at least a big
+CH chunk of it that is the same question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH chunk of it that is the same question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH chunk of it that is the same question
+that is asked from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is asked from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is asked from the same
+people and and the data sets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and and the data sets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and and the data sets are
+presented to you in the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented to you in the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented to you in the way that you
+don't know who the people are but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who the people are but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who the people are but you
+can link them they have a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can link them they have a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can link them they have a number
+12573 in particular Village number 120
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12573 in particular Village number 120
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12573 in particular Village number 120
+in particular District so you can link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular District so you can link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular District so you can link
+them from from wave to wave so the ifml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from from wave to wave so the ifml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from from wave to wave so the ifml
+the the public the Run databases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the public the Run databases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the public the Run databases are
+like that they they all panels uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that they they all panels uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that they they all panels uh some
+of the ls smls are panels and some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ls smls are panels and some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ls smls are panels and some are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+um another source of data uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another source of data uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another source of data uh is a
+replication data from researchers so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication data from researchers so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication data from researchers so uh
+more and more individual people or group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more individual people or group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more individual people or group
+of researchers are cognizant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of researchers are cognizant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of researchers are cognizant of the
+world and it's important to make data as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and it's important to make data as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and it's important to make data as
+uh available as possible for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh available as possible for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh available as possible for other
+people to use it for replicate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to use it for replicate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to use it for replicate for
+replicating the the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating the the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating the the work
+etc so Jal does have a bunch of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so Jal does have a bunch of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so Jal does have a bunch of data
+available uh we put them we have our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available uh we put them we have our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available uh we put them we have our own
+little collection on the in the har data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little collection on the in the har data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little collection on the in the har data
+uh data vers the address is there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh data vers the address is there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh data vers the address is there and
+IPA which is like our sister NG they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPA which is like our sister NG they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPA which is like our sister NG they
+also put they also have a data set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also put they also have a data set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also put they also have a data set so
+these are data sets that are coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are data sets that are coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are data sets that are coming from
+specific project typically randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific project typically randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific project typically randomized
+control trials we'll discuss later what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trials we'll discuss later what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trials we'll discuss later what
+the randomized control trial is uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the randomized control trial is uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the randomized control trial is uh they
+are usually panels simply because most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually panels simply because most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually panels simply because most
+of randomized control trial start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomized control trial start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomized control trial start with a
+baseline survey which is the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline survey which is the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline survey which is the situation
+before you doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you doing your
+intervention then your intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention then your intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention then your intervention
+takes place and then you have follow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place and then you have follow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place and then you have follow so
+they are usually paneled although not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are usually paneled although not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are usually paneled although not
+always but they could be used to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always but they could be used to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always but they could be used to do to
+study any other questions what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study any other questions what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study any other questions what is the
+what is a bit um sad when about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a bit um sad when about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a bit um sad when about these
+data bases in my view is that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data bases in my view is that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data bases in my view is that they are
+not used enough because they are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used enough because they are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used enough because they are very
+rich because when when you go and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich because when when you go and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich because when when you go and see
+people you might as well ask them a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you might as well ask them a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you might as well ask them a lot
+of questions so we have this very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions so we have this very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions so we have this very uh
+very big uh data set very rich data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big uh data set very rich data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big uh data set very rich data sets
+but then you run you write one paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you run you write one paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you run you write one paper
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+typically the effect of what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the effect of what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the effect of what you are
+intervention you were looking for so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention you were looking for so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention you were looking for so you
+use like five variables from that super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use like five variables from that super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use like five variables from that super
+rich data set and really it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich data set and really it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich data set and really it could be
+used to do all sorts of other things yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do all sorts of other things yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do all sorts of other things yep
+um so when you say panels they are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when you say panels they are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when you say panels they are a
+group of researchers or a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of researchers or a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of researchers or a group of
+communities that you're surveying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that you're surveying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that you're surveying a
+panel is a um a data set which has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel is a um a data set which has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel is a um a data set which has the
+feature that the same person in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that the same person in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that the same person in this
+context the panel could be five people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context the panel could be five people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context the panel could be five people
+on a on a day discussing uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on a day discussing uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on a day discussing uh the
+important issues of the of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issues of the of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issues of the of the of the
+day uh but in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh but in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh but in the context of
+uh this class a panel is a data set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this class a panel is a data set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this class a panel is a data set that
+follows the same unit over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the same unit over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the same unit over
+time so it's not a panel of doctors a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it's not a panel of doctors a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it's not a panel of doctors a
+panel is a set of is a data set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel is a set of is a data set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel is a set of is a data set that
+follow the same unit over time the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the same unit over time the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the same unit over time the unit
+could be households in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be households in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be households in that case you
+have a household panel the unit could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a household panel the unit could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a household panel the unit could be
+uh a f you have f panel the the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a f you have f panel the the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a f you have f panel the the unit
+could be a community a town uh a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a community a town uh a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a community a town uh a state
+state panel a country uh but it's a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state panel a country uh but it's a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state panel a country uh but it's a unit
+that is followed over time and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is followed over time and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is followed over time and and the
+unit is the preceding like adjective to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is the preceding like adjective to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is the preceding like adjective to
+panel say household panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel say household panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel say household panel
+exactly correct household panel the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly correct household panel the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly correct household panel the unit
+is a is is is a household exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is is is a household exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is is is a household exactly
+exactly right so from a a cross from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so from a a cross from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so from a a cross from
+repeated cross-section of of of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated cross-section of of of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated cross-section of of of people
+like the DHS has the DHS is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the DHS has the DHS is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the DHS has the DHS is not
+structured as a panel because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured as a panel because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured as a panel because it
+interviewed let's say 5,000 people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed let's say 5,000 people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed let's say 5,000 people in
+the country but it does not interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country but it does not interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country but it does not interview
+the same people so it's not a household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same people so it's not a household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same people so it's not a household
+panel it's not a village panel either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel it's not a village panel either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel it's not a village panel either
+because it's not the same Villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not the same Villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not the same Villages
+either but you could aggregate it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but you could aggregate it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but you could aggregate it at the
+level say of the state within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level say of the state within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level say of the state within a
+country take the averages for each state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country take the averages for each state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country take the averages for each state
+within the country in each year and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the country in each year and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the country in each year and you
+would obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would obtain
+a a state panel exactly so from repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a state panel exactly so from repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a state panel exactly so from repeated
+cross-section usually when aggregating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section usually when aggregating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section usually when aggregating
+enough you can construct a panel at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you can construct a panel at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you can construct a panel at a
+larger level of aggregation does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger level of aggregation does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger level of aggregation does that
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+sense so in a lot of cases the Jal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so in a lot of cases the Jal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so in a lot of cases the Jal and
+IPA data sets are household panel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPA data sets are household panel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPA data sets are household panel or
+Farm panel it's not always true but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm panel it's not always true but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm panel it's not always true but it's
+often the case uh lots and lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the case uh lots and lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the case uh lots and lots and lots
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+detail the American economic Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail the American economic Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail the American economic Association
+journals and science by the way requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals and science by the way requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals and science by the way requires
+posting of any data used for research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting of any data used for research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting of any data used for research
+unless you cannot post it for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you cannot post it for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you cannot post it for some
+reason because it was confidential data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason because it was confidential data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason because it was confidential data
+that you don't you're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't you're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't you're not allowed to
+post uh and uh in recent years it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post uh and uh in recent years it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post uh and uh in recent years it's been
+actually pretty good about requiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty good about requiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty good about requiring
+that people actually comply with that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people actually comply with that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people actually comply with that uh
+so there is a lot of data uh on the AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a lot of data uh on the AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a lot of data uh on the AA
+website you simply go to the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website you simply go to the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website you simply go to the American
+economic association website and go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic association website and go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic association website and go to
+the journal and there is lots of data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journal and there is lots of data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journal and there is lots of data on
+this is that and the other uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that and the other uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that and the other uh it's not
+ordered in a way that's very intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered in a way that's very intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered in a way that's very intuitive
+but you can look for it because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can look for it because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can look for it because people
+you know researchers being like U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know researchers being like U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know researchers being like U
+anybody else are very sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else are very sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else are very sensitive to
+incentives and therefore most people put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and therefore most people put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and therefore most people put
+the data up when they have to and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data up when they have to and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data up when they have to and and
+and it ended up posted in the a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it ended up posted in the a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it ended up posted in the a website
+in particular if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you're interested in
+AER paper and thinking oh I wish I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AER paper and thinking oh I wish I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AER paper and thinking oh I wish I had
+the data before emailing the researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data before emailing the researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data before emailing the researchers
+you should check to see whether it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should check to see whether it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should check to see whether it's not
+on the data set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data set for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+uh so these are like until a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these are like until a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these are like until a few years
+ago this might have been the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago this might have been the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago this might have been the end of
+these are the data that exist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the data that exist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the data that exist in the
+world uh but of course the internet has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh but of course the internet has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh but of course the internet has
+led to the an explosion of data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the an explosion of data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the an explosion of data sets
+that actually readily available uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually readily available uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually readily available uh and
+not just data set that you can Harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just data set that you can Harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just data set that you can Harvest
+yourself uh the 538 uh website uh Nate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself uh the 538 uh website uh Nate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself uh the 538 uh website uh Nate
+silver website has lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver website has lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver website has lots and lots of
+data uh on polls obviously since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh on polls obviously since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh on polls obviously since
+that's kind of their bread and butter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of their bread and butter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of their bread and butter
+but on many other things because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on many other things because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on many other things because they
+also have lots data any other and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have lots data any other and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have lots data any other and they
+on any other things and they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any other things and they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any other things and they have a
+GitHub site where they have basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GitHub site where they have basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GitHub site where they have basically
+any story that they are doing they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any story that they are doing they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any story that they are doing they have
+the data that's posted so you can go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that's posted so you can go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that's posted so you can go on
+their website and see whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their website and see whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their website and see whether you're
+interested in the data uh for example on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the data uh for example on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the data uh for example on
+you know anything now that they belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anything now that they belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anything now that they belong
+to ESPN there is also lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ESPN there is also lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ESPN there is also lots and lots of
+data on Sports for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on Sports for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on Sports for
+example uh students from this class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh students from this class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh students from this class uh
+um very usefully pointed us to the Yahoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very usefully pointed us to the Yahoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very usefully pointed us to the Yahoo
+data dump uh as that's apparently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data dump uh as that's apparently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data dump uh as that's apparently the
+biggest data set data set that exists at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest data set data set that exists at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest data set data set that exists at
+the moment it's something like 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment it's something like 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment it's something like 13
+terabytes of data on one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabytes of data on one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabytes of data on one particular
+thing obviously y being pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing obviously y being pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing obviously y being pretty much
+essentially um News website what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um News website what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um News website what they
+have is exactly this like a sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is exactly this like a sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is exactly this like a sample of
+anonymous user interaction on the news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous user interaction on the news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous user interaction on the news
+feed of several Yahoo properties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed of several Yahoo properties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed of several Yahoo properties so
+basically they have behavior of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they have behavior of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they have behavior of people
+on the site uh um that's lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the site uh um that's lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the site uh um that's lots and lots
+and lots of Behavior Uh and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of Behavior Uh and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of Behavior Uh and that's
+available you can get it if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you can get it if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you can get it if you have
+space to store it somewhere uh of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to store it somewhere uh of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to store it somewhere uh of course
+uh using the data requires a thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using the data requires a thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using the data requires a thinking
+hard about how you can even manage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard about how you can even manage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard about how you can even manage so
+much data once it's once it's available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data once it's once it's available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data once it's once it's available
+but they give some example of what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they give some example of what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they give some example of what they
+did with it uh they of course you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with it uh they of course you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with it uh they of course you with
+that much data it's mainly machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much data it's mainly machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much data it's mainly machine
+learning type application for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning type application for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning type application for example uh
+trying to predict patterns someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to predict patterns someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to predict patterns someone who
+did a and see what is what are they more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a and see what is what are they more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a and see what is what are they more
+likely to do next that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to do next that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to do next that type of
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+uh uh there are some sites that so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh there are some sites that so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh there are some sites that so these
+are kind of oneoff stuff there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of oneoff stuff there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of oneoff stuff there are some
+stuff stuff site that are specializing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff stuff site that are specializing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff stuff site that are specializing
+in agre aggregating data sources so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in agre aggregating data sources so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in agre aggregating data sources so you
+can go to them and see um for people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to them and see um for people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to them and see um for people who
+are interested in sports there is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in sports there is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in sports there is a a
+project by um UK researchers called open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project by um UK researchers called open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project by um UK researchers called open
+source Sports which has lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source Sports which has lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source Sports which has lots and lots of
+data on lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on lots and lots of
+sports uh and then on the NBA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports uh and then on the NBA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports uh and then on the NBA
+specifically I'm pointing it out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically I'm pointing it out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically I'm pointing it out because
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+the that's the data we are going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the data we are going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the data we are going to use
+today uh NBA 7 7 7 NBA 7 is collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh NBA 7 7 7 NBA 7 is collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh NBA 7 7 7 NBA 7 is collecting
+lots of data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of data on
+NBA um there are also data that uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBA um there are also data that uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBA um there are also data that uh um
+sites that specialize in keeping track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites that specialize in keeping track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites that specialize in keeping track
+of what happened in the internet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what happened in the internet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what happened in the internet in the
+past storring it up uh in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past storring it up uh in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past storring it up uh in particular
+there is a a site called Wayback machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a a site called Wayback machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a a site called Wayback machine
+whose objective is to try to keep record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose objective is to try to keep record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose objective is to try to keep record
+of lots and lots of stuff that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots and lots of stuff that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots and lots of stuff that happen
+and then that have gone so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that have gone so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that have gone so for example
+if you're interested in a history of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in a history of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in a history of uh
+um say the prices on one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say the prices on one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say the prices on one particular
+website moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website moving
+backwards uh you might not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards uh you might not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards uh you might not it's not
+there anymore but they might have it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anymore but they might have it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anymore but they might have it I
+suspect they are charging for it though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect they are charging for it though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect they are charging for it though
+I haven't gone I haven't searched long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't gone I haven't searched long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't gone I haven't searched long
+enough on it to to let you know so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough on it to to let you know so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough on it to to let you know so a lot
+of it's free at least they may charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's free at least they may charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's free at least they may charge
+for it but so so that's in term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but so so that's in term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but so so that's in term of
+anything that you are we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you are we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you are we are going to
+talk about web scrapping in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about web scrapping in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about web scrapping in a minute
+which is mostly forward looking which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is mostly forward looking which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is mostly forward looking which is
+you could set up a scrapper and collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could set up a scrapper and collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could set up a scrapper and collect
+data from now for a while but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from now for a while but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from now for a while but if you
+wanted to Look Backwards then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to Look Backwards then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to Look Backwards then the
+Wayback machine has it so it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayback machine has it so it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayback machine has it so it kind of
+generating data set for you from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating data set for you from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating data set for you from the
+internet and as I was saying initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and as I was saying initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and as I was saying initially
+there is much much more it was just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is much much more it was just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is much much more it was just like
+a a tiny flavor of what is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a tiny flavor of what is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a tiny flavor of what is already
+available with minimal or no effort uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available with minimal or no effort uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available with minimal or no effort uh
+in order to get your hand of it and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get your hand of it and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get your hand of it and that
+you can you can work with uh MIT has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can work with uh MIT has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can work with uh MIT has a
+ton of data set a lot of geographical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of data set a lot of geographical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of data set a lot of geographical
+data for example that lives in the Raj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for example that lives in the Raj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for example that lives in the Raj
+library and the r Librarians are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and the r Librarians are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and the r Librarians are very
+helpful in term of telling you what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in term of telling you what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in term of telling you what they
+have and also teaching you how to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and also teaching you how to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and also teaching you how to use it
+RG and the like um the Mi the Barton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RG and the like um the Mi the Barton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RG and the like um the Mi the Barton
+catalog if you go on the Barton catalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog if you go on the Barton catalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog if you go on the Barton catalog
+and you search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you search for
+um know data on uh cupcakes uh CD only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um know data on uh cupcakes uh CD only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um know data on uh cupcakes uh CD only
+uh uh and a year you will find whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and a year you will find whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and a year you will find whatever
+they have on cupcakes for those years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have on cupcakes for those years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have on cupcakes for those years
+and you might not find very much but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might not find very much but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might not find very much but uh
+then you can ask them to purchase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can ask them to purchase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can ask them to purchase the
+collection and see what they say and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and see what they say and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and see what they say and of
+course Google is always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Google is always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Google is always a
+resource but after all this effort what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource but after all this effort what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource but after all this effort what
+if this is not what you are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is not what you are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is not what you are looking
+for so sometimes what you're finding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so sometimes what you're finding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so sometimes what you're finding is
+available but not free so your library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available but not free so your library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available but not free so your library
+might be able to purchase it uh or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to purchase it uh or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to purchase it uh or you
+might need to get an agreement uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to get an agreement uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to get an agreement uh from
+the from the place sometimes it is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the place sometimes it is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the place sometimes it is free
+or people would share it with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people would share it with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people would share it with you
+actually for uh the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for uh the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for uh the people who are
+collecting it which could be a branch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it which could be a branch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it which could be a branch of
+the government or could be a a survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government or could be a a survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government or could be a a survey
+organization or could be a firm will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization or could be a firm will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization or could be a firm will
+actually share the data with you if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually share the data with you if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually share the data with you if they
+think that there is something in it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there is something in it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there is something in it for
+them or it's if it's their job but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or it's if it's their job but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or it's if it's their job but the
+access is restricted for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access is restricted for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access is restricted for example for
+confidentiality reason or for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality reason or for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality reason or for example
+because that's data that these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's data that these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's data that these people
+collect and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect and then
+sell uh in some cases researchers use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell uh in some cases researchers use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell uh in some cases researchers use
+data for project that that the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for project that that the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for project that that the company
+that gather them actually sell them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gather them actually sell them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gather them actually sell them but
+they are willing to give them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are willing to give them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are willing to give them to
+researchers so if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers so if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers so if you're interested in
+using administrative data uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using administrative data uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using administrative data uh that
+requires various kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires various kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires various kind of uh
+permission uh Jal North America has put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission uh Jal North America has put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission uh Jal North America has put
+uh very useful set of resources on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very useful set of resources on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very useful set of resources on their
+website that tells you how to get access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that tells you how to get access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that tells you how to get access
+to various kind of administrative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to various kind of administrative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to various kind of administrative data
+uh how to set up the permission and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to set up the permission and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to set up the permission and all
+of that so you can uh follow their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so you can uh follow their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so you can uh follow their
+tutorial there lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial there lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial there lots of
+resources sometimes the entity that owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources sometimes the entity that owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources sometimes the entity that owns
+the data for example suppose you want um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data for example suppose you want um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data for example suppose you want um
+lots and lots of data from Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of data from Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of data from Facebook
+uh they will not uh just it's not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they will not uh just it's not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they will not uh just it's not there
+on the internet they might still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet they might still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet they might still be
+interested in sharing it with you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sharing it with you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sharing it with you if
+it's part of the of a research project a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the of a research project a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the of a research project a
+prospective research project along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective research project along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective research project along with
+an experiment or a retrospective if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment or a retrospective if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment or a retrospective if
+you're interested in in looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in in looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in in looking at
+say we have looking at the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have looking at the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have looking at the history of
+what people declare on their profile as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people declare on their profile as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people declare on their profile as
+fa their political affiliation over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fa their political affiliation over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fa their political affiliation over time
+I'm making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making this
+up then they will have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then they will have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then they will have a lot of
+requirements in term of uh where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements in term of uh where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements in term of uh where you are
+allowed to work physically whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to work physically whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to work physically whether
+you're allowed to what you are allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to what you are allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to what you are allowed
+you know whether they want to review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether they want to review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether they want to review the
+the the thing you write before you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing you write before you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing you write before you can
+post it and the like um uh but um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post it and the like um uh but um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post it and the like um uh but um it's
+more or less organized depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less organized depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less organized depending on the
+company if it's very small company s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company if it's very small company s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company if it's very small company s
+somewhere here in Cambridge you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here in Cambridge you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here in Cambridge you can just
+go and talk to them typically the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and talk to them typically the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and talk to them typically the steps
+is you're going to have to comply with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're going to have to comply with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're going to have to comply with a
+partner's requirement for data security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner's requirement for data security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner's requirement for data security
+and you have to go through human subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to go through human subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to go through human subject
+appro here at MIT to make sure that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appro here at MIT to make sure that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appro here at MIT to make sure that it's
+okay for you to use this data and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for you to use this data and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for you to use this data and the
+condition in which you're using it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition in which you're using it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition in which you're using it are
+okay in particular there is no risk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular there is no risk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular there is no risk to
+the subject etc etc we don't like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject etc etc we don't like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject etc etc we don't like people
+to work with data that has not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with data that has not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with data that has not been
+anonymized unless it is in a room that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymized unless it is in a room that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymized unless it is in a room that
+is not connected to the internet and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not connected to the internet and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not connected to the internet and all
+sorts of stuff so you need to comply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of stuff so you need to comply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of stuff so you need to comply
+with the requirement of the partner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the requirement of the partner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the requirement of the partner and
+the requirement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirement of
+MIT but there is a lot of data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT but there is a lot of data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT but there is a lot of data that's
+kind of this like one step further is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this like one step further is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this like one step further is
+there it's not immediately available you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's not immediately available you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's not immediately available you
+might have to pay for it or you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to pay for it or you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to pay for it or you might
+have to convince someone to give it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to convince someone to give it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to convince someone to give it for
+you that would otherwise want to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that would otherwise want to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that would otherwise want to charge
+you for it but it is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for it but it is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for it but it is uh
+getable and sometime it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getable and sometime it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getable and sometime it's really not
+there so you have to go Harvest it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you have to go Harvest it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you have to go Harvest it
+yourself Esther are you going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself Esther are you going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself Esther are you going to say
+anything about Freedom of Information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about Freedom of Information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about Freedom of Information
+Act oh yes no so I should have okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act oh yes no so I should have okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act oh yes no so I should have okay uh
+that's kind of a way of harvesting data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a way of harvesting data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a way of harvesting data
+to imagine a third bullet here Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine a third bullet here Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine a third bullet here Freedom
+of Information Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Information Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Information Act
+some data that is not in the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data that is not in the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data that is not in the internet
+today really should be there because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today really should be there because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today really should be there because it
+belongs to the public for example Angela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the public for example Angela
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the public for example Angela
+I think used a Freedom of Information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think used a Freedom of Information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think used a Freedom of Information
+Act to get some of the data on her uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act to get some of the data on her uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act to get some of the data on her uh on
+her for thesis so maybe you can just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her for thesis so maybe you can just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her for thesis so maybe you can just say
+it and I'll repeat it for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'll repeat it for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'll repeat it for the for the
+camera I got data from The Drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera I got data from The Drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera I got data from The Drug
+Enforcement Administration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enforcement Administration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enforcement Administration by
+information I do not recommend for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I do not recommend for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I do not recommend for this
+class trying to do that because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class trying to do that because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class trying to do that because they are
+extremely slow and do not like to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely slow and do not like to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely slow and do not like to give
+away their data for probably obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away their data for probably obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away their data for probably obvious
+reasons and um for whatever reason some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons and um for whatever reason some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons and um for whatever reason some
+government agencies don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government agencies don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government agencies don't have a
+standardized way to request data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized way to request data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized way to request data from
+them it's not like they have a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's not like they have a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's not like they have a way to
+engage with researchers they just say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage with researchers they just say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage with researchers they just say we
+don't care that you're a researcher from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care that you're a researcher from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care that you're a researcher from
+MIT or you know Joo who wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT or you know Joo who wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT or you know Joo who wants
+information on his files from The Drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on his files from The Drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on his files from The Drug
+Enforcement Administration because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enforcement Administration because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enforcement Administration because he
+thinks that they've been spying on him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that they've been spying on him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that they've been spying on him
+or whatever so basically they just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever so basically they just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever so basically they just put
+everyone through the same process and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone through the same process and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone through the same process and um
+in order to do that you have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that you have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that you have to write
+them a letter following a certain like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a letter following a certain like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a letter following a certain like
+legal format and say no I'm requesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal format and say no I'm requesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal format and say no I'm requesting
+this under the Freedom of Information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this under the Freedom of Information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this under the Freedom of Information
+Act and then you have to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act and then you have to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act and then you have to go back and
+forth and appeal it from a lot and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and appeal it from a lot and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and appeal it from a lot and it's
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+exciting so just just a tiny bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting so just just a tiny bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting so just just a tiny bit of
+background the Freedom of Information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background the Freedom of Information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background the Freedom of Information
+Act I I can't remember when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act I I can't remember when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act I I can't remember when it was
+passed but it was basically a law that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed but it was basically a law that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed but it was basically a law that
+said that government uh collected data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that government uh collected data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that government uh collected data
+unless it's um confidential unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's um confidential unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's um confidential unless
+there's some reason that the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some reason that the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some reason that the government
+um needs to keep it confidential should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um needs to keep it confidential should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um needs to keep it confidential should
+be available to any member of the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be available to any member of the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be available to any member of the public
+who requests it and so you was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who requests it and so you was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who requests it and so you was talking
+about sort of a cumbersome process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of a cumbersome process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of a cumbersome process to
+sometimes get the government to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes get the government to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes get the government to to uh
+you know comply with this but in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know comply with this but in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know comply with this but in in
+theory uh and this this this goes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory uh and this this this goes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory uh and this this this goes for
+the federal government state governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government state governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government state governments
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+governments and police it is generally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments and police it is generally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments and police it is generally a
+as a note of background a lot of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a note of background a lot of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a note of background a lot of what
+I'm telling you today I'm not asly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you today I'm not asly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you today I'm not asly
+recommending you're doing for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending you're doing for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending you're doing for this class
+right like uh trying to get a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like uh trying to get a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like uh trying to get a data
+sharing agreement with Facebook is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing agreement with Facebook is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing agreement with Facebook is also
+not happening in this class it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happening in this class it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happening in this class it's going
+to take a little longer but uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a little longer but uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a little longer but uh it is
+useful to have all of the sources other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to have all of the sources other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to have all of the sources other
+countries also have the equivalent of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries also have the equivalent of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries also have the equivalent of uh
+Freedom of Information Act uh known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom of Information Act uh known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom of Information Act uh known to
+people who like this as foer for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like this as foer for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like this as foer for example
+India has a Freedom of Information Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India has a Freedom of Information Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India has a Freedom of Information Act
+equivalent and you can request data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and you can request data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and you can request data and
+they and they give it uh so more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and they give it uh so more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and they give it uh so more and
+more data becomes publicly available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data becomes publicly available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data becomes publicly available
+anywhere uh over time uh governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere uh over time uh governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere uh over time uh governments
+tend to be more transparent than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be more transparent than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be more transparent than they
+have been but what is not there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been but what is not there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been but what is not there and you
+want you might be able to get hold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you might be able to get hold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you might be able to get hold of
+about things like from um websites like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like from um websites like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like from um websites like
+LinkedIn or Twitter or yes I'm coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LinkedIn or Twitter or yes I'm coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LinkedIn or Twitter or yes I'm coming to
+Twitter have their API public but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter have their API public but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter have their API public but then
+they sto that for a while I'm coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sto that for a while I'm coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sto that for a while I'm coming to
+Twitter in a bit yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter in a bit yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter in a bit yeah
+um yes a quick question um so the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes a quick question um so the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes a quick question um so the there
+it seems that there's more confidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems that there's more confidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems that there's more confidential
+information than non-confidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than non-confidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than non-confidential
+information on Via the government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on Via the government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on Via the government and
+all the different levels um is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different levels um is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different levels um is there
+like a website or some place that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a website or some place that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a website or some place that shows
+what is publicly available data.gov has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is publicly available data.gov has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is publicly available data.gov has
+a lot of stuff so that's a good place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff so that's a good place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff so that's a good place to
+start and then typically uh you will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and then typically uh you will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and then typically uh you will the
+way you arrive at the desire to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you arrive at the desire to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you arrive at the desire to do a
+Freedom of Information Act request is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom of Information Act request is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom of Information Act request is
+that you are thinking about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are thinking about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are thinking about your
+research project or the project you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research project or the project you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research project or the project you want
+to do could be for a company or using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do could be for a company or using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do could be for a company or using
+your project and you're thinking oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project and you're thinking oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project and you're thinking oh I
+really need some data on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need some data on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need some data on the number of
+of arrests that have been made for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrests that have been made for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrests that have been made for uh
+you know possession of uh regulated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know possession of uh regulated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know possession of uh regulated uh
+prescription drugs um and then you was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drugs um and then you was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription drugs um and then you was
+like okay let me see whether the Drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay let me see whether the Drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay let me see whether the Drug
+Enforcement Administration has it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enforcement Administration has it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enforcement Administration has it was
+like no okay then probably I will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no okay then probably I will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no okay then probably I will need
+to so you kind of arrive this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so you kind of arrive this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so you kind of arrive this way
+usually at this type of data you arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually at this type of data you arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually at this type of data you arrive
+at you don't you don't start from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you don't you don't start from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you don't you don't start from the
+universe of the data that could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of the data that could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of the data that could possibly
+exist and see what is there there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and see what is there there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and see what is there there and
+what you need to get foer from but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to get foer from but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to get foer from but
+you're thinking of the data you need and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking of the data you need and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking of the data you need and
+then try and find it from available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try and find it from available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try and find it from available
+sources and determine that the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and determine that the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and determine that the rest
+should be accessible this way or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be accessible this way or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be accessible this way or that
+way yeah I just had a Qui anecdote with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeah I just had a Qui anecdote with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeah I just had a Qui anecdote with
+regard to the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to the of
+f um there's a great story about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f um there's a great story about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f um there's a great story about how
+somebody wanted but some budgetary data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wanted but some budgetary data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wanted but some budgetary data
+from the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the state of
+California and well while the governor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and well while the governor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and well while the governor
+didn't refuse because he can't he sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't refuse because he can't he sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't refuse because he can't he sent
+back a note saying that the the cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a note saying that the the cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a note saying that the the cost to
+the state government to actually compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state government to actually compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state government to actually compile
+the data they wanted would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data they wanted would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data they wanted would be more
+costly to the government than if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly to the government than if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly to the government than if they
+didn't send it all together because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't send it all together because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't send it all together because they
+didn't have the infrastructure to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the infrastructure to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the infrastructure to do so
+so that would probably be another area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would probably be another area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would probably be another area
+where you try to get other sources as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you try to get other sources as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you try to get other sources as
+opposed to going to the official you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to going to the official you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to going to the official you
+could get the yeah I mean or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get the yeah I mean or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get the yeah I mean or you could
+fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight
+back saying that you must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back saying that you must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back saying that you must be
+joking can't get tax you can't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joking can't get tax you can't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joking can't get tax you can't get the
+budget data so what's what's the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget data so what's what's the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget data so what's what's the limit
+to to this freom act like I mean um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to this freom act like I mean um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to this freom act like I mean um for
+example if it's let's say Facebook okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if it's let's say Facebook okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if it's let's say Facebook okay
+oh oh Freedom of Information Act is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh Freedom of Information Act is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh Freedom of Information Act is for
+public data it's only public data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public data it's only public data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public data it's only public data
+Facebook can keep the public locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook can keep the public locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook can keep the public locations
+like a company let's say they have they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a company let's say they have they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a company let's say they have they
+have it's not public data Freedom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's not public data Freedom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's not public data Freedom of
+Information Act applies to public data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Act applies to public data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Act applies to public data
+government collected data government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government collected data government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government collected data government
+collected data not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected data not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected data not
+uh yeah but Freedom of Information Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah but Freedom of Information Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah but Freedom of Information Act
+is government collected datails so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is government collected datails so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is government collected datails so
+government does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government does not
+you know for obvious reason government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for obvious reason government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for obvious reason government
+does not regulate what companies must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not regulate what companies must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not regulate what companies must
+make available now companies have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make available now companies have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make available now companies have their
+own self- regulation and so uh but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own self- regulation and so uh but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own self- regulation and so uh but and
+some of them do put data out uh but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them do put data out uh but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them do put data out uh but they
+they do whatever it is they want so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do whatever it is they want so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do whatever it is they want so
+anything that is not government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is not government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is not government
+collected data if it is not there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected data if it is not there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected data if it is not there then
+you will you you are entirely reliant on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will you you are entirely reliant on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will you you are entirely reliant on
+the Goodwill of of of the company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Goodwill of of of the company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Goodwill of of of the company in
+question very ly because I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question very ly because I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question very ly because I mean the
+government would have my address would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government would have my address would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government would have my address would
+have my passport so there's there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my passport so there's there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my passport so there's there are
+exceptions to Foya that include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions to Foya that include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions to Foya that include
+identifiable data so for example I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable data so for example I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable data so for example I can't
+get certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get certain
+data there is there is research that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there is there is research that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there is there is research that
+just came out that that said with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came out that that said with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came out that that said with three
+little pieces of information that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces of information that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces of information that are
+not your credit card that it's not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not your credit card that it's not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not your credit card that it's not your
+name it's not your address you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it's not your address you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it's not your address you can
+easily recognize people from a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily recognize people from a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily recognize people from a data set
+right this is very argumentative so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is very argumentative so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is very argumentative so it
+is extremely AR so whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely AR so whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely AR so whether or not
+something is re-identifiable and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is re-identifiable and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is re-identifiable and whether
+you will re-identify it is like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will re-identify it is like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will re-identify it is like sort of
+up to the government agency and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the government agency and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the government agency and if they
+don't want to give it to you then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to give it to you then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to give it to you then they
+will make an argument that oh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make an argument that oh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make an argument that oh you know
+this is reiden like I can't get far I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is reiden like I can't get far I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is reiden like I can't get far I
+can't get uh C code level data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get uh C code level data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get uh C code level data on
+pharmacies because it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies because it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacies because it might be
+re-identifiable but I can get state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-identifiable but I can get state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-identifiable but I can get state
+level data you know how you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level data you know how you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level data you know how you know how
+it's it's basically coming down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's basically coming down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's basically coming down to
+argument when it comes to and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument when it comes to and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument when it comes to and and this
+goes back to the point that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the point that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the point that you were
+making earlier I think this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making earlier I think this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making earlier I think this is the
+unfortunately many more things become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately many more things become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately many more things become
+re-identifiable over time because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-identifiable over time because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-identifiable over time because we
+have much more information from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much more information from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much more information from other
+sour than we used to have so this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sour than we used to have so this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sour than we used to have so this is in
+permanent flux so another answer they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent flux so another answer they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent flux so another answer they
+can give you is other than it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you is other than it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you is other than it's going to
+cost us too much money to generate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost us too much money to generate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost us too much money to generate that
+information is to say well there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is to say well there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is to say well there's no
+way we can give you that data uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can give you that data uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can give you that data uh in a
+way that protects the the people on from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that protects the the people on from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that protects the the people on from
+whom it is collected so sorry so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom it is collected so sorry so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom it is collected so sorry so that
+could happen uh what is clear is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen uh what is clear is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen uh what is clear is that
+their uh duty to even answer you is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh duty to even answer you is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh duty to even answer you is only
+for government collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data uh so the internet has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh so the internet has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh so the internet has a lot of
+data uh I'm going to very brief I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh I'm going to very brief I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh I'm going to very brief I'm
+going to like scrape the surface of web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to like scrape the surface of web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to like scrape the surface of web
+scraping uh partly because I assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping uh partly because I assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping uh partly because I assume that
+there is at least more Collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is at least more Collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is at least more Collective
+knowledge of it uh in this class than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of it uh in this class than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of it uh in this class than I
+have uh and probably even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh and probably even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh and probably even more
+individual knowledge in any of you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual knowledge in any of you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual knowledge in any of you so
+I'm going to stay at a very general uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to stay at a very general uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to stay at a very general uh
+uh very general level and give you I my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very general level and give you I my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very general level and give you I my
+original intent was to have more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original intent was to have more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original intent was to have more on
+collecting data from social networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data from social networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data from social networks
+that's your TW Twi question but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your TW Twi question but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your TW Twi question but I'll
+have just a little thing how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a little thing how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a little thing how it's
+different why it's different um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different why it's different um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different why it's different um so
+what's W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's W
+scrapping uh again I'm sure it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrapping uh again I'm sure it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrapping uh again I'm sure it's more
+news to you than it is to you so to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news to you than it is to you so to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news to you than it is to you so to more
+news to me than it than it is to you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news to me than it than it is to you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news to me than it than it is to you so
+I'm going to try to stay at the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to stay at the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to stay at the level
+where I'm still comfortable um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm still comfortable um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm still comfortable um basically
+you could there are different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could there are different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could there are different ways
+different things you could want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things you could want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things you could want to do
+one of three things you could pull data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of three things you could pull data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of three things you could pull data
+from one page you could want to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one page you could want to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one page you could want to pull
+data from one page you can you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from one page you can you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from one page you can you might
+want to craw an entire website for data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to craw an entire website for data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to craw an entire website for data
+you might have data that that has a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have data that that has a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have data that that has a set
+of forms running in the background and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forms running in the background and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forms running in the background and
+that you want to access those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to access those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to access those
+forms or you can uh you might want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms or you can uh you might want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms or you can uh you might want to do
+any of the above in an ongoing fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the above in an ongoing fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the above in an ongoing fashion
+for example because you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example because you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example because you're interested in
+a in a Time series same uh you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a Time series same uh you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a Time series same uh you want to
+construct for example a panel in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct for example a panel in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct for example a panel in which
+case you need repeated observation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you need repeated observation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you need repeated observation over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+yeah cing the web is very time consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cing the web is very time consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cing the web is very time consuming
+and um requires a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um requires a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um requires a lot of uh
+computational Power so I tried at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational Power so I tried at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational Power so I tried at some
+point do my research to um crawl Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point do my research to um crawl Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point do my research to um crawl Google
+SC and there's also limitations from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC and there's also limitations from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC and there's also limitations from the
+website itself where Google would kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website itself where Google would kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website itself where Google would kick
+me out after every p a day so I was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out after every p a day so I was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out after every p a day so I was only
+allowed to C the for 500 people a day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to C the for 500 people a day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to C the for 500 people a day so
+in order to get sufficient data set I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get sufficient data set I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get sufficient data set I
+have to do this for six months and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this for six months and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this for six months and it
+was still not as big as I had hoped for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still not as big as I had hoped for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still not as big as I had hoped for
+so yeah there is none of that is uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there is none of that is uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there is none of that is uh um
+this is type of stuff where uh I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is type of stuff where uh I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is type of stuff where uh I'm going
+to give you the general principle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the general principle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the general principle and
+whenever you get into the detail you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you get into the detail you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you get into the detail you're
+going to find some snags uh which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find some snags uh which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find some snags uh which you
+can uh then bravely uh bravely uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh then bravely uh bravely uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh then bravely uh bravely uh
+Vanquish it's like the foer between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanquish it's like the foer between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanquish it's like the foer between the
+general principle that any government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general principle that any government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general principle that any government
+collected data that's not identifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected data that's not identifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected data that's not identifiable
+you can get an Angela's experience or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get an Angela's experience or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get an Angela's experience or
+your experience in the background there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experience in the background there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experience in the background there
+is a a a number of roadblocks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a a number of roadblocks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a a number of roadblocks in the
+middle but hey if it was too easy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle but hey if it was too easy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle but hey if it was too easy then
+someone else would do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else would do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else would do this
+job so let me give you an example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job so let me give you an example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job so let me give you an example uh
+Sarah and uh um Glen her husband and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah and uh um Glen her husband and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah and uh um Glen her husband and
+colleague uh wanted to uh write a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague uh wanted to uh write a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague uh wanted to uh write a paper
+on uh what internet did to the uh price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh what internet did to the uh price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh what internet did to the uh price
+of used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of used
+books uh so what they want to do at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books uh so what they want to do at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books uh so what they want to do at the
+heart of it is to compare the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of it is to compare the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of it is to compare the price of
+the same Used Books in store and online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Used Books in store and online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Used Books in store and online
+so for that they need a panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that they need a panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that they need a panel
+of prices of the same Used Books the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prices of the same Used Books the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prices of the same Used Books the
+same Used Books title both in physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Used Books title both in physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Used Books title both in physical
+location and on the web over a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and on the web over a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and on the web over a period of
+time so physical location you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so physical location you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so physical location you have to
+show up to the physical location so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up to the physical location so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up to the physical location so
+Sarah goes to the physical location I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah goes to the physical location I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah goes to the physical location I
+done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the
+prices uh but for the web uh for they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices uh but for the web uh for they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices uh but for the web uh for they're
+actually on the site uh which is a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on the site uh which is a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on the site uh which is a box
+uh that's how it looks like uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's how it looks like uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's how it looks like uh one of
+the title that they wanted is the frug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title that they wanted is the frug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title that they wanted is the frug
+Gourmet by Jeff SM so if you wanted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gourmet by Jeff SM so if you wanted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gourmet by Jeff SM so if you wanted the
+price of a fugal Gourmet by Jeff 6 you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a fugal Gourmet by Jeff 6 you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a fugal Gourmet by Jeff 6 you'd
+have to enter it in there and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to enter it in there and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to enter it in there and um the
+form here and then it gives you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form here and then it gives you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form here and then it gives you back
+this web page uh on the I've inspected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this web page uh on the I've inspected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this web page uh on the I've inspected
+the web page on the on the bottom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web page on the on the bottom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web page on the on the bottom to
+to uh to start seeing what we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to start seeing what we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to start seeing what we're looking
+for but what you would see if you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but what you would see if you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but what you would see if you before
+you inspect it is just the the image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inspect it is just the the image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inspect it is just the the image and
+what you really want from that image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really want from that image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really want from that image is
+the the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the
+title uh maybe the you could use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title uh maybe the you could use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title uh maybe the you could use the
+title or the ISBN number uh you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title or the ISBN number uh you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title or the ISBN number uh you want the
+date and you want the price and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date and you want the price and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date and you want the price and there
+are probably several prices on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably several prices on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably several prices on the same
+day so you might want to collect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so you might want to collect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so you might want to collect all
+prices for the same day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices for the same day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices for the same day I
+assume um and you want to do that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume um and you want to do that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume um and you want to do that maybe
+several times uh to get your panel um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times uh to get your panel um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times uh to get your panel um
+maybe not every day I think they did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not every day I think they did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not every day I think they did it
+at several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at several
+so that's what we have and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we have and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we have and that's what
+we want a nice table that we can Import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a nice table that we can Import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a nice table that we can Import
+in r with the name of the titles or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in r with the name of the titles or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in r with the name of the titles or the
+ISBN number for lots of titles the date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISBN number for lots of titles the date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISBN number for lots of titles the date
+and the price or prices for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the price or prices for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the price or prices for that
+date uh so how do we do that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date uh so how do we do that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date uh so how do we do that so that
+project is a little less um ambitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is a little less um ambitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is a little less um ambitious
+than maybe your Google color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than maybe your Google color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than maybe your Google color
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+uh so some websites uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so some websites uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so some websites uh for example
+Twitter uh will not really let you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter uh will not really let you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter uh will not really let you do
+that without trying to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without trying to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without trying to figure out what
+it is you're doing so they have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you're doing so they have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you're doing so they have their
+own uh application program interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own uh application program interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own uh application program interface
+which basically export the data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically export the data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically export the data for
+you uh in exchange of you registering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in exchange of you registering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in exchange of you registering
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+it and uh and get uh and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh and get uh and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh and get uh and then you get
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+data sort of on their terms but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sort of on their terms but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sort of on their terms but it's
+publicly available it's public data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available it's public data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available it's public data so
+you can it's visible so in principle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can it's visible so in principle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can it's visible so in principle you
+could call it but they will give you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it but they will give you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it but they will give you uh
+they have a they they have an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a they they have an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a they they have an an
+application that is specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that is specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that is specifically
+developed to exchange data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed to exchange data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed to exchange data
+Twitter has one and Facebook has one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter has one and Facebook has one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter has one and Facebook has one and
+uh in fact many other website has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact many other website has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact many other website has one
+but for this big Social Network website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this big Social Network website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this big Social Network website
+using their API is sort of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their API is sort of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their API is sort of the the the
+way to go I didn't know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go I didn't know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go I didn't know about the
+Twitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter
+recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent
+uh things so typically you would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things so typically you would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things so typically you would use
+those ones to you sign an agreement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ones to you sign an agreement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ones to you sign an agreement you
+can get even get authorization from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get even get authorization from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get even get authorization from
+Individual people to follow them Etc to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Individual people to follow them Etc to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Individual people to follow them Etc to
+harvest the data from those sites so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest the data from those sites so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest the data from those sites so
+each will have a specific way to proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each will have a specific way to proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each will have a specific way to proceed
+the advantage is that generally it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage is that generally it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage is that generally it looks
+like once you learn for that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like once you learn for that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like once you learn for that particular
+website you can reuse so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website you can reuse so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website you can reuse so for example if
+you remember the data you saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the data you saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the data you saw in the
+first uh in the first um lecture about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh in the first um lecture about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh in the first um lecture about
+the social networks of the sieron people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social networks of the sieron people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social networks of the sieron people
+they were they have been extracted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they have been extracted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they have been extracted from
+Facebook with using Facebook own API uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook with using Facebook own API uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook with using Facebook own API uh
+which is called net Visa something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called net Visa something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called net Visa something like
+that um we can I I can tell you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we can I I can tell you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we can I I can tell you more
+about that later uh if you you want or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later uh if you you want or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later uh if you you want or
+we can or we can follow up as needed if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can or we can follow up as needed if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can or we can follow up as needed if
+people want to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to work on
+that but a lot don't uh and even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but a lot don't uh and even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but a lot don't uh and even when
+they do uh they don't necessarily they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do uh they don't necessarily they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do uh they don't necessarily they
+keep updating the website and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep updating the website and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep updating the website and don't
+update the API that go with it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the API that go with it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the API that go with it or
+something like that uh so the website is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that uh so the website is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that uh so the website is
+usually better maintained than the API
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually better maintained than the API
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually better maintained than the API
+so you will typically want to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will typically want to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will typically want to go to the
+website so the website in a sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so the website in a sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so the website in a sense is
+becomes your API that's the the web page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes your API that's the the web page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes your API that's the the web page
+is what's there in a much more reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's there in a much more reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's there in a much more reliable
+way so you set up you you have to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so you set up you you have to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so you set up you you have to set up
+your own little software that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own little software that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own little software that is going
+to extract what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract what you need
+to and there are many sets of tools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and there are many sets of tools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and there are many sets of tools and
+an infinite number of tutorials on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite number of tutorials on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite number of tutorials on the
+internet uh that will help you extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet uh that will help you extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet uh that will help you extract
+the information you're looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information you're looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information you're looking for a
+page ah yes really you can uh do web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page ah yes really you can uh do web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page ah yes really you can uh do web
+scraping in R uh for simple table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping in R uh for simple table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping in R uh for simple table
+actually it's really easy there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's really easy there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's really easy there is
+something called XML Library and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called XML Library and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called XML Library and a
+common called read HTML table and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common called read HTML table and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common called read HTML table and I
+tried it out before putting it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried it out before putting it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried it out before putting it if you
+have a table it's actually really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a table it's actually really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a table it's actually really easy
+if what's in the background is a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what's in the background is a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what's in the background is a table
+in the HTML file you write read HTML and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the HTML file you write read HTML and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the HTML file you write read HTML and
+poof you get your table so if that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poof you get your table so if that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poof you get your table so if that's a
+table you want actually why not there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table you want actually why not there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table you want actually why not there's
+a nice video that explain how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice video that explain how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice video that explain how to do
+it something that I have not invested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it something that I have not invested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it something that I have not invested in
+in term of figure out whether it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in term of figure out whether it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in term of figure out whether it worked
+but so I'm putting this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I'm putting this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I'm putting this with a
+disclaimer is there's something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclaimer is there's something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclaimer is there's something called
+Harvest which is uh basically um copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvest which is uh basically um copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvest which is uh basically um copy
+and paste of beautiful soup for uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paste of beautiful soup for uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paste of beautiful soup for uh I'm
+going to beautiful soup in a minute uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to beautiful soup in a minute uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to beautiful soup in a minute uh
+for R so in principle it's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R so in principle it's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R so in principle it's supposed to
+be doing the same thing uh and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing the same thing uh and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing the same thing uh and maybe
+it's not good yet maybe it is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not good yet maybe it is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not good yet maybe it is already
+good and you can you can try using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and you can you can try using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and you can you can try using that
+uh certainly the if you have easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certainly the if you have easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certainly the if you have easy
+project like extracting table the read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project like extracting table the read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project like extracting table the read
+xtml HTML will work fine and this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xtml HTML will work fine and this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xtml HTML will work fine and this might
+work better for easy project a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work better for easy project a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work better for easy project a more
+conventional way is to is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional way is to is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional way is to is to use
+Python uh there's some entry cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python uh there's some entry cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python uh there's some entry cost
+because you have to Learn Python but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to Learn Python but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to Learn Python but the
+advantage is that the internet is full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage is that the internet is full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage is that the internet is full
+of tutorials and because it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tutorials and because it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tutorials and because it's more
+conventional there is more tutorial for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional there is more tutorial for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional there is more tutorial for
+using Python and for using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Python and for using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Python and for using
+R so you need python which is free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so you need python which is free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so you need python which is free and
+Peep which is going to be used to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peep which is going to be used to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peep which is going to be used to uh
+request all the library that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request all the library that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request all the library that you need
+both of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are
+F uh and then you will need to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F uh and then you will need to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F uh and then you will need to use this
+famous beautiful soup so beautiful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous beautiful soup so beautiful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous beautiful soup so beautiful is
+basically a set of tools in Python that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a set of tools in Python that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a set of tools in Python that
+uh are already pre-programmed to say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are already pre-programmed to say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are already pre-programmed to say if
+you're looking for you know how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for you know how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for you know how that
+very easily tells him please uh find all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily tells him please uh find all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily tells him please uh find all
+of those things that looks like prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things that looks like prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things that looks like prices
+on the data set so you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data set so you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data set so you don't have to
+yourself analyze the text and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself analyze the text and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself analyze the text and figure out
+that there is a class that's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a class that's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a class that's actually a
+price Etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Etc so
+uh a lot of this is already most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of this is already most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of this is already most of the
+things that you might want to do are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you might want to do are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you might want to do are
+already they already have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already they already have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already they already have a little
+command in beautiful soup so they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command in beautiful soup so they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command in beautiful soup so they become
+it becomes relatively easy to use even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes relatively easy to use even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes relatively easy to use even
+if you're not a a champion programmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not a a champion programmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not a a champion programmer
+which I am I'm not so back to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I am I'm not so back to the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I am I'm not so back to the a
+books data um website uh I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books data um website uh I I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books data um website uh I I've
+inspected the page and I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected the page and I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected the page and I'm looking for
+prices so I've clicked on the price here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices so I've clicked on the price here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices so I've clicked on the price here
+to inspect the element and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inspect the element and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inspect the element and you can see
+that the the there is a sp there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the there is a sp there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the there is a sp there is a
+class price is a class so all the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class price is a class so all the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class price is a class so all the prices
+will be identified by by this keyword so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be identified by by this keyword so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be identified by by this keyword so
+it's going to be really easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be really easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be really easy for
+beautiful soup to search for the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful soup to search for the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful soup to search for the prices
+uh the so you will basically instruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the so you will basically instruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the so you will basically instruct
+them to search for anything that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to search for anything that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to search for anything that's a
+price it's nicely indicated by the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price it's nicely indicated by the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price it's nicely indicated by the thing
+so it's not going to be too difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not going to be too difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not going to be too difficult
+for you to do that and then you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do that and then you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do that and then you're going
+to do it again and again with the caveat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it again and again with the caveat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it again and again with the caveat
+that maybe after sometime you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe after sometime you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe after sometime you're going
+to be kicked out by the website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kicked out by the website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kicked out by the website and
+stuff like that again Angela used a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that again Angela used a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that again Angela used a lot
+of web scraping for ition she's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of web scraping for ition she's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of web scraping for ition she's like a
+living repository of valious techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living repository of valious techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living repository of valious techniques
+so she'll do a bit more in retion if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she'll do a bit more in retion if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she'll do a bit more in retion if
+people are interested on how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so this is using data that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is using data that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is using data that's in
+the internet for a fleeting period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet for a fleeting period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet for a fleeting period of
+time and you harvest before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you harvest before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you harvest before it
+disappears um and then finally you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears um and then finally you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears um and then finally you might
+decide that you want to collect your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that you want to collect your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that you want to collect your own
+data you might think oh well it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you might think oh well it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you might think oh well it's not
+feasible but it's not it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible but it's not it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible but it's not it's not that
+invisible uh you can collect data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible uh you can collect data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible uh you can collect data from
+the Internet by using survey tool such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet by using survey tool such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet by using survey tool such
+as Survey Monkey for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Survey Monkey for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Survey Monkey for
+example you can uh install apps on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can uh install apps on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can uh install apps on
+willing participants that will track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing participants that will track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing participants that will track
+their movement other things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their movement other things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their movement other things you're
+interested in for example if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in for example if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in for example if you're
+interested in knowing how uh a sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in knowing how uh a sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in knowing how uh a sample of
+people are commuting uh uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are commuting uh uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are commuting uh uh or
+circulating within MIT there are free uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating within MIT there are free uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating within MIT there are free uh
+apps that people can download on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps that people can download on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps that people can download on their
+phone that will track people's movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone that will track people's movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone that will track people's movement
+and download them and give them to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and download them and give them to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and download them and give them to you
+and you can even communicate them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can even communicate them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can even communicate them back
+to them say saying please today don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them say saying please today don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them say saying please today don't
+take the te to come to MIT but take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the te to come to MIT but take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the te to come to MIT but take your
+bike and then you can see whether people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike and then you can see whether people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike and then you can see whether people
+responds to this kind of entreaty or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to this kind of entreaty or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to this kind of entreaty or not
+that's not very interesting experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very interesting experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very interesting experiment
+but that's that's what would be one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's what would be one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's what would be one one
+example of experiment where you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of experiment where you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of experiment where you be
+collecting your own data of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting your own data of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting your own data of course you
+need to get approval from the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get approval from the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get approval from the people
+where you installing the app uh Etc but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you installing the app uh Etc but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you installing the app uh Etc but
+it wouldn't be that difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be that difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be that difficult to
+do or you can sit in the science qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or you can sit in the science qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or you can sit in the science qu
+Center and administer some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and administer some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and administer some
+questionnaires and of course if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires and of course if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires and of course if you have
+more M you can organize a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more M you can organize a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more M you can organize a data
+collection team to collect whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection team to collect whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection team to collect whatever it
+is you'd like uh and then you enter into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'd like uh and then you enter into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'd like uh and then you enter into
+these kind of issues of how to get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of issues of how to get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of issues of how to get good
+quality data and stuff like that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality data and stuff like that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality data and stuff like that if you
+want to go this one step you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go this one step you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go this one step you probably
+need little bit of uh of of advice uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need little bit of uh of of advice uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need little bit of uh of of advice uh um
+Jal is going to put on the internet over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jal is going to put on the internet over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jal is going to put on the internet over
+the years a data collection course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years a data collection course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years a data collection course that
+is going to go over all sorts of methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go over all sorts of methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go over all sorts of methods
+to collect collect data yeah so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect collect data yeah so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect collect data yeah so for
+visual you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual you
+for all of them for absolutely all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them for absolutely all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them for absolutely all of
+them this is the steps uh steps for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is the steps uh steps for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is the steps uh steps for
+collecting your own data and need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting your own data and need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting your own data and need to
+obtain the funding you may need it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the funding you may need it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the funding you may need it might
+be zero if it's installing an app on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero if it's installing an app on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero if it's installing an app on
+your friend's uh data set you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend's uh data set you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend's uh data set you need to
+prepare a data collection and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare a data collection and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare a data collection and data
+management plan so the data management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management plan so the data management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management plan so the data management
+plan you have examples on the library of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you have examples on the library of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you have examples on the library of
+what you need to do but what's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do but what's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do but what's very
+important is how will you keep the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is how will you keep the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is how will you keep the data
+safe because you will have individual uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe because you will have individual uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe because you will have individual uh
+level data Maybe not highly sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level data Maybe not highly sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level data Maybe not highly sensitive
+maybe highly sensitive depending what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe highly sensitive depending what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe highly sensitive depending what
+you collect data on but whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you collect data on but whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you collect data on but whatever it is
+if it's onw on the internet if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's onw on the internet if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's onw on the internet if it's a
+surveys you collect in the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys you collect in the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys you collect in the science
+center you will have individual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center you will have individual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center you will have individual level
+potentially identifiable data so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially identifiable data so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially identifiable data so you
+need to say how it's going to be kept uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say how it's going to be kept uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say how it's going to be kept uh
+in particular you will need to encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular you will need to encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular you will need to encrypt
+it and stuff like that so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and stuff like that so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and stuff like that so you need to
+develop that plan you need to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that plan you need to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that plan you need to decide
+whether it's going to be shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's going to be shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's going to be shared
+eventually and if so in what how once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually and if so in what how once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually and if so in what how once
+you've done that you take that and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that you take that and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that you take that and your
+proposal for the project and you obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal for the project and you obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal for the project and you obtain
+human subject approval from the IRB from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subject approval from the IRB from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subject approval from the IRB from
+the so at MIT it's the committee on use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so at MIT it's the committee on use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so at MIT it's the committee on use
+of the human as experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human as experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human as experimental
+subjects uh in any other institution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects uh in any other institution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects uh in any other institution we
+have an IRB uh the IRB is going to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an IRB uh the IRB is going to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an IRB uh the IRB is going to check
+that you're not doing something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not doing something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not doing something that's
+unethical and also that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethical and also that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethical and also that you're
+protecting people's uh uh the safety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting people's uh uh the safety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting people's uh uh the safety of
+people's data uh then you pilot your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's data uh then you pilot your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's data uh then you pilot your
+data collection instrument you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection instrument you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection instrument you see
+whether they it snags it works Etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they it snags it works Etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they it snags it works Etc and
+when everything is in place you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everything is in place you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everything is in place you
+implement so this kind of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement so this kind of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement so this kind of the the the
+broad steps of collecting your own data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad steps of collecting your own data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad steps of collecting your own data
+yes um so in some scenarios such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um so in some scenarios such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um so in some scenarios such as
+resource limited environments you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource limited environments you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource limited environments you might
+want to use paper collection method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use paper collection method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use paper collection method
+translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate
+that dat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dat
+col arees available for writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col arees available for writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col arees available for writing
+questionnaires well for translating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires well for translating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires well for translating a
+paper uh like a St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh like a St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh like a St
+paper uh no uh what you're doing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh no uh what you're doing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh no uh what you're doing is that
+you're typing it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're typing it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're typing it up
+so not good ones so Jal we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not good ones so Jal we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not good ones so Jal we've
+experimented with a lot of that as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with a lot of that as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with a lot of that as you
+can imagine so we used to do everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine so we used to do everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine so we used to do everything
+on paper and enter everything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper and enter everything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper and enter everything so
+basically you create uh a software that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you create uh a software that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you create uh a software that
+is looks very much like your survey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looks very much like your survey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looks very much like your survey and
+the data entry people enter it from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data entry people enter it from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data entry people enter it from that
+database uh and you have to enter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database uh and you have to enter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database uh and you have to enter it
+twice because of data entry errors it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice because of data entry errors it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice because of data entry errors it's
+a p and reconcile the two it's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p and reconcile the two it's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p and reconcile the two it's a huge
+pain uh so we tried to do exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain uh so we tried to do exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain uh so we tried to do exactly that
+there they were for a while company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they were for a while company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they were for a while company that
+offer to scan survey it never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer to scan survey it never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer to scan survey it never really
+worked too well and we've switched to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked too well and we've switched to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked too well and we've switched to
+digital data collection Almost 100% so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital data collection Almost 100% so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital data collection Almost 100% so
+even in resource Port setting it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in resource Port setting it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in resource Port setting it is
+cheaper to do digital data collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper to do digital data collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper to do digital data collection
+tablets are now cheap enough that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets are now cheap enough that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets are now cheap enough that it's
+just not worth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hassle when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hassle when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hassle when you
+connect do you create your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect do you create your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect do you create your own
+application for the do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application for the do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application for the do you
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+software so there are applications that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so there are applications that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so there are applications that
+help you write your own application so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you write your own application so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you write your own application so
+there are software that are now very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are software that are now very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are software that are now very
+well done that you use to create your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well done that you use to create your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well done that you use to create your
+own application for your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own application for your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own application for your own
+survey uh so you can that's quite easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey uh so you can that's quite easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey uh so you can that's quite easy
+to do so for us often we have reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so for us often we have reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so for us often we have reasonably
+complicated surveys so we we we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated surveys so we we we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated surveys so we we we have to
+write we take a but even for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write we take a but even for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write we take a but even for a very
+complicated survey it takes just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated survey it takes just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated survey it takes just a
+couple of weeks to get the the survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks to get the the survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks to get the the survey
+very nicely so it's something that is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely so it's something that is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely so it's something that is as
+easy for someone to use or even easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for someone to use or even easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for someone to use or even easier
+than a paper form uh very intuitive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a paper form uh very intuitive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a paper form uh very intuitive and
+people can type on it Etc uh you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can type on it Etc uh you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can type on it Etc uh you you can
+do there are all sorts of resources Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do there are all sorts of resources Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do there are all sorts of resources Now
+to create those those survey survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create those those survey survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create those those survey survey
+collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection
+forms um and oh I was just going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um and oh I was just going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um and oh I was just going to say
+that um if the so I have done it where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if the so I have done it where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if the so I have done it where
+there's a PDF reader package and python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a PDF reader package and python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a PDF reader package and python
+that works pretty well so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works pretty well so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works pretty well so if you have
+OCR like uh uh papers that have regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCR like uh uh papers that have regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCR like uh uh papers that have regular
+tables it can work pretty well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables it can work pretty well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables it can work pretty well I think
+it depends a lot on the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends a lot on the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends a lot on the shape of the
+data inside of the document so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data inside of the document so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data inside of the document so if it's
+like a pretty regular table you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pretty regular table you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pretty regular table you can then
+extract the table using Python and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the table using Python and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the table using Python and then
+extract the data from there I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the data from there I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the data from there I think the
+bottom how it looks like easily write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom how it looks like easily write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom how it looks like easily write a
+code if you can imagine writing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code if you can imagine writing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code if you can imagine writing if you
+had the table in front of you you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the table in front of you you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the table in front of you you could
+easily write code to generate the DAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily write code to generate the DAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily write code to generate the DAT
+you wanted from it then you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted from it then you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted from it then you can do it
+and if not then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the bottom line is this is been lip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bottom line is this is been lip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bottom line is this is been lip
+frogged if you're going to collect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frogged if you're going to collect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frogged if you're going to collect your
+own data today you typically will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own data today you typically will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own data today you typically will
+collect it even via phone a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect it even via phone a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect it even via phone a
+smartphone a question about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphone a question about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphone a question about the
+protection of subjects how are firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection of subjects how are firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection of subjects how are firms
+treated differently than individuals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated differently than individuals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated differently than individuals in
+data protection and does that vary based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data protection and does that vary based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data protection and does that vary based
+on the size of the firm that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size of the firm that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size of the firm that's an
+excellent question they are treated very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question they are treated very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question they are treated very
+differently uh because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh because the the
+protection of human subject as uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection of human subject as uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection of human subject as uh a
+subject of research we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of research we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of research we're going to go
+through uh when we just at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh when we just at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh when we just at the time
+where we discuss uh randomized control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we discuss uh randomized control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we discuss uh randomized control
+trial and AB testing we will go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and AB testing we will go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and AB testing we will go back to
+that and I'll do I I'll I'll do a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll do I I'll I'll do a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll do I I'll I'll do a whole
+not a whole lecture but I'll do a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a whole lecture but I'll do a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a whole lecture but I'll do a whole
+little module of a lecture on human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little module of a lecture on human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little module of a lecture on human
+subject protection so I'll just give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject protection so I'll just give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject protection so I'll just give you
+the bottom line now which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line now which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line now which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+research research is the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research research is the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research research is the production of
+generalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable
+knowledge whenever you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge whenever you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge whenever you want to use
+subject in order to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in order to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in order to produce
+generalizable knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable knowledge
+this is research you have one set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is research you have one set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is research you have one set of
+Regulation that applies to you that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulation that applies to you that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulation that applies to you that are
+international agreements on how human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international agreements on how human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international agreements on how human
+sub how uh uh research should be uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub how uh uh research should be uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub how uh uh research should be uh sort
+of the burden of research should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the burden of research should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the burden of research should be
+equally distributed across people uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally distributed across people uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally distributed across people uh the
+the research should be beneficient there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research should be beneficient there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research should be beneficient there
+should be a principle of beneficience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a principle of beneficience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a principle of beneficience
+for for the most part and people's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the most part and people's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the most part and people's uh
+and people should be should have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people should be should have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people should be should have the
+possibility to to consent or not to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to to consent or not to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to to consent or not to to
+research all of these things Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research all of these things Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research all of these things Justice
+information and freedom and beneficience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and freedom and beneficience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and freedom and beneficience
+are the three guiding principle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the three guiding principle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the three guiding principle for
+research subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+firms there are regulations that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms there are regulations that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms there are regulations that just
+have to do with the fact that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with the fact that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with the fact that they
+cannot um yeah they are very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot um yeah they are very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot um yeah they are very different
+regulation in the sense they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in the sense they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in the sense they they they
+when they collect data on you you sign a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they collect data on you you sign a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they collect data on you you sign a
+release that is very long and you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release that is very long and you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release that is very long and you never
+read and then they can do whatever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and then they can do whatever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and then they can do whatever they
+want that is compatible with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that is compatible with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that is compatible with the
+release so if someone wrote in a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release so if someone wrote in a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release so if someone wrote in a data
+release I think I I might be wrong on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release I think I I might be wrong on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release I think I I might be wrong on
+that who tell me if I'm wrong on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that who tell me if I'm wrong on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that who tell me if I'm wrong on that
+but if someone wrote in the data release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if someone wrote in the data release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if someone wrote in the data release
+that by the way your data is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the way your data is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the way your data is going to be
+put freely on the internet with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put freely on the internet with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put freely on the internet with all of
+your identifying information uh do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your identifying information uh do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your identifying information uh do you
+agree and you agree in principle you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and you agree in principle you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and you agree in principle you're
+bound by this agreement or in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound by this agreement or in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound by this agreement or in practice
+someone would go back and say like sue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone would go back and say like sue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone would go back and say like sue
+you forcation so there are some limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forcation so there are some limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forcation so there are some limits
+to to this principle but there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to this principle but there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to this principle but there is no
+overall um Reg tion like there is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall um Reg tion like there is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall um Reg tion like there is in
+research so Farms can do much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so Farms can do much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so Farms can do much more than
+researchers which has led to the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers which has led to the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers which has led to the big
+debate on Facebook works because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate on Facebook works because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate on Facebook works because
+Facebook work for a while was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook work for a while was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook work for a while was not
+covered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered by
+research uh by the same protection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh by the same protection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh by the same protection of
+human subject as research because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subject as research because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subject as research because they
+were doing it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing it for
+themselves and when it become a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and when it become a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and when it become a problem
+in a sense is when we find out about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense is when we find out about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense is when we find out about it
+from the public because it is uh shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the public because it is uh shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the public because it is uh shown
+as a research project in principle they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a research project in principle they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a research project in principle they
+can experiment with you all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want okay we are going like much even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay we are going like much even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay we are going like much even
+slower than I anticipated I knew that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than I anticipated I knew that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than I anticipated I knew that we
+would be slower than I had planned but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be slower than I had planned but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be slower than I had planned but
+uh but I have 10 minutes to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I have 10 minutes to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I have 10 minutes to start
+looking at data once we have it uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at data once we have it uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at data once we have it uh so
+once you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have some
+data I want now to kind of have a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I want now to kind of have a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I want now to kind of have a uh
+what Sarah talked about and why talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Sarah talked about and why talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Sarah talked about and why talked
+about today come back together and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today come back together and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today come back together and they
+we have some data let's look at it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some data let's look at it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some data let's look at it what
+distribution might have it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution might have it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution might have it come
+from so we can start what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so we can start what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so we can start what I want to do
+now is start plotting plotting some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is start plotting plotting some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is start plotting plotting some data
+so how what can know that we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how what can know that we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how what can know that we have some
+data we can look at it we can start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we can look at it we can start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we can look at it we can start by
+plotting histograms then we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting histograms then we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting histograms then we'll be
+plotting Kel density then estimates of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting Kel density then estimates of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting Kel density then estimates of c
+um cdfs conditional distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cdfs conditional distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cdfs conditional distribution
+functions and finally plotting by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and finally plotting by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and finally plotting by
+distribution which can be very useful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which can be very useful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which can be very useful uh
+when the data is comes in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the data is comes in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the data is comes in this form
+so what's a histogram as a def as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's a histogram as a def as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's a histogram as a def as a
+definition histogram is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition histogram is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition histogram is a is
+a uh formally is a function that counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh formally is a function that counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh formally is a function that counts
+the number of observation that fits into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of observation that fits into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of observation that fits into
+each beIN that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each beIN that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each beIN that you've
+specified uh so if n is the total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified uh so if n is the total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified uh so if n is the total number
+of observation that you have in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observation that you have in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observation that you have in your
+data and K the number of beans the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and K the number of beans the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and K the number of beans the
+histogram meets the definition that n as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram meets the definition that n as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram meets the definition that n as
+a SLE size is the sum of the the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a SLE size is the sum of the the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a SLE size is the sum of the the total
+sample the sum of the observation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the sum of the observation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the sum of the observation in
+each pin so so that's formally an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pin so so that's formally an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pin so so that's formally an
+histogram is that in practice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram is that in practice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram is that in practice you
+typically plotted uh so you bin the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically plotted uh so you bin the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically plotted uh so you bin the data
+and you count the number of observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you count the number of observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you count the number of observation
+in each pin and then you plot it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each pin and then you plot it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each pin and then you plot it you
+plot it by plot plotting a a rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it by plot plotting a a rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it by plot plotting a a rectangle
+that's proportional to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to the number of
+such cases you can also choose to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such cases you can also choose to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such cases you can also choose to divide
+it by the total number of observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the total number of observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the total number of observations
+to your data set to obtain the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your data set to obtain the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your data set to obtain the density
+instead of obtaining the uh to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of obtaining the uh to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of obtaining the uh to obtain
+the number so you could either um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number so you could either um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number so you could either um so
+that's an example of a histogram that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of a histogram that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of a histogram that
+comes from data that jle data set from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from data that jle data set from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from data that jle data set from
+an experiment we did on uh in beha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment we did on uh in beha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment we did on uh in beha and
+this is uh female height so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh female height so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh female height so you can see
+that we've decided we have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've decided we have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've decided we have a certain
+number of of of bins and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of of bins and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of of bins and the number of
+Bin tells us in this case uh the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bin tells us in this case uh the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bin tells us in this case uh the density
+so the fraction of observation that fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fraction of observation that fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fraction of observation that fits
+into this bin the height of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this bin the height of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this bin the height of the the
+height of each bar is a fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of each bar is a fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of each bar is a fraction of
+observation that fit into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that fit into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that fit into each
+bin okay uh so this was generated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin okay uh so this was generated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin okay uh so this was generated in
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+uh so this is how one could have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is how one could have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is how one could have written
+it we get the data in we summarize it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we get the data in we summarize it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we get the data in we summarize it to
+make sure these are all numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure these are all numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure these are all numbers and
+stuff like that then we uh we keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that then we uh we keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that then we uh we keep on
+the female by taking a subset and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the female by taking a subset and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the female by taking a subset and then
+okay let's try and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's try and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's try and do the
+histogram PDF it's telling us that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram PDF it's telling us that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram PDF it's telling us that uh
+the output is going to be this PDF file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is going to be this PDF file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is going to be this PDF file
+and then we want to plot a histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we want to plot a histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we want to plot a histogram
+and if we do that well it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we do that well it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we do that well it's not that
+nice it's kind of pretty ugly even by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice it's kind of pretty ugly even by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice it's kind of pretty ugly even by
+default you're not going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default you're not going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default you're not going to have the
+number of beIN that you like the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of beIN that you like the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of beIN that you like the color
+is ugly Etc maybe there is some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ugly Etc maybe there is some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ugly Etc maybe there is some some
+person whose height is zero that is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person whose height is zero that is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person whose height is zero that is kind
+of screwing us up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screwing us up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screwing us up uh
+so so let's try to do a little better uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's try to do a little better uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's try to do a little better uh
+so first I'm going not going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first I'm going not going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first I'm going not going to have the
+zero people because it's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero people because it's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero people because it's supposed to be
+adult height so presumably that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult height so presumably that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult height so presumably that's a
+problem uh I'm going to plot the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh I'm going to plot the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh I'm going to plot the height
+between between a meter 20 and two and 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between a meter 20 and two and 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between a meter 20 and two and 2
+m which would be quite large already I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m which would be quite large already I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m which would be quite large already I'm
+going to say how many um beans I want uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say how many um beans I want uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say how many um beans I want uh
+I'm going to give um um an X axis and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give um um an X axis and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give um um an X axis and a
+y axis and finally I'm going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y axis and finally I'm going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y axis and finally I'm going to use the
+yummy blue color that we use later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yummy blue color that we use later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yummy blue color that we use later and
+I'm getting my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+histogram uh just you know what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram uh just you know what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram uh just you know what happens
+when you use less or fewer bins you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use less or fewer bins you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use less or fewer bins you
+could uh you could play with a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh you could play with a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh you could play with a larger
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+pins uh you can see that you get more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins uh you can see that you get more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins uh you can see that you get more or
+less Precision more or less finess in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less Precision more or less finess in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less Precision more or less finess in
+term of the the variables you have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of the the variables you have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of the the variables you have even
+with lots of beIN it's sort of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of beIN it's sort of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of beIN it's sort of little
+bit cheery so one one uh Next Step you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cheery so one one uh Next Step you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cheery so one one uh Next Step you
+might want to take is to say well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to take is to say well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to take is to say well let's
+try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try
+and see whether we can estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see whether we can estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see whether we can estimate the
+shape of the distribution in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the distribution in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the distribution in a more
+continuous way so instead of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous way so instead of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous way so instead of doing
+histogram really intuitively what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram really intuitively what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram really intuitively what I
+would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like
+would like to do is to draw a line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do is to draw a line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do is to draw a line that
+goes around the histogram sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes around the histogram sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes around the histogram sort of
+espouses it nicely to uh to uh uh draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espouses it nicely to uh to uh uh draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espouses it nicely to uh to uh uh draw a
+um a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a continuous
+function so the kernel density is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so the kernel density is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so the kernel density is a
+nonparametric way to to do that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric way to to do that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric way to to do that it's
+it's a way to estimate the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way to estimate the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way to estimate the probability
+density function for a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function for a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function for a random variable
+it's a straightforward extension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straightforward extension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straightforward extension of the
+histogram at each point instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram at each point instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram at each point instead of
+drawing a vertical line over this bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a vertical line over this bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a vertical line over this bin
+I'm still going to take a bin but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still going to take a bin but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still going to take a bin but I'm
+going to take an average of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take an average of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take an average of all the
+instead of taking the the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking the the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking the the number of
+observation here I'm going to take um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation here I'm going to take um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation here I'm going to take um
+I'm going to count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to count the
+observation in that place but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation in that place but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation in that place but I'm not
+going to I'm going to count them over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I'm going to count them over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I'm going to count them over
+the bin by putting more weight it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bin by putting more weight it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bin by putting more weight it's
+going to be a weighted sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a weighted sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a weighted sum of the
+numbers where I'm going to put more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where I'm going to put more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where I'm going to put more
+weight to the to the point that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight to the to the point that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight to the to the point that are
+closest to my point so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to my point so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to my point so what I'm going to
+do is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to say
+uh for each place at which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for each place at which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for each place at which I'm
+interested in value valuing my histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in value valuing my histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in value valuing my histogram
+and I'm going to do a lot of point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to do a lot of point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to do a lot of point to
+make a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a nice
+looking I'm going to draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking I'm going to draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking I'm going to draw a little
+function could be a any form of function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function could be a any form of function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function could be a any form of function
+but uh uh a nice function would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh a nice function would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh a nice function would be a
+bell shaped function I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell shaped function I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell shaped function I'm going to draw
+suppose I want to estimate the histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I want to estimate the histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I want to estimate the histogram
+here I'm going to draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to draw an
+interval symmetric interval around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval symmetric interval around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval symmetric interval around
+that's going to be my bond with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be my bond with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be my bond with
+I'm going to draw a a little function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a a little function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a a little function
+that's going to be my kernel and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be my kernel and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be my kernel and I'm
+going to count I'm going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to count I'm going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to count I'm going to take the
+weighted average of indicator function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of indicator function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of indicator function
+of how many observations I have exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how many observations I have exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how many observations I have exactly
+here so instead of the histogram would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so instead of the histogram would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so instead of the histogram would
+be a bar over the bond withd and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bar over the bond withd and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bar over the bond withd and this is
+going to be something that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be something that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be something that is going to
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+smoother so that is the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother so that is the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother so that is the that's the
+that's was this function over here tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's was this function over here tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's was this function over here tells
+us so what function do we use for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so what function do we use for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so what function do we use for for
+use for the kernel uh we could even use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for the kernel uh we could even use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for the kernel uh we could even use
+something that is flat where I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is flat where I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is flat where I'm going
+to take the weighted average over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the weighted average over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the weighted average over the
+bandwidth or we could use something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth or we could use something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth or we could use something that
+is uh that is but if we use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that is but if we use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that is but if we use something
+that is bell shaped it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is bell shaped it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is bell shaped it's going to be
+it's going to give us something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to give us something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to give us something that is
+smoother and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother and more
+continuous um so the most common one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous um so the most common one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous um so the most common one is
+something called aanes nikov which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called aanes nikov which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called aanes nikov which is a
+one of these bell shaped bell shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these bell shaped bell shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these bell shaped bell shaped
+function um in practice um of course R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um in practice um of course R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um in practice um of course R
+does that for us pre of charge um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that for us pre of charge um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that for us pre of charge um what
+we need to specify is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to specify is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to specify is the size of the
+bond width B on that liter that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond width B on that liter that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond width B on that liter that's only
+the only big choice we need to do is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only big choice we need to do is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only big choice we need to do is the
+size of the bond width and then what Kel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the bond width and then what Kel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the bond width and then what Kel
+we want to use what function we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to use what function we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to use what function we want to
+use for the weight we want to use a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for the weight we want to use a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for the weight we want to use a uh
+that's all that in practice not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that in practice not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that in practice not so much
+not so important unless you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so important unless you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so important unless you use a
+uniform it's going to all of the bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform it's going to all of the bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform it's going to all of the bell
+shaped one are going to look pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped one are going to look pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped one are going to look pretty much
+the same uh a sne of is what is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh a sne of is what is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh a sne of is what is often
+used as default and you can go with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as default and you can go with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as default and you can go with that
+the bandwidth is going to matter a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth is going to matter a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth is going to matter a lot
+uh let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me show
+you what comes out of this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what comes out of this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what comes out of this this is the
+default bandwidth uh ndo is in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default bandwidth uh ndo is in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default bandwidth uh ndo is in in uh
+this is the bandwidth choice is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the bandwidth choice is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the bandwidth choice is over
+here BW bandwidth that's a default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here BW bandwidth that's a default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here BW bandwidth that's a default
+bandwidth for St for R I'll tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth for St for R I'll tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth for St for R I'll tell you how
+they pick it in a moment uh and eann of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick it in a moment uh and eann of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick it in a moment uh and eann of
+Kernel and this is what we're getting if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kernel and this is what we're getting if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kernel and this is what we're getting if
+we picked different bandwidth we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we picked different bandwidth we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we picked different bandwidth we would
+get different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different uh
+curves and you can see that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and you can see that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and you can see that uh the
+picking a bandwidth that is very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking a bandwidth that is very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking a bandwidth that is very large
+so the the one the one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the one the one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the one the one is
+the picking the one is the one that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picking the one is the one that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picking the one is the one that's at
+the top and then we I have enlarged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and then we I have enlarged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and then we I have enlarged the
+bond width as we go along so picking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond width as we go along so picking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond width as we go along so picking a
+bond width that is very large the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond width that is very large the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond width that is very large the the
+data is trying to find the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is trying to find the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is trying to find the function is
+trying to find data here when really it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find data here when really it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find data here when really it
+doesn't have any because the bond withd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any because the bond withd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any because the bond withd
+is too large compared to the optimal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too large compared to the optimal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too large compared to the optimal one
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the the choice of the bond with I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the choice of the bond with I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the choice of the bond with I'll go
+back to I'll restart next time exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to I'll restart next time exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to I'll restart next time exactly
+where I am but the choice of the BWI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I am but the choice of the BWI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I am but the choice of the BWI is
+uh is dictated by a tradeoff between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is dictated by a tradeoff between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is dictated by a tradeoff between two
+things if your BWI is too small your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if your BWI is too small your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if your BWI is too small your
+function is going to look very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is going to look very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is going to look very very
+Jagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jagger
+Jagged if your bandwidth is too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jagged if your bandwidth is too large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jagged if your bandwidth is too large
+you might miss some important feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might miss some important feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might miss some important feature of
+the data that would have been picked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that would have been picked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that would have been picked by
+a larger by a smaller bandwidth and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger by a smaller bandwidth and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger by a smaller bandwidth and I'll
+show you an example of that uh next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you an example of that uh next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you an example of that uh next time
+the optimal bondway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal bondway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal bondway
+chooses try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses try
+to uh weigh in these two problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh weigh in these two problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh weigh in these two problems so
+it's trying to win the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to win the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to win the um the
+variance the smaller the bond with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the smaller the bond with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the smaller the bond with the
+bigger the variant and the POS possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the variant and the POS possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the variant and the POS possible
+bias which means that there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias which means that there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias which means that there is an
+important feature of the data that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important feature of the data that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important feature of the data that you
+you really want to get it that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to get it that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to get it that you're
+missing so with a too large Bond WID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing so with a too large Bond WID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing so with a too large Bond WID
+you're going to you you risk getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to you you risk getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to you you risk getting
+bias so you don't want too much Biance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias so you don't want too much Biance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias so you don't want too much Biance
+you don't want too much pass the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want too much pass the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want too much pass the optimal
+bond is op uh chooses between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond is op uh chooses between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond is op uh chooses between the two
+there are any number of recipe to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any number of recipe to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any number of recipe to do
+that and the one that is optimized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the one that is optimized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the one that is optimized by
+default in R seems uh like one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default in R seems uh like one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default in R seems uh like one of the
+very conventional one I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conventional one I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conventional one I don't think
+there are there are many and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are many and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are many and I don't
+think there are some that are widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are some that are widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are some that are widely
+preferable to others so the default one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable to others so the default one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable to others so the default one
+in in R is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in R is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in R is one of
+them uh that's should do for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh that's should do for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh that's should do for most
+application but then sometimes you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application but then sometimes you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application but then sometimes you might
+want to try with a bigger and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try with a bigger and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try with a bigger and smaller
+bondway to see what happens I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bondway to see what happens I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bondway to see what happens I'm going to
+pick up exactly uh pick up from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up exactly uh pick up from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up exactly uh pick up from here
+exactly here tomorrow uh in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly here tomorrow uh in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly here tomorrow uh in particular
+we'll discuss more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss more about this
+application we'll see other carels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application we'll see other carels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application we'll see other carels and
+stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nBiUUQIeT0g.txt b/nBiUUQIeT0g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4943f81db957ca993c593de25413881083dd12b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nBiUUQIeT0g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12152 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're going to continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to continue the
+discussion of the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the last two
+weeks the you remember in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks the you remember in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks the you remember in the first
+week uh I try to give you a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh I try to give you a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh I try to give you a general
+introduction to the philosophy of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the philosophy of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the philosophy of film
+as I see it and uh we watched a film by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I see it and uh we watched a film by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I see it and uh we watched a film by
+Jean CTO called Beauty and the Beast I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean CTO called Beauty and the Beast I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean CTO called Beauty and the Beast I
+chose Beauty and the Beast uh because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose Beauty and the Beast uh because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose Beauty and the Beast uh because in
+some ways it is the archetype of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it is the archetype of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it is the archetype of what
+kto calls the Poetry of uh of film he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kto calls the Poetry of uh of film he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kto calls the Poetry of uh of film he
+uses that phrase to describe his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that phrase to describe his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that phrase to describe his
+Aesthetics to apply to all films in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics to apply to all films in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics to apply to all films in the
+nature of film how it is inherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of film how it is inherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of film how it is inherently
+poetic but it applies to his own films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic but it applies to his own films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic but it applies to his own films
+more than I think many others perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I think many others perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I think many others perhaps
+more than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than any
+others uh since it's always the view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh since it's always the view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh since it's always the view of
+a poet which he was and um his using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poet which he was and um his using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poet which he was and um his using
+film as a poetic medium which most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as a poetic medium which most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as a poetic medium which most
+people don't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't try to
+do this cuts across what you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this cuts across what you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this cuts across what you've been
+reading because remember the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading because remember the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading because remember the the uh
+burden of reality transform is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden of reality transform is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden of reality transform is the
+distinction between formalists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between formalists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between formalists and
+realists and here the question is can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realists and here the question is can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realists and here the question is can
+one art uh approximate another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one art uh approximate another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one art uh approximate another
+uh and is it in the nature of that art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and is it in the nature of that art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and is it in the nature of that art
+the film art to be poetic and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film art to be poetic and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film art to be poetic and what does
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+imply I'll come back to this later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply I'll come back to this later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply I'll come back to this later on
+today and later on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and later on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and later on in the
+course the um we discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the um we discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the um we discussed the
+distinction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction uh
+particularly um last time between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly um last time between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly um last time between uh
+from your point of view be between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your point of view be between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your point of view be between the
+realist and the formalist schools and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realist and the formalist schools and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realist and the formalist schools and I
+try to prepare you for the ending of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prepare you for the ending of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prepare you for the ending of
+that book by saying my attempt is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book by saying my attempt is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book by saying my attempt is true
+in true philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in true philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in true philosophical
+manner um to um attack everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner um to um attack everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner um to um attack everybody else
+and then to reconstruct the P the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to reconstruct the P the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to reconstruct the P the pieces
+for myself uh saying that I'm reminded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for myself uh saying that I'm reminded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for myself uh saying that I'm reminded
+of something that William James said do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that William James said do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that William James said do
+any of you know who he was your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you know who he was your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you know who he was your
+generation doesn't seem to he was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation doesn't seem to he was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation doesn't seem to he was a very
+important American philos philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important American philos philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important American philos philosopher
+who died about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who died about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who died about
+1910 and who was very famous professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 and who was very famous professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 and who was very famous professor
+at Harvard and who's still important at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard and who's still important at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard and who's still important at
+Harvard um for in various disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard um for in various disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard um for in various disciplines
+well the reason I give this anecdote is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the reason I give this anecdote is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the reason I give this anecdote is
+that 1905 he was at a peace conference I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1905 he was at a peace conference I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1905 he was at a peace conference I
+think in Japan and uh he addressed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in Japan and uh he addressed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in Japan and uh he addressed the
+Assembly of delegates from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly of delegates from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly of delegates from different
+countries as follows he said uh I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries as follows he said uh I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries as follows he said uh I am
+only a philosopher which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a philosopher which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a philosopher which is to say
+someone who's been trained to attack all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's been trained to attack all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's been trained to attack all
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+philosophers um and it's in that Fame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers um and it's in that Fame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers um and it's in that Fame
+that I spoke of attacking everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I spoke of attacking everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I spoke of attacking everybody else
+for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of
+reconstructing uh this the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructing uh this the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructing uh this the different
+positions in my own way and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in my own way and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in my own way and making
+myself available to the attack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself available to the attack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself available to the attack of
+anybody who wants to go to the trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who wants to go to the trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who wants to go to the trouble
+uh in the synthesis I try to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the synthesis I try to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the synthesis I try to overcome
+the the difference between appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the difference between appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the difference between appearance
+between the realist and the formalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the realist and the formalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the realist and the formalist
+position as well as other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position as well as other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position as well as other um
+alternates within comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates within comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates within comparable
+distinctions uh particularly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions uh particularly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions uh particularly the
+distinction between appearance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between appearance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between appearance and
+reality it's not the same distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's not the same distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's not the same distinction
+but it's the same sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same sort
+of attitude that makes people feel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attitude that makes people feel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attitude that makes people feel a
+split of that sort uh that's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split of that sort uh that's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split of that sort uh that's the reason
+that's what you've been reading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you've been reading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you've been reading and
+that's the reason why I wanted to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why I wanted to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why I wanted to you to
+watch uh Woody Bon's uh movie The Purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch uh Woody Bon's uh movie The Purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch uh Woody Bon's uh movie The Purple
+Rose of Cairo that Emily's going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose of Cairo that Emily's going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose of Cairo that Emily's going to talk
+about having watched the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having watched the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having watched the movie
+right uh this that itself raises an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh this that itself raises an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh this that itself raises an
+issue um you you're you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue um you you're you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue um you you're you're going to be
+watching the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the movie
+today and that assumes that you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and that assumes that you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and that assumes that you haven't
+seen it or haven't watched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it or haven't watched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it or haven't watched the
+recently yet the person who presents has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently yet the person who presents has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently yet the person who presents has
+to in order to be able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in order to be able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in order to be able to say
+interesting things about it but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about it but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about it but I would
+like your opinion before we go any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your opinion before we go any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your opinion before we go any
+further whether that is not a desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further whether that is not a desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further whether that is not a desirable
+procedure would you prefer to see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure would you prefer to see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure would you prefer to see these
+movies before you read about them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies before you read about them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies before you read about them and
+had a discussion of them or um leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a discussion of them or um leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a discussion of them or um leave the
+discussion for the next week after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion for the next week after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion for the next week after
+you've seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the
+movie should we continue as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie should we continue as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie should we continue as we
+are scheduled to do so on the U on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are scheduled to do so on the U on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are scheduled to do so on the U on the
+curriculum on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum on the
+syllabus or should we reverse it um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus or should we reverse it um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus or should we reverse it um uh
+yes go Ahad Alvin um I think it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes go Ahad Alvin um I think it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes go Ahad Alvin um I think it might be
+useful to do a little bit of both say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to do a little bit of both say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to do a little bit of both say
+some things about the movie before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things about the movie before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things about the movie before
+seeing it and then analyze it after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it and then analyze it after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it and then analyze it after
+seeing it as well right yeah I'm more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it as well right yeah I'm more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it as well right yeah I'm more
+prepared on the um citizens came well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared on the um citizens came well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared on the um citizens came well I
+like did some of B that's all right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like did some of B that's all right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like did some of B that's all right but
+you haven't seen the it you haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen the it you haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen the it you haven't seen
+it um but you will you disc question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um but you will you disc question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um but you will you disc question is
+on citizen G which is very valuable yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on citizen G which is very valuable yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on citizen G which is very valuable yeah
+but I also we there plenty plenty to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also we there plenty plenty to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also we there plenty plenty to say
+um well for next week why don't we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well for next week why don't we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well for next week why don't we have
+whoever gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever gives the
+presentation do both so we'll catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation do both so we'll catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation do both so we'll catch
+up um what is it that you watch next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um what is it that you watch next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um what is it that you watch next
+week in Venice oh no the trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week in Venice oh no the trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week in Venice oh no the trouble with
+Death in Venice is that it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Death in Venice is that it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Death in Venice is that it's so
+long that um uh there isn't much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that um uh there isn't much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that um uh there isn't much time
+for discuss discussion there'll be maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discuss discussion there'll be maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discuss discussion there'll be maybe
+a half hour and would help no I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half hour and would help no I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half hour and would help no I know
+what it is the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is the person
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+um turn it is next week can make just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turn it is next week can make just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turn it is next week can make just a
+few comments about death and Venice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few comments about death and Venice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few comments about death and Venice
+because uh there isn't going to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh there isn't going to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh there isn't going to be much
+time to do to catch up but the vote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do to catch up but the vote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do to catch up but the vote that
+half hour to a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half hour to a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half hour to a discussion
+of the purple rose of CYO and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the purple rose of CYO and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the purple rose of CYO and then we'll
+see next time what to do about Death in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see next time what to do about Death in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see next time what to do about Death in
+Venice is that all right is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venice is that all right is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venice is that all right is that
+acceptable um the reason that I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable um the reason that I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable um the reason that I wanted
+to H have you watch Citizen Kane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H have you watch Citizen Kane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H have you watch Citizen Kane is
+because it's impossible to organize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's impossible to organize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's impossible to organize the
+reading on Wells Hitchcock and renois in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on Wells Hitchcock and renois in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on Wells Hitchcock and renois in
+in a way such a way that they each get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way such a way that they each get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way such a way that they each get
+their own segment of the course uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own segment of the course uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own segment of the course uh so
+that Wells a short Chang a little at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Wells a short Chang a little at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Wells a short Chang a little at the
+end but um we you have a preliminary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end but um we you have a preliminary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end but um we you have a preliminary in
+Citizen Cane also Citizen Cane is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Citizen Cane also Citizen Cane is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Citizen Cane also Citizen Cane is such a
+remarkable remarkably well-received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable remarkably well-received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable remarkably well-received
+movie by everybody except for Orson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie by everybody except for Orson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie by everybody except for Orson
+Wells who didn't say it was not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells who didn't say it was not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells who didn't say it was not a good
+movie but he already saw some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie but he already saw some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie but he already saw some of the
+short com comings uh like any creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short com comings uh like any creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short com comings uh like any creative
+artist he was always sinking ahead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist he was always sinking ahead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist he was always sinking ahead to
+what he could do do that would be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he could do do that would be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he could do do that would be better
+uh and from that point of view looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and from that point of view looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and from that point of view looking
+back he saw many of the uh shortcomings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back he saw many of the uh shortcomings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back he saw many of the uh shortcomings
+that other people wouldn't even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other people wouldn't even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other people wouldn't even have
+noticed for instance did any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed for instance did any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed for instance did any of you
+notice that um Orson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that um Orson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that um Orson
+Wells uh playing uh Caine when he comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells uh playing uh Caine when he comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells uh playing uh Caine when he comes
+into the bedroom of um Susan after she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the bedroom of um Susan after she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the bedroom of um Susan after she's
+tried to commit suicide remember it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to commit suicide remember it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to commit suicide remember it's
+all seen from her point of view and at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seen from her point of view and at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seen from her point of view and at a
+distance and then somebody is knocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and then somebody is knocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and then somebody is knocking
+at the door and breaking in and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the door and breaking in and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the door and breaking in and that's
+Caine and then uh there's a closeup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caine and then uh there's a closeup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caine and then uh there's a closeup of
+Cain leaning over the bed right and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cain leaning over the bed right and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cain leaning over the bed right and he's
+dressed um with um a coat and shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed um with um a coat and shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed um with um a coat and shirt
+probably a tie I'm not sure but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a tie I'm not sure but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a tie I'm not sure but anyway
+he's fully dressed I think yes he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's fully dressed I think yes he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's fully dressed I think yes he is
+fully dressed uh in any event uh Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully dressed uh in any event uh Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully dressed uh in any event uh Wells
+never stopped suffering from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never stopped suffering from the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never stopped suffering from the fact
+that you could see um I don't know if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could see um I don't know if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could see um I don't know if it
+was a watch or a uh you know uh bracelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a watch or a uh you know uh bracelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a watch or a uh you know uh bracelet
+or something that he was wearing that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something that he was wearing that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something that he was wearing that he
+was ashamed of and that everyone could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ashamed of and that everyone could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ashamed of and that everyone could
+see it I never saw it I never I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it I never saw it I never I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it I never saw it I never I never
+realized it and even after he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized it and even after he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized it and even after he he
+mentioned that I I forget and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that I I forget and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that I I forget and then I
+don't pick it up but it's sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pick it up but it's sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pick it up but it's sort of thing
+that the filmmaker would himself notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the filmmaker would himself notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the filmmaker would himself notice
+and there are an indefinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are an indefinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are an indefinite number of
+those things from the artist's point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things from the artist's point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things from the artist's point of
+view that one would do better if only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that one would do better if only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that one would do better if only
+one could and so on um this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could and so on um this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could and so on um this is to
+amplify the fact that for almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify the fact that for almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify the fact that for almost
+everybody else it's considered one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else it's considered one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else it's considered one of
+the greatest films ever made and um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest films ever made and um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest films ever made and um for
+many people the the greatest film that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people the the greatest film that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people the the greatest film that's
+ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+made uh Wells U made other films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh Wells U made other films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh Wells U made other films that
+are in many ways better but it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in many ways better but it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in many ways better but it certainly
+is a great film and I thought this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great film and I thought this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great film and I thought this would
+be a good beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good beginning to
+uh the philosophy of film and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the philosophy of film and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the philosophy of film and that
+you'll you can refer back to it once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you can refer back to it once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you can refer back to it once we
+have the segment of the course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the segment of the course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the segment of the course that
+deals with hor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with hor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with hor and
+Wells right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there's anybody want to say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's anybody want to say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's anybody want to say anything
+about the um cocko film before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the um cocko film before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the um cocko film before we get
+too remote from that I don't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too remote from that I don't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too remote from that I don't think we
+had much discussion last time on Beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had much discussion last time on Beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had much discussion last time on Beauty
+and the Beast and then I'll hand things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Beast and then I'll hand things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Beast and then I'll hand things
+over to Emily for her uh analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to Emily for her uh analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to Emily for her uh analysis and
+interpretation of SAS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 do um all of you know the Fable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story did you grow up with that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story did you grow up with that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story did you grow up with that with the
+Disney version the Disney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney version the Disney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney version the Disney
+version well I in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version well I in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version well I in my
+chapter um on it I spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter um on it I spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter um on it I spent a lot of time
+on the Disney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Disney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Disney
+version um maybe we'll have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version um maybe we'll have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version um maybe we'll have a little
+time for me to talk about that but I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for me to talk about that but I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for me to talk about that but I'd
+much rather know about what it all meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much rather know about what it all meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much rather know about what it all meant
+to you when you were a child this wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you when you were a child this wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you when you were a child this wasn't
+one of the things that you read or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that you read or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that you read or
+people read to you Beauty and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Beast um it's it is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast um it's it is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast um it's it is one of the most
+popular the actual source is a fable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular the actual source is a fable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular the actual source is a fable
+written for children in the 18th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for children in the 18th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for children in the 18th
+century by does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century by does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century by does anybody
+know uh a uh French author who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh a uh French author who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh a uh French author who was
+living in England as a n as a governor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in England as a n as a governor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in England as a n as a governor
+at the time called Madame L one word uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time called Madame L one word uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time called Madame L one word uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Bulman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulman and
+um it's immediately became a great hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's immediately became a great hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's immediately became a great hit
+in England and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in England and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in England and in
+France there have been later versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France there have been later versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France there have been later versions
+it was so famous that people thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so famous that people thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so famous that people thought it
+was out of the the collection of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was out of the the collection of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was out of the the collection of of
+Mother Goose stories that was written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mother Goose stories that was written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mother Goose stories that was written by
+charl pero in the 17th century but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charl pero in the 17th century but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charl pero in the 17th century but it
+was that was not the case it was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was not the case it was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was not the case it was written
+uh in the latter part of or the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the latter part of or the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the latter part of or the middle
+part of the 19th century uh by Madame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the 19th century uh by Madame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the 19th century uh by Madame
+Lance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lance
+Deo um what uh CTO does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deo um what uh CTO does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deo um what uh CTO does
+is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+completely re remodel it and in a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely re remodel it and in a funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely re remodel it and in a funny
+way almost bringing it up to date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way almost bringing it up to date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way almost bringing it up to date
+because he he presents it for a modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he he presents it for a modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he he presents it for a modern
+mentality except that he positions it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentality except that he positions it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentality except that he positions it in
+the 17th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 17th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 17th
+century um you you notice the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century um you you notice the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century um you you notice the the
+custumes of those of the 17th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custumes of those of the 17th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custumes of those of the 17th century
+and he availed himself of paintings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he availed himself of paintings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he availed himself of paintings
+because U CTO is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because U CTO is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because U CTO is a very important
+painter um more so I think than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter um more so I think than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter um more so I think than uh
+Salvadore di who was sometimes paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvadore di who was sometimes paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvadore di who was sometimes paired
+with him and I think he was a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him and I think he was a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him and I think he was a more
+important painter than Dolly uh and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important painter than Dolly uh and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important painter than Dolly uh and a
+close friend in devot of picassos but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close friend in devot of picassos but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close friend in devot of picassos but
+not the great genius that Basu was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the great genius that Basu was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the great genius that Basu was uh
+the paintings that I'm referring to are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paintings that I'm referring to are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paintings that I'm referring to are
+those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of
+FEA um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FEA um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FEA um and
+rembrand which he uses for uh the scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rembrand which he uses for uh the scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rembrand which he uses for uh the scenes
+in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The
+Farmhouse so there's a use of light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmhouse so there's a use of light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmhouse so there's a use of light on
+the Interiors in the Interiors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Interiors in the Interiors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Interiors in the Interiors the
+grouping of the men and they're dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping of the men and they're dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping of the men and they're dressed
+as if they uh did come out of the 17th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they uh did come out of the 17th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they uh did come out of the 17th
+century and could have been part of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and could have been part of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and could have been part of um
+one or another paintings by Fe or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rembrand um so that in that sense his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rembrand um so that in that sense his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rembrand um so that in that sense his
+work is atemporal as all poetry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is atemporal as all poetry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is atemporal as all poetry is
+poetry is really at temporal nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry is really at temporal nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry is really at temporal nobody
+talks that way in any period and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks that way in any period and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks that way in any period and it has
+a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of
+separateness uh of its own an unreality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separateness uh of its own an unreality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separateness uh of its own an unreality
+even of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even of its
+own um went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own um went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own um went to the
+sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of no I was about I came it was in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no I was about I came it was in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no I was about I came it was in my
+head it was right and then with the my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head it was right and then with the my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head it was right and then with the my
+reciting it in my inferior way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciting it in my inferior way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciting it in my inferior way it
+started coming out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started coming out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started coming out um
+um the lines of Shakespeare uh about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lines of Shakespeare uh about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lines of Shakespeare uh about the
+remembrance of things past went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembrance of things past went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembrance of things past went to
+the many event uh that that way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many event uh that that way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many event uh that that way of
+talking is not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking is not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking is not what
+people naturally do poetry is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people naturally do poetry is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people naturally do poetry is a kind of
+music and has its own music and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and has its own music and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and has its own music and like
+what we call music it is entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call music it is entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call music it is entirely
+dependent not it is dependent uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent not it is dependent uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent not it is dependent uh on
+basically dependent on Rhythm so that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically dependent on Rhythm so that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically dependent on Rhythm so that uh
+just listening to some highly rhythmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just listening to some highly rhythmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just listening to some highly rhythmic
+highly rhythmic music you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly rhythmic music you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly rhythmic music you get the
+feeling that you get from Reading highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that you get from Reading highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that you get from Reading highly
+rhythmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythmic
+poetry um in my car coming up from New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry um in my car coming up from New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry um in my car coming up from New
+Hampshire yes day before yesterday I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire yes day before yesterday I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire yes day before yesterday I
+played uh a CD of uh cold Porter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played uh a CD of uh cold Porter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played uh a CD of uh cold Porter's
+musical um uh um anything goes do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical um uh um anything goes do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical um uh um anything goes do you
+all know that well it begins I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that well it begins I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that well it begins I mean the
+Overture and refrains throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+begins anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins anything
+goes you know a very strong rhythm with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes you know a very strong rhythm with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes you know a very strong rhythm with
+a great emphasis on uh the brasses uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great emphasis on uh the brasses uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great emphasis on uh the brasses uh
+trombones and trumpets in particular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trombones and trumpets in particular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trombones and trumpets in particular and
+uh it's just sort of galvanizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just sort of galvanizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just sort of galvanizing
+hypnotic and it could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypnotic and it could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypnotic and it could have been
+that kind of it has that kind of feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of it has that kind of feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of it has that kind of feeling
+of an unreal poetic way of expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an unreal poetic way of expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an unreal poetic way of expressing
+oneself uh that is very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneself uh that is very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneself uh that is very different from
+the kind of language that we're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of language that we're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of language that we're used to
+all right that being the unreality of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that being the unreality of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that being the unreality of of
+poetry a film that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry a film that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry a film that is
+treating its medium its film cinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating its medium its film cinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating its medium its film cinematic
+Medium as poetry um Can emancipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medium as poetry um Can emancipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medium as poetry um Can emancipate
+itself from particular times and places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself from particular times and places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself from particular times and places
+uh either in the preface to that or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either in the preface to that or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either in the preface to that or one
+of his other movies um um uh CTO says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his other movies um um uh CTO says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his other movies um um uh CTO says
+that film has the virtue of belonging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film has the virtue of belonging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film has the virtue of belonging to
+all places and all times it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all places and all times it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all places and all times it isn't
+limited and so he feels free to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited and so he feels free to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited and so he feels free to jump
+back and forth and it's done in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and it's done in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and it's done in a very
+poetical way in the movie that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetical way in the movie that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetical way in the movie that you
+saw um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw um
+another change that is relevant is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another change that is relevant is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another change that is relevant is the
+the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male
+characters really one character do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters really one character do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters really one character do you
+remember why it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember why it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember why it's all
+one because it's the same actor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it's the same actor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it's the same actor who
+plays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays the
+Beast aano and then at the end Prince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast aano and then at the end Prince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast aano and then at the end Prince
+Charming well I actually had a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charming well I actually had a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charming well I actually had a question
+that's okay um is that okay go ahead oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay um is that okay go ahead oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay um is that okay go ahead oh
+um at the end of the movie when we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the end of the movie when we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the end of the movie when we first
+watched you in the P you gave us a quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched you in the P you gave us a quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched you in the P you gave us a quote
+and you told us to think about it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you told us to think about it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you told us to think about it and I
+wanted to yeah and I I was curious no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to yeah and I I was curious no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to yeah and I I was curious no I
+remember telling you that and wondered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember telling you that and wondered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember telling you that and wondered
+whether I should Bore You by repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I should Bore You by repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I should Bore You by repeating
+it so I'll Bore You by repeating it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'll Bore You by repeating it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'll Bore You by repeating it um
+Jean M was a movie Idol uh in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean M was a movie Idol uh in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean M was a movie Idol uh in the late
+30s and 40s and then a little later um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s and 40s and then a little later um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s and 40s and then a little later um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um he he was what the equivalent of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he he was what the equivalent of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he he was what the equivalent of I
+don't know Mel gibbson or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Mel gibbson or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Mel gibbson or or
+who would who else would be that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would who else would be that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would who else would be that that
+kind of movie Idol um and he plays all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of movie Idol um and he plays all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of movie Idol um and he plays all
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+roles he also was a very intimate friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles he also was a very intimate friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles he also was a very intimate friend
+of CTO over a period of decades uh CTO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CTO over a period of decades uh CTO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CTO over a period of decades uh CTO
+wrote a book about him uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a book about him uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a book about him uh
+CTO uh put used him in several movies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTO uh put used him in several movies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTO uh put used him in several movies uh
+they were also uh lovers kako was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were also uh lovers kako was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were also uh lovers kako was
+homosexual and I guess m must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual and I guess m must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual and I guess m must have been
+or at least bisexual but CTO was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least bisexual but CTO was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least bisexual but CTO was a
+person who never kept secret the fact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who never kept secret the fact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who never kept secret the fact of
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+homosexuality uh in France it was easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexuality uh in France it was easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexuality uh in France it was easier
+other in other places it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in other places it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in other places it would have been
+uh a problem uh in for instance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a problem uh in for instance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a problem uh in for instance in
+American or English society tucko just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American or English society tucko just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American or English society tucko just
+lived that way was he was a poet he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived that way was he was a poet he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived that way was he was a poet he
+could do what he wanted and he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do what he wanted and he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do what he wanted and he was a
+homosexual so he lived in never made any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual so he lived in never made any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual so he lived in never made any
+bones about it uh and talked about the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones about it uh and talked about the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones about it uh and talked about the m
+openly as this man he loved um now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openly as this man he loved um now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openly as this man he loved um now in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie
+M plays an ordinary man aanon who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plays an ordinary man aanon who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plays an ordinary man aanon who's the
+man who wants to marry wants to marry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who wants to marry wants to marry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who wants to marry wants to marry um
+B uh Belle and who presumably loves her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh Belle and who presumably loves her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh Belle and who presumably loves her
+except that he's an aggressive male and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that he's an aggressive male and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that he's an aggressive male and
+um uh he wants to sort of his first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh he wants to sort of his first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh he wants to sort of his first
+gesture is always to fight for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture is always to fight for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture is always to fight for something
+so he fights with the sister he slaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he fights with the sister he slaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he fights with the sister he slaps
+her um he um um wants to go and kill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her um he um um wants to go and kill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her um he um um wants to go and kill the
+Beast and then when they get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast and then when they get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast and then when they get to the
+Pavilion of of Diana uh he has a front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pavilion of of Diana uh he has a front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pavilion of of Diana uh he has a front
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+smash the glass um uh Skylight and break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smash the glass um uh Skylight and break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smash the glass um uh Skylight and break
+in not that he's not a very likable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not that he's not a very likable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not that he's not a very likable
+person he's like he's a little like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person he's like he's a little like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person he's like he's a little like
+Bill's brother who is not at all likable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill's brother who is not at all likable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill's brother who is not at all likable
+in the role of AO but somehow we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the role of AO but somehow we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the role of AO but somehow we also
+have to see him as a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to see him as a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to see him as a typical
+heterosexual lover who is in love with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterosexual lover who is in love with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterosexual lover who is in love with
+Belle and I think his performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belle and I think his performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belle and I think his performance is
+adequate though not of in that sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate though not of in that sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate though not of in that sense of
+of know no not terrific uh he also plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know no not terrific uh he also plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know no not terrific uh he also plays
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Beast and does it magnificently I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast and does it magnificently I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast and does it magnificently I
+thought that was a great achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was a great achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was a great achievement
+that the Beast was very well performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Beast was very well performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Beast was very well performed
+it took him 5 hours to glue on all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took him 5 hours to glue on all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took him 5 hours to glue on all of
+the that fur and other stuff that he put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that fur and other stuff that he put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that fur and other stuff that he put
+on his face and he developed boils and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his face and he developed boils and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his face and he developed boils and
+all sorts of things as a result uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things as a result uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things as a result uh but
+he did a very good acting job I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did a very good acting job I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did a very good acting job I think
+one thing that's especially interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's especially interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's especially interesting
+is that if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you know
+French um uh delivery I mean that way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French um uh delivery I mean that way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French um uh delivery I mean that way of
+speaking and if you know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and if you know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and if you know about the
+comedy FES which is the was you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy FES which is the was you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy FES which is the was you know the
+the um Rolls-Royce of French uh theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um Rolls-Royce of French uh theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um Rolls-Royce of French uh theater
+life which centuries uh and still is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life which centuries uh and still is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life which centuries uh and still is uh
+it's very classical and it's delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very classical and it's delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very classical and it's delivered
+like most things in the theater so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most things in the theater so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most things in the theater so that
+everybody can hear it but also with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can hear it but also with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can hear it but also with a
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+of obviously artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obviously artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obviously artificial
+Cadence especially since the lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cadence especially since the lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cadence especially since the lines are
+often poetic and in the 17th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often poetic and in the 17th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often poetic and in the 17th century
+they had to be poetic uh for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to be poetic uh for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to be poetic uh for the most
+part um and um therefore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um and um therefore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um and um therefore it's
+interesting that Mah's delivery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that Mah's delivery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that Mah's delivery of the
+um BEAST's way of talking is as if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um BEAST's way of talking is as if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um BEAST's way of talking is as if he
+were on the stage of the um um the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on the stage of the um um the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on the stage of the um um the um
+the did I say Academy F say the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the did I say Academy F say the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the did I say Academy F say the um
+comedy FES which did I say comedy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy FES which did I say comedy yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy FES which did I say comedy yeah
+of the comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the comedy
+FES um and the it's not natural but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FES um and the it's not natural but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FES um and the it's not natural but then
+why should it be natural how many beasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should it be natural how many beasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should it be natural how many beasts
+have we heard talking good french like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we heard talking good french like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we heard talking good french like
+that it's and for me it's very effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's and for me it's very effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's and for me it's very effective
+some of critics thought it was stagy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of critics thought it was stagy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of critics thought it was stagy but
+I thought thought it was that was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought thought it was that was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought thought it was that was all
+right uh it's his delivery uh is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh it's his delivery uh is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh it's his delivery uh is much
+less of that sort when he plays the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of that sort when he plays the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of that sort when he plays the role
+of aanon or at the end of Prince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aanon or at the end of Prince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aanon or at the end of Prince
+Charming now the prince charming has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charming now the prince charming has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charming now the prince charming has to
+be just that he has to be princely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just that he has to be princely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just that he has to be princely and
+he has to be Charming he has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has to be Charming he has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has to be Charming he has to be
+captivating he has to be everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captivating he has to be everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captivating he has to be everything
+that a wonderful young woman like Belle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a wonderful young woman like Belle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a wonderful young woman like Belle
+who's in many ways very wholesome would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in many ways very wholesome would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in many ways very wholesome would
+dream of as her U lover as her Suitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream of as her U lover as her Suitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream of as her U lover as her Suitor
+the man she'd want to marry she says in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man she'd want to marry she says in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man she'd want to marry she says in
+talking to the prince that she loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to the prince that she loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to the prince that she loved
+aano but she continually keeps him off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aano but she continually keeps him off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aano but she continually keeps him off
+and explains it because of her love for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explains it because of her love for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explains it because of her love for
+her father her love for her father I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her father her love for her father I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her father her love for her father I
+think one must take as absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one must take as absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one must take as absolutely
+sincere and authentic authentic girls do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sincere and authentic authentic girls do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sincere and authentic authentic girls do
+love their fathers you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love their fathers you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love their fathers you don't have to
+reduce it to some kind of Freudian uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it to some kind of Freudian uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it to some kind of Freudian uh
+concept of uh uh incest they love their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of uh uh incest they love their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of uh uh incest they love their
+fathers and in the Fable she is a girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fathers and in the Fable she is a girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fathers and in the Fable she is a girl
+who has a true and honest love for her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has a true and honest love for her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has a true and honest love for her
+father and that makes us very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and that makes us very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and that makes us very
+sympathetic to her she also was willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic to her she also was willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic to her she also was willing
+to risk her life for her father um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to risk her life for her father um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to risk her life for her father um the
+um point is that the Prince Charming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um point is that the Prince Charming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um point is that the Prince Charming in
+Her Imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Her Imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Her Imagination
+should be somebody who is really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be somebody who is really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be somebody who is really very
+convincing in that role and Mah for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing in that role and Mah for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing in that role and Mah for
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+reason maybe because um people nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason maybe because um people nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason maybe because um people nowadays
+including me uh think of him as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including me uh think of him as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including me uh think of him as
+homosexual uh not really understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual uh not really understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosexual uh not really understanding
+what it is to be a prince charming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is to be a prince charming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is to be a prince charming
+heterosexual which is what he's supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterosexual which is what he's supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterosexual which is what he's supposed
+to be it looks to me like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it looks to me like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it looks to me like very
+unconvincing performance so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconvincing performance so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconvincing performance so it's an
+interesting composite all of all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting composite all of all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting composite all of all those
+different kinds of characters being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of characters being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of characters being
+played by one man doing it superbly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by one man doing it superbly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by one man doing it superbly in
+the case of the the beast but not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the the beast but not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the the beast but not in the
+case of the prince charming that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the prince charming that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the prince charming that's where
+the Greta garu story comes in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greta garu story comes in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greta garu story comes in uh the
+story is that at an early showing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is that at an early showing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is that at an early showing of the
+movie uh she leaned over to the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie uh she leaned over to the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie uh she leaned over to the person
+that she was sitting next to at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she was sitting next to at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she was sitting next to at the
+point where the Beast turns into Prince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the Beast turns into Prince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the Beast turns into Prince
+Charming and she says in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charming and she says in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charming and she says in
+her rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her rich
+uh voice she says give me back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh voice she says give me back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh voice she says give me back the
+Beast and one can imagine somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast and one can imagine somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast and one can imagine somebody
+loving the Beast the way Bel does but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving the Beast the way Bel does but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving the Beast the way Bel does but
+loving that Prince Charming that mincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving that Prince Charming that mincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving that Prince Charming that mincing
+cour uh it's a little hard uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cour uh it's a little hard uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cour uh it's a little hard uh and the
+dialogue is very interesting at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue is very interesting at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue is very interesting at that
+point because the prince says you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because the prince says you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because the prince says you know
+do you think you can love me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think you can love me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think you can love me and
+something like that and she says um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and she says um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and she says um uh
+something like well I'll have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like well I'll have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like well I'll have to make
+the best of it won't I something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best of it won't I something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best of it won't I something like
+that it's not wild enthusiasm except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not wild enthusiasm except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not wild enthusiasm except the
+moment when uh except actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when uh except actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when uh except actually the
+answer to that question she said uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that question she said uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that question she said uh uh
+when he asked her did you love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he asked her did you love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he asked her did you love this
+person aano he doesn't name him that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person aano he doesn't name him that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person aano he doesn't name him that
+proposed marriage with to you and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed marriage with to you and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed marriage with to you and she
+says yes being honest and sincere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says yes being honest and sincere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says yes being honest and sincere and
+she says it clearly um and he's looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says it clearly um and he's looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says it clearly um and he's looks a
+little depressed and says well can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little depressed and says well can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little depressed and says well can you
+love me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love me
+and she looks at him and thinks moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she looks at him and thinks moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she looks at him and thinks moment
+very short moment and says yes in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short moment and says yes in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short moment and says yes in other
+words she'll do this not half-heartedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words she'll do this not half-heartedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words she'll do this not half-heartedly
+but with a commitment which is true to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a commitment which is true to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a commitment which is true to
+her character and then it's later uh she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her character and then it's later uh she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her character and then it's later uh she
+says um he says something like uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says um he says something like uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says um he says something like uh will
+you be able to manage without the Beast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be able to manage without the Beast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be able to manage without the Beast
+and um she says well I I'll have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um she says well I I'll have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um she says well I I'll have to make
+the best of it won't I so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best of it won't I so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best of it won't I so it's very
+interestingly new want in view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly new want in view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly new want in view of the
+different male characters and in view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different male characters and in view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different male characters and in view of
+her character all right I told you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her character all right I told you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her character all right I told you I
+have a 50 page chapter and I'm ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 50 page chapter and I'm ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 50 page chapter and I'm ready to
+go on to its sequel so I won't continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to its sequel so I won't continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to its sequel so I won't continue
+though I also I did hope talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I also I did hope talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I also I did hope talking about
+the Disney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+movie um we have another hour I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie um we have another hour I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie um we have another hour I think
+should I tell you just a little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I tell you just a little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I tell you just a little about
+the Disney movie the Disney movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Disney movie the Disney movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Disney movie the Disney movie
+you draws upon cck to's Masterpiece in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draws upon cck to's Masterpiece in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draws upon cck to's Masterpiece in
+places uh so you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places uh so you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places uh so you remember the
+chandeliers living chandeliers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chandeliers living chandeliers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chandeliers living chandeliers in the
+hallway of the of the uh Enchanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallway of the of the uh Enchanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallway of the of the uh Enchanted
+Castle um you all remember that well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castle um you all remember that well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castle um you all remember that well in
+the Disney movie there is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Disney movie there is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Disney movie there is one of the
+animated characters because it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animated characters because it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animated characters because it's all
+animated um who is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animated um who is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animated um who is a
+Candlestick and he has his name he has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Candlestick and he has his name he has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Candlestick and he has his name he has a
+heavy French accent um as if to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy French accent um as if to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy French accent um as if to remind
+us of uh goto's film and his name is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us of uh goto's film and his name is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us of uh goto's film and his name is the
+French word for light lumier so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French word for light lumier so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French word for light lumier so he's
+miss lumier the candle stick you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss lumier the candle stick you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss lumier the candle stick you get it
+so there's that kind of cute kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's that kind of cute kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's that kind of cute kind of
+allegorical uh reference that uh runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegorical uh reference that uh runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegorical uh reference that uh runs
+throughout the Disney movie but um it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the Disney movie but um it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the Disney movie but um it it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+differs in many ways and I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs in many ways and I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs in many ways and I guess I
+better not go through all of them except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not go through all of them except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not go through all of them except
+one what is the one thing that U Belle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what is the one thing that U Belle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what is the one thing that U Belle
+wants her father to bring back when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants her father to bring back when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants her father to bring back when he
+goes thinking that his ship has come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes thinking that his ship has come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes thinking that his ship has come in
+in a Disney movie or in in in um well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Disney movie or in in in um well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Disney movie or in in in um well in
+in to but this a suggest of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to but this a suggest of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to but this a suggest of that in
+Disney but it's different but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney but it's different but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney but it's different but I'm
+talking about cocko a rose The Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about cocko a rose The Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about cocko a rose The Rose
+right um do you remember the color of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um do you remember the color of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um do you remember the color of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Rose in the cocko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose in the cocko
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose in the cocko
+movie is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+white is it a white rose yes it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white is it a white rose yes it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white is it a white rose yes it's a
+white rose roses can be white they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white rose roses can be white they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white rose roses can be white they can
+be yellow uh they can be red and uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yellow uh they can be red and uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yellow uh they can be red and uh all
+of these signify something different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these signify something different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these signify something different uh
+uh to U the girl you want to marry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to U the girl you want to marry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to U the girl you want to marry you
+you might send her a dozen red R roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might send her a dozen red R roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might send her a dozen red R roses
+and if they're sort of purplish red it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're sort of purplish red it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're sort of purplish red it
+shows the power of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the power of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the power of your
+art um the the rose itself throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art um the the rose itself throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art um the the rose itself throughout
+history has often been symbolized for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history has often been symbolized for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history has often been symbolized for uh
+the sexual regions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sexual regions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sexual regions of the
+female something that the petals open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female something that the petals open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female something that the petals open
+and something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something that
+is beautiful at least to the male um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beautiful at least to the male um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beautiful at least to the male um and
+um that symbolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that symbolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that symbolism
+happens over and over and over again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens over and over and over again um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens over and over and over again um
+Rose Thou Art sick is um a famous um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose Thou Art sick is um a famous um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose Thou Art sick is um a famous um
+poem um of a pessimistic sort about love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem um of a pessimistic sort about love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem um of a pessimistic sort about love
+that love brings about death because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that love brings about death because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that love brings about death because the
+rose either because of whatever reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose either because of whatever reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose either because of whatever reason
+uh is is um involves a passion that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is um involves a passion that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is um involves a passion that is
+not desirable to somebody who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not desirable to somebody who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not desirable to somebody who is
+infected with sexual love uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected with sexual love uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected with sexual love uh
+in any event the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any event the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any event the white
+rose uh usually mean something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose uh usually mean something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose uh usually mean something different
+something very pure so if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very pure so if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very pure so if it's a
+question of Love rather than sex it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of Love rather than sex it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of Love rather than sex it's
+more likely to be white than red all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to be white than red all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to be white than red all
+right in the CTO film uh it's a white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the CTO film uh it's a white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the CTO film uh it's a white
+rose um in U um uh Disney's film it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose um in U um uh Disney's film it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose um in U um uh Disney's film it's a
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+rose and it's a large red rose in coose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose and it's a large red rose in coose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose and it's a large red rose in coose
+film it's a small white rose now CTO was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it's a small white rose now CTO was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it's a small white rose now CTO was
+making a film in black and white and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a film in black and white and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a film in black and white and so
+you know he might have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he might have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he might have thought
+why why run any make any chances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why run any make any chances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why run any make any chances of
+people not realizing that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not realizing that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not realizing that it's
+red uh and he could have referred to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh and he could have referred to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh and he could have referred to it
+there's a movie Hollywood movie called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a movie Hollywood movie called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a movie Hollywood movie called
+Jezebel with Betty Davis remember and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jezebel with Betty Davis remember and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jezebel with Betty Davis remember and
+part of the drama involves her going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the drama involves her going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the drama involves her going to
+the ball uh in a red dress and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball uh in a red dress and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball uh in a red dress and you can't
+tell it's a red dress CU it's black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it's a red dress CU it's black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it's a red dress CU it's black and
+white but it's referred to as a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white but it's referred to as a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white but it's referred to as a red
+dress and it's shaded a little darker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dress and it's shaded a little darker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dress and it's shaded a little darker
+and so one imagines it being a red dress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one imagines it being a red dress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one imagines it being a red dress
+CTO could have done that but he makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTO could have done that but he makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTO could have done that but he makes it
+white and for me that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white and for me that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white and for me that's important
+because white signifies the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because white signifies the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because white signifies the beauty of
+Belle she is has uh Sky she is a has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belle she is has uh Sky she is a has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belle she is has uh Sky she is a has a
+beautiful clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful clear
+honest white kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest white kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest white kind of
+soul in Disney it the sexual and erotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soul in Disney it the sexual and erotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soul in Disney it the sexual and erotic
+overtones are magnified this is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones are magnified this is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones are magnified this is being
+made for a generation in which young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made for a generation in which young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made for a generation in which young
+girls are very much aware of sex in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls are very much aware of sex in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls are very much aware of sex in a
+way that they were never supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they were never supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they were never supposed to be
+until the middle of the at least until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the middle of the at least until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the middle of the at least until
+the 20th century uh so that um uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century uh so that um uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century uh so that um uh a
+almost every Disney film emphasizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every Disney film emphasizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every Disney film emphasizes the
+sexual dreams and sexual inclinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual dreams and sexual inclinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual dreams and sexual inclinations of
+young people particularly the young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people particularly the young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people particularly the young
+girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls
+um that become makes the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that become makes the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that become makes the red
+rose prominent in that movie whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose prominent in that movie whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose prominent in that movie whereas in
+CTO it's a different color for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTO it's a different color for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTO it's a different color for a
+different reason and that I try to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reason and that I try to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reason and that I try to show
+the implications of this over a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications of this over a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications of this over a period
+of pages so I'll I think I better stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pages so I'll I think I better stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pages so I'll I think I better stop
+now and let Emily take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and let Emily take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and let Emily take
+over thank you um starting with Citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over thank you um starting with Citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over thank you um starting with Citizen
+Kane I was really surprised that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kane I was really surprised that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kane I was really surprised that it
+everyone talks about how you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone talks about how you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone talks about how you think about
+the movie so much afterwards and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie so much afterwards and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie so much afterwards and I
+couldn't stop myself from thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't stop myself from thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't stop myself from thinking about
+it like it was kind of depressing so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like it was kind of depressing so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like it was kind of depressing so I
+didn't really want to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really want to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really want to think about it
+that much but I had to let me interrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much but I had to let me interrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much but I had to let me interrupt
+you do you want people to interrupt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you want people to interrupt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you want people to interrupt to
+yeah I would love interruptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I would love interruptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I would love interruptions and
+that's that's part of what I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's part of what I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's part of what I wanted to
+talk about because what was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about because what was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about because what was really
+interesting to me was kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me was kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me was kind of the
+internet the interaction of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet the interaction of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet the interaction of the film
+with the audience and so I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the audience and so I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the audience and so I I would
+really appreciate your responses and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate your responses and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate your responses and um
+so one thing I really wanted to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing I really wanted to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing I really wanted to talk
+about was the alienation of the film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was the alienation of the film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was the alienation of the film and
+just in the first scene of the film I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the first scene of the film I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the first scene of the film I
+thought it was interesting that you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was interesting that you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was interesting that you come
+in with the gates and the camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with the gates and the camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with the gates and the camera is
+looking from the outside of the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking from the outside of the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking from the outside of the gate
+like looking in and so like already at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like looking in and so like already at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like looking in and so like already at
+the premise of the film you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the premise of the film you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the premise of the film you have the
+camera looking in from the outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera looking in from the outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera looking in from the outside and
+um throughout the film you kind of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um throughout the film you kind of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um throughout the film you kind of have
+this feeling alienation because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feeling alienation because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feeling alienation because you know
+how in some stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in some stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in some stories
+um you know what's going on even if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what's going on even if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what's going on even if some
+people in the film don't but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the film don't but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the film don't but in this
+film you don't know what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film you don't know what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film you don't know what's going on
+either like do you remember the sign on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either like do you remember the sign on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either like do you remember the sign on
+the the iron gra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the iron gra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the iron gra
+gate no I don't no trespassing oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate no I don't no trespassing oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate no I don't no trespassing oh yeah
+right no trespassing that's right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no trespassing that's right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no trespassing that's right now
+that's supposed to include us as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to include us as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to include us as the
+audience and it calls attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and it calls attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and it calls attention to the
+way in which as many people have said uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which as many people have said uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which as many people have said uh
+there's a veristic element in films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a veristic element in films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a veristic element in films that
+we're sitting there watching something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sitting there watching something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sitting there watching something
+happening on the screen that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on the screen that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on the screen that doesn't
+affect us directly but we're peeping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect us directly but we're peeping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect us directly but we're peeping in
+on and many movies capitalize on that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and many movies capitalize on that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and many movies capitalize on that uh
+to take it much further and make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it much further and make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it much further and make that
+definitive of a film um I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitive of a film um I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitive of a film um I'm not
+convinced but that certainly would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced but that certainly would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced but that certainly would be an
+element and that's what I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and that's what I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and that's what I think is
+partly what um Wells is say saying when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly what um Wells is say saying when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly what um Wells is say saying when
+you get to my chapter on Wells you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to my chapter on Wells you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to my chapter on Wells you'll
+see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that
+um one of the things that define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the things that define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the things that define
+wells's overall philosophy is is search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells's overall philosophy is is search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells's overall philosophy is is search
+for the past and in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the past and in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the past and in this case we're
+looking for the past trying to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the past trying to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the past trying to find out
+what the life of Hurst was like and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the life of Hurst was like and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the life of Hurst was like and from
+the very start we're told don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very start we're told don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very start we're told don't don't
+think that you're going to succeed maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're going to succeed maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're going to succeed maybe
+a person's past uh his secret identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person's past uh his secret identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person's past uh his secret identity
+is so private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so private
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+hidden given the nature of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden given the nature of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden given the nature of time and
+given the nature of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the nature of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the nature of the human
+personality uh that you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality uh that you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality uh that you're not going to
+succeed and you ought to stay out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed and you ought to stay out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed and you ought to stay out it's
+none of your business there's therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of your business there's therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of your business there's therefore
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+trespassing yeah um so I've found this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trespassing yeah um so I've found this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trespassing yeah um so I've found this
+alienation on many different levels as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alienation on many different levels as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alienation on many different levels as
+well and um so I feel like the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and um so I feel like the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and um so I feel like the whole
+film was kind of an investigation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film was kind of an investigation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film was kind of an investigation to
+find out really who Kane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out really who Kane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out really who Kane is
+and I thought it was interesting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought it was interesting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought it was interesting the
+investigator we don't ever see him we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator we don't ever see him we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator we don't ever see him we
+just kind of see the back of his head so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of see the back of his head so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of see the back of his head so
+it's like we're the investigators Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like we're the investigators Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like we're the investigators Mr
+Thompson is Mr Thompson yeah well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson is Mr Thompson yeah well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson is Mr Thompson yeah well the
+reporter yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter yeah
+um so it's like where him as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's like where him as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's like where him as the
+audience because we're coming from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience because we're coming from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience because we're coming from his
+perspective on everything and um so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on everything and um so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on everything and um so he's
+just kind of the medium of how we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of the medium of how we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of the medium of how we find
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+things and I I feel like that film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I I feel like that film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I I feel like that film
+didn't have any closure like this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any closure like this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any closure like this really
+bothered me because we spent the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothered me because we spent the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothered me because we spent the whole
+film like looking what is Rose butd and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film like looking what is Rose butd and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film like looking what is Rose butd and
+all this and I didn't have any closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this and I didn't have any closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this and I didn't have any closure
+at the end but I think that was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end but I think that was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end but I think that was a lot of
+the message that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that we couldn't really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we couldn't really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we couldn't really understand
+even if we tried well we get a closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we tried well we get a closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we tried well we get a closure
+in the Final Shots remember yeah I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Final Shots remember yeah I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Final Shots remember yeah I had a
+really strong sense what what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong sense what what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong sense what what was the
+the is sent with the mission of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is sent with the mission of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is sent with the mission of finding
+out what is the meaning of rose bud what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is the meaning of rose bud what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is the meaning of rose bud what
+was Rose Bud yeah we found that out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Rose Bud yeah we found that out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Rose Bud yeah we found that out the
+camera is so smart it zooms in on it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is so smart it zooms in on it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is so smart it zooms in on it but
+it takes a little time to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a little time to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a little time to get there
+until the end of the movie I just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the end of the movie I just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the end of the movie I just kind
+of wish that so that's the closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wish that so that's the closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wish that so that's the closure
+that's one closure it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one closure it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one closure it wasn't
+satisfactory for me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory for me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory for me I
+guess um incidentally let me interrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um incidentally let me interrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um incidentally let me interrupt
+again there's one thing I always shudder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's one thing I always shudder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's one thing I always shudder
+at that just before that there's a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that just before that there's a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that just before that there's a group
+of the uh uh crew uh and uh a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh uh crew uh and uh a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh uh crew uh and uh a young
+woman steps forward out of the group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman steps forward out of the group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman steps forward out of the group and
+says well Jack did you ever find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well Jack did you ever find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well Jack did you ever find out
+what Rosebud is remember yeah now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Rosebud is remember yeah now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Rosebud is remember yeah now this
+is a stagy kind of thing uh Wells came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a stagy kind of thing uh Wells came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a stagy kind of thing uh Wells came
+from the theater there would be people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the theater there would be people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the theater there would be people
+on the stage and you naturally has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stage and you naturally has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stage and you naturally has to
+have somebody Step Up in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somebody Step Up in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somebody Step Up in order to
+deliver line so it can be heard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver line so it can be heard uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver line so it can be heard uh
+throughout the theater uh and it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the theater uh and it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the theater uh and it seems
+to me to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me to be
+artificial and a kind of setup for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial and a kind of setup for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial and a kind of setup for him
+to say well maybe nobody ever will know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well maybe nobody ever will know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well maybe nobody ever will know
+what road butut is and then then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what road butut is and then then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what road butut is and then then it
+becomes cinematic again because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes cinematic again because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes cinematic again because the
+camera says oh wait a minute I can I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera says oh wait a minute I can I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera says oh wait a minute I can I can
+help right uh but that stagy kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help right uh but that stagy kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help right uh but that stagy kind of
+part of it seemed to me to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it seemed to me to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it seemed to me to be
+unfortunate there are other ways he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate there are other ways he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate there are other ways he
+could have done it he could have had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done it he could have had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done it he could have had um
+people talking with with Jack instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking with with Jack instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking with with Jack instead of
+being separated the way they are Jack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being separated the way they are Jack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being separated the way they are Jack is
+on to the right of the screen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the right of the screen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the right of the screen and the
+woman and her group are on the left they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and her group are on the left they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and her group are on the left they
+could be talking and want to say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be talking and want to say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be talking and want to say you
+know incidentally Jack what was what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know incidentally Jack what was what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know incidentally Jack what was what did
+you find out and you know see that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out and you know see that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out and you know see that just
+that posing on the stage uh could make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that posing on the stage uh could make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that posing on the stage uh could make a
+big difference at the same time Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference at the same time Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference at the same time Wells
+was a fanatic about positioning uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a fanatic about positioning uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a fanatic about positioning uh on
+the stage and the r rhythm of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage and the r rhythm of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage and the r rhythm of different
+sces he worked very hard on this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sces he worked very hard on this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sces he worked very hard on this kind of
+question just that I think on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just that I think on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just that I think on this one
+point uh he may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh he may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh he may have
+failed um did you want to say why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed um did you want to say why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed um did you want to say why you
+felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt
+closure uh just in the very end um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure uh just in the very end um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure uh just in the very end um I
+about those but it just made a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those but it just made a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those but it just made a lot of
+sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to
+me back to what you said I didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me back to what you said I didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me back to what you said I didn't I
+didn't even think they needed a line I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even think they needed a line I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even think they needed a line I
+thought it was sort of implied that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was sort of implied that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was sort of implied that no
+one else had figured it out and um maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else had figured it out and um maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else had figured it out and um maybe
+they been quiet like I still felt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they been quiet like I still felt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they been quiet like I still felt the
+sense that they weren't sure but so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they weren't sure but so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they weren't sure but so it
+felt tremendously satisfying to me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt tremendously satisfying to me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt tremendously satisfying to me to
+find out so that they come out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out so that they come out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out so that they come out and
+there's all this clutter and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all this clutter and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all this clutter and all these
+things and it's this tiny little Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it's this tiny little Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it's this tiny little Rose
+but there that you never really would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there that you never really would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there that you never really would
+will understand a person you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will understand a person you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will understand a person you can look
+all your life might what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your life might what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your life might what was the
+significance of it being his childhood's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of it being his childhood's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of it being his childhood's
+leg to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg to
+you um like what dides that mean cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um like what dides that mean cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um like what dides that mean cuz I
+thought about it a lot in terms of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it a lot in terms of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it a lot in terms of why
+would his character choose that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would his character choose that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would his character choose that word
+I guess the obvious thing is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the obvious thing is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the obvious thing is that for
+him was like happiness and being sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him was like happiness and being sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him was like happiness and being sort
+of the word gr but why that word why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word gr but why that word why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word gr but why that word why why
+why when you realize that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why when you realize that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why when you realize that it's the
+sleigh at the end of the movie um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleigh at the end of the movie um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleigh at the end of the movie um
+automatically you begin to wonder why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically you begin to wonder why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically you begin to wonder why
+would he choose this word and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would he choose this word and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would he choose this word and what is
+choose the word right would choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the word right would choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the word right would choose the
+word and choose this object well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and choose this object well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and choose this object well there
+is there is a reason which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is a reason which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is a reason which is
+outside beyond the film um and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside beyond the film um and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside beyond the film um and that is
+that this is of course the the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is of course the the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is of course the the kind of
+thing no one can ever be sure about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing no one can ever be sure about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing no one can ever be sure about um
+we know that the film was based at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the film was based at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the film was based at in
+part at least on William Randol Hurst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part at least on William Randol Hurst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part at least on William Randol Hurst
+who was a great journalistic magnet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a great journalistic magnet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a great journalistic magnet that
+who lived in his castle San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lived in his castle San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lived in his castle San
+Simeon um like you know like sanad do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simeon um like you know like sanad do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simeon um like you know like sanad do in
+the case of Citizen Cain and who wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Citizen Cain and who wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Citizen Cain and who wanted
+to become president and it was who whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become president and it was who whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become president and it was who whose
+life pattern was greatly uh imitated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life pattern was greatly uh imitated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life pattern was greatly uh imitated by
+C citizen gain he had a lifelong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C citizen gain he had a lifelong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C citizen gain he had a lifelong
+companion uh whom he never married he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion uh whom he never married he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion uh whom he never married he
+had I think he had at least one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had I think he had at least one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had I think he had at least one other
+Mar wife but she was his mistress except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar wife but she was his mistress except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar wife but she was his mistress except
+that they they really were married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they really were married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they really were married
+because they lived together for over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they lived together for over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they lived together for over
+decades and were very loving to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades and were very loving to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades and were very loving to each
+other with each other uh whose name was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other with each other uh whose name was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other with each other uh whose name was
+Mar and Davies and Mar and Davies was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar and Davies and Mar and Davies was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar and Davies and Mar and Davies was a
+wonderfully successful comedian in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully successful comedian in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully successful comedian in
+movies and you probably haven't heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and you probably haven't heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and you probably haven't heard of
+her and I had no idea until a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and I had no idea until a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and I had no idea until a couple of
+years ago when I saw a documentary on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when I saw a documentary on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when I saw a documentary on
+her life how many movies she made how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her life how many movies she made how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her life how many movies she made how
+and starred in and how funny she was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starred in and how funny she was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starred in and how funny she was and
+what a really very very good actress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a really very very good actress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a really very very good actress and
+comedian uh she was you're this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedian uh she was you're this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedian uh she was you're this is
+something that our gener even my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that our gener even my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that our gener even my
+generation but your generation has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation but your generation has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation but your generation has no
+knowledge of and how devoted she was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of and how devoted she was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of and how devoted she was to
+uh William Randle hers she didn't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh William Randle hers she didn't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh William Randle hers she didn't leave
+him the way Susan does in the movie she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him the way Susan does in the movie she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him the way Susan does in the movie she
+she wasn't uh a wretched creature like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wasn't uh a wretched creature like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wasn't uh a wretched creature like
+Susan in the movie she didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan in the movie she didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan in the movie she didn't have a
+failed career which was the result of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed career which was the result of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed career which was the result of uh
+the pressure of William Randol Hurst I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure of William Randol Hurst I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure of William Randol Hurst I
+mean of Citi of Kane she had her own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of Citi of Kane she had her own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of Citi of Kane she had her own
+career and at the end when there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and at the end when there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and at the end when there were
+certain financial difficulties she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain financial difficulties she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain financial difficulties she
+offered and did give U her to dollar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered and did give U her to dollar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered and did give U her to dollar to
+help him to hide him over she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him to hide him over she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him to hide him over she was
+self-sacrificial she was loving uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-sacrificial she was loving uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-sacrificial she was loving uh and
+Wells said after years later he said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells said after years later he said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells said after years later he said I
+there are things I regret about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things I regret about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things I regret about that
+movie one one of which was I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie one one of which was I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie one one of which was I think we
+were really unfair to Marian Davies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really unfair to Marian Davies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really unfair to Marian Davies
+because using her I having the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because using her I having the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because using her I having the character
+of Susan people would inevitably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Susan people would inevitably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Susan people would inevitably
+associate that with her because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate that with her because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate that with her because they
+could see through the fact that Kane was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see through the fact that Kane was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see through the fact that Kane was
+somehow related to William Randolph HST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow related to William Randolph HST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow related to William Randolph HST
+and that and that was not what she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that was not what she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that was not what she was
+like uh Hurst was a friend of wells's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh Hurst was a friend of wells's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh Hurst was a friend of wells's
+Father Hurst knew both of them socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Father Hurst knew both of them socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Father Hurst knew both of them socially
+uh I don't know how often but he he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know how often but he he used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know how often but he he used
+to go with all of the movies when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with all of the movies when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with all of the movies when he was
+very just arrived in Hollywood uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very just arrived in Hollywood uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very just arrived in Hollywood uh he
+used to go with all the other with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to go with all the other with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to go with all the other with the
+real movie stars because he was nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real movie stars because he was nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real movie stars because he was nobody
+he hadn't started then uh to to big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hadn't started then uh to to big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hadn't started then uh to to big
+dinner at the castle so that he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner at the castle so that he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner at the castle so that he was a
+part of their society who was who was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their society who was who was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their society who was who was uh
+attacking the society in which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking the society in which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking the society in which he
+naturally believe genius does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally believe genius does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally believe genius does that
+that's uh he was a so to speak what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh he was a so to speak what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh he was a so to speak what
+people said about Franklin delor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said about Franklin delor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said about Franklin delor
+Roosevelt a traitor to his class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roosevelt a traitor to his class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roosevelt a traitor to his class but
+that that's what it is to be a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what it is to be a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what it is to be a great
+artist one has to be a traitor to one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist one has to be a traitor to one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist one has to be a traitor to one's
+class um and therefore he regretted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um and therefore he regretted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um and therefore he regretted
+having um put uh Mar Davis in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having um put uh Mar Davis in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having um put uh Mar Davis in this in
+this position all right the reason I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position all right the reason I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position all right the reason I go
+through all of that uh in relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of that uh in relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of that uh in relation to
+the question that you were Melle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that you were Melle was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that you were Melle was
+just raising is that uh it was said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just raising is that uh it was said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just raising is that uh it was said that
+among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the
+affectionate love names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affectionate love names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affectionate love names
+nicknames that um the this loving couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicknames that um the this loving couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicknames that um the this loving couple
+um Maran Davies and William Rand P had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Maran Davies and William Rand P had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Maran Davies and William Rand P had
+for each other was his calling her Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each other was his calling her Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each other was his calling her Rose
+Bud as a reference to her genital area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bud as a reference to her genital area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bud as a reference to her genital area
+rose meaning things of that sort as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose meaning things of that sort as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose meaning things of that sort as I
+mentioned earlier and this and he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier and this and he used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier and this and he used
+to call her his little rose bud or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call her his little rose bud or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call her his little rose bud or you
+call it his little rose bud you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it his little rose bud you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it his little rose bud you got the
+idea uh so that that is one explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh so that that is one explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh so that that is one explanation
+but if you didn't know this I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you didn't know this I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you didn't know this I don't
+think you would lose out at all on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you would lose out at all on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you would lose out at all on the
+genius and the greatness of that movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius and the greatness of that movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius and the greatness of that movie
+but that's in one sense the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's in one sense the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's in one sense the meaning of
+that why he chose that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why he chose that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why he chose that word
+I mention this only because you asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mention this only because you asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mention this only because you asked
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+that and without that background um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and without that background um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and without that background um
+knowledge I kind of felt like there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge I kind of felt like there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge I kind of felt like there was
+significance in the Rose Bud because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance in the Rose Bud because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance in the Rose Bud because
+that was the moment in which going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the moment in which going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the moment in which going with
+the theme of alienation that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme of alienation that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme of alienation that he was
+alienated from his own life like and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alienated from his own life like and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alienated from his own life like and so
+that was the big turning point in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the big turning point in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the big turning point in his
+life and the point at which I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and the point at which I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and the point at which I don't know
+I felt like that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt like that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt like that was
+where it set up his whole life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it set up his whole life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it set up his whole life
+that he couldn't love you know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he couldn't love you know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he couldn't love you know because
+he was alienated from that environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was alienated from that environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was alienated from that environment
+of like parents and things like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like parents and things like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like parents and things like that so
+he was after that after he was alienated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was after that after he was alienated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was after that after he was alienated
+from that he was incapable of loving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that he was incapable of loving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that he was incapable of loving
+other people he could just want love for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people he could just want love for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people he could just want love for
+himself um there is also the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself um there is also the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself um there is also the fact that
+Rosebud as the icon on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosebud as the icon on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosebud as the icon on a
+sled uh is entirely proper that may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sled uh is entirely proper that may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sled uh is entirely proper that may have
+been a Brand even I'm not sure but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a Brand even I'm not sure but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a Brand even I'm not sure but it
+seems utterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems utterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems utterly
+realistic and if you're take a Freudian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and if you're take a Freudian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and if you're take a Freudian
+line you could say of course little boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you could say of course little boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you could say of course little boys
+want to throw themselves on that on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to throw themselves on that on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to throw themselves on that on that
+thing it's working in their unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's working in their unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's working in their unconscious
+they don't know it but we know right I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know it but we know right I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know it but we know right I I
+don't like I don't take that line but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like I don't take that line but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like I don't take that line but
+that would be that would be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be that would be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be that would be another
+explanation of the Rose Bud which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of the Rose Bud which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of the Rose Bud which is the
+symbolizes the only time in which Cain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolizes the only time in which Cain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolizes the only time in which Cain
+was ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ever
+happy time in his past to which he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy time in his past to which he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy time in his past to which he's
+trying to return but doesn't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to return but doesn't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to return but doesn't know how
+and that you'll be reading much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you'll be reading much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you'll be reading much more
+about that my chapter on Wells go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that my chapter on Wells go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that my chapter on Wells go ahead
+oh one other thing also in this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one other thing also in this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one other thing also in this is
+something important once in my chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important once in my chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important once in my chapter
+on Wells if you look at the notes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Wells if you look at the notes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Wells if you look at the notes at the
+end you'll see uh reference to um kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you'll see uh reference to um kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you'll see uh reference to um kind
+of introductory textbook on uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of introductory textbook on uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of introductory textbook on uh the
+nature of film see it's not philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of film see it's not philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of film see it's not philosophy
+and but it's film theory about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it's film theory about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it's film theory about the
+nature of film and by a man named jetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of film and by a man named jetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of film and by a man named jetti
+G n g n TTI and it has kind of General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G n g n TTI and it has kind of General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G n g n TTI and it has kind of General
+title that you won't have any trouble uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title that you won't have any trouble uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title that you won't have any trouble uh
+finding and in it there's a chapter at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding and in it there's a chapter at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding and in it there's a chapter at
+the very end in devoted entirely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end in devoted entirely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end in devoted entirely to
+Citizen can where all of the elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Citizen can where all of the elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Citizen can where all of the elements of
+film making that have been analyzed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film making that have been analyzed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film making that have been analyzed in
+the earlier chapters are shown to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier chapters are shown to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier chapters are shown to apply
+there to magnificently so so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to magnificently so so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to magnificently so so for a
+really insightful technical article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really insightful technical article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really insightful technical article
+about citizen chain not just technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about citizen chain not just technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about citizen chain not just technical
+but also the meanings and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the meanings and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the meanings and the and the
+realism in it um I recommend that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism in it um I recommend that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism in it um I recommend that and
+you can if you look at the very end in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you look at the very end in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you look at the very end in
+the well actually you have the book here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well actually you have the book here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well actually you have the book here
+oh no no it's the other book it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no no it's the other book it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no no it's the other book it's it's
+at the end of the other book you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the other book you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the other book you'll find
+that uh that chapter go ahead okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that chapter go ahead okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that chapter go ahead okay I
+also wanted to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wanted to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wanted to talk about the
+communication with the audience and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with the audience and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with the audience and I
+felt like there was hardly any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like there was hardly any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like there was hardly any
+communication because was I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication because was I didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication because was I didn't know
+what to think like I kept wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to think like I kept wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to think like I kept wanting to
+know what to think about King and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to think about King and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to think about King and I was
+just like the whole time I was confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the whole time I was confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the whole time I was confused
+I thought I'd be i' beginning you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I'd be i' beginning you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I'd be i' beginning you have
+sympathy for him and um you think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathy for him and um you think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathy for him and um you think and
+when he's in the young adult stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's in the young adult stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's in the young adult stage
+you're like he's all idealistic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like he's all idealistic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like he's all idealistic and
+everything so you're you like him but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so you're you like him but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so you're you like him but
+then after a while when he alienates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after a while when he alienates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after a while when he alienates
+everyone on himself then you're like H I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone on himself then you're like H I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone on himself then you're like H I
+don't like this guy anymore so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like this guy anymore so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like this guy anymore so I don't
+know did anyone else feel that or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know did anyone else feel that or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know did anyone else feel that or what
+kind of Comm unication from the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Comm unication from the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Comm unication from the movie
+did you feel I thought um the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you feel I thought um the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you feel I thought um the way the
+movie was done was very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie was done was very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie was done was very interesting
+actually in that the beginning they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in that the beginning they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in that the beginning they had
+that movie real you know which sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie real you know which sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie real you know which sort of
+gave you the overview of Kane's life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you the overview of Kane's life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you the overview of Kane's life and
+a little 30 second segment which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little 30 second segment which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little 30 second segment which is
+modeled on something that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled on something that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled on something that was very
+popular at the time uh in the not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular at the time uh in the not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular at the time uh in the not there
+wasn't television so it was in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't television so it was in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't television so it was in the new
+news res in the movie has it called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news res in the movie has it called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news res in the movie has it called the
+march of time and um Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+march of time and um Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+march of time and um Wells
+used to act in that he used I mean his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to act in that he used I mean his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to act in that he used I mean his
+his voice because it's all about news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his voice because it's all about news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his voice because it's all about news
+events but his voice was present in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events but his voice was present in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events but his voice was present in a
+good deal he was one of the actors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal he was one of the actors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal he was one of the actors in
+the making of those weekly or were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the making of those weekly or were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the making of those weekly or were they
+monthly I'm not sure maybe weekly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly I'm not sure maybe weekly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly I'm not sure maybe weekly um
+featurettes called the march of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featurettes called the march of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featurettes called the march of
+time with a voice very much like the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with a voice very much like the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with a voice very much like the one
+in the movie um in it would be the march
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the movie um in it would be the march
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the movie um in it would be the march
+of time um in the movie it's changed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time um in the movie it's changed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time um in the movie it's changed to
+Time Marches On doesn't it something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Marches On doesn't it something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Marches On doesn't it something
+like that but with the same interation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but with the same interation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but with the same interation
+so that immediately reminds one of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that immediately reminds one of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that immediately reminds one of what
+the people would know as the march of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people would know as the march of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people would know as the march of
+time well I mean I just thought then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well I mean I just thought then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well I mean I just thought then go
+on I'm sorry no no no it was fun I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'm sorry no no no it was fun I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'm sorry no no no it was fun I mean
+I just thought it was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just thought it was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just thought it was interesting
+because they gave that little 30 second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they gave that little 30 second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they gave that little 30 second
+um introduction I guess to Kane then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um introduction I guess to Kane then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um introduction I guess to Kane then the
+whole movie is sort of explaining almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole movie is sort of explaining almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole movie is sort of explaining almost
+this little you know more than 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little you know more than 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little you know more than 30
+seconds more like 10 more than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds more like 10 more than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds more like 10 more than 10
+minutes but that little short segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes but that little short segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes but that little short segment
+that gives you sort of the overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you sort of the overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you sort of the overview of
+C's life and then the rest of the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's life and then the rest of the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's life and then the rest of the movie
+is kind of filling in all of the gaps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of filling in all of the gaps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of filling in all of the gaps in
+that and I thought it actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I thought it actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I thought it actually really
+connects with what you're were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects with what you're were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects with what you're were saying
+about how the audience um is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the audience um is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the audience um is not
+actually actively involved in this movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually actively involved in this movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually actively involved in this movie
+so much as they just have to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much as they just have to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much as they just have to watch
+everything happen in past the and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything happen in past the and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything happen in past the and try to
+figure it out trying to figure it out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out trying to figure it out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out trying to figure it out on
+their own and really what is this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own and really what is this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own and really what is this kind
+of complex character of Kane so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complex character of Kane so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complex character of Kane so I
+thought that was interesting I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was interesting I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was interesting I don't
+know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you
+guys but I was seeing it it was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys but I was seeing it it was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys but I was seeing it it was kind of
+like sort of like multiple layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of like multiple layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of like multiple layers
+or plays on reality so it it was weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or plays on reality so it it was weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or plays on reality so it it was weird
+cuz I thought the movie did a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I thought the movie did a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I thought the movie did a huge
+comment on the media and images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on the media and images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on the media and images and
+images we see of people in the paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images we see of people in the paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images we see of people in the paper and
+images in the movie and images of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images in the movie and images of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images in the movie and images of people
+like other people around you see of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other people around you see of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other people around you see of you
+because really we're told we're when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really we're told we're when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really we're told we're when I
+saw the movie I didn't really feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the movie I didn't really feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the movie I didn't really feel like
+I got an honest depiction of Kane's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got an honest depiction of Kane's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got an honest depiction of Kane's life
+it was an honest depiction of Kane's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an honest depiction of Kane's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an honest depiction of Kane's
+wife like the true picture inadequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife like the true picture inadequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife like the true picture inadequate
+inadequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate
+in a movie or in the larger movie in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a movie or in the larger movie in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a movie or in the larger movie in the
+movie in the whole mostly because his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie in the whole mostly because his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie in the whole mostly because his
+life is told from the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is told from the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is told from the perspective of
+different people so it's all slanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people so it's all slanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people so it's all slanted
+towards like what people saw of him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards like what people saw of him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards like what people saw of him and
+even when he's in the newspaper you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when he's in the newspaper you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when he's in the newspaper you know
+people see him in the newspaper is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people see him in the newspaper is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people see him in the newspaper is sort
+of like the same thing when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the same thing when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the same thing when you see
+people in the newspaper your ideas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the newspaper your ideas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the newspaper your ideas are
+slamed by what people are saying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slamed by what people are saying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slamed by what people are saying so
+that's why I was kind of depressed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I was kind of depressed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I was kind of depressed at
+the end because you me this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end because you me this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end because you me this is very
+inter you mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter you mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter you mean it
+wasn't his life seemed from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't his life seemed from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't his life seemed from his
+perspective right it was SE not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right it was SE not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right it was SE not even
+from his perspective but his life period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his perspective but his life period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his perspective but his life period
+no matter who's seeing it you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter who's seeing it you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter who's seeing it you know what
+I mean I didn't feel like I was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I didn't feel like I was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I didn't feel like I was an
+omnition viewer just watching I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnition viewer just watching I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnition viewer just watching I felt
+like ioural what happened yeah Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ioural what happened yeah Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ioural what happened yeah Journal
+that's how I felt and I thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I felt and I thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I felt and I thought it was
+ironic because the whole movie Kane is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic because the whole movie Kane is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic because the whole movie Kane is a
+journalist and it's like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalist and it's like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalist and it's like these
+journalists are telling you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists are telling you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists are telling you about
+Kane um in that sense the movie is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kane um in that sense the movie is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kane um in that sense the movie is not
+sympathetic and well some s was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic and well some s was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic and well some s was not
+sympathetic with the character of Kane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic with the character of Kane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic with the character of Kane
+he thought he was a nasty individual so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought he was a nasty individual so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought he was a nasty individual so
+in a sense it's almost like um a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense it's almost like um a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense it's almost like um a kind of
+debunking of a public figure but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debunking of a public figure but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debunking of a public figure but I
+actually thought it was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thought it was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thought it was a little
+sympathetic because the beginning felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic because the beginning felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic because the beginning felt
+very real you know when you see his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very real you know when you see his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very real you know when you see his
+house and how scary it looks because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and how scary it looks because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and how scary it looks because
+before I didn't know it was just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I didn't know it was just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I didn't know it was just like a
+castle that he made up I thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle that he made up I thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle that he made up I thought it was
+actually real and so there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually real and so there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually real and so there's something
+very depressing about his life when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very depressing about his life when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very depressing about his life when you
+see the beginning something very sad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the beginning something very sad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the beginning something very sad and
+sympathetic I think it's sad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic I think it's sad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic I think it's sad you
+mean in that in a way that makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in that in a way that makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in that in a way that makes you
+sympathetic or the presentation is sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic or the presentation is sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic or the presentation is sad
+that somebody should have wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody should have wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody should have wanted to make
+such an unsympathetic movie no I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an unsympathetic movie no I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an unsympathetic movie no I think
+it was like made me feel sympathy for or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like made me feel sympathy for or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like made me feel sympathy for or
+you did feel sympathy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did feel sympathy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did feel sympathy right
+right and so at the end of the movie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so at the end of the movie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so at the end of the movie in
+beginning I felt sympathy as the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I felt sympathy as the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I felt sympathy as the movie
+went on I didn't but at the end I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on I didn't but at the end I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on I didn't but at the end I was
+just I felt more sympathy because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I felt more sympathy because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I felt more sympathy because you
+have this man who everybody pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this man who everybody pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this man who everybody pretty much
+hates at the end but you really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hates at the end but you really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hates at the end but you really don't
+know how he's feeling deep inside we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how he's feeling deep inside we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how he's feeling deep inside we
+just know what happened all these events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know what happened all these events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know what happened all these events
+that happened but how he really feels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened but how he really feels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened but how he really feels is
+still unclear and with the whole Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still unclear and with the whole Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still unclear and with the whole Rose
+Bud sigh thing I think that added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bud sigh thing I think that added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bud sigh thing I think that added
+another dimension you know for a grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another dimension you know for a grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another dimension you know for a grown
+man to remember his sled is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man to remember his sled is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man to remember his sled is you know
+something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very
+interesting I think that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I think that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I think that one of the
+reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that
+you can feel sympathy for him even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel sympathy for him even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel sympathy for him even
+though you see that he's become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you see that he's become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you see that he's become
+something of a monster is because he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of a monster is because he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of a monster is because he has
+this remarkable humous that's brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remarkable humous that's brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remarkable humous that's brought
+about by the fact that he's a man who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about by the fact that he's a man who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about by the fact that he's a man who
+later in life seems to see himself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in life seems to see himself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in life seems to see himself as
+something of a God he thinks that he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of a God he thinks that he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of a God he thinks that he can
+change people War people he for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change people War people he for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change people War people he for example
+in the scene where he's or the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scene where he's or the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scene where he's or the part of
+the movie where he's making the quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie where he's making the quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie where he's making the quote
+singer into a real singer he think he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer into a real singer he think he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer into a real singer he think he's
+going to do this not by I mean he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this not by I mean he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this not by I mean he'll
+build her an opera house he'll get a he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build her an opera house he'll get a he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build her an opera house he'll get a he
+he can't make he can't make her good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can't make he can't make her good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can't make he can't make her good but
+what he he can change he can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he he can change he can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he he can change he can change
+Reality by writing a good editorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reality by writing a good editorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reality by writing a good editorial
+about her he thinks that exactly he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her he thinks that exactly he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her he thinks that exactly he
+thinks that he can change he's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that he can change he's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that he can change he's he's
+going to play God and he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play God and he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play God and he's going to
+change reality from what it actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change reality from what it actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change reality from what it actually is
+through his writings and through his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through his writings and through his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through his writings and through his
+photography and whatever else there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and whatever else there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and whatever else there's
+the scene where he tears up the paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene where he tears up the paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene where he tears up the paper in
+which he has promised to be a servant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he has promised to be a servant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he has promised to be a servant to
+the people and and then and in doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people and and then and in doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people and and then and in doing so
+he becomes sort of a he thinks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he becomes sort of a he thinks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he becomes sort of a he thinks of
+himself as a God over the people and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself as a God over the people and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself as a God over the people and and
+and then he moves himself he builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he moves himself he builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he moves himself he builds
+himself Garden of Eden this heaven on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself Garden of Eden this heaven on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself Garden of Eden this heaven on
+Earth a paradise for a God and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth a paradise for a God and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth a paradise for a God and then it's
+it's this it's this whole huous issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this it's this whole huous issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this it's this whole huous issue
+that that that builds itself up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that builds itself up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that builds itself up because
+you know that inside he's not a god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that inside he's not a god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that inside he's not a god
+inside he's an insecure little boy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside he's an insecure little boy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside he's an insecure little boy and
+that's I think why he says Rose Bud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think why he says Rose Bud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think why he says Rose Bud
+because he Longs for that time when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he Longs for that time when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he Longs for that time when he
+knew what he was and you know he when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what he was and you know he when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what he was and you know he when he
+he knows that he's not a God and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows that he's not a God and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows that he's not a God and he
+Longs for the time when he was just able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Longs for the time when he was just able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Longs for the time when he was just able
+to be a regular mortal um he's boyish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a regular mortal um he's boyish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a regular mortal um he's boyish
+when he's young he's not boyish later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's young he's not boyish later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's young he's not boyish later on
+and he's a little boy in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's a little boy in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's a little boy in the sense that
+uh he's failed to overcome whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's failed to overcome whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's failed to overcome whatever
+happened when he was young that explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened when he was young that explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened when he was young that explains
+his later arrogance and willfulness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his later arrogance and willfulness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his later arrogance and willfulness
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+true um many political figures are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um many political figures are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um many political figures are like
+that I think and so Wells who was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think and so Wells who was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think and so Wells who was very
+much involved in politics um and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much involved in politics um and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much involved in politics um and even
+wrote uh um political speeches for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote uh um political speeches for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote uh um political speeches for
+Franklin delanor Roosevelt as you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin delanor Roosevelt as you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin delanor Roosevelt as you'll be
+seeing the the documentary about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the the documentary about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the the documentary about
+it he he was Roosevelt suggested he run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he he was Roosevelt suggested he run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he he was Roosevelt suggested he run
+for Senator of Wisconsin where he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Senator of Wisconsin where he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Senator of Wisconsin where he was
+born um you'll you'll find out all a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born um you'll you'll find out all a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born um you'll you'll find out all a lot
+about that uh he understood he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh he understood he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh he understood he
+understood what it was to manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood what it was to manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood what it was to manipulate
+people and he understood political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and he understood political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and he understood political
+realities he's a tragic figure himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities he's a tragic figure himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities he's a tragic figure himself
+because he was rejected by Hollywood for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was rejected by Hollywood for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was rejected by Hollywood for
+all the wrong reasons and he never could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the wrong reasons and he never could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the wrong reasons and he never could
+somehow bring out what uh was deepest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow bring out what uh was deepest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow bring out what uh was deepest in
+himself which was desire to make movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself which was desire to make movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself which was desire to make movies
+uh in that documentary you'll you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in that documentary you'll you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in that documentary you'll you'll
+you'll see he says U at this point two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see he says U at this point two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see he says U at this point two
+years before he dies he said you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before he dies he said you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before he dies he said you know I
+think I uh made a wrong choice in going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I uh made a wrong choice in going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I uh made a wrong choice in going
+into movie making uh it consists in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into movie making uh it consists in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into movie making uh it consists in in
+98% hustling and only 2% making movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98% hustling and only 2% making movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98% hustling and only 2% making movies
+you know hustling for money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hustling for money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hustling for money
+um then he says so I think maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then he says so I think maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then he says so I think maybe I
+should have done something else and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done something else and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done something else and he
+could have been and he was a writer he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been and he was a writer he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been and he was a writer he
+was a painter he was a musician uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a painter he was a musician uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a painter he was a musician uh he
+was very famous actor on stage in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very famous actor on stage in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very famous actor on stage in his
+his movies on in the film and in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies on in the film and in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies on in the film and in many
+other movies uh he was a world figure he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other movies uh he was a world figure he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other movies uh he was a world figure he
+was known by millions of people uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was known by millions of people uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was known by millions of people uh not
+merely for as a director but for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely for as a director but for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely for as a director but for all
+these other things and then he says but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things and then he says but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things and then he says but
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know I I stayed with it it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I stayed with it it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I stayed with it it's like the
+man who says I really shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who says I really shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who says I really shouldn't
+have continued living with that woman I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have continued living with that woman I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have continued living with that woman I
+was married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was married
+to but I did it because I loved her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but I did it because I loved her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but I did it because I loved her
+which is very funny isn't it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very funny isn't it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very funny isn't it right so
+it's because he loves movie making even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because he loves movie making even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because he loves movie making even
+though it was a mistake that he went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was a mistake that he went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was a mistake that he went on
+and did it and his life is tragic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did it and his life is tragic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did it and his life is tragic in
+that way um well I shouldn't prejudge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way um well I shouldn't prejudge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way um well I shouldn't prejudge
+you but after at least one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but after at least one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but after at least one or two
+students who watched the documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who watched the documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who watched the documentary
+which is a marvelous thing to see um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a marvelous thing to see um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a marvelous thing to see um in
+this class said to me as I was walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class said to me as I was walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class said to me as I was walking
+out after which they said you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out after which they said you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out after which they said you know it's
+so sad isn't it and here was this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sad isn't it and here was this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sad isn't it and here was this great
+man this genius who is now more famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man this genius who is now more famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man this genius who is now more famous
+that he ever was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he ever was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he ever was
+before um but uh somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um but uh somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um but uh somehow
+uh failed uh he was lamenting the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh failed uh he was lamenting the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh failed uh he was lamenting the way
+Hollywood and the other powers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood and the other powers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood and the other powers and
+filmmaking were treating him toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaking were treating him toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaking were treating him toward the
+end of his life to a friend and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of his life to a friend and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of his life to a friend and the
+friend said oh well you know you in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend said oh well you know you in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend said oh well you know you in in
+the future you will will be recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future you will will be recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future you will will be recognized
+and well said oh yes they'll love me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well said oh yes they'll love me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well said oh yes they'll love me in
+40 years well it hasn't been 40 years he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years well it hasn't been 40 years he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years well it hasn't been 40 years he
+died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died
+1985 so let's say 25 years later he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1985 so let's say 25 years later he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1985 so let's say 25 years later he was
+becoming this cult figure if you go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming this cult figure if you go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming this cult figure if you go on
+the internet you'll see all the clubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet you'll see all the clubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet you'll see all the clubs
+and all of all the uh U letters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of all the uh U letters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of all the uh U letters and
+everything about this great American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about this great American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about this great American
+genius but a sad one and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius but a sad one and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius but a sad one and instead of
+writing about himself that way and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about himself that way and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about himself that way and why
+should he he was 25 years old when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should he he was 25 years old when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should he he was 25 years old when he
+made cian gain he writes it about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made cian gain he writes it about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made cian gain he writes it about a
+failure of a typical American sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of a typical American sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of a typical American sort of
+the previous generation the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous generation the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous generation the same
+generation as his father who was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation as his father who was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation as his father who was a
+tragic figure of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragic figure of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragic figure of a different
+song I think one of the reasons why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song I think one of the reasons why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song I think one of the reasons why that
+is and I think that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I think that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I think that's something that
+runs parallel in a lot of composers Liv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs parallel in a lot of composers Liv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs parallel in a lot of composers Liv
+and a lot of artists life is that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of artists life is that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of artists life is that their
+Artistry doesn't fall into the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artistry doesn't fall into the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artistry doesn't fall into the social
+Norm of Art and so they're not accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of Art and so they're not accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of Art and so they're not accepted
+but then later cuz they're on The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then later cuz they're on The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then later cuz they're on The
+Cutting Edge so when finally Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutting Edge so when finally Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutting Edge so when finally Society
+kind of reaches to that point then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reaches to that point then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reaches to that point then
+they're appreciated later and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're appreciated later and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're appreciated later and I think
+that's something that runs throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that runs throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that runs throughout
+different forms of Art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms of Art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms of Art
+no no it's always better not to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it's always better not to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it's always better not to be an
+artist but to be the heir of a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist but to be the heir of a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist but to be the heir of a great
+man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man
+probably go ahead um so another thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably go ahead um so another thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably go ahead um so another thing I
+wanted to talk about was and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about was and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about was and I don't
+know very much about this what was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very much about this what was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very much about this what was kind
+of the filmography or the I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filmography or the I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filmography or the I don't know
+cinematography okay um but I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography okay um but I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography okay um but I wanted to
+think about how the cinematography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how the cinematography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how the cinematography
+contributed to the meaning of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to the meaning of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to the meaning of the film
+because I know like it is said that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know like it is said that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know like it is said that he
+was kind of on The Cutting Edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of on The Cutting Edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of on The Cutting Edge of
+cinematography for his time but how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography for his time but how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography for his time but how did
+that add to the meaning of the film or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that add to the meaning of the film or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that add to the meaning of the film or
+was it just like Cutting Edge in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it just like Cutting Edge in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it just like Cutting Edge in general
+anyone want to say anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to say anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to say anything about
+that I didn't know um Wells had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't know um Wells had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't know um Wells had been
+involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in
+the invasion of the world The War of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invasion of the world The War of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invasion of the world The War of the
+Worlds scare and Scandal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worlds scare and Scandal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worlds scare and Scandal
+1938 uh on radio and so he was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1938 uh on radio and so he was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1938 uh on radio and so he was on the
+head lines first page of the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head lines first page of the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head lines first page of the New York
+Times and all around the world because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times and all around the world because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times and all around the world because
+of that when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that when he was
+23 so Hollywood grabbed him and gave him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 so Hollywood grabbed him and gave him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 so Hollywood grabbed him and gave him
+a contract at the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contract at the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contract at the age of
+25 uh of an unheard of sort that nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 uh of an unheard of sort that nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 uh of an unheard of sort that nobody
+either before or after had he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either before or after had he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either before or after had he had a
+great deal of money to do exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of money to do exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of money to do exactly what
+he wanted without any control from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted without any control from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted without any control from the
+studio to make a movie of any sort he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio to make a movie of any sort he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio to make a movie of any sort he
+wanted all right so being a writer he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted all right so being a writer he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted all right so being a writer he
+wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the
+screenplay but he hadn't made movies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenplay but he hadn't made movies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenplay but he hadn't made movies and
+he didn't know how to make movies he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't know how to make movies he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't know how to make movies he
+said at that time when he arrived in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at that time when he arrived in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at that time when he arrived in
+Hollywood and stayed here almost a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood and stayed here almost a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood and stayed here almost a year
+sort of feeling his way around um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of feeling his way around um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of feeling his way around um he
+used to watch John Ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to watch John Ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to watch John Ford
+westerns and one great example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns and one great example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns and one great example of that
+is Stage Coach I don't know how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Stage Coach I don't know how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Stage Coach I don't know how many of
+you know that movie he watched it 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that movie he watched it 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that movie he watched it 40
+times but uh he couldn't figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but uh he couldn't figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but uh he couldn't figure it out
+why the Indians come from One Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the Indians come from One Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the Indians come from One Direction
+some of the times another Direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the times another Direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the times another Direction the
+the camera word troubled him and just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera word troubled him and just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera word troubled him and just by
+chance um somebody came to see him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance um somebody came to see him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance um somebody came to see him and
+it was Greg Tolland g r g g t o l a n d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Greg Tolland g r g g t o l a n d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Greg Tolland g r g g t o l a n d
+uh who is the most sought off S sought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who is the most sought off S sought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who is the most sought off S sought
+after and T perhaps most talented uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and T perhaps most talented uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and T perhaps most talented uh
+cinematographers in Hollywood at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematographers in Hollywood at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematographers in Hollywood at the
+time a man of very great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a man of very great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a man of very great
+talent and and he said to wels I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent and and he said to wels I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent and and he said to wels I want to
+make this movie for you and WS said but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this movie for you and WS said but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this movie for you and WS said but
+I don't know how to make a movie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to make a movie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to make a movie and
+Tolen said that's why I want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolen said that's why I want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolen said that's why I want to make it
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+you right they get on set and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right they get on set and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right they get on set and they
+collaborate closely and um at one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate closely and um at one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate closely and um at one time
+uh toen says look um you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh toen says look um you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh toen says look um you're doing
+everything wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything wrong
+um come back to my apartment with me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um come back to my apartment with me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um come back to my apartment with me and
+I'll teach you all you need to know in 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll teach you all you need to know in 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll teach you all you need to know in 3
+hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+um so they shut shut down the movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they shut shut down the movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they shut shut down the movie that
+day and they go to an apartment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and they go to an apartment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and they go to an apartment and
+Tolen Tolen gives him instruction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolen Tolen gives him instruction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolen Tolen gives him instruction on
+cinematography and well said that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography and well said that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography and well said that was
+all he ever needed the story may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all he ever needed the story may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all he ever needed the story may be a
+little fanciful maybe it was four hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fanciful maybe it was four hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fanciful maybe it was four hours
+but more or less that's what happened uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more or less that's what happened uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more or less that's what happened uh
+but it happened because he had with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it happened because he had with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it happened because he had with him
+this great man uh in cinematography Greg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great man uh in cinematography Greg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great man uh in cinematography Greg
+Tolen um um so one of the things I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolen um um so one of the things I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolen um um so one of the things I was
+thinking about with the cinematography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about with the cinematography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about with the cinematography
+was the transition of the scenes and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the transition of the scenes and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the transition of the scenes and how
+that contributed to the meaning and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contributed to the meaning and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contributed to the meaning and I
+think a large part of this movie was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a large part of this movie was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a large part of this movie was you
+had sort of the investigation in present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sort of the investigation in present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sort of the investigation in present
+day and then but you were constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and then but you were constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and then but you were constantly
+flipping back in time and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping back in time and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping back in time and not
+necessarily in chronological order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in chronological order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in chronological order
+either back and forth so it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either back and forth so it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either back and forth so it's kind of a
+confusion of reality but the the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion of reality but the the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion of reality but the the thing
+is that when they went back in time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when they went back in time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when they went back in time it
+wasn't like an imagined thing like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't like an imagined thing like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't like an imagined thing like this
+was actual eclipse of what happened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actual eclipse of what happened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actual eclipse of what happened and
+I thought that was interesting so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that was interesting so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that was interesting so and
+some way it is reality even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way it is reality even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way it is reality even though
+you're hearing it from like secondhand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hearing it from like secondhand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hearing it from like secondhand
+through other people and um so yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through other people and um so yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through other people and um so yeah I
+think of it as being influenced actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as being influenced actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as being influenced actually
+I haven't written it you've given me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't written it you've given me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't written it you've given me
+this idea uh the influence of cubism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea uh the influence of cubism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea uh the influence of cubism and
+painting uh Brock for instance uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting uh Brock for instance uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting uh Brock for instance uh in
+which you might have a painting let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might have a painting let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might have a painting let's
+say it's a realistic painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a realistic painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a realistic painting
+or in the case of of the movies it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the case of of the movies it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the case of of the movies it's
+time seen spatially as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time seen spatially as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time seen spatially as a linear
+progression and like in cubism you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression and like in cubism you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression and like in cubism you cut
+up the the painting the units and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the the painting the units and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the the painting the units and you
+sort of jumble them in any way you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of jumble them in any way you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of jumble them in any way you want
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+randomly and that's what cubism is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly and that's what cubism is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly and that's what cubism is it
+takes a three-dimensional object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a three-dimensional object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a three-dimensional object and
+presents it in ways that we don't ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents it in ways that we don't ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents it in ways that we don't ever
+see from any Dimension but it's all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from any Dimension but it's all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from any Dimension but it's all of
+which pertain to that object well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pertain to that object well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pertain to that object well that's
+in sense what um Wells does here uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sense what um Wells does here uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sense what um Wells does here uh with
+the um the the cell Celluloid you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the the cell Celluloid you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the the cell Celluloid you know
+you can imagine it all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine it all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine it all have
+been printed out in the usual linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been printed out in the usual linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been printed out in the usual linear
+fashion and then he cuts it up and rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and then he cuts it up and rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and then he cuts it up and rest
+stitches them um and um I that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitches them um and um I that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitches them um and um I that's very
+much like Hugh and it works with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like Hugh and it works with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like Hugh and it works with him
+Wells used to say that um the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells used to say that um the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells used to say that um the least
+important part of film making is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of film making is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of film making is the
+actual filming the most important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual filming the most important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual filming the most important part
+is the editing and it's true you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the editing and it's true you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the editing and it's true you often
+spend weeks on a movie and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend weeks on a movie and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend weeks on a movie and then and
+months um editing it and in the editing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months um editing it and in the editing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months um editing it and in the editing
+it you cut up the strips and reorganize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you cut up the strips and reorganize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you cut up the strips and reorganize
+them yeah so I don't know if anyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah so I don't know if anyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah so I don't know if anyone else
+has anything else they want to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anything else they want to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anything else they want to say about
+the cinematography but um I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cinematography but um I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cinematography but um I don't know
+something that really bothered me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that really bothered me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that really bothered me and
+this is random was how they portrayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is random was how they portrayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is random was how they portrayed
+the Aging of people because it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aging of people because it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aging of people because it was just
+so unreal that it really bothered me cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unreal that it really bothered me cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unreal that it really bothered me cuz
+I really wanted to the whole film to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really wanted to the whole film to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really wanted to the whole film to be
+real I guess and it it really bothered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real I guess and it it really bothered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real I guess and it it really bothered
+me because it looked so fake well like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because it looked so fake well like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because it looked so fake well like
+with the makeup yeah with the m any that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the makeup yeah with the m any that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the makeup yeah with the m any that
+was just a side note I thought how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a side note I thought how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a side note I thought how
+Artful it was that this 25y old boy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artful it was that this 25y old boy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artful it was that this 25y old boy you
+know because I'm so much older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because I'm so much older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because I'm so much older
+uh could appear as 25 years old at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could appear as 25 years old at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could appear as 25 years old at the
+beginning when he starts the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when he starts the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when he starts the the
+newspaper remember um and then ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper remember um and then ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper remember um and then ends up
+being Maybe maybe around 70 or 75 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Maybe maybe around 70 or 75 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Maybe maybe around 70 or 75 and
+really looks like that man of that age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looks like that man of that age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looks like that man of that age
+with the drooping of his skin and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the drooping of his skin and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the drooping of his skin and all
+the rest that happens with age and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest that happens with age and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest that happens with age and to
+the extent they did it it was impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent they did it it was impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent they did it it was impressive
+but I don't know I think they do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know I think they do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know I think they do a lot
+better job now so I'm just used to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job now so I'm just used to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job now so I'm just used to that
+or something I don't know they did as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something I don't know they did as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something I don't know they did as
+they had to put in an awful out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to put in an awful out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to put in an awful out of time
+I think I think he mentioned somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think he mentioned somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think he mentioned somewhere
+the makeup job in being two hours four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the makeup job in being two hours four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the makeup job in being two hours four
+hours for every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours for every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours for every every
+s so that was basically what I had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so that was basically what I had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so that was basically what I had on
+citizen King and then I don't know can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen King and then I don't know can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen King and then I don't know can
+we talk about the reading just a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about the reading just a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about the reading just a bit
+yeah why don't we now go on to U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why don't we now go on to U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why don't we now go on to U uh
+either preparation for the purple rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either preparation for the purple rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either preparation for the purple rose
+of Cairo or the chapter that leads into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cairo or the chapter that leads into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cairo or the chapter that leads into
+it right um so I just wanted to open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right um so I just wanted to open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right um so I just wanted to open up
+the discussion about what we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion about what we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion about what we think
+fantasy is that's possible well that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy is that's possible well that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy is that's possible well that's a
+big question well I know I know but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big question well I know I know but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big question well I know I know but I
+think we have to think about it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have to think about it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have to think about it before
+we get other people's opinions and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get other people's opinions and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get other people's opinions and you
+know well the purple rakara is a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well the purple rakara is a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well the purple rakara is a movie
+of fantasy right course one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fantasy right course one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fantasy right course one doesn't
+ordinarily see actors coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily see actors coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily see actors coming out of the
+screen right so we can have Fantasy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen right so we can have Fantasy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen right so we can have Fantasy on
+something that is against the laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is against the laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is against the laws of
+this world I guess or we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world I guess or we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world I guess or we can have
+something fantasy just as it's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fantasy just as it's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fantasy just as it's not true
+okay let me take my road call of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me take my road call of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me take my road call of people
+who have I've seen the movie I've read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have I've seen the movie I've read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have I've seen the movie I've read
+the chapter on it on the purple rose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter on it on the purple rose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter on it on the purple rose of
+Kyo which was assigned for today and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyo which was assigned for today and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyo which was assigned for today and um
+I'll I'm not interested in the name so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'm not interested in the name so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'm not interested in the name so I
+cover my eyes Emily could you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover my eyes Emily could you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover my eyes Emily could you tell me
+include yourself in the roll call okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include yourself in the roll call okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include yourself in the roll call okay
+how many how many have read up to date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many have read up to date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many have read up to date
+or up to date in the reading which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or up to date in the reading which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or up to date in the reading which
+includes the chapter on the purple rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the chapter on the purple rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the chapter on the purple rose
+of Kyra okay how many people have read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kyra okay how many people have read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kyra okay how many people have read
+the chapter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wait
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+three is that right I think um five oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is that right I think um five oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is that right I think um five oh
+five that's a little better five out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that's a little better five out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that's a little better five out of
+eight right is that oh six I'm counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight right is that oh six I'm counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight right is that oh six I'm counting
+myself six out of eight well that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself six out of eight well that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself six out of eight well that's all
+right in general you should uh unless we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in general you should uh unless we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in general you should uh unless we
+rearrange the program so that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange the program so that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange the program so that you see
+the movie first and then read about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie first and then read about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie first and then read about it
+but as of now that that's a good sign um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as of now that that's a good sign um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as of now that that's a good sign um
+uh Margo yeah I actually thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Margo yeah I actually thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Margo yeah I actually thought it was
+weird to read it are seeing it cuz I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird to read it are seeing it cuz I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird to read it are seeing it cuz I was
+kind of reluctant to read the do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reluctant to read the do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reluctant to read the do we have
+can we leave that to next time instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we leave that to next time instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we leave that to next time instead
+of cuz we only have a couple of minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cuz we only have a couple of minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cuz we only have a couple of minutes
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+sorry so for next time you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so for next time you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so for next time you're going to
+be uh uh reading about death and Venice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh uh reading about death and Venice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh uh reading about death and Venice
+no no do you get that the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no do you get that the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no do you get that the introduction
+oh that's the movie we're going to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's the movie we're going to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's the movie we're going to watch
+next week death but what do you read for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week death but what do you read for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week death but what do you read for
+next time I think the same the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time I think the same the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time I think the same the next
+chapter because this reading is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter because this reading is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter because this reading is on the
+purple rose of Cairo and this well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple rose of Cairo and this well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple rose of Cairo and this well there
+are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two
+chapters related to 127 Where What Where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters related to 127 Where What Where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters related to 127 Where What Where
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so for next time you read uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so for next time you read uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so for next time you read uh the
+chapter on death and Venice and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter on death and Venice and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter on death and Venice and the
+chapter that leads into it that deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter that leads into it that deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter that leads into it that deals
+with the relationship with the liter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the relationship with the liter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the relationship with the liter uh
+relationship between the literary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the literary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the literary and
+the visual and on the basis of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual and on the basis of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual and on the basis of that uh
+you understand the point of view of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the point of view of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the point of view of my
+analysis of the movie but you will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the movie but you will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the movie but you will not
+have seen the movie um that's that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen the movie um that's that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen the movie um that's that is
+the problem that we have to address um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that we have to address um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that we have to address um
+maybe we can do it now I don't know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can do it now I don't know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can do it now I don't know just
+uh how to how to do it I'm worried that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to how to do it I'm worried that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to how to do it I'm worried that
+you're going to spoil the movie by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to spoil the movie by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to spoil the movie by
+giving away key I'm worried you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving away key I'm worried you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving away key I'm worried you're going
+to spoil the movie for us by giving away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spoil the movie for us by giving away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spoil the movie for us by giving away
+key plot elements or well the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key plot elements or well the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key plot elements or well the point is
+the my chapters on the movie are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my chapters on the movie are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my chapters on the movie are so
+analytical you could think of them as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical you could think of them as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical you could think of them as I
+it's helping you to perceive what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's helping you to perceive what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's helping you to perceive what's
+going on as a kind of introduction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on as a kind of introduction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on as a kind of introduction that
+was that was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was my
+idea uh spoiling it I I don't know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh spoiling it I I don't know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh spoiling it I I don't know we
+have to run that risk yeah it's both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to run that risk yeah it's both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to run that risk yeah it's both
+good and bad I don't think about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and bad I don't think about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and bad I don't think about things
+other years I've sometimes had people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other years I've sometimes had people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other years I've sometimes had people
+read the Thomas man novel called death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the Thomas man novel called death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the Thomas man novel called death
+and Venice as a preliminary and then see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Venice as a preliminary and then see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Venice as a preliminary and then see
+the movie and then read my my thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie and then read my my thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie and then read my my thing but
+that we didn't have enough time for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't have enough time for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't have enough time for that
+this this year how many of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this year how many of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this year how many of you know the
+Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay come back to you why don't we why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay come back to you why don't we why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay come back to you why don't we why
+don't we proceed as plan um read read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we proceed as plan um read read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we proceed as plan um read read it
+all and um somebody who's going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and um somebody who's going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and um somebody who's going to give
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presentation see got her hand up go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation see got her hand up go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation see got her hand up go
+ahead you haven't done so yet no okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead you haven't done so yet no okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead you haven't done so yet no okay um
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+and could you please watch the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could you please watch the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could you please watch the movie
+first if you go to the film office and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if you go to the film office and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if you go to the film office and
+tell uh Doug who runs things that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell uh Doug who runs things that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell uh Doug who runs things that uh I
+said it would be all right because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it would be all right because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it would be all right because uh
+you're giving a presentation he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving a presentation he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving a presentation he'll
+surely let you have it okay uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely let you have it okay uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely let you have it okay uh it's
+something that you can find in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can find in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can find in any
+number of libraries I don't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of libraries I don't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of libraries I don't know where
+in MIT there is another uh in fact no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in MIT there is another uh in fact no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in MIT there is another uh in fact no no
+until next week I think you as a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next week I think you as a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next week I think you as a student
+can borrow it from the film office which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can borrow it from the film office which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can borrow it from the film office which
+is 14 and 428 and be sure to return it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 14 and 428 and be sure to return it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 14 and 428 and be sure to return it
+in time for the class that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time for the class that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time for the class that's
+all what we we wanted a little time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what we we wanted a little time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what we we wanted a little time to
+talk about the per purple rose well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the per purple rose well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the per purple rose well if
+you want to leave that till next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to leave that till next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to leave that till next week
+that's F no the reason I wanted the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's F no the reason I wanted the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's F no the reason I wanted the head
+count we have only about three minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count we have only about three minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count we have only about three minutes
+now is to see how what ideas you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is to see how what ideas you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is to see how what ideas you had
+about my chapter on appearance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my chapter on appearance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my chapter on appearance in
+reality which is fairly long and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality which is fairly long and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality which is fairly long and maybe
+complex um you've all read that by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex um you've all read that by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex um you've all read that by now
+and you're more or less clear about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're more or less clear about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're more or less clear about that
+the idea is that you will also go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you will also go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you will also go back
+and read things over or skim in in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read things over or skim in in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read things over or skim in in order
+to clarify your own thinking um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clarify your own thinking um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clarify your own thinking um it's not
+a question of memorizing it but being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question of memorizing it but being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question of memorizing it but being
+able to get ideas of your own so you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get ideas of your own so you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get ideas of your own so you go
+back and forth uh and um the um chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth uh and um the um chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth uh and um the um chapter
+on the purple roads of Cairo is uh makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the purple roads of Cairo is uh makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the purple roads of Cairo is uh makes
+sense only in that context it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense only in that context it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense only in that context it
+illustrates the problem about appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the problem about appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the problem about appearance
+reality which is discussed explicitly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality which is discussed explicitly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality which is discussed explicitly in
+the previous chapter you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous chapter you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous chapter you'll see
+that um obviously and those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um obviously and those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um obviously and those of you who
+have read the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have read the chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have read the chapter
+on Woody Island are already aware of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Woody Island are already aware of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Woody Island are already aware of it
+but seeing it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but seeing it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but seeing it in the
+movie will make a difference and my hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie will make a difference and my hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie will make a difference and my hope
+is that having read what I wrote about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that having read what I wrote about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that having read what I wrote about
+it you'll see the mov movie better let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you'll see the mov movie better let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you'll see the mov movie better let's
+let's go on that hope for time being at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on that hope for time being at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on that hope for time being at
+least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and the same will be true next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the same will be true next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the same will be true next week
+when you read the chapters on um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read the chapters on um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read the chapters on um the
+visual and the literary and also the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual and the literary and also the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual and the literary and also the one
+on death and Venice the movie will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on death and Venice the movie will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on death and Venice the movie will make
+much more sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right and
+um we're all set about the presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're all set about the presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're all set about the presentation
+I don't think I have anything urgent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I have anything urgent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I have anything urgent to
+say okay except it's a very wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay except it's a very wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay except it's a very wonderful
+Rich comedy so just sit down sit back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich comedy so just sit down sit back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich comedy so just sit down sit back
+and enjoy it but if in in your enjoyment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enjoy it but if in in your enjoyment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enjoy it but if in in your enjoyment
+you could allow some of the ideas that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could allow some of the ideas that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could allow some of the ideas that I
+was making penetrate you may find you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making penetrate you may find you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making penetrate you may find you
+don't agree with me which is great or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't agree with me which is great or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't agree with me which is great or
+you may find that you do agree with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may find that you do agree with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may find that you do agree with me
+which might be of some utility and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be of some utility and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be of some utility and um
+it'll it'll be different than if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it'll be different than if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it'll be different than if it
+weren't in this context all right should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't in this context all right should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't in this context all right should
+we go to do that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who who's going to who's going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who's going to who's going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who's going to who's going to do it
+put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it
+in anybody want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nbJRDPcJTWk.txt b/nbJRDPcJTWk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a94845f9f718b2394b806c5e38d5f6289964af56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nbJRDPcJTWk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's build on this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's build on this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's build on this concept
+of diffusion of virions and droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diffusion of virions and droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diffusion of virions and droplets
+to understand how there we would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how there we would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how there we would expect
+a size dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a size dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a size dependent
+infectivity of virions in different size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectivity of virions in different size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectivity of virions in different size
+droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+so an important concept in epidemiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an important concept in epidemiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an important concept in epidemiology
+that we will come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will come to
+later is the infectivity which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later is the infectivity which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later is the infectivity which is the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+uh that if a virion is transferred that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that if a virion is transferred that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that if a virion is transferred that
+it actually causes an infection in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually causes an infection in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually causes an infection in the
+host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host
+that can be further broken down into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be further broken down into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be further broken down into a
+product of two probabilities the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two probabilities the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two probabilities the first
+is that if the virus has escaped from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if the virus has escaped from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if the virus has escaped from
+the droplet it actually causes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplet it actually causes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplet it actually causes an
+infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection
+and that's perhaps something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's perhaps something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's perhaps something which is
+roughly cost then it has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly cost then it has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly cost then it has to do with the
+physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology
+of the of the host but then there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the host but then there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the host but then there is the
+escape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape of the
+of the virion from the droplet and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the virion from the droplet and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the virion from the droplet and as
+we've already discussed that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already discussed that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already discussed that's a
+strongly size dependent quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly size dependent quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly size dependent quantity and
+from very large droplets it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very large droplets it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very large droplets it's
+very difficult in a mucous droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult in a mucous droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult in a mucous droplet
+especially for the virion to diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for the virion to diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for the virion to diffuse
+out in a reasonable amount of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a reasonable amount of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a reasonable amount of time and
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+varions are typically uh found to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varions are typically uh found to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varions are typically uh found to have a
+period of deactivation where after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of deactivation where after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of deactivation where after a
+certain amount of time they are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of time they are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of time they are no
+longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+viable and able to uh to basically cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable and able to uh to basically cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable and able to uh to basically cause
+further infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further infection
+and so if we assume there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we assume there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we assume there's a certain
+time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t
+or tau v for the virus deactivation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tau v for the virus deactivation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tau v for the virus deactivation then
+we can ask ourselves if the virus has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ask ourselves if the virus has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ask ourselves if the virus has
+had a chance to escape or not as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a chance to escape or not as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a chance to escape or not as a
+function of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of size
+so basically to solve this problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically to solve this problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically to solve this problem we
+think of this the droplet here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this the droplet here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this the droplet here
+and we actually want to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we actually want to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we actually want to solve a
+diffusion problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion problem
+where c here is is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where c here is is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where c here is is the sort of
+concentration of viruses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of viruses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of viruses
+um in the domain d is the diffusivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the domain d is the diffusivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the domain d is the diffusivity of
+the viruses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viruses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viruses
+and this is the diff the apartheid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the diff the apartheid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the diff the apartheid
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+in the sphere which is uh just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sphere which is uh just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sphere which is uh just the
+diffusion equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion equation
+and our boundary conditions are that c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our boundary conditions are that c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our boundary conditions are that c
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+r and zero the initial condition is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and zero the initial condition is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and zero the initial condition is zero
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+uh the um at r and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um at r and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um at r and t
+it's going to be one so basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be one so basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be one so basically what
+we're imagining here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're imagining here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're imagining here
+is that we're trying to figure out the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're trying to figure out the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're trying to figure out the c
+will be the concentration viruses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the concentration viruses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the concentration viruses that
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+left the system actually so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the system actually so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the system actually so um
+so what we have is if we look as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have is if we look as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have is if we look as a
+function of the radius so the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the radius so the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the radius so the radius of
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+is r capital r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r capital r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r capital r
+so in that distance we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that distance we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that distance we have this
+constant what i'm calling concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant what i'm calling concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant what i'm calling concentration
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is just gonna jump up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just gonna jump up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just gonna jump up to one
+and then it's going to kind of diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's going to kind of diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's going to kind of diffuse
+inward like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward like this
+okay and then eventually the final state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then eventually the final state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then eventually the final state
+is that it's entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's entirely
+basically one everywhere and that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one everywhere and that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one everywhere and that's when
+basically the probability of removal has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the probability of removal has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the probability of removal has
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+hit every part of the drop and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit every part of the drop and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit every part of the drop and all of
+the virus has been removed so the c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virus has been removed so the c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virus has been removed so the c is
+sort of a time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a time dependent
+uh sort of a fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of a fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of a fraction of the
+of the virus or the virions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the virus or the virions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the virus or the virions in the
+droplet which have been removed at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet which have been removed at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet which have been removed at time
+t so this spherical diffusion equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so this spherical diffusion equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so this spherical diffusion equation
+can be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be solved
+analytically in various ways but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically in various ways but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically in various ways but there's
+not a simple closed form solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a simple closed form solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a simple closed form solution to
+this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+and what we're really interested in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're really interested in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're really interested in here
+is just a rough approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a rough approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a rough approximation
+of what the solution might look like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the solution might look like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the solution might look like so
+let's pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pull out
+an approximation for this so i'll sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation for this so i'll sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation for this so i'll sketch
+the droplet again here now at early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplet again here now at early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplet again here now at early
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+when there hasn't been a chance for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there hasn't been a chance for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there hasn't been a chance for the
+viruses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses
+the variance to diffuse very far then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance to diffuse very far then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance to diffuse very far then
+only those which are close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only those which are close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only those which are close to the
+boundary actually have a chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary actually have a chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary actually have a chance of
+leaving that's this initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving that's this initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving that's this initial
+boundary layer that i sketched here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary layer that i sketched here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary layer that i sketched here
+which is kind of working its way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of working its way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of working its way in
+so why don't we sketch such a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't we sketch such a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't we sketch such a region
+and give that a distance delta which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give that a distance delta which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give that a distance delta which is
+the sort of boundary layer thickness so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of boundary layer thickness so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of boundary layer thickness so
+basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this
+outer annulus has been sort of it has is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer annulus has been sort of it has is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer annulus has been sort of it has is
+really where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where
+varians have had a chance to leave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varians have had a chance to leave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varians have had a chance to leave and
+that's where c is jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where c is jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where c is jumping
+uh to one and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to one and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to one and from
+if this were just a plane with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this were just a plane with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this were just a plane with a
+semi-infinite diffusion towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-infinite diffusion towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-infinite diffusion towards the
+center so whereas you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so whereas you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so whereas you have
+this delta is much less than r capital r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delta is much less than r capital r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delta is much less than r capital r
+the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius
+then it's almost like diffusion from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's almost like diffusion from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's almost like diffusion from a
+planar source and then we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar source and then we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar source and then we actually
+know that this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this distance
+is well approximated by square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well approximated by square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well approximated by square root of 2
+dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+so that just comes from solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that just comes from solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that just comes from solving the
+diffusion equation in one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion equation in one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion equation in one dimension
+leads to that kind of scaling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to that kind of scaling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to that kind of scaling of the
+diffusion layer thickness so that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion layer thickness so that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion layer thickness so that's this
+uh sort of the thickness of this blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of the thickness of this blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of the thickness of this blue
+region as it goes that way is is delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region as it goes that way is is delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region as it goes that way is is delta
+and it scales as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it scales as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it scales as
+uh it's approximated by square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's approximated by square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's approximated by square root of
+two dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dt
+and now let's ask ourselves then what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's ask ourselves then what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's ask ourselves then what is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this uh concentration here well what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh concentration here well what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh concentration here well what i'm
+really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in
+actually is this escape probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is this escape probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is this escape probability
+p e and that's going to be the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p e and that's going to be the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p e and that's going to be the integral
+of c dv over the volume so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c dv over the volume so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c dv over the volume so this is the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+over all the r's that are less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the r's that are less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the r's that are less than
+capital r so basically inside the drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r so basically inside the drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r so basically inside the drop
+of this concentration field so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this concentration field so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this concentration field so that
+concentrated field starts at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated field starts at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated field starts at zero
+and eventually goes to one and that base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually goes to one and that base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually goes to one and that base
+is giving me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving me this
+this total escape probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this total escape probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this total escape probability
+so to calculate this integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to calculate this integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to calculate this integral of the
+concentration field i basically have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration field i basically have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration field i basically have a
+domain at the outside here where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain at the outside here where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain at the outside here where the
+constant this concentration variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this concentration variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this concentration variable is
+near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near
+is near one and a central region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is near one and a central region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is near one and a central region where
+it's sort of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of c
+approximately zero and here you know c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately zero and here you know c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately zero and here you know c
+is equal to one on the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one on the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one on the boundary
+this variable i've defined here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable i've defined here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable i've defined here so
+therefore i can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore i can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore i can write
+that this p e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this p e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this p e
+is uh roughly speaking if we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh roughly speaking if we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh roughly speaking if we think of
+just what is the volume of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what is the volume of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what is the volume of that
+uh spherical annulus that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spherical annulus that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spherical annulus that would be
+and relative to the total volume that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relative to the total volume that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relative to the total volume that'll
+be r cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be r cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be r cubed
+minus um r minus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus um r minus delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus um r minus delta
+cubed divided by r cubed so each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed divided by r cubed so each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed divided by r cubed so each of the
+volumes has a four thirds pi which i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes has a four thirds pi which i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes has a four thirds pi which i've
+cancelled off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled off
+so this is basically the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically the volume of the
+total sphere minus the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sphere minus the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sphere minus the volume of the
+inner sphere so that's just the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner sphere so that's just the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner sphere so that's just the volume
+of the shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shell
+and then i normalize it properly here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i normalize it properly here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i normalize it properly here so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+1 minus 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 minus
+delta over r parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta over r parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta over r parentheses
+cubed and if i now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and if i now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and if i now
+and i have this expression here so now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have this expression here so now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have this expression here so now i
+have at least an approximation for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least an approximation for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least an approximation for what
+this might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might look like
+we can also further say that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also further say that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also further say that you know
+this approximation here was valid you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation here was valid you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation here was valid you
+know for for the delta b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for for the delta b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for for the delta b
+much less than r and when that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than r and when that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than r and when that's the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+then i also can say that this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i also can say that this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i also can say that this quantity
+is small so early times that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small so early times that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small so early times that small
+and i can expand all right this is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can expand all right this is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can expand all right this is 1
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+and then 1 minus something cubed where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 1 minus something cubed where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 1 minus something cubed where
+that something is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something is small
+is 1 minus 3 times that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 minus 3 times that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 minus 3 times that something
+that's basically a taylor expansion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically a taylor expansion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically a taylor expansion so
+that when i work this out the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when i work this out the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when i work this out the ones
+cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+and i get 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get 3
+delta over r so what we find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta over r so what we find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta over r so what we find is that
+this pe which we're discussing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pe which we're discussing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pe which we're discussing which
+we're trying to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to calculate
+has two limits that are kind of easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two limits that are kind of easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two limits that are kind of easy to
+calculate one of them is this three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate one of them is this three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate one of them is this three
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+r and if that's our delta then we get 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and if that's our delta then we get 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and if that's our delta then we get 3
+square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2
+dt times r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt times r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt times r
+and specifically the p is defined up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specifically the p is defined up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specifically the p is defined up to
+a certain time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain time
+tau v so i'll now replace t with tau v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau v so i'll now replace t with tau v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau v so i'll now replace t with tau v
+because that is my time scale for virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is my time scale for virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is my time scale for virus
+deactivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deactivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deactivation
+and so this would be in the case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this would be in the case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this would be in the case uh
+where uh this quantity you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh this quantity you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh this quantity you know is
+basically this ratio here is uh much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this ratio here is uh much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this ratio here is uh much
+less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one
+and then in the opposite limit where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the opposite limit where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the opposite limit where
+sort of this diffusion has completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this diffusion has completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this diffusion has completely
+spanned the particle and it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned the particle and it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned the particle and it's getting
+much bigger than r then this obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than r then this obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than r then this obviously
+has to tend to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to tend to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to tend to one
+okay now i can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i can write down
+a function that kind of makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that kind of makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that kind of makes this
+transition right about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition right about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition right about
+when this thing is of order one in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this thing is of order one in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this thing is of order one in a
+variety of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways
+one way we could do that would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way we could do that would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way we could do that would be to
+write that pe is approximately given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that pe is approximately given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that pe is approximately given by
+one minus the exponential of minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the exponential of minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the exponential of minus this
+quantity so minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so minus
+3 square root of 2 d tau v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 square root of 2 d tau v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 square root of 2 d tau v
+divided by r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can see there we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see there we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see there we have a
+there's sort of you could you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of you could you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of you could you could
+either write this in terms of a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either write this in terms of a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either write this in terms of a time
+where the critical time is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the critical time is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the critical time is um
+so so we could write this just to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we could write this just to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we could write this just to kind
+of get a little more insight into it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get a little more insight into it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get a little more insight into it we
+could write p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write p
+e is approximately 1 minus e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is approximately 1 minus e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is approximately 1 minus e to the
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+tau v over some kind of time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau v over some kind of time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau v over some kind of time scale
+i'll call it tau d for diffusion where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll call it tau d for diffusion where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll call it tau d for diffusion where
+we see here that tau d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here that tau d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here that tau d
+is r squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r squared over
+and then it's to bring inside the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's to bring inside the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's to bring inside the square
+root that's 3 becomes 9 and then times 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root that's 3 becomes 9 and then times 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root that's 3 becomes 9 and then times 2
+is 18 so 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 18 so 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 18 so 18
+d now you may recall from our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d now you may recall from our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d now you may recall from our last
+calculation the average first passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation the average first passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation the average first passage
+time in the sphere calculated exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the sphere calculated exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the sphere calculated exactly
+was r squared over 15d so this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was r squared over 15d so this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was r squared over 15d so this very
+simple calculation is clearly giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculation is clearly giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculation is clearly giving us
+you know roughly the right order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know roughly the right order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know roughly the right order of
+magnitude for that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude for that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude for that time
+but we're actually not interested so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're actually not interested so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're actually not interested so
+much in writing this in terms of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in writing this in terms of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in writing this in terms of time
+we'd actually like to write in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd actually like to write in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd actually like to write in terms of
+radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+so i can also write p e is one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can also write p e is one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can also write p e is one minus
+e to the minus r i called maybe rd for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus r i called maybe rd for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus r i called maybe rd for
+diffusion over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion over r
+where rd is basically all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where rd is basically all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where rd is basically all this stuff
+3 root 2 d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 root 2 d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 root 2 d
+tau v okay so this is maybe another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau v okay so this is maybe another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau v okay so this is maybe another
+useful way to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way to write that
+and what does this function look like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does this function look like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does this function look like as
+a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of r
+this one right here so i mean if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right here so i mean if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right here so i mean if i
+sketch that i'll i'll look this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch that i'll i'll look this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch that i'll i'll look this a little
+bit more carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more carefully
+let's plot this so as a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plot this so as a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plot this so as a function of r
+here is this r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this r
+d this sort of typical critical size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d this sort of typical critical size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d this sort of typical critical size
+when we are smaller than that critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are smaller than that critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are smaller than that critical
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+then uh basically we have that p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh basically we have that p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh basically we have that p
+e the escape probability essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the escape probability essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the escape probability essentially is
+very close to one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to one okay
+because then we have you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we have you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we have you know that
+that's basically just what we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically just what we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically just what we're just
+arguing it's this limit right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing it's this limit right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing it's this limit right here
+but then it's a function that when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's a function that when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's a function that when it
+gets much larger than our d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets much larger than our d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets much larger than our d
+then it decays as we suggested here sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it decays as we suggested here sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it decays as we suggested here sort
+of one over r so it's actually a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one over r so it's actually a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one over r so it's actually a fairly
+slow decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know in the long run so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the long run so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the long run so basically
+there's this this limit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this this limit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this this limit here
+and i just wanted to get to this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just wanted to get to this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just wanted to get to this picture
+just to point out that even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to point out that even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to point out that even though
+they're obviously physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're obviously physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're obviously physiological
+characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+having to do with the way that a virion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with the way that a virion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with the way that a virion
+would actually get into a host cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually get into a host cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually get into a host cell and
+whether they would get infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they would get infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they would get infected
+but a lot of those properties are should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of those properties are should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of those properties are should
+be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be independent
+of the delivery of the virion in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the delivery of the virion in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the delivery of the virion in a
+droplet it's really more once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet it's really more once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet it's really more once the
+variant gets out there's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant gets out there's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant gets out there's some kind of
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+but what this calculation shows is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what this calculation shows is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what this calculation shows is that
+we would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would expect
+a fairly strong dependence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly strong dependence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly strong dependence of the
+infectivity on the size of the droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectivity on the size of the droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectivity on the size of the droplet
+and in particular if we calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular if we calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular if we calculate this
+rd with some idea that sort of droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rd with some idea that sort of droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rd with some idea that sort of droplets
+that are smaller than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are smaller than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are smaller than that
+are highly infectious because every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly infectious because every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly infectious because every
+virion in those droplets can get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virion in those droplets can get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virion in those droplets can get out
+and affect the host cell whereas if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and affect the host cell whereas if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and affect the host cell whereas if the
+the viruses the droplet is much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viruses the droplet is much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viruses the droplet is much bigger
+than that then you have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that then you have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that then you have this kind of
+problem where there's kind of a dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where there's kind of a dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where there's kind of a dead
+region in the middle and those virions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the middle and those virions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the middle and those virions
+are not going to be able to get out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to be able to get out in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to be able to get out in a
+reasonable amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of time
+which is set by this tau v so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is set by this tau v so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is set by this tau v so for
+example tau v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example tau v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example tau v
+first for sars cove 2 the chronovirus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first for sars cove 2 the chronovirus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first for sars cove 2 the chronovirus
+is estimated to be anywhere from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is estimated to be anywhere from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is estimated to be anywhere from one
+hour there was one study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour there was one study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour there was one study
+in aerosol droplets finding that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aerosol droplets finding that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aerosol droplets finding that kind of
+decay but another study found that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay but another study found that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay but another study found that after
+16 hours it was still viable so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 hours it was still viable so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 hours it was still viable so there's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+quite a consensus forming yet but it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a consensus forming yet but it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a consensus forming yet but it may
+be a time on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a time on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a time on the order of
+hours certainly days over which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours certainly days over which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours certainly days over which
+the virion needs to get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virion needs to get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virion needs to get out of the
+droplet in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet in order to be
+able to cause infection and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to cause infection and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to cause infection and this
+calculation shows you that as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation shows you that as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation shows you that as a result
+you would expect a size dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect a size dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect a size dependent
+diffusivity or excuse me a size of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity or excuse me a size of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity or excuse me a size of an
+infectivity and roughly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectivity and roughly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectivity and roughly speaking
+if we plug in the numbers these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we plug in the numbers these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we plug in the numbers these are the
+aerosol droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol droplets
+and these are the large drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the large drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the large drops
+we've already done that that was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done that that was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done that that was our
+previous calculation based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous calculation based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous calculation based on
+this time here which this what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time here which this what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time here which this what i'm
+calling tau d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling tau d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling tau d
+here which corresponds to this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which corresponds to this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which corresponds to this is also
+pretty close to what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to what we call
+tau zero that was the well that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau zero that was the well that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau zero that was the well that was
+that was the the um longest escape time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the the um longest escape time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the the um longest escape time
+actually what i called i think taobar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what i called i think taobar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what i called i think taobar
+actually which was um r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually which was um r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually which was um r squared
+over 15d that was the average escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 15d that was the average escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 15d that was the average escape
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+uh so basically we've already shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so basically we've already shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so basically we've already shown that
+average escape time starts to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average escape time starts to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average escape time starts to become
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+or even months when we get to large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even months when we get to large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even months when we get to large
+drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops
+but for the aerosol droplets in mucus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the aerosol droplets in mucus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the aerosol droplets in mucus
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+this time scale is of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time scale is of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time scale is of order
+you know minutes to hours which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minutes to hours which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minutes to hours which is
+reasonable and you would expect those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable and you would expect those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable and you would expect those to
+be very infectious droplets
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nmMUUuXhk2A.txt b/nmMUUuXhk2A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89492e6a61d24a6e29ff0393e89dd7ab5650c3b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nmMUUuXhk2A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good afternoon everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon everyone
+let's get started so welcome to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started so welcome to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started so welcome to the
+eleventh lecture of six 172 seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleventh lecture of six 172 seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleventh lecture of six 172 seems that
+there are many fewer people here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many fewer people here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many fewer people here today
+that on Tuesday all right so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on Tuesday all right so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on Tuesday all right so today we're
+going to talk about storage allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about storage allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about storage allocation
+and turns out that storage allocation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turns out that storage allocation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turns out that storage allocation is
+about both allocating memory and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both allocating memory and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both allocating memory and also
+freeing it but in the literature it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeing it but in the literature it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeing it but in the literature it's
+just called storage allocation so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called storage allocation so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called storage allocation so that's
+the term we're gonna use and whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term we're gonna use and whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term we're gonna use and whenever
+you do a malloc or free that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a malloc or free that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a malloc or free that you're
+doing storage allocation so how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing storage allocation so how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing storage allocation so how many of
+you have used malloc or free before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have used malloc or free before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have used malloc or free before so
+hopefully all of you since you needed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully all of you since you needed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully all of you since you needed it
+for for the projects and homeworks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the projects and homeworks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the projects and homeworks so
+the simplest form of storage is a stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest form of storage is a stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest form of storage is a stack
+and in a stack you just have an array in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a stack you just have an array in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a stack you just have an array in
+a pointer so here we have an array which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pointer so here we have an array which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pointer so here we have an array which
+we call a and then there's some portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a and then there's some portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a and then there's some portion
+of this array that's used for memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this array that's used for memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this array that's used for memory and
+the rest of it is free it's not used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it is free it's not used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it is free it's not used and
+then there's a pointer SP that points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a pointer SP that points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a pointer SP that points to
+the end of the use region in this stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the use region in this stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the use region in this stack
+and if you want to allocate X bytes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to allocate X bytes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to allocate X bytes on
+the stack all you do is you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack all you do is you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack all you do is you just
+increment this SP pointer by ax and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment this SP pointer by ax and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment this SP pointer by ax and then
+of course you should also check for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you should also check for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you should also check for
+overflow to make sure that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow to make sure that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow to make sure that you don't
+actually go off the end of this array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go off the end of this array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go off the end of this array
+because if you do that then your you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you do that then your you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you do that then your you'll
+get a segmentation fault but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a segmentation fault but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a segmentation fault but actually
+nowadays compilers don't really check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays compilers don't really check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays compilers don't really check
+first stack overflow because your stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stack overflow because your stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stack overflow because your stack
+is usually a big enough for most of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually a big enough for most of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually a big enough for most of your
+program and when you do get a stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and when you do get a stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and when you do get a stack
+overflow you're just gonna seg fault in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow you're just gonna seg fault in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow you're just gonna seg fault in
+and then you go debug your program so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go debug your program so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go debug your program so
+for efficiency reasons the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for efficiency reasons the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for efficiency reasons the stack
+overflow isn't actually checked okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow isn't actually checked okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow isn't actually checked okay and
+then it returns a pointer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it returns a pointer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it returns a pointer to the
+beginning of the memory that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the memory that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the memory that you just
+allocated so it's just SP minus X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated so it's just SP minus X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated so it's just SP minus X so
+that's pretty pretty simple and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty pretty simple and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty pretty simple and it
+fact this is how the see call stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is how the see call stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is how the see call stack
+works it also uses a stack discipline so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it also uses a stack discipline so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it also uses a stack discipline so
+what you call a function you you save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you call a function you you save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you call a function you you save
+local variables and registers on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables and registers on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables and registers on the
+stack and you also save the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and you also save the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and you also save the return
+address of the function that's calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of the function that's calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of the function that's calling
+another function and that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another function and that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another function and that when you
+return you pop things off the stack so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return you pop things off the stack so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return you pop things off the stack so
+you can also free things from the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also free things from the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also free things from the stack
+so what you do is you just decrement SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you just decrement SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you just decrement SP
+by XV one of free x bytes so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by XV one of free x bytes so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by XV one of free x bytes so here we
+just decremented SP by X and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decremented SP by X and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decremented SP by X and everything
+after SP is now considered to be free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after SP is now considered to be free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after SP is now considered to be free
+and again if you're careful you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if you're careful you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if you're careful you would
+check for a stack underflow but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for a stack underflow but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for a stack underflow but again
+the compiler usually doesn't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler usually doesn't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler usually doesn't do this
+because if you do have a stack underflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you do have a stack underflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you do have a stack underflow
+there's a bug in your program and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bug in your program and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bug in your program and you'll
+get a seg fault and you should go fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so allocating and freeing in a stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so allocating and freeing in a stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so allocating and freeing in a stack
+takes constant time because all you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes constant time because all you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes constant time because all you have
+to do is manipulate the stack pointer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is manipulate the stack pointer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is manipulate the stack pointer so
+it's pretty efficient however you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty efficient however you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty efficient however you have
+to free consistently with the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to free consistently with the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to free consistently with the stack
+discipline so the stack has limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline so the stack has limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline so the stack has limited
+applicability does anybody see why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicability does anybody see why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicability does anybody see why you
+can't do everything with just a stack so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do everything with just a stack so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do everything with just a stack so
+what's one limitation of the stack yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one limitation of the stack yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one limitation of the stack yes
+I so so it turns out that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so so it turns out that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so so it turns out that you can
+actually a pass a compile-time constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pass a compile-time constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pass a compile-time constant
+to make the stack bigger if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the stack bigger if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the stack bigger if you wanted
+to there's actually a more fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there's actually a more fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there's actually a more fundamental
+limitation of the stack yes yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of the stack yes yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of the stack yes yeah so the
+answer is that you can only free the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that you can only free the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that you can only free the
+last thing that you allocated so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing that you allocated so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing that you allocated so there's
+no way to free anything in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to free anything in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to free anything in the middle of
+this use region here you have to free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this use region here you have to free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this use region here you have to free
+the last thing here because the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing here because the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing here because the stack
+doesn't keep track of the objects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't keep track of the objects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't keep track of the objects in the
+middle of this used region so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this used region so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this used region so there's
+limited applicability but it's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited applicability but it's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited applicability but it's great
+when it works because it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it works because it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it works because it's very
+efficient and all this code can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and all this code can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and all this code can
+essentially be in line you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be in line you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be in line you don't have to
+have any function calls it's very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any function calls it's very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any function calls it's very fast
+and it also turns out that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also turns out that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also turns out that you can
+allocate on the call stack using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate on the call stack using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate on the call stack using this
+function called aleca it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called aleca it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called aleca it's actually not
+a function it's just a keyword that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function it's just a keyword that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function it's just a keyword that the
+compiler recognizes and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler recognizes and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler recognizes and it will
+transform it to instructions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it to instructions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform it to instructions that
+manipulate the stack however this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the stack however this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the stack however this
+function is now deprecated because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is now deprecated because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is now deprecated because it
+turns out that the compiler is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the compiler is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the compiler is actually
+more efficient when you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient when you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient when you're dealing with
+these fixed size frames if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fixed size frames if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fixed size frames if you just
+allocate a pointer on the stack that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate a pointer on the stack that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate a pointer on the stack that
+points to some piece of memory on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to some piece of memory on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to some piece of memory on the
+heap but nevertheless if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap but nevertheless if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap but nevertheless if you want to
+allocate on the call stack you can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate on the call stack you can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate on the call stack you can call
+this aleca function but you should check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aleca function but you should check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aleca function but you should check
+that it's doing the right thing since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's doing the right thing since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's doing the right thing since
+it's now deprecated and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now deprecated and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now deprecated and the
+implementation is compiler dependent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is compiler dependent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is compiler dependent so
+what's another type of storage besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another type of storage besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another type of storage besides
+the stack so you can't do everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack so you can't do everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack so you can't do everything
+with a stack so what else can we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes so we also have the heap which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so we also have the heap which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so we also have the heap which
+is more general than the stack so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more general than the stack so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more general than the stack so a
+stack looks very nice and tidy and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack looks very nice and tidy and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack looks very nice and tidy and it's
+very efficient to use the stack but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient to use the stack but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient to use the stack but it
+doesn't work for everything so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work for everything so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work for everything so that's
+why we have to heap and the heap is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have to heap and the heap is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have to heap and the heap is much
+more general that it's very messy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general that it's very messy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general that it's very messy it's
+very hard to organize this and work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to organize this and work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to organize this and work with
+it efficiently and for the rest of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it efficiently and for the rest of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it efficiently and for the rest of this
+lecture I'm going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm going to be talking about
+how to manage memory in the heap and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to manage memory in the heap and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to manage memory in the heap and I
+found these pictures on Stack Overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found these pictures on Stack Overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found these pictures on Stack Overflow
+so maybe they're biased towards stacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we do heap allocation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we do heap allocation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we do heap allocation so
+let's first start with fixed size heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first start with fixed size heap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first start with fixed size heap
+allocation where we assume that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation where we assume that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation where we assume that all of
+the objects that we're dealing with are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects that we're dealing with are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects that we're dealing with are
+of the same size in general this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same size in general this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same size in general this isn't
+true but let's just start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but let's just start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but let's just start with this
+simpler case first okay so as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler case first okay so as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler case first okay so as I said
+earlier if you use malloc and free and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier if you use malloc and free and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier if you use malloc and free and C
+then you're doing heap allocation C++
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're doing heap allocation C++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're doing heap allocation C++
+has the new and delete operators which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the new and delete operators which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the new and delete operators which
+works similarly to malloc and free they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works similarly to malloc and free they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works similarly to malloc and free they
+also call the object constructor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also call the object constructor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also call the object constructor and
+destructor and the C functions don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructor and the C functions don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructor and the C functions don't do
+that and unlike Java and Python C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and unlike Java and Python C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and unlike Java and Python C and
+C++ don't provide a garbage collector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C++ don't provide a garbage collector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C++ don't provide a garbage collector so
+the programmer has to manage memory him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programmer has to manage memory him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programmer has to manage memory him
+or herself and this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or herself and this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or herself and this is one of the
+reasons for the efficiency of C and C++
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for the efficiency of C and C++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for the efficiency of C and C++
+because there's no garbage collector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no garbage collector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no garbage collector
+running in a background however this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in a background however this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in a background however this
+makes it much harder to write correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it much harder to write correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it much harder to write correct
+programs and C because you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and C because you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and C because you have to be
+careful of memory leaks dangling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful of memory leaks dangling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful of memory leaks dangling
+pointers and double freeing so a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers and double freeing so a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers and double freeing so a memory
+leak is if you allocate something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak is if you allocate something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak is if you allocate something you
+forget to free it in your program peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to free it in your program peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to free it in your program peace
+of running and allocating more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of running and allocating more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of running and allocating more and more
+stuff but without freeing it eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but without freeing it eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but without freeing it eventually
+you're gonna run out of memory and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna run out of memory and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna run out of memory and your
+program is going to crash so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is going to crash so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is going to crash so you need to
+be careful of memory leaks dangling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful of memory leaks dangling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful of memory leaks dangling
+pointers are pointers to pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers are pointers to pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers are pointers to pieces of
+memory that you have already freed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that you have already freed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that you have already freed and
+if you try to dereference a dangling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to dereference a dangling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to dereference a dangling
+pointer the behavior is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer the behavior is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer the behavior is going to be
+undefined so maybe you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined so maybe you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined so maybe you'll get a
+segmentation fault maybe you won't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation fault maybe you won't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation fault maybe you won't see
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+until later on in your program because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until later on in your program because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until later on in your program because
+that memory might have been reallocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that memory might have been reallocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that memory might have been reallocated
+for something else and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something else and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something else and it's actually
+illegal to dereference that memory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal to dereference that memory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal to dereference that memory so
+Dan blowing pointers are very annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan blowing pointers are very annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan blowing pointers are very annoying
+when you're using C if you're lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're using C if you're lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're using C if you're lucky
+you'll get a sack fault right away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a sack fault right away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a sack fault right away and
+you can go fix your bug but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go fix your bug but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go fix your bug but sometimes
+these are very hard to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's also double freeing so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also double freeing so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also double freeing so this is
+when you free something more than once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you free something more than once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you free something more than once
+and again this will lead to undefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this will lead to undefined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this will lead to undefined
+behavior maybe I'll get a segfault or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior maybe I'll get a segfault or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior maybe I'll get a segfault or
+maybe that piece of memory was allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that piece of memory was allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that piece of memory was allocated
+for something else and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something else and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something else and then when you
+free it again it's actually illegal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free it again it's actually illegal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free it again it's actually illegal but
+your program is going to be incorrect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program is going to be incorrect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program is going to be incorrect so
+you need to be careful that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be careful that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be careful that you don't
+free something more than once and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free something more than once and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free something more than once and this
+is why some people for prefer to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why some people for prefer to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why some people for prefer to use a
+language like Java and Python that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like Java and Python that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like Java and Python that
+provide these built-in garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide these built-in garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide these built-in garbage
+collectors however these languages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectors however these languages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectors however these languages are
+less efficient because they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less efficient because they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less efficient because they have a
+general-purpose garbage collector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general-purpose garbage collector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general-purpose garbage collector
+running in the background so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in the background so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in the background so in this
+class we're going to use C because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we're going to use C because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we're going to use C because we
+want to be able to write the fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to write the fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to write the fastest
+programs as possible so we need to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs as possible so we need to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs as possible so we need to study
+how to manage memory and there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to manage memory and there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to manage memory and there are some
+tools you can use to reduce the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools you can use to reduce the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools you can use to reduce the number
+of memory bugs you have in your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory bugs you have in your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory bugs you have in your program
+so there's memory checkers like address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's memory checkers like address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's memory checkers like address
+sanitizer and Val brain which can assist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanitizer and Val brain which can assist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanitizer and Val brain which can assist
+you in finding these pernicious bugs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in finding these pernicious bugs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in finding these pernicious bugs so
+address sanitizer is a compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address sanitizer is a compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address sanitizer is a compiler
+instrumentation tool when you compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation tool when you compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation tool when you compile
+your program you plot you pass a flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program you plot you pass a flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program you plot you pass a flag
+and then when you run your program it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you run your program it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you run your program it's
+going to report any it's going to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to report any it's going to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to report any it's going to report
+possible memory bugs you have in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible memory bugs you have in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible memory bugs you have in your
+program and then valgrind it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and then valgrind it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and then valgrind it works
+directly off the binary so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly off the binary so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly off the binary so you don't
+need to do anything special when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do anything special when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do anything special when you
+compile it you can just pass your binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile it you can just pass your binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile it you can just pass your binary
+to valgrind and if there's a memory bug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to valgrind and if there's a memory bug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to valgrind and if there's a memory bug
+it will it might find it but valgrind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will it might find it but valgrind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will it might find it but valgrind
+tends to be a slower than now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be a slower than now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be a slower than now just
+saying sanitizer and it tends to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying sanitizer and it tends to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying sanitizer and it tends to catch
+fewer bugs because it knows less about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer bugs because it knows less about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer bugs because it knows less about
+the program then address sanitizer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program then address sanitizer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program then address sanitizer and
+address sanitizer it sees the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address sanitizer it sees the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address sanitizer it sees the source
+code of the program and has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of the program and has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of the program and has more
+information whereas valgrind just works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information whereas valgrind just works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information whereas valgrind just works
+directly off the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also don't confuse the heap with a heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also don't confuse the heap with a heap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also don't confuse the heap with a heap
+data structure that you might have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure that you might have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure that you might have seen
+before in your algorithms or data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in your algorithms or data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in your algorithms or data
+structures courses so these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures courses so these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures courses so these are two
+different concepts the heap data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concepts the heap data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concepts the heap data
+structure in your algorithms course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in your algorithms course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in your algorithms course it
+was a data structure used to represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a data structure used to represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a data structure used to represent a
+priority queue where you can officially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority queue where you can officially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority queue where you can officially
+extract the highest priority element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the highest priority element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the highest priority element and
+you can also update the priorities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also update the priorities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also update the priorities of
+elements in the set and this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the set and this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the set and this could be
+used for algorithms like sorting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for algorithms like sorting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for algorithms like sorting or
+graph search but today we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph search but today we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph search but today we're going to be
+talking about another heap which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about another heap which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about another heap which is the
+heap that's used for storage allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap that's used for storage allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap that's used for storage allocation
+so don't get confused so any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't get confused so any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't get confused so any questions
+so far okay all right so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far okay all right so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far okay all right so we're gonna
+first start with fixed size allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first start with fixed size allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first start with fixed size allocation
+since that's the easier case so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that's the easier case so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that's the easier case so we're
+gonna assume that every piece of storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume that every piece of storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume that every piece of storage
+has the same size some of these blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same size some of these blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same size some of these blocks
+are used and some of them are unused and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used and some of them are unused and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used and some of them are unused and
+among the unused blocks we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the unused blocks we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the unused blocks we're going to
+keep a list that we call the free list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a list that we call the free list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a list that we call the free list
+and each block and this free list has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each block and this free list has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each block and this free list has a
+pointer to the next block in the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the next block in the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the next block in the free
+list and since this memory is unused we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and since this memory is unused we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and since this memory is unused we
+can actually use the memory to store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually use the memory to store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually use the memory to store a
+pointer as part of our storage allocator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer as part of our storage allocator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer as part of our storage allocator
+implementation there's actually another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation there's actually another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation there's actually another
+way to do fixed size allocations instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do fixed size allocations instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do fixed size allocations instead
+of using a free list you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using a free list you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using a free list you could actually
+place a bit for each block saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a bit for each block saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a bit for each block saying
+whether or not it's free and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it's free and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it's free and then when
+you do allocation you can use bid tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do allocation you can use bid tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do allocation you can use bid tricks
+but today I'm just I'm gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today I'm just I'm gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today I'm just I'm gonna talk about
+the free list implementation so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free list implementation so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free list implementation so to
+allocate one object from the free list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate one object from the free list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate one object from the free list
+you set the pointer X to be free so free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the pointer X to be free so free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the pointer X to be free so free
+is pointing to the first object in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing to the first object in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing to the first object in this
+free list then you set the free pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free list then you set the free pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free list then you set the free pointer
+to point to the next thing in the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point to the next thing in the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point to the next thing in the free
+list so this is doing free equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so this is doing free equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so this is doing free equal to the
+next pointer of free and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next pointer of free and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next pointer of free and then finally
+you return X which is a pointer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you return X which is a pointer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you return X which is a pointer to the
+first object in the free list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first object in the free list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first object in the free list
+so here's an animation so X is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an animation so X is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an animation so X is gonna
+point to what free points - you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to what free points - you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to what free points - you also
+need to check if free is equal to null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check if free is equal to null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check if free is equal to null
+because if free is equal to no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if free is equal to no that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if free is equal to no that
+means there are no more free blocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there are no more free blocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there are no more free blocks in
+the free list and the programmer should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free list and the programmer should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free list and the programmer should
+know this you should return a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this you should return a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this you should return a special
+value otherwise we're going to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value otherwise we're going to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value otherwise we're going to set the
+free pointer to point to the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free pointer to point to the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free pointer to point to the next thing
+in the free list and then finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the free list and then finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the free list and then finally we
+return X to the program and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return X to the program and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return X to the program and now the
+program has a block of memory that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has a block of memory that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has a block of memory that can
+use there is still a garbage pointer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use there is still a garbage pointer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use there is still a garbage pointer in
+this block that we pass back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block that we pass back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block that we pass back to the
+program because we didn't clear it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program because we didn't clear it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program because we didn't clear it so
+the implementation of the storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation of the storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation of the storage
+alligator could design decide to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alligator could design decide to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alligator could design decide to zero
+this out or can just pass it back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out or can just pass it back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out or can just pass it back to the
+program and leave it up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and leave it up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and leave it up to the
+programmer to do whatever it wants with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer to do whatever it wants with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer to do whatever it wants with
+it so that in the latter case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that in the latter case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that in the latter case the
+programmer should be careful not to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer should be careful not to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer should be careful not to try
+to dereference this pointer okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dereference this pointer okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dereference this pointer okay so how
+about D allocation so let's say we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about D allocation so let's say we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about D allocation so let's say we want
+to free some object X what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to free some object X what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to free some object X what we do is we
+just set the next pointer of X to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set the next pointer of X to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set the next pointer of X to be
+equal to free so it's going to point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to free so it's going to point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to free so it's going to point to
+the first thing in the free list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing in the free list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing in the free list and
+then we set free equal to X so right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we set free equal to X so right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we set free equal to X so right so
+now free is pointing to X in this X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now free is pointing to X in this X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now free is pointing to X in this X
+object that we want it to free now as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that we want it to free now as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that we want it to free now as a
+pointer to the first object in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the first object in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the first object in the
+original free list so pretty simple any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original free list so pretty simple any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original free list so pretty simple any
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this sort of acts like a stack in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of acts like a stack in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of acts like a stack in
+that the last thing that you freed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the last thing that you freed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the last thing that you freed is
+going to be the first thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the first thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the first thing that you
+allocates you get temple locality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocates you get temple locality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocates you get temple locality and
+that in that way but unlike a stack you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that way but unlike a stack you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that way but unlike a stack you
+can actually free any of the blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually free any of the blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually free any of the blocks and
+not just the last block that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the last block that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the last block that you
+allocated so with a free list allocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated so with a free list allocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated so with a free list allocating
+and freeing take constant time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and freeing take constant time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and freeing take constant time because
+you're just adjusting some pointers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just adjusting some pointers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just adjusting some pointers as
+good temporal locality because as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good temporal locality because as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good temporal locality because as I said
+the things that you freed most recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you freed most recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you freed most recently
+are going to be the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be the things that are
+going to be allocated it has poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be allocated it has poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be allocated it has poor
+spatial locality due to external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial locality due to external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial locality due to external
+fragmentation and external fragmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation and external fragmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation and external fragmentation
+means that your blocks of used memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that your blocks of used memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that your blocks of used memory
+are spread out all over the place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spread out all over the place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spread out all over the place in the
+space of all memory and this can be bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of all memory and this can be bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of all memory and this can be bad
+for performance because it can increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for performance because it can increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for performance because it can increase
+the size of the page table and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the page table and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the page table and it can
+also cause dis thrashing so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also cause dis thrashing so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also cause dis thrashing so if you
+recall whenever you access a page in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall whenever you access a page in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall whenever you access a page in
+virtual memory it has to do an address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual memory it has to do an address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual memory it has to do an address
+translation to physical to the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation to physical to the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation to physical to the physical
+memory address and if if your memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory address and if if your memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory address and if if your memory
+spread out across many pages in virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out across many pages in virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out across many pages in virtual
+memory then you're gonna have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory then you're gonna have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory then you're gonna have a lot of
+entries in the page table because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in the page table because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in the page table because the
+page table is storing this mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page table is storing this mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page table is storing this mapping
+between the virtual memory address of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the virtual memory address of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the virtual memory address of
+the page and the physical memory address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page and the physical memory address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page and the physical memory address
+of the page so it's gonna complicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the page so it's gonna complicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the page so it's gonna complicate the
+page table make it less efficient to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page table make it less efficient to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page table make it less efficient to do
+lookups in it and then if you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookups in it and then if you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookups in it and then if you have more
+pages than you can fit in your main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages than you can fit in your main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages than you can fit in your main
+memory then this hidden cause disk disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory then this hidden cause disk disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory then this hidden cause disk disk
+thrashing because you have to move pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrashing because you have to move pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrashing because you have to move pages
+in and out of disk the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of disk the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of disk the translation
+lookaside buffer TLB can also be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookaside buffer TLB can also be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookaside buffer TLB can also be a
+problem does anybody know what a TLB is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah so the TOB is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so the TOB is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so the TOB is essentially a
+cache for the page table so it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache for the page table so it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache for the page table so it will
+cache the results of the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache the results of the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache the results of the translation
+from virtual memory addresses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from virtual memory addresses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from virtual memory addresses to
+physical memory addresses for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical memory addresses for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical memory addresses for the most
+recent translations and looking up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent translations and looking up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent translations and looking up a
+translation in the TLB is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation in the TLB is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation in the TLB is much more
+efficient than going through the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient than going through the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient than going through the page
+table and if you have if you have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and if you have if you have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and if you have if you have a lot
+of external fragmentation then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of external fragmentation then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of external fragmentation then you have
+a lot of pages that you might access and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of pages that you might access and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of pages that you might access and
+this means that when you go to the TLB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that when you go to the TLB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that when you go to the TLB
+it's more likely you'll get a TLB miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more likely you'll get a TLB miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more likely you'll get a TLB miss
+and you have to go to the page table to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to go to the page table to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to go to the page table to
+look up the appropriate address so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the appropriate address so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the appropriate address so
+that's why external fragmentation is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at some ways to mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at some ways to mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at some ways to mitigate
+external fragmentation so one way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external fragmentation so one way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external fragmentation so one way to do
+this is to keep a free list or a bitmap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to keep a free list or a bitmap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to keep a free list or a bitmap
+per disk page and then when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per disk page and then when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per disk page and then when you want to
+allocate something you allocate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate something you allocate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate something you allocate from the
+free list of the fullest page so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free list of the fullest page so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free list of the fullest page so you
+sort of skew the memory that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of skew the memory that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of skew the memory that's being
+used to as few pages as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to as few pages as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to as few pages as possible and
+when you free a block of stories you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you free a block of stories you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you free a block of stories you
+just you just return it to the page on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just return it to the page on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just return it to the page on
+which that block resides and if a page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that block resides and if a page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that block resides and if a page
+becomes completely empty there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes completely empty there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes completely empty there are no
+more items that are used on that page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more items that are used on that page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more items that are used on that page
+then the virtual memory system can page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the virtual memory system can page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the virtual memory system can page
+it out without affecting the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out without affecting the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out without affecting the program
+perform is because you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform is because you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform is because you're not going to
+access that page anyways so this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access that page anyways so this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access that page anyways so this might
+seem counterintuitive why do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem counterintuitive why do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem counterintuitive why do we want to
+skew the items to as few pages as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skew the items to as few pages as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skew the items to as few pages as
+possible so let's look at a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so let's look at a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so let's look at a simple
+example to convince ourselves why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to convince ourselves why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to convince ourselves why this
+is actually good for dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually good for dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually good for dealing with
+external fragmentation so here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external fragmentation so here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external fragmentation so here I have
+two cases in the first case I have 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases in the first case I have 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases in the first case I have 90%
+of my blocks on one page and 10% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my blocks on one page and 10% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my blocks on one page and 10% of the
+blocks on the other page in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks on the other page in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks on the other page in the second
+case I have half of my blocks on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I have half of my blocks on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I have half of my blocks on one
+page in half on the other page so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page in half on the other page so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page in half on the other page so now
+let's look at the probability that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the probability that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the probability that two
+random accesses will hit the same page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random accesses will hit the same page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random accesses will hit the same page
+so let's assume that all the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume that all the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume that all the random
+accesses are going to go to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses are going to go to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses are going to go to one of the
+two pages so in the first case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pages so in the first case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pages so in the first case the
+building up both of that disease hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up both of that disease hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up both of that disease hit the
+first page is going to be 0.9 times 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first page is going to be 0.9 times 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first page is going to be 0.9 times 0.9
+and then the probability that they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the probability that they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the probability that they both
+hit the second page is 0.1 times 0.1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the second page is 0.1 times 0.1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the second page is 0.1 times 0.1 and
+if you sum this up you get point a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sum this up you get point a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sum this up you get point a 2
+that's the probability that both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability that both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability that both of the
+random access these are going to hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random access these are going to hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random access these are going to hit the
+same page in the other case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page in the other case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page in the other case the
+probability that both of the accesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that both of the accesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that both of the accesses
+hit the same page the first page it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the same page the first page it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the same page the first page it's
+gonna be 0.5 times 0.5 the second page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be 0.5 times 0.5 the second page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be 0.5 times 0.5 the second page
+is also gonna be 0.5 times 0.5 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also gonna be 0.5 times 0.5 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also gonna be 0.5 times 0.5 so that
+sums to 0.5 and that means that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums to 0.5 and that means that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums to 0.5 and that means that there's
+only a 50% chance that two random acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a 50% chance that two random acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a 50% chance that two random acts
+diseases are gonna hit the same page so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases are gonna hit the same page so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases are gonna hit the same page so
+in the first case you actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first case you actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first case you actually have a
+higher chance that the two random acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher chance that the two random acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher chance that the two random acts
+disease hit the same page and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease hit the same page and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease hit the same page and that's why
+we want to skew the items as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to skew the items as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to skew the items as much as
+possible so that we can reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that we can reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that we can reduce the
+external fragmentation any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that was fixed size heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was fixed size heap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was fixed size heap
+allocation and obviously you can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation and obviously you can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation and obviously you can't use
+that for many programs if if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for many programs if if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for many programs if if you're
+allocating memory of different sizes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating memory of different sizes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating memory of different sizes so
+now let's look at variable size heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at variable size heap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at variable size heap
+allocation so we're going to look at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation so we're going to look at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation so we're going to look at one
+allocation scheme called bin freelee's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation scheme called bin freelee's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation scheme called bin freelee's
+the idea is to leverage the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to leverage the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to leverage the efficiency
+of free lists and also has topped a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free lists and also has topped a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free lists and also has topped a
+bounded amount of internal fragmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded amount of internal fragmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded amount of internal fragmentation
+so internal fragmentation is a waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so internal fragmentation is a waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so internal fragmentation is a waste of
+space within a block so that means when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space within a block so that means when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space within a block so that means when
+you allocate possibly more space than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allocate possibly more space than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allocate possibly more space than
+you're using then there's some wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using then there's some wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using then there's some wasted
+space in there so in bin free list what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in there so in bin free list what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in there so in bin free list what
+we're going to do is we're gonna have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're gonna have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're gonna have a
+whole bunch of bins and each bin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of bins and each bin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of bins and each bin is
+going to store blocks of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store blocks of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store blocks of a particular
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here I'm going to say that Benkei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I'm going to say that Benkei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I'm going to say that Benkei
+holds mammary blocks of size two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds mammary blocks of size two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds mammary blocks of size two to the
+case I'm gonna store blocks of sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm gonna store blocks of sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm gonna store blocks of sizes
+powers of two so why don't I just store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of two so why don't I just store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of two so why don't I just store
+a bin for every possible size does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bin for every possible size does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bin for every possible size does
+anybody know why why why am i rounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know why why why am i rounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know why why why am i rounding
+up two powers of two here yes if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up two powers of two here yes if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up two powers of two here yes if I
+wanted a bin for every possible size I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a bin for every possible size I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a bin for every possible size I
+would have way too many bins and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have way too many bins and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have way too many bins and just
+the pointers to these bins are not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointers to these bins are not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointers to these bins are not gonna
+fit in memory so that's why I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in memory so that's why I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in memory so that's why I'm only
+using bins that store blocks of size two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using bins that store blocks of size two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using bins that store blocks of size two
+to decay and now let's look at how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decay and now let's look at how I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decay and now let's look at how I'm
+going to allocate X bytes from a bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allocate X bytes from a bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allocate X bytes from a bin
+free list so what I'm gonna do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free list so what I'm gonna do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free list so what I'm gonna do is I'm
+gonna look up the bin for which I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look up the bin for which I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look up the bin for which I should
+take a block from and to get that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a block from and to get that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a block from and to get that I'm
+gonna take the ceiling of log base X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take the ceiling of log base X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take the ceiling of log base X
+this is log base two so recall that LG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is log base two so recall that LG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is log base two so recall that LG
+is log base two if that bin is non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log base two if that bin is non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log base two if that bin is non-empty
+then I can just return a block from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can just return a block from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can just return a block from that
+bin however if that bin is empty then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin however if that bin is empty then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin however if that bin is empty then I
+need to go to the next highest bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go to the next highest bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go to the next highest bin
+that's non-empty and then I'm gonna take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's non-empty and then I'm gonna take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's non-empty and then I'm gonna take
+a block from that bin and then split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block from that bin and then split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block from that bin and then split it
+up into smaller chunks and place them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into smaller chunks and place them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into smaller chunks and place them
+into smaller bins and then I'll also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into smaller bins and then I'll also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into smaller bins and then I'll also get
+a chunk that is of the right size so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chunk that is of the right size so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chunk that is of the right size so for
+this example let's say I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example let's say I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example let's say I wanted to
+allocate three bytes the ceiling of log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate three bytes the ceiling of log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate three bytes the ceiling of log
+base two of X is two so I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base two of X is two so I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base two of X is two so I could have
+been two but Ben two is empty so I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been two but Ben two is empty so I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been two but Ben two is empty so I need
+to look for the next bin that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for the next bin that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for the next bin that's not
+empty and that's going to be bin 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty and that's going to be bin 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty and that's going to be bin 4 and
+I'm going to split up this block into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to split up this block into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to split up this block into a
+smaller powers of two so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller powers of two so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller powers of two so in particular
+I'm gonna find a non empty bin K Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna find a non empty bin K Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna find a non empty bin K Prime
+greater than K and split up a block in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than K and split up a block in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than K and split up a block in
+two sizes of 2 to the K prime minus 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sizes of 2 to the K prime minus 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sizes of 2 to the K prime minus 1 to
+the K prime minus 2 all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K prime minus 2 all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K prime minus 2 all the way down to
+two to the K so I'm gonna split it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the K so I'm gonna split it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the K so I'm gonna split it in
+two sizes of all the powers of two less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sizes of all the powers of two less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sizes of all the powers of two less
+than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two
+decay prime and greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay prime and greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay prime and greater than or equal to
+two to decay and I'm gonna actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to decay and I'm gonna actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to decay and I'm gonna actually have
+two blocks of size to decay and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks of size to decay and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks of size to decay and one of
+those will be returned to the program so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be returned to the program so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be returned to the program so
+here I'm gonna split up this block I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm gonna split up this block I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm gonna split up this block I'm
+gonna place one of the smaller blocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna place one of the smaller blocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna place one of the smaller blocks in
+bin three one of them into bin two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin three one of them into bin two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin three one of them into bin two and
+then I also have another block here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also have another block here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also have another block here that
+I'm just gonna return to the program so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna return to the program so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna return to the program so
+any questions on how this scheme works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if there are no larger blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if there are no larger blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if there are no larger blocks
+that exist so that means all the bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist so that means all the bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist so that means all the bins
+higher than the bin I'm looking at are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the bin I'm looking at are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the bin I'm looking at are
+empty then I need to go to the OS to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty then I need to go to the OS to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty then I need to go to the OS to
+replace for more memory and then after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace for more memory and then after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace for more memory and then after I
+get that memory I'll split it up so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that memory I'll split it up so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that memory I'll split it up so I
+can satisfy my allocation request in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can satisfy my allocation request in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can satisfy my allocation request in
+practice this this exact scheming isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this this exact scheming isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this this exact scheming isn't
+used so there are many variants of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so there are many variants of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so there are many variants of this
+scheme so it turns out that efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme so it turns out that efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme so it turns out that efficiency
+is very important for small allocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important for small allocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important for small allocations
+because there's not that much work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not that much work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not that much work
+performed on these small pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed on these small pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed on these small pieces of
+memory and the overheads of the storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and the overheads of the storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and the overheads of the storage
+allocation scheme could could cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation scheme could could cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation scheme could could cause a
+performance bottleneck so in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance bottleneck so in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance bottleneck so in practice
+you usually don't go all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually don't go all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually don't go all the way down to
+blocks of size one you might stop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of size one you might stop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of size one you might stop at
+blocks of size eight bytes so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of size eight bytes so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of size eight bytes so that you
+don't have that much overhead but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that much overhead but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that much overhead but this
+does increase the internal fragmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does increase the internal fragmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does increase the internal fragmentation
+by by a little bit because now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by a little bit because now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by a little bit because now you have
+some wasted space and then one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wasted space and then one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wasted space and then one second
+and then you can also group blocks into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can also group blocks into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can also group blocks into
+pages as I said before so that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages as I said before so that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages as I said before so that all of
+the blocks in the same page have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks in the same page have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks in the same page have the
+same size and then you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size and then you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size and then you don't have to
+store the information of the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the information of the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the information of the size of the
+blocks yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so there are two commands you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there are two commands you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there are two commands you can
+use one is called M map and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one is called M map and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one is called M map and the other
+one is called s BRK so those are system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called s BRK so those are system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called s BRK so those are system
+calls that you you just I mean you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls that you you just I mean you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls that you you just I mean you just
+call that and then the OS will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that and then the OS will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that and then the OS will give you
+more memory and then your storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more memory and then your storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more memory and then your storage
+alligator can use it yes no some al I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alligator can use it yes no some al I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alligator can use it yes no some al I
+mean the standard implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the standard implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the standard implementation of
+malloc internally it uses these commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malloc internally it uses these commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malloc internally it uses these commands
+and map and s break to get memory from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and map and s break to get memory from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and map and s break to get memory from
+the OS it just the OS just gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OS it just the OS just gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OS it just the OS just gives you a
+huge chunk of memory it doesn't split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge chunk of memory it doesn't split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge chunk of memory it doesn't split it
+up into smaller block so anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into smaller block so anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into smaller block so anything that's
+up to the storage alligator to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the storage alligator to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the storage alligator to do it
+just gives you a big chunk of memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you a big chunk of memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you a big chunk of memory and
+then the storage allocated will break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the storage allocated will break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the storage allocated will break it
+up into smaller blocks then you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into smaller blocks then you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into smaller blocks then you can also
+there there similar commands where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there similar commands where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there similar commands where you
+can free memory back to the OS when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can free memory back to the OS when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can free memory back to the OS when
+you're not using them anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah so what I said was that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so what I said was that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so what I said was that you can
+actually keep blocks of different sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually keep blocks of different sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually keep blocks of different sizes
+on different pages so then you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different pages so then you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different pages so then you don't
+actually have to store the size of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to store the size of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to store the size of each
+block you can just look up what page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block you can just look up what page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block you can just look up what page
+that block resides in when you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block resides in when you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block resides in when you get the
+memory address and then for each page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory address and then for each page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory address and then for each page
+you you have one field that stores the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have one field that stores the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have one field that stores the
+size of those blocks on that page so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of those blocks on that page so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of those blocks on that page so
+this saves you the overhead of having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this saves you the overhead of having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this saves you the overhead of having to
+store information per block to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store information per block to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store information per block to figure
+out its size yeah yeah so if you I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out its size yeah yeah so if you I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out its size yeah yeah so if you I mean
+if you do change the size of the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do change the size of the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do change the size of the blocks
+and you can't use you can't actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't use you can't actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't use you can't actually use
+this scheme so this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scheme so this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scheme so this is actually a
+variant where you don't change the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant where you don't change the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant where you don't change the size
+of the blocks if you do change the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blocks if you do change the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the blocks if you do change the size
+and you have to change it for the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to change it for the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to change it for the entire
+page yes so there are many variants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page yes so there are many variants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page yes so there are many variants of
+memory allocators out there this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory allocators out there this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory allocators out there this is just
+the simplest one that I described but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest one that I described but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest one that I described but
+this it turns out that this isn't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it turns out that this isn't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it turns out that this isn't this
+exact scheme isn't the one that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact scheme isn't the one that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact scheme isn't the one that's used
+in practice or many variants like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice or many variants like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice or many variants like some
+allocators instead of using powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocators instead of using powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocators instead of using powers of
+two they use Fibonacci numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two they use Fibonacci numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two they use Fibonacci numbers to
+determine the different bins any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the different bins any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the different bins any other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+see you actually get a chance to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you actually get a chance to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you actually get a chance to play
+around with implementing some allocators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with implementing some allocators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with implementing some allocators
+in project three and homework six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's let's briefly look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's briefly look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's briefly look at the
+storage layout of a program so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage layout of a program so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage layout of a program so this is
+how our virtual memory address space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how our virtual memory address space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how our virtual memory address space is
+laid out so we have this stack all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out so we have this stack all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out so we have this stack all the
+way at the top and the stack grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way at the top and the stack grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way at the top and the stack grows
+downwards so we have the high addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards so we have the high addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards so we have the high addresses
+up top and the low addresses below then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up top and the low addresses below then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up top and the low addresses below then
+we have the heap which grows upward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the heap which grows upward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the heap which grows upward and
+the heap and the stack basically grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heap and the stack basically grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heap and the stack basically grow
+towards each other in this this space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards each other in this this space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards each other in this this space is
+dynamically allocated as the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically allocated as the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically allocated as the program
+runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs
+then there's the BSS segment the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the BSS segment the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the BSS segment the data
+segment in the text segment which all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment in the text segment which all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment in the text segment which all
+reside below the heap so the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reside below the heap so the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reside below the heap so the code
+segment just stores the code for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment just stores the code for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment just stores the code for your
+program so when you load up your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so when you load up your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so when you load up your program
+this codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this codes
+it's gonna put your program into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna put your program into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna put your program into this
+tag segment then there's this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag segment then there's this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag segment then there's this data
+segment which stores all the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment which stores all the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment which stores all the global
+variables and static variables these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and static variables these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and static variables these
+constants that you defined in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants that you defined in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants that you defined in your
+program these are all stored in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program these are all stored in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program these are all stored in the data
+segment and when you load your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and when you load your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and when you load your program
+you also have to read this segment read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have to read this segment read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have to read this segment read
+this data from disk and store it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data from disk and store it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data from disk and store it into
+the data segment then there's the BSS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data segment then there's the BSS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data segment then there's the BSS
+segment this segment is used to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment this segment is used to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment this segment is used to store
+all the uninitialized variables in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uninitialized variables in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uninitialized variables in your
+program and it this is just initialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and it this is just initialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and it this is just initialized
+to 0 at the start of your program since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 at the start of your program since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 at the start of your program since
+your program hasn't initializes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program hasn't initializes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program hasn't initializes it
+doesn't matter what we set it to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what we set it to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what we set it to and
+then the heap this is the memory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the heap this is the memory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the heap this is the memory that
+we're using when we're calling malloc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using when we're calling malloc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using when we're calling malloc
+and malloc and free and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and malloc and free and then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and malloc and free and then we have the
+stack which we talked about so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack which we talked about so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack which we talked about so in
+practice the stack and the heap are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice the stack and the heap are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice the stack and the heap are
+never actually going to hit each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never actually going to hit each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never actually going to hit each other
+because we're working with 64-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're working with 64-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're working with 64-bit
+addresses so even though they're growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses so even though they're growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses so even though they're growing
+towards each other you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards each other you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards each other you don't have to
+worry about them actually hitting each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about them actually hitting each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about them actually hitting each
+other and another point to note is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and another point to note is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and another point to note is that
+if you're doing a lot of pre computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing a lot of pre computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing a lot of pre computation
+in your in your program for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your program for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your program for example
+generating these huge tables of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating these huge tables of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating these huge tables of
+constants those all have to be read from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants those all have to be read from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants those all have to be read from
+dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead
+when you start your program and stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start your program and stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start your program and stored
+in this data segment so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this data segment so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this data segment so if you have a
+lot of these constants is actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these constants is actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these constants is actually going
+to make your program loading time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your program loading time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your program loading time
+much higher however it's usually okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher however it's usually okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher however it's usually okay to
+do a little bit of pre-computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of pre-computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of pre-computation
+especially if you can save a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you can save a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you can save a lot of
+computation at run time but in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation at run time but in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation at run time but in some
+cases it might actually be faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it might actually be faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it might actually be faster
+overall to just compute the things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall to just compute the things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall to just compute the things in
+memory when you start your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory when you start your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory when you start your program
+because then you don't have to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you don't have to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you don't have to read
+stuff from disk so here's a question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff from disk so here's a question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff from disk so here's a question so
+since a 64-bit address space takes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since a 64-bit address space takes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since a 64-bit address space takes over
+a century to write at a rate of 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a century to write at a rate of 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a century to write at a rate of 4
+billion bytes per second we're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion bytes per second we're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion bytes per second we're never
+effectively going to run out of virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively going to run out of virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively going to run out of virtual
+memory so why don't we just allocate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so why don't we just allocate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so why don't we just allocate out
+of virtual memory and never free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of virtual memory and never free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of virtual memory and never free
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so one thing is that you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so one thing is that you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so one thing is that you have this
+issue of fragmentation you're the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of fragmentation you're the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of fragmentation you're the blocks
+of memory that you're using are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory that you're using are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory that you're using are not
+going to be contiguous in memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be contiguous in memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be contiguous in memory and
+then it makes it harder for you to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it makes it harder for you to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it makes it harder for you to find
+large blocks so this this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large blocks so this this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large blocks so this this is called
+external fragmentation which I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external fragmentation which I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external fragmentation which I mentioned
+earlier so if you do this external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so if you do this external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so if you do this external
+fragmentation is going to be very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation is going to be very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation is going to be very bad
+the performance of the page table is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of the page table is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of the page table is
+going to degrade tremendously because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to degrade tremendously because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to degrade tremendously because
+the memory that you're using is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory that you're using is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory that you're using is going to
+be spread all over virtual memory you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spread all over virtual memory you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spread all over virtual memory you're
+gonna use many pages and this leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use many pages and this leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use many pages and this leads to
+disk thrashing so you have to do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk thrashing so you have to do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk thrashing so you have to do a lot
+of swaps of pages in and out of disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of swaps of pages in and out of disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of swaps of pages in and out of disk
+your TLB hit rate is going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TLB hit rate is going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TLB hit rate is going to be very
+low and basically you and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and basically you and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and basically you and another
+another reason is that you're also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason is that you're also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason is that you're also going
+to run out of physical memory if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run out of physical memory if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run out of physical memory if you
+never free anything so one of the goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never free anything so one of the goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never free anything so one of the goals
+of storage allocation is to try to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of storage allocation is to try to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of storage allocation is to try to use
+as little virtual memory as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as little virtual memory as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as little virtual memory as possible and
+to try to keep the used portions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to keep the used portions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to keep the used portions of the
+memory relatively compact any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory relatively compact any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory relatively compact any questions
+so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's do a analysis of the bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do a analysis of the bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do a analysis of the bin
+free list storage allocation scheme so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free list storage allocation scheme so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free list storage allocation scheme so
+here's a theorem suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a theorem suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a theorem suppose that the
+maximum amount of heap memory and in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of heap memory and in use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of heap memory and in use
+at any time by a program is M if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time by a program is M if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time by a program is M if the
+heap is managed by a bin free less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap is managed by a bin free less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap is managed by a bin free less
+allocator then the amount of virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocator then the amount of virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocator then the amount of virtual
+memory consumed by the heap storage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory consumed by the heap storage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory consumed by the heap storage is
+upper bounded by M log M does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded by M log M does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded by M log M does anybody
+have an intuition about why this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an intuition about why this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an intuition about why this theorem
+could be true so how many bins do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be true so how many bins do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be true so how many bins do we
+have at most right so the number of bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at most right so the number of bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at most right so the number of bins
+we have is upper bounded by a log M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is upper bounded by a log M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is upper bounded by a log M and
+each bin is going to use order ab memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each bin is going to use order ab memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each bin is going to use order ab memory
+so let's look at this more formally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at this more formally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at this more formally so
+an allocation request for a block of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allocation request for a block of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allocation request for a block of
+size X is going to consume to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size X is going to consume to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size X is going to consume to to the
+ceiling of log base 2 of X storage which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling of log base 2 of X storage which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling of log base 2 of X storage which
+is upper bounded by 2 X so we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is upper bounded by 2 X so we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is upper bounded by 2 X so we're only
+wasting a factor of 2 storage here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting a factor of 2 storage here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting a factor of 2 storage here so
+therefore the amount of virtual memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the amount of virtual memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the amount of virtual memory
+devoted to blocks of size 2 decay is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to blocks of size 2 decay is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to blocks of size 2 decay is at
+most 2 m and since there are at most log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most 2 m and since there are at most log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most 2 m and since there are at most log
+base 2 of M free list the theorem holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of M free list the theorem holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of M free list the theorem holds
+just by multiplying the two terms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by multiplying the two terms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by multiplying the two terms you
+can only have log base 2 of M free list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only have log base 2 of M free list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only have log base 2 of M free list
+because that's the maximum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the maximum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the maximum amount of
+memory you're using and therefore your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you're using and therefore your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you're using and therefore your
+largest bin is only going to hold blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest bin is only going to hold blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest bin is only going to hold blocks
+of size M and it turns out that the bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size M and it turns out that the bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size M and it turns out that the bin
+free list allocation scheme is Theta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free list allocation scheme is Theta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free list allocation scheme is Theta of
+1 competitive with the optimal allocator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 competitive with the optimal allocator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 competitive with the optimal allocator
+and this here in optimal allocator knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here in optimal allocator knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here in optimal allocator knows
+all the memory requests in the future so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the memory requests in the future so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the memory requests in the future so
+it can basically do a lot of clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can basically do a lot of clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can basically do a lot of clever
+things to optimize the memory allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to optimize the memory allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to optimize the memory allocation
+process but it turns out that the Brent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but it turns out that the Brent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but it turns out that the Brent
+bin free list is only going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin free list is only going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin free list is only going to be a
+constant factor worse than the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor worse than the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor worse than the optimal
+allocator this is assuming that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocator this is assuming that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocator this is assuming that we don't
+coalesce blocks together which I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalesce blocks together which I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalesce blocks together which I'll talk
+about on the next slide it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on the next slide it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on the next slide it turns out
+that this constant is 6 so charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this constant is 6 so charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this constant is 6 so charles
+leiserson has a paper describing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leiserson has a paper describing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leiserson has a paper describing this
+result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+and there's also lower bound of six so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also lower bound of six so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also lower bound of six so
+this is tight so coalescing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is tight so coalescing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is tight so coalescing so
+coalescing is when you splice together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalescing is when you splice together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalescing is when you splice together
+smaller blocks into a larger block so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller blocks into a larger block so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller blocks into a larger block so
+you can do this if you have two free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this if you have two free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this if you have two free
+blocks that are contiguous in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that are contiguous in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that are contiguous in memory
+this will allow you to put them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will allow you to put them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will allow you to put them together
+into a larger block so been free lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a larger block so been free lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a larger block so been free lists
+can sometimes be heuristic Allah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sometimes be heuristic Allah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sometimes be heuristic Allah
+improved by doing coalescing and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved by doing coalescing and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved by doing coalescing and there
+are many clever schemes for trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many clever schemes for trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many clever schemes for trying to
+find adjacent blocks efficiently so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find adjacent blocks efficiently so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find adjacent blocks efficiently so
+there's something called the body system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the body system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the body system
+where each block has a body that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each block has a body that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each block has a body that's
+contiguous and memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguous and memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguous and memory
+cover it turns out that these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover it turns out that these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover it turns out that these this
+scheme especially the buddy system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme especially the buddy system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme especially the buddy system
+scheme has pretty high overhead so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme has pretty high overhead so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme has pretty high overhead so it's
+usually gonna be slower than just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually gonna be slower than just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually gonna be slower than just the
+standard bin free list algorithm there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard bin free list algorithm there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard bin free list algorithm there
+are no good theoretical bounds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no good theoretical bounds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no good theoretical bounds that
+exists that prove the effectiveness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists that prove the effectiveness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists that prove the effectiveness of
+coalescing but it does seem to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalescing but it does seem to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalescing but it does seem to work
+pretty well in practice at reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well in practice at reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well in practice at reducing
+fragmentation because heap storage tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation because heap storage tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation because heap storage tends
+to be de-allocated as a stack or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be de-allocated as a stack or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be de-allocated as a stack or in
+batches so what I mean by this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batches so what I mean by this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batches so what I mean by this is that
+the objects that you free tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects that you free tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects that you free tend to be
+pretty close together in memory so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close together in memory so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close together in memory so if
+you D allocate as a stack then all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you D allocate as a stack then all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you D allocate as a stack then all of
+them are going to be near the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are going to be near the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are going to be near the top of the
+stack and when you deallocate in batches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and when you deallocate in batches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and when you deallocate in batches
+this is when when you D allocate a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when when you D allocate a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when when you D allocate a whole
+bunch of things that you allocate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things that you allocate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things that you allocate it
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+in your program for example if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your program for example if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your program for example if you have
+a graph data structure and you allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph data structure and you allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph data structure and you allocated
+data for the vertices all at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for the vertices all at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for the vertices all at the same
+time then when you d allocate them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then when you d allocate them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then when you d allocate them all
+together this is going to give you chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is going to give you chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is going to give you chunk
+of contiguous memory that you can splice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contiguous memory that you can splice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contiguous memory that you can splice
+together okay so now let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so now let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so now let's look at a
+garbage collection it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collection it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collection it's going to be
+slightly different from storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different from storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different from storage
+allocation so the idea of garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation so the idea of garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation so the idea of garbage
+collection is to free the programmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection is to free the programmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection is to free the programmer
+from having two free objects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having two free objects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having two free objects so
+languages like Java and Python they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like Java and Python they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like Java and Python they have
+built in garbage collectors so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in garbage collectors so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in garbage collectors so the
+programmer doesn't have to free stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer doesn't have to free stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer doesn't have to free stuff
+themselves and this makes it easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and this makes it easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and this makes it easier to
+write programs because you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write programs because you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write programs because you'll have to
+worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about
+freeing and dangling pointers and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeing and dangling pointers and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeing and dangling pointers and so
+forth so garbage collectors can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so garbage collectors can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so garbage collectors can identify
+and recycle the objects that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recycle the objects that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recycle the objects that the
+programmer can no longer access so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer can no longer access so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer can no longer access so that
+these memory objects can be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these memory objects can be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these memory objects can be used for
+future allocations and in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future allocations and in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future allocations and in addition to
+having a built in garbage collector you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a built in garbage collector you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a built in garbage collector you
+can also create your own garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also create your own garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also create your own garbage
+collector and see which doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector and see which doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector and see which doesn't have a
+garbage collector see if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collector see if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collector see if you have a
+application you can actually create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you can actually create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you can actually create a
+special-purpose garbage collector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special-purpose garbage collector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special-purpose garbage collector that
+might be more efficient than a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more efficient than a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more efficient than a general
+garbage collector yes why is it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collector yes why is it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collector yes why is it not
+order em because for each of the bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order em because for each of the bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order em because for each of the bins
+you could use up to order M memories so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use up to order M memories so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use up to order M memories so
+if you don't do coalescing I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do coalescing I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do coalescing I could have
+basically I could have a bunch of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I could have a bunch of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I could have a bunch of small
+allocations and then I stopped up all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations and then I stopped up all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations and then I stopped up all of
+my blocks and then they all go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my blocks and then they all go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my blocks and then they all go into
+smaller bins and then I want to allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller bins and then I want to allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller bins and then I want to allocate
+something larger I can't just splice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something larger I can't just splice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something larger I can't just splice
+those together I have to make another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together I have to make another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together I have to make another
+memory allocation so if you order your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory allocation so if you order your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory allocation so if you order your
+memory request in a certain way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory request in a certain way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory request in a certain way you can
+make it so that each of the bins has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that each of the bins has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that each of the bins has
+order m memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for garbage collection let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for garbage collection let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for garbage collection let's go
+over some terminology so there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some terminology so there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some terminology so there are three
+types of memory objects roots live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of memory objects roots live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of memory objects roots live
+objects and dead objects roots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and dead objects roots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and dead objects roots are
+objects that are directly accessed will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are directly accessed will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are directly accessed will
+by the program so these are global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the program so these are global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the program so these are global
+variables things on the stack and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables things on the stack and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables things on the stack and so on
+then there are live objects which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are live objects which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are live objects which are
+reachable by following the routes via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable by following the routes via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable by following the routes via
+pointers and then finally there are dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers and then finally there are dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers and then finally there are dead
+objects and these objects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and these objects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and these objects are
+inaccessible via sequences of pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible via sequences of pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible via sequences of pointers
+and these can be recycled because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be recycled because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be recycled because the
+programmer can no longer reach these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer can no longer reach these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer can no longer reach these
+dead objects so in order for garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead objects so in order for garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead objects so in order for garbage
+collection to work in general you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection to work in general you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection to work in general you need
+to be able to have the garbage collector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to have the garbage collector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to have the garbage collector
+identify pointers and this requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify pointers and this requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify pointers and this requires
+strong typing so languages like Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong typing so languages like Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong typing so languages like Python
+and Java have strong typing but in C it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Java have strong typing but in C it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Java have strong typing but in C it
+doesn't have strong typing this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have strong typing this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have strong typing this means
+that when you have a pointer you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you have a pointer you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you have a pointer you don't
+actually know whether it's a pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know whether it's a pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know whether it's a pointer
+because a pointer just looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a pointer just looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a pointer just looks like a
+integer it could be either a point or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it could be either a point or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it could be either a point or an
+integer and you can cast things and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and you can cast things and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and you can cast things and see
+you can also do pointer arithmetic in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do pointer arithmetic in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do pointer arithmetic in C
+so in in contrast in other languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in contrast in other languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in contrast in other languages
+once you declare something to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you declare something to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you declare something to be a
+pointer it's always going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer it's always going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer it's always going to be a
+pointer and for those languages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and for those languages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and for those languages that
+have strong typing this makes it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strong typing this makes it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strong typing this makes it much
+easier to do garbage collection you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do garbage collection you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do garbage collection you also
+need to prohibit doing pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prohibit doing pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prohibit doing pointer
+arithmetic on these pointers because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on these pointers because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on these pointers because if
+you if you do pointer arithmetic and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you do pointer arithmetic and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you do pointer arithmetic and you
+change the location of the pointer then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the location of the pointer then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the location of the pointer then
+the garbage collector no longer knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garbage collector no longer knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garbage collector no longer knows
+where the memory region starts anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the memory region starts anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the memory region starts anymore
+and see sometimes you do do pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see sometimes you do do pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see sometimes you do do pointer
+arithmetic and that's why you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic and that's why you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic and that's why you can't
+actually have a general-purpose garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a general-purpose garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a general-purpose garbage
+collector and see that works well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector and see that works well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector and see that works well so
+let's first let's look at one simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first let's look at one simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first let's look at one simple
+form of garbage collection and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of garbage collection and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of garbage collection and this is
+called reference counting the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called reference counting the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called reference counting the idea is
+that for each object I'm going to keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for each object I'm going to keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for each object I'm going to keep a
+count of the number of pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count of the number of pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count of the number of pointers
+referencing that object and if the count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing that object and if the count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing that object and if the count
+ever goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever goes to zero
+then that means I can free that object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means I can free that object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means I can free that object
+be is there no more pointers I can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is there no more pointers I can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is there no more pointers I can reach
+that object so here I have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that object so here I have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that object so here I have a bunch of
+routes so these are directly accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes so these are directly accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes so these are directly accessible
+my program and then I have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my program and then I have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my program and then I have a bunch of
+objects that can be reached via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that can be reached via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that can be reached via
+following pointers from the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following pointers from the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following pointers from the starting
+from the root and that each of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the root and that each of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the root and that each of them have
+have a reference count that indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reference count that indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reference count that indicates
+how many incoming pointers they have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many incoming pointers they have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many incoming pointers they have so
+let's say now I change one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say now I change one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say now I change one of these
+pointers so initially I had a pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers so initially I had a pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers so initially I had a pointer
+going to here but now I changed this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to here but now I changed this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to here but now I changed this so
+that it goes down here so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes down here so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes down here so what happens
+now is I have to adjust a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is I have to adjust a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is I have to adjust a reference
+counts of both of these objects so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts of both of these objects so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts of both of these objects so this
+object here now it doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object here now it doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object here now it doesn't have any
+incoming pointers I have to decrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming pointers I have to decrement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming pointers I have to decrement
+its reference count so that goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its reference count so that goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its reference count so that goes to zero
+and then for this one I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for this one I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for this one I have to
+increment its reference count so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment its reference count so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment its reference count so now
+it's three and now I have an object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's three and now I have an object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's three and now I have an object that
+has a reference kind of zero and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reference kind of zero and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reference kind of zero and with
+this reference counting algorithm I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reference counting algorithm I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reference counting algorithm I can
+free this object so let's go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free this object so let's go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free this object so let's go ahead and
+free this object but when I free this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free this object but when I free this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free this object but when I free this
+object it actually has pointers to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object it actually has pointers to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object it actually has pointers to other
+objects so I also have to decrement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so I also have to decrement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so I also have to decrement the
+reference counts of these other objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference counts of these other objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference counts of these other objects
+when I free this object so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I free this object so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I free this object so I'm going to
+decrement the counts and now it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement the counts and now it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement the counts and now it turns
+out that this object also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this object also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this object also has a
+reference count of zero so I can free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference count of zero so I can free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference count of zero so I can free
+that as well and in general I just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well and in general I just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well and in general I just keep
+doing this process until the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this process until the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this process until the reference
+counts of the objects don't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts of the objects don't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts of the objects don't change
+anymore and whenever I encounter an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and whenever I encounter an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and whenever I encounter an
+object with the reference kind of zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object with the reference kind of zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object with the reference kind of zero I
+can free it immediately and the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can free it immediately and the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can free it immediately and the memory
+that I freed can be recycled it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I freed can be recycled it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I freed can be recycled it can be
+used for future memory allocations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for future memory allocations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for future memory allocations so
+questions on how the reference counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on how the reference counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on how the reference counting
+procedure works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's one issue with reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one issue with reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one issue with reference
+counting does anybody see what the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting does anybody see what the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting does anybody see what the issue
+is yes yes so what if it has a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes yes so what if it has a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes yes so what if it has a reference
+to itself more generally what if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself more generally what if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself more generally what if it has
+a cycle you can't ever reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle you can't ever reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle you can't ever reference
+you can't ever collect garbage collect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't ever collect garbage collect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't ever collect garbage collect a
+cycle when you're using reference counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle when you're using reference counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle when you're using reference counts
+so here we have a cycle of length three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a cycle of length three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a cycle of length three
+they all have a reference count of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have a reference count of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have a reference count of one
+but you can never reach this cycle by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can never reach this cycle by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can never reach this cycle by
+following pointers from the route and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following pointers from the route and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following pointers from the route and
+therefore you can never delete any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can never delete any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can never delete any
+object in this cycle and the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in this cycle and the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in this cycle and the reference
+counts are always going to be nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts are always going to be nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts are always going to be nonzero
+and furthermore so let's just illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore so let's just illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore so let's just illustrate
+this cycle and furthermore furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cycle and furthermore furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cycle and furthermore furthermore
+any object that's pointed to by objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any object that's pointed to by objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any object that's pointed to by objects
+in this cycle can can cannot be garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cycle can can cannot be garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cycle can can cannot be garbage
+collected as well because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected as well because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected as well because you can't
+garbage collect a cycle so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collect a cycle so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collect a cycle so all the
+pointers going out of the objects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers going out of the objects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers going out of the objects in the
+cycle are always going to be there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle are always going to be there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle are always going to be there so
+there could be a lot of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be a lot of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be a lot of objects
+downstream from this object here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream from this object here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream from this object here that
+can't be garbage collected so this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be garbage collected so this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be garbage collected so this makes
+it very bad and as we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very bad and as we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very bad and as we all know
+uncollected garbage stinks so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncollected garbage stinks so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncollected garbage stinks so we don't
+want that so let's see if we can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that so let's see if we can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that so let's see if we can come up
+with another garbage collection scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it turns out that reference counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that reference counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that reference counting
+is actually pretty good when it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually pretty good when it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually pretty good when it does
+work because it's very efficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because it's very efficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because it's very efficient and
+simple to implement so if you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to implement so if you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to implement so if you know that
+your program doesn't have these cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program doesn't have these cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program doesn't have these cycles
+in them among pointers that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them among pointers that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them among pointers that you can use
+a reference counting scheme there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reference counting scheme there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reference counting scheme there are
+some languages like Objective C that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some languages like Objective C that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some languages like Objective C that
+have two different types of pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different types of pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different types of pointers
+strong pointers and weak pointers and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong pointers and weak pointers and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong pointers and weak pointers and if
+you're doing a reference counting with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a reference counting with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a reference counting with a
+language with these two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language with these two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language with these two types of
+pointers the reference count only stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers the reference count only stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers the reference count only stores
+the number of incoming strong pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of incoming strong pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of incoming strong pointers
+and therefore if you define these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if you define these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if you define these
+pointers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers in
+a cycle to be weak pointers they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle to be weak pointers they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle to be weak pointers they're not
+going to contribute to the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contribute to the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contribute to the reference
+count and therefore you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and therefore you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and therefore you can still
+garbage collect however programming with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collect however programming with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collect however programming with
+strong weak pointers can be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong weak pointers can be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong weak pointers can be kind of
+tricky because you need to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky because you need to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky because you need to make sure
+that you're not d referencing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not d referencing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not d referencing something
+that a weak pointer points to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a weak pointer points to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a weak pointer points to because
+that thing might have been garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing might have been garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing might have been garbage
+collected already so you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected already so you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected already so you need to be
+careful and C doesn't have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and C doesn't have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and C doesn't have these two
+types of pointers so we need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of pointers so we need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of pointers so we need to use
+another method of garbage collection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another method of garbage collection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another method of garbage collection to
+make sure we can garbage collect these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we can garbage collect these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we can garbage collect these
+cycles so we're going to look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles so we're going to look at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles so we're going to look at two
+more garbage collection schemes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more garbage collection schemes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more garbage collection schemes the
+first one is called mark-and-sweep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is called mark-and-sweep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is called mark-and-sweep and
+the second one is called stop and copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is called stop and copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is called stop and copy
+so first we need to define a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we need to define a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we need to define a graph
+abstraction so let's say we have a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction so let's say we have a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction so let's say we have a graph
+with vertices V and edges E and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vertices V and edges E and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vertices V and edges E and the
+vertex set D contains all of the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set D contains all of the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set D contains all of the memory
+objects in memory and the edges E are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in memory and the edges E are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in memory and the edges E are
+directed edges between objects if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed edges between objects if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed edges between objects if
+there's a so there's a directed edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a so there's a directed edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a so there's a directed edge
+from object a to object B if object a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from object a to object B if object a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from object a to object B if object a
+has a pointer to object B and then as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a pointer to object B and then as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a pointer to object B and then as we
+said earlier the live objects are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier the live objects are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier the live objects are the
+ones that are reachable from the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are reachable from the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are reachable from the roots
+so we can use a breadth-first search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can use a breadth-first search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can use a breadth-first search
+like procedure to find all the live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like procedure to find all the live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like procedure to find all the live
+objects so we just start our breadth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so we just start our breadth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so we just start our breadth
+first search from the roots and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first search from the roots and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first search from the roots and we'll
+mark all the objects that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark all the objects that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark all the objects that can be
+reachable from the roots and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable from the roots and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable from the roots and then
+everything else that isn't reached those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that isn't reached those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that isn't reached those
+are those are available for to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those are available for to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those are available for to be
+reclaimed so we're gonna have a FIFO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reclaimed so we're gonna have a FIFO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reclaimed so we're gonna have a FIFO
+queue first in first out queue for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue first in first out queue for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue first in first out queue for our
+breadth-first search this is represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth-first search this is represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth-first search this is represented
+as an array and we have two pointers one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an array and we have two pointers one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an array and we have two pointers one
+to the head of the queue and one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the head of the queue and one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the head of the queue and one to the
+tail of the queue and here let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of the queue and here let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of the queue and here let's look at
+this code which essentially is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code which essentially is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code which essentially is like a
+breadth-first search so we're first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth-first search so we're first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth-first search so we're first
+going to go over all of the vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over all of the vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over all of the vertices in
+our graph and we're going to check if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph and we're going to check if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph and we're going to check if
+each vertex V is a root if it is a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each vertex V is a root if it is a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each vertex V is a root if it is a root
+we're going to set its mark to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set its mark to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set its mark to be one
+and we're gonna place the vertex onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna place the vertex onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna place the vertex onto
+the queue and otherwise we're gonna set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue and otherwise we're gonna set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue and otherwise we're gonna set
+the mark of V to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mark of V to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mark of V to be zero
+and then while the queue is not empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then while the queue is not empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then while the queue is not empty
+we're going to DQ the first thing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to DQ the first thing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to DQ the first thing from
+the queue let that be you then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue let that be you then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue let that be you then we're
+gonna look at all the outgoing neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at all the outgoing neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at all the outgoing neighbors
+of you so these are vertices v such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you so these are vertices v such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you so these are vertices v such that
+there's a directed edge from u to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a directed edge from u to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a directed edge from u to V
+we're gonna check if these mark is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna check if these mark is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna check if these mark is equal
+to zero if it is that means we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero if it is that means we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero if it is that means we haven't
+explored it yet so we'll set its mark to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored it yet so we'll set its mark to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored it yet so we'll set its mark to
+be one and we place it onto the queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one and we place it onto the queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one and we place it onto the queue
+and if the neighbor has already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the neighbor has already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the neighbor has already been
+explored then we don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored then we don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored then we don't have to do
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's illustrate how this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's illustrate how this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's illustrate how this algorithm
+works on this simple graph here and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on this simple graph here and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on this simple graph here and for
+this example I'm just gonna assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example I'm just gonna assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example I'm just gonna assume that
+I have one root vertex are in general I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one root vertex are in general I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one root vertex are in general I
+can have multiple roots and I just place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have multiple roots and I just place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have multiple roots and I just place
+all of them onto the queue at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them onto the queue at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them onto the queue at the
+beginning but for this example I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but for this example I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but for this example I'm just
+gonna have a single root so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a single root so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a single root so I'm gonna
+place it onto the queue and the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it onto the queue and the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it onto the queue and the location
+that I place it is going to be where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I place it is going to be where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I place it is going to be where the
+tail pointer points to and after I place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail pointer points to and after I place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail pointer points to and after I place
+it on queue I increment the tail pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on queue I increment the tail pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on queue I increment the tail pointer
+now I'm going to take the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to take the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to take the first thing
+off of my queue which is R and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of my queue which is R and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of my queue which is R and I'll
+explore my neighbors so the neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore my neighbors so the neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore my neighbors so the neighbors
+are B and C here both of them haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are B and C here both of them haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are B and C here both of them haven't
+been marked yet so I'm gonna mark them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been marked yet so I'm gonna mark them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been marked yet so I'm gonna mark them
+and I'm gonna indicate the marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna indicate the marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna indicate the marked
+vertices with the shade shaded blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices with the shade shaded blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices with the shade shaded blue and
+I'll place them onto the queue now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll place them onto the queue now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll place them onto the queue now I'm
+gonna take the next thing B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take the next thing B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take the next thing B
+I'm gonna check its neighbors it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna check its neighbors it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna check its neighbors it only
+has a neighbor to see but C is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a neighbor to see but C is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a neighbor to see but C is already
+on the queue it's already marked so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the queue it's already marked so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the queue it's already marked so I
+don't have to do anything now i DQ c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do anything now i DQ c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do anything now i DQ c and
+c has neighbors D and E so I place them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c has neighbors D and E so I place them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c has neighbors D and E so I place them
+onto the queue D doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the queue D doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the queue D doesn't have any
+outgoing neighbors so I don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing neighbors so I don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing neighbors so I don't have to do
+anything now when I DQ e has neighbors F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything now when I DQ e has neighbors F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything now when I DQ e has neighbors F
+when I DQ f as a neighbor G and when I D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I DQ f as a neighbor G and when I D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I DQ f as a neighbor G and when I D
+huger it doesn't have any neighbors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huger it doesn't have any neighbors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huger it doesn't have any neighbors so
+now my queue is empty and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my queue is empty and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my queue is empty and my
+breadth-first search procedure finishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at this point I've marked all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point I've marked all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point I've marked all the
+objects that are accessible from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are accessible from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are accessible from the
+root and all the unmarked objects can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and all the unmarked objects can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and all the unmarked objects can
+now be garbage collected because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now be garbage collected because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now be garbage collected because there's
+no way I can access them in the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way I can access them in the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way I can access them in the program
+so the mark and sweep procedure has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mark and sweep procedure has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mark and sweep procedure has to
+stages the first stage is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages the first stage is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages the first stage is called the
+marked stage where I use a breadth-first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked stage where I use a breadth-first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked stage where I use a breadth-first
+search to mark all the live objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search to mark all the live objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search to mark all the live objects and
+the sweep stage will scan over memory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sweep stage will scan over memory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sweep stage will scan over memory to
+free the unmarked objects so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free the unmarked objects so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free the unmarked objects so this is a
+pretty simple scheme there is one issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple scheme there is one issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple scheme there is one issue
+with this scheme does anybody see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this scheme does anybody see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this scheme does anybody see what
+the possible issue is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible issue is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible issue is yes
+yeah so that's one issue where you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's one issue where you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's one issue where you you
+have to scan over all of memory there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to scan over all of memory there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to scan over all of memory there
+are some variants so if mark-and-sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some variants so if mark-and-sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some variants so if mark-and-sweep
+where it keeps track of just allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it keeps track of just allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it keeps track of just allocated
+objects so you only have to scan over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so you only have to scan over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so you only have to scan over
+those instead of the entire memory space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those instead of the entire memory space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those instead of the entire memory space
+besides that are there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides that are there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides that are there any other
+possible issues with this yes right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible issues with this yes right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible issues with this yes right so
+let's assume that we do have strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that we do have strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that we do have strong
+typing any other possible limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing any other possible limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing any other possible limitations
+anybody else think I called on yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so for the scheme that I described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so for the scheme that I described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so for the scheme that I described
+you have to look over all of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look over all of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look over all of the things
+that don't have references to it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't have references to it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't have references to it so so
+that that is a another overhead so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is a another overhead so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is a another overhead so these
+are so those are all issues good the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so those are all issues good the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so those are all issues good the
+issue I want to get at is that the mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue I want to get at is that the mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue I want to get at is that the mark
+and sweep algorithm that I presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sweep algorithm that I presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sweep algorithm that I presented
+here doesn't deal with fragmentation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't deal with fragmentation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't deal with fragmentation so
+it doesn't compact the live objects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't compact the live objects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't compact the live objects to
+be contiguous in memory it just frees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be contiguous in memory it just frees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be contiguous in memory it just frees
+the ones that are unreachable but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are unreachable but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are unreachable but it
+doesn't do anything with the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do anything with the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do anything with the ones that
+are reachable so let's look at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reachable so let's look at another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reachable so let's look at another
+procedure that does deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that does deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that does deal with
+fragmentation this is called the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation this is called the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation this is called the stop
+and copy garbage collection procedure at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and copy garbage collection procedure at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and copy garbage collection procedure at
+a high level it's pretty similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high level it's pretty similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high level it's pretty similar to the
+mark and sweep algorithm we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark and sweep algorithm we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark and sweep algorithm we're still
+going to use a breadth-first search to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a breadth-first search to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a breadth-first search to
+identify all the live objects but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify all the live objects but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify all the live objects but if you
+look at how this breadth first search is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how this breadth first search is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how this breadth first search is
+implemented is there any information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented is there any information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented is there any information you
+can use here to try to get the live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use here to try to get the live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use here to try to get the live
+objects to be contiguous in memory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects to be contiguous in memory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects to be contiguous in memory so
+any anybody see anything here that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anybody see anything here that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anybody see anything here that we
+can use to try to reduce fragmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to try to reduce fragmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to try to reduce fragmentation
+yes yes so so the answer is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so so the answer is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so so the answer is that the
+objects that we visited are contiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that we visited are contiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that we visited are contiguous
+on the queue so here in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the queue so here in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the queue so here in the in the
+market sweep algorithm I just placed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market sweep algorithm I just placed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market sweep algorithm I just placed the
+IDS of the vertices on the qubit if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDS of the vertices on the qubit if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDS of the vertices on the qubit if I
+just place two actual objects onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just place two actual objects onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just place two actual objects onto the
+queue instead then I can just use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue instead then I can just use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue instead then I can just use my
+queue as my new memory and then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue as my new memory and then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue as my new memory and then all the
+objects that are unreachable will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are unreachable will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are unreachable will be
+implicitly deleted so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly deleted so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly deleted so this this
+procedure here will deal with external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure here will deal with external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure here will deal with external
+fragmentation so let's see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation so let's see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation so let's see how this
+works so we're gonna have two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so we're gonna have two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so we're gonna have two separate
+memory spaces the from space in the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory spaces the from space in the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory spaces the from space in the to
+space so in the from space I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so in the from space I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so in the from space I'm just
+gonna do allocation and freeing on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do allocation and freeing on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do allocation and freeing on it
+until it becomes full so when I allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it becomes full so when I allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it becomes full so when I allocate
+something I place it at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I place it at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I place it at the end of this
+space when I free something I just mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space when I free something I just mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space when I free something I just mark
+it as free by don't compact it out yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as free by don't compact it out yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as free by don't compact it out yet
+and when this from space becomes full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when this from space becomes full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when this from space becomes full
+then I'm going to run my garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to run my garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to run my garbage
+collection algorithm and I'm gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection algorithm and I'm gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection algorithm and I'm gonna use
+the two space as my queue when I do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two space as my queue when I do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two space as my queue when I do my
+breadth-first search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so after I run my breadth-first search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after I run my breadth-first search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after I run my breadth-first search
+all the live objects are going to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the live objects are going to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the live objects are going to appear
+in the two space in contiguous memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two space in contiguous memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two space in contiguous memory
+since I use the two space as my queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I use the two space as my queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I use the two space as my queue
+right and then and then I just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then and then I just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then and then I just keep
+allocating stuff from the two space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating stuff from the two space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating stuff from the two space and
+also marking things as deleted when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also marking things as deleted when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also marking things as deleted when I
+freed them until the two space becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freed them until the two space becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freed them until the two space becomes
+full then I do the same thing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full then I do the same thing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full then I do the same thing but I
+swapped the roles of the two and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapped the roles of the two and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapped the roles of the two and the
+from spaces so this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from spaces so this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from spaces so this is called the
+stopping copy algorithm there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping copy algorithm there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping copy algorithm there is one
+problem with this algorithm which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this algorithm which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this algorithm which we
+haven't addressed yet does anybody see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't addressed yet does anybody see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't addressed yet does anybody see
+what the potential problem is yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the potential problem is yes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the potential problem is yes yeah
+so that's one good observation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one good observation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one good observation if
+nothing is dead then you're wasting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is dead then you're wasting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is dead then you're wasting a
+lot of work because you have to copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work because you have to copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work because you have to copy
+this although with the mark-and-sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this although with the mark-and-sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this although with the mark-and-sweep
+algorithm you still have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you still have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you still have to do some
+copying although you're not copying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying although you're not copying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying although you're not copying the
+entire objects you're just copying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire objects you're just copying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire objects you're just copying the
+IDS there's actually a correctness issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDS there's actually a correctness issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDS there's actually a correctness issue
+here so does anybody see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so does anybody see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so does anybody see what the
+correctness issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so the answer is that if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so the answer is that if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so the answer is that if you had
+pointers that pointed to objects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers that pointed to objects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers that pointed to objects in the
+from space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from space
+if you move your objects to the to space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you move your objects to the to space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you move your objects to the to space
+those pointers aren't going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pointers aren't going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pointers aren't going to be
+correct anymore so if I had a pointer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct anymore so if I had a pointer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct anymore so if I had a pointer to
+a live object before and I moved my live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a live object before and I moved my live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a live object before and I moved my live
+object to a different memory address I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to a different memory address I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to a different memory address I
+need to also update that pointer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to also update that pointer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to also update that pointer so
+let's see how we can deal with this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how we can deal with this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how we can deal with this so
+the idea is that when an object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that when an object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that when an object is
+copied to the to space we're gonna store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied to the to space we're gonna store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied to the to space we're gonna store
+a forwarding pointer in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forwarding pointer in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forwarding pointer in the in the
+corresponding object in the from space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding object in the from space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding object in the from space
+and this this implicit as moved and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this implicit as moved and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this implicit as moved and then
+when I remove an object from the 5oq in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I remove an object from the 5oq in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I remove an object from the 5oq in
+my breadth-first search from in the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my breadth-first search from in the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my breadth-first search from in the to
+space I'm gonna update all the pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I'm gonna update all the pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I'm gonna update all the pointers
+by following these forwarding pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by following these forwarding pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by following these forwarding pointers
+so let's look at an example of how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at an example of how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at an example of how this
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+so let's say I'm executing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say I'm executing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say I'm executing the
+breadth-first search and this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth-first search and this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth-first search and this is my
+current cue right now what I'm gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current cue right now what I'm gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current cue right now what I'm gonna do
+is when i DQ an element from my cue I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when i DQ an element from my cue I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when i DQ an element from my cue I'm
+going to first I'm going to place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to first I'm going to place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to first I'm going to place the
+neighboring objects that haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring objects that haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring objects that haven't been
+explored yet onto the cue so here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored yet onto the cue so here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored yet onto the cue so here it
+actually has two neighbors but the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has two neighbors but the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has two neighbors but the first
+one has already been placed in the queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has already been placed in the queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has already been placed in the queue
+so I can ignore it and the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can ignore it and the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can ignore it and the second one
+hasn't been placed on the cue yet so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been placed on the cue yet so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been placed on the cue yet so I
+place it on to the cue and then I'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it on to the cue and then I'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it on to the cue and then I'm also
+going to oh so this object also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to oh so this object also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to oh so this object also has a
+pointer to something in the from space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to something in the from space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to something in the from space
+which I'm not going to change at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm not going to change at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm not going to change at this
+time but I am going to store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but I am going to store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but I am going to store a
+forwarding pointer from the object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwarding pointer from the object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwarding pointer from the object that
+I moved from the from space to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I moved from the from space to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I moved from the from space to the to
+space so now it has a pointer that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so now it has a pointer that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so now it has a pointer that tells
+me the new address and then for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the new address and then for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the new address and then for the for
+the object that I just DQ'd I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object that I just DQ'd I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object that I just DQ'd I'm gonna
+follow the forwarding pointers of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the forwarding pointers of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the forwarding pointers of its
+neighbors and that will give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and that will give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and that will give me the
+correct addresses now so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct addresses now so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct addresses now so I'm going to
+update the pointers by just following a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the pointers by just following a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the pointers by just following a
+forwarding pointer so this the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwarding pointer so this the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwarding pointer so this the first
+partner pointed to this object where's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner pointed to this object where's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner pointed to this object where's a
+which has a forwarding pointer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a forwarding pointer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a forwarding pointer to this
+so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just
+I just make a point to this object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just make a point to this object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just make a point to this object in
+the to space and there similarly for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to space and there similarly for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to space and there similarly for the
+other point or I'm going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point or I'm going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point or I'm going to make it
+point to this object so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this object so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this object so that's that's
+the idea how of how to adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea how of how to adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea how of how to adjust the
+pointers one question is why can't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers one question is why can't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers one question is why can't we
+just adjust the pointers when we include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just adjust the pointers when we include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just adjust the pointers when we include
+object so why do I have to adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so why do I have to adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so why do I have to adjust the
+point is when I teach you an object yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the the answer is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the the answer is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the the answer is that when you
+end Q an object you don't actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end Q an object you don't actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end Q an object you don't actually know
+where your neighbors are gonna reside in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your neighbors are gonna reside in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your neighbors are gonna reside in
+the to space and you only know that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to space and you only know that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to space and you only know that when
+you DQ the object because when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you DQ the object because when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you DQ the object because when you do
+you the object you must have explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the object you must have explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the object you must have explored
+your neighbors and therefore you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbors and therefore you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbors and therefore you can
+generate these forward pointers so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate these forward pointers so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate these forward pointers so any
+questions on this scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how much time does it take to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much time does it take to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much time does it take to do the
+stop and copy procedure so let's say n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and copy procedure so let's say n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and copy procedure so let's say n
+is the number of objects and the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of objects and the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of objects and the number
+of pointers I have so it's a sum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pointers I have so it's a sum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pointers I have so it's a sum with
+the number of objects and number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of objects and number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of objects and number of
+pointers how much time would it take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers how much time would it take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers how much time would it take to
+run this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so it's just gonna be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so it's just gonna be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so it's just gonna be linear
+time because we're running a browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because we're running a browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because we're running a browser
+search and that takes linear time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and that takes linear time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and that takes linear time you
+also have to you also have to do work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to you also have to do work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to you also have to do work in
+order to copy these objects to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to copy these objects to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to copy these objects to the to
+space so you also have to do work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so you also have to do work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so you also have to do work
+proportional to the number of bytes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of bytes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of bytes that
+you're copying over so it's linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're copying over so it's linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're copying over so it's linear in
+the number of objects the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of objects the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of objects the number of
+pointers and the total amount of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers and the total amount of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers and the total amount of space
+you're copying over and the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're copying over and the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're copying over and the advantage of
+this scheme is that you don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scheme is that you don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scheme is that you don't actually
+need to go over the objects that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go over the objects that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go over the objects that aren't
+reachable because those are gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable because those are gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable because those are gonna be
+implicitly deleted because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly deleted because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly deleted because they're not
+copied over to the to space whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied over to the to space whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied over to the to space whereas in
+the mark and suite procedure you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mark and suite procedure you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mark and suite procedure you have to
+actually go through your entire memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go through your entire memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go through your entire memory
+and then free all the objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then free all the objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then free all the objects that
+aren't reachable so this this makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't reachable so this this makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't reachable so this this makes the
+stop and copy procedure more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and copy procedure more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and copy procedure more efficient
+and it also deals with the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also deals with the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also deals with the external
+fragmentation issue so what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation issue so what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation issue so what happens when
+the from space becomes full so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from space becomes full so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from space becomes full so what you
+do is you're gonna request a new heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you're gonna request a new heap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you're gonna request a new heap
+space equal to the used space you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space equal to the used space you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space equal to the used space you're
+just gonna double the size of your from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna double the size of your from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna double the size of your from
+space and then you're gonna consider and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then you're gonna consider and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then you're gonna consider and
+then you're gonna consider it from space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're gonna consider it from space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're gonna consider it from space
+to be full when when the newly allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be full when when the newly allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be full when when the newly allocated
+space becomes full see essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space becomes full see essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space becomes full see essentially what
+you're gonna do is you're gonna double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna do is you're gonna double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna do is you're gonna double
+the space and when that becomes full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and when that becomes full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and when that becomes full
+you're gonna double it again and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna double it again and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna double it again and so on
+and with this method you can amortize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this method you can amortize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this method you can amortize
+the cost of garbage collection to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of garbage collection to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of garbage collection to the
+size of the new heap space so it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the new heap space so it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the new heap space so it's gonna
+be amortized constant overhead per per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be amortized constant overhead per per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be amortized constant overhead per per
+byte of memory and this is assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte of memory and this is assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte of memory and this is assuming that
+the user program is going to touch all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user program is going to touch all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user program is going to touch all
+of the memory that it allocates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and furthermore the virtual memory space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore the virtual memory space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore the virtual memory space
+required by this scheme is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by this scheme is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by this scheme is just a
+constant times the optimal if you locate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the optimal if you locate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the optimal if you locate
+the from and the two spaces in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from and the two spaces in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from and the two spaces in different
+regions of virtual memory so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of virtual memory so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of virtual memory so that they
+can't interfere with each other and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't interfere with each other and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't interfere with each other and the
+reason why it's a constant times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it's a constant times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it's a constant times the
+optimal is because you only lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal is because you only lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal is because you only lose a
+factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two
+because you're maintaining two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're maintaining two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're maintaining two separate
+spaces and then another factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and then another factor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and then another factor of two
+comes from the fact that you're doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the fact that you're doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the fact that you're doubling
+the size if your array when it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size if your array when it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size if your array when it becomes
+full and up to half of it will be unused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full and up to half of it will be unused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full and up to half of it will be unused
+but it's constant times optimal since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's constant times optimal since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's constant times optimal since
+we're just multiplying constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just multiplying constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just multiplying constants
+together and similarly when when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and similarly when when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and similarly when when you're
+from space becomes relatively empty for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from space becomes relatively empty for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from space becomes relatively empty for
+example if it's less than half-full you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if it's less than half-full you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if it's less than half-full you
+can also release memory back to the OS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also release memory back to the OS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also release memory back to the OS
+and then the analysis of the amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the analysis of the amortized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the analysis of the amortized
+constant overhead is similar okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant overhead is similar okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant overhead is similar okay any
+other questions okay so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions okay so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions okay so there's a lot
+more that's known and also unknown about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that's known and also unknown about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that's known and also unknown about
+dynamic storage allocation so I've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic storage allocation so I've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic storage allocation so I've only
+scratched the surface of dynamic storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratched the surface of dynamic storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratched the surface of dynamic storage
+allocation today there are many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation today there are many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation today there are many other
+topics for example there's the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics for example there's the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics for example there's the body
+system for doing coalescing there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for doing coalescing there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for doing coalescing there are
+many variants of the smart mark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many variants of the smart mark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many variants of the smart mark and
+sweep procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep procedure
+so there are optimizations to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are optimizations to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are optimizations to improve
+the performance of it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of it there's
+generational garbage collection and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generational garbage collection and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generational garbage collection and this
+is based on idea that many objects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on idea that many objects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on idea that many objects are
+short-lived so a lot of the objects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-lived so a lot of the objects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-lived so a lot of the objects are
+going to be freed pretty close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be freed pretty close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be freed pretty close to the
+time when you allocate it and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when you allocate it and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when you allocate it and for the
+one set aren't gonna be freed they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set aren't gonna be freed they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set aren't gonna be freed they tend
+to be pretty long-lived and the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty long-lived and the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty long-lived and the idea of
+generational garbage collection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generational garbage collection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generational garbage collection is
+instead of scanning your whole memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of scanning your whole memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of scanning your whole memory
+every time you just do work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you just do work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you just do work on the
+younger objects most of the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger objects most of the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger objects most of the time and
+then once in a while you try to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once in a while you try to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once in a while you try to collect
+the garbage from the older objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garbage from the older objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garbage from the older objects
+because those tend to not change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those tend to not change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those tend to not change that
+often there's also real time garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's also real time garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's also real time garbage
+collections so the methods I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections so the methods I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections so the methods I talked
+about today assume that the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today assume that the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today assume that the program
+isn't running when the garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't running when the garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't running when the garbage
+collection procedure is running but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection procedure is running but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection procedure is running but in
+practice you might want to actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you might want to actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you might want to actually have
+your garbage collector running in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your garbage collector running in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your garbage collector running in the in
+the background when your program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background when your program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background when your program is
+running but this can lead to correctness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running but this can lead to correctness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running but this can lead to correctness
+issues because the static algorithms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues because the static algorithms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues because the static algorithms I
+just described assumes that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described assumes that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described assumes that the
+graph of objects and pointers isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of objects and pointers isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of objects and pointers isn't
+changing and when the objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and when the objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and when the objects and
+pointers are changing you need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers are changing you need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers are changing you need to make
+sure that you still get a correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you still get a correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you still get a correct answer
+real time garbage collection tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time garbage collection tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time garbage collection tends to be
+concerted conservative so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerted conservative so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerted conservative so it doesn't
+always free everything that's garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always free everything that's garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always free everything that's garbage
+but it does but for the things that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does but for the things that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does but for the things that it
+does decide to free those can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does decide to free those can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does decide to free those can be
+actually reclaimed and there are various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reclaimed and there are various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reclaimed and there are various
+techniques to make real time garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to make real time garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to make real time garbage
+collection efficient one possible way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection efficient one possible way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection efficient one possible way is
+instead of just having one from into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having one from into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having one from into
+space you can have multiple from into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can have multiple from into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can have multiple from into
+spaces and then you just work on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and then you just work on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and then you just work on one of
+the spaces at a time so that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaces at a time so that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaces at a time so that it doesn't
+actually take that long to do garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take that long to do garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take that long to do garbage
+collection you can do it incrementally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection you can do it incrementally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection you can do it incrementally
+throughout your program there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your program there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your program there's also
+multi-threaded storage allocation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-threaded storage allocation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-threaded storage allocation and
+parallel garbage collection so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel garbage collection so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel garbage collection so this is
+when you have multiple threads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have multiple threads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have multiple threads
+broadening how do you allocate memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening how do you allocate memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening how do you allocate memory
+and also how do you collect garbage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also how do you collect garbage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also how do you collect garbage in
+the background so the the algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background so the the algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background so the the algorithms
+become much trickier because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become much trickier because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become much trickier because they're
+multiple threads running and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple threads running and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple threads running and you have to
+deal with races and correctness issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with races and correctness issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with races and correctness issues
+and so forth and that's actually a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and that's actually a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and that's actually a topic
+of the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in summary these are the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in summary these are the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in summary these are the things that
+we talked about today so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about today so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about today so we have the
+most basic form of storage which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic form of storage which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic form of storage which is a
+stack the limitation of the stack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack the limitation of the stack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack the limitation of the stack is
+that you can only free things at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can only free things at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can only free things at the top
+of the stack you can't free arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stack you can't free arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stack you can't free arbitrary
+things in this stack but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this stack but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this stack but it's very
+efficient when it works because the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient when it works because the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient when it works because the code
+is very simple and it can be inlined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple and it can be inlined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple and it can be inlined and
+in fact this is what the see calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this is what the see calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this is what the see calling
+calling procedure uses it places local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling procedure uses it places local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling procedure uses it places local
+variables and the return address of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the return address of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the return address of the
+function on the stack the heap is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the stack the heap is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the stack the heap is the
+more general form of storage but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general form of storage but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general form of storage but it's
+much more complicated to manage and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated to manage and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated to manage and we
+talked about various ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about various ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about various ways to do
+allocation and de-allocation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation and de-allocation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation and de-allocation for the
+heap we have fixed size allocation using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap we have fixed size allocation using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap we have fixed size allocation using
+free lists variable size allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free lists variable size allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free lists variable size allocation
+using been free list and then many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using been free list and then many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using been free list and then many
+variants of these ideas are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants of these ideas are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants of these ideas are used in
+practice for garbage collection this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for garbage collection this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for garbage collection this is
+where you want to free the programmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to free the programmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to free the programmer
+from having two free objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having two free objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having two free objects
+and garbage collection algorithms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and garbage collection algorithms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and garbage collection algorithms are
+supported in languages like Java and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported in languages like Java and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported in languages like Java and
+Python we talked about various ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python we talked about various ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python we talked about various ways to
+do this reference counting which suffers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this reference counting which suffers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this reference counting which suffers
+from the limitation that it can't free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the limitation that it can't free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the limitation that it can't free
+cycles mark-and-sweep and stop and copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles mark-and-sweep and stop and copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles mark-and-sweep and stop and copy
+these can free cycles this market sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can free cycles this market sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can free cycles this market sweet
+procedure doesn't deal with external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure doesn't deal with external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure doesn't deal with external
+fragmentation but the stopping copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation but the stopping copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation but the stopping copy
+procedure does we also talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure does we also talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure does we also talked about
+internal and external fragmentation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal and external fragmentation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal and external fragmentation so
+external fragmentation is when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external fragmentation is when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external fragmentation is when your
+memory blocks are all over the place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory blocks are all over the place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory blocks are all over the place in
+virtual memory this can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual memory this can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual memory this can cause
+performance issues like disk thrashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance issues like disk thrashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance issues like disk thrashing
+and TLB misses then there's internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and TLB misses then there's internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and TLB misses then there's internal
+fragmentation where you're actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation where you're actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation where you're actually not
+using all of the space in the block that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all of the space in the block that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all of the space in the block that
+you allocate so for example in the bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allocate so for example in the bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allocate so for example in the bin
+free list algorithm you do have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free list algorithm you do have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free list algorithm you do have a little
+bit of internal fragmentation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of internal fragmentation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of internal fragmentation because
+you're always rounding up to the nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always rounding up to the nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always rounding up to the nearest
+power of two greater than the size you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two greater than the size you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two greater than the size you
+want so you're wasting up to a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so you're wasting up to a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so you're wasting up to a factor of
+two in space and in project three you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in space and in project three you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in space and in project three you're
+gonna look much more at these storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look much more at these storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look much more at these storage
+allocation schemes and then you also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation schemes and then you also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation schemes and then you also get
+to try some of these in homework 6 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try some of these in homework 6 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try some of these in homework 6 so
+any any other questions so that's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any other questions so that's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any other questions so that's all I
+have for today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oo1ZZlvT2LQ.txt b/oo1ZZlvT2LQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff9649a2728ef4ec65efb9dccbd29ab1e1881852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oo1ZZlvT2LQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1609 @@
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Well, this is exponential day,
+the day for the function that
+
+only calculus could create,
+y is e to the x.
+
+And it couldn't have come from
+algebra because, however we
+
+approach e to the x, there's
+some limiting step.
+
+Something goes to 0.
+
+Something goes to infinity.
+
+I've got different ways to reach
+e to the x, but all of
+
+them involve that limiting
+process, which we haven't
+
+discussed in full.
+
+Let me come back at a later
+time to the whole theory,
+
+discussion of limits and just
+go forward here with this
+
+highly important function.
+
+And I'd like to start with
+its most important
+
+property, which is--
+
+so it has this remarkable
+property that its slope is
+
+equal to itself.
+
+That's what is special
+about e to the x.
+
+The slope is equal
+to the function.
+
+Now, I have to admit that if we
+had a function like that, y
+
+equals e to the x, then 2e to
+the x, x would work just as
+
+well, or 10e to the x.
+
+Those would--
+
+the factor 2 or the factor 10
+would be in y and it would
+
+also be in the slope and
+it would cancel and--
+
+this is a differential
+equation, our first
+
+differential equation.
+
+A differential equation is an
+equation that involves, as
+
+this one does, the function
+and the slope.
+
+It connects them.
+
+And that's the fantastic
+description of nature, is by
+
+differential equations.
+
+So it's great to see this one
+early and it's the most
+
+important one.
+
+When you get this one,
+you've got a whole
+
+lot of others solved.
+
+OK.
+
+But I needed to give it a
+starting point so that the
+
+solution would be e to the
+x and not 10e to the x.
+
+So where should I start it?
+
+Well if I want it to be an e to
+the x, then when x is 0, e
+
+to the 0 power, some number to
+the 0 power, is always 1.
+
+So let me start this y equals
+1 at x equals 0.
+
+Differential equations, you have
+to tell where they begin.
+
+So that's our starting point.
+
+And do you see what
+this means?
+
+This means that it
+starts at 1.
+
+And what's it's slope at
+the starting point?
+
+The slope is also 1.
+
+So it's climbing.
+
+As it climbs--
+
+so y gets larger because it's
+got a positive slope.
+
+As y gets larger, the
+slope gets larger.
+
+So it climbs faster.
+
+And then it's gone higher, y is
+bigger, the slope is equal,
+
+so the slope is also bigger,
+so it climbs even faster.
+
+It just takes off.
+
+It climbs much faster than
+x to the 100th power.
+
+You might think x to
+the 100th, that's
+
+climbing pretty well.
+
+2 to the 100th, 10 to the
+100th, but now way.
+
+It doesn't come close
+to keeping up with y
+
+equals e to the x.
+
+OK.
+
+I've got several things to do.
+
+And one more thing I have to
+do, this is a key property,
+
+but there's another key property
+that is true for any
+
+2 to the x, 3 to the
+x, e to the x.
+
+And that key property
+is also to show--
+
+I have to show this, that my
+function, e to the x, times e
+
+to the possibly a different
+x is equal to--
+
+do you know what we want here?
+
+This has got to come out of the
+
+construction, out of this property.
+
+It's got to come--
+
+but we want this to deserve,
+to be called some number to
+
+the x power.
+
+If we take some number x times
+multiplied by that same number
+
+capital x times, then
+we've got that
+
+number how many times?
+
+x plus capital x.
+
+So that's a key property
+to be proved.
+
+So what will I do?
+
+Let me summarize in advance,
+outline in advance.
+
+I'm going to construct this
+function from its property.
+
+Then I'm going check that it's
+got this property, that
+
+important equality there.
+
+Then, of course,
+I'll graph it.
+
+I'll figure out what e is, and
+I'll say something about cases
+
+where this comes up.
+
+I could even say something right
+away about, where does
+
+this happen that growth is equal
+or proportional to the
+
+function itself?
+
+It happens with interest,
+with money in a bank.
+
+When you get interest, the
+interest is proportional, of
+
+course, the amount there.
+
+And if they add that interest
+in, if you don't take it out
+
+and spend it but you compound
+it, put it in there, then you
+
+have more money.
+
+When they compute the interest
+again, it's computed on that
+
+larger amount and is more
+interest than the first time.
+
+And so it goes.
+
+So money in the bank is a case
+of exponential growth.
+
+A hedge fund grows faster than
+our bank account does, but all
+
+following e to the x.
+
+If you just hang on long enough,
+you're way up there.
+
+OK.
+
+So here's my job.
+
+Follow this rule and start
+at y equals 1.
+
+So can I just do it this way?
+
+Here is my function, y of x,
+that I want to construct.
+
+I want to build that function.
+
+And I know that it
+starts at 1.
+
+But it's going to have
+some more things.
+
+Now, this has to equal dy dx.
+
+These have to be the same.
+
+That's my rule.
+
+So dy dx is going to
+start with a 1.
+
+But now I can't stop because
+if the derivative is a 1, I
+
+better put--
+
+I have to put an x up
+here so that its
+
+derivative will be 1, right?
+
+Its slope will be 1.
+
+That's that steadily climbing
+x whose slope is 1.
+
+But now, these are supposed
+to be equal again.
+
+So I have to put this
+x also here.
+
+But now, I've got to add
+something more on the top so
+
+that the slope will
+be 1 plus x.
+
+The slope of the x was 1.
+
+What do I need here to give
+the slope to be x?
+
+Remember, x squared had the
+slope 2x, so I need half of x
+
+squared so that I'll have 1x.
+
+So I need a half of x squared.
+
+Good.
+
+The slope of that is this.
+
+But I'm also trying to get
+the 2 to be equal.
+
+So I better--
+
+I have no choice.
+
+I have to put in the 1/2
+x squared there.
+
+You see, I'm never going
+to catch up.
+
+Or only if I go forever.
+
+That's the point.
+
+I'll have to go forever.
+
+And what will the next one be?
+
+Oh yeah.
+
+If you see the next one, then
+we can see the pattern.
+
+Now what am I doing?
+
+This one has to have
+this slope.
+
+I'm fixing the top line now.
+
+If I'm aiming for a slope of
+x squared, then I need some
+
+number of x cubes.
+
+So how many x cubes do I need?
+
+Well, I need to know, what's
+the slope of x cube?
+
+The rule for powers of
+x, x to the n, is n
+
+times one smaller power.
+
+The slope of x cube is
+3 times x squared.
+
+So I had better divide by that 3
+so that the 3 cancels the 3.
+
+Now the slope of that, the 3x
+squared, the threes would
+
+cancel and I would
+get x squared.
+
+But I'm looking for
+1/2 x squared.
+
+I need also a 2.
+
+Do you see that it's 1/6
+of x cube that's
+
+going to do the job.
+
+1/6 of x cubed because
+the slope--
+
+the 3 cancels the 3 and I wanted
+to end up with a 2.
+
+And now, do you know
+what's coming?
+
+These are supposed
+to be equal.
+
+I have to have this 1/6
+x cubed down here too.
+
+And I never get to stop.
+
+We have to see, OK, what
+is a typical--
+
+after I've done this, say, n
+times, I'd like to have some
+
+idea of what is it when I get
+up to x to some nth power,
+
+then it's multiplied by some
+fraction and I'm looking to
+
+see, what is that fraction?
+
+What is that fraction?
+
+And then, of course, they'll all
+show up down there again.
+
+Well, if you see this pattern,
+this was 3 times 2-- you could
+
+say 3 times 2 times 1.
+
+This one was 2 times 1.
+
+This one was just 1.
+
+It's n factorial.
+
+n factorial is what I need.
+
+I need n times n minus 1.
+
+I need all these numbers all the
+way and I'll throw in the
+
+1 at the end.
+
+And I have to put the
+mathematicians take it away
+
+symbol, the little three
+dots that mean
+
+don't stop, keep going.
+
+But do you see that
+this will be OK?
+
+This is called n factorial, x
+to the nth over n factorial,
+
+because when I take the
+slope of x to the nth,
+
+an n will come down.
+
+Cancel that n.
+
+x, I'll have one lower power.
+
+You see, when I take the slope
+of this, I'll have the n will
+
+cancel the n.
+
+So I'll still have these
+other guys down below.
+
+And I'll have x to
+the n minus 1.
+
+And that will be x
+to the n minus 1
+
+over n minus 1 factorial.
+
+That will be the previous one.
+
+But now I have to add in the x
+to the nth over n factorial
+
+because y and dy to the x have
+to be the same, so I have to
+
+keep going.
+
+OK.
+
+So you might say, well, you're
+going to blow up.
+
+Not personally, the series.
+
+But what saves you?
+
+What saves you is the fact that
+these n factorials, those
+
+fractions, that n factorial gets
+to be really large really
+
+fast, faster than this
+x to nth could grow.
+
+So altogether, these terms, x
+to the nth over n factorial,
+
+they get extremely,
+extremely small.
+
+And then this series of things,
+it comes to a limit.
+
+It doesn't keep going, getting
+bigger, and bigger, and bigger
+
+as I had more terms, because
+what I'm adding is
+
+so small, so small.
+
+And that's the point where we
+have to discuss limits later.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's my construction.
+
+Construction complete.
+
+The exponential function
+e to the x--
+
+this is e to the x--
+
+is being defined by 1 plus x
+plus 1/2 x squared plus 6 x
+
+cubed, and so on.
+
+OK.
+
+I've got a function.
+
+Now, its property.
+
+And the key property
+is this one.
+
+Can I move to the next board?
+
+So the next step is, check--
+
+well, I've asked you.
+
+I've got e to the x.
+
+And let me write again
+what it is.
+
+1 plus x plus 1/2 x squared plus
+1/6 x cubed and so on.
+
+And then I've got e to the any
+other power, or even the same
+
+power, 1 plus--
+
+I'll just use capital
+x four this power.
+
+1/6 of capital x cubed
+plus so on.
+
+And I want to multiply those
+and see what I get.
+
+OK.
+
+I apologize.
+
+Here I ask you to believe in
+this infinite series, and
+
+yeah, a little dodgy,
+but it works.
+
+And now I ask you to multiply
+two of the things.
+
+You might say, OK, you're
+asking a lot here.
+
+But just hang on.
+
+Let's multiply these.
+
+e to the x times e to the
+capital x, because that's what
+
+I'm interested in knowing.
+
+OK.
+
+Just do all the multiplications.
+
+And we'll see what we get.
+
+OK, so 1 times 1 is 1.
+
+No problem.
+
+1 times x is the x.
+
+1 times this x is the big x.
+
+Now can I keep going?
+
+All right, well, 1 times
+1/2 x squared is--
+
+and now I have x
+times a big x.
+
+And now I have a 1 times
+1/2 big x squared.
+
+And more, of course.
+
+Notice the way I'm doing is
+like I'm keeping all the
+
+things that have two
+x's together.
+
+And then I would keep all the
+things that have three x's
+
+together, and so on.
+
+Now what is it that
+I'm hoping?
+
+I'm hoping that this is the same
+as the series for x plus
+
+capital x, OK?
+
+What's that?
+
+That's my exponential series.
+
+And every time, I have to
+put in x plus capital x.
+
+In other words, of course,
+it starts with 1.
+
+Then it has the x
+plus capital x.
+
+And then it has the 1/2 of
+x plus capital x squared.
+
+And it keeps going.
+
+And I just wanted
+you to say, yes.
+
+I guess I hope you say yes
+when I ask, is this big
+
+multiplication the
+same as this one?
+
+Well, I think it is.
+
+Let's just start to
+check, anyway.
+
+The ones are good.
+
+The x and the x--
+
+I'm really just putting
+parentheses around all the--
+
+now I'm going to put parentheses
+around all the
+
+second degree terms and say,
+is that the same as that?
+
+Yeah.
+
+This is the critical
+point here.
+
+Do we, at least, start
+out correctly?
+
+So we have to remember, how do
+you do-- but, of course, you
+
+do remember how to multiply x
+plus capital x by itself.
+
+You just do the multiplications.
+
+x, when I multiply that by
+itself, I get x squared.
+
+With 1/2, I get that.
+
+And then, you remember?
+
+How many x times x's do I get?
+
+Little x times big x, there'd
+be two of those.
+
+But then the 1/2 factor
+leaves me with 1, and
+
+that's what I want.
+
+And then, finally, this guy by
+himself squared is the 1/2
+
+capital x squared that
+I also want.
+
+So far, so good.
+
+Do you want to see
+the cubed terms?
+
+Well, I'd rather you did it,
+but I should at least show
+
+that I'm willing to try.
+
+So what do I mean by
+the cubed terms?
+
+I mean that here, I want to
+get-- the next one should be
+
+1/6 of x plus x cubed.
+
+And from the multiplication,
+I get some separate pieces.
+
+I get 1 times--
+
+when I do that multiplication,
+I get 1/6 x cubed.
+
+And then I maybe get some
+1/2 x squared times x.
+
+You see why I would rather
+you did this.
+
+But I'll finish this
+little line.
+
+There's also an x times
+1/2 x squared.
+
+So that's 1/2 of x times
+the big x squared.
+
+And then there is the 1
+times the 1/6 x cubed.
+
+So those are the four pieces
+that come, third degree, when
+
+I do the big multiplication.
+
+And they have to match
+the third degree
+
+term in the last line.
+
+And they do match.
+
+Do you remember the right
+words to say now?
+
+Binomial theorem.
+
+The binomial theorem tells you
+how to take the nth power all
+
+a sum like x plus capital
+x to the nth power.
+
+It tells you all the many
+pieces you get.
+
+And those many pieces are
+exactly the pieces that we get
+
+directly by multiplying that
+line by that line.
+
+So the binomial theorem, at
+long last, pays off and
+
+confirms our great
+property here.
+
+So this is a big deal.
+
+OK.
+
+So let me now come back here,
+having checked that.
+
+I wanted to say something about
+this series, 1 plus x
+
+plus 1/2 x squared, where the
+typical term is x to the nth
+
+over n factorial.
+
+This is the, I would say, the
+second most important infinite
+
+series in mathematics, the
+exponential series.
+
+And it's the way I wanted to
+construct e to the x by
+
+matching term by term and
+seeing that these n
+
+factorials show up.
+
+You might want to know, what's
+the most important series?
+
+Reasonable question.
+
+For me, the most important
+series would be the one
+
+looking like this, except it
+doesn't have the fractions.
+
+For me, the most important
+series would be the one--
+
+I'll slip it up here--
+
+1 plus x plus x squared, without
+the 1/2, plus x cubed,
+
+without the 1/6, plus so on,
+plus x to the n without this n
+
+factorial that's making
+it so small.
+
+Can you see this 1 plus x plus
+x squared plus x cubed
+
+plus x to the n?
+
+That, I think it's called
+the geometric series.
+
+Powers of x.
+
+Now, it's simpler because it
+doesn't have these fractions.
+
+But it's riskier because those
+fractions were making the
+
+exponential series succeed.
+
+Whereas here, with the geometric
+series, well, look
+
+what happens when x is 1.
+
+When x is 1, we have 1 plus 1
+plus 1 plus 1 plus 1 forever.
+
+All ones.
+
+It blows up.
+
+And when x is bigger
+than 1, that series
+
+blows up even faster.
+
+So in this series, the geometric
+series, this most
+
+important one, does succeed but
+only when x is below 1.
+
+x equal 1 is the cutoff and
+it fails after that.
+
+There is no cutoff for the
+exponential series because of
+
+dividing by these bigger
+and bigger numbers.
+
+This works for all x.
+
+OK, so those are
+the two series.
+
+OK.
+
+So let me ask you, what happens
+if I put x equal 1 in
+
+the exponential series?
+
+That gives me e to the first
+power, which is e.
+
+So finally, you may say, it's
+rather late in the day.
+
+i'm going to figure out what
+e is from this series.
+
+Put in set x equal 1 and you
+learn that e to the first
+
+power, which is e, is--
+
+can I just put it in?
+
+1 plus x is 1 plus 1/2 of 1
+squared plus 1/6 of 1 cubed.
+
+What's the next term in this?
+
+So these are numbers now, and
+I'm getting a number.
+
+I'm getting this incredible
+number e, named after Euler.
+
+Euler was a fantastic
+mathematician.
+
+I think he wrote more important
+papers then any
+
+mathematician in history.
+
+So he was allowed to name this
+number after himself, e.
+
+E-U-L-E-R, his name
+is spelled.
+
+OK, what's the next term?
+
+This is 3 factorial, right?
+
+3 times 2 times 1.
+
+The next term will
+be 4 factorial.
+
+I'll multiply that by 4.
+
+It'll be 1/24.
+
+And then times 5.
+
+1/120, and so on.
+
+They're getting small.
+
+What can I tell you
+about this number?
+
+It will be a definite number.
+
+And is more than--
+
+well, it's certainly more
+than 2 1/2, because I
+
+start with 2 1/2 here.
+
+And then I add these.
+
+Well, I could even
+throw in 1/6.
+
+That's more than 2 2/3,
+would that be?
+
+If I quit here, I'd
+have 2 2/3.
+
+And then I get a little more.
+
+It's easy to show.
+
+No way you would reach
+as far as 3.
+
+These later terms are dropping
+too fast. And actually, the
+
+number turns out to be--
+
+so it's 2 point something.
+
+2 point--
+
+let's see, a little more than
+2 2/3, so it's around 2.7.
+
+But it's it's not exactly 2.7.
+
+In fact, it's not exactly
+any fraction
+
+or any finite decimal.
+
+It goes on and on.
+
+1, 8, 2, 8, something.
+
+I think there are more eights
+than you'd expect right here
+
+at the beginning, but then,
+in the long run, not.
+
+So that's the number, e.
+
+OK.
+
+Oh, so now we know e.
+
+We know e to the x.
+
+We know e.
+
+We know this thing.
+
+I should draw a graph, right?
+
+That's the other thing
+you do with a
+
+function is draw a graph.
+
+OK.
+
+So here's a graph.
+
+This is x.
+
+Let me put in x equals 0 here
+and x equal 1 here.
+
+And this is going to be
+a graph of e to the x.
+
+And at x equals 0, what is it?
+
+We started with that.
+
+It should be--
+
+so this is y.
+
+I'm graphing y.
+
+And it starts at 1.
+
+That's what we said.
+
+At x equals 0, I've started
+at 1 with a slope of 1.
+
+So I have a slope of 1, but
+the slope, the slope, the
+
+slope is climbing up.
+
+And it reaches here.
+
+That height is what--
+
+e.
+
+That height is e.
+
+Because when we said x equal
+1 here, we got e.
+
+So it's climbing, climbing,
+climbing.
+
+And now what about on
+the other side?
+
+That had a slope of 1, so
+it was more like that.
+
+Now what about when
+x is negative?
+
+When x is negative, this is
+a highly useful fact.
+
+Suppose I want to think about
+e to the minus x.
+
+Well now, let me just
+take capital x to be
+
+minus little x.
+
+So I get e to the x times
+e to the minus x.
+
+What is that?
+
+What does that equal if I
+multiply e to the x times e to
+
+the minus x?
+
+As usual, I'm supposed
+to add these.
+
+I get 0, so I get e to
+the 0, which is 1.
+
+In other words, e to the minus
+x is 1 over e to the x, which
+
+we fully expected.
+
+So that at x equal minus 1 here,
+I'm down to 1 over e,
+
+1/3, approximately.
+
+So it's going down.
+
+In this way, it's decaying very
+fast. It almost touches
+
+that line, but never quite.
+
+This way, it's climbing.
+
+It's growing, growing really--
+
+well, it's growing
+exponentially.
+
+And that's what this
+graph looks like.
+
+And now I would like to connect
+back, at the end of
+
+this lecture, to the insurance
+business--
+
+sorry, the interest business,
+the bank compounding interest.
+
+Can I take your time with that
+important example of the
+
+exponential function?
+
+And we'll see a new
+way to reach e.
+
+I like this way.
+
+I like the way we did it with
+the infinite series.
+
+But here's another way.
+
+So suppose you're getting 100%
+interest. Generous bank.
+
+OK.
+
+And you start with
+$1 at 100% now.
+
+It's 100%.
+
+And the bank gives you
+interest at the
+
+end of every year.
+
+So at the end of the first year,
+you had $1 dollar in the
+
+bank, it adds in 100%.
+
+It adds in another dollar.
+
+So now you've got $2 in the
+bank after the first year.
+
+At the end of the second year,
+it gives you 100% of what
+
+you've got in the bank.
+
+So it gives you 2 more.
+
+It give you 4.
+
+At the end of the third year, it
+gives you an additional 4.
+
+You're up 50 to 8.
+
+And you see what's happening.
+
+It's the powers of two.
+
+Well, that's pretty
+good growth.
+
+But it's not calculus.
+
+Calculus doesn't do things
+in steps of a year.
+
+Calculus says cut
+that step down.
+
+You would want to ask your bank,
+couldn't you just, like,
+
+figure the interest a little
+more often and put it in
+
+there-- like, figure
+it every month?
+
+So what would happen
+if you figured the
+
+interest every month?
+
+Of course, you wouldn't get
+100% interest in a month.
+
+You'd get 100% divided by 12,
+because we're only talking
+
+about one month.
+
+So if it was months,
+you start with 1.
+
+You have 1 plus 1/12.
+
+That's what you'd have
+after a month.
+
+Now, what would you have after
+2 months and what would you
+
+have after 12 months?
+
+Well, we're going to
+follow the rule.
+
+They gave you the 1/12 at
+the end of January.
+
+So through all of February,
+you've got 1
+
+plus 1/12 in there.
+
+At the end of February, they
+take 1/12 of that, add it in.
+
+What you get the next time
+is 1 plus 1/12 squared.
+
+That's what you have.
+
+Essentially every time, they're
+going to multiply what
+
+you've got by this number
+1 plus 1/12.
+
+1 to give you--
+
+leave the money in.
+
+You have to leave your money.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+Plus 1/12 of it for the
+interest. And then twice, and
+
+after 1 year, it's done this.
+
+You see what happens
+after 1 year, it's
+
+multiplied 12 times.
+
+1 plus 1/12 to the 12th power.
+
+And that's better
+than 2, right?
+
+You've got the 2 only when they
+put the interest in just
+
+once a year.
+
+Now we're speeding up the bank
+and getting more out of it.
+
+So I don't know exactly what 1
+plus 1/12 to the 12th power
+
+is, but I know it's
+more than 2.
+
+And actually, I'm sure
+it's not more than 3.
+
+In fact, yeah, I'm claiming
+that it's not
+
+as much as e, 2.7.
+
+But it was worth doing, to get
+them to compound every month.
+
+But, of course, you think, okay,
+I'm on to a good thing.
+
+Every day.
+
+Why not?
+
+So what would every day be?
+
+1 plus 1/365.
+
+That's the interest you would
+get for just that day.
+
+But then they would compound
+it 365 times.
+
+So that would be a little more
+than this because they're
+
+adding the interest in
+more frequently.
+
+And, in general, I'm
+going to divide the
+
+year up into n pieces.
+
+In every piece, they multiply my
+wealth by 1 plus 1 over n.
+
+And they do it n times
+in a year.
+
+And the beautiful thing is that
+as n goes to infinity,
+
+and calculus comes in, because
+we're asking them to compound
+
+interest continuously, not just
+every month, not every
+
+day, every second even,
+but all the time.
+
+You don't get an infinite
+amount out of this.
+
+You get e.
+
+As n gets bigger, that
+approaches this number e.
+
+That's another way to construct
+e, as the limit--
+
+you see, as n gets bigger, it's
+like 1 to the infinity,
+
+which is kind of meaningless.
+
+I don't want to say
+that 1 to the--
+
+I had an email the other day
+that said, well, 1 to the
+
+infinity is e.
+
+What's happening?
+
+That's not true.
+
+It's this thing that's going to
+1, this thing that's going
+
+to infinity.
+
+Then the combination
+goes to e.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's the application
+that shows the
+
+number e appearing again.
+
+OK.
+
+You've got the essence
+of e to the x.
+
+I just would like to say one
+thing, coming back to the very
+
+beginning here.
+
+The great differential equation,
+dy dx equal y.
+
+That was beautiful.
+
+Which we've now solved.
+
+Now I want to ask, what if the
+differential equation was dy
+
+dx is some multiple of y?
+
+How would that come up?
+
+Well, up to now, c was 1.
+
+We were getting 100%
+interest per year.
+
+But now, if c is sort of the
+interest rate, the growth
+
+rate, or the decay rate of c is
+negative, we may be losing
+
+money in this bank.
+
+So can I just tell you what
+is the solution to this
+
+differential equation?
+
+When I tell you, and we
+learned about taking
+
+derivatives, you'll see, of
+course, that's all it is.
+
+It's just the solution
+to this one.
+
+I'll also start at one.
+
+The solution to that one
+is y of x is e--
+
+e is coming in again--
+
+to the cx.
+
+What I'm doing is like changing
+the rate at--
+
+I've made the rate
+of chance c.
+
+And then that c is going to
+come up there and in the
+
+derivative, the slope of this
+guy, that c will come down.
+
+The slope of this will be c e to
+the cx, which is cy, which
+
+is what that second
+differential
+
+equation tells us.
+
+So that's just a comment looking
+ahead, that we've
+
+solved not only the most
+important differential
+
+equation with the most important
+function that
+
+calculus creates but a whole
+collection of related
+
+equations in which the rate can
+be any fixed number, c.
+
+OK.
+
+Thank you.
+
+FEMALE SPEAKER: This has been
+a production of MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare and
+Gilbert Strang.
+
+Funding for this video was
+provided by the Lord
+
+Foundation.
+
+To help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access
+
+to MIT courses, please
+make a donation at
+
+ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/p9lXOe8YyaQ.txt b/p9lXOe8YyaQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1530bd64bec2f6967108e7a5ef2862d12430e322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/p9lXOe8YyaQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+My name is Maria Dietria and I teach um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My name is Maria Dietria and I teach um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My name is Maria Dietria and I teach um
+fifth grade class at the Harvard Ken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth grade class at the Harvard Ken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth grade class at the Harvard Ken
+School in Boston and uh my students have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School in Boston and uh my students have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School in Boston and uh my students have
+been working with the Star Festival and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with the Star Festival and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with the Star Festival and
+I'd like to share some of their products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to share some of their products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to share some of their products
+with you and how we made the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you and how we made the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you and how we made the connection
+between the Star Festival story and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Star Festival story and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Star Festival story and the
+children's own story and how it helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's own story and how it helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's own story and how it helped
+us to um go into other cultures as well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to um go into other cultures as well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to um go into other cultures as well,
+not just learn a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just learn a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just learn a little bit about the
+Japanese culture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese culture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese culture.
+And um we started with um of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um we started with um of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um we started with um of course the
+work that was on the um CDROM and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that was on the um CDROM and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that was on the um CDROM and the
+children first viewed each site at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children first viewed each site at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children first viewed each site at
+random and they just got a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and they just got a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and they just got a little bit of
+information about each site according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about each site according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about each site according to
+what they were interested in. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were interested in. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were interested in. Um I
+basically gave them free reign um at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gave them free reign um at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gave them free reign um at the
+beginning. So they worked in small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. So they worked in small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. So they worked in small
+groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and
+um uh travel from sight to sight. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh travel from sight to sight. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh travel from sight to sight. They
+traveled on the train. They they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled on the train. They they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled on the train. They they went
+fishing and they went uh to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing and they went uh to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing and they went uh to the uh
+auction, the fish auction. They traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction, the fish auction. They traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction, the fish auction. They traveled
+to a model shop and um all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a model shop and um all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a model shop and um all the other
+sites until they were finally ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites until they were finally ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites until they were finally ready to
+focus on particular ones. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on particular ones. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on particular ones. And
+um what I tried to do was to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I tried to do was to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I tried to do was to encourage
+the children not only to learn about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children not only to learn about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children not only to learn about a
+new culture, the Japanese culture from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new culture, the Japanese culture from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new culture, the Japanese culture from
+the star festival, but to also start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star festival, but to also start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star festival, but to also start
+thinking about what their own background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what their own background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what their own background
+was, what the questions were in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was, what the questions were in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was, what the questions were in their
+own families. And uh that led to an lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own families. And uh that led to an lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own families. And uh that led to an lots
+and lots of activities. We began with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of activities. We began with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of activities. We began with
+the um with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um with the
+professor's uh family tree and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's uh family tree and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's uh family tree and we
+learned about the maternal grandparents,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about the maternal grandparents,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about the maternal grandparents,
+the paternal grandparents and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paternal grandparents and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paternal grandparents and the
+brothers and sisters, aunts and uncles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers and sisters, aunts and uncles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers and sisters, aunts and uncles
+and what each one of them did. This gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what each one of them did. This gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what each one of them did. This gave
+uh the children the opportunity to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the children the opportunity to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the children the opportunity to go
+home and to um ask questions of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and to um ask questions of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and to um ask questions of their
+own families. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own families. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own families. And we
+basically did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically did a
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+themselves and in each one they designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and in each one they designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and in each one they designed
+and created this timeline and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and created this timeline and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and created this timeline and then
+shared it with the children.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared it with the children.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared it with the children.
+based on a timeline kind of a timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a timeline kind of a timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a timeline kind of a timeline
+in a family tree that the professor had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a family tree that the professor had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a family tree that the professor had
+in his story. And you can see some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his story. And you can see some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his story. And you can see some of
+the students were some of them are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students were some of them are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students were some of them are very
+detailed but it was uh for them for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed but it was uh for them for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed but it was uh for them for some
+of them was the first time that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was the first time that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was the first time that they had
+interviewed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed their
+parents. And from that we um continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents. And from that we um continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents. And from that we um continued
+with their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their own
+search and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um had the
+children interview their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children interview their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children interview their
+mothers because at one of the sites the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers because at one of the sites the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers because at one of the sites the
+professor um kind of finds out a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor um kind of finds out a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor um kind of finds out a little
+bit more about his mother and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about his mother and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about his mother and
+um what her experiences were especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what her experiences were especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what her experiences were especially
+during the four. And here you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the four. And here you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the four. And here you see the
+children's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's
+stories that were produced from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories that were produced from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories that were produced from the
+interviews. They were able to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews. They were able to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews. They were able to take the
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+home and um from the interview questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and um from the interview questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and um from the interview questions
+then the then they summarized all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the then they summarized all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the then they summarized all of the
+answers and wrote a really nice story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and wrote a really nice story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and wrote a really nice story
+about their parents as well. And it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their parents as well. And it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their parents as well. And it we
+had this uh display in the hallway. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this uh display in the hallway. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this uh display in the hallway. So
+when it was parents night, uh the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was parents night, uh the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was parents night, uh the kids
+were pretty proud of what they had done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty proud of what they had done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty proud of what they had done.
+Uh recently I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh recently I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh recently I'm
+incorporating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating
+the kind of the idea that the professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the idea that the professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the idea that the professor
+has on the CD ROM where you can click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on the CD ROM where you can click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on the CD ROM where you can click on
+a notebook and you can find out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notebook and you can find out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notebook and you can find out more
+information. So, uh, what I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. So, uh, what I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. So, uh, what I'm doing
+right now is, um, having the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is, um, having the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is, um, having the children
+use the same interview process, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same interview process, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same interview process, but
+download some pictures on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download some pictures on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download some pictures on their
+own and,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and,
+um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um,
+create go on the internet and download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create go on the internet and download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create go on the internet and download
+some um, maps and even some pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um, maps and even some pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um, maps and even some pictures
+that have to do with that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with that particular
+country. This happens to be China. this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country. This happens to be China. this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country. This happens to be China. this
+child's uh mother came from China, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's uh mother came from China, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's uh mother came from China, but
+also to find some websites that make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to find some websites that make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to find some websites that make a
+connection to whatever the child is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to whatever the child is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to whatever the child is um
+focusing on or has in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on or has in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on or has in the
+story so that everyone is able to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so that everyone is able to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so that everyone is able to visit
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+child's mother's home and um learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's mother's home and um learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's mother's home and um learn from
+it. So, it's not just Japan and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, it's not just Japan and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, it's not just Japan and their
+own culture, but to visit each other's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own culture, but to visit each other's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own culture, but to visit each other's
+cultures. And I'm these are kind of neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures. And I'm these are kind of neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures. And I'm these are kind of neat
+and the kids um really look forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kids um really look forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kids um really look forward to
+working on that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that.
+Um also, as a matter of fact, they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um also, as a matter of fact, they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um also, as a matter of fact, they just
+finished these today. The children had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished these today. The children had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished these today. The children had
+to choose a different culture other of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a different culture other of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a different culture other of
+their other than their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their other than their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their other than their own
+to to research. And um I haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to research. And um I haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to research. And um I haven't seen
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+yet, so I'm hoping they're good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet, so I'm hoping they're good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet, so I'm hoping they're good.
+You see, they worked with a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see, they worked with a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see, they worked with a student
+teacher and they had to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher and they had to do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher and they had to do a little bit
+of history, something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of history, something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of history, something about the
+economy, a little bit of uh politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy, a little bit of uh politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy, a little bit of uh politics
+and places to visit and to focus on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and places to visit and to focus on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and places to visit and to focus on a
+festival because the star festival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festival because the star festival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festival because the star festival
+focuses on Tanabata. So, I wanted them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on Tanabata. So, I wanted them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on Tanabata. So, I wanted them
+to focus on a festival of that region.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on a festival of that region.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on a festival of that region.
+This one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one is
+um Ramadan in Iraq. How appropriate. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Ramadan in Iraq. How appropriate. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Ramadan in Iraq. How appropriate. So,
+it looks like this child did a good job,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this child did a good job,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this child did a good job,
+but every child did that. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every child did that. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every child did that. So,
+um it's something that I wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's something that I wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's something that I wouldn't have
+done before, but it's kind of has given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before, but it's kind of has given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before, but it's kind of has given
+me ideas of what to do in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ideas of what to do in the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ideas of what to do in the classroom
+and tie it into what I'm teaching as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tie it into what I'm teaching as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tie it into what I'm teaching as
+well. One of the sites is the um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. One of the sites is the um right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. One of the sites is the um right
+now we're doing a poetry and it mentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're doing a poetry and it mentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're doing a poetry and it mentions
+about the arts and the music of Japan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the arts and the music of Japan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the arts and the music of Japan.
+So that it it inspired me to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that it it inspired me to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that it it inspired me to use
+um haiku as a focus of the poetry unit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um haiku as a focus of the poetry unit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um haiku as a focus of the poetry unit.
+And um what we did since gift giving is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um what we did since gift giving is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um what we did since gift giving is
+so special and so unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so special and so unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so special and so unique
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we printed all of our poems in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we printed all of our poems in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we printed all of our poems in this
+lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely
+book. So, I was teaching them well, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book. So, I was teaching them well, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book. So, I was teaching them well, it's
+not really origami, but some paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really origami, but some paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really origami, but some paper
+folding. And um when you open it, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding. And um when you open it, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding. And um when you open it, you
+will see all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see all of the
+children's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poetry and it gave them a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry and it gave them a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry and it gave them a chance to
+share their work and it's based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share their work and it's based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share their work and it's based on the
+um ancient form of Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ancient form of Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ancient form of Japanese
+poetry which is something that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry which is something that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry which is something that I had
+never tried myself but um it was easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never tried myself but um it was easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never tried myself but um it was easy to
+do because they were so knowledgeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because they were so knowledgeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because they were so knowledgeable
+now of focusing on nature, focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of focusing on nature, focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of focusing on nature, focusing on
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+um uh just admiring a flower such as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh just admiring a flower such as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh just admiring a flower such as um
+uh flower ranging or kimono or mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flower ranging or kimono or mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flower ranging or kimono or mount
+fuji. So I was really happy with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuji. So I was really happy with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuji. So I was really happy with what
+the children did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children did with
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+Uh let me tell you a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me tell you a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me tell you a little bit about
+the classroom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom.
+When we started with the entire class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we started with the entire class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we started with the entire class,
+um I show the children how to bind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I show the children how to bind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I show the children how to bind the
+book by hand. Uh my friend said this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by hand. Uh my friend said this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by hand. Uh my friend said this was
+Japanese binding. So the way that books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese binding. So the way that books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese binding. So the way that books
+open from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open from left to
+right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right,
+backwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards.
+Um, we took a travel. Uh, we took out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we took a travel. Uh, we took out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we took a travel. Uh, we took out a
+trip to Japan and um, show the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip to Japan and um, show the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip to Japan and um, show the children
+how to fill out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to fill out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to fill out
+passport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passport
+information because that's a skill that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information because that's a skill that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information because that's a skill that
+they need to do when um, they're older,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to do when um, they're older,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to do when um, they're older,
+filling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling out
+forms and what did one actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and what did one actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and what did one actually look
+like to get a passport in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get a passport in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get a passport in the United
+States. And of course, there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States. And of course, there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States. And of course, there's the
+picture, but I use my passport for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, but I use my passport for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, but I use my passport for
+something else. I used it so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else. I used it so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else. I used it so that they
+could record all of the books that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could record all of the books that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could record all of the books that they
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+about Japanese culture. It could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Japanese culture. It could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Japanese culture. It could be a
+folktale. It could be um a history book.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folktale. It could be um a history book.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folktale. It could be um a history book.
+It could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It could be a
+biography. Any type of book that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography. Any type of book that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography. Any type of book that was
+connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+to Japan. And um as you can see, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Japan. And um as you can see, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Japan. And um as you can see, the
+children were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children were really
+um encouraged to and they were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um encouraged to and they were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um encouraged to and they were also
+enthusiastic to read all of these books.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic to read all of these books.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic to read all of these books.
+This child read lots of them and I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This child read lots of them and I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This child read lots of them and I used
+the star because it was connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star because it was connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star because it was connected to
+star festival. Just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star festival. Just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star festival. Just a little
+incentive. And um we did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive. And um we did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive. And um we did a lot of
+writing. Usually we write in journals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing. Usually we write in journals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing. Usually we write in journals
+but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I
+um allow them to do this in to do their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um allow them to do this in to do their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um allow them to do this in to do their
+writing in this book. And uh I began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing in this book. And uh I began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing in this book. And uh I began
+with u their ideas of Japan and what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u their ideas of Japan and what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u their ideas of Japan and what did
+they know because um I knew that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know because um I knew that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know because um I knew that they
+knew very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew very
+little. And as uh we reflected each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little. And as uh we reflected each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little. And as uh we reflected each time
+we learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned about
+um living on an island because Japan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um living on an island because Japan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um living on an island because Japan is
+made up of many many islands. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of many many islands. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of many many islands. So they
+brought up um a discussion about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up um a discussion about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up um a discussion about what
+kind of animals, what kind of foods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of animals, what kind of foods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of animals, what kind of foods and
+um that led us into doing a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that led us into doing a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that led us into doing a little bit
+of research about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research about
+animals, sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+animals. So the children um did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals. So the children um did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals. So the children um did some
+illustrations as well and some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations as well and some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations as well and some of them
+even wrote some poetry about the animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even wrote some poetry about the animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even wrote some poetry about the animals
+themselves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some really nice nice work developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really nice nice work developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really nice nice work developed
+from it. And it was nice because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it. And it was nice because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it. And it was nice because it
+wasn't just okay, let's write a let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't just okay, let's write a let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't just okay, let's write a let's
+write a story or let's do a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a story or let's do a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a story or let's do a research
+about an animal. Let's do a re let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an animal. Let's do a re let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an animal. Let's do a re let's do
+a poem about um fish. They really had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poem about um fish. They really had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poem about um fish. They really had an
+interest now because of the couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest now because of the couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest now because of the couple of
+sites where they visit the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites where they visit the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites where they visit the um
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the I can't read your lips where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I can't read your lips where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I can't read your lips where they
+visit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the
+um the market where they have the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the market where they have the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the market where they have the um
+fisherman the auction. Yes. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisherman the auction. Yes. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisherman the auction. Yes. And then
+they and what interested them was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and what interested them was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and what interested them was that
+they spoke to a fisherman but it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spoke to a fisherman but it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spoke to a fisherman but it wasn't
+a fisherman. it was a woman. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fisherman. it was a woman. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fisherman. it was a woman. So they
+were quite amused that it was a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quite amused that it was a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quite amused that it was a woman
+that was speaking to them and telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was speaking to them and telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was speaking to them and telling
+them about how hard life was um doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them about how hard life was um doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them about how hard life was um doing
+that kind of work. Uh we also had um let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of work. Uh we also had um let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of work. Uh we also had um let
+me just show you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just show you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just show you a little bit
+more. The professor was vis uh came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. The professor was vis uh came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. The professor was vis uh came to
+visit us. So they recorded their um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit us. So they recorded their um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit us. So they recorded their um
+reflections on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+day and as they learned they wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and as they learned they wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and as they learned they wrote a
+little bit about what their impressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what their impressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what their impressions
+were at the time. Here you see the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at the time. Here you see the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at the time. Here you see the study
+of the family tree which um you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the family tree which um you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the family tree which um you saw the
+um the family timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the family timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the family timeline
+before and then we learned map skills a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then we learned map skills a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then we learned map skills a
+little bit about celebration. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about celebration. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about celebration. They
+didn't know anything about tanabata. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything about tanabata. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything about tanabata. I
+didn't know anything about Tanabata, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything about Tanabata, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything about Tanabata, but
+now I think I know enough um to amuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think I know enough um to amuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think I know enough um to amuse
+them and um entertain them. We were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and um entertain them. We were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and um entertain them. We were able
+to compare the the weather of Tokyo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare the the weather of Tokyo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare the the weather of Tokyo and
+um some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the other
+cities um at at the time uh they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities um at at the time uh they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities um at at the time uh they were
+getting ready for the Olympics in um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ready for the Olympics in um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ready for the Olympics in um in
+Nago. So, we were able to also tie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nago. So, we were able to also tie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nago. So, we were able to also tie in
+some information about the Olympics as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information about the Olympics as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information about the Olympics as
+well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well.
+And uh basically other um interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh basically other um interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh basically other um interesting
+activities we did weather studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities we did weather studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities we did weather studies and
+time uh time zone studies which is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh time zone studies which is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh time zone studies which is part
+of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um the
+geography that we have to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography that we have to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography that we have to do and
+um lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lots and lots of
+information. Um interesting is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Um interesting is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Um interesting is the
+letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+writing that they had to do. We did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that they had to do. We did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that they had to do. We did a
+little bit bit of connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bit of connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bit of connection between
+America and Japan. And um the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and Japan. And um the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and Japan. And um the picture
+brides and a little bit about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brides and a little bit about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brides and a little bit about um
+Hiroshima. And um each one of the boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hiroshima. And um each one of the boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hiroshima. And um each one of the boys
+was one of the gentlemen who lived in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the gentlemen who lived in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the gentlemen who lived in
+Hawaii at the time and he was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii at the time and he was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii at the time and he was looking
+for a bride and wrote a letter to uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bride and wrote a letter to uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bride and wrote a letter to uh a
+Japanese woman and um the results were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese woman and um the results were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese woman and um the results were
+really really good. So uh these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really good. So uh these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really good. So uh these are just
+a few things that we've um accomplished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things that we've um accomplished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things that we've um accomplished
+but there are lots and lots of ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are lots and lots of ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are lots and lots of ideas and
+lots of branching out that any teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of branching out that any teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of branching out that any teacher
+could do and you'll have fun doing it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do and you'll have fun doing it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do and you'll have fun doing it.
+Okay.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pRmAa-UyVg8.txt b/pRmAa-UyVg8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60515c170b6de6719cf2e7e83ccc51769060e182
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pRmAa-UyVg8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12322 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last time we started talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time we started talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time we started talking about
+discrete symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have a complex scalar Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have a complex scalar Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a complex scalar Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a complex scalar Theory
+I'm saying in addition to a U1 symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying in addition to a U1 symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying in addition to a U1 symmetry
+they are also discrete classically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also discrete classically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also discrete classically they
+also discrete symmetries first is parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we normally load with a symbol p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we normally load with a symbol p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we normally load with a symbol p
+and the act on X mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the act on X mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the act on X mu
+by T take it to minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T take it to minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T take it to minus X
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I just flip or the spatial Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just flip or the spatial Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just flip or the spatial Direction
+and you also have timely below so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay time reversal and then then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay time reversal and then then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay time reversal and then then I
+normally write as a script t or X mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally write as a script t or X mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally write as a script t or X mu
+then take to the minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take to the minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take to the minus t
+and X okay it does not do anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X okay it does not do anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X okay it does not do anything with
+X and then we also have a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then we also have a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then we also have a child
+conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which takes Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so uh of course our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh of course our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh of course our goal is to
+understand this uh dot symmetry is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this uh dot symmetry is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this uh dot symmetry is that
+Quantum level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum level
+okay so at the quantum level so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at the quantum level so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at the quantum level so so
+you're ready then the quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready then the quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready then the quantum mechanics
+that in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in quantum mechanics
+symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are implemented symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are implemented symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are implemented symmetry
+transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they are corresponding to unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay Transformations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we already have done that for continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already have done that for continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already have done that for continuous
+symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries
+and the same thing is with the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing is with the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing is with the discrete
+symmetries and in quantum mechanics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries and in quantum mechanics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries and in quantum mechanics the
+implementation of the discrete images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the discrete images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the discrete images
+are also through some unitary operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so there's a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a slight
+photos T which is the time reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the all the all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the all the all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the all the all the other
+symmetry Transformations corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry Transformations corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry Transformations corresponding
+to the unitary transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the unitary transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the unitary transformations
+except from the for the time reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except from the for the time reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except from the for the time reversal
+actually corresponding to the anti-ury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually corresponding to the anti-ury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually corresponding to the anti-ury
+Transformations so have you seen that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations so have you seen that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations so have you seen that in
+in Quantum mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Quantum mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Quantum mechanic
+okay okay let me just review it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay let me just review it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay let me just review it here
+so so the uh yeah so so previously I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the uh yeah so so previously I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the uh yeah so so previously I
+want to say recall but it says we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say recall but it says we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say recall but it says we don't
+have to recall it so say say so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recall it so say say so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recall it so say say so let's
+reload the U key as the unitary operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reload the U key as the unitary operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reload the U key as the unitary operator
+so this is a unitary operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for time reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and uh and then then the claim he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then then the claim he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then then the claim he said
+this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be
+this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anti-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not actually ordinary unitaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually ordinary unitaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually ordinary unitaries
+really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so uh solo let's try to explain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh solo let's try to explain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh solo let's try to explain uh
+where those scenes come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those scenes come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those scenes come from
+so suppose that you have a system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that you have a system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that you have a system which
+we say is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say is time
+reversal environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal environment
+so so by definition the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that the corresponding transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the corresponding transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the corresponding transformation
+of the Symmetry should compute with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Symmetry should compute with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Symmetry should compute with your
+hamiltonian okay so this is what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian okay so this is what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian okay so this is what we mean
+by the system TV time reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the system TV time reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the system TV time reversal
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here I'm just talking about just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I'm just talking about just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I'm just talking about just in
+quantum mechanics okay that's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics okay that's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics okay that's not even
+worry about the field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the field Theory
+so now so suppose we have a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now so suppose we have a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now so suppose we have a Time
+reversal environment system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal environment system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal environment system
+which is the time reversal or operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the time reversal or operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the time reversal or operator
+composed with your hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed with your hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed with your hamiltonian
+and then let's act this new t on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's act this new t on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's act this new t on the
+wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you get some
+PSI Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by time reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by time reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by time reversal
+we expect physically okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect physically okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect physically okay
+so physically expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I satisfy the standard Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I satisfy the standard Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I satisfy the standard Schrodinger
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Schrodinger equation which T goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation which T goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation which T goes to
+minus t okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t okay
+it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same
+coding equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but with t goes to minus t okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with t goes to minus t okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with t goes to minus t okay so
+that's what we mean by time reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by time reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by time reversal
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now let's try to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's try to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's try to do that
+so let's start this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start this equation
+and now let's just act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's just act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's just act
+by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+uh from the left from the left on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the left from the left on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the left from the left on this
+equation okay so so the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so so the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so so the left hand side
+have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah it means that yeah yeah before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it means that yeah yeah before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it means that yeah yeah before
+two I believe it two one more step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means that the upside Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the upside Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the upside Prime
+to the satisfy the following equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you just take T equals minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you just take T equals minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you just take T equals minus t
+and then you get additional minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get additional minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get additional minus sign
+okay so uh uh uh uh so the uh subside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh uh uh uh so the uh subside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh uh uh uh so the uh subside
+Prime should satisfy basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime should satisfy basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime should satisfy basically
+so now let's see how to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's see how to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's see how to get this
+equation now let's see how to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now let's see how to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now let's see how to get this
+equation from here by using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from here by using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from here by using this
+relation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation okay
+by using this relation so this is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using this relation so this is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using this relation so this is simple
+let's just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just add
+a u on the left of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u on the left of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u on the left of this equation
+so so let me call this equation star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me call this equation star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me call this equation star
+and we put in star star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put in star star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put in star star
+so so so if I act U key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the right hand is the UT commute with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand is the UT commute with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand is the UT commute with
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+okay so so on the right hand side we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so on the right hand side we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so on the right hand side we
+just directly get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just directly get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just directly get
+UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT
+H PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H PSI
+and we can just commute then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can just commute then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can just commute then
+so this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the same as
+H PSI UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube
+website right so the right hand side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website right so the right hand side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website right so the right hand side you
+just get side front okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now from the sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now from the sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now from the sides
+you get UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get UT
+I partial T side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the ordinary situation we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the ordinary situation we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the ordinary situation we would
+have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble
+so if you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you because
+this is the operator I ISO c number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the operator I ISO c number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the operator I ISO c number
+and the positive T some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the positive T some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the positive T some number
+so you can just directly pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just directly pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just directly pass through
+this I and the partial T when you TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I and the partial T when you TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I and the partial T when you TX
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+PSI then you get the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI then you get the same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI then you get the same equation
+rather than the equation which minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the equation which minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the equation which minus
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+okay then you have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you have trouble
+and the only way to get that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is to require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when UT pass through I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when UT pass through I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when UT pass through I
+take it to minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we we impose this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we we impose this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we we impose this condition
+when you keep asking why you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you keep asking why you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you keep asking why you get the
+minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this means so we can Define anti-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means so we can Define anti-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means so we can Define anti-linear
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anti-linear operators defined to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-linear operators defined to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-linear operators defined to be the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means that if you have some operator a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you have some operator a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you have some operator a
+act on some number c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on some number c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on some number c
+when you pass through that number c you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you pass through that number c you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you pass through that number c you
+get C star a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get C star a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get C star a
+okay so the ND anti-media operate a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the ND anti-media operate a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the ND anti-media operate a is
+defined we have the this property and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined we have the this property and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined we have the this property and
+see this ordinary c number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this ordinary c number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this ordinary c number
+okay number so you see here UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay number so you see here UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay number so you see here UT
+here's the in order for UT to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the in order for UT to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the in order for UT to be really
+to be a time reversal operator and UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a time reversal operator and UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a time reversal operator and UT
+had to be adding an India okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be adding an India okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be adding an India okay so that
+when you pass through I takes I equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you pass through I takes I equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you pass through I takes I equal to
+minus I because the minus I is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I because the minus I is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I because the minus I is a complex
+conjugate of I okay put any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of I okay put any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of I okay put any questions on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um yeah so so UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so also for anti-linear operator or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also for anti-linear operator or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also for anti-linear operator or the
+joint should be defined differently yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no the star star is a definition of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the star star is a definition of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the star star is a definition of time
+reversal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal right
+start by start is what physically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by start is what physically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by start is what physically we
+mean by time reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by time reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by time reversal
+if you want something to implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want something to implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want something to implement the
+time we will have to achieve a start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we will have to achieve a start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we will have to achieve a start
+stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good and then we derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and then we derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and then we derived
+letting order to achieve the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting order to achieve the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting order to achieve the time
+reversal then UT has to be empty linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal then UT has to be empty linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal then UT has to be empty linear
+and because and in India has this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because and in India has this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because and in India has this weird
+antinine operator has this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antinine operator has this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antinine operator has this weird
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+the The Joint of Angelina operator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Joint of Angelina operator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Joint of Angelina operator the
+definition should also be changed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition should also be changed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition should also be changed okay
+so the joints are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of an Indian operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear operate a is defined to be say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operate a is defined to be say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operate a is defined to be say if
+you have PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have PSI
+a dagger Chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger Chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger Chi
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if a is ordinary operator and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is ordinary operator and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is ordinary operator and then
+the definition of the joint he said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the joint he said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the joint he said this
+is equal to a PSI Chi okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a PSI Chi okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a PSI Chi okay so this is a
+standard definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard definition
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U T and H are are anti-commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so so by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so by taking the
+um yeah I want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I want to do that
+it just does not work as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just does not work as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just does not work as well
+yeah you see whatever it works yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you see whatever it works yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you see whatever it works yeah yeah
+it's much easier just to make the a UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier just to make the a UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier just to make the a UT
+to be anti-linear yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be anti-linear yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be anti-linear yeah
+yeah yeah for this particular equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah for this particular equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah for this particular equation
+it can work but then you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can work but then you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can work but then you have to be
+against the principle and somehow H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the principle and somehow H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the principle and somehow H
+commute with the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute with the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute with the symmetry
+yeah that is considered to be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that is considered to be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that is considered to be most
+accurate principle yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed
+uh um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good so so the way we Define The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so so the way we Define The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so so the way we Define The
+Joint should also be different so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint should also be different so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint should also be different so this
+is standard definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is standard definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is standard definition
+so for anti-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for anti-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for anti-linear
+you have this calculation then you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this calculation then you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this calculation then you put
+additional stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional stock
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you put additional stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put additional stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put additional stop
+and the reason you put additional style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason you put additional style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason you put additional style
+is precisely due to that uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely due to that uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely due to that uh uh uh uh
+this profit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this profit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this profit okay
+because remember if you put the uh put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember if you put the uh put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember if you put the uh put
+the complex conjugates uh put the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugates uh put the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugates uh put the c
+number here and then you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here and then you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here and then you'll be able to
+take the C Lumber outside the uh uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the C Lumber outside the uh uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the C Lumber outside the uh uh this
+kind of overlap but in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of overlap but in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of overlap but in order to be
+compatible with the property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with the property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with the property of the
+anti-linear operator and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-linear operator and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-linear operator and then you have
+to define the uh The Joint to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the uh The Joint to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the uh The Joint to be this
+way so that you have a consistent sore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that you have a consistent sore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that you have a consistent sore
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yes I will leave it to you yourself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I will leave it to you yourself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I will leave it to you yourself as
+exercise to show actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to show actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to show actually this is
+actually the right definition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the right definition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the right definition okay
+and then we can Define the entry unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as that if you have operated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that if you have operated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that if you have operated because
+antiguitary means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you Phi ukai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Phi ukai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Phi ukai
+so standard unitary condition just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so standard unitary condition just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so standard unitary condition just this
+is equal to Chi and the upside in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Chi and the upside in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Chi and the upside in the
+time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+and now for the anti-unitary again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now for the anti-unitary again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now for the anti-unitary again you
+just put the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can just put the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the claim
+okay so the claim is that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the claim is that the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the claim is that the um
+uh that is the UT at the time gross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is the UT at the time gross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is the UT at the time gross the
+operator should be an anti-ulitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in order to be a symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in order to be a symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in order to be a symmetry
+GPS image okay so this is just a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS image okay so this is just a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS image okay so this is just a brief
+review of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of this uh
+time reversal in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reversal in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reversal in quantum mechanics
+so now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's look at the
+um the quantum version of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the quantum version of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the quantum version of those
+symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries
+in Quantum field series okay so so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Quantum field series okay so so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Quantum field series okay so so first
+let's do the uh let's warm up before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the uh let's warm up before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the uh let's warm up before
+let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it
+for the of the Iraq Theory let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the of the Iraq Theory let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the of the Iraq Theory let's do it
+uh warm up for for compact scalar fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh warm up for for compact scalar fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh warm up for for compact scalar fields
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+um much simpler okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this Theory the action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this Theory the action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this Theory the action is
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+we said on the dot symmetry okay if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said on the dot symmetry okay if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said on the dot symmetry okay if we
+just flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flip
+the spatial Direction clearly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial Direction clearly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial Direction clearly that
+Lagoon is invariants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagoon is invariants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagoon is invariants
+if the time Direction because the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the time Direction because the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the time Direction because the time
+the root is quadratic it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root is quadratic it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root is quadratic it's also
+environment and again if you change five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and again if you change five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and again if you change five
+to Five Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Five Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Five Star
+the lagrangement okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lagrangement okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lagrangement okay
+so so called mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so called mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so called mechanically
+so those symmetry should be implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those symmetry should be implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those symmetry should be implemented
+by some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+you need to operate okay so so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to operate okay so so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to operate okay so so so now
+the parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parity
+transformation on the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation on the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation on the field
+because one into you start with 5X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one into you start with 5X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one into you start with 5X
+and then you go to Five Prime X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so 5 Prime X should be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 5 Prime X should be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 5 Prime X should be equal to
+Phi PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi PX
+okay this means that the uh uh uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this means that the uh uh uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this means that the uh uh uh and
+they then puts yeah you can also put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then puts yeah you can also put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then puts yeah you can also put the
+face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you can show that this transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can show that this transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can show that this transformation
+certainly is a symmetry of additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is a symmetry of additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is a symmetry of additional
+grounding okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding okay
+yeah because I said if you just flip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because I said if you just flip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because I said if you just flip it
+it does not change anything but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not change anything but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not change anything but you can
+also put arbitrary face here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also put arbitrary face here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also put arbitrary face here in
+principle okay you can print so put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle okay you can print so put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle okay you can print so put up
+to the place here because anything uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the place here because anything uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the place here because anything uh
+they all only depend on the fire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all only depend on the fire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all only depend on the fire and
+fight diagram okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight diagram okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight diagram okay
+and uh so so the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is for 20 to 5X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for 20 to 5X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for 20 to 5X
+then goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes to
+some Pi Prime X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Pi Prime X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Pi Prime X
+equal to again some phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to again some phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to again some phase
+so if i t x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i t x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i t x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then then the charge conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normally is called C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally is called C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally is called C
+so so parity is normally called the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so parity is normally called the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so parity is normally called the P
+okay so so here it corresponding to Pi x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so here it corresponding to Pi x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so here it corresponding to Pi x
+goes to Pi Prime X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Pi Prime X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Pi Prime X
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ETA C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PSI star X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI star X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI star X
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in each case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in each case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in each case
+such kind of Transformations should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such kind of Transformations should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such kind of Transformations should be
+generated by some military operator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by some military operator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by some military operator so
+for example this should be generated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this should be generated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this should be generated by
+u p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u p
+Phi X u p dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and similarly for this one we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly for this one we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly for this one we call
+it UT dagger and here you see an UC type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it UT dagger and here you see an UC type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it UT dagger and here you see an UC type
+of similar okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar okay
+so the quantum level they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quantum level they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quantum level they should be
+generated by some acting of some unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by some acting of some unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by some acting of some unitary
+operator yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+I'm going to talk about the face okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about the face okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about the face okay
+I'm going to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about it
+so uh so if it were even looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so if it were even looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so if it were even looking at that
+lagrangian and then you see you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian and then you see you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian and then you see you put the
+phase this is in warrant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase this is in warrant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase this is in warrant okay
+but now the question is can we can those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the question is can we can those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the question is can we can those
+faces be arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the question is that can those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is that can those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is that can those
+faces be arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the case of this compact scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case of this compact scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case of this compact scalar
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be
+so let's use the example of the parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use the example of the parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use the example of the parity
+so we know that when you do parity twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that when you do parity twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that when you do parity twice
+okay if you do parity twice you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you do parity twice you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you do parity twice you should
+go back to your original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to your original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to your original
+yeah your system does not change okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah your system does not change okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah your system does not change okay if
+you just to reflect until your season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just to reflect until your season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just to reflect until your season
+does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change
+so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that
+when you do this twice you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this twice you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this twice you should
+fight you haven't changed anything at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight you haven't changed anything at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight you haven't changed anything at
+all okay so I'm going to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay so I'm going to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay so I'm going to do with the
+five the price the fire should come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five the price the fire should come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five the price the fire should come back
+to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself
+indeed this P-Square if you do it twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this P-Square if you do it twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this P-Square if you do it twice
+come back to itself but then this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to itself but then this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to itself but then this phase
+should also come back to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also come back to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also come back to itself
+okay so that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+P Square should be equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Square should be equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Square should be equal to one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so if you want to see me to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you want to see me to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you want to see me to come back
+to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself
+and then and then either P then can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then either P then can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then either P then can only
+be plus minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plus minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plus minus one
+but it can actually can be minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can actually can be minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can actually can be minus one
+okay it does not have the plus one so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it does not have the plus one so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it does not have the plus one so we
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+is equal to plus one we call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to plus one we call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to plus one we call it the
+scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar
+when either p is a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when either p is a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when either p is a minus one
+we call it a pseudo scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and similarly a similar thing can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly a similar thing can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly a similar thing can be
+said about the ethers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta t
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so by definition this uh you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by definition this uh you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by definition this uh you need to
+operate X and Phi should act as as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate X and Phi should act as as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate X and Phi should act as as these
+so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can
+and now remember the Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now remember the Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now remember the Phi
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+is expressed in terms of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the creation and violation operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by requiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by requiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by requiring
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no they don't have to be no no they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no they don't have to be no no they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no they don't have to be no no they
+they don't have TV yeah they can be say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have TV yeah they can be say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have TV yeah they can be say
+this Equity one the inter T can be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Equity one the inter T can be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Equity one the inter T can be minus
+one yeah yeah they don't have two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah yeah they don't have two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah yeah they don't have two things
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we just say it's a convention it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just say it's a convention it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just say it's a convention it's a
+lame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lame
+yeah we just want to distinguish these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we just want to distinguish these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we just want to distinguish these
+two cases so this is uh when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases so this is uh when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases so this is uh when you say
+it's a scale of if you say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a scale of if you say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a scale of if you say this is
+ordinary scalar and and this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary scalar and and this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary scalar and and this is called
+the pseudo scale yeah we just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pseudo scale yeah we just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pseudo scale yeah we just want to
+distinguish a few cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so it just
+getting complicated you can invent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting complicated you can invent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting complicated you can invent you
+can try to invent the eight names for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to invent the eight names for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to invent the eight names for
+this and go there are eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and go there are eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and go there are eight
+possibilities and the people normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and the people normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and the people normally
+don't bother to invent eight names for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bother to invent eight names for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bother to invent eight names for
+it and since the uh since the parity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and since the uh since the parity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and since the uh since the parity is
+often used and so they uh uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used and so they uh uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used and so they uh uh and then
+they just talk about the parrot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just talk about the parrot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just talk about the parrot okay
+they just Define this way uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just Define this way uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just Define this way uh I don't
+really don't give a name let's say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't give a name let's say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't give a name let's say in
+this case yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case yeah
+just specified about this one or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just specified about this one or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just specified about this one or minus
+one and and so the reason we give lamb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and and so the reason we give lamb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and and so the reason we give lamb
+for this because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this because it's the
+pione are pseudoscalers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pione are pseudoscalers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pione are pseudoscalers
+okay they actually transform under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they actually transform under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they actually transform under the
+Apparently by a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apparently by a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apparently by a minus sign
+uh the the the Higgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the Higgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the Higgs
+scalar the Transformers one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so so far I have this expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far I have this expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far I have this expansion
+so by requiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by requiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by requiring
+up by dagger 5x by up dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by dagger 5x by up dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by dagger 5x by up dagger
+equal to that thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that thing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that thing yeah
+you go to this say plus minus Theta p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to this say plus minus Theta p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to this say plus minus Theta p
+by p x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by p x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by p x
+so by requiring this we can work out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by requiring this we can work out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by requiring this we can work out how
+you p x Down A and B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can work out how a up work down A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can work out how a up work down A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can work out how a up work down A and
+B so you find that the parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so you find that the parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so you find that the parity
+AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK
+to P dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P dagger
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+the same if a p Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if a p Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if a p Factor
+and then take it to a minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take it to a minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take it to a minus k
+okay so this makes complete sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this makes complete sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this makes complete sense
+because the uh because we interpret the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh because we interpret the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh because we interpret the
+K as momentum right so uh so under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as momentum right so uh so under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as momentum right so uh so under the
+uh on the reflection of a spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the reflection of a spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the reflection of a spatial
+directing your momentum also change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directing your momentum also change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directing your momentum also change
+direction and so it takes a k equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so it takes a k equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so it takes a k equal to a
+minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k
+and similarly you can work it out the u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly you can work it out the u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly you can work it out the u
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+acting on a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on a k
+u t dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u t dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u t dagger
+give you Theta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you Theta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you Theta t
+also a manuscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a manuscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a manuscript
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and similarly with the BK okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this also makes sense when you revert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this also makes sense when you revert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this also makes sense when you revert
+to your time Direction your momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your time Direction your momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your time Direction your momentum
+also change its time okay you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also change its time okay you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also change its time okay you want to
+also change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also change that
+so now that the charge conjugation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that the charge conjugation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that the charge conjugation is a
+little bit more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more interesting
+okay so the UC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the UC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the UC
+for the charge conjugations are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the charge conjugations are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the charge conjugations are a little
+bit more interesting so so the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more interesting so so the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more interesting so so the child
+conjugation takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation takes
+a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Agger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agger
+equivalent to Eta c equal to B okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to Eta c equal to B okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to Eta c equal to B okay and
+similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+takes the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the um
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so so you see that the what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you see that the what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you see that the what what is
+charge conjugation does is to exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge conjugation does is to exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge conjugation does is to exchange
+polygon and the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon and the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon and the particle
+okay Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good any questions on this uh scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any questions on this uh scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any questions on this uh scale of
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so now let's look at the uh business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's look at the uh business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's look at the uh business
+scale of fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of fields
+story now we can look at the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story now we can look at the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story now we can look at the direct
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+which is more into case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's write down the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's forget about the previous scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's forget about the previous scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's forget about the previous scene
+and let's write down the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the drug Siri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then then let's also write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then then let's also write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then then let's also write down
+its equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let me call this equation star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me call this equation star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me call this equation star
+erase to the earlier star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's first understand how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's first understand how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's first understand how the
+parity should act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity should act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity should act
+on the debug field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the debug field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the debug field
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now as everything with the debug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now as everything with the debug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now as everything with the debug
+field story becomes tricky okay become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field story becomes tricky okay become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field story becomes tricky okay become
+tricky so diameter if you want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky so diameter if you want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky so diameter if you want to try
+just try to generate generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to generate generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to generate generalize
+the scalar story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar story
+we say let's imagine that The Rock field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say let's imagine that The Rock field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say let's imagine that The Rock field
+should transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this uh
+to say for the parity for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say for the parity for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say for the parity for example
+PSI PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI PX
+okay with some face okay maybe with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with some face okay maybe with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with some face okay maybe with some
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+so if you wanted Lively generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted Lively generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted Lively generalize
+to the scalar story that would be you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the scalar story that would be you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the scalar story that would be you do
+okay that should how the parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that should how the parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that should how the parity
+transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed
+but now remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say no it's a four vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no it's a four vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no it's a four vector
+nobody tells you that under parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody tells you that under parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody tells you that under parity
+the different component of this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different component of this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different component of this four
+Vector cannot get reshuffled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector cannot get reshuffled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector cannot get reshuffled
+okay remember under low range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember under low range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember under low range
+transformation they do get reshuffle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation they do get reshuffle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation they do get reshuffle
+okay at the range transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at the range transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at the range transformation
+remember for spin the Marine transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for spin the Marine transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for spin the Marine transmit
+not only act on X but also on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only act on X but also on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only act on X but also on the on the
+internal space of The Spinners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal space of The Spinners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal space of The Spinners
+so you would expect the most General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would expect the most General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would expect the most General
+parity transformation should also Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity transformation should also Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity transformation should also Act
+on the internal space okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internal space okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internal space okay so you can
+expect the face is not enough so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the face is not enough so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the face is not enough so we
+actually have to put the Matrix here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and whatever phase will be absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and whatever phase will be absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and whatever phase will be absorbed
+in this T okay of course you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this T okay of course you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this T okay of course you also
+include the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh um yeah so so for rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um yeah so so for rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um yeah so so for rotation
+convenience I will also write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience I will also write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience I will also write it as
+PSI Prime X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI Prime X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI Prime X Prime
+equal to Q D PSI X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Q D PSI X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Q D PSI X
+okay so the X Prime equal to p x okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the X Prime equal to p x okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the X Prime equal to p x okay
+but these two are the same equation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these two are the same equation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these two are the same equation okay
+okay so D and let's write D is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acting amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in what sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say
+the debug theory is parity invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debug theory is parity invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debug theory is parity invariant
+okay let me just formulate it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me just formulate it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me just formulate it in terms
+of the equation motion you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation motion you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation motion you can also
+equivalently formulate in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently formulate in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently formulate in terms of the
+action okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh we will talk about the Behavior Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh we will talk about the Behavior Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh we will talk about the Behavior Uh
+this is a good question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+do you have other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so what we mean by by the theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we mean by by the theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we mean by by the theory is
+parity in Warren okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity in Warren okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity in Warren okay
+by the theory we say the theory it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theory we say the theory it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theory we say the theory it works
+series parity environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say this at Roxy we have a parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say this at Roxy we have a parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say this at Roxy we have a parity
+symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry
+you can always Define a parity operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always Define a parity operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always Define a parity operation
+when we say a direct equation have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say a direct equation have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say a direct equation have a
+parity symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity symmetry
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+that if we start with a side which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we start with a side which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we start with a side which
+satisfy the rock equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there should exist the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there should exist the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there should exist the D
+such a d okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such a matrix a such a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a matrix a such a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a matrix a such a transformation
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still satisfy the rock equation but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still satisfy the rock equation but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still satisfy the rock equation but in
+the reflected space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so you want to reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so you want to reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so you want to reflect
+so so X Prime corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so X Prime corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so X Prime corresponding to the
+reflected space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected space
+and we say the same we say the series we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say the same we say the series we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say the same we say the series we
+have a parity symmetry means in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a parity symmetry means in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a parity symmetry means in the
+reflected space you should have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected space you should have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected space you should have the same
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay you should have the same form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you should have the same form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you should have the same form of
+the equation so that means that this PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation so that means that this PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation so that means that this PSI
+Prime when you're writing writing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime when you're writing writing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime when you're writing writing it in
+the reflective space should have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflective space should have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflective space should have the
+same same form of the equation as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same form of the equation as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same form of the equation as the
+original draft equation so this is same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original draft equation so this is same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original draft equation so this is same
+concept as this covariance uh Lowrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept as this covariance uh Lowrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept as this covariance uh Lowrance
+covariance we described earlier okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance we described earlier okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance we described earlier okay uh
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah government is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah government is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah government is just some
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+right because gamma H is always just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because gamma H is always just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because gamma H is always just
+some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers
+they're not space-time variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not space-time variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not space-time variables so
+they're not so they don't change under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so they don't change under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so they don't change under
+the a parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he said he can be a matrix and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said he can be a matrix and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said he can be a matrix and uh and
+but we want to find the D so that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to find the D so that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to find the D so that uh we
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+but D can be identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the term reversal is mean here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term reversal is mean here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term reversal is mean here right
+time Rivers for Eastern India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Rivers for Eastern India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Rivers for Eastern India
+and yeah uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the action of a normally uh action of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action of a normally uh action of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action of a normally uh action of
+yeah this kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this kind of uh
+you just go to psi itself but but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go to psi itself but but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go to psi itself but but you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're asking why not with uh why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking why not with uh why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking why not with uh why we
+don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel
+a red Side Square term or or you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red Side Square term or or you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red Side Square term or or you are
+asking uh whether the uh the D can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking uh whether the uh the D can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking uh whether the uh the D can
+depend on space time uh uh which one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on space time uh uh which one are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on space time uh uh which one are
+you asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah but this is the simplest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but this is the simplest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but this is the simplest one
+yeah yeah if we can make this work then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah if we can make this work then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah if we can make this work then
+you don't have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you first do the simplest one first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also we do believe that this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we do believe that this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we do believe that this kind of
+priority operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority operation
+should be a linear operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a linear operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a linear operation
+yeah if you add the two operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you add the two operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you add the two operators
+together uh you add to the parity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh you add to the parity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh you add to the parity and
+you should obviously to the party should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should obviously to the party should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should obviously to the party should
+be sealed at some together if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sealed at some together if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sealed at some together if the
+nonlinear function then you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear function then you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear function then you won't
+satisfy that property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that property
+yeah just from our experience the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just from our experience the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just from our experience the uh
+yeah just physically we expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just physically we expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just physically we expect the
+priority to be an Indian operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay so we want to find the V so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we want to find the V so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we want to find the V so that
+this is satisfied okay so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is satisfied okay so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is satisfied okay so that means
+that the uh uh so this is easy so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh uh so this is easy so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh uh so this is easy so so now
+let's just look at this equation a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at this equation a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at this equation a bit
+okay so so let's write it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's write it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's write it more
+explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so partial mu Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so partial mu Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so partial mu Prime
+yeah so we write this explicit three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we write this explicit three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we write this explicit three so
+positive zero Pi is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive zero Pi is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive zero Pi is the same as the
+original partial Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original partial Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original partial Prime
+because of that you don't sleep at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that you don't sleep at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that you don't sleep at the
+time Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Direction
+okay and then you flip the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you flip the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you flip the spatial
+Direction so that means this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so that means this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so that means this becomes
+partial eye part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial eye part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial eye part
+I and uh if I remove the prime but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and uh if I remove the prime but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and uh if I remove the prime but I
+have a minus sign here okay because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minus sign here okay because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minus sign here okay because you
+change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that
+and the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus n
+and this one from our definition should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one from our definition should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one from our definition should
+be equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to this
+so this is just equal to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just equal to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just equal to T
+sine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now if you compare with this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you compare with this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you compare with this equation
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so the LA so if you compare with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the LA so if you compare with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the LA so if you compare with this
+equation now let's add the D on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now let's add the D on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now let's add the D on this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+so that's corresponding to T gamma zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's corresponding to T gamma zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's corresponding to T gamma zero
+part of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of zero
+plus comma I high to I minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus comma I high to I minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus comma I high to I minus n
+PSI X is equal to zero okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI X is equal to zero okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI X is equal to zero okay so this is
+original equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original equation
+and now we want these two equations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want these two equations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want these two equations to
+be equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equivalent
+okay because given this equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because given this equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because given this equation we
+should have that equation okay and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have that equation okay and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have that equation okay and so we
+want this two equations to equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this two equations to equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this two equations to equivalent
+so in order for them to be equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order for them to be equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order for them to be equivalent
+you see the last term is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the last term is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the last term is the same
+because m is just number compute with c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because m is just number compute with c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because m is just number compute with c
+and then in order for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in order for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in order for these two
+equations to be the same we want d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to be the same we want d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to be the same we want d
+commutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it means that b should compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with comma zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with comma zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with comma zero
+but anti-commutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is comma I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is comma I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is comma I
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+because when you pass through here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you pass through here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you pass through here to
+bring it to uh to that side of gamma I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it to uh to that side of gamma I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it to uh to that side of gamma I
+if you change the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the sign
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now you can immediately write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can immediately write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can immediately write down
+such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now you can immediately write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can immediately write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can immediately write down
+such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+Matrix then D has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix then D has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix then D has to be
+it computes with gamma zero and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it computes with gamma zero and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it computes with gamma zero and it can
+become I that has to be proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become I that has to be proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become I that has to be proportional to
+comma zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma zero
+okay and then you can put a face here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can put the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and so this is how this a height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now you can further constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can further constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can further constrain
+ETA p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ETA p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ETA p
+and now you can further constrain ETA P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can further constrain ETA P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can further constrain ETA P
+but but here the story is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but here the story is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but here the story is a little bit
+subtle or or we are not going to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle or or we are not going to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle or or we are not going to there
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so you said the formula remember when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said the formula remember when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said the formula remember when we
+already discussed in your quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed in your quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed in your quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+when you have a spin half particle when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a spin half particle when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a spin half particle when
+you rotate 360 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rotate 360 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rotate 360 degree
+you actually don't have to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually don't have to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually don't have to go back to
+itself you can go back with the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you can go back with the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you can go back with the minus
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+okay and so here and uh so so yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so here and uh so so yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so here and uh so so yeah yeah
+and so here so there's an intricate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here so there's an intricate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here so there's an intricate
+story you can discuss whether a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story you can discuss whether a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story you can discuss whether a lot of
+data Peaks actually and so we will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Peaks actually and so we will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Peaks actually and so we will not
+go into that but I think you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into that but I think you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into that but I think you know the
+basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea
+okay good any questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you mean by uh don't know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by uh don't know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by uh don't know this
+equation should be applied for any gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation should be applied for any gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation should be applied for any gamma
+zero any gamma I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero any gamma I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero any gamma I
+no you cannot yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you cannot yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you cannot yeah
+yeah because apparently you should work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because apparently you should work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because apparently you should work
+in any representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so this is the story for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the story for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the story for the for the
+parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity
+so so completely similar idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so completely similar idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so completely similar idea
+for for charge conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for charge conjugation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for charge conjugation
+and the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh uh a Time reversal for fermions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a Time reversal for fermions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a Time reversal for fermions and
+so I will do it a little bit faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will do it a little bit faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will do it a little bit faster
+okay so I will do a little bit faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I will do a little bit faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I will do a little bit faster
+mostly again just outline the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly again just outline the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly again just outline the same idea
+but then then just write down the dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for the
+for the charge conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the charge conjugation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the charge conjugation
+that is to the charge conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something here is Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here is Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here is Paris
+we are doing parity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing parity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing parity here
+so now let's do the charge conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so for the scalar case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for the scalar case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for the scalar case
+so the charge integration just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the charge integration just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the charge integration just taking
+the five star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so so for the for the direct field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for PSI Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PSI Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PSI Prime
+again this should be popular to 5 star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this should be popular to 5 star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this should be popular to 5 star
+okay until five star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay until five star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay until five star
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+so so simple way to construct 5 star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so simple way to construct 5 star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so simple way to construct 5 star is
+you take the percent bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the percent bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the percent bar
+okay and then you take a a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you take a a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you take a a transpose
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so this is the yeah some linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the yeah some linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the yeah some linear
+combination of the five star and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the five star and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the five star and also
+you should from what we discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should from what we discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should from what we discussed before
+you should allow a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should allow a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should allow a matrix
+and you should allow Matrix and C again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should allow Matrix and C again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should allow Matrix and C again
+is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix
+in the spinner space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now again we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now again we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now again we did
+so the statement of the card charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the statement of the card charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the statement of the card charge
+conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the statement that given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the statement that given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the statement that given
+is existing exists C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is existing exists C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is existing exists C
+they exist see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exist see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exist see
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+equation star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's try Prime satisfy the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try Prime satisfy the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try Prime satisfy the same
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime satisfy the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime satisfy the same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime satisfy the same equation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so we just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so so so we just start from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since it's upside Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since it's upside Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since it's upside Prime
+are related by by taking the com a bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related by by taking the com a bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related by by taking the com a bar
+and the compressed and transpose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the compressed and transpose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the compressed and transpose so
+let's then first do the bar for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's then first do the bar for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's then first do the bar for this
+equation and then do the transpose okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then do the transpose okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then do the transpose okay
+so you when you do the bar operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you when you do the bar operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you when you do the bar operation
+from that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that equation
+for the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the star
+then give the the bar equation set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give the the bar equation set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give the the bar equation set the
+website bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website bar
+yeah you can use the check yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now you do a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you do a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you do a transpose
+and then you can gamma mu t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can gamma mu t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can gamma mu t
+Asha new plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asha new plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asha new plus n
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so on the sidebar key is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C minus one
+PSI Prime x equal to zero okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI Prime x equal to zero okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI Prime x equal to zero okay because
+from here by definition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here by definition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here by definition okay
+so now you want this equation to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you want this equation to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you want this equation to be
+equivalent to that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so as we do before a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so as we do before a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so as we do before a similar
+idea from that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea from that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea from that okay
+uh uh you just act C prime a c minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you just act C prime a c minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you just act C prime a c minus
+Prime here okay so so in the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime here okay so so in the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime here okay so so in the end you
+conclude that the gamma Beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the gamma Beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the gamma Beauty
+so from here equivalence of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here equivalence of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here equivalence of these two
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+you conclude that the gamma mu t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be related
+to gamma mu by this C Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you can find the C satisfies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can find the C satisfies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can find the C satisfies this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+when they are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they are equivalent
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so that's such a matrix thing exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can say actually such a matrix C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can say actually such a matrix C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can say actually such a matrix C
+always exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exists
+for the following reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the following reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the following reason
+because you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check
+even gamma mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamma news satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma news satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma news satisfy this
+so this could be for the algebra for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be for the algebra for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be for the algebra for
+gamma matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma matrices
+and the minus gamma mu t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus gamma mu t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus gamma mu t
+and minus gamma Nu t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus gamma Nu t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus gamma Nu t
+also satisfy the same algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also satisfy the same algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also satisfy the same algebra
+okay so so this will do that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this will do that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this will do that so that
+means the minus gamma mu t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the minus gamma mu t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the minus gamma mu t
+okay it's also allowed to allow the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's also allowed to allow the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's also allowed to allow the set
+of gamma matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma matrices
+okay because the festival is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the festival is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the festival is the same
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+and now we discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we discussed before
+mathematically can prove all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically can prove all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically can prove all
+representations of the gamma Matrix are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of the gamma Matrix are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of the gamma Matrix are
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+then that means the mass exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means the mass exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means the mass exists some
+Matrix C which related is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix C which related is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix C which related is two
+okay and C must exist okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and C must exist okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and C must exist okay
+so this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now it's so not so easy to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's so not so easy to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's so not so easy to write down
+the six specifically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six specifically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six specifically as
+in this case okay so here we can write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case okay so here we can write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case okay so here we can write a
+a a the expression for D regardless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a the expression for D regardless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a the expression for D regardless the
+choice of gamma matrices and here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of gamma matrices and here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of gamma matrices and here it's
+actually not so easy to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not so easy to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not so easy to write the
+expressive form of C okay so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive form of C okay so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive form of C okay so of course
+for specific choice of representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for specific choice of representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for specific choice of representation of
+gamma you can write down C okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma you can write down C okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma you can write down C okay but
+it's about let's see consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about let's see consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about let's see consists
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and and then this is the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then this is the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then this is the transformation
+for the charging conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the charging conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the charging conversation
+okay is the the platform this way we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is the the platform this way we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is the the platform this way we see
+satisfy this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good and then we talk about time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and then we talk about time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and then we talk about time we
+will solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea is again similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so now we use UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we are supposed to be the PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are supposed to be the PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are supposed to be the PSI
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+sum against our Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum against our Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum against our Matrix
+and then PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then PSI
+p x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p x
+okay this is the direct analog of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the direct analog of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the direct analog of the uh
+of the uh this transformation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh this transformation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh this transformation okay
+and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same
+as the PSI Prime X Prime equal to DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the PSI Prime X Prime equal to DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the PSI Prime X Prime equal to DT
+side x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side x
+and now X Prime is equal to t x of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now X Prime is equal to t x of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now X Prime is equal to t x of X
+okay it just flip the time to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just flip the time to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just flip the time to run
+okay just free of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now again the statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now again the statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now again the statements
+of the time reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again the same of the time reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not a statement of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a statement of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a statement of the time
+reversal is that the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal is that the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal is that the given
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things again that the gamma mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things again that the gamma mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things again that the gamma mu
+fashion mu Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion mu Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion mu Prime
+minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m
+then equal to psi Prime X Prime equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then equal to psi Prime X Prime equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then equal to psi Prime X Prime equal to
+zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+and this new frame equal to 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be similar
+story will be similar what you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story will be similar what you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story will be similar what you can uh
+then yeah yeah just again try to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah yeah just again try to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah yeah just again try to match
+starting from that equation and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from that equation and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from that equation and then you
+try to Max those equations okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to Max those equations okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to Max those equations okay so we're
+not going to detail and in the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to detail and in the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to detail and in the end you
+find the DT should satisfy this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the DT should satisfy this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the DT should satisfy this equation
+okay so you find DT should satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you find DT should satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you find DT should satisfy this
+equation of gamma mu t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again gamma view transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again gamma view transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again gamma view transpose
+is equal to DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to DT
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+gamma mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma mu
+e t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e t
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so gamma mu t as you said by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so gamma mu t as you said by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so gamma mu t as you said by this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now if you compare these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now if you compare these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now if you compare these two
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equation
+they just differ by a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just differ by a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just differ by a minus sign
+okay they just differ by minus sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they just differ by minus sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they just differ by minus sign so
+we conclude that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that the
+we can do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this by
+taking DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal to C minus one comma five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to C minus one comma five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to C minus one comma five
+so the gamma Phi will generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gamma Phi will generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gamma Phi will generate this
+minus sign when you commute with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign when you commute with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign when you commute with the uh
+when you commute with gamma mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you commute with gamma mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you commute with gamma mu
+and then and then that will come for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then that will come for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then that will come for the
+actual minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah
+because of the only the operator itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the only the operator itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the only the operator itself
+only you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you
+is anti-linear right see a t is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anti-linear right see a t is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anti-linear right see a t is just
+corresponding to the specific Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the specific Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the specific Matrix
+actually on the spinner space and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on the spinner space and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on the spinner space and so
+that's just ordinary Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah just about yeah DT just ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just about yeah DT just ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just about yeah DT just ordinary
+numbers made up from gamma matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers made up from gamma matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers made up from gamma matrices
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no you cannot relate these two yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no you cannot relate these two yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no you cannot relate these two yeah
+they are independent uh discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are independent uh discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are independent uh discrete
+Transformations are not related to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations are not related to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations are not related to your
+boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss
+we are not related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah if they're ready but most they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if they're ready but most they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if they're ready but most they
+should be then we should uh only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be then we should uh only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be then we should uh only to
+worry about one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about one of them
+because the Boost you you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Boost you you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Boost you you already
+understood yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood yeah
+yeah so there are two they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there are two they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there are two they're
+independent discrete Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent discrete Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent discrete Transformations
+they are not related not not related by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not related not not related by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not related not not related by
+any other uh continuous transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah that's right yeah yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah that's right yeah yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah that's right yeah yeah yeah yeah
+just uh anything has this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah it's a a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's a a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's a a a a a
+if it's conserved within why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's conserved within why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's conserved within why it's
+conserving all of them yeah it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserving all of them yeah it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserving all of them yeah it's because
+of the conversation equation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conversation equation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conversation equation is the
+covalent equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent equation
+yeah because the conversation equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the conversation equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the conversation equation
+is far too new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is far too new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is far too new
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+so this equation of the same formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equation of the same formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equation of the same formula
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+yeah yeah but the the but the charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but the the but the charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but the the but the charge is
+different in different frame yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in different frame yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in different frame yeah the
+related by transformation yeah just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related by transformation yeah just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related by transformation yeah just in
+any frame you can define a chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any frame you can define a chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any frame you can define a chart
+conserve the chart s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so now let's move on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now let's move on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now let's move on to the next
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now finally we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now finally we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now finally we talk about
+past integrals performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and with passing the growth then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with passing the growth then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with passing the growth then we can
+do interactions okay remember when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do interactions okay remember when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do interactions okay remember when we
+know how to do professional for scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do professional for scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do professional for scalar
+then we can easily do interactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can easily do interactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can easily do interactions and
+now let's do the parts integral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do the parts integral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do the parts integral for
+fermia and then that will give us very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermia and then that will give us very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermia and then that will give us very
+simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way
+to to treat impact in series okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so let's just recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's just recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's just recall
+in the in in the past integral we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in in the past integral we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in in the past integral we we
+considered before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered before
+so if you have ordinary quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have ordinary quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have ordinary quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the P commutator equal to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the P commutator equal to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the P commutator equal to I
+and then the past integral you just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the past integral you just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the past integral you just you
+you integrate over all configurations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate over all configurations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate over all configurations of
+x t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's what you do in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what you do in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what you do in quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+so now XT is ordinary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now XT is ordinary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now XT is ordinary function
+okay just integrate over all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just integrate over all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just integrate over all possible
+trajectories and x t just ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories and x t just ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories and x t just ordinary
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+so now when we go to Quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now when we go to Quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now when we go to Quantum field
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we have Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then commute with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then commute with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then commute with
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+so let me just put the hats just to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just put the hats just to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just put the hats just to show
+to emphasize these are operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize these are operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize these are operator
+the five we have TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five we have TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five we have TX
+and then we have Pi Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have Pi Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have Pi Phi
+the the conjugated momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again this is equal to I something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is equal to I something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is equal to I something
+okay the data function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is I and and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is I and and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is I and and then you have
+data function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function
+and then when you do the pass integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you do the pass integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you do the pass integral
+just integrate over all configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrate over all configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrate over all configurations
+of Phi x t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now this is just a classical field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is just a classical field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is just a classical field
+now essentially you view this just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now essentially you view this just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now essentially you view this just as
+the ordinary function okay you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary function okay you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary function okay you integrate
+just all possible value of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we have the two formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the two formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the two formulas
+we have to do PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do PSI
+so poseid is a little bit weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so poseid is a little bit weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so poseid is a little bit weird
+because as we discussed before the PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we discussed before the PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we discussed before the PSI
+we no longer have the commutator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we no longer have the commutator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we no longer have the commutator you
+actually have anti-commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have anti-commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have anti-commutator
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do
+okay do you still as slowly in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you still as slowly in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you still as slowly in the same
+rule or you actually have to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule or you actually have to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule or you actually have to change the
+rule okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule okay
+so so that actually was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that actually was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that actually was a
+crashing which uh so so fireman actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing which uh so so fireman actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing which uh so so fireman actually
+he came up with this idea of stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came up with this idea of stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came up with this idea of stars
+integral in 1948
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in 1948
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in 1948
+and then of course generalization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course generalization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course generalization to
+scalar will be medians okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar will be medians okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar will be medians okay
+but then he wanted to generalize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then he wanted to generalize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then he wanted to generalize the
+formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas
+but then for a long time he couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then for a long time he couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then for a long time he couldn't do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+if you just use this method to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just use this method to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just use this method to do
+fulfillments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfillments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfillments
+and they just didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just didn't work
+okay we will not go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we will not go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we will not go through that
+exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+if you does this before for me I just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you does this before for me I just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you does this before for me I just it
+does not work so for many years he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not work so for many years he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not work so for many years he
+couldn't find the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't find the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't find the answer
+but then around the 1962 I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then around the 1962 I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then around the 1962 I think it's
+now 1962 1965. anyway just around from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 1962 1965. anyway just around from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 1962 1965. anyway just around from
+early 1960s and a former Soviets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1960s and a former Soviets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1960s and a former Soviets uh
+fetuses actually came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetuses actually came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetuses actually came up with a
+brilliant ideas of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant ideas of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant ideas of this problem
+okay and uh like 15 years later after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh like 15 years later after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh like 15 years later after
+the discovery of passing the girl and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discovery of passing the girl and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discovery of passing the girl and uh
+so the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic idea
+when you have the rock field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so when you have a drop field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you have anti-commutation relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have anti-commutation relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have anti-commutation relation
+PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI
+and the pi PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pi PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pi PSI
+is anti-commutation relationship okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's a anti-communator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a anti-communator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a anti-communator
+and then then this guy called perazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then this guy called perazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then this guy called perazine
+breathing then the importulate that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing then the importulate that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing then the importulate that when
+you do the passenger what is in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the passenger what is in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the passenger what is in the past
+integral will be analog of the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will be analog of the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will be analog of the classical
+version of this field okay the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this field okay the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this field okay the classical
+version of this orbit so then what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this orbit so then what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this orbit so then what would
+be the classical version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the classical version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the classical version of this
+anti-computator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-computator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-computator
+and they just written they just should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just written they just should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just written they just should
+be some quantities which anti-commutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some quantities which anti-commutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some quantities which anti-commutes
+okay so so classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say classically put the codes you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say classically put the codes you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say classically put the codes you're
+going to be if we only do this in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be if we only do this in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be if we only do this in the in
+the path integral and then put one into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path integral and then put one into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path integral and then put one into
+anticonductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fields okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrate over PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over PSI
+but size anti-committing object okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but size anti-committing object okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but size anti-committing object okay
+turns out that this just brilliant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this just brilliant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this just brilliant to
+dissolve the problem okay it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve the problem okay it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve the problem okay it just
+immediately works very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately works very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately works very simple
+so so in hand side it's extremely simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in hand side it's extremely simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in hand side it's extremely simple
+but actually Simon couldn't figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually Simon couldn't figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually Simon couldn't figure it
+out itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um anyway so so now let's talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so so now let's talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so so now let's talk a little
+bit about the uh the different commuting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the uh the different commuting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the uh the different commuting
+objects okay so these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects okay so these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects okay so these are called
+Grossman variables for numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so this Glassman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object or object they just end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or object they just end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or object they just end the
+commute okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the the even compute with themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the even compute with themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the even compute with themselves
+so if you only commute with yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you only commute with yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you only commute with yourself
+then the only thing you can have is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the only thing you can have is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the only thing you can have is that
+Theta Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Square
+there must be zero okay if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be zero okay if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be zero okay if you have any
+computer object Theta and if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer object Theta and if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer object Theta and if any
+Community cell will be equally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community cell will be equally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community cell will be equally because
+see the square should be equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the square should be equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the square should be equal to minus
+Theta squared and then of course it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta squared and then of course it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta squared and then of course it can
+only be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be zero
+and so so if we have q such objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so if we have q such objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so if we have q such objects
+Theta and ETA and then equal to minus E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and ETA and then equal to minus E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and ETA and then equal to minus E
+plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c
+and of course e Times Square should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course e Times Square should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course e Times Square should also
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are make so this can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are make so this can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are make so this can probably
+make this kind of object very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this kind of object very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this kind of object very simple
+so now we can also talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can also talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can also talk about the
+functions of such objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of such objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of such objects
+okay we can also talk about function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can also talk about function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can also talk about function of
+such objects say if you have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such objects say if you have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such objects say if you have a function
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta
+okay so we Define the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in terms of the power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the power series
+so so supposing that we have an X say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so supposing that we have an X say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so supposing that we have an X say
+say if you write down gaussian function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you write down gaussian function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you write down gaussian function
+or or whatever function we Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or whatever function we Define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or whatever function we Define this
+function by call a by the power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by call a by the power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by call a by the power series
+so the power series means that we to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the power series means that we to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the power series means that we to
+deal to order we have F0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus one into Theta equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one into Theta equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one into Theta equal to zero
+and then you have F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have F1
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+okay but now if you look at f 2 Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now if you look at f 2 Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now if you look at f 2 Theta
+Theta squared that will be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta squared that will be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta squared that will be zero
+so all have all the term can be zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all have all the term can be zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all have all the term can be zero so
+so you may have two terms okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may have two terms okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may have two terms okay so the
+only function of this variable will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only function of this variable will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only function of this variable will have
+two terms a constant and the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms a constant and the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms a constant and the term
+proportion is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion is Theta
+and the functions of such variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the functions of such variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the functions of such variables are
+very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and if you have two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have two variables
+Theta 1 and Theta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 and Theta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 and Theta 2
+then just expand until you encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just expand until you encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just expand until you encounter
+you have f y f 0 plus F1 Theta one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and plus F12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus F12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus F12
+0 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 0
+that's it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it okay
+that's it because any other term we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it because any other term we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it because any other term we are
+involving either Theta y squared or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving either Theta y squared or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving either Theta y squared or
+Theta 2 squared that will be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the differentiation will be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the differentiation will be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the differentiation will be extremely
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+so if you take the DFC that D Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you just because this is the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just because this is the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just because this is the constant
+so this is just equal to F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but when I say you do have to cap you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I say you do have to cap you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I say you do have to cap you do
+have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful
+when you have this multiple variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have this multiple variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have this multiple variable
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then it actually measures whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it actually measures whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it actually measures whether
+you take the derivative from the left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the derivative from the left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the derivative from the left or
+take the derivative from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the direction you take the dude have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction you take the dude have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction you take the dude have
+become important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important
+okay so um so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we take the derivative yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the derivative yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the derivative yeah
+take from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from the left
+take the Deep F Theta 1 on this F Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Deep F Theta 1 on this F Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Deep F Theta 1 on this F Theta
+1 Theta Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then then this term is zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then this term is zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then this term is zero this
+term gives us F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term gives us F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term gives us F1
+this some does not depend on F Theta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some does not depend on F Theta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some does not depend on F Theta 1
+and so this term is also zero when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this term is also zero when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this term is also zero when we
+take derivative and here we have Theta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivative and here we have Theta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivative and here we have Theta 1
+so we just get f 1 2 Theta 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just get f 1 2 Theta 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just get f 1 2 Theta 2.
+okay so this is derivative from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is derivative from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is derivative from the left
+but now if I take the derivative from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if I take the derivative from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if I take the derivative from
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take the derivative from the right Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative from the right Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative from the right Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+take a duty from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this arrow means you take Duty from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this arrow means you take Duty from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this arrow means you take Duty from
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+and again the same thing for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the same thing for for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the same thing for for this
+one it doesn't matter there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it doesn't matter there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it doesn't matter there's only one
+Theta one so you just get F1 again these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta one so you just get F1 again these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta one so you just get F1 again these
+two will be zero but now if we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two will be zero but now if we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two will be zero but now if we take the
+derivative from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative from the right
+then you have to move Zeta one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to move Zeta one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to move Zeta one to the
+right of theta 2 first because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of theta 2 first because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of theta 2 first because there's a
+c the two here and that give you a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c the two here and that give you a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c the two here and that give you a minus
+that so give you a f one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so give you a f one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so give you a f one two
+so you differ by minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so from now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from now on
+without specifically mentioning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without specifically mentioning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without specifically mentioning we
+always take derivative from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always take derivative from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always take derivative from the left
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the convention we always take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the convention we always take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the convention we always take
+derivative of the net yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+what do you mean by what type of object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah yeah they can be complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah they can be complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah they can be complex numbers
+they can be real number it's just zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be real number it's just zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be real number it's just zero
+everyone just some some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah for example yeah so so so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example yeah so so so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example yeah so so so suppose
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+Crossing function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then you just write one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just write one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just write one
+yeah yeah it is Theta one plus Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it is Theta one plus Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it is Theta one plus Theta
+okay it's experience just to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's experience just to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's experience just to take the
+expansion of theta and the F0 and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of theta and the F0 and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of theta and the F0 and one
+just come from the Taylor expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come from the Taylor expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come from the Taylor expression
+whatever function you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever function you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever function you're looking at
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah similarly the same thing one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah similarly the same thing one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah similarly the same thing one plus
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+so you have a function like that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a function like that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a function like that so you
+just one number six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one number six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one number six
+it's very simple okay so so uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple okay so so uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple okay so so uh so the
+functions of these variables are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of these variables are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of these variables are very
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so we talked about the functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we talked about the functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we talked about the functions so
+we talk about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about those
+functions also we talk about the uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions also we talk about the uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions also we talk about the uh yeah
+the functions of them we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions of them we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions of them we talk about
+derivative and then we need to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and then we need to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and then we need to talk
+about the integrals of them okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the integrals of them okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the integrals of them okay so how
+to define integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's talk about how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about how to do
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+so how do you do integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you do integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you do integral
+the probability to the account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability to the account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability to the account
+to be able to do passengers or ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do passengers or ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do passengers or ability
+to integrate of such objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate of such objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate of such objects
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so to do integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do integration
+then we have to specify the rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to specify the rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to specify the rule for
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+because it's no longer intuitive like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's no longer intuitive like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's no longer intuitive like
+derivative we can just take it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we can just take it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we can just take it the
+derivative okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so integration we have to specified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so integration we have to specified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so integration we have to specified the
+rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule
+and then we use the the idea you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we use the the idea you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we use the the idea you should
+use the standard uh the rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the standard uh the rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the standard uh the rule for
+integration and the translate applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and the translate applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and the translate applied to
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+okay so the rules we are going to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the rules we are going to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the rules we are going to uh uh
+require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require
+for the integration of the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the first rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he said the integration should be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said the integration should be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said the integration should be linear
+okay so so if I have say I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so if I have say I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so if I have say I have an
+integration of f d Theta I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of f d Theta I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of f d Theta I have two
+functions F Theta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions F Theta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions F Theta a
+plus G Theta B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G Theta B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G Theta B
+and a b are some numbers they can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b are some numbers they can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b are some numbers they can either
+be ordinary C numbers they also can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ordinary C numbers they also can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ordinary C numbers they also can be
+Cross by numbers which are an incomputed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross by numbers which are an incomputed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross by numbers which are an incomputed
+okay so and then by linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and then by linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and then by linear
+linear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh
+but the integration operation is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the integration operation is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the integration operation is in
+India this means that this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India this means that this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India this means that this is the same
+as D Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as D Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as D Theta
+F Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Theta
+times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a
+just constantly so you can just take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just constantly so you can just take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just constantly so you can just take it
+out the side of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the side of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the side of the integral
+you see that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it should be linear the operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second
+rule which will be required for such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule which will be required for such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule which will be required for such
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+is that the total derivative should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the total derivative should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the total derivative should be
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then these two conditions are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these two conditions are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these two conditions are you
+can be uniquely a a dense enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be uniquely a a dense enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be uniquely a a dense enough to
+actually fix the uh the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fix the uh the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fix the uh the properties of
+all other properties of integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other properties of integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other properties of integral
+okay yeah this can be used to fix things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah here we don't have a boundary some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here we don't have a boundary some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here we don't have a boundary some
+require activity zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require activity zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require activity zero
+yeah the setup yeah we don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the setup yeah we don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the setup yeah we don't know how to
+specify the boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the boundaries
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh are you say this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+sorry say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah
+indeed it does not determine up Q yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it does not determine up Q yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it does not determine up Q yeah
+only determining up your constant yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only determining up your constant yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only determining up your constant yeah
+yeah but then you can fix that constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but then you can fix that constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but then you can fix that constant
+yeah I'm going to talk about immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm going to talk about immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm going to talk about immediately
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so so we have these two conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have these two conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have these two conditions
+so let's see what these two conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what these two conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what these two conditions
+tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so from this condition two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from this condition two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from this condition two
+we conclude that D Theta F2 equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that D Theta F2 equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that D Theta F2 equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+because because if we a derivative of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because if we a derivative of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because if we a derivative of f
+Theta or sorry just F1 equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta or sorry just F1 equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta or sorry just F1 equal to zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah just F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah just F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah just F1
+and since F1 is a c number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can take this FY outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take this FY outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take this FY outside the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means this is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means this is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means this is equal to zero
+so that means the D Theta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means the D Theta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means the D Theta 1
+is equal to zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero okay
+so so just visit any constant should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just visit any constant should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just visit any constant should be
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does any constant should be there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so so so so this is the uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so so so this is the uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so so so this is the uh one
+condition so one thing we deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now let's call this poverty three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's call this poverty three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's call this poverty three and
+equation three this of course follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation three this of course follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation three this of course follows
+from the one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the one and two
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+from the property of f Theta equal to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the property of f Theta equal to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the property of f Theta equal to F
+0 plus f y Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus f y Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus f y Theta
+so that means D Theta F Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means D Theta F Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means D Theta F Theta
+is equal to D Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to D Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to D Theta
+F 0 plus F1 Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means
+so if you use this property one you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you use this property one you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you use this property one you you
+can take this constant outside it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take this constant outside it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take this constant outside it
+okay then and this term is zero so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then and this term is zero so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then and this term is zero so you
+just get the second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the second term
+we just get F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get F1
+B Theta and Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now if we just fix the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we just fix the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we just fix the value of this
+object then we fix the full integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object then we fix the full integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object then we fix the full integral
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so so you just fix this object to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you just fix this object to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you just fix this object to be
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just
+fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it
+TV1 okay I defined up your constant we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV1 okay I defined up your constant we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV1 okay I defined up your constant we
+just defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just defined
+okay so that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's it
+so that's fully specifies the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's fully specifies the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's fully specifies the rule
+and then we conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that Theta F Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now now you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this is the rule you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is the rule you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is the rule you should
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+so now you notice this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you take the derivative of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so this uh story is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this uh story is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this uh story is a little bit
+funny right so the integration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny right so the integration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny right so the integration of a
+function is the same as the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the same as the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the same as the derivative
+of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's it
+so so if we get the calculus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if we get the calculus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if we get the calculus for
+ordinary variables a such simple over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary variables a such simple over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary variables a such simple over uh
+when we learn calculus will be much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we learn calculus will be much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we learn calculus will be much much
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+and uh but yeah yeah so so this crossbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but yeah yeah so so this crossbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but yeah yeah so so this crossbar
+variables are very simple okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so this is for the single variable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for the single variable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for the single variable right
+uh when you go to the market variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you go to the market variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you go to the market variables
+it seems a little bit more intricate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems a little bit more intricate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems a little bit more intricate
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but the
+the this integration rule is General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this integration rule is General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this integration rule is General
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right yeah I just you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah I just you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah I just you don't know
+how to do that inverse operation anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that inverse operation anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that inverse operation anymore
+yeah just those kind of objects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just those kind of objects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just those kind of objects are
+sufficiently weird it's not easy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently weird it's not easy yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently weird it's not easy yeah
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+so the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic idea
+I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+say you say why fireman didn't come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you say why fireman didn't come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you say why fireman didn't come up
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+because if you just say oh I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you just say oh I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you just say oh I have to do
+anti-commuting that's not enough you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-commuting that's not enough you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-commuting that's not enough you
+have to invent the whole calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invent the whole calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invent the whole calculus
+for this kind of anti-committing object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this kind of anti-committing object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this kind of anti-committing object
+another question is that how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question is that how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question is that how do you
+invent such a calculus so that it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent such a calculus so that it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent such a calculus so that it's as
+natural as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural as possible
+compared to the standard way yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the standard way yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the standard way yeah yeah
+so I think this is a set of rule which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is a set of rule which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is a set of rule which
+assumes to work very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so yeah yeah so so when we say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yeah yeah so so when we say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yeah yeah so so when we say the
+final listed is not he missed something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final listed is not he missed something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final listed is not he missed something
+it's a trivial idea he actually he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trivial idea he actually he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trivial idea he actually he
+misses the whole characters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's just make a couple remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ETA is another a Grossman variable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means that it's also on the commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's also on the commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's also on the commute
+so now if we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ETA before F Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+because the heat have nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the heat have nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the heat have nothing to do with
+Theta you should be able to take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you should be able to take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you should be able to take it
+outside of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the integral
+but different very windy commutes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but different very windy commutes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but different very windy commutes so
+when you take it outside the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take it outside the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take it outside the uh uh the
+thing the rule is that you can just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the rule is that you can just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the rule is that you can just take
+it out compute through this disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out compute through this disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out compute through this disease and
+you can minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can minus one
+so you just skated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can show that this is this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can show that this is this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can show that this is this rule
+which I'm saying here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm saying here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm saying here
+is compatible with also this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compatible with also this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compatible with also this rule
+okay it's also compatible with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's also compatible with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's also compatible with this one
+because this can also compute The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this can also compute The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this can also compute The Ether
+with f inside the integral and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with f inside the integral and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with f inside the integral and then you
+can use this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this rule
+as you can show these two rules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can show these two rules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can show these two rules are
+compatible okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the first remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+second remark is that the uh how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second remark is that the uh how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second remark is that the uh how to do
+integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider integral like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a would be some ordinary uh ages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a would be some ordinary uh ages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a would be some ordinary uh ages of
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so you can just expand it distributary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just expand it distributary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just expand it distributary
+so this just keep well I just find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just keep well I just find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just keep well I just find that
+this F1 times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F1 times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F1 times a
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+F1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+F1 times a is also the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a times D Theta Prime F Theta Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a times D Theta Prime F Theta Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a times D Theta Prime F Theta Prime
+if Theta Prime is a Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Theta Prime is a Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Theta Prime is a Theta
+we're going to tell my variable doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to tell my variable doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to tell my variable doesn't
+matter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but then then comparing these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so this is like a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is like a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is like a change of
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it does have two yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is a few different objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a few different objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a few different objects
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+the anti-commute is each other but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-commute is each other but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-commute is each other but this
+inter means infinitesimal uh variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter means infinitesimal uh variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter means infinitesimal uh variation
+of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta
+of course even though we cannot quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course even though we cannot quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course even though we cannot quantify
+what the this infinitesimal variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the this infinitesimal variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the this infinitesimal variation
+means and uh but these two are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and uh but these two are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and uh but these two are different
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+yeah so their product is not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good so this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so this tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so this tells you
+so normally when we do a a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally when we do a a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally when we do a a change of
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means
+let's see when you do the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see when you do the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see when you do the change of
+variable see the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable see the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable see the prime
+equal to a Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a Theta
+and D Theta Prime is actually equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D Theta Prime is actually equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D Theta Prime is actually equal to 1
+over 80 Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 80 Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 80 Theta
+okay if you compare these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you compare these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you compare these two
+so now this is a very so now again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is a very so now again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is a very so now again this
+is opposite to the standard story okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is opposite to the standard story okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is opposite to the standard story okay
+so the D Theta Prime is actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the D Theta Prime is actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the D Theta Prime is actually equal
+to one over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so
+let's conclude here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so our next lecture is the it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so our next lecture is the it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so our next lecture is the it's not
+next Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Wednesday
+because Monday is a holiday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Monday is a holiday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Monday is a holiday
+oh yeah it's a little bit unfortunate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah it's a little bit unfortunate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah it's a little bit unfortunate I
+hope you still remember this uh I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you still remember this uh I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you still remember this uh I will
+make it to next Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/q4LsDylKZcI.txt b/q4LsDylKZcI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df9c5a27ce4e28d03ce79a3e244d6a905b6a93ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/q4LsDylKZcI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3350 @@
+PROFESSOR: I have
+our final exam
+
+schedule from the registrar.
+
+It comes Tuesday morning
+of exam week.
+
+It's on the web page.
+
+You won't miss it.
+
+I want to remind you that the
+midterm exam is on Wednesday,
+
+March 16, that it starts at 9
+not at 9:30 so that you're
+
+less time-limited than you
+would be otherwise.
+
+It's a two-hour exam.
+
+And it will cover basically up
+through chapter eight, which
+
+is Reed-Solomon codes.
+
+And you're responsible for
+anything that's been
+
+discussed in class.
+
+If we haven't discussed
+it in class, then
+
+don't worry about it.
+
+All right.
+
+Any questions about any
+of those things?
+
+It's 9 o'clock to 11 o'clock.
+
+What's the underlined?
+
+This line up here?
+
+This says, "This class
+goes from 9:30
+
+to 11.00." Not 11:15.
+
+That's for me, not for you,
+although I've tried to lay off
+
+some of the responsibility
+on you.
+
+OK, let's continue.
+
+I hope to finish up chapter
+six today, might not
+
+completely finish it.
+
+There are really three
+topics left to go.
+
+One is the orthogonality
+and inner product
+
+topic, which I skipped.
+
+The second is Reed-Muller
+codes, which is our main
+
+objective in this chapter,
+a family of useful codes.
+
+And the last topic is why
+making hard decisions
+
+is not a good idea.
+
+And so I'll try to say
+as much as I can
+
+about those three things.
+
+Just to remind you of where
+we are, we're in the
+
+power-limited regime.
+
+We're trying to design good,
+small-signal constellations,
+
+or moderate-sized signal
+constellations now, with
+
+nominal spectral efficiency,
+less than two bits per two
+
+dimensions.
+
+The technique we're using is
+we're going to start from a
+
+binary linear block code
+in Hamming space.
+
+And we're going to take the
+Euclidean image of that and
+
+hope it's a good constellation
+in Euclidean space.
+
+And as we were just talking
+about before class, the fact
+
+that a linear code is a subspace
+of F2 to the n means
+
+it's true if and only if,
+really, it has the group
+
+property, which in Euclidean
+space leads to a geometrical
+
+uniformity property.
+
+We haven't proved that
+in its full scope.
+
+But we have noticed that from
+every code word, every code
+
+word has the same distance
+profile to
+
+all other code words.
+
+And in particular, the minimum
+distance is the minimum weight
+
+of any non-zero code word.
+
+That's the main juice we've
+squeezed out of
+
+that at this point.
+
+So we've now been talking a
+little bit about the algebra
+
+of binary linear block codes.
+
+We've characterized them
+basically by three parameters,
+
+n, k, d, where n is the length
+of the code, k is the
+
+dimension of the code, d is the
+minimum Hamming distance
+
+of the code.
+
+In the literature, this is what
+you'll mainly find, in
+
+the n, k, d code.
+
+We have a subsidiary parameter,
+the number of words
+
+of minimum distance d, which
+we're going to need to get the
+
+error coefficient, or a
+union-bound expression.
+
+This has less prominence
+in the literature.
+
+Given just these numbers, we get
+a couple of key parameters
+
+of our constellation.
+
+One is its nominal spectral
+efficiency, which is 2k over n
+
+bits per two dimension,
+upper bounded by 2.
+
+Of course, often in the coding
+literature, you talk about in
+
+a more natural quantity,
+which is k over n,
+
+called the code rate.
+
+Maybe I shouldn't call it cap-R,
+because R is used for
+
+the code rate in bits
+per second.
+
+This means bit per symbol.
+
+So just let me call this rate.
+
+But when you're reading the
+coding literature, the rate of
+
+the code means how many
+information bits per how many
+
+transmitted bits.
+
+And for n, k, d binary linear
+block code, it's k over m.
+
+And the nominal spectral
+efficiency is just twice that,
+
+since we measure it per
+two dimensions.
+
+OK, and even more importantly,
+we get the union bound
+
+estimate in terms of a couple
+of simple parameters.
+
+It's just an error coefficient,
+Kb, the number of
+
+nearest neighbors per bit
+times this Q function
+
+expression, which always has 2Eb
+over N_0 in it, multiplied
+
+by this multiplicative factor,
+which we call the coding gain,
+
+which is just kd over n.
+
+And this is equal to one
+for a 1,1,1 code.
+
+Now you know coding.
+
+So anything else?
+
+Our basic effort is to get
+a larger coding gain by
+
+constructing more complicated
+codes.
+
+This parameter here, which we
+need in order to actually plot
+
+the curve and estimate the
+effective coding gain -- the
+
+effective coding gain is derated
+from the nominal
+
+coding gain by a rule of thumb,
+which depends on Kb.
+
+It's every factor of 2 in Kb
+costs you 0.2 dB, roughly in
+
+the right range, if it's not too
+big, all those qualifiers.
+
+But it's a good engineering
+rule of thumb.
+
+And that's just the number of
+nearest neighbors per code
+
+word divided by k.
+
+And so our object here is to
+see how well we can do.
+
+And the Reed-Muller codes will
+be an infinite family of codes
+
+that give us a pretty good idea
+of what can be achieved
+
+for a variety of n, k, d that
+kind of cover the waterfront.
+
+That's why I talk about
+them first.
+
+They're all so very simple.
+
+OK, but first, we forgot to talk
+about orthogonality and
+
+inner products and duality, both
+from a geometric point of
+
+view and from an algebraic
+point of view.
+
+And so I want to go back
+and recover that.
+
+The definition of an inner
+product between x and y, where
+
+x and y are both binary
+n-tuples, is, as you'd expect,
+
+a sort of dot product
+expression, a component-wise
+
+product, the sum over k of xk
+yk, where all the arithmetic
+
+here is in the binary
+field, F2.
+
+And well, this clearly has the
+bilinearity properties that
+
+you expect of an inner product
+that's linear in x for a fixed
+
+y or vice versa.
+
+But it doesn't turn out to have
+the geometric properties
+
+that you expect.
+
+We can define orthogonality,
+this is another definition, in
+
+the usual way.
+
+x and y are said to
+be orthogonal --
+
+do that better.
+
+x is said to be orthogonal to
+y if and only if their inner
+
+product is 0, which is the same
+definition you know from
+
+real and complex
+vector spaces.
+
+OK.
+
+But the overall moral I want you
+to get from this is while
+
+this inner product behaves
+absolutely as you expect in an
+
+algebraic sense, it behaves very
+different from what you
+
+expect in a geometric sense.
+
+So the algebra's fine.
+
+The geometry is screwy.
+
+All right.
+
+That's the catch word
+to keep in mind.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Where does this inner
+product live?
+
+It's F2 valued, right?
+
+I'm just doing this sum in
+binary space, and the result
+
+is either 0 or 1.
+
+So when are two n-tuples
+orthogonal?
+
+Simply if they have an even
+number of places in which
+
+they're both equal to 1.
+
+Is there a question?
+
+In particular, suppose I try to
+define a norm in the usual
+
+way, like that.
+
+Is that going to have
+the properties that
+
+I'd want of a norm?
+
+No.
+
+Why?
+
+Because one of the basic
+properties we want of a norm
+
+is strict positivity, that the
+norm of x is equal to 0 if and
+
+only if x is equal to 0.
+
+That's clearly not true here.
+
+What's the requirement for the
+inner product of x with itself
+
+to be equal to 0, in
+other words x to be
+
+orthogonal with itself?
+
+It just simply has to have
+an even number of 1's.
+
+If it has an even number
+of 1's, then this
+
+so-called norm is 0.
+
+If there's an odd
+number, it's 1.
+
+So it's perfectly possible for
+a vector to be orthogonal to
+
+itself, a non-zero vector to
+be orthogonal to itself.
+
+And that's basically where all
+the trouble comes from in a
+
+geometric sense.
+
+AUDIENCE: So which of them would
+be [INAUDIBLE] here?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's mod-2.
+
+It's in F2.
+
+All the arithmetic rules
+are from F2 which is
+
+mod-2 rules, correct.
+
+So, good.
+
+This means at the most
+fundamental level, we don't
+
+have a Hilbert space here.
+
+We don't have a projection
+theorem.
+
+Projection theorem is the basic
+tool we use in Euclidean
+
+spaces, more generally,
+Hilbert spaces.
+
+Just say that every vector
+can be partitioned.
+
+In a given space and its
+orthogonal space, we can
+
+express a vector as the sum of
+its projection onto the space
+
+and the projection onto the
+orthogonal space, which are
+
+two orthogonal vectors.
+
+So it's an orthogonal
+decomposition.
+
+So we have nothing like the
+projection theorem here.
+
+Therefore we have nothing like,
+we don't necessarily
+
+have orthonormal or even
+
+orthogonal basis for subspaces.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: You do have a unique
+orthogonal complement.
+
+I'll get to that in a second.
+
+But for instance, we might have
+that a subspace can be
+
+orthogonal to itself.
+
+That's what the problem is.
+
+For instance, 0, 0, and 1,
+1 is a nice, little,
+
+one-dimensional subspace.
+
+And what's it's orthogonal
+subspace?
+
+It's itself.
+
+We may not have an orthogonal
+basis for a subspace.
+
+And for an example of that, I'll
+give you our favorite 3,
+
+2, 2 code, as I'll
+now call it.
+
+It consists of these
+four code words.
+
+A set of generators for this
+code consists of any two of
+
+the non-zero code words.
+
+You can generate all of the code
+words as binary linear
+
+combinations of any
+two of these.
+
+But no two of these
+are orthogonal.
+
+So there's clearly
+no orthogonal
+
+basis for that code.
+
+We shouldn't expect to find
+orthogonal basis, orthogonal
+
+decomposition, so all of these
+sorts of tools that we relied
+
+on heavily in 6.450 in
+Euclidean spaces.
+
+OK, so this is just a great
+caution to the student.
+
+Don't expect Hamming space to
+have the same geometric
+
+properties as Euclidean space.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Nothing special.
+
+It's just finite fields have
+a different geometry.
+
+In F2, there's really only one
+geometry you would impose,
+
+which is the Hamming geometry.
+
+In other finite fields, there
+actually could be more than
+
+one geometry.
+
+But let's say the algebraic
+properties, however, you can
+
+still count on.
+
+For instance, n, k, d
+code C has, as we've
+
+already shown, a basis.
+
+It has k dimensions.
+
+It has a basis g1 up to gk of
+k, linearly independent,
+
+though not necessarily
+orthogonal basis vectors.
+
+So we can always write the code
+as the set of all u g
+
+such that u is a k-tuple of
+information bits, let's say.
+
+In other words, this is a
+compressed form for the set of
+
+all binary linear combinations
+of these generators, where
+
+I've written what's called a
+generator matrix, g as a k by
+
+n matrix, whose rows are
+these generators.
+
+And I've multiplied on the left
+with a row vector u, if
+
+I'm doing it in matrix terms.
+
+You can do this more abstractly
+just as a linear
+
+transformation.
+
+And side comment, notice that
+in coding theory, it's
+
+conventional to write vectors
+as row vectors, whereas in
+
+every other subject you take,
+it's conventional to write
+
+vectors as column vectors.
+
+Why is this?
+
+Is there some deep,
+philosophical reason?
+
+No.
+
+It's just the way people started
+to do it in coding
+
+theory back at the beginning,
+and then everybody has
+
+followed them.
+
+I may have even had something
+to do with this myself.
+
+And I'll tell you the reason I
+like to write vectors as row
+
+vectors is I don't have
+to write a little
+
+t up next to them.
+
+That's the deep philosophical
+reason.
+
+It's like driving on the right
+side or the left side.
+
+Obviously, you could have chosen
+how to do it one way or
+
+another back in the beginning.
+
+But once you've chosen it,
+you better stick with it.
+
+There's actually some insight
+involved here.
+
+This is sort of associated with
+a block diagram, where we
+
+take k bits, and we run
+it through this linear
+
+transformation.
+
+And as a result, we get out,
+what shall I write, x n bits.
+
+And in block diagrams, we tend
+to take the input bits from
+
+the left and proceed to
+the right, left to
+
+right kind of thing.
+
+So this formula reflects this
+left to right picture, whereas
+
+I'd say the deeper reason why
+you usually see G u in system
+
+theory is that G is regarded
+as an operator
+
+that operates on u.
+
+It's kind of a G of u.
+
+And so that's why it's more
+natural to think of this as
+
+being a column vector,
+because then, we
+
+have a different picture.
+
+G is the operator that
+somehow transforms u.
+
+But these are all side
+comments, obviously.
+
+They don't really matter
+for anything.
+
+All right, just remember that
+vectors are row vectors.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's define the dual code in
+the natural way, as the
+
+orthogonal code.
+
+Say C dual.
+
+The definition is that C dual is
+the set of all n-tuples y,
+
+such that x, the inner product
+between x and y is 0.
+
+In other words, y is orthogonal
+to x for all the x
+
+and C. It's the set of all
+n-tuples that are orthogonal
+
+to all the words in C under
+our F2 definition of inner
+
+product orthogonality.
+
+OK, so that's a natural
+definition.
+
+For example, as I've already
+shown you, if C is 0, 0, 1, 1,
+
+then C dual is 0, 0, 1, 1.
+
+If C were 0, 0, 0, 1, then C
+dual would be 0, 0, what?
+
+1, 0.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Because 1, 1 is not orthogonal
+to this, 0, 1 and is not
+
+orthogonal to this.
+
+So we simply go through
+and pick it out.
+
+Now as I said, the algebraic
+properties of the
+
+dual code are OK.
+
+I emphasize they're algebraic.
+
+If C is an n, k code, in other
+words, has dimension k, what
+
+do you expect the parameters
+of C dual to be?
+
+Its length is what?
+
+It's n, of course.
+
+And what's its dimension
+going to be?
+
+If C has dimension k, what do
+you guess the dimension of C
+
+dual is going to be?
+
+Just guess from Euclidean
+spaces, or any --
+
+it's n minus k.
+
+The dual space has dimension
+n minus k.
+
+And that holds.
+
+In the notes, I give two
+proofs for this.
+
+There's the conventional coding
+theory textbook proof,
+
+which involves writing down
+a generator matrix for C k
+
+generators, reducing it to a
+canonical form, called the
+
+systematic form, where there's
+some k by k identity matrix
+
+and a n minus k by k
+parity check part.
+
+Then, by inspection, you can
+write down a generator matrix
+
+for C dual.
+
+And you find it has dimension
+n minus k.
+
+It's kind of a klutzy proof,
+in my opinion.
+
+A second, more elegant proof,
+but one that you don't have
+
+the background for yet, is to
+use simply the fundamental
+
+theorem of homomorphisms.
+
+This is in some sense
+an image.
+
+This is the dual of an image,
+which is a kernel.
+
+You work out the dimensions
+from that.
+
+I am still in search of an
+elegant, elementary proof.
+
+And anyone who can come up
+with a proof suitable for
+
+chapter six gets a gold star.
+
+Believe me, the gold star will
+be very valuable to you.
+
+OK, so exercise for any student
+so inclined, give me a
+
+nice proof of this.
+
+It's surprisingly hard.
+
+And I can't say I've spent great
+quantities of my life on
+
+it, but I've spent
+some time on it.
+
+So anyway, the dimensions come
+out as I hope you would
+
+expect, based on your
+past experience.
+
+And I won't give you
+a proof in class.
+
+You get the fundamental duality
+relationship, that the
+
+dual of C dual, what would
+you expects that to be?
+
+C. OK.
+
+In words, C is the set of all
+n-uples that are orthogonal to
+
+all the n-tuples in C dual.
+
+OK.
+
+So this actually means that I
+can specify C. If I know C
+
+dual, I know C. Give me C dual,
+the set of all code
+
+words orthogonal to it
+tells me what C is.
+
+So this implies that I can write
+C in the following form.
+
+C is the set of all, just
+emulating this, y n F2 to the
+
+n such that x, y equals zero
+for all x in C dual.
+
+I probably should have
+interchanged x and y for this.
+
+x such that x, y equals
+0 for all --
+
+this is symmetrical.
+
+The inner product of x and y is
+equal to the inner product
+
+of y and x.
+
+So I don't care how
+I write it.
+
+OK, so I can actually
+specify a code by a
+
+set of parity checks.
+
+Now suppose I have a generator
+matrix, call it H, namely a
+
+set of generators, H1 through
+Hn minus k, for C dual.
+
+I'm going to have a set of
+n minus k generators.
+
+Then I hope it's obvious that
+I can test whether x is
+
+orthogonal to all of C dual by
+just checking whether it's
+
+orthogonal to all of
+these generators.
+
+So I would now have C is the set
+of all x n-tuples x such
+
+that x, H, j equals
+zero, all j.
+
+OK.
+
+I've just got to test
+orthogonality to each of these
+
+generators.
+
+In other words, in each
+of these is what we
+
+call a parity check.
+
+We take the inner product of x
+with a certain n-tuple, and we
+
+ask whether parity checks.
+
+In other words, we ask whether
+the subset of positions in
+
+which H, j is equal to 1, in
+those positions, whether x has
+
+an even number of 1's.
+
+Get very concrete about it.
+
+So writing this out in matrix
+form, the test is C is the set
+
+of x in F2 to the n such that
+x h-transpose equals 0.
+
+That's just a matrix form of
+what I've written up there.
+
+So let me picture
+it like this.
+
+Here the test is, I take
+x, which is n bits.
+
+I put it into what's
+called a parity
+
+checker or syndrome reformer.
+
+And I ask whether this is 0.
+
+We call this, in general,
+the syndrome.
+
+And we ask whether it's 0.
+
+If we get a 0, we say
+x is in the code.
+
+If it's not 0, then x
+is not in the code.
+
+That's the test.
+
+So when we summarize, we really
+have two dual ways of
+
+characterizing a code, which
+you will see in the
+
+literature.
+
+We have a generator matrix, we
+might give a k by n generator
+
+matrix for the code.
+
+And then the code is specified
+as C is the set of all U g
+
+such that U n F2 to the k.
+
+In other words, this is an
+image representation.
+
+We take C as the image of
+a linear transformation.
+
+We call G a linear
+transformation.
+
+It goes from Fk to F2 to
+the k to F2 to the n.
+
+And then the code is simply
+the image of this
+
+transformation algebraically.
+
+OK.
+
+Or we can specify it by means
+of a parity check matrix, H,
+
+which is the generator matrix
+of the dual code.
+
+So this would be the parity
+check matrix for the dual code
+
+G. h is the generator matrix
+of the dual code.
+
+And we ask whether --
+
+now we specify it as I have up
+here, simply the x and F2 to
+
+the n such that x
+H_t equals 0.
+
+And this is what's called a
+kernel representation, because
+
+it's the kernel of a linear
+transformation defined by H2
+
+from F2 to the end, down
+to, this is a m
+
+by n minus k matrix.
+
+So the syndrome is actually
+an n-minus-k-tuple.
+
+The elements of the syndrome are
+the n minus k individual
+
+bits, parity check bits.
+
+OK.
+
+And sometimes it's more
+convenient to characterize the
+
+code in one way, and sometimes
+it's more convenient to
+
+characterize it in
+the other way.
+
+For instance, we were talking
+last time about the n, n minus
+
+1, 2 single parity check code,
+or the even weight code, the
+
+set of all even weight
+n-tuples, which has
+
+dimension n minus 1.
+
+And in general, for high-rate
+codes especially, it may be
+
+simpler to give the parity
+check representation.
+
+What is the dual code?
+
+Let's call this C.
+C dual is what?
+
+C dual is what we call the
+n, 1, n repetition code.
+
+In other words, it has
+dimension one.
+
+It has two code words, the all-0
+word and the all-1 word.
+
+Clearly, the all-1 word is
+orthogonal to all of the even
+
+weight words.
+
+And vice versa, a word is even
+weight if and only if it's
+
+orthogonal to all 1's.
+
+So in this case, what is
+the generator matrix?
+
+We had a generator matrix last
+time consisting of n minus 1
+
+weight 2 code words all arranged
+in a kind of double
+
+diagonal pattern.
+
+That's OK.
+
+But that's an n minus
+1 by n matrix.
+
+Most people would say it's
+easier to say, OK, what's the
+
+parity check matrix?
+
+The parity check matrix in this
+case, H, is simply a one
+
+by n matrix consisting
+of all one's.
+
+And what's the characterization
+of the code?
+
+The code consists of all
+the words that are
+
+orthogonal to this.
+
+And that is why we call it
+single parity check code.
+
+There's one parity check.
+
+And if you pass the parity
+check, you're in the code.
+
+And if you don't, you're not.
+
+OK, so we see that these,
+first of all, here's an
+
+example of dual codes.
+
+Are their dimensions correct?
+
+They are.
+
+Is each on characterized
+correctly as
+
+the dual of the other?
+
+It is.
+
+So we've passed that.
+
+This is intended to make point
+C. So it's a good example.
+
+One final thing is suppose I
+have a code with generator
+
+matrix G and another code with
+generator matrix H. Are they
+
+each other's dual
+codes are not?
+
+And the answer is pretty obvious
+from all of this.
+
+Yes, they are.
+
+Let me a substitute in here,
+x is supposed to
+
+be equal to U g.
+
+So another requirement is that
+UGH_t equals zero for all u.
+
+And without belaboring the
+point, the 5, 2 codes with
+
+generator matrix G and H, they
+are dual codes if and only if
+
+they have the right dimension,
+one is n, k, and the other is
+
+n, n minus k, and we satisfy
+G H_t equals zero.
+
+Basically, this is the matrix
+of inner products of the
+
+generators of C with the
+generators of C dual.
+
+And if we have k generators
+that are all orthogonal to
+
+these n minus k generators,
+then they must be the
+
+generators of dual codes.
+
+That's is kind of intuitive
+and natural.
+
+All right, so again, this is a
+concise form that you would
+
+actually, probably most
+commonly find in the
+
+literature.
+
+It's not hard to get to.
+
+OK, so in this course, we're
+probably going to talk quite a
+
+bit about orthogonality.
+
+Duality is very powerful, but
+we're not going to be using it
+
+very much in this course,
+I believe.
+
+I'll mention duality
+whenever there's a
+
+duality property to mention.
+
+But in general, I'm not going
+to spend an awful
+
+lot of time on it.
+
+But it's important you know
+about it, particularly if you
+
+were going to go on and do
+anything in this subject.
+
+And at an elementary level, it's
+nice to know that we have
+
+two possible representations,
+and one is often going to be
+
+simpler than the other.
+
+Use the simple one.
+
+In general, use the
+representation for the
+
+low-rate code to determine
+the high-rate code.
+
+OK.
+
+Any questions on this?
+
+I've now finished up
+the preparatory.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you're saying
+that every basis for
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's necessary
+and sufficient, right.
+
+OK, Reed-Muller codes.
+
+Why do I talk about
+Reed-Muller codes?
+
+First of all, they give us an
+infinite family of codes, so
+
+we can see what happens as n
+gets large, as k goes from 0
+
+to n, whose parameters are
+sort of representative.
+
+They aren't necessarily the best
+codes that we know of.
+
+They're very simple, as I will
+show, to construct and to
+
+characterize their parameters,
+so we can do all the proofs in
+
+half an hour here.
+
+And they're not so bad.
+
+In terms of the parameters n,
+k, d, the Reed-Muller codes,
+
+up to length 32, are the best
+ones we know of, at least for
+
+their parameters.
+
+There is no 32, 16 code that's
+better than a 32, 16, eight
+
+Reed-Muller code.
+
+There's no 32k, eight code that
+has k greater than 16,
+
+all those sorts of things.
+
+Actually, I'm not 100%
+sure of that.
+
+So for short block lengths,
+they're as good as BCH codes,
+
+or any of the codes that were
+discovered subsequently.
+
+For even longer lengths, up to
+64, 128, 256, they are going
+
+to be slightly sub-optimal in
+terms of n, k, d, as we'll see
+
+in some cases.
+
+But they still are very good
+codes to look at in terms of
+
+performance versus complexity.
+
+The decoding algorithm that
+I'm going to talk about
+
+eventually for them is a
+trellis-based decoding
+
+algorithm, and a maximum
+likelihood
+
+decoding algorithm within.
+
+They can be maximum likelihood
+decoded very simply by these
+
+trellis-based algorithms.
+
+And that's not true of more
+elaborate classes of codes.
+
+So from a performance versus
+complexity point of view,
+
+they're still good codes to look
+at for block lengths up
+
+to 100, 200.
+
+As we get up to higher block
+lengths, then we'll be talking
+
+about much more random-like,
+non-algebraic codes in the
+
+final section of the course.
+
+This is the way you actually
+get to pass it.
+
+You don't worry about n, k, d.
+
+Right now, we're talking about
+moderate complexity, moderate
+
+performance.
+
+OK, so they were invented in
+1954 independently by Irving
+
+Reed and, I think it was, David
+Muller, D. Muller, in
+
+two separate papers,
+which shows they
+
+weren't too hard to find.
+
+As you'll see, they're very
+easy to construct.
+
+They're basically based on a
+length-doubling construction.
+
+So we start off with codes
+of length or length 2.
+
+And then from that, we build up
+codes of length 4, 8, 16,
+
+32, and so forth.
+
+So in general, their lengths are
+equal to a power of 2, and
+
+m is the parameter that denotes
+the power of 2.
+
+So we only get certain block
+lengths, which are equal to
+
+powers of 2.
+
+They have a second parameter, r,
+whose significance is that
+
+d is 2 to the m minus r for 0,
+less than or equal to r, less
+
+than or equal to m.
+
+Or some people, including me,
+are going to put the lower
+
+limit at minus 1, just to be
+able to include one more code
+
+in this family at each length.
+
+But this is just a
+matter of taste.
+
+You'll see this is a very
+special case, the minus 1.
+
+So let's guess what some of
+these codes are going to be.
+
+So we have two parameters, m,
+which can be any integer 0 or
+
+higher, so the lengths will be
+1,2,4, so forth, and r, which
+
+goes basically from 0 to m,
+which means the distances will
+
+go from 2 to the m down to 1.
+
+And what are some of the
+basic codes that we're
+
+always going to find?
+
+We always write Rm
+of little rm.
+
+I'm not sure I completely
+approve of how the notation
+
+goes for these codes, but
+that's the way it is.
+
+So it's this notation.
+
+That means the Reed-Muller code
+with the parameters m and
+
+r is written Rm of r, m.
+
+All right.
+
+So Rm of m, m, this is going
+to be a code of length 2 to
+
+the m and distance 1.
+
+What do you suppose that's
+going to be?
+
+This is always going to
+be the 2 to the m 1.
+
+Sorry, the distance is 1.
+
+So it's going to be the 2 to
+the m, 1 universe code, in
+
+other words, simply the set of
+all 2 to the m-tuples, which
+
+has Hamming distance 1.
+
+OK.
+
+RM of 0, m, what's
+that going to be?
+
+This is a code now that has
+length 2 to the m and minimum
+
+distance 2 to the m.
+
+We know what that has to be.
+
+It has to be the 2 to the m, 1,
+2 to the m repetition code,
+
+a very low-rate code,
+dimension one.
+
+OK.
+
+And then if we like, we can
+go one step further.
+
+There is a code below
+this code.
+
+This is the highest-rate
+code you can get.
+
+This, however, is not the
+lowest-rate code you can get.
+
+What's the lowest rate code
+of length 2 to the m?
+
+Well, it's one that has
+dimension zero and minimum
+
+distance infinity.
+
+And I don't think I ever defined
+this convention.
+
+But for the trivial code that
+consists of simply the all-0
+
+word, what's it's minimum
+distance?
+
+Undefined, or infinity,
+if you like.
+
+So this is the trivial code.
+
+So if we want, we can include
+the trivial code in this
+
+family just by defining
+it like this.
+
+And it works for some things.
+
+It doesn't work for
+all things.
+
+It doesn't work for
+d, for instance.
+
+This definition holds only
+for r between 0 and m.
+
+It doesn't hold for r equals
+minus 1, because there the
+
+distance is infinite.
+
+OK, so let's start out and
+get even more explicit.
+
+We want to start with
+m equals 0.
+
+In that case, we have only Rm of
+0, 0, and Rm of minus 1, 0.
+
+And this is going to be the
+one by either of these.
+
+The universe code is equal
+to the repetition code.
+
+It's the 1, 1, 1 code.
+
+And this is the 1,
+0, infinity code.
+
+And that's really the only two
+codes that you can think of
+
+that have length 1, right?
+
+This is the one that consists
+of 0 and 1, and this is the
+
+one that consists of 0.
+
+I don't think there are any
+other binary linear block
+
+codes of length 1.
+
+So that's a start, not
+very interesting.
+
+Let's go up to length 2.
+
+So m is going to
+be equal to 1.
+
+Here, Rm of 1, 1 is going
+to be length 2.
+
+And it's going to be the
+universe code, so it's only
+
+going to have distance 1.
+
+Rm of 0, 1 is going to be length
+2, but it's going to be
+
+the repetition code.
+
+And Rm of minus 1, 1 is going
+to be 2, 0, infinity.
+
+OK, so there are really the
+only three sensible
+
+codes of length 2.
+
+This is the only one
+of dimension two.
+
+This is the only one
+of dimension zero.
+
+There are other ones of
+dimension one, but they don't
+
+have minimum distance 2, so
+they're not very good for
+
+coding purposes.
+
+So this kind of lists all the
+good coding codes of length 2.
+
+All right.
+
+So now let me introduce the
+length-doubling construction.
+
+Let me make the point, first of
+all, that all these codes
+
+are nested.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+That means that his code is a
+sub-code of this code, which
+
+is a sub-code of this code.
+
+And that's going to be, in
+general, a property of
+
+Reed-Muller codes.
+
+We're going to get a family.
+
+And each lower one is going
+to be a sub-code of the
+
+next-higher one, which is going
+to be easy to prove
+
+recursively.
+
+All right.
+
+This is the key thing to know
+about Reed-Muller codes, how
+
+do you construct them.
+
+Once you understand the
+construction, then you can
+
+derive all the properties.
+
+It's called the u, u plus v
+
+construction for obvious reasons.
+
+Apparently, Plotkin was the
+first person to show this.
+
+I think Reed and Muller had two
+different constructions,
+
+and neither one of them was the
+u, u plus v construction.
+
+Reed, in particular, talked
+about Boolean functions.
+
+All right.
+
+But this is the way I recommend
+you to think about
+
+constructing them.
+
+And it's simply defined
+as follows.
+
+We assume we've already
+constructed the Reed-Muller
+
+codes of length m minus 1.
+
+It's a recursive parameter,
+m minus 1.
+
+Now we're going to construct all
+the Reed-Muller codes of
+
+parameter m of length
+2 to the m.
+
+How are we going to do it?
+
+We want to construct
+Rm of r, m.
+
+And we'll say it's the set of
+all code words which consist
+
+of two halves, a pair of
+n-tuples of half the length.
+
+so the two halves are going to
+be u and u plus v, where I
+
+choose u and u plus
+v as follows.
+
+u is in Rm of r minus 1, m.
+
+And so what does that mean?
+
+Sorry, it's got to
+be m minus 1.
+
+So it's got to be
+half the length.
+
+Is that right? r m minus
+1, v is in Rm of r
+
+minus 1, m minus 1.
+
+Somebody who has the notes,
+like my valuable teaching
+
+assistant, might check whether
+I got it right or not.
+
+Let's see.
+
+What are going to be the
+parameters of these codes?
+
+They both have n equals
+2 to the m minus 1.
+
+The distance here is 2 to the m
+minus 1 minus r minus 1, so
+
+the distance here is 2 to the
+m minus r, which is the
+
+distance that we want to
+achieve for this code.
+
+And the distance here is 2 to
+the m minus r minus 1, which
+
+is half the distance we want
+to achieve for this code.
+
+So we reach down, if we wanted
+to construct now a code of
+
+length four and distance two,
+we would construct it from
+
+these two codes, the one of half
+the length with distance
+
+2, and the one of half the
+length with half the distance,
+
+distance 1.
+
+So we would somehow use this to
+get a code of length 4 and
+
+distance 2.
+
+And we don't know
+yet what k is.
+
+OK.
+
+So we're going to use these
+two codes to construct a
+
+larger code.
+
+Is the construction clear?
+
+All right.
+
+So let's now derive some
+properties from this
+
+construction, and from the fact
+that we've started from a
+
+set of codes.
+
+Let's say we start from
+length two codes.
+
+Or we could start
+from length one.
+
+You could satisfy yourself that
+this construction applied
+
+to the length one codes gives
+the length two codes.
+
+I won't go through
+that exercise.
+
+So we have some set of
+codes, m minus 1.
+
+What's the first thing
+we notice?
+
+Obviously, the length is what
+we want, because we've put
+
+together two 2-to-the-m minus
+1-tuples, and 2 times 2 to the
+
+m minus 1 is 2 to the m.
+
+So we've constructed a set
+of 2-to-the-m-tuples.
+
+The length of the resulting
+code is 2 to the m.
+
+This is Rm r, m, constructed
+in this way.
+
+Second, it's linear.
+
+It's a linear code.
+
+All we have to check is
+the group property.
+
+If we add two code words of this
+form, we're going to get
+
+another code word of that form,
+from the fact that these
+
+guys are linear, yes.
+
+OK.
+
+So it is a linear code,
+that's important.
+
+Then we might ask, what's
+its dimension?
+
+How many code words are there?
+
+Well, do I get a unique code
+word for every combination of
+
+u and v. And however you want
+to convince yourself, you
+
+obviously do.
+
+If I'm given this word here, I
+can deduce from it what was u,
+
+that's simply the first
+half of it.
+
+Subtract u from the second
+half of it, and I
+
+find out what v is.
+
+So there's a one-to-one map
+between all possible pairs, u,
+
+v, and all possible
+new code words.
+
+And so what that means is, let
+me call it the dimension of
+
+the code with parameters r,
+m is simply the sum of the
+
+dimensions of the codes with
+parameters r, m minus 1 and r
+
+minus 1, m minus 1.
+
+So for instance, in this
+hypothesized code here, if I
+
+want to know the dimension,
+well, I take all possible
+
+combinations of words
+here and words here.
+
+How many are there?
+
+There are eight.
+
+It has dimension three.
+
+So I'm going to get a 4, 3, 2,
+code, which it's not too hard
+
+to see is the single parity
+check code of length 4.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's how I do it.
+
+I simply add up the dimensions
+of the two contributing codes.
+
+Not a very nice formula.
+
+In the homework, you do a
+combinatoric exercise that
+
+gives you a somewhat more closed
+form of the formula.
+
+But I think this is actually
+the most useful one.
+
+In any case, we eventually get
+a table that shows what all
+
+these things are anyway.
+
+Now, just as a fine point, I
+want to assert that if I start
+
+out from a set of nested codes,
+then I come up with a
+
+set of nested codes, at the
+next highest level.
+
+That, again, is sort
+of obvious.
+
+If these guys were nested, then
+I get the appropriate --
+
+if I take u, u plus v
+from sub-codes, I'm
+
+going to get a sub-code.
+
+Look at the notes if you want
+more than that little bit of
+
+hand-waving.
+
+OK, that's something I need
+for the next thing.
+
+I want to find out what d is.
+
+What's the minimum
+distance here?
+
+Of course, my objective is
+to make it equal to 2
+
+to the m minus r.
+
+Did I succeed?
+
+What are the possibilities
+for u, u plus v?
+
+The possibilities are that
+they're both 0, or that this
+
+one is 0 and this is not equal
+to 0, or this is not equal to
+
+0 and this is 0, or that they're
+both not equal to 0.
+
+And I'm going to consider
+those four cases.
+
+Since every linear code include
+the all-0 word, it's
+
+certainly possible that this
+comes out at 0, 0.
+
+The only possibility for this
+to come out 0, 0 is if I
+
+choose u equals 0.
+
+Then I have to choose
+v equals 0.
+
+So there's one-code word of
+weight 0 in my new code.
+
+But that's OK.
+
+If there were two code words
+with weight 0, well, then the
+
+dimension would be wrong.
+
+This is in effect a proof that
+the kernel is just 0, 0.
+
+And so the dimension is OK.
+
+It's a one-to-one map.
+
+All right.
+
+So I don't really have
+to worry about that.
+
+I'm going to get one all-0
+word in my new code.
+
+I can afford one all-0 word.
+
+I'm always going to have
+to have it anyway.
+
+It's linear.
+
+All right, so these are the
+more interesting cases.
+
+Suppose the first half is 0, but
+the second half is not 0.
+
+That implies that u is 0.
+
+That implies that the second
+half is just v,
+
+which is not 0.
+
+So v must be a non-zero code
+word in this code, which has
+
+minimum distance 2
+to the n minus r.
+
+So in this case, I prove that
+the distance is greater than
+
+or equal to 2 to
+the m minus r.
+
+Similarly, suppose this one
+is not 0, but this is 0.
+
+OK, if that's 0, it can only be
+because I chose u equal to
+
+some v. and that means the first
+half, then, is that v.
+
+So again, v is in this
+code that has
+
+enough minimum distance.
+
+So in this case, I proved that
+the code word has weight 2 to
+
+the m minus r.
+
+And finally, let's take
+the case where
+
+they're both non-zero.
+
+In that case, u could be an
+arbitrary word in this code
+
+which only has distance
+2 to the m r minus 1.
+
+So the first half is going to
+have weight at least 2 to the
+
+m minus r minus 1, but
+that's all I can say
+
+about the first half.
+
+But now the second half,
+what is this?
+
+This is a higher-rate
+code than this.
+
+This, by the nesting property,
+is a sub-code of this.
+
+So if I add a word in a sub-code
+to a word in the
+
+code, I'm going to get another
+word in this code.
+
+So u plus v is still in this
+Reed-Muller code, still has a
+
+minimum weight, if it's
+non-zero, of 2 to the m
+
+minus r minus 1.
+
+So the distance is at least this
+in the first half, this
+
+in the second half.
+
+And that's, of course,
+still good enough.
+
+OK.
+
+So by this construction.
+
+I've assured that I'm going to
+get a d greater than or equal
+
+to 2 to the m minus r.
+
+And of course, you can easily
+find cases of equality, where
+
+it's only 2 to the m minus r.
+
+If this has a word of weight 2
+to the m minus r, then you can
+
+clearly set up one like
+this that has weight 2
+
+to the m minus r.
+
+Just pick one of the
+minimum-weight code words as
+
+v, and u as 0.
+
+So the minimum distance
+is 2 to the m minus r.
+
+All righty.
+
+So those are all the
+properties we need.
+
+And then, I like to display
+these properties in a tableau
+
+which you have in the notes,
+which goes as follows.
+
+Let's just start listing
+these codes.
+
+Here are the length 1 ones.
+
+We only found 2 of them, 1,
+1, 1, and 1, 0, infinity.
+
+So there are two codes
+of length 1.
+
+Now it turns out that if you
+combine these according to the
+
+u, u plus v construction, you
+get 2, 1, 2, where the weight
+
+2, 1 is just the --
+
+you take the first half is 1,
+and the second half is 1.
+
+So you can build this
+in the same way.
+
+And similarly, we can say just
+by definition, we're always
+
+going to put a universe code at
+the top and a trivial code
+
+at the bottom.
+
+So now I've listed all
+my Reed-Muller
+
+codes with length 2.
+
+Now to construct the
+ones of length 4.
+
+Again, I'll put a universe code
+at the top, a trivial
+
+code at the bottom.
+
+I'll use my construction now to
+create a 4, 3, 2 code here.
+
+I'm just using all
+these properties.
+
+And down here, my construction,
+when you combine
+
+these two things, you always
+get a repetition code,
+
+again, 4, 1, 4.
+
+And I guess I've hand-waved.
+
+Exercise for the student,
+prove that combining a
+
+repetition code with a trivial
+code under the u, u plus v
+
+construction always gives a
+double length repetition code.
+
+It's clear.
+
+v is always the all-0 word.
+
+u is either all-0 or all-1.
+
+So we get two words, one of
+which is all-0, and one of
+
+which is all-1, double length.
+
+All right.
+
+So now I can just go on
+indefinitely, and without a
+
+great deal of effort.
+
+Here I find that k is 7, just by
+adding up these two things.
+
+The 8, this gives me an 8, 4.
+
+4 code.
+
+This gives me an 8.
+
+1, 8 code, and similarly
+down here.
+
+And this, I now just
+turn the crank.
+
+16, 16, 1.
+
+I always put that on top.
+
+The next one is 16, 15, 2.
+
+Next one is 16, 11, 4.
+
+After a while, you don't know
+what you're going to get.
+
+But you get something.
+
+You've proved that all of
+these codes exist, that
+
+they're all linear.
+
+They all have the n, k, d that
+we've specified, and that
+
+furthermore, they're nested.
+
+And a final property, which you
+might suspect, looking at
+
+these tables, is that the dual
+of a Reed-Muller code is also
+
+a Reed-Muller code.
+
+And they're paired up according
+to k and n minus k.
+
+Let's see.
+
+15 and 11 is 26.
+
+11 and five is 16.
+
+5 and 1 is 6.
+
+And 32, 1, 32, and so forth.
+
+Did you see how I proved that
+all these codes exist?
+
+And if I continued, I could get
+arbitrarily long codes,
+
+one of your simple homework
+problems is just to do this,
+
+continue this for 64
+and 128, see what
+
+additional codes you get.
+
+And so I now have this infinite
+family it of that
+
+kind of covers the space n, k,
+d in some sort of sparse way.
+
+But it indicates how
+k and d go with n.
+
+And we come back to our original
+question, how well
+
+can we do with binary
+linear block codes.
+
+Well, here's some binary linear
+block codes, pretty
+
+close to the best we
+can find, actually.
+
+The ones I've listed
+up here are all as
+
+good as we can find.
+
+And how well can we do?
+
+Really, we don't need to know
+much to evaluate the
+
+performance of, say, 32, 6, 8
+code, which is now getting to
+
+be a pretty substantial code,
+with 2 to the 16 code words,
+
+to 65,536 code words.
+
+So we built a fairly sizable
+constellation here in a
+
+32-dimensional Euclidean
+space.
+
+And how good is it?
+
+Let's take 32, 16, 8.
+
+Can I graph its probability
+of error per bit, a
+
+good estimate of it?
+
+Can I?
+
+Is there any information
+I'm lacking?
+
+OK, I've been talking too long,
+because when I go to the
+
+class, I'd like a
+little response.
+
+So you were going to
+say something?
+
+AUDIENCE: We don't
+have [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let me tell you
+that the n, d is approximately
+
+600-something, so
+let's say 630.
+
+It's probably not
+exactly correct.
+
+In the notes I give a
+formula for n, d --
+
+a formula that I don't
+derive, that is known
+
+for Reed-Muller codes.
+
+And from that, you can compute
+n, d for any of these codes.
+
+This parameter is m, r.
+
+All right.
+
+So I'll give you n, d as well.
+
+Now can I get the good estimate
+for the probability
+
+of error per bit?
+
+How do I do that?
+
+Union-bound estimate.
+
+All right, so what's it
+going to look like?
+
+What are the two subsidiary
+parameters I need?
+
+One is the coding gain, right?
+
+What is the nominal coding gain
+of this 32, 16, 8 code?
+
+Come on, this is not a difficult
+computation.
+
+OK, what's k over n?
+
+1/2?
+
+I think we can all
+do that one.
+
+What's the nominal
+coding gain?
+
+Take 1/2 times d, 8.
+
+So now our coding gain is
+4, which is what in dB?
+
+6 dB.
+
+Wow, gee whiz.
+
+I've already got a nominal
+coding gain of 6 dB.
+
+Remember, my whole gap was,
+depending on how I measured
+
+it, 9 or 10 or 11 dB.
+
+This looks like already a
+sizable fraction of the gap,
+
+with just a simple
+construction.
+
+Well, we better pay attention
+to this error coefficient as
+
+well, or the number of
+nearest neighbors.
+
+Kb is, let's just take a rough
+estimate here, what's this
+
+going to be?
+
+About 40.
+
+That's good.
+
+It's just this divided by 16.
+
+So there are about 40 nearest
+neighbors per bit.
+
+How much is that going
+to cost us?
+
+Not so good.
+
+Well, it's a little bit more
+than 5 factors of 2.
+
+Maybe 5 and a 1/2 factors.
+
+It's less than 5 and a 1/2.
+
+So this very roughly,
+something will
+
+cost me about 1 dB.
+
+And so I get an effective
+coding gain of 5 dB.
+
+That's my first very
+gross estimate.
+
+All right, well,
+it's not 6 dB.
+
+It's only 5 dB.
+
+That's still not bad.
+
+Again, if I really wanted to
+know what this was, I would
+
+write this out as 40 or whatever
+it is times Q to the
+
+square root of four times
+2Eb over N_0.
+
+And can I plot that quantity?
+
+Yes, if I have MATLAB.
+
+Or actually, all I need
+is my baseline.
+
+So if this is my baseline, which
+went through 9.6 dB at
+
+10 to the minus 5, then we
+remember how to plot that.
+
+I just take this whole curve
+bodily, and I move
+
+it 6 dB to the left.
+
+So I get the same curve, this
+is not very good, going
+
+through 3.6 dB.
+
+Sorry about that.
+
+How's that?
+
+Get it way down here.
+
+But then I also have to raise
+it by a factor of 40.
+
+So it really looks
+more like that.
+
+That's really going to go more
+through about 4.6 dB or
+
+something like that.
+
+That's what these calculations
+are, Ashish took
+
+you through, I believe.
+
+And so while 6 dB was my
+nominal coding gain, my
+
+effective coding gain is 5 dB.
+
+But still, hey, not bad.
+
+I have very easily been able to
+construct a code that gives
+
+you about 5 dB of coding gain.
+
+Is there any fly in
+this ointment?
+
+Can I just go out and
+build it now?
+
+I need a decoder.
+
+Who said that?
+
+Thank you.
+
+Good point.
+
+What's the decoding method
+assumed for this code?
+
+Excuse me?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just a table
+right now.
+
+PROFESSOR: Just a table,
+based on what?
+
+I get some kind of received
+n-tuple, which is actually
+
+just a random, some kind of
+vector in 32-dimensional
+
+space, 32 numbers,
+real numbers.
+
+And really, I'm assuming minimum
+distance decoding.
+
+So in principle, I want to
+compute the distance to each
+
+of the 2 to the 1/6th,
+65,000 code words.
+
+And actually, nowadays, you
+might just do that.
+
+That's not a formidable task.
+
+Back when I got into this
+business, that would have been
+
+considered outrageous.
+
+But nowadays, you could keep
+up a pretty good decoding
+
+rate, even doing 65,000 distance
+computations and just
+
+finding the best one.
+
+That would do it.
+
+That would give you
+this performance.
+
+But of course, we are going to
+be looking for somewhat more
+
+efficient decoding schemes
+than that.
+
+All right.
+
+So at this point, that's the
+only fly in the ointment.
+
+We have a way of getting this
+kind of error curve, provided
+
+that we're willing to do
+exhaustive maximum likelihood
+
+or minimum distance decoding.
+
+And furthermore, we
+can continue.
+
+It's also instructive to
+see what happens as
+
+we let n go to infinity.
+
+What are we going to get
+with this construction?
+
+We pretty well know.
+
+These are all going to be
+universe codes, which are not
+
+very interesting to us.
+
+They all have a nominal
+coding gain of one,
+
+and are just useless.
+
+They're basically just
+send a bit 32 times,
+
+send 32 bits, I mean.
+
+OK, what are these
+codes along here?
+
+Let me start there.
+
+These are all single
+parity check codes.
+
+What's the nominal
+coding gain?
+
+Well, as we get out here,
+what does the
+
+nominal coding gain approach?
+
+The code rate approaches 1.
+
+The code distance stays at 2.
+
+So the nominal coding gain goes
+to 2 or 3 or dB, at a
+
+rate of 1 or a nominal spectral
+efficiency of 2.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, these are totally
+simple codes, single
+
+parity check codes.
+
+And even with that, it looks
+like we can get 3
+
+dB of coding gain.
+
+But what's the number of
+nearest neighbors here?
+
+Number of nearest neighbors
+is just n, n minus 1
+
+over 2, n choose 2.
+
+So the number of even dividing
+by k, which is n minus 1, we
+
+still get a Kb that goes
+up linearly with n.
+
+So what's in fact going
+to happen to the
+
+effective coding gain?
+
+The nominal coding gain will
+go up and reach an
+
+asymptote of 3 dB.
+
+This is nominal coding gain.
+
+But somewhere out here, as this
+has reached an asymptote,
+
+the effective coding gain is
+always going to be less, and
+
+it's going to have
+to bend over.
+
+And according to our rule of
+thumb, it'll eventually go
+
+back through 0, because the
+cost just keeps going up
+
+linearly in terms of Kb.
+
+So the effective coding
+gain is not as great.
+
+It has a peak for some n.
+
+And so there's some maximum
+effective coding gain, which
+
+again I've left for you
+as a homework problem,
+
+that's less than 3 dB.
+
+And I'll give you a hint that
+it's of the order of 2 dB.
+
+It's pretty easy to work out in
+the five minutes before the
+
+next class, not a difficult
+problem to find out when this
+
+thing reaches its maximum.
+
+But still, these are
+very simple codes.
+
+We'll see in a second they
+have an extremely simple
+
+minimum distance decoding
+algorithm
+
+called Wagner decoding.
+
+It's trivial, not hard to do
+minimum distance decoding for
+
+these codes.
+
+And so, OK, not hard to get
+2 dB of coding gain.
+
+What happens if we go along
+this line here?
+
+These are all codes of
+minimum distance 4.
+
+Again, start here.
+
+They're called extended
+Hamming codes.
+
+A Hamming code has minimum
+distance three and is suitable
+
+for hard decisions, single
+error correction.
+
+These codes all have minimum
+distance four.
+
+We've seen that it's always
+worthwhile to add an overall
+
+parity check to get an even
+minimum distance, if we're
+
+looking at Euclidean
+space coding gain.
+
+And so these are actually
+slightly better
+
+than Hamming codes.
+
+They're called extended Hamming
+codes, because they're
+
+Hamming codes extended by
+a single parity check.
+
+They have one more unit
+of minimum distance.
+
+So again, asymptotically,
+these are
+
+called extended Hamming.
+
+The nominal coding gain
+goes to what now?
+
+This is, the rate is
+again going to 1.
+
+The distance holds at four.
+
+So the nominal coding gain
+goes to 4, or 6 dB, while
+
+again, the spectral efficiency
+goes to two bits per two
+
+dimensions, the nominal spectral
+efficiency rate to 1.
+
+But again, you have this
+kind of phenomenon.
+
+And I ask you to work that out
+also on the homework, where
+
+even though the nominal coding
+gain plateaus eventually at 6
+
+dB, there is a maximum effective
+coding gain, which
+
+is something more in the
+range of 4 to 5 dB.
+
+You figure out what it is.
+
+And there's a limit to how much
+effective coding gain you
+
+can get with these codes.
+
+Does this all makes sense?
+
+Are you seeing how
+I'm arguing?
+
+OK, here's another interesting
+sequence of codes.
+
+These are all half-rate codes,
+or nominal spectral efficiency
+
+one bit per two dimensions.
+
+I briefly mentioned that these
+things pair up in duals.
+
+The 16, 5 code is the dual
+code of the 16, 11 codes.
+
+If you see, there's a symmetry
+about rate 1 by 2, such that
+
+this is k, and this
+is n minus k.
+
+And so you would suspect that
+this guy is the dual of this
+
+guy, which it is.
+
+This guy is the dual
+of this guy.
+
+This guy is the dual
+of this guy.
+
+And this guy is its own dual.
+
+It's a self-dual code
+of rate 1 by 2 or
+
+spectral efficiency 1.
+
+So these are self-dual codes.
+
+And what does their nominal
+coding gain go to?
+
+Well, the rate is always 1 by 2
+times four, that's a nominal
+
+coding gain of 2.
+
+This has a nominal
+coding gain of 4.
+
+The next one in line would be
+a 128, 64, 16 code, nominal
+
+coding gain of 8.
+
+So the nominal coding gain
+actually goes to infinity.
+
+That's pretty good.
+
+However, what is its
+true meaning?
+
+What we really want to
+know is what's the
+
+effective coding gain.
+
+And given that the nominal
+coding gain goes to infinity,
+
+is it possible the effective
+coding gain can get us all the
+
+way to the Shannon limit?
+
+Can we completely close
+the gap to capacity?
+
+As far as I know, this
+is an open question.
+
+I strongly believe that you go
+along this sequence through
+
+maximum likelihood decoding, you
+will eventually get to the
+
+Shannon limit, that is the
+Shannon limit for this
+
+spectral efficiency, which is
+not the ultimate Shannon
+
+limit, but rather is 0, in terms
+of Eb over N_0 If you
+
+remember, for rate 1/2 for rho
+equals 1, the Shannon limit on
+
+Eb over N_0 was 0 dB.
+
+You may or may not
+remember that.
+
+So there's a question.
+
+Does this take you all the
+way to the Shannon limit?
+
+And that would be a nice
+question for somebody to
+
+answer someday.
+
+I think it probably does,
+especially in view of the fact
+
+that if you take this set down
+here, again, this will be a
+
+homework problem, this turns out
+to be a set of Euclidean
+
+images of these codes are
+orthogonal signal sets.
+
+For instance, 32, 6,
+16, what is that?
+
+That's a set of 64 constellation
+points in 32
+
+dimensions.
+
+And algebraically, it's not hard
+to figure out that every
+
+one of these code words is
+orthogonal in a Euclidean
+
+sense to one another, except for
+one that's complementary,
+
+which is just what you expect in
+a bi-orthogonal signal set.
+
+So these give you bi-orthogonal,
+they're called
+
+bi-orthogonal codes, or
+first-order Reed-Muller codes,
+
+because the parameter r
+is 1 for all of these.
+
+What's happening to the spectral
+efficiency here?
+
+Spectral efficiency goes to 0.
+
+So these become highly
+inefficient from a bandwidth
+
+point of view, as we already
+know about orthogonal,
+
+bi-orthogonal simplex
+signal sets.
+
+They use up a lot
+of bandwidth.
+
+But what else do we
+know about them?
+
+In this case, we definitely know
+that the effective coding
+
+gain does go to the Shannon
+limit, and in this case, to
+
+the ultimate Shannon limit
+for rho equals 0 as
+
+rho approaches 0.
+
+So here, there's a proof that
+these codes can get you to the
+
+Shannon limit.
+
+But as we've already explained
+earlier, geometrically, it's
+
+at the cost of using much more
+bandwidth than you probably
+
+really want to use.
+
+But here, at least, is one
+capacity-approaching set of
+
+codes, just among these rather
+simple Reed-Muller
+
+codes along this line.
+
+And of course, we also
+see our repetition
+
+codes, our trivial codes.
+
+So this is a nice
+
+representative family of codes.
+
+And it really does tell you
+quite well what to expect.
+
+Are you looking at your watch?
+
+Thank you.
+
+I appreciate the hint.
+
+So we didn't quite finish
+chapter six today.
+
+Next time, we'll start out with
+the penalties of making
+
+hard decisions, which at first
+brush seems like a not
+
+unreasonable compromise
+to make.
+
+But it actually costs
+a serious penalty.
+
+And that will finish
+chapter six.
+
+I'll do that as briefly
+as I can.
+
+And then we'll get into chapters
+seven and eight,
+
+which is finite fields and
+Reed-Solomon codes, which are
+
+the single great triumph of
+algebraic coding theory.
+
+So OK, that's tomorrow.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qkuY08jng6A.txt b/qkuY08jng6A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6199a03222e5f6fbc14feddf18b3497b47eae6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qkuY08jng6A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11984 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so once again we are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so once again we are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so once again we are going to be
+discussing current scattering and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing current scattering and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing current scattering and we're
+gonna drive Thompson scattering for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna drive Thompson scattering for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna drive Thompson scattering for the
+third time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third time
+Azar AAR thank you good okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Azar AAR thank you good okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Azar AAR thank you good okay so
+but well done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well done a
+gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr
+coherent scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just as a quick review of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just as a quick review of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just as a quick review of what we
+discussed at the end of the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed at the end of the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed at the end of the last lecture
+we are looking at scattering when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are looking at scattering when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are looking at scattering when the
+wavelength of whatever the mode is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of whatever the mode is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of whatever the mode is that
+we're scattering off is greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're scattering off is greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're scattering off is greater than the
+divy length here so this wavelength is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divy length here so this wavelength is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divy length here so this wavelength is 2
+pi upon the size of K where K is KS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi upon the size of K where K is KS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi upon the size of K where K is KS
+minus K I like this so we're not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K I like this so we're not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K I like this so we're not talking
+about the wavelength of our laser uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wavelength of our laser uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wavelength of our laser uh
+though this wavelength may be similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this wavelength may be similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this wavelength may be similar to
+the wavelength of our laser but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of our laser but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of our laser but we're
+talking specifically about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking specifically about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking specifically about the
+wavelength that we get from drawing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that we get from drawing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that we get from drawing this
+diagram where we have some laser beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where we have some laser beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where we have some laser beam
+coming in with a wave Vector Ki we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with a wave Vector Ki we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with a wave Vector Ki we have
+some scatterer at a vector KS and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scatterer at a vector KS and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scatterer at a vector KS and then
+we go okay KS minus Ki aha this is the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go okay KS minus Ki aha this is the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go okay KS minus Ki aha this is the k
+that we're talking about we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about we're talking
+about the wavelength of this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wavelength of this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wavelength of this and the
+reason we're interested in things larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we're interested in things larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we're interested in things larger
+than div length is on scales larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than div length is on scales larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than div length is on scales larger than
+the div length the wavelength of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the div length the wavelength of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the div length the wavelength of this
+scattering Vector is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering Vector is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering Vector is going to be
+sampling the collective motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling the collective motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling the collective motion of the
+plasma or the coherent motion of plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma or the coherent motion of plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma or the coherent motion of plasma
+so you might see this called Collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might see this called Collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might see this called Collective
+thps and scattering as well as coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thps and scattering as well as coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thps and scattering as well as coherent
+thps and scattering so modes which exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thps and scattering so modes which exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thps and scattering so modes which exist
+in the plasma that fulfill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plasma that fulfill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plasma that fulfill this
+condition they have a frequency which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition they have a frequency which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition they have a frequency which is
+much much less than our laser frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much less than our laser frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much less than our laser frequency
+in general and this is a consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general and this is a consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general and this is a consequence of
+the fact we're doing uh relatively low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact we're doing uh relatively low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact we're doing uh relatively low
+energy scattering so our uh Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scattering so our uh Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scattering so our uh Photon
+energy is much much less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is much much less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is much much less than the
+kinetic energy of the particles in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the particles in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the particles in our
+plasma but the size of the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma but the size of the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma but the size of the K
+Vector May well be on the same order as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector May well be on the same order as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector May well be on the same order as
+we see in this sort of vector diagram as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in this sort of vector diagram as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in this sort of vector diagram as
+the K Vector for our free space modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K Vector for our free space modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K Vector for our free space modes
+and so we still have modes which carry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we still have modes which carry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we still have modes which carry a
+lot of momentum even if they carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of momentum even if they carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of momentum even if they carry
+relatively little energy and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little energy and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little energy and these two
+facts together mean that our phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts together mean that our phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts together mean that our phase
+velocity which is the as Omega upon K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is the as Omega upon K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is the as Omega upon K is
+much much less than the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much less than the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much less than the speed of light
+and the modes that we identified that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the modes that we identified that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the modes that we identified that
+fulfill this were the an acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves uh and these have a dispersional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves uh and these have a dispersional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves uh and these have a dispersional
+relationship Omega equals square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship Omega equals square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship Omega equals square root of
+uh Z te plus TI over Mi could you mute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Z te plus TI over Mi could you mute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Z te plus TI over Mi could you mute
+your microphone please uh times K and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your microphone please uh times K and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your microphone please uh times K and we
+also have the electron plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves and these have a dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and these have a dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and these have a dispersion
+relationship of Omega 2 equal Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of Omega 2 equal Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of Omega 2 equal Omega
+p^2 plus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 plus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 plus 3
+BTE K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTE K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTE K
+squar these are the sorts of modes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar these are the sorts of modes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar these are the sorts of modes we're
+going to be scattering off this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be scattering off this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be scattering off this is a
+very low frequency mode and this is mely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low frequency mode and this is mely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low frequency mode and this is mely
+a low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mode so when I say scatter off it' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so when I say scatter off it' be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so when I say scatter off it' be
+reasonable to ask why am I so sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to ask why am I so sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to ask why am I so sure that
+these modes exist in my plasma like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modes exist in my plasma like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modes exist in my plasma like is
+there something that in my plasma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something that in my plasma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something that in my plasma is
+launching an acoustic waves or electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching an acoustic waves or electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching an acoustic waves or electron
+plasma waves and the answer is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma waves and the answer is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma waves and the answer is my
+plasma just by virtue of sitting here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma just by virtue of sitting here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma just by virtue of sitting here is
+a bath of these different these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bath of these different these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bath of these different these
+fluctuations going on all the time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations going on all the time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations going on all the time we
+have in every single Direction an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in every single Direction an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in every single Direction an
+acoustic waves flying off from every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic waves flying off from every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic waves flying off from every
+part of the plasma to every par plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the plasma to every par plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the plasma to every par plasma
+so if you try and fire your laser beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you try and fire your laser beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you try and fire your laser beam
+through here you are certain within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here you are certain within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here you are certain within the
+region of plasma you're interested in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of plasma you're interested in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of plasma you're interested in to
+find a wave going in the direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a wave going in the direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a wave going in the direction you
+want here and you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scattering and we will be scattering off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and we will be scattering off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and we will be scattering off
+as I've drawn several times now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll be scattering off an acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be scattering off an acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be scattering off an acoustic
+waves going in this direction at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves going in this direction at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves going in this direction at the
+Sound Speed here but we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound Speed here but we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound Speed here but we will be
+observing them over here with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing them over here with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing them over here with our
+spectrometer looking along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KS so I think this is one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS so I think this is one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS so I think this is one of the things
+that confuses people when they first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that confuses people when they first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that confuses people when they first
+start learning about Collective comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start learning about Collective comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start learning about Collective comp
+pumps and scattering they're wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps and scattering they're wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps and scattering they're wondering
+why are these waves here to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are these waves here to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are these waves here to start with
+the fact is there is always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is there is always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is there is always a
+possibility of there being a wave and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of there being a wave and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of there being a wave and as
+you scatter off it you transfer more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scatter off it you transfer more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scatter off it you transfer more
+energy and momentum to that wave so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum to that wave so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum to that wave so you
+actually transfer energy from your prob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transfer energy from your prob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transfer energy from your prob
+Blazer to the W this is sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blazer to the W this is sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blazer to the W this is sort of like a
+landal damping process and you will grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landal damping process and you will grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landal damping process and you will grow
+that mode and so that mode will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mode and so that mode will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mode and so that mode will
+definitely be there for you to scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely be there for you to scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely be there for you to scatter
+off and the intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and the intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and the intensity of the
+scattering so again we can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so again we can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so again we can write this
+intensity as the amount of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity as the amount of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity as the amount of power
+scattered into a solid angle scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered into a solid angle scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered into a solid angle scattered
+into a certain frequency will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a certain frequency will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a certain frequency will be
+proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the
+the fluctuation strength so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluctuation strength so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluctuation strength so the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes
+fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strength or if you want to think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength or if you want to think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength or if you want to think of this
+in like a quasy particle picture you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like a quasy particle picture you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like a quasy particle picture you can
+think of it is like the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is like the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is like the number of
+phonons or something like that which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+available so the spectrum that we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so the spectrum that we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so the spectrum that we expect
+to get if we do all the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get if we do all the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get if we do all the mathematics
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+this is Omega this is what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Omega this is what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Omega this is what our
+spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measures is we expect to see some Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures is we expect to see some Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures is we expect to see some Peaks
+at very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very low
+frequencies there's zero in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies there's zero in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies there's zero in the middle
+here corresponding to the Anon acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves and we'd also expect to see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and we'd also expect to see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and we'd also expect to see some
+Peaks at slightly higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequencies corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies corresponding to the
+electron plasma weight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epw and just remember I'm using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epw and just remember I'm using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epw and just remember I'm using this
+Omega here which is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega here which is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega here which is the difference
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+the scattered light and the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattered light and the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattered light and the incident
+light so if I didn't have any plasma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so if I didn't have any plasma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so if I didn't have any plasma and
+I scattered off a lump of metal I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I scattered off a lump of metal I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I scattered off a lump of metal I would
+just have a very big Spectra right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a very big Spectra right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a very big Spectra right here
+in the center Omega equal zero when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center Omega equal zero when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center Omega equal zero when
+there's plasma I scatter off these modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plasma I scatter off these modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plasma I scatter off these modes
+inside the plasma and there'll be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the plasma and there'll be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the plasma and there'll be two
+possibilities I can scatter off a mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities I can scatter off a mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities I can scatter off a mode
+which is going this way or if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going this way or if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going this way or if we can
+scatter off a mode that's going this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter off a mode that's going this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter off a mode that's going this way
+and they both fulfill that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both fulfill that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both fulfill that condition
+that uh Omega equal Omega s minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Omega equal Omega s minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Omega equal Omega s minus Omega
+I and k equals k s minus k i so I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and k equals k s minus k i so I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and k equals k s minus k i so I'll see
+both of these Peaks here now in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these Peaks here now in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these Peaks here now in reality
+they're not going to show up as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to show up as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to show up as like
+little Delta functions even though if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Delta functions even though if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Delta functions even though if
+you look at the dispersion relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the dispersion relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the dispersion relationship
+it looks like there's only one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like there's only one solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like there's only one solution
+for a given Omega and a given K in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given Omega and a given K in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given Omega and a given K in
+reality there'll be thermal effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality there'll be thermal effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality there'll be thermal effects
+which broaden it so what we will see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which broaden it so what we will see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which broaden it so what we will see is
+some sort of peak like this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of peak like this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of peak like this is good
+because we don't like singularities they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't like singularities they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't like singularities they
+don't really appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nature this theistically is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature this theistically is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature this theistically is what we
+expect to get but now we have to go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get but now we have to go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get but now we have to go out
+and do the mathematics and actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the mathematics and actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the mathematics and actually go
+and get it all so any questions before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get it all so any questions before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get it all so any questions before
+we launch into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scattering gets chosen by where we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering gets chosen by where we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering gets chosen by where we put
+our detector our spectrometer right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our detector our spectrometer right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our detector our spectrometer right so
+if you would like to think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would like to think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would like to think of it as a
+fiber coupled spectrometer I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber coupled spectrometer I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber coupled spectrometer I would have
+a little fiber optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little fiber optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little fiber optic
+bundle here and that would go to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle here and that would go to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle here and that would go to my
+spectrometer which disperses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer which disperses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer which disperses the
+light in frequency space like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in frequency space like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in frequency space like this
+there'll be some dispersive element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some dispersive element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some dispersive element and
+so for example if I have a lens here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if I have a lens here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if I have a lens here I
+would collect light from this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would collect light from this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would collect light from this region
+here and this spectrometer therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this spectrometer therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this spectrometer therefore
+defines the K Vector KS now you bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the K Vector KS now you bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the K Vector KS now you bring up
+a good point because for any realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good point because for any realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good point because for any realistic
+system you actually collect a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you actually collect a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you actually collect a range of
+PS you can't just collect along a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS you can't just collect along a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS you can't just collect along a single
+Vector because different uh angles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector because different uh angles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector because different uh angles of
+light will be collected by your length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will be collected by your length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will be collected by your length
+and that will also contribute to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will also contribute to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will also contribute to this
+broadening as well but fundamentally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening as well but fundamentally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening as well but fundamentally you
+can make that very very small and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make that very very small and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make that very very small and you
+still wouldn't get these Delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still wouldn't get these Delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still wouldn't get these Delta functions
+you're still going to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still going to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still going to get some
+broadening due to Thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect well you actually you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect well you actually you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect well you actually you don't
+really choose the magnitude of K you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really choose the magnitude of K you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really choose the magnitude of K you
+only choose the direction of K the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only choose the direction of K the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only choose the direction of K the
+magnitude is set by the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is set by the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is set by the dispersion
+relationship and the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and the frequency
+relationship here so when I see a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship here so when I see a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship here so when I see a wave
+with a certain frequency um I can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain frequency um I can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain frequency um I can use
+the dispersion relationship to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion relationship to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion relationship to work out
+what K it was going to be at so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what K it was going to be at so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what K it was going to be at so really
+the this is just setting the angle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is just setting the angle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is just setting the angle so
+it's setting the vector relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's setting the vector relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's setting the vector relationship
+here it's the size of K remember we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the size of K remember we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the size of K remember we had
+this nice expression for the size of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice expression for the size of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice expression for the size of K
+which was the size of K is equal to 2 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the size of K is equal to 2 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the size of K is equal to 2 k
+i size of k i s Theta upon two and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i size of k i s Theta upon two and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i size of k i s Theta upon two and we
+got that from saying that we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that from saying that we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that from saying that we're doing
+elastic scattering so the size of Ki is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering so the size of Ki is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering so the size of Ki is
+roughly the size of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the size of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the size of k
+s and so what you do is once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and so what you do is once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and so what you do is once you've
+chosen your angle and you know what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen your angle and you know what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen your angle and you know what your
+incident wav length is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wav length is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wav length is you have
+effectively chosen the size of this K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively chosen the size of this K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively chosen the size of this K
+Vector straight away and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector straight away and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector straight away and then when you
+choose the angle you've chosen the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the angle you've chosen the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the angle you've chosen the other
+part of the K Vector which is its angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the K Vector which is its angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the K Vector which is its angle
+right so this is the magnitude and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the magnitude and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the magnitude and this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+determines Theta and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines Theta and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines Theta and this is the
+magnitude and then you set everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and then you set everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and then you set everything
+about K and so if you look at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about K and so if you look at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about K and so if you look at a certain
+frequency and you see a wave sh at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and you see a wave sh at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and you see a wave sh at that
+frequency you know what your K is and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you know what your K is and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you know what your K is and um
+therefore from the frequency you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore from the frequency you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore from the frequency you measure
+you can work out what this term has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work out what this term has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work out what this term has to
+be so for these Peaks here I can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so for these Peaks here I can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so for these Peaks here I can work
+out that this frequency shift is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this frequency shift is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this frequency shift is going
+to be proportional to square root of ZTE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be proportional to square root of ZTE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be proportional to square root of ZTE
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+TI why I made temperature Vector there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI why I made temperature Vector there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI why I made temperature Vector there
+TI upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mi okay other question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at this point this is like yes I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point this is like yes I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point this is like yes I guess
+this is for the K in the center of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for the K in the center of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for the K in the center of our
+lens here right and then one side we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens here right and then one side we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens here right and then one side we're
+going to have KS which are a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have KS which are a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have KS which are a slightly
+larger angle other side we have KS a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger angle other side we have KS a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger angle other side we have KS a
+slightly small angle and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly small angle and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly small angle and you can see
+from this that corresponds to slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this that corresponds to slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this that corresponds to slightly
+bigger and smaller magnitudes of K which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and smaller magnitudes of K which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and smaller magnitudes of K which
+in turn will for the same temperature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn will for the same temperature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn will for the same temperature in
+a plasma correspond to slightly bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plasma correspond to slightly bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plasma correspond to slightly bigger
+and smaller frequencies so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller frequencies so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller frequencies so this
+corresponds for example to Theta 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds for example to Theta 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds for example to Theta 0 and
+on this side this is Theta 0 minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side this is Theta 0 minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side this is Theta 0 minus Delta
+Theta and this is Theta 0 plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and this is Theta 0 plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and this is Theta 0 plus Delta
+Theta where we're talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta where we're talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta where we're talking about this
+being the angle Theta and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the angle Theta and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the angle Theta and then this
+being the angle Delta Theta between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the angle Delta Theta between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the angle Delta Theta between the
+sort of main angle of your thing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of main angle of your thing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of main angle of your thing and the
+the spread of angles there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no there are multiple effects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there are multiple effects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there are multiple effects that are
+going on but the angle is one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but the angle is one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but the angle is one of them
+that would also stop you getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would also stop you getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would also stop you getting
+singularities as well yeah and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularities as well yeah and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularities as well yeah and you you
+do need to think about it because a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need to think about it because a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need to think about it because a good
+trick we talked about how few photons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick we talked about how few photons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick we talked about how few photons we
+have so like it makes sense to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so like it makes sense to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so like it makes sense to have a
+bigger solid angle to collect more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger solid angle to collect more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger solid angle to collect more
+scattered light the trouble is that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered light the trouble is that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered light the trouble is that each
+of the photons coming at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photons coming at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photons coming at a different
+angle actually has a different Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle actually has a different Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle actually has a different Spectrum
+so it also brothen your Spectrum which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it also brothen your Spectrum which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it also brothen your Spectrum which
+will make it hard to measure things yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make it hard to measure things yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make it hard to measure things yeah
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+anyone online who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone online who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone online who has a
+question right let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maths this is a two-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maths this is a two-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maths this is a two-step
+process our first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculate the scattered power Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the scattered power Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the scattered power Spectrum
+which again we're writing as d2p D Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again we're writing as d2p D Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again we're writing as d2p D Omega
+d new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we want to know how this relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to know how this relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to know how this relates
+to density fluctuations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to density fluctuations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to density fluctuations so
+yeah fluctuations in the density Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah fluctuations in the density Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah fluctuations in the density Delta
+NE of R and T that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NE of R and T that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NE of R and T that we're going to
+quickly for transform these and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly for transform these and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly for transform these and actually
+be looking at them in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at them in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at them in terms of a
+spectrum of density fluctuations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of density fluctuations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of density fluctuations with
+certain K vector and Omega because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain K vector and Omega because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain K vector and Omega because
+everything is going to be transform so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is going to be transform so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is going to be transform so
+we relate this this to this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we relate this this to this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we relate this this to this quantity
+relatively simple formula and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple formula and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple formula and then the
+more complicated bit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculate what these density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what these density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what these density
+fluctuations are Delta well we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations are Delta well we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations are Delta well we're just
+going to go call them any K and Omega in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go call them any K and Omega in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go call them any K and Omega in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma this goes back to my previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma this goes back to my previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma this goes back to my previous
+point that there are always these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that there are always these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that there are always these
+fluctuations in a plasma so we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in a plasma so we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in a plasma so we just have
+to work out the size of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out the size of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out the size of these
+fluctuations we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations we're going to do that
+using a test particle treatment and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a test particle treatment and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a test particle treatment and a
+little bit of land out damping along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of land out damping along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of land out damping along the
+way and one thing I want to say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and one thing I want to say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and one thing I want to say is that
+this treatment here uh is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treatment here uh is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treatment here uh is going
+to reproduce the incoherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reproduce the incoherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reproduce the incoherent
+case as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as a
+limit so our treatment Now sort of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so our treatment Now sort of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so our treatment Now sort of our
+derivation includes what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation includes what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation includes what we've done
+previously it just includes it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously it just includes it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously it just includes it as a
+limit and I'll try and point out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and I'll try and point out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and I'll try and point out where
+in our derivation we exceeded what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our derivation we exceeded what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our derivation we exceeded what we
+did previously but you will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did previously but you will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did previously but you will be able to
+get back all of the Thompson scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back all of the Thompson scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back all of the Thompson scattering
+Spectrum not just the collective part um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum not just the collective part um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum not just the collective part um
+from the equations at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the equations at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the equations at the end
+here so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we want
+to recall a couple of things we had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recall a couple of things we had our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recall a couple of things we had our
+Bor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bor
+transformed scattered electric field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed scattered electric field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed scattered electric field so
+it's in terms of frequency which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in terms of frequency which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in terms of frequency which was
+equal to the classical electron radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the classical electron radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the classical electron radius
+over the distance to the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the distance to the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the distance to the scattering
+volume and we were doing a FIA transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and we were doing a FIA transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and we were doing a FIA transform
+on this and we had this Pi do EI which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this and we had this Pi do EI which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this and we had this Pi do EI which
+was just the thing that gave us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just the thing that gave us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just the thing that gave us the
+shape of our scattering so it's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of our scattering so it's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of our scattering so it's got some
+angular dependence actually just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependence actually just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependence actually just write
+this as EI in terms of R and T Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as EI in terms of R and T Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as EI in terms of R and T Prime and
+we were foror transforming it so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were foror transforming it so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were foror transforming it so we have
+an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential
+of uh minus I Omega s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh minus I Omega s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh minus I Omega s
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+E and we replaced our t with a t Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and we replaced our t with a t Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and we replaced our t with a t Prime
+because that's what the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what the electric field
+was and when we replace this t with a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and when we replace this t with a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and when we replace this t with a t
+Prime this becomes T Prime and we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime this becomes T Prime and we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime this becomes T Prime and we get a
+second term that was minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term that was minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term that was minus
+KS R here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS R here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS R here and
+now our integration is respect to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our integration is respect to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our integration is respect to T
+Prime instead of T so this was from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime instead of T so this was from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime instead of T so this was from a
+single particle uh what our uh scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle uh what our uh scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle uh what our uh scattered
+electric field was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field was going to
+be so now we want to know the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so now we want to know the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so now we want to know the scattering
+from a distribution of particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a distribution of particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a distribution of particles and
+we're going to take as our distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take as our distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take as our distribution
+function the clont toich distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the clont toich distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the clont toich distribution so
+I'm going to use a capital f here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a capital f here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a capital f here and
+this is a distribution function in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a distribution function in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a distribution function in space
+and velocity in time and in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and velocity in time and in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and velocity in time and in some sense
+it's a very dumb distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very dumb distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very dumb distribution function
+because we just say it's the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just say it's the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just say it's the sum over
+the position of every particle which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of every particle which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of every particle which you
+write as a Delta function R minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as a Delta function R minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as a Delta function R minus
+R subj of T times another Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R subj of T times another Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R subj of T times another Delta function
+which is the velocity of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle so sort of like an obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so sort of like an obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so sort of like an obviously
+true statement but the covich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true statement but the covich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true statement but the covich
+distribution is not usually very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is not usually very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is not usually very useful
+to work with but we'll get back to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with but we'll get back to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with but we'll get back to why
+we do it later on you may have seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it later on you may have seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it later on you may have seen this
+in particle ktic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theod okay and we're gonna say what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theod okay and we're gonna say what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theod okay and we're gonna say what we
+want now is the scattered electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want now is the scattered electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want now is the scattered electric field
+but we want the scattered electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want the scattered electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want the scattered electric field
+from every particle in this thich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every particle in this thich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every particle in this thich
+distribution so we're going to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we're going to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we're going to call this
+scattered electric field es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total and we're going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total and we're going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total and we're going to do an
+integral over all of the plasma all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over all of the plasma all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over all of the plasma all of
+the particle velocities like leontovich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle velocities like leontovich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle velocities like leontovich
+distribution and our electric field from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and our electric field from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and our electric field from
+a single particle here so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total the key difference in what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total the key difference in what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total the key difference in what we did
+in the incoherent case I believe is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the incoherent case I believe is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the incoherent case I believe is that
+now in the incoherent case we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the incoherent case we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the incoherent case we kind of
+hand waved our way over this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand waved our way over this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand waved our way over this integral
+over space and I think we effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over space and I think we effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over space and I think we effectively
+assume that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that all
+particles in the incoherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case all the particles J were at r equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all the particles J were at r equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all the particles J were at r equal
+Z and so now we're going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and so now we're going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and so now we're going to do the
+coherent case and we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent case and we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent case and we're not going to
+make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumption uh so R equals RJ that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh so R equals RJ that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh so R equals RJ that's what
+the Delta function up here does and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta function up here does and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta function up here does and that
+means that if we have our spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if we have our spectrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if we have our spectrometer
+our Observer over here and our origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Observer over here and our origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Observer over here and our origin
+here and we have two different particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we have two different particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we have two different particles
+at positions R1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at positions R1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at positions R1 and
+R2 the electric Fields coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 the electric Fields coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 the electric Fields coming from
+these because they're scattering waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these because they're scattering waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these because they're scattering waves
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+direction they may be a phase difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction they may be a phase difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction they may be a phase difference
+and so we may get interference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we may get interference from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we may get interference from
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+previously because we assumed that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously because we assumed that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously because we assumed that all
+the particles were in the same place we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles were in the same place we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles were in the same place we
+couldn't get a path difference we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get a path difference we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get a path difference we
+couldn't get any any interference and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get any any interference and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get any any interference and so
+we just summed up that contribution now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just summed up that contribution now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just summed up that contribution now
+when we do this integral we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this integral we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this integral we're going to
+very carefully uh take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully uh take into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully uh take into account the
+difference in position of each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in position of each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in position of each of the
+particles inside f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles inside f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles inside f
+and so when all the waves gather up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when all the waves gather up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when all the waves gather up
+together we're going to be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we're going to be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we're going to be interested in
+how they interfere with each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they interfere with each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they interfere with each other so
+this is the key difference in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deration couple of things to note of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deration couple of things to note of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deration couple of things to note of
+course is that our electron density NE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that our electron density NE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that our electron density NE
+is simply the integral of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the integral of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the integral of our
+distribution function over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function over all
+velocities that's still true just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities that's still true just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities that's still true just to be
+clear this is NE as a position of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this is NE as a position of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this is NE as a position of space
+and time right so we've lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time right so we've lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time right so we've lost the
+velocity component integrated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have space to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no this total scattered electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this total scattered electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this total scattered electric field
+where's it gone that one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is going to be equal to re on R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be equal to re on R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be equal to re on R
+there's going to be this boring phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be this boring phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be this boring phase
+factor out front ik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out front ik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out front ik
+KF R which will vanish very soon this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KF R which will vanish very soon this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KF R which will vanish very soon this is
+the phase that all of the Waves pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase that all of the Waves pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase that all of the Waves pick up
+um by virtue this is kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by virtue this is kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by virtue this is kind of like the
+average phase it's the phase that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average phase it's the phase that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average phase it's the phase that they
+pick up from going from this point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up from going from this point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up from going from this point to
+here uh so it's going to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so it's going to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so it's going to be a very
+boring phase it cancel out but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring phase it cancel out but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring phase it cancel out but we're
+still interested in the additional phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still interested in the additional phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still interested in the additional phase
+from the exact locations of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the exact locations of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the exact locations of each
+particle there's going to be a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle there's going to be a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle there's going to be a factor of
+this Pi dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Pi dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Pi dotted
+into the polarization again it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the polarization again it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the polarization again it's just a
+shape function but now we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape function but now we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape function but now we're going to be
+an integral over time and an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral over time and an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral over time and an integral
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+volume of the density of R and T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the density of R and T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the density of R and T Prime
+so I've carried out the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've carried out the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've carried out the velocity
+integral and replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and replaced
+this with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the
+density and now I have the factor from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and now I have the factor from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and now I have the factor from
+the electric field didn't write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field didn't write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field didn't write it down
+again did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again did I
+okay I should put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I should put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I should put it
+here our instent electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field is equal to EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is equal to EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is equal to EI
+Z I'm going this way sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z I'm going this way sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z I'm going this way sign
+exponential of i k i Rus Omega i t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of i k i Rus Omega i t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of i k i Rus Omega i t
+Prime this is the infant electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so if I now substitu in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so if I now substitu in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so if I now substitu in the
+electric field I'm going to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field I'm going to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field I'm going to get that
+exponential term here so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential term here so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential term here so that's going to
+be exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exponential
+of I a i. R minus Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I a i. R minus Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I a i. R minus Omega T
+Prime and then I'm also going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then I'm also going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then I'm also going to have
+this exponential here I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential here I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential here I'm just going to
+write directly below exponential of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I Omega s t Prime minus kf.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r so far this looks a great deal like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so far this looks a great deal like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so far this looks a great deal like
+what we did before um but if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did before um but if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did before um but if you want to
+evaluate this electric field carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this electric field carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this electric field carefully
+and then work out the scattered power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then work out the scattered power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then work out the scattered power
+very carefully you have to pay an awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully you have to pay an awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully you have to pay an awful
+lot of attention to exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of attention to exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of attention to exactly
+sorry I forgotten to put in the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I forgotten to put in the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I forgotten to put in the limits
+here this DT Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this DT Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this DT Prime
+d3r integrating over time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d3r integrating over time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d3r integrating over time and
+space to do this properly so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to do this properly so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to do this properly so that we can
+take into account the interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the interference
+requires you to very carefully uh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to very carefully uh go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to very carefully uh go
+through this and pick out uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and pick out uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and pick out uh some
+important terms and I had it in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important terms and I had it in my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important terms and I had it in my notes
+in last year and it was not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in last year and it was not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in last year and it was not a very
+educational exercise to do on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational exercise to do on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational exercise to do on the board
+so what I'm going to say is if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to say is if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to say is if you are
+interested in seeing the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in seeing the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in seeing the mathematics
+behind this this is Hutchinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this this is Hutchinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this this is Hutchinson's
+7.3.0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3.0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3.0 to
+7.3.2 and I'm simply going to quote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3.2 and I'm simply going to quote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3.2 and I'm simply going to quote the
+result now instead which is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result now instead which is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result now instead which is that the
+total scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total scattered
+power into some solid angle into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power into some solid angle into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power into some solid angle into some
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+here is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal
+to the classical electron radius squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the classical electron radius squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the classical electron radius squared
+power of the laser over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the laser over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the laser over the
+cross-sectional area of the laser this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area of the laser this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area of the laser this
+shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+function I do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I do I
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+any times the volume that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any times the volume that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any times the volume that we're
+scattering from trying to Define all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering from trying to Define all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering from trying to Define all of
+this times something called s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times something called s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times something called s of
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+Omega this is the important quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega this is the important quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega this is the important quantity
+called the spectral density function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's important because all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's important because all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's important because all of the
+information about this spectrum is held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about this spectrum is held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about this spectrum is held
+inside there this is where the K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there this is where the K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there this is where the K and
+Omega dependents are that tell us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega dependents are that tell us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega dependents are that tell us what
+the Spectrum looks like these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum looks like these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum looks like these are all
+just scaling constants that tell us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scaling constants that tell us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scaling constants that tell us the
+intensity and often because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and often because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and often because we don't
+have absolutely calibrated spectrometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have absolutely calibrated spectrometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have absolutely calibrated spectrometers
+we can't really measure this so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't really measure this so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't really measure this so we don't
+really care but we can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care but we can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care but we can measure the
+Spectrum the relative intensity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum the relative intensity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum the relative intensity and
+that's all hidden was in the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all hidden was in the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all hidden was in the function
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+function is equal to one upon the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to one upon the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to one upon the time
+of our integration the volume of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our integration the volume of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our integration the volume of our
+integration and then the average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and then the average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and then the average of the
+fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fer
+transformed electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+over the average electron density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the average electron density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the average electron density so
+these are the fluctuating thing uh term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the fluctuating thing uh term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the fluctuating thing uh term
+and this is the sort of steady State any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the sort of steady State any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the sort of steady State any
+zero electron I should really make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero electron I should really make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero electron I should really make that
+square very clear it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh um yes this is this is a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh um yes this is this is a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh um yes this is this is a generic
+lonich distribution function we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonich distribution function we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonich distribution function we'll be
+using yeah you're right when it when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using yeah you're right when it when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using yeah you're right when it when it
+goes into here I did put T Prime for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into here I did put T Prime for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into here I did put T Prime for the
+kovich distribution you're right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kovich distribution you're right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kovich distribution you're right that's
+that's just the generic covich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the generic covich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the generic covich
+distribution but you're right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but you're right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but you're right we're
+evaluating kovich distribution at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating kovich distribution at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating kovich distribution at time T
+Prime so this should be T Prime here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so this should be T Prime here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so this should be T Prime here and
+this should be function of r d and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be function of r d and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be function of r d and T
+Prime yeah I haven't generally been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime yeah I haven't generally been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime yeah I haven't generally been
+using primes on the RS though Hutchinson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using primes on the RS though Hutchinson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using primes on the RS though Hutchinson
+does to remind us that it's R evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to remind us that it's R evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to remind us that it's R evaluated
+at T Prime so he writes R Prime is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T Prime so he writes R Prime is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T Prime so he writes R Prime is equal
+to r at T Prime I tend to drop the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r at T Prime I tend to drop the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r at T Prime I tend to drop the prime
+because I remember um but maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I remember um but maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I remember um but maybe I
+shouldn't drop it so other people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't drop it so other people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't drop it so other people don't
+use that notation so just if you not if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that notation so just if you not if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that notation so just if you not if
+you go into h i in the syllabus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into h i in the syllabus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into h i in the syllabus I
+recommended a book by frer and Sheffield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended a book by frer and Sheffield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended a book by frer and Sheffield
+called plasma scattering electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called plasma scattering electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called plasma scattering electromagnetic
+radiation which is very good and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation which is very good and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation which is very good and very
+thorough and I kind of Blended their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorough and I kind of Blended their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorough and I kind of Blended their
+treat with Hutchinson's treatment to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat with Hutchinson's treatment to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat with Hutchinson's treatment to get
+some of this so not all of this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this so not all of this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this so not all of this looks
+exactly like how Hutchinson does it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like how Hutchinson does it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like how Hutchinson does it but
+um I do think that Hutchinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do think that Hutchinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do think that Hutchinson's
+treatment is pretty good for most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is pretty good for most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is pretty good for most of the
+stuff okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this
+one oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh
+um it it so it it it comes in as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it so it it it comes in as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it so it it it comes in as part of
+this term so let's be clear so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term so let's be clear so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term so let's be clear so this
+um it actually should be back here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it actually should be back here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it actually should be back here as
+well I have missed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have missed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have missed it
+out uh so there's a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh so there's a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh so there's a times
+e as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e as
+S.R factor in there as well and where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S.R factor in there as well and where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S.R factor in there as well and where it
+comes from is originally this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from is originally this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from is originally this is
+exponential of minus I Omega s t d t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of minus I Omega s t d t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of minus I Omega s t d t and
+when we substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we substitute
+out uh T equals D Prime with a load of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh T equals D Prime with a load of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh T equals D Prime with a load of
+other bits one of the other bits becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bits one of the other bits becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bits one of the other bits becomes
+ks. R and the other bit comes ks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ks. R and the other bit comes ks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ks. R and the other bit comes ks.
+capital r and we can take that outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r and we can take that outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r and we can take that outside
+but yeah I forgot to write it down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I forgot to write it down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I forgot to write it down here
+it should have been in here as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have been in here as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have been in here as well and
+what that represents that relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that represents that relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that represents that relatively
+boring term is just the fact that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring term is just the fact that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring term is just the fact that all of
+the pl all of the electromagnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pl all of the electromagnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pl all of the electromagnetic fields
+from all the plasma have to travel some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the plasma have to travel some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the plasma have to travel some
+distance R to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R to our
+detector but some of them travel R so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector but some of them travel R so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector but some of them travel R so if
+this if this is the uh the r Vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if this is the uh the r Vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if this is the uh the r Vector here
+some travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some travel
+R plus Delta r or you know minus Delta r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R plus Delta r or you know minus Delta r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R plus Delta r or you know minus Delta r
+or whatever else like that so we're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever else like that so we're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever else like that so we're kind
+of accounting for the overall phase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accounting for the overall phase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accounting for the overall phase that
+they all pick up as the waves travel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all pick up as the waves travel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all pick up as the waves travel and
+then we're trying to calculate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're trying to calculate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're trying to calculate these
+very small differences and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small differences and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small differences and those are the
+ones which interfere and give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones which interfere and give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones which interfere and give us the
+interesting coherent effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting coherent effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting coherent effects
+yeah okay other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+that's the relativistic treatment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the relativistic treatment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the relativistic treatment the
+relativistic treatment where we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic treatment where we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic treatment where we keep
+terms in V upon C and we've dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in V upon C and we've dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in V upon C and we've dropped
+those so this is the non-relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so this is the non-relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so this is the non-relativistic
+treatment but good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions Okay so we've now done step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions Okay so we've now done step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions Okay so we've now done step
+one we have calculated to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have calculated to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have calculated to some extent
+the power Spectrum in terms of density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power Spectrum in terms of density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power Spectrum in terms of density
+fluctuations so now the question is step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations so now the question is step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations so now the question is step
+two what are these density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluctuations what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations what we're going to do is
+we're going to consider the response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to consider the response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to consider the response of
+the plasma through a test particle so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma through a test particle so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma through a test particle so we
+imagine we have some plasma and we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we have some plasma and we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we have some plasma and we put
+some test particle through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some test particle through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some test particle through
+it and then we asked our our El what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then we asked our our El what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then we asked our our El what
+does the rest of of plasma do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the rest of of plasma do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the rest of of plasma do in
+response to this test particle the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to this test particle the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to this test particle the test
+particle in this case what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in this case what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in this case what we're going
+to do is we're going to pick each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're going to pick each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're going to pick each
+electron in the plasma and each ion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the plasma and each ion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the plasma and each ion in
+the plasma work out what the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma work out what the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma work out what the rest of the
+plasma does in response to each electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma does in response to each electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma does in response to each electron
+and each ion moving and then we'll sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each ion moving and then we'll sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each ion moving and then we'll sum
+all of those responses together um so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those responses together um so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those responses together um so at
+the moment this could be an electron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment this could be an electron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment this could be an electron or
+an ion remember we're not interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ion remember we're not interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ion remember we're not interested in
+the scattering of the ions but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering of the ions but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering of the ions but if the
+ion motion perturbs the cloud CL of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion motion perturbs the cloud CL of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion motion perturbs the cloud CL of
+electrons and then we can scatter off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and then we can scatter off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and then we can scatter off
+that cloud of electrons we will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cloud of electrons we will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cloud of electrons we will see that
+light here so This Cloud here is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here so This Cloud here is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here so This Cloud here is a sort
+of Dey Cloud here these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dey Cloud here these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dey Cloud here these are the
+particles uh which are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh which are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh which are are
+shielding our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle if our test particle is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron then these shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles are an absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons the ions can't move out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the ions can't move out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the ions can't move out the
+way fast enough as an electron goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way fast enough as an electron goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way fast enough as an electron goes
+through but the electrons will move out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but the electrons will move out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but the electrons will move out
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+way and you can imagine that as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and you can imagine that as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and you can imagine that as this
+particle goes through and the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle goes through and the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle goes through and the electrons
+move out of the way it will cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move out of the way it will cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move out of the way it will cause a
+perturbation to the density it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation to the density it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation to the density it'll be a
+negative perturbation so it'll actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative perturbation so it'll actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative perturbation so it'll actually
+scatter less but that means that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter less but that means that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter less but that means that these
+have to end up somewhere else the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to end up somewhere else the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to end up somewhere else the
+density will be higher we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density will be higher we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density will be higher we'll be
+scattering off those if the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off those if the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off those if the test
+particle is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ion then it turns out that half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion then it turns out that half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion then it turns out that half of the
+particles or half of the shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or half of the shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or half of the shielding
+that's made up that Shields this iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made up that Shields this iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made up that Shields this iron
+charge are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge are
+um due to electrons being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attracted and the other half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted and the other half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted and the other half of the
+Shield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield
+is by ions being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by ions being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by ions being
+repelled so it's subtly different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled so it's subtly different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled so it's subtly different from
+the argument for the electrons where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument for the electrons where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument for the electrons where
+only electrons can Shield electrons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only electrons can Shield electrons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only electrons can Shield electrons for
+an ion some of the shielding comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ion some of the shielding comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ion some of the shielding comes from
+drawing electrons in the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing electrons in the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing electrons in the rest of the
+shielding comes from pushing ions out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding comes from pushing ions out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding comes from pushing ions out
+and that can happen because the ions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can happen because the ions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can happen because the ions can
+move as fast as an ion and so we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move as fast as an ion and so we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move as fast as an ion and so we can see
+that Shield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Shield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Shield
+here so what we get is a perturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what we get is a perturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what we get is a perturbed
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+density row zero at some position are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density row zero at some position are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density row zero at some position are
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+T due to our test particle which is Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T due to our test particle which is Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T due to our test particle which is Q
+Delta R minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta R minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta R minus
+VT so just saying our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT so just saying our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT so just saying our test
+particle for turb density looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle for turb density looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle for turb density looks like
+this as it moves through it's at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as it moves through it's at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as it moves through it's at some
+position R moving at some velocity V in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position R moving at some velocity V in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position R moving at some velocity V in
+a straight line and that means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line and that means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line and that means that it's
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformed contribution to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed contribution to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed contribution to the the
+charge density is equal to Q 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density is equal to Q 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density is equal to Q 2 pi
+Delta a do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta a do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta a do
+V minus Omega so this is the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform now we're going to take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform now we're going to take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform now we're going to take some
+uh equations from electromagnetism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equations from electromagnetism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equations from electromagnetism and
+talk about this in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this in terms of a
+polarization and a polarization charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and a polarization charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and a polarization charge
+densities that'll be free and bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities that'll be free and bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities that'll be free and bound
+charges so we have polarization Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges so we have polarization Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges so we have polarization Vector
+which is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the
+susceptibility times the permitivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility times the permitivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility times the permitivity of
+free space times the electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space times the electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space times the electric field and
+this is also equal to Pi upon Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also equal to Pi upon Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also equal to Pi upon Epsilon
+which is just the permitivity times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the permitivity times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the permitivity times the
+D field and the E and D fields are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D field and the E and D fields are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D field and the E and D fields are
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+uh Divergence of the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Divergence of the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Divergence of the electric field is
+equal to row Zer and convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to row Zer and convergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to row Zer and convergence of the
+E field is equal to row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E field is equal to row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E field is equal to row
+e so this is the fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charge and these are the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charges and in our case our bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and in our case our bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and in our case our bound
+charges are our shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charges round the space the right Shield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges round the space the right Shield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges round the space the right Shield
+there we go get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go get the
+idea and we can solve these equations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and we can solve these equations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and we can solve these equations to
+work out what the size of our shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out what the size of our shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out what the size of our shielding
+charge is and our shielding charge row e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is and our shielding charge row e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is and our shielding charge row e
+is equal to minus Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus Kai
+e upon Epsilon Times by this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e upon Epsilon Times by this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e upon Epsilon Times by this for a
+transformed uh test particle charge Q 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed uh test particle charge Q 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed uh test particle charge Q 2
+pi Delta K do B on Omega what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi Delta K do B on Omega what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi Delta K do B on Omega what this is
+effectively saying is as this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively saying is as this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively saying is as this test
+charge moves through or as it exists as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge moves through or as it exists as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge moves through or as it exists as
+a mode in fer space it induces some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mode in fer space it induces some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mode in fer space it induces some
+bound charge to Shield it and that bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound charge to Shield it and that bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound charge to Shield it and that bound
+charge has a charge density which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge has a charge density which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge has a charge density which is to
+do with the susceptibility over the per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the susceptibility over the per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the susceptibility over the per
+permitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitivity
+here then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then we
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say that our electron density NE of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that our electron density NE of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that our electron density NE of K
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Omega is going to be equal to a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is going to be equal to a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is going to be equal to a a
+density which is due to the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density which is due to the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density which is due to the electrons
+and a density which is due to the ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a density which is due to the ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a density which is due to the ions
+which have been oberved in this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have been oberved in this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have been oberved in this system
+so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the
+electrons we sum over J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons and we have a one this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and we have a one this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and we have a one this is the
+test particle charge so whenever we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test particle charge so whenever we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test particle charge so whenever we have
+an electron test particle it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron test particle it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron test particle it's going to
+contribute one the electron dens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute one the electron dens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute one the electron dens
+here and we're going to subtract off it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're going to subtract off it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're going to subtract off it
+the number of electrons which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons which were
+repelled by that test particle Pi upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled by that test particle Pi upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled by that test particle Pi upon
+Epsilon and both of these are 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and both of these are 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and both of these are 2 pi
+Delta K do VJ for the electrons minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K do VJ for the electrons minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K do VJ for the electrons minus
+Omega so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so this is
+the electrons this is our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons this is our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons this is our test
+particle electron and these are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle electron and these are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle electron and these are our
+shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we also have a term that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also have a term that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also have a term that's for
+the ions we sum over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ions we sum over L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ions we sum over L
+ions and here we simply have a term k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and here we simply have a term k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and here we simply have a term k
+upon Epsilon here the ions have a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon Epsilon here the ions have a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon Epsilon here the ions have a charge
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Z 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 2 pi
+Delta K dot velocity of the ions v l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K dot velocity of the ions v l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K dot velocity of the ions v l
+minus this is the ion comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to be very clear this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be very clear this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be very clear this is the
+contribution of the electrons shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the electrons shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the electrons shielding
+the ions we're only talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ions we're only talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ions we're only talking about the
+electron density here because we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density here because we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density here because we're only
+interested in electron density so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in electron density so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in electron density so these
+is the contribution of the electron test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the contribution of the electron test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the contribution of the electron test
+particle and the electron shielding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the electron shielding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the electron shielding the
+electron and this is the contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and this is the contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and this is the contribution of
+the ion test particle so we don't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ion test particle so we don't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ion test particle so we don't get a
+one because we don't add of the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because we don't add of the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because we don't add of the ion
+density of the test particle doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the test particle doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the test particle doesn't go
+into the electron density overall so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the electron density overall so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the electron density overall so we
+merely have the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely have the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely have the response of the
+shielding electrons these ones which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding electrons these ones which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding electrons these ones which are
+following the ions around here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the ions around here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the ions around here again
+we're only interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only interested in
+ions so this in case you're wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions so this in case you're wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions so this in case you're wondering
+what we've got to in hutson's book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got to in hutson's book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got to in hutson's book is
+his equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his equation
+7.3.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and we said that our spectral density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and we said that our spectral density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and we said that our spectral density
+function s of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s of K
+Omega was equal to one upon the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega was equal to one upon the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega was equal to one upon the average
+electron density the time and the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density the time and the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density the time and the volume
+we're integrating over and then The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're integrating over and then The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're integrating over and then The
+Ensemble average of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble average of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble average of K
+Oma squared like that we can plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oma squared like that we can plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oma squared like that we can plug this
+in uh we note that we've got two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh we note that we've got two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh we note that we've got two terms
+so we're going to have a cross product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have a cross product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have a cross product
+but the cross between these two terms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cross between these two terms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cross between these two terms is
+going to be a correlation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a correlation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a correlation between the
+electron and the ions and there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the ions and there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the ions and there is no
+correlation so those cross terms vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation so those cross terms vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation so those cross terms vanish
+so we simply get this term squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we simply get this term squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we simply get this term squared
+this term squared let me write some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term squared let me write some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term squared let me write some of
+this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down
+so we would get the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would get the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would get the electron
+contribution squared plus two ion times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution squared plus two ion times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution squared plus two ion times
+electron plus ion contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron plus ion contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron plus ion contribution
+squared this cross term goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this cross term goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this cross term goes to zero
+because we uh have uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we uh have uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we uh have uncorrelated
+electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we also use our dodgy identity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also use our dodgy identity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also use our dodgy identity from
+last week uh that the square of a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week uh that the square of a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week uh that the square of a Delta
+function in frequency space is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in frequency space is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in frequency space is equal to
+P upon 2 pi of that Delta function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P upon 2 pi of that Delta function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P upon 2 pi of that Delta function so
+when we take the square of this term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take the square of this term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take the square of this term and
+this term and we have a square of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and we have a square of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and we have a square of a
+Delta function we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function we're just going to
+replace it with itself with a t over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with itself with a t over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with itself with a t over 2
+pi in front here and so all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi in front here and so all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi in front here and so all of this
+gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as 2 pi upon the electron density times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 2 pi upon the electron density times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 2 pi upon the electron density times
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume sum upon J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume sum upon J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume sum upon J
+electrons 1 minus Pi e upon Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons 1 minus Pi e upon Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons 1 minus Pi e upon Epsilon
+squar Delta of K do BJ minus Omega so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar Delta of K do BJ minus Omega so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar Delta of K do BJ minus Omega so
+this is the electron term suming over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the electron term suming over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the electron term suming over
+electrons plus a term that looks like Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons plus a term that looks like Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons plus a term that looks like Su
+upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the
+ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+Pi e upon Epsilon squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi e upon Epsilon squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi e upon Epsilon squar
+Delta k. v l the ions minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta k. v l the ions minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta k. v l the ions minus
+Omega and I need to put some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and I need to put some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and I need to put some big
+Ensemble average brackets around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble average brackets around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble average brackets around this
+and I actually want to go back and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I actually want to go back and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I actually want to go back and put
+in some absolute value signs inside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some absolute value signs inside here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some absolute value signs inside here
+which is why we end up with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we end up with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we end up with these
+absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Val we're about to convert this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val we're about to convert this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val we're about to convert this into
+something that makes more sense but any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that makes more sense but any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that makes more sense but any
+questions at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+Sorry the size of the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry the size of the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry the size of the density
+fluctuations in forer space these can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in forer space these can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in forer space these can be
+complex quantities because they've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex quantities because they've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex quantities because they've got a
+phase attached to them so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase attached to them so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase attached to them so this is this
+is NE times NE Star right it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is NE times NE Star right it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is NE times NE Star right it's the same
+as that so we're taking the the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that so we're taking the the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that so we're taking the the power
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+depends directly on S of K and Omega the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends directly on S of K and Omega the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends directly on S of K and Omega the
+power we measure has to be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power we measure has to be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power we measure has to be a real
+quantity we can't measure at imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we can't measure at imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we can't measure at imaginary
+power and so therefore this needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and so therefore this needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and so therefore this needs to be
+a real quti we're just making sure we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real quti we're just making sure we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real quti we're just making sure we've
+only got the the magnitude of it not its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got the the magnitude of it not its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got the the magnitude of it not its
+phe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes what we're really doing is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what we're really doing is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what we're really doing is uh the
+cross terms would involve Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross terms would involve Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross terms would involve Delta
+functions of ions and electrons Times by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of ions and electrons Times by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of ions and electrons Times by
+each other so if you can imagine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so if you can imagine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so if you can imagine it's
+very unlikely that an ion electron is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely that an ion electron is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely that an ion electron is in
+the same place at the same time these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place at the same time these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place at the same time these
+are Delta functions so they're very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Delta functions so they're very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Delta functions so they're very very
+sharp so really what we're saying is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp so really what we're saying is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp so really what we're saying is not
+so much they're uncorrelated but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much they're uncorrelated but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much they're uncorrelated but they
+don't occupy the same space so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't occupy the same space so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't occupy the same space so they're
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+locations so if I did a little diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations so if I did a little diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations so if I did a little diagram
+of some x coordinate here I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some x coordinate here I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some x coordinate here I might have
+an ion here and I might have an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ion here and I might have an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ion here and I might have an electron
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but those Delta functions will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those Delta functions will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those Delta functions will not
+overlap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap in
+yeah okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+so um yes we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this still does not look very useable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this still does not look very useable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this still does not look very useable
+because we're summing over all like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're summing over all like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're summing over all like 10
+to 23 or whatever electrons in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 23 or whatever electrons in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 23 or whatever electrons in our
+system so this is a a difficult s to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so this is a a difficult s to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so this is a a difficult s to do
+but you must have spotted this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you must have spotted this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you must have spotted this and
+thought okay if I'm doing a sum over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay if I'm doing a sum over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay if I'm doing a sum over a
+load of particles Delta K do d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load of particles Delta K do d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load of particles Delta K do d
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+Omega this is looking an awful lot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega this is looking an awful lot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega this is looking an awful lot like
+my clonate distribution to again and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my clonate distribution to again and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my clonate distribution to again and in
+fact this looks like a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this looks like a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this looks like a sort of
+integral over space and over velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over space and over velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over space and over velocity of
+my pantovic distribution r and v and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pantovic distribution r and v and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pantovic distribution r and v and T
+Times by some Delta function a. V minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times by some Delta function a. V minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times by some Delta function a. V minus
+Omega remember this consists of a load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega remember this consists of a load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega remember this consists of a load
+of Delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta functions
+Delta R minus r i Delta V minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta R minus r i Delta V minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta R minus r i Delta V minus
+V and so if I integrate this up over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and so if I integrate this up over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and so if I integrate this up over
+this Delta function this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta function this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta function this is going to
+pick out all the particles so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out all the particles so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out all the particles so I can
+replace this by my ponich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution and I'm going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and I'm going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and I'm going to end up
+with a term that looks like the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a term that looks like the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a term that looks like the volume
+from our d3v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our d3v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our d3v
+integral there's a one over K because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral there's a one over K because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral there's a one over K because
+I'm going to swap out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to swap out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to swap out
+Omega equals k v I'm going to swap out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals k v I'm going to swap out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals k v I'm going to swap out
+my V integral DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for when I do that I'm going to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when I do that I'm going to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when I do that I'm going to pick up
+a one over K Factor I'm G to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one over K Factor I'm G to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one over K Factor I'm G to have an
+average over my Amit distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over my Amit distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over my Amit distribution
+function Omega upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Omega upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Omega upon
+K and here this is like an ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and here this is like an ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and here this is like an ensemble
+average over lots of particles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over lots of particles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over lots of particles the
+covich distribution function is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covich distribution function is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covich distribution function is very
+spiky and we don't really want to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiky and we don't really want to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiky and we don't really want to work
+with it so I wave my hand and I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so I wave my hand and I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so I wave my hand and I say this
+is a b one over K some nice smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a b one over K some nice smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a b one over K some nice smooth
+distribution function you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function you can actually
+work so I don't not going to claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I don't not going to claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I don't not going to claim
+that's a particularly rigorous argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a particularly rigorous argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a particularly rigorous argument
+uh but you can have a look in pra's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you can have a look in pra's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you can have a look in pra's book
+and in uh hinson's book if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in uh hinson's book if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in uh hinson's book if you want to
+see maybe a slightly better argument for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see maybe a slightly better argument for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see maybe a slightly better argument for
+this so we're going to basically replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we're going to basically replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we're going to basically replace
+these sums over a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sums over a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sums over a large number of
+particles this should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles this should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles this should have
+been the I here with a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the I here with a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the I here with a distribution
+function which is is kind of obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is is kind of obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is is kind of obviously
+what it is right if you have a sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is right if you have a sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is right if you have a sum over
+a load of particles it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a load of particles it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a load of particles it's going to be
+some distribution function but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution function but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution function but this
+distribution function is now being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function is now being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function is now being
+evaluated terms of Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated terms of Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated terms of Omega and
+K so I'll write that down and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so I'll write that down and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so I'll write that down and then we
+can talk about what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about what it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well our test particle treatment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well our test particle treatment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well our test particle treatment we
+talk about like a single particle moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about like a single particle moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about like a single particle moving
+through and that's what starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and that's what starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and that's what starts
+introducing all of these Delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing all of these Delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing all of these Delta functions
+and so I think that that is why we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think that that is why we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think that that is why we do it
+because when we've done the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we've done the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we've done the test
+particle treatment we end up with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle treatment we end up with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle treatment we end up with all of
+these and it's easier to get rid of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and it's easier to get rid of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and it's easier to get rid of them
+by going through a kovich so I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going through a kovich so I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going through a kovich so I think we
+started with a kovich knowing that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a kovich knowing that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a kovich knowing that this
+would happen later then we take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen later then we take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen later then we take out the
+kovich later on um there may be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kovich later on um there may be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kovich later on um there may be other
+ways to do it and it's not like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it and it's not like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it and it's not like I'm
+claiming that what I've done on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that what I've done on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that what I've done on the
+board is particularly rigorous so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is particularly rigorous so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is particularly rigorous so there
+may be a there may be an equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a there may be an equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a there may be an equally
+rigorous way to do it without the on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous way to do it without the on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous way to do it without the on to
+distribution function but I think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function but I think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function but I think if you
+want to do it rigorously you have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it rigorously you have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it rigorously you have to put
+this so if we do this substitution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if we do this substitution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if we do this substitution we
+then end up with the very very key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then end up with the very very key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then end up with the very very key
+formula for the spectral density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the spectral density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the spectral density
+function in terms of things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in terms of things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in terms of things that we
+actually stand a chance of evaluating so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stand a chance of evaluating so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stand a chance of evaluating so
+s k and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s k and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s k and
+Omega 2 pi upon K times the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 pi upon K times the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 pi upon K times the average
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density then we have some brackets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density then we have some brackets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density then we have some brackets the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+turn one minus the susceptibility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn one minus the susceptibility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn one minus the susceptibility of the
+elect R over the permitivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elect R over the permitivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elect R over the permitivity of the
+entire system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire system
+squared now the distribution function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now the distribution function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now the distribution function of
+the electrons in the direction of K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons in the direction of K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons in the direction of K so
+this is our incoherent scattering thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our incoherent scattering thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our incoherent scattering thing
+again where we're only taking a slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again where we're only taking a slice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again where we're only taking a slice of
+the distribution function in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution function in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution function in one
+direction to a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to a one-dimensional
+distribution function here plus a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function here plus a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function here plus a term
+that looks like susceptibility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like susceptibility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like susceptibility of the
+electrons over the pertivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons over the pertivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons over the pertivity of the
+entire system squared and then formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire system squared and then formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire system squared and then formally
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+we have to sum over every single ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to sum over every single ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to sum over every single ion
+species so now we're doing a sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so now we're doing a sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so now we're doing a sum over
+different ion species so if You' got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ion species so if You' got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ion species so if You' got
+carbon and hydrogen things like that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and hydrogen things like that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and hydrogen things like that in
+a quasi neutral plasma you need to thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quasi neutral plasma you need to thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quasi neutral plasma you need to thumb
+over the charge of each of these iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the charge of each of these iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the charge of each of these iron
+species and the distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and the distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and the distribution function
+for each of these iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these iron
+species again if everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species again if everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species again if everything is
+maxwellian this becomes much simpler but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwellian this becomes much simpler but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwellian this becomes much simpler but
+this is the fully general formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fully general formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fully general formula here
+and if you didn't want to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you didn't want to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you didn't want to write this
+down this is Hutchin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this is Hutchin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this is Hutchin
+3.22 or you can check in case I've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.22 or you can check in case I've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.22 or you can check in case I've made
+a typo here so I'm going to talk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typo here so I'm going to talk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typo here so I'm going to talk through
+what each of these terms physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each of these terms physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each of these terms physically
+means physically motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means physically motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means physically motivated
+so this here A distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here A distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here A distribution function
+ateg K is the number of electrons with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ateg K is the number of electrons with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ateg K is the number of electrons with a
+velocity V equals Omega upon K so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity V equals Omega upon K so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity V equals Omega upon K so the
+number of electrons whose in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons whose in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons whose in this
+distribution whose velocity is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution whose velocity is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution whose velocity is equal to
+the phase velocity of the that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase velocity of the that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase velocity of the that we're
+scattering from remember we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering from remember we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering from remember we've been
+setting Omega and K all this time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting Omega and K all this time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting Omega and K all this time so
+this tells you how many scatterers there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you how many scatterers there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you how many scatterers there
+are which are electrons and this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are which are electrons and this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are which are electrons and this tells
+you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the
+response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+to each of these electrons so each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of these electrons so each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of these electrons so each of
+these there may be more than one each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there may be more than one each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there may be more than one each of
+these electrons are flying around as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons are flying around as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons are flying around as a
+test particle and the plasma is going W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test particle and the plasma is going W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test particle and the plasma is going W
+and moving out of the way in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving out of the way in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving out of the way in order to
+accommodate them so this is the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate them so this is the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate them so this is the response
+of the plasma we've got a contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plasma we've got a contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plasma we've got a contribution
+from those electrons that's the one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those electrons that's the one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those electrons that's the one and
+then the minus is all the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the minus is all the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the minus is all the electrons
+getting out the way of those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out the way of those electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out the way of those electrons
+so that's the total amount of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the total amount of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the total amount of electrons
+you have to scatter on okay we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to scatter on okay we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to scatter on okay we have the
+density of those electrons but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of those electrons but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of those electrons but we also
+have a depletion of density of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a depletion of density of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a depletion of density of other
+electrons getting out of their way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons getting out of their way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons getting out of their way
+okay this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this over
+here is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the number of
+ions with a velocity Omega upon K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions with a velocity Omega upon K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions with a velocity Omega upon K and
+this is that response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again but note that we don't have a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but note that we don't have a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but note that we don't have a one
+because we don't scatter off ions their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't scatter off ions their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't scatter off ions their
+scattering is Tiny so all we get to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is Tiny so all we get to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering is Tiny so all we get to see
+when the ion is moving the scattering we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the ion is moving the scattering we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the ion is moving the scattering we
+get is just the scattering of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is just the scattering of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is just the scattering of the
+electrons which are pulled into the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons which are pulled into the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons which are pulled into the ion
+note there's a difference in sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note there's a difference in sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note there's a difference in sign here
+well I guess yeah it doesn't matter when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess yeah it doesn't matter when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess yeah it doesn't matter when
+we Square we get rid of anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Square we get rid of anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Square we get rid of anything but
+these are the ions which are drawn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ions which are drawn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ions which are drawn into
+the region where uh the uh sorry these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region where uh the uh sorry these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region where uh the uh sorry these
+are the electrons which are drawn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the electrons which are drawn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the electrons which are drawn into
+the region where the ion is and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region where the ion is and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region where the ion is and so we're
+scattering off those we only look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off those we only look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off those we only look at the
+response of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of electrons
+to these ions here this is what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these ions here this is what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these ions here this is what your
+total scattering spectral density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total scattering spectral density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total scattering spectral density
+function looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like where does this function have Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where does this function have Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where does this function have Peaks
+where am I looking in this for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where am I looking in this for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where am I looking in this for that
+Spectrum what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drew of R here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah where do we get peaks in s of K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah where do we get peaks in s of K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah where do we get peaks in s of K and
+Omega there will be singularities should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega there will be singularities should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega there will be singularities should
+I say I'll try and make it very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say I'll try and make it very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say I'll try and make it very clear
+where will I get singularities ink and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will I get singularities ink and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will I get singularities ink and
+Omega which will look like nice Shar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega which will look like nice Shar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega which will look like nice Shar to
+finded resonances scattering off Pacific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way so we will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so we will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so we will get
+Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singularities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or Epsilon equals zero it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Epsilon equals zero it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Epsilon equals zero it's in the
+denominator so whenever Epsilon tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so whenever Epsilon tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so whenever Epsilon tends to
+zero this function will be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this function will be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this function will be extremely
+large Epsilon is also by the way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Epsilon is also by the way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Epsilon is also by the way this is
+Kai of K and Omega this is also Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai of K and Omega this is also Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai of K and Omega this is also Epsilon
+of K and Omega so there's K's and omegas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K and Omega so there's K's and omegas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K and Omega so there's K's and omegas
+everywhere in the side here not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the side here not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the side here not just
+within distribution functions these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within distribution functions these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within distribution functions these
+depend on the speed of the test particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the speed of the test particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the speed of the test particle
+as well and so if the test particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and so if the test particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and so if the test particles are
+going at a certain speed they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going at a certain speed they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going at a certain speed they will
+induce a certain response to plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a certain response to plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a certain response to plasma
+that's a wave so these are this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a wave so these are this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a wave so these are this is
+equivalent to saying Epsilon equals z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying Epsilon equals z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying Epsilon equals z is
+equivalent to finding the normal mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to finding the normal mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to finding the normal mode of
+the plas just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plas just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plas just like you
+do with determinants of matrices stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with determinants of matrices stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with determinants of matrices stuff
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we
+done can you plot me a Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done can you plot me a Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done can you plot me a Thompson
+scattering Spectra from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this you can you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can you a
+nodding we don't know anything about Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodding we don't know anything about Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodding we don't know anything about Kai
+and Epsilon right so now we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Epsilon right so now we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Epsilon right so now we're gonna
+have to go do some land out okay don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go do some land out okay don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go do some land out okay don't
+worry we're almost there but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry we're almost there but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry we're almost there but in
+principle if you did know these for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if you did know these for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if you did know these for some
+reason and you did know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and you did know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and you did know your
+distribution functions you could work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution functions you could work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution functions you could work
+out what the scattering Spectra was but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the scattering Spectra was but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the scattering Spectra was but
+we need to know what these K are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know what these K are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know what these K are and
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yes yeah so again still we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes yeah so again still we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes yeah so again still we are
+never scattering off the ions but people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never scattering off the ions but people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never scattering off the ions but people
+will talk about scattering off the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about scattering off the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about scattering off the ion
+feature so there are these are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature so there are these are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature so there are these are actually
+these two terms tend to be large at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms tend to be large at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms tend to be large at
+different frequencies this term is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies this term is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies this term is large
+around the acoustic waves this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the acoustic waves this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the acoustic waves this term is
+large around the electron plas waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large around the electron plas waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large around the electron plas waves and
+so people call this the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feature but just it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature but just it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature but just it's important to
+remember that no ions were scattered off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that no ions were scattered off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that no ions were scattered off
+in the making of this spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right actually yeah any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually yeah any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually yeah any other questions
+on this before we keep going and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this before we keep going and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this before we keep going and I don't
+think I settle explicitly anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I settle explicitly anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I settle explicitly anywhere
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+four but your your permitivity is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four but your your permitivity is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four but your your permitivity is always
+equal to one plus all of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one plus all of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one plus all of the uh
+susceptibilities in your system this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibilities in your system this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibilities in your system this is
+this is just true for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just true for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just true for some
+electromagnetic system it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic system it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic system it could be
+dialectric and stuff like that so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric and stuff like that so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric and stuff like that so in
+this case our per our permitivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case our per our permitivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case our per our permitivity is
+equal to one plus the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one plus the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one plus the electron
+susceptibility plus the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility plus the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility plus the ion
+susceptibility and technically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility and technically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility and technically because
+I've written this in terms of a load of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written this in terms of a load of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written this in terms of a load of
+ion species it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion species it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion species it's the
+over all of the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the ion
+susceptibilities so what we're heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibilities so what we're heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibilities so what we're heading
+out to find is the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to find is the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to find is the electron
+susceptibility and the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility and the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility and the ion
+susceptibility and that will give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility and that will give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility and that will give us
+Epsilon straight away and we'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon straight away and we'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon straight away and we'll also
+find that when Epsilon equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that when Epsilon equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that when Epsilon equals zero
+remember Epsilon is some function of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Epsilon is some function of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Epsilon is some function of K
+and Omega so this will be some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega so this will be some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega so this will be some function
+of K Omega equals zero and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K Omega equals zero and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K Omega equals zero and all of a
+sudden out will pop Omega equals CSK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden out will pop Omega equals CSK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden out will pop Omega equals CSK
+like that so that will be a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that will be a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that will be a solution
+equals zero and it will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and it will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and it will be the
+dispersion relationship for the an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relationship for the an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relationship for the an
+acoustic waves or the electron plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic waves or the electron plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic waves or the electron plasma
+waves or whatever wave you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves or whatever wave you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves or whatever wave you got the
+system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions run out of
+tea oh no there's a bit left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay well
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please yes we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yes we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yes we get
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+direct yeah we we effectively do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct yeah we we effectively do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct yeah we we effectively do
+um but I have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anywhere what we measure is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere what we measure is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere what we measure is this
+quantity we measure watts into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we measure watts into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we measure watts into some
+solid angle into at some frequency range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle into at some frequency range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle into at some frequency range
+here that depends on the cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that depends on the cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that depends on the cross-section
+the intensity of our laser how well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of our laser how well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of our laser how well we
+focused it if we put our spectrometer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused it if we put our spectrometer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused it if we put our spectrometer in
+the right place to actually see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place to actually see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place to actually see the
+scattered lights how many scatters there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered lights how many scatters there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered lights how many scatters there
+are how big the volume is I'm scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how big the volume is I'm scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how big the volume is I'm scattering
+off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and
+S this is the only thing that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S this is the only thing that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S this is the only thing that has a
+shape this is just a number all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape this is just a number all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape this is just a number all of these
+together for a spectrometer in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for a spectrometer in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for a spectrometer in a certain
+place this is like two whereas this s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place this is like two whereas this s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place this is like two whereas this s is
+actually this function that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this function that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this function that looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that has Peaks at different frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has Peaks at different frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has Peaks at different frequencies
+and stuff like that so that's Omega this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that so that's Omega this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that so that's Omega this
+is s like that so this is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s like that so this is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s like that so this is the only
+interesting thing if we had absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing if we had absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing if we had absolutely
+calibrated our spectrometer so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated our spectrometer so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated our spectrometer so that we
+could calculate this value we can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could calculate this value we can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could calculate this value we can in
+principle get the density of our plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle get the density of our plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle get the density of our plasma
+as well it turns out absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it turns out absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it turns out absolute
+calibration of a spectrometer is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration of a spectrometer is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration of a spectrometer is very
+hard though very few people use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard though very few people use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard though very few people use it to
+get this density also turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this density also turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this density also turns out that the
+electron plasma waves carry information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron plasma waves carry information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron plasma waves carry information
+about the density so you're usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the density so you're usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the density so you're usually
+better off just measuring the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off just measuring the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off just measuring the frequency
+shift of these so this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift of these so this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift of these so this is like the
+Spectrum what we used to thinking of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum what we used to thinking of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum what we used to thinking of as
+all of our lines and our our kshell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our lines and our our kshell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our lines and our our kshell and
+all that sort of stuff and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that sort of stuff and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that sort of stuff and this is just
+some constant factor that we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant factor that we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant factor that we probably
+won't be able to do anything with though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to do anything with though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to do anything with though
+it does tell us that if we want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does tell us that if we want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does tell us that if we want to get
+more light onto our spectrometer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more light onto our spectrometer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more light onto our spectrometer we
+should use a more powerful laser we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use a more powerful laser we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use a more powerful laser we
+should focus it more closely we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should focus it more closely we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should focus it more closely we should
+put our spectrometer in the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put our spectrometer in the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put our spectrometer in the right place
+we should make our plasma denser and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should make our plasma denser and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should make our plasma denser and we
+should collect the light from a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should collect the light from a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should collect the light from a larger
+region so it's sort of useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so it's sort of useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so it's sort of useful
+information to know how to do pums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to know how to do pums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to know how to do pums and
+Scatter better but this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scatter better but this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scatter better but this is the sort of
+thing that you actually spend your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you actually spend your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you actually spend your time
+fitting to so you you alter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting to so you you alter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting to so you you alter the
+temperature and density of your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and density of your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and density of your model
+plasma until your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma until your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma until your model
+SK SK Omega matches the uh data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SK SK Omega matches the uh data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SK SK Omega matches the uh data that
+you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've
+recorded cool but good question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded cool but good question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded cool but good question yeah
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you we have not assumed it's maxwellian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we have not assumed it's maxwellian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we have not assumed it's maxwellian
+yet yes if we did assume it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet yes if we did assume it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet yes if we did assume it was
+maxwellian then we get temp yeah we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwellian then we get temp yeah we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwellian then we get temp yeah we'll
+we through it we'll we will derive I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we through it we'll we will derive I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we through it we'll we will derive I
+can't even remember which order on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even remember which order on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even remember which order on
+now we will derive these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we will derive these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we will derive these
+susceptibilities from arbitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibilities from arbitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibilities from arbitary
+distribution function and then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function and then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function and then we will
+discuss it in the case of a Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it in the case of a Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it in the case of a Maxwell
+distribution function which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function which is pretty
+common case yeah okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we're getting
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+right what should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh the reflective index of a medium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the reflective index of a medium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the reflective index of a medium is
+simply equal to its permittivity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply equal to its permittivity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply equal to its permittivity or
+half so if we were dealing and we for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so if we were dealing and we for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so if we were dealing and we for
+example for a plasma a cold plasma where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for a plasma a cold plasma where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for a plasma a cold plasma where
+the thermal velocity was much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal velocity was much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal velocity was much less than
+the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase
+velocity we derived for example for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we derived for example for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we derived for example for the
+O mode this was something like Omega p^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O mode this was something like Omega p^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O mode this was something like Omega p^2
+on Omega so I'll write that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Omega so I'll write that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Omega so I'll write that as
+n^2 so if we were dealing with a plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 so if we were dealing with a plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 so if we were dealing with a plasma
+like this it would be very easy to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it would be very easy to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it would be very easy to find
+the permitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permitivity
+but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're
+not remember we're dealing with plasmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not remember we're dealing with plasmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not remember we're dealing with plasmas
+where the dispersion relationships are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the dispersion relationships are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the dispersion relationships are
+interested in look like Omega squ Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in look like Omega squ Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in look like Omega squ Omega
+P S Plus 3K VTE squ so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P S Plus 3K VTE squ so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P S Plus 3K VTE squ so that means that
+our phase velocity now is on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our phase velocity now is on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our phase velocity now is on the order
+of the thermal velocity so we can no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thermal velocity so we can no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thermal velocity so we can no
+longer do a cold plasma treatment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer do a cold plasma treatment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer do a cold plasma treatment we
+need to do a warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma and because we're doing a warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and because we're doing a warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and because we're doing a warm
+plasma that means we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma that means we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma that means we're gonna have to
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lamb this is because our distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function something like this previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function something like this previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function something like this previously
+for this case for the cold plasma our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case for the cold plasma our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case for the cold plasma our
+wave was all all the way up here V phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave was all all the way up here V phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave was all all the way up here V phase
+much much larger than VTE there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much larger than VTE there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much larger than VTE there were no
+particles which were had a velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles which were had a velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles which were had a velocity
+close to the phas velocity and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the phas velocity and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the phas velocity and so
+therefore from the point of view of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore from the point of view of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore from the point of view of this
+wave the plasma was just cold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave the plasma was just cold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave the plasma was just cold and
+stationary what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary what we're doing
+now is we're looking at V phase on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is we're looking at V phase on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is we're looking at V phase on the
+order of VTE and so we have to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of VTE and so we have to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of VTE and so we have to consider
+how the wave interacts with and damps on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the wave interacts with and damps on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the wave interacts with and damps on
+these particles so you will recall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles so you will recall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles so you will recall that
+we start with the vas of equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we're looking at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're looking at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're looking at the time
+derivative of some distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of some distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of some distribution function
+plus the velocity dotted into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the velocity dotted into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the velocity dotted into the
+spatial derivative of a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial derivative of a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial derivative of a distribution
+function plus the force the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function plus the force the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function plus the force the acceleration
+from the electric field Q of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electric field Q of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electric field Q of m
+dot the change in the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot the change in the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot the change in the distribution
+function in velocity space I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in velocity space I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in velocity space I'm going to
+set this equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this equal to
+zero so this is explicitly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is explicitly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is explicitly a
+system now it turns out you can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now it turns out you can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now it turns out you can the
+pumps and scattering for collisional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps and scattering for collisional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps and scattering for collisional
+systems but it also turns out that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but it also turns out that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but it also turns out that uh
+most Thompson scattering systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Thompson scattering systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Thompson scattering systems are
+collisionless I'm going to spend 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisionless I'm going to spend 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisionless I'm going to spend 30
+seconds on this and I hope I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds on this and I hope I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds on this and I hope I don't
+confuse you too much you may be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse you too much you may be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse you too much you may be doing
+Thompson scattering in a system which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson scattering in a system which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson scattering in a system which is
+collisional a collisional system is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional a collisional system is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional a collisional system is one
+in which the length scale is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the length scale is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the length scale is larger than
+the mean free path but when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean free path but when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean free path but when you're doing
+Thompson scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson scattering
+the the length scale we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the length scale we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the length scale we're interested in
+is Lambda remember this Lambda is 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lambda remember this Lambda is 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lambda remember this Lambda is 2 pi
+upon K and that Lambda maybe on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon K and that Lambda maybe on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon K and that Lambda maybe on the
+order of the Deb right if we're down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the Deb right if we're down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the Deb right if we're down
+towards the incoherent limit this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the incoherent limit this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the incoherent limit this is
+just the div V length here and on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the div V length here and on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the div V length here and on these
+length scales here the particles never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scales here the particles never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scales here the particles never
+collapse their meary path is huge and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse their meary path is huge and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse their meary path is huge and so
+these waves never see a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waves never see a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waves never see a particle
+collision and so it's still legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision and so it's still legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision and so it's still legitimate
+to use this collisionless treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this collisionless treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this collisionless treatment
+where Lambda mean three part is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Lambda mean three part is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Lambda mean three part is much
+much larger than our scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than our scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than our scattering
+wavelength so even in a very collisional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so even in a very collisional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so even in a very collisional
+plasma I can still do collisionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma I can still do collisionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma I can still do collisionless
+thumps and scattering and that's good if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumps and scattering and that's good if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumps and scattering and that's good if
+I wanted to do collisional I'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to do collisional I'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to do collisional I'd have to
+put some collisional operate Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some collisional operate Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some collisional operate Collision
+operator in here and if any of you done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in here and if any of you done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in here and if any of you done
+plasm kinetic theory this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasm kinetic theory this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasm kinetic theory this is
+pain but people do it there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain but people do it there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain but people do it there's some
+really nice Theory out there on to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice Theory out there on to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice Theory out there on to and
+scattering in Collision all plasmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering in Collision all plasmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering in Collision all plasmas
+okay we are going to assume that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are going to assume that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are going to assume that we have
+some distribution function that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution function that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution function that looks
+like some background distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some background distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some background distribution
+function plus aurs distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function plus aurs distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function plus aurs distribution function
+which is oscillating so some foror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is oscillating so some foror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is oscillating so some foror
+decomposition here so e to the i k dox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition here so e to the i k dox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition here so e to the i k dox
+minus Omega T when we substitute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T when we substitute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T when we substitute that
+back into this equation we get minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into this equation we get minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into this equation we get minus I
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+fime plus k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fime plus k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fime plus k.
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+fime plus Q on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fime plus Q on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fime plus Q on
+m e do the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m e do the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m e do the F
+DV all equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV all equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV all equal to
+zero and we can define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current which is equal to this perturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is equal to this perturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is equal to this perturbed
+distribution function times the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function times the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function times the charge
+of the particles we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particles we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particles we're talking about
+times the velocity integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the velocity integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the velocity integrated
+d3v and we can rearrange this to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d3v and we can rearrange this to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d3v and we can rearrange this to be an
+equation of fime substituting into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of fime substituting into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of fime substituting into this
+and we get q^2 upon I * the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get q^2 upon I * the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get q^2 upon I * the mass
+integral of velocity doted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of velocity doted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of velocity doted
+into sorry velocity times the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sorry velocity times the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sorry velocity times the electric
+field doted into the F the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field doted into the F the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field doted into the F the
+V over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V over
+omegaus a do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegaus a do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegaus a do
+V be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this we then say this current here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we then say this current here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we then say this current here
+J is equal to sum conductivity times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is equal to sum conductivity times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is equal to sum conductivity times the
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+and if we have a conductivity we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have a conductivity we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have a conductivity we know
+that the susceptibility is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the susceptibility is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the susceptibility is equal to the
+conductivity over minus iega epon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity over minus iega epon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity over minus iega epon so
+this is just from electromagnetism here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just from electromagnetism here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just from electromagnetism here
+we have taken all of the complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have taken all of the complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have taken all of the complicated
+plasma physic and we're going to chut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma physic and we're going to chut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma physic and we're going to chut it
+inside this Sigma calculate it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this Sigma calculate it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this Sigma calculate it and then
+we're going to say from electromagnetism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say from electromagnetism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say from electromagnetism
+we know the link between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the link between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the link between the
+conductivity and the suceptibility here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and the suceptibility here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and the suceptibility here
+so this Kai is equal to Q ^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Kai is equal to Q ^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Kai is equal to Q ^2 over
+Epsilon M K the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon M K the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon M K the integral
+of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partial
+F partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F partial
+V over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V over
+omegaus a do B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegaus a do B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegaus a do B
+DV so now for some distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV so now for some distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV so now for some distribution function
+f we can calculate this Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f we can calculate this Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f we can calculate this Kai
+here and I need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this F in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F in the direction
+of our K Vector here because along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our K Vector here because along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our K Vector here because along the
+way I've stopped this moving a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I've stopped this moving a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I've stopped this moving a tensor
+and I've just made it into a scalar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've just made it into a scalar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've just made it into a scalar and
+we're taking a longitudinal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking a longitudinal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking a longitudinal component
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these waves are all longitudinal waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waves are all longitudinal waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waves are all longitudinal waves
+so this is the the z z component of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the the z z component of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the the z z component of that
+tensor which would otherwise be a 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tensor we're just interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor we're just interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor we're just interested in the
+component of this along the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this along the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this along the electric
+field which is causing all of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is causing all of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is causing all of this in
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+place when you do this you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place when you do this you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place when you do this you remember that
+there is a singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a singularity
+in the denominator here and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator here and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator here and you have to
+be careful there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful there's a a
+pole at uh V equals Omega upon K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole at uh V equals Omega upon K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole at uh V equals Omega upon K and
+then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do your integral in the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your integral in the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your integral in the complex
+plane and you close it so that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and you close it so that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and you close it so that you don't
+go around this pole this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around this pole this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around this pole this is called the
+land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land
+out I assume that you have all seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I assume that you have all seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I assume that you have all seen this
+at some point and I'm just reminding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point and I'm just reminding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point and I'm just reminding you
+exactly what's going on here so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going on here so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going on here so now we
+have we do this integral properly using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we do this integral properly using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we do this integral properly using
+L Contour we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kai and then we also have Epsilon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai and then we also have Epsilon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai and then we also have Epsilon one
+plus k e plus k i where these subscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus k e plus k i where these subscripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus k e plus k i where these subscripts
+here are going to come from us putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are going to come from us putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are going to come from us putting
+in the distribution function for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the distribution function for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the distribution function for these
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai
+J and this is F in the K direction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and this is F in the K direction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and this is F in the K direction for
+the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+okay any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that hopefully you've seen this in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's consider a maxwellian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution no I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for some arbitrary distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for some arbitrary distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for some arbitrary distribution
+function if your plasma is not maxwan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if your plasma is not maxwan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if your plasma is not maxwan
+you'll get some complicated looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get some complicated looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get some complicated looking
+Spectrum you can in principle calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum you can in principle calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum you can in principle calculate
+but if we specify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maxwellian such that our f for the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwellian such that our f for the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwellian such that our f for the J
+species in the K Direction so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in the K Direction so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in the K Direction so it's a
+onedimensional distribution function as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional distribution function as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional distribution function as
+a function of velocity is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of velocity is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of velocity is equal to
+whatever density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever density of
+particles some constants to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles some constants to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles some constants to make sure
+this is normalized so we get density out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is normalized so we get density out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is normalized so we get density out
+when we integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we integrate over
+velocity thermal velocity of the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity thermal velocity of the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity thermal velocity of the J
+particle electrons or ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle electrons or ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle electrons or ions
+exponential of minus v^2 upon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of minus v^2 upon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of minus v^2 upon that
+thermal velocity squ so this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal velocity squ so this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal velocity squ so this is just the
+max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max
+valum then we find that Kai in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valum then we find that Kai in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valum then we find that Kai in this case
+susceptibility for the J particle looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility for the J particle looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility for the J particle looks
+like Omega P the J particle upon k^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Omega P the J particle upon k^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Omega P the J particle upon k^2
+thermal velocity the J particle squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal velocity the J particle squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal velocity the J particle squared
+still got this one upon < tk2 Pi hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got this one upon < tk2 Pi hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got this one upon < tk2 Pi hanging
+around then we have this integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around then we have this integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around then we have this integral of
+minus B upon BT J exponential of minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B upon BT J exponential of minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B upon BT J exponential of minus B
+btj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+btj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+btj
+s over Omega minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s over Omega minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s over Omega minus
+KV uh sorry Omega K minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DV now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV now
+finally we get back to Alpha because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we get back to Alpha because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we get back to Alpha because we
+recognize that this term here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this term here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this term here is just
+the the by length the J's particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the by length the J's particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the by length the J's particle
+squared so we can say that Kai J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so we can say that Kai J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so we can say that Kai J is
+equal Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Al
+to 1 upon K Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 upon K Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 upon K Lambda
+s that is effectively one upon Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that is effectively one upon Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that is effectively one upon Alpha
+squar our coupling parameters so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar our coupling parameters so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar our coupling parameters so this is
+why this has come back in and why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this has come back in and why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this has come back in and why I
+didn't find it was load of two pies at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find it was load of two pies at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find it was load of two pies at
+the moment it's NE and then out in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment it's NE and then out in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment it's NE and then out in front
+here we're going to have a term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to have a term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to have a term that
+looks like the charge of the J species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the charge of the J species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the charge of the J species
+for electrons is just be minus one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electrons is just be minus one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electrons is just be minus one but
+for ions it could be some bigger number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ions it could be some bigger number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ions it could be some bigger number
+the density of these species times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of these species times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of these species times the
+temperature over the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature over the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature over the electron
+temperature times the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature times the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature times the temperature of the
+J species and we got a squared there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J species and we got a squared there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J species and we got a squared there
+we've pulled a load of terms out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've pulled a load of terms out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've pulled a load of terms out because
+what I'm about to write next is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm about to write next is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm about to write next is a
+different function but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different function but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different function but I just want to
+point out if you stare at this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out if you stare at this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out if you stare at this a little
+while this is equal to one for electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this is equal to one for electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this is equal to one for electrons
+so for electrons this term just vanishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for electrons this term just vanishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for electrons this term just vanishes
+here um kind of obvious got one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um kind of obvious got one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um kind of obvious got one electron
+density electron temperature electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density electron temperature electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density electron temperature electron
+density electron temp this all cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density electron temp this all cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density electron temp this all cancels
+out but for ions it will be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but for ions it will be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but for ions it will be a different
+number and that will be mostly due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that will be mostly due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that will be mostly due to
+the fact the ions may have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact the ions may have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact the ions may have different
+temperatures than electrons and uh due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures than electrons and uh due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures than electrons and uh due
+to the fact the ions will have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact the ions will have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact the ions will have different
+charges and then the thing that is left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and then the thing that is left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and then the thing that is left
+is this function which we call W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this function which we call W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this function which we call W and
+it's a function of some Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of some Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of some Dimensions
+parameter squiggle of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter squiggle of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter squiggle of J
+right this squiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this squiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this squiggle
+parameter don't never remember how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter don't never remember how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter don't never remember how to
+pronounce it so I'm to be honest uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it so I'm to be honest uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it so I'm to be honest uh is
+equal to the phase velocity over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the phase velocity over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the phase velocity over the
+thermal velocity remember the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal velocity remember the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal velocity remember the phase
+velocity is Omega upon K so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is Omega upon K so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is Omega upon K so this is one
+when we're talking about particles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about particles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about particles or
+where thermal velocities that the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where thermal velocities that the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where thermal velocities that the same
+as the phase velocity and it's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the phase velocity and it's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the phase velocity and it's less than
+one operation this function here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one operation this function here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one operation this function here is the
+uh it's the wolf Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and it is simp simp a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it is simp simp a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it is simp simp a function
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+defined to be to to involve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be to to involve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be to to involve the
+solutions list integral in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions list integral in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions list integral in a
+dimensionless way and this function W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless way and this function W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless way and this function W of
+quiggle is equal to 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiggle is equal to 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiggle is equal to 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiggle e to minus squiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiggle e to minus squiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiggle e to minus squiggle
+squ integral from0 to squiggle e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ integral from0 to squiggle e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ integral from0 to squiggle e to the
+x s DX plus a term which is the residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x s DX plus a term which is the residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x s DX plus a term which is the residue
+due to the land out Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the land out Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the land out Contour
+I half squiggle e minus squiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I half squiggle e minus squiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I half squiggle e minus squiggle
+s obvious take it home to meet your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s obvious take it home to meet your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s obvious take it home to meet your
+parents um this is a very ugly function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents um this is a very ugly function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents um this is a very ugly function
+but because we use maxwellian so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because we use maxwellian so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because we use maxwellian so often
+this is a function which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function which can be
+tabulated so we can just calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated so we can just calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated so we can just calculate it
+for various values of Epsilon we can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various values of Epsilon we can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various values of Epsilon we can you
+know make a a table of sorry not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make a a table of sorry not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make a a table of sorry not
+epsilons of squiggles from very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons of squiggles from very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons of squiggles from very small
+numers the very large numbers and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numers the very large numbers and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numers the very large numbers and we can
+just calculate this up remember it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate this up remember it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate this up remember it's a
+complex number complex value here but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number complex value here but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number complex value here but we
+can have like a lookup table here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have like a lookup table here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have like a lookup table here and
+you there is uh something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there is uh something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there is uh something called the
+plasma dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function I think is normally written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I think is normally written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I think is normally written
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+Z that is related to this function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that is related to this function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that is related to this function here
+and it's related it's sort of like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's related it's sort of like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's related it's sort of like I
+can't remember what it is but like Zed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember what it is but like Zed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember what it is but like Zed
+is equal to squiggle to the half W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to squiggle to the half W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to squiggle to the half W of
+squiggle or something like that I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggle or something like that I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggle or something like that I can't
+remember exactly what it is right now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember exactly what it is right now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember exactly what it is right now I
+prefer to work with this thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to work with this thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to work with this thing because
+this is a thing that you'll find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a thing that you'll find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a thing that you'll find in
+Python and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python and
+Julia and mat lab because it shows up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia and mat lab because it shows up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia and mat lab because it shows up in
+other context as well and so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other context as well and so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other context as well and so people
+there are very nice fast implementations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very nice fast implementations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very nice fast implementations
+of this function in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function in all of these
+languages and many other language for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and many other language for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and many other language for
+Tran as well now so it's almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tran as well now so it's almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tran as well now so it's almost always
+better if you're writing your own code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you're writing your own code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you're writing your own code
+to write it in terms of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it in terms of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it in terms of this function
+rather than the plasma dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the plasma dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the plasma dispersion
+function but you may have come across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but you may have come across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but you may have come across
+the plasma dispersion function in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma dispersion function in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma dispersion function in other
+landard landing contexts and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landard landing contexts and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landard landing contexts and there
+they're very very similar this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very very similar this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very very similar this is also
+related to the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the error
+function the complex error function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the complex error function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the complex error function and
+all a related family of uh of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a related family of uh of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a related family of uh of functions
+that crop up in all sorts of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crop up in all sorts of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crop up in all sorts of other
+interesting contexts as well they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting contexts as well they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting contexts as well they have
+the link between the all is they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link between the all is they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link between the all is they have
+these fun integrals uh and easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fun integrals uh and easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fun integrals uh and easily
+something squared inside them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/r7rLHHd43MU.txt b/r7rLHHd43MU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55e010b747e41ed40d4661d7143d93db25d12bfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r7rLHHd43MU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, great. So, a lot of effort went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. So, a lot of effort went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. So, a lot of effort went
+into making this course and uh we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into making this course and uh we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into making this course and uh we hope
+you've had fun. Uh it's been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had fun. Uh it's been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had fun. Uh it's been a lot of
+support from Sony, IBM, Toshiba. Uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support from Sony, IBM, Toshiba. Uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support from Sony, IBM, Toshiba. Uh a
+lot of on demand help from people at IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of on demand help from people at IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of on demand help from people at IBM
+and Sony trying to debug problems even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sony trying to debug problems even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sony trying to debug problems even
+up to the last minute. Uh so we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the last minute. Uh so we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the last minute. Uh so we're very
+thankful for that and we hope in return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankful for that and we hope in return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankful for that and we hope in return
+that you really enjoyed the course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really enjoyed the course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really enjoyed the course and
+it was really fun. So looking forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really fun. So looking forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really fun. So looking forward to
+the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+evaluations. So just want to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations. So just want to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations. So just want to tell you a
+little bit about some opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about some opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about some opportunities
+ahead. I've passed out these brochures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. I've passed out these brochures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. I've passed out these brochures
+for the uh cell broadband engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh cell broadband engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh cell broadband engine
+challenge uh beyond gaming and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge uh beyond gaming and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge uh beyond gaming and this is
+an IBM sponsored event um where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an IBM sponsored event um where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an IBM sponsored event um where you
+really can compete in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can compete in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can compete in two different
+challenges and in one of them you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and in one of them you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and in one of them you can
+win really seriously cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win really seriously cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win really seriously cool
+t-shirts that's actually uh lifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirts that's actually uh lifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirts that's actually uh lifted
+directly from the uh online link. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the uh online link. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the uh online link. So,
+the competition starts February 5 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competition starts February 5 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competition starts February 5 at
+midnight and you have to pass an online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midnight and you have to pass an online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midnight and you have to pass an online
+quiz of which I expect all of you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz of which I expect all of you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz of which I expect all of you should
+be able to pass. Um, and hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to pass. Um, and hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to pass. Um, and hopefully you
+will compete and at least get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will compete and at least get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will compete and at least get a
+seriously cool t-shirt. Uh, the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously cool t-shirt. Uh, the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously cool t-shirt. Uh, the second
+challenge, which is potentially more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge, which is potentially more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge, which is potentially more
+interesting just because there's a 10K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting just because there's a 10K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting just because there's a 10K
+grand prize, uh, there's also 7K second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand prize, uh, there's also 7K second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand prize, uh, there's also 7K second
+prize and, you know, some serious money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize and, you know, some serious money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize and, you know, some serious money
+for for at least three or four prizes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for at least three or four prizes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for at least three or four prizes.
+You can look at the information in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can look at the information in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can look at the information in the
+brochures. Um, according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brochures. Um, according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brochures. Um, according to the
+information you'll find, it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you'll find, it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you'll find, it requires
+some serious coding skills on your part,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some serious coding skills on your part,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some serious coding skills on your part,
+but I certainly expect all of you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I certainly expect all of you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I certainly expect all of you to be
+able to be uh well primed at this point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be uh well primed at this point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be uh well primed at this point.
+Uh, especially since you've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, especially since you've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, especially since you've learned
+about cell hands-on, you've uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cell hands-on, you've uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cell hands-on, you've uh sort of
+discovered all the pitfalls on your own.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered all the pitfalls on your own.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered all the pitfalls on your own.
+Uh, it would make for a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, it would make for a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, it would make for a very good
+competition on your part. Um, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition on your part. Um, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition on your part. Um, there are
+different categories. Sorry, it's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories. Sorry, it's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories. Sorry, it's three
+categories, not four. Uh, application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories, not four. Uh, application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories, not four. Uh, application
+solutions. So some of the things some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions. So some of the things some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions. So some of the things some of
+the people who have done more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who have done more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who have done more
+application oriented thing could fit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application oriented thing could fit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application oriented thing could fit or
+you can sort of took what you've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of took what you've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of took what you've learned
+apply to financial services if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to financial services if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to financial services if you have
+interest in that medical imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in that medical imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in that medical imaging
+electronic design automation uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic design automation uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic design automation uh things
+of that sort. Um operating systems I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort. Um operating systems I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort. Um operating systems I'm
+not sure if that's particularly relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if that's particularly relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if that's particularly relevant
+to a lot of people here. I'm not sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of people here. I'm not sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of people here. I'm not sure if
+that's in their interest area but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in their interest area but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in their interest area but
+programmability. So certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmability. So certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmability. So certainly the
+streaming framework uh that uh that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming framework uh that uh that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming framework uh that uh that one
+of the software radio projects tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the software radio projects tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the software radio projects tried to
+do uh would fit under that. some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh would fit under that. some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh would fit under that. some of the
+work that the rate tracing team did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that the rate tracing team did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that the rate tracing team did in
+terms of uh coming up with their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh coming up with their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh coming up with their own
+interface for graphics uh could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface for graphics uh could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface for graphics uh could
+certainly fit. So I I urge you to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly fit. So I I urge you to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly fit. So I I urge you to sort
+of consider competing in these. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consider competing in these. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consider competing in these. Uh
+there's probably a lot of fame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably a lot of fame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably a lot of fame and
+fortune to be had here. Um so we had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune to be had here. Um so we had our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune to be had here. Um so we had our
+own competition and what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own competition and what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own competition and what you're going to
+get are some seriously cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get are some seriously cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get are some seriously cool
+trophies since we don't have t-shirts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trophies since we don't have t-shirts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trophies since we don't have t-shirts.
+So Mary was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Mary was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Mary was very
+uh could have had t-shirts. Why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could have had t-shirts. Why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could have had t-shirts. Why do you
+want to compete with IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compete with IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compete with IBM
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+directly? So, uh, for the winning team,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly? So, uh, for the winning team,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly? So, uh, for the winning team,
+you will get this seriously awesomely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get this seriously awesomely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get this seriously awesomely
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+trophy, which has a little imprint on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trophy, which has a little imprint on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trophy, which has a little imprint on
+the front that says first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front that says first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front that says first place
+6.189.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.189.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.189.
+Um, and uh, you're also going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh, you're also going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh, you're also going to get a
+$150 gift certificates. I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$150 gift certificates. I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$150 gift certificates. I think we
+announced this at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced this at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced this at the beginning of the
+course. Uh I'm also working with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Uh I'm also working with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Uh I'm also working with people
+at IBM on arranging a one-day trip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at IBM on arranging a one-day trip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at IBM on arranging a one-day trip to
+IBM TJ Watson research center uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM TJ Watson research center uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM TJ Watson research center uh for the
+winning team to sort of present their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning team to sort of present their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning team to sort of present their
+winning project do a demo and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning project do a demo and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning project do a demo and then uh
+meet with people at IBM who are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with people at IBM who are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with people at IBM who are sort of
+doing really cool interesting research u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really cool interesting research u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really cool interesting research u
+and it should be a fun day and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should be a fun day and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should be a fun day and certainly
+people at IBM have very have been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at IBM have very have been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at IBM have very have been very
+excited about hearing what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about hearing what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about hearing what's going on in
+this project uh in this class and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project uh in this class and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project uh in this class and uh uh
+so it'll be a good fun opportunity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be a good fun opportunity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be a good fun opportunity I
+think all around. Okay. So uh I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all around. Okay. So uh I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all around. Okay. So uh I'm going
+to work my way up to the first prize. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work my way up to the first prize. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work my way up to the first prize. I
+think in terms of the complexity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of the complexity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of the complexity of this
+the project handled certainly speech and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project handled certainly speech and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project handled certainly speech and
+system probably took on the most complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system probably took on the most complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system probably took on the most complex
+um certainly in terms of the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certainly in terms of the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certainly in terms of the software
+that they used uh and maybe that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used uh and maybe that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used uh and maybe that uh
+bogged them down a little. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bogged them down a little. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bogged them down a little. So there's
+probably something to be said in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something to be said in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something to be said in terms
+of starting from scratch versus taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting from scratch versus taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting from scratch versus taking
+complex infrastructure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex infrastructure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex infrastructure and
+re-engineering it for parallelism. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-engineering it for parallelism. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-engineering it for parallelism. I
+think you've discovered firsthand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you've discovered firsthand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you've discovered firsthand you
+know how hard that really is. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how hard that really is. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how hard that really is. And this
+is you know a big problem for parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know a big problem for parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know a big problem for parallel
+computing. There's a lot of legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing. There's a lot of legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing. There's a lot of legacy
+software out there that eventually might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software out there that eventually might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software out there that eventually might
+have to be ported to parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be ported to parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be ported to parallel
+architectures. How do you do it? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures. How do you do it? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures. How do you do it? You
+know, you pointed out code is not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you pointed out code is not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you pointed out code is not well
+documented. Uh tools are lacking. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented. Uh tools are lacking. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented. Uh tools are lacking. So,
+what do you do? So, you've stumbled on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do? So, you've stumbled on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do? So, you've stumbled on a
+really seriously important problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seriously important problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seriously important problem uh
+facing a lot of people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing a lot of people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing a lot of people in the
+industry. Uh the most synchronization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. Uh the most synchronization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. Uh the most synchronization
+issues. We believe the uh uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. We believe the uh uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. We believe the uh uh that the
+guys who are doing the battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys who are doing the battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys who are doing the battery
+simulations uh and modeling sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations uh and modeling sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations uh and modeling sort of
+chemical reactions certainly ran into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions certainly ran into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions certainly ran into a
+lot of synchronization issues just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of synchronization issues just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of synchronization issues just
+because of the the the dependent nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the the the dependent nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the the the dependent nature
+of the computation. Um the next up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the computation. Um the next up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the computation. Um the next up on
+the list would be for the most parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list would be for the most parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list would be for the most parallel
+programming challenges. So, not only did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming challenges. So, not only did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming challenges. So, not only did
+they run into issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run into issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run into issues with
+synchronization, but certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization, but certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization, but certainly
+discovered problems with races. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered problems with races. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered problems with races. And I
+think they're the only team who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're the only team who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're the only team who have
+successfully hung their PlayStation 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully hung their PlayStation 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully hung their PlayStation 3
+several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+times and required a uh a reboot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and required a uh a reboot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and required a uh a reboot uh
+quite a few times. Um, okay. So, next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few times. Um, okay. So, next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few times. Um, okay. So, next
+best effort awards. Uh, these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best effort awards. Uh, these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best effort awards. Uh, these guys
+should really be highlighted because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really be highlighted because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really be highlighted because
+they were largely on their own. Uh, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were largely on their own. Uh, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were largely on their own. Uh, is
+that true? Yeah. And that's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that true? Yeah. And that's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that true? Yeah. And that's certainly
+true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true.
+uh and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there was
+certainly a lot of people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a lot of people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a lot of people who were
+impressed by the global illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed by the global illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed by the global illumination
+stuff yesterday and sort of mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff yesterday and sort of mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff yesterday and sort of mentioned
+that uh and what I'm hoping to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and what I'm hoping to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and what I'm hoping to do is
+take the judges feedback and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the judges feedback and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the judges feedback and sort of
+summarize that for each team uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize that for each team uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize that for each team uh so you
+can have some constructive criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some constructive criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some constructive criticism
+back uh that might be helpful. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh that might be helpful. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh that might be helpful. Um
+molecular dynamic simulation work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamic simulation work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamic simulation work that
+you heard about today I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard about today I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard about today I think uh
+certainly uh valiant effort on his part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uh valiant effort on his part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uh valiant effort on his part
+as well. Uh the most complete project I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. Uh the most complete project I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. Uh the most complete project I
+think this was probably the back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this was probably the back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this was probably the back and
+tutors uh uh project. I think uh terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutors uh uh project. I think uh terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutors uh uh project. I think uh terms
+of uh scope it was well defined in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh scope it was well defined in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh scope it was well defined in terms
+of what they actually completed. Uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they actually completed. Uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they actually completed. Uh I
+think they came out with a really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they came out with a really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they came out with a really cool
+game. My money was on them all along to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. My money was on them all along to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. My money was on them all along to
+actually win the first prize. But uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually win the first prize. But uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually win the first prize. But uh I
+think the rate tracing team actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the rate tracing team actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the rate tracing team actually
+blew everybody away with their demo. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blew everybody away with their demo. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blew everybody away with their demo. Um
+and I think they were a clear winner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think they were a clear winner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think they were a clear winner.
+Um, they had really they they tackled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, they had really they they tackled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, they had really they they tackled
+sort of the parallelization, the sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the parallelization, the sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the parallelization, the sim
+dizing. They had really cool frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dizing. They had really cool frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dizing. They had really cool frame
+buffer demo. So, they figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer demo. So, they figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer demo. So, they figure out how to
+actually write to the frame buffer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write to the frame buffer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write to the frame buffer and
+do that simulation uh or do the graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that simulation uh or do the graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that simulation uh or do the graphics
+rendering. Uh, and I think some mumbling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendering. Uh, and I think some mumbling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendering. Uh, and I think some mumbling
+about a really cool demo that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a really cool demo that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a really cool demo that they've
+gotten working overnight. So, we'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten working overnight. So, we'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten working overnight. So, we'll try
+to set that up over in start when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set that up over in start when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set that up over in start when we
+have pizza and you guys can take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pizza and you guys can take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pizza and you guys can take a look
+at that. So, uh, with that, I'll hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that. So, uh, with that, I'll hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that. So, uh, with that, I'll hand
+out the, uh, the certificates and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the, uh, the certificates and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the, uh, the certificates and the
+awards offline. Uh, but you've at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards offline. Uh, but you've at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards offline. Uh, but you've at this
+point been cullified. And, uh, the cake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point been cullified. And, uh, the cake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point been cullified. And, uh, the cake
+is in the back. Says, "Congratulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the back. Says, "Congratulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the back. Says, "Congratulations
+on your cullification." So, uh, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your cullification." So, uh, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your cullification." So, uh, uh,
+that's right. So, thanks a lot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. So, thanks a lot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. So, thanks a lot for
+taking the course. I think we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the course. I think we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the course. I think we've learned
+a lot as instructors. I'm hoping to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot as instructors. I'm hoping to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot as instructors. I'm hoping to do
+this again uh with some next year, next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again uh with some next year, next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again uh with some next year, next
+AP and maybe eventually turn into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP and maybe eventually turn into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP and maybe eventually turn into a
+regular semester course. Uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular semester course. Uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular semester course. Uh I think
+there's a lot of things we can do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things we can do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things we can do better
+and hopefully you've told us some ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully you've told us some ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully you've told us some ideas
+of how to do that. So with that, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to do that. So with that, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to do that. So with that, uh
+thanks and let's start enjoying cake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks and let's start enjoying cake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks and let's start enjoying cake
+back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rCP_-Wuikwo.txt b/rCP_-Wuikwo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52f09dd3c31f9f82c75048c1e1e8ef4d22fff3c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rCP_-Wuikwo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now would like to analyze the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now would like to analyze the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now would like to analyze the force
+law on an idealized spring force law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law on an idealized spring force law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law on an idealized spring force law
+called Hookes law let's begin by drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Hookes law let's begin by drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Hookes law let's begin by drawing
+a ideal spring connected to an object on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ideal spring connected to an object on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ideal spring connected to an object on
+a frictionless surface so we'll draw our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frictionless surface so we'll draw our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frictionless surface so we'll draw our
+object we'll draw our idealized spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we'll draw our idealized spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we'll draw our idealized spring
+this surface here is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface here is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface here is going to be
+frictionless and this is a wall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictionless and this is a wall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictionless and this is a wall and
+we'll draw it like that and now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll draw it like that and now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll draw it like that and now what
+we'd like to do is to introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do is to introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do is to introduce the
+force law for spring force law which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force law for spring force law which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force law for spring force law which
+will be called Hookes law so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be called Hookes law so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be called Hookes law so the way
+we'd like to analyze this is by drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to analyze this is by drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to analyze this is by drawing
+two pictures our first picture will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pictures our first picture will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pictures our first picture will have
+the spring at an equilibrium picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring at an equilibrium picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring at an equilibrium picture so
+let's draw the wall again and let's draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw the wall again and let's draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw the wall again and let's draw
+the spring and our object and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring and our object and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring and our object and this is
+called the equilibrium picture so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the equilibrium picture so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the equilibrium picture so I'll
+write equilibrium picture and now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write equilibrium picture and now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write equilibrium picture and now what
+we'd like to do is draw a picture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do is draw a picture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do is draw a picture a
+dynamic picture at some arbitrary time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic picture at some arbitrary time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic picture at some arbitrary time T
+so here we have a dynamic picture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a dynamic picture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a dynamic picture at
+time T and I'll draw it in a second so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T and I'll draw it in a second so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T and I'll draw it in a second so
+we draw the same object and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw the same object and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw the same object and now we're
+going to move our object to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move our object to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move our object to some
+arbitrary position in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary position in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary position in this case the
+spring has been stretched wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring has been stretched wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring has been stretched wall
+frictionless surface and now I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictionless surface and now I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictionless surface and now I'm in
+position to choose a coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to choose a coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to choose a coordinate system
+so what I'll do is I'll choose my origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'll do is I'll choose my origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'll do is I'll choose my origin
+at the edge right here this is called x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge right here this is called x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge right here this is called x
+equals 0 I'll show it in the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 I'll show it in the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 I'll show it in the dynamic
+picture and my coordinate function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and my coordinate function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and my coordinate function for
+the object here I'm going to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object here I'm going to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object here I'm going to refer to
+that as X of T now notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as X of T now notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as X of T now notice that this
+coordinate function is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate function is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate function is also an
+indication of how much the spring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of how much the spring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of how much the spring is
+done just displaced as far as directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done just displaced as far as directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done just displaced as far as directions
+go we'll have an axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we'll have an axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we'll have an axis
+and this is our plus X direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our plus X direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our plus X direction so
+usually we indicate that with a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we indicate that with a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we indicate that with a unit
+vector uh-huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector uh-huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector uh-huh
+and now Hookes law is the statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now Hookes law is the statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now Hookes law is the statement that
+the force on the spring that the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force on the spring that the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force on the spring that the force
+on the object F is proportional to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the object F is proportional to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the object F is proportional to how
+much the object has displaced which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the object has displaced which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the object has displaced which
+represents either the stretching or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents either the stretching or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents either the stretching or the
+compressing of the spring so it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing of the spring so it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing of the spring so it's equal
+to minus KX I had now what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus KX I had now what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus KX I had now what does this
+minus sign mean well this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign mean well this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign mean well this is an example
+of what we call a restoring force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we call a restoring force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we call a restoring force and
+let's look at it as a couple of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it as a couple of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it as a couple of examples
+when X is positive that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when X is positive that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when X is positive that means that the
+object has been pulled out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object has been pulled out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object has been pulled out from the
+equilibrium position the spring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position the spring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position the spring is
+undergoing tension it's being stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing tension it's being stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing tension it's being stretched
+apart the molecules in this spring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart the molecules in this spring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart the molecules in this spring that
+comes to tooth the spring are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to tooth the spring are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to tooth the spring are being
+pulled apart and there's a restoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled apart and there's a restoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled apart and there's a restoring
+force inside the spring this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force inside the spring this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force inside the spring this is an
+atomic force in nature that's pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic force in nature that's pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic force in nature that's pulling
+the spring backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring backwards
+hence exerting a restoring force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence exerting a restoring force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence exerting a restoring force on the
+object so this force is in the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so this force is in the minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so this force is in the minus I
+had direction it's restoring in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had direction it's restoring in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had direction it's restoring in that
+direction I'll draw the force like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'll draw the force like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'll draw the force like that
+now suppose we drew another picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose we drew another picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose we drew another picture
+where the spring is yes the object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the spring is yes the object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the spring is yes the object is
+pushed in compressing the spring so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed in compressing the spring so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed in compressing the spring so
+let's draw once again a diagram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw once again a diagram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw once again a diagram and
+let's show the spring under compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's show the spring under compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's show the spring under compression
+from our equilibrium position now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our equilibrium position now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our equilibrium position now here
+we have again that X of T but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have again that X of T but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have again that X of T but in this
+case X of T is negative and when so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case X of T is negative and when so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case X of T is negative and when so this
+is extension so we'll call that case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extension so we'll call that case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extension so we'll call that case a
+and case B when X is less than zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and case B when X is less than zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and case B when X is less than zero it's
+under compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we see that with X negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we see that with X negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we see that with X negative and
+the additional minus sign the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional minus sign the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional minus sign the force is
+in the positive direction and so in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the positive direction and so in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the positive direction and so in both
+instances the force is a restoring force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances the force is a restoring force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances the force is a restoring force
+back to equilibrium so the restoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to equilibrium so the restoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to equilibrium so the restoring
+force whether you're under extension or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force whether you're under extension or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force whether you're under extension or
+compression is always bringing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression is always bringing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression is always bringing is
+pointing let's just call it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing let's just call it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing let's just call it is the
+direction of the force is towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the force is towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the force is towards the
+towards the equilibrium position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the equilibrium position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the equilibrium position and
+this example of a restoring force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example of a restoring force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example of a restoring force is
+also only proportional to X and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also only proportional to X and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also only proportional to X and so in
+that case we can add the word linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we can add the word linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we can add the word linear
+because it's just to the single power X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just to the single power X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just to the single power X
+and this is an example of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an example of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an example of a linear
+restoring force and this is a model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring force and this is a model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring force and this is a model for
+an ideal spring now this constant K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal spring now this constant K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal spring now this constant K is
+called the spring constant and the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the spring constant and the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the spring constant and the units
+of the spring constant if you divide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spring constant if you divide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spring constant if you divide the
+units of force by the units of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of force by the units of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of force by the units of distance
+so we have SI units our Newton / meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have SI units our Newton / meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have SI units our Newton / meters
+and that's the measure of the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the measure of the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the measure of the spring
+constant
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rF5sEfhttwo.txt b/rF5sEfhttwo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26c3ea66caf495425d3d053121e70b49df4ae9c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rF5sEfhttwo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Hi. You know, it turns out that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi. You know, it turns out that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi. You know, it turns out that you guys
+miss out on some of the best parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss out on some of the best parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss out on some of the best parts of
+these lectures, which is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures, which is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures, which is all the
+kibbitzing that goes on in back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kibbitzing that goes on in back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kibbitzing that goes on in back of the
+cameras just before they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras just before they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras just before they get
+started. Well, in the in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. Well, in the in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. Well, in the in the last
+lecture, we stressed the equivalence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, we stressed the equivalence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, we stressed the equivalence of
+finite length and periodic sequences. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length and periodic sequences. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length and periodic sequences. In
+particular, as hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recall, we talked about a finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall, we talked about a finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall, we talked about a finite length
+sequence x of n, which was of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence x of n, which was of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence x of n, which was of length
+capital n. In other words, it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. In other words, it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. In other words, it's equal to
+zero except in the range zero to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero except in the range zero to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero except in the range zero to capital
+n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one.
+We stressed also the fact that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We stressed also the fact that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We stressed also the fact that if the
+sequence is considered of finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is considered of finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is considered of finite length
+capital n then it can also be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then it can also be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then it can also be considered
+of longer length than that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of longer length than that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of longer length than that or
+equivalently the statement that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently the statement that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently the statement that it's a
+finite length doesn't imply that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length doesn't imply that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length doesn't imply that some of
+the values in the interval 0 to n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values in the interval 0 to n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values in the interval 0 to n minus
+one can't also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can't also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can't also be
+zero. In relating a finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. In relating a finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. In relating a finite length
+sequence to a periodic sequence, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to a periodic sequence, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to a periodic sequence, we
+generated a periodic sequence x tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a periodic sequence x tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a periodic sequence x tilda of
+n by simply repeating the finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by simply repeating the finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by simply repeating the finite length
+sequence over and over again with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence over and over again with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence over and over again with a
+period of capital n. That is x ofn was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of capital n. That is x ofn was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of capital n. That is x ofn was
+added to itself shifted by capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to itself shifted by capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to itself shifted by capital n
+shifted by two capital n shifted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by two capital n shifted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by two capital n shifted by
+three capital n and because of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three capital n and because of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three capital n and because of the fact
+that it's a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a finite
+length there is no interference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length there is no interference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length there is no interference between
+each of these individual replicas of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these individual replicas of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these individual replicas of x
+ofn the result then is a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn the result then is a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn the result then is a periodic
+sequence one period of which corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence one period of which corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence one period of which corresponds
+to the finite length sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the finite length sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the finite length sequence.
+Well, we'll have occasion frequently to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we'll have occasion frequently to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we'll have occasion frequently to
+refer to this periodic sequence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to this periodic sequence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to this periodic sequence in
+describing the finite length sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the finite length sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the finite length sequence.
+And consequently, it's convenient to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And consequently, it's convenient to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And consequently, it's convenient to use
+a slightly different notation than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different notation than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different notation than the
+summation that we've been using. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation that we've been using. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation that we've been using. In
+particular, we can rewrite this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, we can rewrite this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, we can rewrite this as the
+periodic sequence x tilda of n equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence x tilda of n equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence x tilda of n equal to
+x of n modulo capital n. That is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n modulo capital n. That is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n modulo capital n. That is x
+of n modulo capital n. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n modulo capital n. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n modulo capital n. In other words,
+the argument of x of n is little n taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument of x of n is little n taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument of x of n is little n taken
+modulo capital n. Another way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo capital n. Another way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo capital n. Another way of writing
+that notationally which is convenient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notationally which is convenient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notationally which is convenient is
+just to simply express that as a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to simply express that as a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to simply express that as a double
+parentheses with a subscript capital n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses with a subscript capital n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses with a subscript capital n.
+So that this means x of n the argument n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that this means x of n the argument n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that this means x of n the argument n
+taken modulo capital n. So you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken modulo capital n. So you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken modulo capital n. So you can see
+then that as little n varies over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that as little n varies over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that as little n varies over the
+interval 0 to capital n minus one we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 0 to capital n minus one we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 0 to capital n minus one we see
+the finite length sequence x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite length sequence x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite length sequence x of
+n as little n is equal to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n as little n is equal to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n as little n is equal to capital n
+capital n taken modulo capital n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n taken modulo capital n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n taken modulo capital n is
+zero. So we'll see x of zero back again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So we'll see x of zero back again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So we'll see x of zero back again.
+And as little n varies in the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as little n varies in the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as little n varies in the range
+capital n to 2 capital n minus one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n to 2 capital n minus one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n to 2 capital n minus one that
+argument taken modulo n again repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument taken modulo n again repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument taken modulo n again repeats
+the values of x ofn in the range n= 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of x ofn in the range n= 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of x ofn in the range n= 0 to
+capital n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one.
+Expressing it this way or equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressing it this way or equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressing it this way or equivalently
+expressing it this way as I stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing it this way as I stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing it this way as I stressed
+before in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in the previous
+lecture corresponds to taking the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture corresponds to taking the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture corresponds to taking the finite
+length sequence x of n and simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence x of n and simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence x of n and simply
+wrapping it around the circumference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping it around the circumference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping it around the circumference of
+a cylinder. As we run around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cylinder. As we run around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cylinder. As we run around the
+circumference of the cylinder, we see x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference of the cylinder, we see x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference of the cylinder, we see x
+ofn repeated over and over again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn repeated over and over again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn repeated over and over again.
+Likewise, we were able to get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Likewise, we were able to get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Likewise, we were able to get back to
+the finite length sequence from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite length sequence from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite length sequence from the
+periodic sequence by simply multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence by simply multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence by simply multiplying
+by a rectangular sequence. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a rectangular sequence. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a rectangular sequence. In other
+words, extracting a single period. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, extracting a single period. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, extracting a single period. A
+single period of the periodic sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single period of the periodic sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single period of the periodic sequence
+corresponds to the finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the finite length
+sequence that we began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that we began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that we began
+with in the last lecture. We then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the last lecture. We then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the last lecture. We then
+introduced the discrete forier series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the discrete forier series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the discrete forier series of
+x tilda of n and the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x tilda of n and the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x tilda of n and the discrete forier
+series coefficients we denoted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients we denoted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients we denoted as
+capital x tilda of k and chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x tilda of k and chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x tilda of k and chose to
+interpret them as you recall as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret them as you recall as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret them as you recall as a
+periodic sequence period periodic in k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence period periodic in k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence period periodic in k
+with a period of capital n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a period of capital n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a period of capital n.
+The discrete 4A series representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The discrete 4A series representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The discrete 4A series representation
+just to summarize it again for you we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to summarize it again for you we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to summarize it again for you we've
+rewritten here that is a sum of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewritten here that is a sum of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewritten here that is a sum of complex
+exponentials harmonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials harmonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials harmonically
+related generate X tilda of N and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related generate X tilda of N and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related generate X tilda of N and the
+forier series coefficients capital Xilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series coefficients capital Xilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series coefficients capital Xilda
+of K were given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K were given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K were given by this
+expression and I stress again the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and I stress again the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and I stress again the fact
+that we chose to interpret the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we chose to interpret the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we chose to interpret the forier
+series coefficient efficients as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficient efficients as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficient efficients as a
+periodic sequence and that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence and that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence and that didn't
+particularly matter because in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly matter because in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly matter because in any case
+we only use a single period of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only use a single period of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only use a single period of that in
+constructing the periodic sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the periodic sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the periodic sequence
+xtilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xtilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xtilda of
+n. Now in this lecture what we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Now in this lecture what we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Now in this lecture what we'd like to
+do is apply the idea of the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is apply the idea of the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is apply the idea of the discrete
+forier series and the similarity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series and the similarity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series and the similarity or
+basically the equivalence of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the equivalence of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the equivalence of finite
+length and periodic sequences to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and periodic sequences to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and periodic sequences to a
+forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series
+representation of finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of finite length
+sequences. And basically the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences. And basically the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences. And basically the idea is
+that we can convert the finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can convert the finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can convert the finite length
+sequence to a periodic sequence. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to a periodic sequence. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to a periodic sequence. We've
+seen how to do that and go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen how to do that and go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen how to do that and go back and
+forth. Generate a Forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Generate a Forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Generate a Forier series
+representation for that and then simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for that and then simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for that and then simply
+interpret the Forier series coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the Forier series coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the Forier series coefficients
+as what we'll call the discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we'll call the discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we'll call the discrete 4A
+transform of the finite length sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the finite length sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the finite length sequence.
+So the discrete forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the discrete forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the discrete forier transform
+then is given by the sum from n=0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is given by the sum from n=0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is given by the sum from n=0 to
+capital n minus one of x subn * w sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one of x subn * w sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one of x subn * w sub
+capital n to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n to the n
+k corresponding to the fact that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k corresponding to the fact that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k corresponding to the fact that if we
+generate a periodic sequence from x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a periodic sequence from x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a periodic sequence from x of
+n we can recognize that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we can recognize that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we can recognize that in this
+summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+for the forier series coefficients. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the forier series coefficients. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the forier series coefficients. In
+fact, we only use one period of x tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, we only use one period of x tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, we only use one period of x tilda
+of n anyway. So that we could simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n anyway. So that we could simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n anyway. So that we could simply
+replace in here x tilda of n by x of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace in here x tilda of n by x of n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace in here x tilda of n by x of n.
+And of course since the summation runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course since the summation runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course since the summation runs
+from 0 to capital n minus one, we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to capital n minus one, we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to capital n minus one, we can't
+tell the difference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference.
+This then is by definition the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This then is by definition the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This then is by definition the discrete
+forier transform of the finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform of the finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform of the finite length
+sequence x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence x of
+n and it is denoted by x of k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and it is denoted by x of k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and it is denoted by x of k.
+It corresponds to the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It corresponds to the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It corresponds to the forier series
+coefficients of the periodic equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the periodic equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the periodic equivalent
+sequence for x subn except that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for x subn except that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for x subn except that it is
+useful to maintain the duality between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to maintain the duality between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to maintain the duality between
+the time domain and frequency domain by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain and frequency domain by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain and frequency domain by
+interpreting the forier transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting the forier transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting the forier transform the
+discrete forier transform to be a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier transform to be a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier transform to be a finite
+length sequence since the sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence since the sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence since the sequence that
+we're computing the forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're computing the forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're computing the forier transform
+from likewise starts as a finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from likewise starts as a finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from likewise starts as a finite length
+sequence. Well, that's straightforward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. Well, that's straightforward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. Well, that's straightforward.
+It just simply involves taking the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It just simply involves taking the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It just simply involves taking the 4A
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+coefficients for K in the range zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for K in the range zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for K in the range zero to
+capital N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N minus
+one and simply setting them to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and simply setting them to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and simply setting them to zero
+outside that range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that range.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that range.
+In other words, the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, the discrete forier
+transform X of K of a finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform X of K of a finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform X of K of a finite length
+sequence X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence X of
+N is equal to the Forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N is equal to the Forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N is equal to the Forier series
+coefficients of the periodic equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the periodic equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the periodic equivalent
+of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+ofn multiplied by a rectangular sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn multiplied by a rectangular sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn multiplied by a rectangular sequence
+to extract a single period.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract a single period.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract a single period.
+We can likewise then get the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can likewise then get the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can likewise then get the forier
+series coefficients from the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients from the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients from the discrete
+forier transform x of k by simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform x of k by simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform x of k by simply
+periodically repeating x of k with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically repeating x of k with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically repeating x of k with a
+period of capital n. Or equivalently we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of capital n. Or equivalently we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of capital n. Or equivalently we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+write that the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that the forier series
+coefficients X tilda of K are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients X tilda of K are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients X tilda of K are equal to
+the discrete forier transform values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete forier transform values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete forier transform values
+with the argument taken modulo capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the argument taken modulo capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the argument taken modulo capital
+N. This corresponds to simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. This corresponds to simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. This corresponds to simply
+periodically repeating capital X of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically repeating capital X of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically repeating capital X of K
+like wrapping capital X of K around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wrapping capital X of K around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wrapping capital X of K around the
+circumference of a cylinder running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference of a cylinder running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference of a cylinder running
+around the circumference again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the circumference again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the circumference again and
+again. And what we see are the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And what we see are the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And what we see are the forier
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+coefficients. Now perhaps this sounds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. Now perhaps this sounds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. Now perhaps this sounds a
+little involved or intricate. The idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little involved or intricate. The idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little involved or intricate. The idea
+is really very simple. It just simply is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really very simple. It just simply is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really very simple. It just simply is
+that the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the discrete forier
+transform corresponds to the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform corresponds to the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform corresponds to the forier
+series coefficients for the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients for the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients for the periodic
+equivalent of the finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the finite length
+sequence. And to maintain the duality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. And to maintain the duality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. And to maintain the duality in
+this case we choose to simply extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we choose to simply extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we choose to simply extract
+one period of the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period of the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period of the forier series
+coefficients. So that now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. So that now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. So that now we have a
+finite length sequence. Its discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequence. Its discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequence. Its discrete 4A
+transform is likewise a finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence. and the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. and the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. and the properties of the
+discrete 4A transform as we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A transform as we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A transform as we'll see the
+differences in the properties between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the properties between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the properties between
+this and the forier transforms we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the forier transforms we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the forier transforms we've
+talked about in previous lectures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in previous lectures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in previous lectures are
+related very closely to the implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related very closely to the implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related very closely to the implied
+periodicity in the sequence or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity in the sequence or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity in the sequence or in the
+forier in the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier in the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier in the discrete forier
+transform before discussing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform before discussing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform before discussing the
+properties however it's useful to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties however it's useful to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties however it's useful to relate
+the discrete forier transform form to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete forier transform form to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete forier transform form to
+the Z transform as we've talked about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform as we've talked about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform as we've talked about it
+previously. In particular, here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously. In particular, here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously. In particular, here we have
+the Forier transform. The discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forier transform. The discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forier transform. The discrete
+Forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forier transform
+relationship. Capital X of K is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship. Capital X of K is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship. Capital X of K is the sum
+from n=0 capital N minus one of X subn W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n=0 capital N minus one of X subn W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n=0 capital N minus one of X subn W
+subn to the N K. Although that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn to the N K. Although that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn to the N K. Although that has to be
+multiplied by r subn of k to extract a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by r subn of k to extract a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by r subn of k to extract a
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+period. The inverse discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. The inverse discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. The inverse discrete forier
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+relationship then is the inverse forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship then is the inverse forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship then is the inverse forier
+series relationship 1 over capital n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series relationship 1 over capital n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series relationship 1 over capital n the
+sum x of k w sub capital n to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum x of k w sub capital n to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum x of k w sub capital n to the minus
+n k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n k.
+And again, since we're no longer talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again, since we're no longer talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again, since we're no longer talking
+about a periodic sequence, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a periodic sequence, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a periodic sequence, it's
+necessary to extract one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to extract one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to extract one
+period. This multiplied by R sub capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. This multiplied by R sub capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. This multiplied by R sub capital
+N of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N of
+N. On the other hand, the Z transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. On the other hand, the Z transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. On the other hand, the Z transform of
+the finite length sequence is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite length sequence is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite length sequence is the sum of
+X of N* Z to the minus N. In general, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of N* Z to the minus N. In general, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of N* Z to the minus N. In general, of
+course, the sum running from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, the sum running from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, the sum running from minus
+infinity to plus infinity. But because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity. But because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity. But because
+this is a finite length sequence, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a finite length sequence, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a finite length sequence, this
+is a sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sum from
+n=0 to capital n minus one because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n=0 to capital n minus one because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n=0 to capital n minus one because of
+the fact that the sequence x of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the sequence x of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the sequence x of n is
+zero outside the range n= 0 to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside the range n= 0 to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside the range n= 0 to capital n
+minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one.
+Well, to relate the Z transform to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, to relate the Z transform to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, to relate the Z transform to the
+the discrete forier transform, we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete forier transform, we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete forier transform, we simply
+need to compare this expression with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compare this expression with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compare this expression with
+this expression.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression.
+And what we see ignoring for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we see ignoring for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we see ignoring for a moment
+the capital R subn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital R subn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital R subn of
+K that these two expressions are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that these two expressions are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that these two expressions are equal
+if we pick Z equal to W sub capital N to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we pick Z equal to W sub capital N to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we pick Z equal to W sub capital N to
+the minus K. So the discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus K. So the discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus K. So the discrete 4A
+transform coefficients are equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform coefficients are equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform coefficients are equal to the
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+transform if we choose Z equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform if we choose Z equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform if we choose Z equal to
+W sub capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W sub capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W sub capital
+N to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N to the minus
+K and look at this for values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and look at this for values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and look at this for values of
+K equal to 0 1 up through capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K equal to 0 1 up through capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K equal to 0 1 up through capital N
+minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one.
+What that says then is that the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What that says then is that the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What that says then is that the discrete
+forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier
+transform corresponds to samples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform corresponds to samples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform corresponds to samples of the
+Z transform. And where are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform. And where are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform. And where are those
+samples? Well, those samples are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples? Well, those samples are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples? Well, those samples are on the
+unit circle because the magnitude of W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle because the magnitude of W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle because the magnitude of W
+is equal to one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one.
+And for example, if we chose the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for example, if we chose the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for example, if we chose the case
+where capital n was equal to 8, then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where capital n was equal to 8, then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where capital n was equal to 8, then we
+would find that the discrete 4a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find that the discrete 4a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find that the discrete 4a
+transform coefficients fall at points on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform coefficients fall at points on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform coefficients fall at points on
+the unit circle equally spaced an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle equally spaced an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle equally spaced an
+angle with eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle with eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle with eight
+points around the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circle. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. I did it right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. I did it right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. I did it right.
+So these are equally spaced points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are equally spaced points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are equally spaced points
+around the unit circle for capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the unit circle for capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the unit circle for capital n
+equal to 8. Then the discrete fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 8. Then the discrete fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 8. Then the discrete fora
+transform corresponds to sampling the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform corresponds to sampling the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform corresponds to sampling the z
+transform at these eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform at these eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform at these eight
+points. And then the only effect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. And then the only effect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. And then the only effect that
+this capital r subn of k has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital r subn of k has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital r subn of k has that
+requires that we interpret this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that we interpret this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that we interpret this as a
+finite length sequence. the set of eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequence. the set of eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequence. the set of eight
+values rather than running around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values rather than running around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values rather than running around and
+around and around the unit circle over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and around the unit circle over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and around the unit circle over
+and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over
+again. So we have then the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So we have then the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So we have then the discrete
+forier transform. We have the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform. We have the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform. We have the notion
+that the discrete 4A transform really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the discrete 4A transform really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the discrete 4A transform really is
+nothing different. It's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing different. It's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing different. It's exactly the same
+as the discrete forier series except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the discrete forier series except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the discrete forier series except
+that it's one period of a discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's one period of a discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's one period of a discrete 4A
+series extracted. And furthermore, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series extracted. And furthermore, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series extracted. And furthermore, it
+corresponds to sampling the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to sampling the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to sampling the Z transform
+at equally spaced points around the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equally spaced points around the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equally spaced points around the unit
+circle. Apparently, because of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. Apparently, because of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. Apparently, because of the fact
+that the sequence is finite length from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sequence is finite length from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sequence is finite length from
+that set of samples, we're able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set of samples, we're able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set of samples, we're able to get
+back exactly the sequence X of N. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back exactly the sequence X of N. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back exactly the sequence X of N. That
+isn't obviously true. In general, if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't obviously true. In general, if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't obviously true. In general, if we
+had an arbitrary x ofn and we sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an arbitrary x ofn and we sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an arbitrary x ofn and we sampled
+its z transform around the unit circle,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its z transform around the unit circle,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its z transform around the unit circle,
+in general, we wouldn't be able to get x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general, we wouldn't be able to get x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general, we wouldn't be able to get x
+of n back again. But if x ofn is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n back again. But if x ofn is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n back again. But if x ofn is a
+finite length, then we are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length, then we are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length, then we are able to
+obtain x of n from the samples of its z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain x of n from the samples of its z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain x of n from the samples of its z
+transform. Okay. Well, I'd like now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Okay. Well, I'd like now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Okay. Well, I'd like now to
+look at some of the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the properties of the
+discrete 4a transform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4a transform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4a transform.
+uh again there are lots of properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again there are lots of properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again there are lots of properties
+that we can talk about I'll focus on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can talk about I'll focus on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can talk about I'll focus on a
+few and primarily what I want to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few and primarily what I want to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few and primarily what I want to focus
+on is the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is the difference between the
+properties for the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for the discrete forier
+transform and the properties for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and the properties for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and the properties for the
+forier transform or the z transform as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform or the z transform as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform or the z transform as
+we have been talking about them over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been talking about them over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been talking about them over the
+last several lectures well let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last several lectures well let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last several lectures well let's look
+first of all at the shifting property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And let me stress that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let me stress that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let me stress that all of the
+properties as we go through them as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as we go through them as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as we go through them as we
+present them for the discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present them for the discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present them for the discrete 4A
+transform will relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform will relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform will relate to the
+corresponding property for the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding property for the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding property for the periodic
+equivalent of the finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the finite length
+sequence. So when we want to ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. So when we want to ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. So when we want to ask what
+happens to the forier discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the forier discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the forier discrete forier
+transform when we do such and such to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform when we do such and such to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform when we do such and such to
+the sequence the basic idea that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence the basic idea that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence the basic idea that we
+basically what we want to ask is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we want to ask is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we want to ask is what
+happens to the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the forier series
+coefficients for the periodic equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for the periodic equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for the periodic equivalent
+of that finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that finite length
+sequence. All right let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. All right let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. All right let's talk about the
+shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting
+property. We have a sequence x of n. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. We have a sequence x of n. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. We have a sequence x of n. It
+has a discrete forier transform capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a discrete forier transform capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a discrete forier transform capital
+X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of
+K. And then we have the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. And then we have the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. And then we have the periodic
+equivalent of X of N X tilda of N. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of X of N X tilda of N. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of X of N X tilda of N. And
+it has a discrete forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a discrete forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a discrete forier series
+coefficients which are the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which are the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which are the periodic
+extension of the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the discrete forier
+transform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform.
+Well, the shifting property that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the shifting property that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the shifting property that we want
+to introduce then corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce then corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce then corresponds to the
+finite length sequence which is implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequence which is implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequence which is implied
+by shifting the periodic sequence x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by shifting the periodic sequence x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by shifting the periodic sequence x
+tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of
+n. We know that if we shift the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. We know that if we shift the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. We know that if we shift the periodic
+sequence x tilda of n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence x tilda of n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence x tilda of n +
+m, the forier series coefficients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m, the forier series coefficients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m, the forier series coefficients that
+we get are x tilda of k multiplied by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get are x tilda of k multiplied by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get are x tilda of k multiplied by a
+complex exponential w sub capital n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential w sub capital n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential w sub capital n to
+the minus km.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the shifting property that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the shifting property that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the shifting property that we want to
+introduce then for the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce then for the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce then for the discrete forier
+transform corresponds to extracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform corresponds to extracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform corresponds to extracting
+shifting x of n in such a way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting x of n in such a way that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting x of n in such a way that it
+corresponds to extracting one period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to extracting one period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to extracting one period of
+the shifted periodic sequence x tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shifted periodic sequence x tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shifted periodic sequence x tilda of
+n. If we do that, if we extract one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. If we do that, if we extract one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. If we do that, if we extract one
+period of x1 tilda of n to get a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of x1 tilda of n to get a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of x1 tilda of n to get a finite
+length sequence back, then we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence back, then we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence back, then we get a
+discrete forier transform which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier transform which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier transform which
+corresponds to extracting one period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to extracting one period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to extracting one period of
+this periodic sequence. And that then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic sequence. And that then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic sequence. And that then is
+simply the original discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the original discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the original discrete forier
+transform capital x of k multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform capital x of k multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform capital x of k multiplied
+again by w sub capital n to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again by w sub capital n to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again by w sub capital n to the minus
+km. Now the shifting that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+km. Now the shifting that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+km. Now the shifting that we're talking
+about is a little different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is a little different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is a little different than the
+kind of shifting that we've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of shifting that we've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of shifting that we've been doing
+normally in the fora transform and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally in the fora transform and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally in the fora transform and z
+transform. And it has to be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. And it has to be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. And it has to be because
+we're talking about a sequence that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a sequence that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a sequence that's a
+finite length. That is it's zero outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length. That is it's zero outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length. That is it's zero outside
+the range zero to capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range zero to capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range zero to capital n minus
+one. And if we just simply shift that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And if we just simply shift that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And if we just simply shift that
+sequence linearly, then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence linearly, then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence linearly, then we're going to
+end up with a sequence that no longer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a sequence that no longer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a sequence that no longer is
+zero outside the range zero to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside the range zero to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside the range zero to capital n
+minus one. So there's a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. So there's a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. So there's a slightly
+different kind of shifting that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of shifting that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of shifting that we're
+talking about. It's referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. It's referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. It's referred to as a
+circular shift. And I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular shift. And I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular shift. And I'd like to
+illustrate what that shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate what that shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate what that shifting
+corresponds to by referring to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to by referring to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to by referring to one of
+the view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphs. Here I have a sequence x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. Here I have a sequence x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. Here I have a sequence x of n
+which is a finite length. So it's non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a finite length. So it's non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a finite length. So it's non
+zero only in the region of the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero only in the region of the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero only in the region of the blue
+values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values.
+And to generate the shifted quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And to generate the shifted quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And to generate the shifted quote
+shifted version of X ofn, we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted version of X ofn, we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted version of X ofn, we first
+generated the periodic sequence X tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated the periodic sequence X tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated the periodic sequence X tilda
+of N. And so this is the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N. And so this is the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N. And so this is the periodic
+replica or equivalent of this finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replica or equivalent of this finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replica or equivalent of this finite
+length sequence. So we simply have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence. So we simply have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence. So we simply have this
+period repeated over here, repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period repeated over here, repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period repeated over here, repeated
+here, repeated there, etc. It was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, repeated there, etc. It was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, repeated there, etc. It was this
+sequence that we shift. So for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that we shift. So for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that we shift. So for example,
+if we shift it to the left by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we shift it to the left by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we shift it to the left by two
+values, we then have this periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, we then have this periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, we then have this periodic
+sequence shifted to the left by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence shifted to the left by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence shifted to the left by two
+values. But to recover to extract one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. But to recover to extract one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. But to recover to extract one
+period again in the range 0 to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period again in the range 0 to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period again in the range 0 to capital n
+minus one, we want to extract this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one, we want to extract this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one, we want to extract this
+period of this periodic sequence. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of this periodic sequence. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of this periodic sequence. That's
+what the function cap capital R sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function cap capital R sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function cap capital R sub
+capital N of N does for us. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N of N does for us. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N of N does for us. And the
+result then is this one period extracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result then is this one period extracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result then is this one period extracted
+and the rest of the sequence zero. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the sequence zero. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the sequence zero. Now
+we could of course when we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could of course when we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could of course when we go through
+this shifting carry ourselves through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shifting carry ourselves through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shifting carry ourselves through
+all of these steps, but there's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these steps, but there's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these steps, but there's a more
+straightforward way to look at how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way to look at how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way to look at how you
+get this sequence directly from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this sequence directly from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this sequence directly from this
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+You can see that we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can see that we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can see that we could have
+interpreted the change from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted the change from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted the change from here to
+here either by linearly shifting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here either by linearly shifting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here either by linearly shifting this
+sequence or by taking each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence or by taking each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence or by taking each one of the
+periods in this sequence and circularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods in this sequence and circularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods in this sequence and circularly
+shifting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting.
+as this shifts to the left, taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this shifts to the left, taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this shifts to the left, taking
+points as they drop out of this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points as they drop out of this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points as they drop out of this period
+and recirculating them around to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recirculating them around to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recirculating them around to the
+beginning of the period or to this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the period or to this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the period or to this side
+of the period. Well, you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the period. Well, you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the period. Well, you can see that
+that's in essence what we got here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in essence what we got here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in essence what we got here. And
+in fact, it's in essence what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, it's in essence what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, it's in essence what we get
+here. This corresponds not to a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This corresponds not to a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This corresponds not to a linear
+shift of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift of x
+ofn, but to a circular shift of x ofn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn, but to a circular shift of x ofn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn, but to a circular shift of x ofn.
+As we shift this sequence to the left by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As we shift this sequence to the left by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As we shift this sequence to the left by
+two values, instead of just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values, instead of just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values, instead of just simply
+having these points drop off the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these points drop off the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these points drop off the end of
+this period from 0 to n minus one, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period from 0 to n minus one, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period from 0 to n minus one, we
+wrap them around to the other side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap them around to the other side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap them around to the other side so
+that they come in over here instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they come in over here instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they come in over here instead of
+wrapping around there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping around there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping around there.
+Now, one way to look at this is to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, one way to look at this is to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, one way to look at this is to think
+of x of n again as we've been trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n again as we've been trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n again as we've been trying to
+do wrapped around the circumference of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do wrapped around the circumference of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do wrapped around the circumference of a
+cylinder. And what we've done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. And what we've done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. And what we've done in the
+kind of shift that we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of shift that we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of shift that we're talking about
+here is just simply rotated the cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just simply rotated the cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just simply rotated the cylinder
+by two points. Rather than the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two points. Rather than the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two points. Rather than the usual
+kind of linear shift where we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of linear shift where we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of linear shift where we have the
+sequence stretched out in a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence stretched out in a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence stretched out in a straight
+line and we shift the sequence linearly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and we shift the sequence linearly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and we shift the sequence linearly.
+Here we have a circular shift. Think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here we have a circular shift. Think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here we have a circular shift. Think of
+the sequence wrapped around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence wrapped around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence wrapped around the
+circumference of a cylinder and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference of a cylinder and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference of a cylinder and the
+cylinder just rotated by two points. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder just rotated by two points. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder just rotated by two points. So
+that the result is that the two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the result is that the two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the result is that the two points
+that are shifted out of this window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are shifted out of this window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are shifted out of this window
+between zero and n minus one get shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and n minus one get shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and n minus one get shifted
+in from the other side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the other side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the other side.
+Notationally a way to say that is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notationally a way to say that is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notationally a way to say that is as
+I've done here really what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done here really what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done here really what this
+expression corresponds to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression corresponds to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression corresponds to is
+that we started with x of n we form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started with x of n we form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started with x of n we form the
+periodic replica of that using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic replica of that using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic replica of that using the
+modular notation that we introduced at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular notation that we introduced at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular notation that we introduced at
+the beginning of the lecture shift that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the lecture shift that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the lecture shift that
+by two points and then extract a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two points and then extract a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two points and then extract a single
+period. So this is a long way well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. So this is a long way well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. So this is a long way well I
+guess it's really a short way of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's really a short way of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's really a short way of going
+through all these steps but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all these steps but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all these steps but it's the
+idea and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and not
+the mathematical formalism that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical formalism that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical formalism that's
+important. Think of this as a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Think of this as a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Think of this as a circular
+shift of this finite length sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift of this finite length sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift of this finite length sequence
+inside the interval 0 to capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the interval 0 to capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the interval 0 to capital n minus
+one. Okay. So this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. So this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. So this then
+is our shifting property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our shifting property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our shifting property.
+I've rewritten it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've rewritten it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've rewritten it
+in a slightly different way here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a slightly different way here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a slightly different way here
+corresponding to using the modular sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to using the modular sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to using the modular sort
+of notation that is the statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation that is the statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation that is the statement is
+that a circular shift of x ofn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a circular shift of x ofn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a circular shift of x ofn and
+that's what all this means is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what all this means is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what all this means is just
+simply a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a circular
+shift has as its discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift has as its discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift has as its discrete forier
+transform the original discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the original discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the original discrete forier
+transform multiplied by this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform multiplied by this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform multiplied by this complex
+exponential because of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential because of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential because of the fact that
+we've interpreted the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've interpreted the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've interpreted the discrete forier
+transform as a finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform as a finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform as a finite length
+sequence. We have again a duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. We have again a duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. We have again a duality
+between the time domain and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the time domain and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the time domain and the
+frequency domain. In particular, if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain. In particular, if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain. In particular, if we
+apply a circular shift to the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a circular shift to the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a circular shift to the discrete
+4A transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A transform
+values, the resulting finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, the resulting finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, the resulting finite length
+sequence is the original finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is the original finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is the original finite length
+sequence multiplied by a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence multiplied by a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence multiplied by a complex
+exponential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential.
+Well, the details of the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the details of the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the details of the algebra
+involved in working this out aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in working this out aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in working this out aren't
+important right now. You'll have plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right now. You'll have plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right now. You'll have plenty
+of opportunity to uh look at those at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opportunity to uh look at those at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opportunity to uh look at those at
+your leisure in the text, also to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leisure in the text, also to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leisure in the text, also to work
+some of this in the study guide. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this in the study guide. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this in the study guide. The
+important concept right now, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept right now, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept right now, the
+important thing to cement is the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to cement is the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to cement is the notion
+of a circular shift of a finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a circular shift of a finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a circular shift of a finite length
+sequence. and think of it as the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. and think of it as the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. and think of it as the finite
+length sequence as it shifts points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence as it shifts points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence as it shifts points that
+come outside the the interval 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come outside the the interval 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come outside the the interval 0 to
+capital n minus one wrap around and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one wrap around and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one wrap around and come
+in on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on the other
+side. Now we also have symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. Now we also have symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. Now we also have symmetry
+properties for the discrete 4a transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for the discrete 4a transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for the discrete 4a transform
+which are basically a consequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are basically a consequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are basically a consequence of the
+symmetry properties for the discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry properties for the discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry properties for the discrete 4A
+series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series.
+I remind you that for the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remind you that for the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remind you that for the discrete
+forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier
+series for a periodic sequence that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for a periodic sequence that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for a periodic sequence that's
+real, we had the symmetry property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real, we had the symmetry property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real, we had the symmetry property that
+said that the real part of the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the real part of the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the real part of the forier
+series coefficients are even. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients are even. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients are even. And we
+wrote that in a couple of ways. One of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote that in a couple of ways. One of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote that in a couple of ways. One of
+which was to state that x subar of k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to state that x subar of k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to state that x subar of k is
+equal to x subar of capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x subar of capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x subar of capital n minus
+k and the imaginary part of the 4a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and the imaginary part of the 4a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and the imaginary part of the 4a
+series coefficients are odd that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients are odd that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients are odd that is
+they're equal to minus x subi of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal to minus x subi of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal to minus x subi of capital
+n minus k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus k.
+Well, the discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the discrete 4A
+transform is the is one period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is the is one period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is the is one period of the
+discrete forier series and consequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier series and consequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier series and consequently
+this implies the same type of symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies the same type of symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies the same type of symmetry
+properties for the discrete 4A transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for the discrete 4A transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for the discrete 4A transform
+keeping in mind again that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping in mind again that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping in mind again that we want to
+relate these properties just to a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate these properties just to a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate these properties just to a single
+period.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period.
+So we have the discrete 4A transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have the discrete 4A transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have the discrete 4A transform
+again we'll assume that x of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll assume that x of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll assume that x of n is
+real and the statement then implied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and the statement then implied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and the statement then implied by
+simply extracting one period out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply extracting one period out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply extracting one period out of the
+discrete forier series is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier series is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier series is that the
+discrete real part of the discrete 4a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete real part of the discrete 4a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete real part of the discrete 4a
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+coefficients are equal to one period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are equal to one period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are equal to one period
+extracted out of the periodic sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted out of the periodic sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted out of the periodic sequence
+which is x subar of n minus k repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is x subar of n minus k repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is x subar of n minus k repeat
+repeated over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated over and over again
+periodically. That's what the modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically. That's what the modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically. That's what the modular
+notation did for us. One period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation did for us. One period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation did for us. One period
+extracted out of that. That's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted out of that. That's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted out of that. That's what this
+rectangular window does for us. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window does for us. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular window does for us. And we
+have a similar type of statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a similar type of statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a similar type of statement about
+the imaginary part. This is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part. This is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part. This is basically a
+statement that says that the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that says that the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that says that the real part
+is even if we interpret even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even if we interpret even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even if we interpret even
+correctly and the imaginary part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and the imaginary part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and the imaginary part is
+odd if we interpret odd correctly. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd if we interpret odd correctly. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd if we interpret odd correctly. And
+in particular, the interpretation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular, the interpretation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular, the interpretation is a
+little different than the way we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different than the way we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different than the way we've been
+talking about even and odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about even and odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about even and odd
+sequences. Well, to see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences. Well, to see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences. Well, to see what this
+expression means, it looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression means, it looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression means, it looks a little
+involved. that's got some modular things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved. that's got some modular things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved. that's got some modular things
+in it and multiplying by a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and multiplying by a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and multiplying by a rectangular
+window. But that's mainly notational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. But that's mainly notational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. But that's mainly notational
+formalism. And what these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism. And what these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism. And what these two
+expressions are saying are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions are saying are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions are saying are very
+straightforward. Let's look for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. Let's look for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. Let's look for example
+at what this implies for cap for k equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what this implies for cap for k equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what this implies for cap for k equal
+to zero or for k equal to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero or for k equal to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero or for k equal to 1.
+For k equal to zero, we have x subar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For k equal to zero, we have x subar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For k equal to zero, we have x subar of
+capital n modulo capital n. Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n modulo capital n. Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n modulo capital n. Or
+equivalently up here, we have capital x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently up here, we have capital x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently up here, we have capital x
+subar of 0 is x subar of n minus 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subar of 0 is x subar of n minus 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subar of 0 is x subar of n minus 0
+modulo capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo capital
+n times r subn of 0. Well, r subn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times r subn of 0. Well, r subn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times r subn of 0. Well, r subn of
+0 according to the way that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 according to the way that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 according to the way that we've
+defined this rectangular window is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined this rectangular window is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined this rectangular window is
+unity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity.
+And what is all this equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what is all this equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what is all this equal
+to? Well, it's capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to? Well, it's capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to? Well, it's capital n
+modulo capital n which is zero. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo capital n which is zero. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo capital n which is zero. In other
+words, this argument is zero. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, this argument is zero. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, this argument is zero. This
+simply is a trivial statement that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply is a trivial statement that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply is a trivial statement that says
+that x subarr of 0 is equal to x subarr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x subarr of 0 is equal to x subarr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x subarr of 0 is equal to x subarr
+of zero. And that really doesn't tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero. And that really doesn't tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero. And that really doesn't tell us
+too much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much.
+For k equal to 1 we had that x subar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For k equal to 1 we had that x subar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For k equal to 1 we had that x subar of
+1 is x subar of capital n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is x subar of capital n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is x subar of capital n minus one
+modulo capital n time r sub capital n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo capital n time r sub capital n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo capital n time r sub capital n of
+one. This again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. This again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. This again is
+unity. And since capital n minus one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity. And since capital n minus one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity. And since capital n minus one is
+in the range 0 to capital n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range 0 to capital n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range 0 to capital n minus one
+that taken modulo n is just simply x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that taken modulo n is just simply x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that taken modulo n is just simply x
+subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr
+of capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital n minus
+one. So what this says is x subar of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So what this says is x subar of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So what this says is x subar of 0
+is equal to x subar of 0. Says xubr is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to x subar of 0. Says xubr is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to x subar of 0. Says xubr is
+equal to x subar of n minus one. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x subar of n minus one. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x subar of n minus one. And if
+we repeated this we'd find x subar of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we repeated this we'd find x subar of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we repeated this we'd find x subar of 2
+equal to x subar of n minus2. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x subar of n minus2. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x subar of n minus2. And that's
+in the context of the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the discrete forier
+transform. What we mean by the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. What we mean by the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. What we mean by the forier
+transform being even. So as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform being even. So as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform being even. So as an example
+here we have what can correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have what can correspond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have what can correspond to a
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+part and we have x subar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and we have x subar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and we have x subar of
+k. We have x subar of one equal to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. We have x subar of one equal to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. We have x subar of one equal to x
+subar of capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subar of capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subar of capital n minus
+one. Well, that says that this value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Well, that says that this value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Well, that says that this value is
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+to that value. x subar of 2 equal to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that value. x subar of 2 equal to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that value. x subar of 2 equal to x
+subar of n minus 2. That says that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subar of n minus 2. That says that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subar of n minus 2. That says that this
+value is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is equal
+to that value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And likewise this value is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And likewise this value is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And likewise this value is equal to this
+one. This one is equal to that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. This one is equal to that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. This one is equal to that one
+etc. In a similar way we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. In a similar way we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. In a similar way we have a
+statement that tells us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that tells us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that tells us that the
+imaginary part is odd in exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part is odd in exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part is odd in exactly the
+same sense. In other words that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sense. In other words that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sense. In other words that there's
+a symmetry as we look at the odd at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetry as we look at the odd at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetry as we look at the odd at the
+imaginary part coming in from both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part coming in from both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part coming in from both sides
+of the sequence. Incidentally, I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence. Incidentally, I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence. Incidentally, I've
+indicated here by a dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here by a dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here by a dotted
+line what would correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line what would correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line what would correspond to the
+periodic extension of this set of DFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic extension of this set of DFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic extension of this set of DFT
+values. In other words, this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. In other words, this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. In other words, this would be
+this one repeated over again. And if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one repeated over again. And if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one repeated over again. And if we
+were thinking of the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking of the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking of the discrete forier
+series, this would just be periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series, this would just be periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series, this would just be periodic
+replicas. Although in fact the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicas. Although in fact the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicas. Although in fact the discrete
+forier transform since we've interpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform since we've interpreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform since we've interpreted
+it as a finite length sequence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a finite length sequence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a finite length sequence the
+discrete 4A transform would have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A transform would have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A transform would have zero
+values on both ends of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values on both ends of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values on both ends of this.
+All right. So the corresponding symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the corresponding symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the corresponding symmetry
+for the imaginary part says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the imaginary part says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the imaginary part says
+that if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we look
+at the imaginary part at n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the imaginary part at n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the imaginary part at n equals
+1 then that's equal to minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then that's equal to minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then that's equal to minus the
+imaginary part at capital n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part at capital n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part at capital n minus one.
+If we look at the imaginary part at n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we look at the imaginary part at n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we look at the imaginary part at n
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+2, then that's equal to minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2, then that's equal to minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2, then that's equal to minus the
+imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part
+at capital n minus 2. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at capital n minus 2. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at capital n minus 2. In other words,
+there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an
+anti-ymmetry as we look at the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-ymmetry as we look at the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-ymmetry as we look at the imaginary
+part coming in from both ends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part coming in from both ends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part coming in from both ends of the
+period. So that's the kind of evenness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. So that's the kind of evenness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. So that's the kind of evenness
+and oddness that we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oddness that we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oddness that we're talking about
+when we talk about the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about the symmetry
+properties for the discrete 4a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for the discrete 4a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for the discrete 4a
+transform. In other words, it's an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. In other words, it's an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. In other words, it's an even
+function in the sense that as we come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the sense that as we come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the sense that as we come in
+from the two ends, we see a symmetry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the two ends, we see a symmetry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the two ends, we see a symmetry.
+The real part is even. The imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The real part is even. The imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The real part is even. The imaginary
+part is odd in the sense that we see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is odd in the sense that we see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is odd in the sense that we see an
+anti-ymmetry as we come in from the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-ymmetry as we come in from the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-ymmetry as we come in from the two
+ends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period.
+Okay, that is just a simple introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that is just a simple introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that is just a simple introduction
+to the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the symmetry
+properties. We have also as we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. We have also as we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. We have also as we've talked
+about in with our other transforms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in with our other transforms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in with our other transforms the
+convolution property and the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution property and the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution property and the convolution
+property relates very heavily to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property relates very heavily to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property relates very heavily to
+the type of convolution that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of convolution that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of convolution that we were
+talking about for the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about for the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about for the discrete forier
+series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series.
+What we want to ask is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we want to ask is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we want to ask is what is the
+sequence finite length sequence x3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence finite length sequence x3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence finite length sequence x3 of
+n whose discrete forier transform is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n whose discrete forier transform is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n whose discrete forier transform is the
+product of the discrete forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the discrete forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the discrete forier transform
+of x1 of n and the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x1 of n and the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x1 of n and the discrete forier
+transform of x2 of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of x2 of n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of x2 of n.
+Well, we know what the sequence is, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we know what the sequence is, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we know what the sequence is, the
+periodic sequence is whose discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence is whose discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence is whose discrete
+forier series is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series is the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series is the product of the
+discrete 4A series of the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A series of the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A series of the periodic
+equivalent of x1 of n and the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of x1 of n and the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of x1 of n and the periodic
+equivalent of x2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of x2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of x2 of
+n. And this sequence must just simply be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. And this sequence must just simply be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. And this sequence must just simply be
+one period extracted from x3 tilda of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period extracted from x3 tilda of n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period extracted from x3 tilda of n.
+In other words, x3 of n is equal to x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, x3 of n is equal to x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, x3 of n is equal to x3
+tilda of n multiplied by a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of n multiplied by a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of n multiplied by a rectangular
+sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence.
+Well, we know how to form from the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we know how to form from the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we know how to form from the last
+lecture the convolution that corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the convolution that corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the convolution that corresponds
+to multiplying the discrete 4a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiplying the discrete 4a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiplying the discrete 4a series
+together. And that convolution were was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And that convolution were was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And that convolution were was
+the periodic sequences x1 tilda of m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic sequences x1 tilda of m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic sequences x1 tilda of m and
+x2 tilda of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 tilda of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 tilda of n minus
+m summed over one period that is from m=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m summed over one period that is from m=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m summed over one period that is from m=
+z to capital n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z to capital n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z to capital n minus one.
+Well, the finite length sequence x3 of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the finite length sequence x3 of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the finite length sequence x3 of n
+that corresponds to the product of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to the product of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to the product of these
+two discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two discrete forier
+transforms corresponds then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms corresponds then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms corresponds then to
+extracting a single period from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting a single period from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting a single period from this
+periodic sequence. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence. In other words,
+multiplying this by r sub capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this by r sub capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this by r sub capital
+n of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this then is the kind of convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this then is the kind of convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this then is the kind of convolution
+that results from multiplying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results from multiplying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results from multiplying the
+discrete forier transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier transforms
+together. Or we could write this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Or we could write this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Or we could write this in a
+different way. We can express this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way. We can express this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way. We can express this
+periodic sequence using our modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence using our modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence using our modular
+notation in terms of x1 of m as x1 of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in terms of x1 of m as x1 of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in terms of x1 of m as x1 of m
+taken modulo capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken modulo capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken modulo capital
+n. And this periodic sequence is x2 of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. And this periodic sequence is x2 of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. And this periodic sequence is x2 of n
+minus m. That argument taken modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m. That argument taken modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m. That argument taken modulo
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+n. Well, we can take one additional step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Well, we can take one additional step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Well, we can take one additional step
+here which may or may not be useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which may or may not be useful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which may or may not be useful.
+Observe that we only use values of m in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observe that we only use values of m in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observe that we only use values of m in
+this expression in the interval from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression in the interval from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression in the interval from
+zero to capital n minus one. So in fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to capital n minus one. So in fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to capital n minus one. So in fact,
+although this is a periodic sequence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this is a periodic sequence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this is a periodic sequence,
+we're only using one period of it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only using one period of it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only using one period of it. So
+this piece is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece is
+equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently
+x1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 of
+m. And what is this? Well, think back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. And what is this? Well, think back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. And what is this? Well, think back to
+the kind of circular shifting that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of circular shifting that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of circular shifting that we
+were talking about doing with finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about doing with finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about doing with finite
+length sequences. What this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequences. What this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequences. What this basically
+corresponds to doing is applying not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to doing is applying not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to doing is applying not a
+linear shift to x2 of n but a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift to x2 of n but a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift to x2 of n but a circular
+shift flipping x2 and applying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift flipping x2 and applying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift flipping x2 and applying a
+circular shift to x2 of n. And then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular shift to x2 of n. And then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular shift to x2 of n. And then of
+course this is just in here to allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is just in here to allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is just in here to allow us
+to extract a single period.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract a single period.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract a single period.
+This then corresponds to what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This then corresponds to what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This then corresponds to what we'll
+refer to as a circular convolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as a circular convolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as a circular convolution of
+this sequence or rather the sequence x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence or rather the sequence x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence or rather the sequence x1
+of m n and the finite length sequence x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m n and the finite length sequence x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m n and the finite length sequence x2
+of n. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n. It's a
+circular convolution and notationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular convolution and notationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular convolution and notationally
+we'll denote that as x1 of n circularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll denote that as x1 of n circularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll denote that as x1 of n circularly
+convolved keeping track of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved keeping track of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved keeping track of what the
+circumference of this cylinder is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference of this cylinder is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference of this cylinder is that
+we're wrapping the finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're wrapping the finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're wrapping the finite length
+sequences around circularly convolved an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences around circularly convolved an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences around circularly convolved an
+endpoint circular convolution with x2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint circular convolution with x2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint circular convolution with x2 of
+n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+Now, I wouldn't expect at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I wouldn't expect at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I wouldn't expect at this point
+that what this circular convolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what this circular convolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what this circular convolution is
+in detail, I wouldn't expect that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail, I wouldn't expect that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail, I wouldn't expect that to be
+very clear. We have some modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear. We have some modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear. We have some modular
+notation in there and we're multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in there and we're multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in there and we're multiplying
+by this and there was some periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this and there was some periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this and there was some periodic
+something somewhere and where did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something somewhere and where did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something somewhere and where did we
+extract the period?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the period?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the period?
+A lot of our attention at this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of our attention at this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of our attention at this point and
+in fact through most of the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact through most of the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact through most of the next lecture
+is going to be focused on interpreting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be focused on interpreting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be focused on interpreting
+and getting a feeling for what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting a feeling for what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting a feeling for what the
+circular convolution means. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular convolution means. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular convolution means. There are
+lots of pictures that I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of pictures that I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of pictures that I'll try to
+suggest to help in forming an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest to help in forming an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest to help in forming an idea of
+circular convolution. Let me just offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular convolution. Let me just offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular convolution. Let me just offer
+one now and show you a simple example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now and show you a simple example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now and show you a simple example of
+con circular convolution with the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con circular convolution with the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con circular convolution with the notion
+that in the next lecture we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the next lecture we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the next lecture we'll be
+focusing almost entirely on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing almost entirely on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing almost entirely on what
+circular convolution means in relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular convolution means in relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular convolution means in relation
+to linear convolution etc. But look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to linear convolution etc. But look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to linear convolution etc. But look
+here's what this means. First of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what this means. First of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what this means. First of all
+linear convolution what do we do? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear convolution what do we do? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear convolution what do we do? We
+have two sequences. They're laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two sequences. They're laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two sequences. They're laid out
+flat. We do a linear convolution by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat. We do a linear convolution by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat. We do a linear convolution by
+flipping one of the sequences and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping one of the sequences and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping one of the sequences and then
+shifting the two sequences linearly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting the two sequences linearly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting the two sequences linearly with
+relation to each other, multiplying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to each other, multiplying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to each other, multiplying and
+adding up the values from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up the values from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up the values from minus infinity
+to plus infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus infinity.
+The circular convolution basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The circular convolution basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The circular convolution basically
+corresponds to wrapping one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to wrapping one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to wrapping one of the
+sequences around the circumference of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences around the circumference of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences around the circumference of a
+cylinder, taking the other sequence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder, taking the other sequence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder, taking the other sequence,
+flipping it, wrapping that around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping it, wrapping that around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping it, wrapping that around the
+circumference of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference of another
+cylinder, putting the two cylinders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder, putting the two cylinders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder, putting the two cylinders
+inside each other, and then the shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside each other, and then the shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside each other, and then the shifting
+as we change the value of n can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we change the value of n can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we change the value of n can be
+thought of as rotating one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as rotating one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as rotating one of the
+cylinders inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders inside the
+multiplying the the sequence values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the the sequence values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the the sequence values
+together and then adding those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then adding those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then adding those that
+product around the cylinder. That is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product around the cylinder. That is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product around the cylinder. That is
+adding from m=0 to capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding from m=0 to capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding from m=0 to capital n minus
+one. And what this thing does basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And what this thing does basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And what this thing does basically
+since it extracts one period of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it extracts one period of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it extracts one period of a
+periodic sequence, it corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence, it corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence, it corresponds
+essentially to just simply cutting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to just simply cutting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to just simply cutting the
+cylinder and laying the answer out flat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder and laying the answer out flat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder and laying the answer out flat.
+Again, that's the notion of circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, that's the notion of circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, that's the notion of circular
+convolution. and it results from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. and it results from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. and it results from the
+fact that we're thinking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we're thinking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we're thinking of the
+arguments in the convolution taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments in the convolution taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments in the convolution taken
+modulo capital n. Well, let's just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo capital n. Well, let's just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo capital n. Well, let's just look
+at a simple example with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a simple example with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a simple example with the with the
+idea that as we go on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that as we go on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that as we go on to the next
+lecture, we'll be concentrating some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, we'll be concentrating some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, we'll be concentrating some
+more on the interpretation of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the interpretation of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the interpretation of what
+circular convolution means.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Here we have a sequence x1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Here we have a sequence x1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Here we have a sequence x1 of
+m. Remember that in the circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. Remember that in the circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. Remember that in the circular
+convolution, we're summing over an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution, we're summing over an index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution, we're summing over an index
+m. So here we have x1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. So here we have x1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. So here we have x1 of
+m. Here we have x2 of m. And what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. Here we have x2 of m. And what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. Here we have x2 of m. And what we
+want to form is x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to form is x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to form is x2
+of n minus m taken modulo capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus m taken modulo capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus m taken modulo capital
+n. So first of all here we have x2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So first of all here we have x2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So first of all here we have x2 of
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+m take modulo capital n and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m take modulo capital n and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m take modulo capital n and what that
+corresponds to is flipping x2 of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to is flipping x2 of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to is flipping x2 of m
+flipping it over and then repeating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping it over and then repeating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping it over and then repeating it
+periodically and the periodic replicas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically and the periodic replicas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically and the periodic replicas
+I've designated here with dashed lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've designated here with dashed lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've designated here with dashed lines
+so that we focus completely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we focus completely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we focus completely on the
+interval zero to capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval zero to capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval zero to capital n minus
+one. So in fact, notice that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So in fact, notice that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So in fact, notice that we could
+have thought of flipping this modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought of flipping this modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought of flipping this modulo
+capital n by first flipping it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n by first flipping it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n by first flipping it and then
+taking the values over here and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the values over here and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the values over here and just
+simply replacing them on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply replacing them on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply replacing them on the right hand
+side. In other words, it's these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. In other words, it's these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. In other words, it's these values
+that ended up over here. When we flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ended up over here. When we flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ended up over here. When we flip
+this sequence, of course, the value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence, of course, the value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence, of course, the value at
+zero stays where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero stays where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero stays where it
+is, and the rest of those values end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, and the rest of those values end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, and the rest of those values end up
+again in the range 0 to capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the range 0 to capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the range 0 to capital n minus
+one, but flipped over.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, but flipped over.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, but flipped over.
+If we shift this periodic sequence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we shift this periodic sequence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we shift this periodic sequence by
+one value to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one value to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one value to the
+left, then what we have is the se uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left, then what we have is the se uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left, then what we have is the se uh
+sorry, shift it by one value to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, shift it by one value to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, shift it by one value to the
+right. Then we end up with this periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Then we end up with this periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Then we end up with this periodic
+sequence. Again, concentrate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. Again, concentrate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. Again, concentrate on the
+range 0 to capital n minus one. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range 0 to capital n minus one. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range 0 to capital n minus one. And you
+can see that that is a circular shift of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that that is a circular shift of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that that is a circular shift of
+one point of one period of this periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point of one period of this periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point of one period of this periodic
+sequence. In other words, we if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. In other words, we if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. In other words, we if you
+circularly shift this to the right, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly shift this to the right, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly shift this to the right, that
+point comes back in on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point comes back in on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point comes back in on the other
+side. Here is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. Here is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. Here is the same thing
+shifted again another point. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted again another point. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted again another point. So we can
+think of having taken this one period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of having taken this one period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of having taken this one period
+shifting it to the right and this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting it to the right and this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting it to the right and this point
+comes back in again on the other side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back in again on the other side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back in again on the other side.
+Of course the way we're really getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course the way we're really getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course the way we're really getting
+it is it or another way to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it or another way to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it or another way to think of it
+is it's the corresponding value from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the corresponding value from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the corresponding value from the
+next period over that gets shifted in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next period over that gets shifted in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next period over that gets shifted in.
+But I'd prefer now that you begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'd prefer now that you begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'd prefer now that you begin
+thinking of it as a circular shift of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of it as a circular shift of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of it as a circular shift of
+just that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that one
+period. So you can see that as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. So you can see that as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. So you can see that as we
+continue changing the value of n then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue changing the value of n then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue changing the value of n then
+this one period gets circularly shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one period gets circularly shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one period gets circularly shifted
+this value will end up over here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value will end up over here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value will end up over here then
+this value will end up over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value will end up over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value will end up over here
+etc. Well, if we carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Well, if we carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Well, if we carry out the
+convolution of x1 of m and x2 of m, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of x1 of m and x2 of m, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of x1 of m and x2 of m, for
+example, for little n equals 1, we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, for little n equals 1, we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, for little n equals 1, we take
+this, multiply it by that, and sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, multiply it by that, and sum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, multiply it by that, and sum up
+the values in the range zero to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values in the range zero to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values in the range zero to capital
+n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus
+one. Similarly, for little n= 2, we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Similarly, for little n= 2, we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Similarly, for little n= 2, we take
+this and multiply it by that. Sum up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and multiply it by that. Sum up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and multiply it by that. Sum up the
+values in the product in the range zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the product in the range zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the product in the range zero
+to capital n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital n minus one.
+One thing that you should be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One thing that you should be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One thing that you should be able to see
+in this example is that the answer will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example is that the answer will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example is that the answer will
+look quite a bit different than a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look quite a bit different than a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look quite a bit different than a linear
+convolution of these two because in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of these two because in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of these two because in fact
+notice that we're multiplying always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we're multiplying always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we're multiplying always
+by let's call this amplitude one. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by let's call this amplitude one. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by let's call this amplitude one. We're
+multiplying always by one. And no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying always by one. And no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying always by one. And no matter
+how we circularly shifted this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we circularly shifted this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we circularly shifted this one
+period, each value would still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period, each value would still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period, each value would still get
+multiplied by the same amount. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the same amount. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the same amount. And
+consequently, the resulting values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently, the resulting values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently, the resulting values in
+the convolution will be the sum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution will be the sum of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution will be the sum of these
+values no matter how much circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values no matter how much circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values no matter how much circular
+shifting that we do. So that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting that we do. So that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting that we do. So that for this
+particular example, the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example, the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example, the convolution
+comes out to look like this. that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to look like this. that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to look like this. that is the
+values in the convolution are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the convolution are constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the convolution are constant
+over the range zero to capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the range zero to capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the range zero to capital n minus
+one. Then of course we had this either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Then of course we had this either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Then of course we had this either
+cutting the cylinder if you want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the cylinder if you want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the cylinder if you want to look
+at it that way or multiplying by r sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it that way or multiplying by r sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it that way or multiplying by r sub
+capital n of n and consequently we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n of n and consequently we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n of n and consequently we get
+zero outside that range. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside that range. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside that range. All right.
+Well, what I would hope at this point, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what I would hope at this point, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what I would hope at this point, I
+would I would certainly expect that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would certainly expect that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would certainly expect that the
+idea of circular convolution isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of circular convolution isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of circular convolution isn't
+totally clear. I would expect that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally clear. I would expect that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally clear. I would expect that a
+little bit of the notion is coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the notion is coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the notion is coming out
+of the haze. That is the notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the haze. That is the notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the haze. That is the notion that
+things are being shifted circularly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are being shifted circularly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are being shifted circularly to
+implement the convolution. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the convolution. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the convolution. That's the
+kind of idea that I would hope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of idea that I would hope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of idea that I would hope is
+becoming somewhat clear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming somewhat clear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming somewhat clear.
+And in the next lecture, what I intend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the next lecture, what I intend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the next lecture, what I intend
+to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on
+entirely is the additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely is the additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely is the additional
+interpretation of circular convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of circular convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of circular convolution
+with the hope that that by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hope that that by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hope that that by the end of
+the next lecture, the notions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture, the notions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture, the notions of the
+circular shifting and the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular shifting and the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular shifting and the difference
+between circular convolution and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between circular convolution and linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between circular convolution and linear
+convolution will be clear. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seO7-TwXH_I.txt b/seO7-TwXH_I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eae18f95ce8c68708303b8493e1455777355775c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seO7-TwXH_I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. Okay. Um the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. Okay. Um the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. Okay. Um the other thing
+is so the last lecture before the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the last lecture before the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the last lecture before the break
+ended a bit abruptly because I ran out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended a bit abruptly because I ran out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended a bit abruptly because I ran out
+of time. So just to summarize what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time. So just to summarize what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time. So just to summarize what the
+main point was I mean probably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point was I mean probably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point was I mean probably you
+figured this out you know if you looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured this out you know if you looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured this out you know if you looked
+at the notes uh it's not that important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the notes uh it's not that important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the notes uh it's not that important
+but anyway just wanted to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway just wanted to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway just wanted to remind you
+that you know just to clarify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know just to clarify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know just to clarify what
+happened at the end we got the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at the end we got the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at the end we got the diffusion
+equation from two bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from two bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from two bits of
+information.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information.
+So we I mean the unknown in this partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we I mean the unknown in this partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we I mean the unknown in this partial
+differential equation is a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is a function that
+we call u that corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call u that corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call u that corresponds to the
+concentration of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of some
+substance. And we used a vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance. And we used a vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance. And we used a vector field
+that represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents the
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+of whatever the substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever the substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever the substance
+is whose diffusion we're studying.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And well so we got two bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And well so we got two bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And well so we got two bits of
+information. One one that came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. One one that came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. One one that came from
+physics that said that the flow goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that said that the flow goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that said that the flow goes
+from high concentration to small to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high concentration to small to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high concentration to small to
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+concentration and that told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and that told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and that told us
+that the flow is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flow is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flow is proportional to
+negative gradient of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative gradient of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative gradient of a
+concentration. And the second piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. And the second piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. And the second piece of
+information that we got was from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we got was from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we got was from the
+divergence theorem and that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence theorem and that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence theorem and that's the one
+which I spent time trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I spent time trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I spent time trying to
+explain and that one told us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain and that one told us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain and that one told us that the
+divergence of f is actually negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of f is actually negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of f is actually negative
+partial u over partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial u over partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial u over partial
+t. So when you combine these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. So when you combine these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. So when you combine these two
+relations together that's how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations together that's how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations together that's how you get
+the diffusion equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I should say this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I should say this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I should say this is not the
+statement of the divergence theorem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the divergence theorem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the divergence theorem but
+this is something that we derived from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that we derived from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that we derived from
+it with quite a few steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with quite a few steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with quite a few steps
+involved. And so what we got out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved. And so what we got out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved. And so what we got out of that
+is the diffusion equation because we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the diffusion equation because we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the diffusion equation because we end
+up getting that partial u partial t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting that partial u partial t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting that partial u partial t is
+minus div f which is therefore positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus div f which is therefore positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus div f which is therefore positive
+k * divergence of grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k * divergence of grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k * divergence of grad
+u which is what we denoted by del square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u which is what we denoted by del square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u which is what we denoted by del square
+u the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the
+llassium. So that's how we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llassium. So that's how we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llassium. So that's how we got the
+diffusion equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Anyway,
+um I let you, you know, have a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I let you, you know, have a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I let you, you know, have a look at
+the notes that were handed out in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes that were handed out in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes that were handed out in case
+you really want to see more. I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to see more. I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to see more. I just
+wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+to give the missing part of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the missing part of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the missing part of the last
+lecture. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. Okay.
+So let me just switch gears completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me just switch gears completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me just switch gears completely
+and switch to today's topic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and switch to today's topic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and switch to today's topic which is
+actually line integrals and work in 3D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually line integrals and work in 3D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually line integrals and work in 3D.
+So that's going to look a lot like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's going to look a lot like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's going to look a lot like what
+we did in the plane except of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in the plane except of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in the plane except of course
+there's a zcoordinate but you'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a zcoordinate but you'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a zcoordinate but you'll see it
+doesn't change things much when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change things much when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change things much when it comes
+to computing a line integral. It changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to computing a line integral. It changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to computing a line integral. It changes
+things quite a bit however when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things quite a bit however when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things quite a bit however when it comes
+to testing whether a field is a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to testing whether a field is a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to testing whether a field is a gradient
+field. So that's where we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. So that's where we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. So that's where we have to be
+more careful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more careful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more careful.
+So okay, let's start right away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So okay, let's start right away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So okay, let's start right away with
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+integrals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space. So let's say that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So let's say that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So let's say that we have a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field F with components say P, Q and R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we should think of it maybe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we should think of it maybe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we should think of it maybe as
+representing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a
+force. And let's say that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. And let's say that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. And let's say that we have a
+curve C in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space. Then the work done by the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Then the work done by the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Then the work done by the field
+will be the line integral along C of FD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the line integral along C of FD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the line integral along C of FD
+dr. Okay. So that's a familiar formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr. Okay. So that's a familiar formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr. Okay. So that's a familiar formula
+and what we do with that formula is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do with that formula is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do with that formula is also
+familiar except now of course we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar except now of course we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar except now of course we have a
+Zcoordinate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zcoordinate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zcoordinate.
+So we're going to think of vector dr as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to think of vector dr as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to think of vector dr as
+a space vector with components dx, dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space vector with components dx, dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space vector with components dx, dy
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+dz. So when we do the dotproduct of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz. So when we do the dotproduct of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz. So when we do the dotproduct of f
+with dr that will tell us that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dr that will tell us that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dr that will tell us that we have
+to integrate p dx plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate p dx plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate p dx plus
+qdy plus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qdy plus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qdy plus r
+dz. Okay, but it's still a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz. Okay, but it's still a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz. Okay, but it's still a line
+integral. So it's still going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So it's still going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So it's still going to turn
+into a simple integral, a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a simple integral, a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a simple integral, a single
+integral when you plug in the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral when you plug in the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral when you plug in the correct
+values. So the method will be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. So the method will be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. So the method will be exactly
+the same as in the plane. Namely, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as in the plane. Namely, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as in the plane. Namely, we'll
+find some way to parameterize our curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some way to parameterize our curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some way to parameterize our curve.
+Express XYZ in terms of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express XYZ in terms of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express XYZ in terms of a single
+variable and then we'll integrate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then we'll integrate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then we'll integrate with
+respect to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the way that we
+evaluate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate is
+by parameterizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and
+express X Y Z DX DY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express X Y Z DX DY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express X Y Z DX DY
+DZ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ in
+terms of a parameter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so let's do an example just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's do an example just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's do an example just to
+convince you that you actually know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you that you actually know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you that you actually know how
+to do this or at least you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this or at least you should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this or at least you should know
+how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do
+this. So let's say that I give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So let's say that I give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So let's say that I give you the
+vector field with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field with
+components yz, xz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xy. And let's say that we have a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy. And let's say that we have a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy. And let's say that we have a curve
+given by x = t cub, y = t ^2, z =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by x = t cub, y = t ^2, z =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by x = t cub, y = t ^2, z =
+t for t going from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1. Okay. So the way we will set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Okay. So the way we will set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Okay. So the way we will set
+up the line integral for the work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the line integral for the work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the line integral for the work done
+will be well sorry. Okay, so before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be well sorry. Okay, so before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be well sorry. Okay, so before we
+actually set up the line integral, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually set up the line integral, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually set up the line integral, we
+need to know how we will express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how we will express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how we will express
+everything in terms of t and dt. So x, y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of t and dt. So x, y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of t and dt. So x, y
+and z in terms of t are given here. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z in terms of t are given here. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z in terms of t are given here. We
+just need to do also dx, dy and dz.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to do also dx, dy and dz.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to do also dx, dy and dz.
+Well, by differentiating you get dx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, by differentiating you get dx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, by differentiating you get dx is
+3t ^2 dt. That's the derivative of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3t ^2 dt. That's the derivative of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3t ^2 dt. That's the derivative of t
+cubed. dy will be 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. dy will be 2t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. dy will be 2t
+dt and dz will just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt and dz will just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt and dz will just be
+dt. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt. Okay.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we'll evaluate the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll evaluate the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll evaluate the line
+integral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for
+work. Well, that will be the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Well, that will be the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Well, that will be the integral of
+y zz dx plus xz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y zz dx plus xz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y zz dx plus xz
+dy plus xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy plus xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy plus xy
+dz which will become so y z is t cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz which will become so y z is t cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz which will become so y z is t cubed
+* dx is 3t ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* dx is 3t ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* dx is 3t ^2
+dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+plus xz is t 4 time dy is 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus xz is t 4 time dy is 2t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus xz is t 4 time dy is 2t
+dt plus xy is t 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt plus xy is t 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt plus xy is t 5
+dt okay so that just becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt okay so that just becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt okay so that just becomes the
+integral from well I guess t goes from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from well I guess t goes from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from well I guess t goes from 0
+to 1 actually and we are integrating 3 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 actually and we are integrating 3 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 actually and we are integrating 3 +
+2 + 1 that's 6 t 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 1 that's 6 t 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 1 that's 6 t 5
+dt which I'm sure you know integrates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt which I'm sure you know integrates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt which I'm sure you know integrates to
+t 6 so we'll just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t 6 so we'll just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t 6 so we'll just get
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so it's the same method as usual. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the same method as usual. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the same method as usual. And if
+you're being given a a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being given a a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being given a a geometric
+description of a curve, then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a curve, then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a curve, then of course
+you have to decide for yourself what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to decide for yourself what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to decide for yourself what the
+best parameter will be. It might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best parameter will be. It might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best parameter will be. It might be some
+time parameter t like here it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time parameter t like here it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time parameter t like here it might be
+one of the coordinates. Actually here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the coordinates. Actually here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the coordinates. Actually here we
+could have used z as our parameter,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have used z as our parameter,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have used z as our parameter,
+right? Because in fact this curve is x=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because in fact this curve is x=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because in fact this curve is x=
+z cubed and y = z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z cubed and y = z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z cubed and y = z
+^2. And we could also have used maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. And we could also have used maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. And we could also have used maybe
+some angle. Well, not here, but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some angle. Well, not here, but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some angle. Well, not here, but if we
+had been moving say on a circle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been moving say on a circle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been moving say on a circle or
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+that. Okay, any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far?
+No. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+well because you know we can do a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because you know we can do a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because you know we can do a bit
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+practice. Let's do another one where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. Let's do another one where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. Let's do another one where we
+do the same vector field L F L F L F L F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same vector field L F L F L F L F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same vector field L F L F L F L F
+L F L F L F L F L F L F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L F L F L F L F L F L F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L F L F L F L F L F L F
+L but our curve C will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but our curve C will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but our curve C will be
+going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+to the point 1 0 0 along the X axis. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point 1 0 0 along the X axis. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point 1 0 0 along the X axis. So
+let's call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that
+C1. then to 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1. then to 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1. then to 1 1
+0. Let's call that C2 by moving parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. Let's call that C2 by moving parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. Let's call that C2 by moving parallel
+to the Y-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis. And then up to 111 parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis. And then up to 111 parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis. And then up to 111 parallel to the
+Z-axis. Let's call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z-axis. Let's call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z-axis. Let's call that
+C3. Okay. Um I'm sure that some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3. Okay. Um I'm sure that some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3. Okay. Um I'm sure that some of you
+at least are suspecting what I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least are suspecting what I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least are suspecting what I'm getting
+at here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at here,
+but let's not spoil it for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's not spoil it for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's not spoil it for those who
+don't see it yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see it yet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see it yet.
+Okay, so if we want to compute the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so if we want to compute the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so if we want to compute the line
+integral along this guy, this guy, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along this guy, this guy, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along this guy, this guy, then
+we have to actually break it into a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to actually break it into a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to actually break it into a sum
+of three terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three terms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three terms.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so well actually maybe I should call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well actually maybe I should call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well actually maybe I should call
+that C prime, not C because it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C prime, not C because it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C prime, not C because it's not the
+same C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same C
+anymore. So I want to do the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. So I want to do the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. So I want to do the sum of the
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals along C1, C2, and C3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And well if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And well if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And well if I look at
+C1 or at C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually so C1 and C2 take place inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so C1 and C2 take place inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so C1 and C2 take place inside
+the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. So in
+fact you know that Z will be zero and DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know that Z will be zero and DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know that Z will be zero and DZ
+will also be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be zero.
+on both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both of
+these. And if you just look at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. And if you just look at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. And if you just look at you know
+the formula for line integral integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for line integral integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for line integral integral
+of y z dx plus xz dy plus xy dz well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y z dx plus xz dy plus xy dz well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y z dx plus xz dy plus xy dz well it
+looks like if you plug z equals 0 and dz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like if you plug z equals 0 and dz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like if you plug z equals 0 and dz
+equals z you'll just get zero. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z you'll just get zero. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z you'll just get zero. So these
+are actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast. Well, not sure if I Well, okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. Well, not sure if I Well, okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. Well, not sure if I Well, okay,
+let me write it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But right, so this is going to be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But right, so this is going to be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But right, so this is going to be zero.
+This is going to be zero. This is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to be zero. This is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to be zero. This is going
+to be zero. And we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero. And we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero. And we'll get
+zero. Okay. Now, if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C3, well, there we might have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3, well, there we might have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3, well, there we might have to
+actually do a calculation, but it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a calculation, but it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a calculation, but it won't
+be all that bad. So, C3, well, X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all that bad. So, C3, well, X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all that bad. So, C3, well, X and Y
+are both equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both equal to
+one. And of course, because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And of course, because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And of course, because they're
+constant, that means DX is zero, dy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant, that means DX is zero, dy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant, that means DX is zero, dy is
+zero, and on the other hand, Z varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, and on the other hand, Z varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, and on the other hand, Z varies
+from 0 to one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if I look at the line integral on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C3, well, so the first two terms yZ DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3, well, so the first two terms yZ DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3, well, so the first two terms yZ DX
+and XZ DY go away because DX and DY are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and XZ DY go away because DX and DY are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and XZ DY go away because DX and DY are
+zero. So I'm just left with XY DZ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So I'm just left with XY DZ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So I'm just left with XY DZ.
+But because x and y are one, that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But because x and y are one, that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But because x and y are one, that's just
+the integral of dz from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of dz from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of dz from 0 to
+one. And that will just end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And that will just end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And that will just end up being
+one. Okay. So if I add these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. So if I add these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. So if I add these numbers
+together, 0 + 0 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1, I get one again. And of course, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1, I get one again. And of course, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1, I get one again. And of course, it's
+not a coincidence because this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a coincidence because this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a coincidence because this vector
+field actually is a gradient field. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field actually is a gradient field. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field actually is a gradient field. I'm
+sure some of you have already figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure some of you have already figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure some of you have already figured
+out what it's the gradient of otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it's the gradient of otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it's the gradient of otherwise
+we'll figure it out together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure it out together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure it out together.
+Um, and so that's why actually we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so that's why actually we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so that's why actually we get
+the same answer for these two paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer for these two paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer for these two paths
+going both from the origin to one one. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going both from the origin to one one. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going both from the origin to one one. I
+mean maybe I should point out to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe I should point out to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe I should point out to make it
+clearer. If you plug t equals 0 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer. If you plug t equals 0 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer. If you plug t equals 0 in the
+path up there you'll get 0 0. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path up there you'll get 0 0. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path up there you'll get 0 0. If you
+plug t equals 1 you'll get 1 one. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact, this vector field f that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, this vector field f that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, this vector field f that we have
+here happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conservative. And if you plot the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative. And if you plot the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative. And if you plot the two
+curves together, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, I'm not really sure if I know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I'm not really sure if I know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I'm not really sure if I know how
+to plot this correctly, but I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot this correctly, but I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot this correctly, but I believe
+that, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know,
+somehow, well, it's not exactly how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow, well, it's not exactly how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow, well, it's not exactly how it
+looks. Something okay, whatever. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks. Something okay, whatever. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks. Something okay, whatever. So, the
+first curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first curve
+C goes from the origin to this point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C goes from the origin to this point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C goes from the origin to this point,
+and so does C prime, just in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so does C prime, just in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so does C prime, just in a slightly
+more roundabout way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you know they both go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know they both go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know they both go from the
+origin to 11 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to 11 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to 11 one
+one. So it's not a surprise that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it's not a surprise that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it's not a surprise that you'll
+get the same answer for both line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals. And how do we see that? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. And how do we see that? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. And how do we see that? Well,
+actually here it's not very hard to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here it's not very hard to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here it's not very hard to find
+a function whose gradient is this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field. Namely, well, the gradient of XYZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Namely, well, the gradient of XYZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Namely, well, the gradient of XYZ
+looks like it should be exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it should be exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it should be exactly what we
+want, right? If you take partial of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want, right? If you take partial of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want, right? If you take partial of this
+with respect to x, you'll get yz then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x, you'll get yz then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x, you'll get yz then
+with respect to yxz and with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to yxz and with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to yxz and with respect to
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xy. And so in fact what was the easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy. And so in fact what was the easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy. And so in fact what was the easier
+way to compute these line integrals?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to compute these line integrals?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to compute these line integrals?
+Well that was to use the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well that was to use the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well that was to use the fundamental
+theorem of calculus. We didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus. We didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus. We didn't actually
+you know once we have this remark we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know once we have this remark we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know once we have this remark we
+don't need to compute these line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to compute these line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to compute these line
+integrals anymore. We can just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals anymore. We can just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals anymore. We can just use the
+fundamental theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we know
+this the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem well of calculus for line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem well of calculus for line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem well of calculus for line
+integrals blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals blah blah
+blah 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals. So that tells us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. So that tells us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. So that tells us that the
+line integral of a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field is equal to the value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is equal to the value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is equal to the value of a
+potential at the final point minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at the final point minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at the final point minus the
+value of the potential at the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the potential at the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the potential at the starting
+point. Okay? And that of course only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Okay? And that of course only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Okay? And that of course only
+applies if you have a potential. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies if you have a potential. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies if you have a potential. So in
+particular only if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular only if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular only if you have a
+conservative field a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative field a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative field a gradient
+field. Okay. So here in our particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Okay. So here in our particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Okay. So here in our particular
+example well so we have to look at let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well so we have to look at let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well so we have to look at let's
+call little f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xyz that potential xyz then we take f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyz that potential xyz then we take f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyz that potential xyz then we take f of
+111 minus f of 0 0 0 and that indeed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 minus f of 0 0 0 and that indeed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 minus f of 0 0 0 and that indeed is
+1 - 0 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - 0 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - 0 which is
+one so everything is consistent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so everything is consistent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so everything is consistent.
+Okay, so all this stuff so far works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so all this stuff so far works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so all this stuff so far works
+exactly as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as in the
+plane. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+Nope. Okay. So let's try to see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nope. Okay. So let's try to see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nope. Okay. So let's try to see where
+things do get a little bit different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do get a little bit different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do get a little bit different.
+And the first such place is when we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the first such place is when we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the first such place is when we try
+to test whether a vector field is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test whether a vector field is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test whether a vector field is a
+gradient field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field.
+So remember when we had a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember when we had a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember when we had a function of
+two variables sorry when we had a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables sorry when we had a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables sorry when we had a vector
+field in the plane to know whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the plane to know whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the plane to know whether it
+was the gradient of a function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the gradient of a function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the gradient of a function of two
+variables we just had to check one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we just had to check one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we just had to check one
+condition n subx= m sub m sub y. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition n subx= m sub m sub y. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition n subx= m sub m sub y. Now
+we'll actually have three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually have three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually have three different
+conditions to check and that means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to check and that means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to check and that means of
+course more work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, okay. So, what's our test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, what's our test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, what's our test for
+gradient fields?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we want to know whether a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want to know whether a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want to know whether a given
+vector field with components P, Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field with components P, Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field with components P, Q and
+R, whether it can be written as F subX,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R, whether it can be written as F subX,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R, whether it can be written as F subX,
+F suby, and F subz for a same function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F suby, and F subz for a same function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F suby, and F subz for a same function
+F. And for that to possibly happen,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F. And for that to possibly happen,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F. And for that to possibly happen,
+well, we need certainly some relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, we need certainly some relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, we need certainly some relations
+between PQ and R. And as before, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between PQ and R. And as before, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between PQ and R. And as before, this
+comes from the fact that the mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the fact that the mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the fact that the mixed
+second derivatives are the same no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives are the same no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives are the same no
+matter in which order you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in which order you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in which order you take
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if that's the
+case, then I can compute f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, then I can compute f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, then I can compute f
+subxy, which is the same as fubyx in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subxy, which is the same as fubyx in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subxy, which is the same as fubyx in two
+different ways, right? fubxy should be p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways, right? fubxy should be p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways, right? fubxy should be p
+suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby
+fubyx well since f suby is q that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fubyx well since f suby is q that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fubyx well since f suby is q that should
+be q subx okay so if you want that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be q subx okay so if you want that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be q subx okay so if you want that's the
+part of the criterion that we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the criterion that we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the criterion that we already
+had when we had only two variables but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had when we had only two variables but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had when we had only two variables but
+now of course we need to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course we need to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course we need to do the same
+thing when we look at x and z or y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when we look at x and z or y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when we look at x and z or y and z
+so that gives us two more conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives us two more conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives us two more conditions so
+p subz is f subxz Z which is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p subz is f subxz Z which is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p subz is f subxz Z which is the same as
+F subZX. So it should be the same as R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subX and finally Q subz which is F sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subX and finally Q subz which is F sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subX and finally Q subz which is F sub
+YZ equals F sub Z Y equals R sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ equals F sub Z Y equals R sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YZ equals F sub Z Y equals R sub
+Y. Okay. Okay, so we have actually three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions. So our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+criterion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion.
+So a vector field F equals PQR.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a vector field F equals PQR.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a vector field F equals PQR.
+And here to be you know completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here to be you know completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here to be you know completely
+truthful I have to say defined in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthful I have to say defined in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthful I have to say defined in a
+simply connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply connected
+region otherwise we might have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region otherwise we might have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region otherwise we might have the same
+kind of strange things happening as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of strange things happening as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of strange things happening as
+before. So when let's not worry too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. So when let's not worry too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. So when let's not worry too much
+about it but just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know for accuracy we need our vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for accuracy we need our vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for accuracy we need our vector
+field to be defined in a simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to be defined in a simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to be defined in a simply
+connected region and that means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected region and that means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected region and that means for
+example well an example is just if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well an example is just if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well an example is just if it's
+defined everywhere you know if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined everywhere you know if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined everywhere you know if you don't
+have any evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any evil
+denominators then um you can just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators then um you can just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators then um you can just you
+know go ahead there's no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know go ahead there's no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know go ahead there's no problem
+um is a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field exactly
+when so we need three conditions we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when so we need three conditions we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when so we need three conditions we need
+P subz well let's do it in order let's P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P subz well let's do it in order let's P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P subz well let's do it in order let's P
+suby = Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subx and we have P subz = R subX and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx and we have P subz = R subX and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx and we have P subz = R subX and Q
+subz= R suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz= R suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz= R suby
+So now how do you remember these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now how do you remember these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now how do you remember these three
+conditions? Well, it's pretty easy. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions? Well, it's pretty easy. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions? Well, it's pretty easy. You
+pick any two components. Okay, say the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick any two components. Okay, say the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick any two components. Okay, say the x
+and the z component and you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the z component and you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the z component and you take the
+partial of the x component with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of the x component with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of the x component with respect
+to z, the partial of the z component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to z, the partial of the z component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to z, the partial of the z component
+with respect to x and you must make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x and you must make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x and you must make them
+equal. And same with every pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables. In fact, if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. In fact, if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. In fact, if you had a
+function of many more variables, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of many more variables, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of many more variables, the
+criterion would still look exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion would still look exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion would still look exactly like
+that. For every pair of components, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. For every pair of components, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. For every pair of components, the
+mixed partials must be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed partials must be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed partials must be the
+same. But we are not going to go beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. But we are not going to go beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. But we are not going to go beyond
+three variables. So you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three variables. So you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three variables. So you don't need to
+know that this you need to know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this you need to know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this you need to know.
+Okay. So let me box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well, that's pretty straightforward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, that's pretty straightforward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, that's pretty straightforward.
+Let's do an example just to see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes. Oh, by the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes. Oh, by the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes. Oh, by the way,
+sorry. You know, we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. You know, we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. You know, we can also
+Think of it in terms of differentials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think of it in terms of differentials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think of it in terms of differentials.
+Okay. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say so before I do the example let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so before I do the example let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so before I do the example let me
+just say in a different language if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say in a different language if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say in a different language if we
+have a differential given to us of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a differential given to us of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a differential given to us of the
+form pdx plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form pdx plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form pdx plus
+qdy plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qdy plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qdy plus
+rdz is going to be an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rdz is going to be an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rdz is going to be an exact
+differential which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential which
+means it's equal to df for some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's equal to df for some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's equal to df for some function
+f exactly under the same conditions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f exactly under the same conditions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f exactly under the same conditions.
+Okay, that's the same thing just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the same thing just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the same thing just in the
+language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials.
+Okay, so the example that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the example that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the example that I
+promised of course I could do again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised of course I could do again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised of course I could do again the
+same one over there and check that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one over there and check that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one over there and check that it
+satisfies the condition, but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the condition, but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the condition, but then you
+know wouldn't be much fun. So let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wouldn't be much fun. So let's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wouldn't be much fun. So let's do a
+better one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better one.
+So actually let's do it in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually let's do it in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually let's do it in a way that
+looks like an exam problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an exam problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an exam problem.
+Let's say for which a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say for which a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say for which a and
+b is axy dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus oh it's not going to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. It will fit here. A xy dx plus x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. It will fit here. A xy dx plus x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. It will fit here. A xy dx plus x2
++ z cubed d y plus b y z ^ 2 - 4 z cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ z cubed d y plus b y z ^ 2 - 4 z cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ z cubed d y plus b y z ^ 2 - 4 z cubed
+dz an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz an exact
+differential or if you don't like exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential or if you don't like exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential or if you don't like exact
+differentials for which a and b is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials for which a and b is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials for which a and b is the
+corresponding vector field with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding vector field with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding vector field with you know
+i j and k instead a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j and k instead a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j and k instead a gradient
+field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+So let's just apply the criterion and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's just apply the criterion and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's just apply the criterion and of
+course you can guess that what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can guess that what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can guess that what will
+follow will be figuring out how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow will be figuring out how to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow will be figuring out how to find
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+potential when there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential when there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential when there is
+one. Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, so let's do it, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, so let's do it, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, so let's do it, you know,
+one by one. So we want to compare P suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one. So we want to compare P suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one. So we want to compare P suby
+with Q subX. We want to compare P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Q subX. We want to compare P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Q subX. We want to compare P
+subz with R subx. And we want to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz with R subx. And we want to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz with R subx. And we want to compare
+Q subz with R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q subz with R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q subz with R
+suby. Okay, where we call P, Q and R,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby. Okay, where we call P, Q and R,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby. Okay, where we call P, Q and R,
+these guys. So let's see what is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suby that seems to be ax and what is q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby that seems to be ax and what is q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby that seems to be ax and what is q
+subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2x okay q is this one actually let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x okay q is this one actually let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x okay q is this one actually let me
+write them down because otherwise I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down because otherwise I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down because otherwise I'm
+going to get confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+myself so this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself so this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself so this guy
+here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's
+p this guy here That's Q. And that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p this guy here That's Q. And that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p this guy here That's Q. And that guy
+here, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, that's
+R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, okay. So, this one tells us that A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, this one tells us that A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, this one tells us that A
+should be equal to two for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to two for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to two for the
+first property to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first property to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first property to
+hold. Okay. Let's look at P subz.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold. Okay. Let's look at P subz.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold. Okay. Let's look at P subz.
+That's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just
+zero. R subx. Well, R doesn't have any X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. R subx. Well, R doesn't have any X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. R subx. Well, R doesn't have any X
+either, so that's zero. So this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either, so that's zero. So this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either, so that's zero. So this one
+isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a
+problem. Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Q
+subz well that seems to be 3 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz well that seems to be 3 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz well that seems to be 3 Z
+^2 R sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 R sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 R sub
+Y seems to be BZ ^ 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y seems to be BZ ^ 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y seems to be BZ ^ 2.
+So b should be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3. Okay. So we need to have a equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3. Okay. So we need to have a equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3. Okay. So we need to have a equals 2
+and this is an end. This is not or B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an end. This is not or B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an end. This is not or B
+equals 3 for this to be exact. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 for this to be exact. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 for this to be exact. Okay. So
+for those values of A and B, we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those values of A and B, we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those values of A and B, we can look
+for a potential using the method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a potential using the method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a potential using the method that
+we're going to see right now. For any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see right now. For any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see right now. For any
+other values of A and B, we can't. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other values of A and B, we can't. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other values of A and B, we can't. If we
+have to compute a line integral, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compute a line integral, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compute a line integral, we have
+to do it by finding a parameter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it by finding a parameter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it by finding a parameter and
+setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up
+everything. Okay, any questions at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. Okay, any questions at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. Okay, any questions at this
+point?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. If QZ was 3 Bz^ 2, how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. If QZ was 3 Bz^ 2, how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. If QZ was 3 Bz^ 2, how would you
+find if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find if
+Q So if QZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q So if QZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q So if QZ
+was Oh, I see. Well, if I got the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Oh, I see. Well, if I got the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Oh, I see. Well, if I got the same
+answer, if I also got, you know, like or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer, if I also got, you know, like or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer, if I also got, you know, like or
+did you say BZ squ or 3 B square? 3 B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you say BZ squ or 3 B square? 3 B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you say BZ squ or 3 B square? 3 B
+square. Well, 3 BZ² for example, then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square. Well, 3 BZ² for example, then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square. Well, 3 BZ² for example, then I
+would need B to be zero because the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need B to be zero because the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need B to be zero because the only
+times that 3 BZ² equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that 3 BZ² equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that 3 BZ² equals
+BZ² as you know, not just at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BZ² as you know, not just at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BZ² as you know, not just at one point
+but everywhere I need them to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everywhere I need them to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everywhere I need them to be the
+same function of XYZ. Well, that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function of XYZ. Well, that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function of XYZ. Well, that would
+be if the coefficient of Z square is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if the coefficient of Z square is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if the coefficient of Z square is the
+same, that would give me B= 3 B, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same, that would give me B= 3 B, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same, that would give me B= 3 B, that
+would give me B equals Z. If you got B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me B equals Z. If you got B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me B equals Z. If you got B
+Z^² on both sides, then it would mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z^² on both sides, then it would mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z^² on both sides, then it would mean,
+you know, for any value of B, it works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, for any value of B, it works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, for any value of B, it works.
+And you wouldn't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you wouldn't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you wouldn't have to worry about
+what the value of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is. Okay, any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+Okay, so now how do we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now how do we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now how do we find the
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, there's two methods as before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's two methods as before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's two methods as before.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so one of them, I don't remember if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of them, I don't remember if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of them, I don't remember if it
+was the first one or the second one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first one or the second one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first one or the second one last
+time, but it really doesn't matter. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, but it really doesn't matter. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, but it really doesn't matter. One
+of them was just to say that the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was just to say that the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was just to say that the value
+of f at a point let me call that x1 y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f at a point let me call that x1 y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f at a point let me call that x1 y1
+z1 is equal to the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z1 is equal to the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z1 is equal to the line
+integral of my field along a well chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of my field along a well chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of my field along a well chosen
+curve plus of course a constant which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve plus of course a constant which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve plus of course a constant which is
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+be the integration constant and the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the integration constant and the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the integration constant and the kind
+of curve that I will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of curve that I will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of curve that I will take
+to do this calcul population will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this calcul population will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this calcul population will just
+be my favorite curve going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my favorite curve going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my favorite curve going
+from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the point x1 y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z1. And so typically it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z1. And so typically it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z1. And so typically it would
+be you know the most common choice would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know the most common choice would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know the most common choice would
+be to go just first along the x- axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to go just first along the x- axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to go just first along the x- axis
+then parallel to the y- axis and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then parallel to the y- axis and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then parallel to the y- axis and then
+parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the
+z-axis all the way to my point x1 y1 z1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I would just calculate three easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I would just calculate three easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I would just calculate three easy
+line integrals, add them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals, add them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals, add them together and
+that would give me the value of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give me the value of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give me the value of my
+function. Okay, so that's that method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Okay, so that's that method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Okay, so that's that method
+works exactly the same way as it did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works exactly the same way as it did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works exactly the same way as it did in
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables. Now I seem to recall that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. Now I seem to recall that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. Now I seem to recall that you
+guys mostly preferred the other method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys mostly preferred the other method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys mostly preferred the other method.
+So I'm going to tell you about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to tell you about the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to tell you about the other
+method as well. But I just want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method as well. But I just want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method as well. But I just want to point
+out this one actually it doesn't become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this one actually it doesn't become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this one actually it doesn't become
+more complicated. The other one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated. The other one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated. The other one there's
+actually more steps. And of course here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more steps. And of course here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more steps. And of course here
+there's also actually a bit more steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also actually a bit more steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also actually a bit more steps
+because you have three parts to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have three parts to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have three parts to your
+path instead of two. So you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path instead of two. So you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path instead of two. So you have three
+line integrals to compute instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals to compute instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals to compute instead of
+two. But conceptually it remains exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. But conceptually it remains exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. But conceptually it remains exactly
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea. So I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. So I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. So I should
+say it works the same way as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2D. Not much changes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D. Not much changes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D. Not much changes.
+Okay. So let's look at the other method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's look at the other method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's look at the other method
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anti-derivatives.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives.
+So remember we want to solve we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember we want to solve we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember we want to solve we want to
+find a function little f whose partials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a function little f whose partials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a function little f whose partials
+are exactly the things we've been given.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the things we've been given.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the things we've been given.
+So we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want to
+solve well let me plug in the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve well let me plug in the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve well let me plug in the values of
+a and b that will work. Okay. So we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b that will work. Okay. So we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b that will work. Okay. So we said
+a should be two. So f(ubx) should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a should be two. So f(ubx) should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a should be two. So f(ubx) should be
+2xy. f(uby) should be x^2 + z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy. f(uby) should be x^2 + z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy. f(uby) should be x^2 + z
+cubed. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. And
+f(ubz) should be b was 3. So that was 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f(ubz) should be b was 3. So that was 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f(ubz) should be b was 3. So that was 3
+y z ^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z ^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z ^
+2 - 4 z cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're going to look at them one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to look at them one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to look at them one at a
+time and get partial information on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and get partial information on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and get partial information on the
+function and then we'll compare with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we'll compare with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we'll compare with the
+others to get more information until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to get more information until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to get more information until we
+are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done. Okay. So the first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. Okay. So the first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. Okay. So the first thing that
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do we know that fubx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know that fubx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know that fubx is
+2xy. That should tell us something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy. That should tell us something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy. That should tell us something about
+f. Well, let's just integrate that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. Well, let's just integrate that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. Well, let's just integrate that with
+respect to x. So, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x. So, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x. So, let
+me write integral dx next to that. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write integral dx next to that. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write integral dx next to that. So,
+that tells us that f should be well, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that f should be well, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that f should be well, if
+we integrate that with respect to x, 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we integrate that with respect to x, 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we integrate that with respect to x, 2x
+integrates to x^2. So, we should get x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates to x^2. So, we should get x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates to x^2. So, we should get x^2
+y plus of course an integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plus of course an integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plus of course an integration
+constant. Now, what do we mean by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Now, what do we mean by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Now, what do we mean by an
+integration constant? Well, it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration constant? Well, it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration constant? Well, it means
+that actually for given values of y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually for given values of y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually for given values of y and
+z, we'll get a term that does not depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z, we'll get a term that does not depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z, we'll get a term that does not depend
+on x. It still depends on y and z. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on x. It still depends on y and z. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on x. It still depends on y and z. So in
+fact, what we get is a function of y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, what we get is a function of y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, what we get is a function of y and
+z. See, if you took the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z. See, if you took the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z. See, if you took the derivative of
+this with respect to x, you'll get 2xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to x, you'll get 2xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to x, you'll get 2xy
+and this guy will go away because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy will go away because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy will go away because
+there's no x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no x in
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so that's the first step. Now we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first step. Now we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first step. Now we need to
+get some information on g. How do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some information on g. How do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some information on g. How do we do
+that? Well, we look at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Well, we look at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Well, we look at the other
+partials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, f suby, we want that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, f suby, we want that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, f suby, we want that to be
+x^2 plus z cubed. But actually, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 plus z cubed. But actually, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 plus z cubed. But actually, we have
+another way to find it, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to find it, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to find it, which is
+starting from this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiating. Let me use let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating. Let me use let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating. Let me use let me try
+to use color for this. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now if
+I take the partial of this with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the partial of this with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the partial of this with respect
+to y, I'm going to get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y, I'm going to get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y, I'm going to get a different
+formula for f suby that will be x^2 + g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suby. Well, if I compare these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby. Well, if I compare these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby. Well, if I compare these two
+expressions, that tells me that g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suby should be z cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby should be z cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby should be z cubed.
+So now if I have this well I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if I have this well I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if I have this well I can
+integrate with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y and that will tell me that g is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and that will tell me that g is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and that will tell me that g is
+actually yz cubed plus an integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yz cubed plus an integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yz cubed plus an integration
+constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant.
+That constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That constant
+again does not depend on y but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again does not depend on y but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again does not depend on y but it can
+still depend on z right because we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still depend on z right because we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still depend on z right because we still
+haven't said anything about partial with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said anything about partial with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said anything about partial with
+respect to z. So in fact that constant I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to z. So in fact that constant I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to z. So in fact that constant I
+will write as a function h of z. So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write as a function h of z. So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write as a function h of z. So if I
+have this function of z I take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this function of z I take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this function of z I take its
+partial I will with respect to y I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial I will with respect to y I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial I will with respect to y I will
+still get z cubed no matter what h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get z cubed no matter what h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get z cubed no matter what h
+was. Now how do I find h? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. Now how do I find h? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. Now how do I find h? Well,
+obviously I have to look at f subz.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, f
+subz. Well, we know from the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz. Well, we know from the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz. Well, we know from the given
+vector field that we want it to be 3 y z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field that we want it to be 3 y z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field that we want it to be 3 y z
+^ 2 minus 4 z cubed. So, in case you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^ 2 minus 4 z cubed. So, in case you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^ 2 minus 4 z cubed. So, in case you're
+wondering where that came from, that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering where that came from, that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering where that came from, that was
+r. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r. Okay.
+But that's also obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh by differentiating with respect to z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by differentiating with respect to z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by differentiating with respect to z
+what we had so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had so
+far. Ah sorry. So what did we have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far? Well, we had f = x^2 y + g. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far? Well, we had f = x^2 y + g. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far? Well, we had f = x^2 y + g. And we
+say g is actually yz cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h of
+z. Okay, that's what we have so far. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z. Okay, that's what we have so far. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z. Okay, that's what we have so far. So
+if we take the derivative of that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take the derivative of that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take the derivative of that with
+respect to z, we'll get well zero plus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to z, we'll get well zero plus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to z, we'll get well zero plus 3
+y z ^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 plus h prime of z or dhdz as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want. Okay. Okay. So now if we compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Okay. Okay. So now if we compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Okay. Okay. So now if we compare
+these two we'll get the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h. It will tell us that h prime is -4 z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h. It will tell us that h prime is -4 z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h. It will tell us that h prime is -4 z
+cubed. And that means that h is z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. And that means that h is z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. And that means that h is z to the
+4 plus a constant. And this time it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus a constant. And this time it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus a constant. And this time it's at
+last an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last an actual
+constant because it doesn't depend on z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because it doesn't depend on z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because it doesn't depend on z
+and there's nothing else for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing else for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing else for it to
+depend on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on.
+So now we plug this into what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we plug this into what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we plug this into what we had
+before and that will give us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that will give us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that will give us our
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f. So we get that f is x^2 y + y z cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. So we get that f is x^2 y + y z cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. So we get that f is x^2 y + y z cubed
+minus z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus z to
+4 plus constant. Um if you just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus constant. Um if you just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus constant. Um if you just wanted
+to find one potential you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find one potential you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find one potential you can just
+forget the constant. This guy was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the constant. This guy was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the constant. This guy was a
+potential. If you want all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. If you want all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. If you want all the
+potentials they differ by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials they differ by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials they differ by this
+constant. Okay. So just to recap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Okay. So just to recap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Okay. So just to recap the
+method what did we do? We started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what did we do? We started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what did we do? We started with
+and of course you can do it in whichever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can do it in whichever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can do it in whichever
+order you prefer but you have to still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you prefer but you have to still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you prefer but you have to still
+you know follow the systematic method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know follow the systematic method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know follow the systematic method.
+So you start with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you start with f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you start with f
+subx and you integrate that with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx and you integrate that with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx and you integrate that with respect
+to x that gives you f up to a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x that gives you f up to a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x that gives you f up to a function
+of y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y and z
+only. Now you compare f suby as given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only. Now you compare f suby as given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only. Now you compare f suby as given to
+you by the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by the vector
+field with the formula that you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with the formula that you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with the formula that you get from
+this expression for f and that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression for f and that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression for f and that of course
+this one will involve g suby. So out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will involve g suby. So out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will involve g suby. So out of
+this you will get the value of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you will get the value of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you will get the value of g
+suby. When you have g suby that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby. When you have g suby that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby. When you have g suby that gives
+you g up to a function of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you g up to a function of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you g up to a function of z
+only. And so now you have f up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only. And so now you have f up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only. And so now you have f up to a
+function of z only and you what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of z only and you what you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of z only and you what you will
+do is you will look at the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you will look at the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you will look at the derivative
+with respect to z. Well the one you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to z. Well the one you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to z. Well the one you want
+coming from the vector field and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the vector field and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the vector field and the one
+you have coming from this formula for f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have coming from this formula for f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have coming from this formula for f
+match them. That will tell you H prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match them. That will tell you H prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match them. That will tell you H prime
+you will get H and then you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get H and then you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get H and then you will get
+F. Okay, any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+Nope. Okay, who still prefers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nope. Okay, who still prefers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nope. Okay, who still prefers this
+method? Okay, that's still most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method? Okay, that's still most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method? Okay, that's still most of you
+who is thinking that maybe the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is thinking that maybe the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is thinking that maybe the other
+method wasn't so bad after all. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method wasn't so bad after all. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method wasn't so bad after all. Okay,
+that's still a minority.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still a minority.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still a minority.
+Uh well, you can choose whichever one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, you can choose whichever one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, you can choose whichever one
+you prefer. I would encourage you to,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer. I would encourage you to,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer. I would encourage you to,
+you know, get some practice by trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, get some practice by trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, get some practice by trying
+both on at least a couple of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on at least a couple of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on at least a couple of examples
+just to make sure that you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure that you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure that you know how to
+do them both and then, you know, stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them both and then, you know, stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them both and then, you know, stick
+to whichever one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prefer. Okay, any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer. Okay, any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer. Okay, any questions on
+that? No, I guess I already asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? No, I guess I already asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? No, I guess I already asked
+actually. Well, still no questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so the next logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next logical
+thing is going to be curl and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to be curl and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to be curl and the
+theorem that is going to replace green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that is going to replace green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that is going to replace green
+theorem for work in this setting that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for work in this setting that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for work in this setting that's
+going to be called Stokes theorem. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be called Stokes theorem. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be called Stokes theorem. So
+let me start by telling you about curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start by telling you about curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start by telling you about curl
+in 3D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here's the
+statement. So the curl actually is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement. So the curl actually is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement. So the curl actually is just
+going to measure how much your vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure how much your vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure how much your vector
+field fails to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field fails to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field fails to be
+conservative. And if you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative. And if you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative. And if you want to think
+about it in terms of motions, but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in terms of motions, but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in terms of motions, but also
+will measure the rotation part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will measure the rotation part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will measure the rotation part of the
+motion. So maybe I should say, well, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. So maybe I should say, well, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. So maybe I should say, well, let
+me first give the definition anyway.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me first give the definition anyway.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me first give the definition anyway.
+So let's say that my vector field has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say that my vector field has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say that my vector field has
+components P, Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R. Then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R. Then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R. Then we
+define the curl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the curl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the curl of
+F to be R sub Y - Q sub Z * I plus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to be R sub Y - Q sub Z * I plus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to be R sub Y - Q sub Z * I plus P
+subz - R subX * J plus Q subx - P suby *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz - R subX * J plus Q subx - P suby *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz - R subX * J plus Q subx - P suby *
+K. And now of course nobody can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. And now of course nobody can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. And now of course nobody can remember
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+formula. So what's the structure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. So what's the structure of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. So what's the structure of this
+formula? Well, you see each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula? Well, you see each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula? Well, you see each of these
+guys is one of the things that have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is one of the things that have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is one of the things that have to
+be zero for our field to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero for our field to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero for our field to be
+conservative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+construction if f is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a simply connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region then we have that f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conservative is equivalent to if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative is equivalent to if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative is equivalent to if and
+only if curl f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if curl f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if curl f is
+zero. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay.
+Now an important difference between curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now an important difference between curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now an important difference between curl
+here and curl in the plane is that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and curl in the plane is that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and curl in the plane is that now
+the curl of a vector field is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl of a vector field is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl of a vector field is again a
+vector field. See these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field. See these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field. See these these
+expressions they're functions of xyz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions they're functions of xyz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions they're functions of xyz and
+together you form a vector out of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you form a vector out of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you form a vector out of them.
+So the curl of a vector field in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the curl of a vector field in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the curl of a vector field in space
+is actually a vector field not a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a vector field not a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a vector field not a scalar
+function. Now, okay, so I've delayed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Now, okay, so I've delayed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Now, okay, so I've delayed the
+inevitable. I have to really tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable. I have to really tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable. I have to really tell you
+how to remember this evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to remember this evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to remember this evil
+formula. So the secret is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. So the secret is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. So the secret is that in
+fact you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can think of this
+as dell cross f. So maybe you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dell cross f. So maybe you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dell cross f. So maybe you've seen
+that in physics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in physics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in physics.
+So this is really where this Dell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is really where this Dell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is really where this Dell
+notation becomes extremely useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation becomes extremely useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation becomes extremely useful
+because that's basically the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's basically the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's basically the only way to
+remember the formula for curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in fact, so remember we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact, so remember we introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact, so remember we introduced
+the dell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dell
+operator that was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that was this
+symbolic vector operator in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic vector operator in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic vector operator in which the
+components are the partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are the partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are the partial derivative
+operators.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen well if you apply this to a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen well if you apply this to a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen well if you apply this to a scalar
+function then that will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient and we've seen that if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and we've seen that if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and we've seen that if you do
+the dot product between Dell and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product between Dell and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product between Dell and the
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+field so maybe I give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so maybe I give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so maybe I give it
+components P Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components P Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components P Q and
+R. Well, when you do the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R. Well, when you do the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R. Well, when you do the dot product
+between these two vectors, you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two vectors, you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two vectors, you'll get
+partial P partial X plus partial Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial P partial X plus partial Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial P partial X plus partial Q
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+Y plus partial R partial Z, which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divergence. And so now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence. And so now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence. And so now what's
+new is that if I try to do del cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new is that if I try to do del cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new is that if I try to do del cross
+f. Okay. So what is del cross f?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I have to set up the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have to set up the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have to set up the cross
+productduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productduct
+between this strange thing that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this strange thing that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this strange thing that is not
+really a vector. I mean I can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a vector. I mean I can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a vector. I mean I can't really
+think of partial partial x as a number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of partial partial x as a number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of partial partial x as a number.
+um and my vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pqr. So see that's really a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pqr. So see that's really a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pqr. So see that's really a completely
+perverted use of a determinant notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perverted use of a determinant notation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perverted use of a determinant notation.
+Okay, initially determinants were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, initially determinants were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, initially determinants were just
+supposed to be you had a 3x3 table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be you had a 3x3 table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be you had a 3x3 table of
+numbers and you computed a number out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you computed a number out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you computed a number out of
+them and now I mean okay so these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and now I mean okay so these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and now I mean okay so these guys
+well they're functions so you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're functions so you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're functions so you know that
+counts as numbers but these are vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as numbers but these are vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as numbers but these are vectors
+and these are you know partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are you know partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are you know partial
+derivatives um it doesn't really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives um it doesn't really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives um it doesn't really make
+much sense except as notation. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sense except as notation. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sense except as notation. So you
+know if you try to enter this into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you try to enter this into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you try to enter this into a
+calculator or a computer will just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator or a computer will just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator or a computer will just you
+know yell back at you saying are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yell back at you saying are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yell back at you saying are you
+crazy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy and
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+and but okay so you know we just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but okay so you know we just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but okay so you know we just use
+that as a notation to remember what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a notation to remember what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a notation to remember what's in
+there. So let's try and see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So let's try and see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So let's try and see how that
+works. So the component of I in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So the component of I in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So the component of I in this
+cross product remember that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product remember that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product remember that's this
+smaller determinant. So that smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller determinant. So that smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller determinant. So that smaller
+determinant is partial over partial Y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is partial over partial Y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is partial over partial Y of
+R minus partial partial Z of Q. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R minus partial partial Z of Q. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R minus partial partial Z of Q. That's
+the coefficient of I. And that seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of I. And that seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of I. And that seems to
+be what I had over there. If not, then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what I had over there. If not, then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what I had over there. If not, then I
+made a mistake. Minus the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake. Minus the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake. Minus the next
+determinant time J. Remember there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant time J. Remember there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant time J. Remember there's
+always a minus sign in front of the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a minus sign in front of the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a minus sign in front of the J
+component when you do a cross product.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component when you do a cross product.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component when you do a cross product.
+So the other one is partial partial x r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the other one is partial partial x r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the other one is partial partial x r
+minus partial partial z of p plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus partial partial z of p plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus partial partial z of p plus the
+component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of
+z is going to be partial partial x q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z is going to be partial partial x q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z is going to be partial partial x q
+minus partial partial y p and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus partial partial y p and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus partial partial y p and that's
+indeed going to be the curl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed going to be the curl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed going to be the curl of
+f. Okay. So in practice if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. Okay. So in practice if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. Okay. So in practice if you have to
+compute the curl of a vector field you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the curl of a vector field you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the curl of a vector field you
+know don't try to remember this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't try to remember this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't try to remember this formula
+just set up this cross productduct with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set up this cross productduct with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set up this cross productduct with
+whatever formulas you have for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever formulas you have for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever formulas you have for the
+components of the field and then compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the field and then compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the field and then compute
+it. Okay don't bother to try to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay don't bother to try to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay don't bother to try to remember
+the general formula. Just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what's the geometric interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's the geometric interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's the geometric interpretation
+of curl? Just to finish.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in a way I will say just curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in a way I will say just curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in a way I will say just curl
+measures the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+component in a velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+So an exercise that you can do, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So an exercise that you can do, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So an exercise that you can do, it's
+actually pretty easy to check. Say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty easy to check. Say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty easy to check. Say that
+we have a fluid that's just rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a fluid that's just rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a fluid that's just rotating
+about the z-axis uniformly. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the z-axis uniformly. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the z-axis uniformly. Okay. So,
+your fluid is just, you know, rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fluid is just, you know, rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fluid is just, you know, rotating
+like that about the Z-axis. So if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that about the Z-axis. So if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that about the Z-axis. So if I take
+rotation about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about the
+z-axis that's given by a velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis that's given by a velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis that's given by a velocity
+field with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+negative well at let's say at velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative well at let's say at velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative well at let's say at velocity
+at angular velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omega that will be negative omega * y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega that will be negative omega * y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega that will be negative omega * y
+then omega x and zero And the curl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then omega x and zero And the curl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then omega x and zero And the curl of
+that you can compute and you will find 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can compute and you will find 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can compute and you will find 2
+omega* k. So concretely this curl gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega* k. So concretely this curl gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega* k. So concretely this curl gives
+you the angular velocity of the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the angular velocity of the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the angular velocity of the rotation
+well with a factor of two but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with a factor of two but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with a factor of two but it doesn't
+matter and the axis of rotation at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and the axis of rotation at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and the axis of rotation at least
+the direction of the axis of rotation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the axis of rotation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the axis of rotation.
+It tells you it's rotating about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It tells you it's rotating about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It tells you it's rotating about a
+vertical axis. And in general if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis. And in general if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis. And in general if you
+have a complicated motion some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complicated motion some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complicated motion some of it
+might be you know there's a translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be you know there's a translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be you know there's a translation
+and then within the translation there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within the translation there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within the translation there's
+maybe expansion and rotation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe expansion and rotation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe expansion and rotation and
+shearing and everything and the curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shearing and everything and the curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shearing and everything and the curl
+will compute how much rotation is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will compute how much rotation is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will compute how much rotation is taking
+place. So it will tell you say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. So it will tell you say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. So it will tell you say that you
+have you know a very small solid say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know a very small solid say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know a very small solid say I
+don't know a ping- pong ball in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know a ping- pong ball in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know a ping- pong ball in your
+flow and it's just like going with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and it's just like going with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and it's just like going with a
+flow it tells you how it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow it tells you how it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow it tells you how it's going to
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+rotating. That's what curl measures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating. That's what curl measures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating. That's what curl measures.
+Okay. So on Thursday we'll see Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So on Thursday we'll see Stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So on Thursday we'll see Stokes
+theorem which will be the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which will be the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which will be the last
+ingredient before the next exam. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient before the next exam. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient before the next exam. And
+then on Friday we'll review stuff.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sukzgrxfSx8.txt b/sukzgrxfSx8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5368e58324d3d9425ecc9e4348555498c0d857f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sukzgrxfSx8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11549 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+good afternoon we should get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon we should get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon we should get started
+because we have a lot to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a lot to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a lot to talk about
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+so today is the second in a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today is the second in a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today is the second in a series of
+three lectures about the essential oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures about the essential oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures about the essential oil
+lab you'll get a third lecture in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab you'll get a third lecture in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab you'll get a third lecture in a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+about x-ray crystallography but today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x-ray crystallography but today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x-ray crystallography but today
+we're going to finish talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to finish talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to finish talking about
+the main synthetic parts that you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main synthetic parts that you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main synthetic parts that you'll be
+doing in the essential oil lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the essential oil lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the essential oil lab
+so today we're going to talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to talk about how
+if your separation worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your separation worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your separation worked
+and before i get too far into that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before i get too far into that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before i get too far into that there
+was a question on in the tuesday lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a question on in the tuesday lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a question on in the tuesday lecture
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the naming of terpenes and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naming of terpenes and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naming of terpenes and so if you
+remember that the terpenes come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the terpenes come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the terpenes come from
+their the isoprene structure which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their the isoprene structure which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their the isoprene structure which was
+five carbons and eight hydrogens but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbons and eight hydrogens but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbons and eight hydrogens but
+then um there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um there are some
+terpene derivatives like menthol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terpene derivatives like menthol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terpene derivatives like menthol that
+don't necessarily have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily have that
+five carbon eight hydrogen structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon eight hydrogen structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon eight hydrogen structure so
+this obviously has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this obviously has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this obviously has
+an oh group and more hydrogens and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oh group and more hydrogens and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oh group and more hydrogens and so
+what i found in the literature is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i found in the literature is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i found in the literature is that
+there are terpenes which are follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are terpenes which are follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are terpenes which are follow the
+strict pattern and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict pattern and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict pattern and then there are
+terpenoids which are derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terpenoids which are derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terpenoids which are derivatives of
+terpenes they are synthesized from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terpenes they are synthesized from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terpenes they are synthesized from the
+same backbone but then they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same backbone but then they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same backbone but then they get
+extra hydrogenation or oxidation done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra hydrogenation or oxidation done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra hydrogenation or oxidation done to
+them so like your carbon has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so like your carbon has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so like your carbon has the
+oxygen double bond in it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen double bond in it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen double bond in it so that's
+technically a terpenoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically a terpenoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically a terpenoid
+they seem to be referred to pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to be referred to pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to be referred to pretty
+interchangeably in the literature which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably in the literature which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably in the literature which
+i thought was interesting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought was interesting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought was interesting but
+that is probably the more accurate way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is probably the more accurate way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is probably the more accurate way
+to name these types of compounds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name these types of compounds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name these types of compounds so
+hopefully that clears up a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that clears up a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that clears up a little bit of
+that confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that confusion
+so jumping in to the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so jumping in to the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so jumping in to the rest of the
+essential oil lab on tuesday we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential oil lab on tuesday we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential oil lab on tuesday we talked
+about what you're going to do on day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you're going to do on day one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you're going to do on day one
+of the lab which is you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lab which is you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lab which is you'll get
+your essential oil which will either be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your essential oil which will either be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your essential oil which will either be
+spearmint oil or caraway oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spearmint oil or caraway oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spearmint oil or caraway oil
+and you will separate it into its two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will separate it into its two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will separate it into its two
+major components which are your carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major components which are your carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major components which are your carbon
+there on the left and your limonene so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the left and your limonene so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the left and your limonene so
+essentially you'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you'll take
+an oil that looks like that and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oil that looks like that and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oil that looks like that and you'll
+separate it into two other oils that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate it into two other oils that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate it into two other oils that'll
+also look really similar to that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look really similar to that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look really similar to that first
+one except hopefully they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one except hopefully they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one except hopefully they're
+pure compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you do your vacuum distillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do your vacuum distillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do your vacuum distillation
+really well and you separate those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well and you separate those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well and you separate those and
+you get two pure compounds we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get two pure compounds we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get two pure compounds we need to
+figure out how to characterize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to characterize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to characterize your
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+separation and figure out how well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and figure out how well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and figure out how well you
+were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to
+separate your carbon from your limonene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate your carbon from your limonene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate your carbon from your limonene
+and we're going to do that in a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do that in a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do that in a whole
+number of ways you'll get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways you'll get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways you'll get a lot of
+experience with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with different
+analytical techniques and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical techniques and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical techniques and these are the
+major methods that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major methods that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major methods that we're going to be
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+to characterize the success of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to characterize the success of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to characterize the success of your
+separation so we'll be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation so we'll be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation so we'll be doing
+refractometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractometry
+gas chromatography infrared spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas chromatography infrared spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas chromatography infrared spectroscopy
+polarimetry and x-ray crystallography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarimetry and x-ray crystallography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarimetry and x-ray crystallography
+and so today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so today we're going to talk about
+the first four of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first four of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first four of those
+and then like i said in a week or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like i said in a week or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like i said in a week or two
+peter muller from the x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter muller from the x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter muller from the x-ray
+crystallography lab will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography lab will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography lab will come
+and do a much more detailed explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a much more detailed explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a much more detailed explanation
+of x-ray crystallography and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x-ray crystallography and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x-ray crystallography and what
+information you can get from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you can get from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you can get from that
+so to start with refractometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to start with refractometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to start with refractometry
+refractometry is a way to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractometry is a way to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractometry is a way to measure the
+refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index
+of a compound and that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a compound and that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a compound and that is a
+characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic
+property of different compounds and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of different compounds and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of different compounds and it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+it comes from the ratio of the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from the ratio of the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from the ratio of the velocity
+of light in air to the velocity of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light in air to the velocity of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light in air to the velocity of light
+in a liquid so you have your light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a liquid so you have your light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a liquid so you have your light
+traveling through the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling through the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling through the air
+then it hits the liquid and it slows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it hits the liquid and it slows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it hits the liquid and it slows
+down and it changes the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it changes the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it changes the angle
+so you'll notice if you ever look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll notice if you ever look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll notice if you ever look
+through some water you'll know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some water you'll know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some water you'll know that
+the image is slightly distorted and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image is slightly distorted and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image is slightly distorted and that
+is because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of
+water having a different refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water having a different refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water having a different refractive
+index or water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index or water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index or water
+having the light slows down as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the light slows down as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the light slows down as it
+travels through the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels through the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels through the water
+so all of our organic liquids so like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of our organic liquids so like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of our organic liquids so like i
+said you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you're going to be
+separating your oil into two other oils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating your oil into two other oils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating your oil into two other oils
+so we'll have liquids which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll have liquids which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll have liquids which means that
+they will have refractive indices as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will have refractive indices as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will have refractive indices as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+and most organic liquids will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most organic liquids will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most organic liquids will have a
+refractive index somewhere from 1.3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index somewhere from 1.3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index somewhere from 1.3 to
+1.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7
+and the way that you calculate that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that you calculate that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that you calculate that is
+it's represented as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's represented as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's represented as n
+and you can either do the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can either do the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can either do the ratio of the
+velocity of the light in the air to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the light in the air to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the light in the air to the
+velocity of the light in the liquid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the light in the liquid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the light in the liquid but
+that is hard to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is hard to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is hard to measure
+so in the lab we can measure the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the lab we can measure the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the lab we can measure the um the
+angles at which the light travels so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles at which the light travels so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles at which the light travels so if
+you have light that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have light that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have light that is
+coming through the air so if this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through the air so if this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through the air so if this part
+is the air and you have your light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the air and you have your light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the air and you have your light
+it'll hit your liquid interface at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll hit your liquid interface at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll hit your liquid interface at a
+certain angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain angle
+which is theta from straight up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is theta from straight up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is theta from straight up and down
+and then it'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it'll get
+refracted at a different angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted at a different angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted at a different angle
+we call that theta prime so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that theta prime so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that theta prime so you can
+measure that in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that in the lab
+and calculate your refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate your refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate your refractive index
+the refractive index is dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index is dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index is dependent on the
+wavelength of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light
+so you might imagine that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might imagine that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might imagine that if the
+refractive index and how much this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index and how much this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index and how much this angle
+and how much the speed of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much the speed of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much the speed of the light
+changes is dependent on how the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes is dependent on how the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes is dependent on how the light
+interacts with your liquid then it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with your liquid then it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with your liquid then it'll
+depend on the properties of your light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the properties of your light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the properties of your light
+so the wavelength and the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the wavelength and the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the wavelength and the properties of
+your liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your liquid
+and one that we care about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one that we care about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one that we care about is the
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+so the way that we account for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that we account for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that we account for this is
+that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+the refractive index and we call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index and we call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index and we call it the
+fractive index d20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractive index d20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractive index d20
+and so d says represents that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so d says represents that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so d says represents that you use
+light from the sodium d line so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from the sodium d line so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from the sodium d line so if you
+remember from maybe gen chem or physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from maybe gen chem or physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from maybe gen chem or physics
+if you heat up an element very hot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you heat up an element very hot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you heat up an element very hot so
+that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+emits light you can each element has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits light you can each element has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits light you can each element has a
+characteristic set of wavelengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic set of wavelengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic set of wavelengths of
+light that it emits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that it emits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that it emits
+and sodium happens to be around its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sodium happens to be around its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sodium happens to be around its
+brightest emission happens to be around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightest emission happens to be around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightest emission happens to be around
+586 nanometers so if you use a sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+586 nanometers so if you use a sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+586 nanometers so if you use a sodium
+lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp
+and you can select for these 586
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can select for these 586
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can select for these 586
+nanometers then you get a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers then you get a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers then you get a characteristic
+one wavelength of light that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wavelength of light that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wavelength of light that you can
+pass through your sample so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through your sample so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through your sample so you know
+what the wavelength is and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the wavelength is and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the wavelength is and you can
+know that you're just getting that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're just getting that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're just getting that one
+wavelength of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light
+and then you want to make sure that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to make sure that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to make sure that all
+of your samples are or your measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your samples are or your measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your samples are or your measurements
+are taken at 20 degrees celsius so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taken at 20 degrees celsius so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taken at 20 degrees celsius so that
+you know the density of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the density of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the density of your
+liquid so if you change the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so if you change the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so if you change the temperature
+you change the density so we make all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the density so we make all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the density so we make all of
+our measurements at 20 degrees celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our measurements at 20 degrees celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our measurements at 20 degrees celsius
+and here are the approximate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the approximate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the approximate um
+refrective indices of limonene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrective indices of limonene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrective indices of limonene and
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+and you can find different values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find different values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find different values for
+them in the literature because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compounds that they use to to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that they use to to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that they use to to measure
+these in the literature are of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the literature are of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the literature are of different
+purity so you can buy limonene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity so you can buy limonene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity so you can buy limonene and
+carbon at like 95 or 96 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon at like 95 or 96 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon at like 95 or 96 98
+purity and depending on what purity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity and depending on what purity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity and depending on what purity you
+use you'll get a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you'll get a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you'll get a slightly
+different value but they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value but they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value but they should be
+within that range and when we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that range and when we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that range and when we measure
+them in the lab we go out to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the lab we go out to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the lab we go out to four
+decimal places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal places
+so the way that we'll do this in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that we'll do this in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that we'll do this in the lab
+is with the refractometer and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with the refractometer and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with the refractometer and this is a
+picture of the refractometer in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the refractometer in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the refractometer in the lab
+and this part over here is the the prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this part over here is the the prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this part over here is the the prism
+or the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the crystal
+and so you'll put your liquid sample you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you'll put your liquid sample you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you'll put your liquid sample you
+just put a few drops right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put a few drops right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put a few drops right on
+the crystal and then it you close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal and then it you close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal and then it you close the
+lid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lid and
+the refractometer instrument shines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractometer instrument shines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractometer instrument shines
+light through your sample it can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light through your sample it can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light through your sample it can measure
+it knows what angle the light is hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knows what angle the light is hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knows what angle the light is hitting
+the sample at and then it can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample at and then it can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample at and then it can measure
+how much light it gets back out so it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much light it gets back out so it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much light it gets back out so it'll
+change the angle of the incident light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the angle of the incident light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the angle of the incident light
+until it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it gets
+total internal reflectance until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflectance until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflectance until it
+reaches the critical angle if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the critical angle if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the critical angle if you
+remember from physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from physics
+and so once it figures out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so once it figures out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so once it figures out what the
+critical angle is then it can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical angle is then it can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical angle is then it can figure out
+the refractive index of your sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index of your sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index of your sample and
+so it'll tell you what the refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll tell you what the refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll tell you what the refractive
+index is right here you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is right here you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is right here you don't even
+really have to do any math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to do any math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to do any math
+and it'll also tell you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll also tell you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll also tell you what the
+temperature is so you want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is so you want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is so you want to make sure
+that it's stabilized at 20 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's stabilized at 20 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's stabilized at 20 degrees
+before you actually take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you actually take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you actually take your
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+and that's about it so it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's about it so it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's about it so it's a pretty
+easy measurement to take but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy measurement to take but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy measurement to take but
+it will help you to identify the purity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will help you to identify the purity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will help you to identify the purity
+of your compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your compounds
+because the refractive index is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the refractive index is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the refractive index is we can
+think of it as a linear quantity made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a linear quantity made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a linear quantity made up
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the refractive indices of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive indices of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive indices of the two
+substances that we have in our mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances that we have in our mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances that we have in our mixture
+multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by
+their molar fraction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their molar fraction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their molar fraction so
+if your refractive index of a mixture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your refractive index of a mixture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your refractive index of a mixture is
+the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the
+refractive index of pure limiting times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of pure limiting times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of pure limiting times
+your mole fraction of your limonene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mole fraction of your limonene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mole fraction of your limonene
+plus your refractive index of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus your refractive index of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus your refractive index of your
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+times your molar fraction of your carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times your molar fraction of your carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times your molar fraction of your carbon
+and so that you don't have to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that you don't have to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that you don't have to solve for
+a million variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million variables
+if you remember the mole fraction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember the mole fraction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember the mole fraction the
+mole fractions have to add up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fractions have to add up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fractions have to add up to one
+so your mole fraction of liminine is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your mole fraction of liminine is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your mole fraction of liminine is one
+minus your mole fraction of carbon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus your mole fraction of carbon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus your mole fraction of carbon so
+you can plug that in up there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can plug that in up there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can plug that in up there and
+using the measurements that you take in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the measurements that you take in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the measurements that you take in
+the lab you can solve for the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab you can solve for the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab you can solve for the mole
+fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions
+of each of these components in both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of these components in both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of these components in both of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+fractions that you collect from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions that you collect from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions that you collect from your
+distillation and you can determine their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation and you can determine their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation and you can determine their
+purity that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so another way to determine the purity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to determine the purity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to determine the purity
+of your fractions that you've collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your fractions that you've collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your fractions that you've collected
+is through gas chromatography and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is through gas chromatography and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is through gas chromatography and this
+is a picture of the gc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a picture of the gc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a picture of the gc
+instrument in the lab and it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument in the lab and it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument in the lab and it's right
+next to the icpms so you may have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the icpms so you may have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the icpms so you may have seen
+it if you were in lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you were in lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you were in lab
+yesterday and if not you can take a peek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and if not you can take a peek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and if not you can take a peek
+and see it today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see it today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see it today
+so this is the instrument itself this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the instrument itself this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the instrument itself this is
+the auto sampler so you guys will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auto sampler so you guys will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auto sampler so you guys will make
+your sample vials put them in up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample vials put them in up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample vials put them in up here
+and then it'll pick them up put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it'll pick them up put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it'll pick them up put them
+into the instrument and then it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the instrument and then it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the instrument and then it'll
+automatically inject the sample for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically inject the sample for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically inject the sample for you
+which is kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of nice
+and then these this thing over here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these this thing over here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these this thing over here it
+generates hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates hydrogen and
+air which are used in the detector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air which are used in the detector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air which are used in the detector of
+the instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument
+so the way the gas chromatography works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way the gas chromatography works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way the gas chromatography works
+if you wanted to take a peek sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to take a peek sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to take a peek sort of
+inside the instrument in a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the instrument in a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the instrument in a very very
+simplified fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified fashion
+you have a carrier gas which in our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a carrier gas which in our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a carrier gas which in our case
+is helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is helium
+and the carrier gas if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the carrier gas if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the carrier gas if you think about
+so this is a type of chromatography and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a type of chromatography and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a type of chromatography and
+you guys did chromatography in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys did chromatography in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys did chromatography in the
+ferris scene lab with your thin layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferris scene lab with your thin layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferris scene lab with your thin layer
+chromatography and your column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography and your column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography and your column
+chromatography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography
+so in your tlc and in your column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in your tlc and in your column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in your tlc and in your column
+chromatography what was your stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography what was your stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography what was your stationary
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alumina yes so you had your alumina and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina yes so you had your alumina and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina yes so you had your alumina and
+it was coated on the tlc plate or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was coated on the tlc plate or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was coated on the tlc plate or you
+packed your column with the aluminum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed your column with the aluminum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed your column with the aluminum and
+that's your stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your stationary phase
+and then what was your mobile phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hexanes and ethyl acetate and you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexanes and ethyl acetate and you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexanes and ethyl acetate and you guys
+made different mixtures of those right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made different mixtures of those right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made different mixtures of those right
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+determine the best separation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the best separation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the best separation of your
+compound so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound so
+in thin layer chromatography and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thin layer chromatography and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thin layer chromatography and in
+column chromatography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column chromatography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column chromatography
+which of those phases had a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those phases had a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those phases had a bigger
+determination on the separation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination on the separation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination on the separation of your
+two components the mobile phase yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components the mobile phase yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components the mobile phase yeah so
+you could change the polarity and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could change the polarity and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could change the polarity and it
+would change the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change the separation
+in gas chromatography it's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gas chromatography it's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gas chromatography it's kind of the
+opposite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite so
+you have your carrier gas and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your carrier gas and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your carrier gas and that's
+going to be your mobile phase so that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be your mobile phase so that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be your mobile phase so that'll
+help push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help push
+your compounds through the column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compounds through the column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compounds through the column and
+then the column is your stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the column is your stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the column is your stationary
+phase and you can change the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and you can change the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and you can change the properties
+of your stationary phase in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your stationary phase in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your stationary phase in order to
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+get different types of separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different types of separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different types of separation
+so there are two major types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two major types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two major types of
+compounds that they use in column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that they use in column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that they use in column
+chromatography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography
+and the first one this is anyone know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one this is anyone know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one this is anyone know
+what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polyethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene
+glycol which is something you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol which is something you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol which is something you may have
+heard of before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of before so
+these are your ethyl groups and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are your ethyl groups and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are your ethyl groups and then the
+glycol because it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol because it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol because it's got
+alcohol groups and so this notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol groups and so this notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol groups and so this notation is
+the notation for a polymers so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation for a polymers so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation for a polymers so the way
+that this is written is you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is written is you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is written is you could have
+any number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of
+this repeating unit until the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repeating unit until the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repeating unit until the end
+and this is a polar stationary phase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a polar stationary phase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a polar stationary phase so
+if you're trying to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to separate
+compounds that have differences large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that have differences large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that have differences large
+differences in polarity a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in polarity a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in polarity a lot of times
+you'll use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll use the
+polar compound because it has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar compound because it has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar compound because it has these
+oxygens that have their lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens that have their lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens that have their lone pairs
+so it can interact with polar compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can interact with polar compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can interact with polar compounds
+it can form hydrogen bonds all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can form hydrogen bonds all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can form hydrogen bonds all kinds of
+neat stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat stuff
+but the one that we're going to use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one that we're going to use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one that we're going to use in
+the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab
+is this compound here and it is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this compound here and it is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this compound here and it is called a
+polycyloxine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's an o so polycyloxane and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an o so polycyloxane and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an o so polycyloxane and it has
+these silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these silicon
+groups that have two methyl groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that have two methyl groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that have two methyl groups
+attached and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached and
+another name for this particular so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name for this particular so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name for this particular so
+polycyloxine is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polycyloxine is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polycyloxine is like the
+overarching name for this class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching name for this class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching name for this class of
+compounds this one has two methyl groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds this one has two methyl groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds this one has two methyl groups
+attached so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached so
+one of the other names for it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the other names for it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the other names for it is
+dimethicone i don't know if you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimethicone i don't know if you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimethicone i don't know if you've heard
+of that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that before
+it's in a lot of things they use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a lot of things they use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a lot of things they use it
+extensively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively
+in lotions shampoos and sometimes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lotions shampoos and sometimes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lotions shampoos and sometimes in
+food it prevents foaming and it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food it prevents foaming and it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food it prevents foaming and it makes
+things feel nice and slippery so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things feel nice and slippery so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things feel nice and slippery so
+that's why they use it in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they use it in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they use it in a lot of
+cosmetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmetics
+and lotions and everything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lotions and everything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lotions and everything so
+the next time you're in the bathroom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next time you're in the bathroom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next time you're in the bathroom you
+can take a look at some of your products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a look at some of your products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a look at some of your products
+and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+may see dimethicone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may see dimethicone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may see dimethicone
+and now you know what it looks like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you know what it looks like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you know what it looks like and
+we're going to use it in the lab to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use it in the lab to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use it in the lab to help
+separate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate your
+limonene and your carbon to see how pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limonene and your carbon to see how pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limonene and your carbon to see how pure
+your separation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the gc column looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gc column looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gc column looks like this
+so it's it's represented in this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's represented in this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's represented in this diagram
+as a curl up circle and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a curl up circle and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a curl up circle and so this is
+actually what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what it looks like
+so this is an old column taken out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an old column taken out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an old column taken out of
+the gc in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gc in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gc in the lab
+and you can see that it's very very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it's very very thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it's very very thin
+so this is a capillary column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a capillary column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a capillary column
+so this is actually a hollow tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually a hollow tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually a hollow tube and
+your sample will travel through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample will travel through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample will travel through this
+tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+around around around does anyone have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around around around does anyone have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around around around does anyone have a
+guess about how long this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+long yeah so this is 30 meters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long yeah so this is 30 meters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long yeah so this is 30 meters of
+capillary tubing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary tubing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary tubing
+all wrapped up here and on the inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wrapped up here and on the inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wrapped up here and on the inside of
+the capillary tubing it is coated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capillary tubing it is coated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capillary tubing it is coated with
+this polycyloxane mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polycyloxane mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polycyloxane mixture
+which will interact with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will interact with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will interact with your
+sample and it'll cause it'll help cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and it'll cause it'll help cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and it'll cause it'll help cause
+the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation
+your sample gets inserted into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample gets inserted into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample gets inserted into the
+injector port this is an oven so it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injector port this is an oven so it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injector port this is an oven so it gets
+heated up and you can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated up and you can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated up and you can change the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+in the temperature and so the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the temperature and so the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the temperature and so the difference
+in the temperature will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change the amount of separation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the amount of separation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the amount of separation that you
+get so if you do it hotter then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so if you do it hotter then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so if you do it hotter then your
+your compounds will travel through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compounds will travel through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compounds will travel through
+faster and you don't maybe get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and you don't maybe get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and you don't maybe get as
+good of a separation if you cool it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good of a separation if you cool it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good of a separation if you cool it down
+a little bit then you tend to get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit then you tend to get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit then you tend to get better
+separation but sometimes it can broaden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation but sometimes it can broaden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation but sometimes it can broaden
+your peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your peaks
+so there's a trade-off there we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a trade-off there we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a trade-off there we have
+already made a program for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already made a program for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already made a program for you
+that optimizes the separation of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optimizes the separation of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optimizes the separation of the two
+compounds that you guys are looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that you guys are looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that you guys are looking for
+so you don't have to worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to worry about that
+you'll just make up your sample inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just make up your sample inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just make up your sample inject
+it it'll go through the column and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it'll go through the column and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it'll go through the column and then
+it reaches the detector and we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reaches the detector and we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reaches the detector and we use a
+flame ionization detector so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame ionization detector so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame ionization detector so that
+hydrogen in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in the air
+they get lit on fire the stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get lit on fire the stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get lit on fire the stuff that
+comes out of the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the column
+goes into the fire it gets lit on fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the fire it gets lit on fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the fire it gets lit on fire
+it produces ions and then the ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it produces ions and then the ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it produces ions and then the ions
+are detected by the detector changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are detected by the detector changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are detected by the detector changes the
+electrical current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical current
+and that is what gives you your signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what gives you your signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what gives you your signal
+this is a very sensitive technique so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very sensitive technique so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very sensitive technique so
+you do not need to prepare very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not need to prepare very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not need to prepare very
+concentrated amounts of sample so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated amounts of sample so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated amounts of sample so we're
+not going to inject your oil straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to inject your oil straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to inject your oil straight
+into the instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the instrument
+you are going to do what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to do what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to do what's called a
+double dilution so you will take 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dilution so you will take 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dilution so you will take 50
+microliters of your sample in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microliters of your sample in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microliters of your sample in one of
+those micropipettes that you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those micropipettes that you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those micropipettes that you guys have
+been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using
+you'll dissolve it in one milliliter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll dissolve it in one milliliter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll dissolve it in one milliliter of
+pentane so you're already making a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentane so you're already making a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentane so you're already making a very
+dilute solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute solution
+and then you'll take 50 microliters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll take 50 microliters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll take 50 microliters of
+that solution and you will dissolve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solution and you will dissolve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solution and you will dissolve it
+in another milliliter of pentane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another milliliter of pentane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another milliliter of pentane and
+that's what you will inject into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you will inject into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you will inject into
+the gc instrument your tas will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gc instrument your tas will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gc instrument your tas will help you
+with that but that's just to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that but that's just to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that but that's just to show you
+that it is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is a very very
+sensitive technique so you do not need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive technique so you do not need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive technique so you do not need
+lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of
+solvent this is what the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent this is what the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent this is what the uh
+the output of the gc looks like and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the gc looks like and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the gc looks like and you
+will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get
+your gc chromatograph and the units on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gc chromatograph and the units on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gc chromatograph and the units on
+this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are
+in abundance and time in minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in abundance and time in minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in abundance and time in minutes
+and so you can see that this is a gc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see that this is a gc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see that this is a gc
+chromatograph of the oil before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatograph of the oil before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatograph of the oil before it's
+been separated so it has two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been separated so it has two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been separated so it has two major
+components and a couple of smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and a couple of smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and a couple of smaller
+impurities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities
+and hopefully if you guys do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully if you guys do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully if you guys do your
+distillation correctly then you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation correctly then you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation correctly then you'll get
+your fractions will look like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fractions will look like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fractions will look like there's
+not very much of one and a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very much of one and a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very much of one and a lot of the
+other and then vice versa for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then vice versa for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then vice versa for your
+limiting in your car phone and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting in your car phone and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting in your car phone and the way
+that you can tell which peak is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can tell which peak is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can tell which peak is which
+is that so the this column is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so the this column is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so the this column is pretty
+non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar
+like i said and the interactions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said and the interactions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said and the interactions with
+the column are what separates your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column are what separates your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column are what separates your
+mixture but the way that it is separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture but the way that it is separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture but the way that it is separated
+is mostly through boiling point so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly through boiling point so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly through boiling point so when
+you heat this compound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat this compound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat this compound up
+and we'll talk about it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about it a little bit
+more in the next slide but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the next slide but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the next slide but
+it'll travel through the columns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll travel through the columns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll travel through the columns so
+things that are more volatile will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are more volatile will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are more volatile will
+travel through the column faster so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through the column faster so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through the column faster so
+things with a lower boiling point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with a lower boiling point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with a lower boiling point and
+then things with the higher boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then things with the higher boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then things with the higher boiling
+point stay on the column for longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point stay on the column for longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point stay on the column for longer
+so you can use boiling point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can use boiling point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can use boiling point to
+sort of identify your compounds you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of identify your compounds you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of identify your compounds you also
+get this information at the bottom which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this information at the bottom which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this information at the bottom which
+tells you the retention times of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the retention times of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the retention times of your
+peaks in the minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks in the minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks in the minutes
+and then it'll also tell you the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it'll also tell you the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it'll also tell you the area of
+your peak and you can use the percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your peak and you can use the percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your peak and you can use the percent
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+to calculate your percent purity so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate your percent purity so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate your percent purity so in
+this case we have 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we have 41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we have 41
+of 1 and 57 percent of the other so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 and 57 percent of the other so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 and 57 percent of the other so it's
+not a very pure sample and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very pure sample and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very pure sample and hopefully
+yours will get on the order of you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours will get on the order of you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours will get on the order of you can
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+well above 90 separation so that'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well above 90 separation so that'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well above 90 separation so that'll give
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+an idea of how well your distillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how well your distillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how well your distillation
+went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so some things about gas chromatography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some things about gas chromatography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some things about gas chromatography
+that are important to note is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are important to note is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are important to note is that you
+can't really identify an unknown without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really identify an unknown without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really identify an unknown without
+a standard so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard so if you just
+if you don't know what your compound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know what your compound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know what your compound is
+already and you inject it into the gc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and you inject it into the gc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and you inject it into the gc
+all you're going to know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're going to know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're going to know is the
+retention time it doesn't give you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention time it doesn't give you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention time it doesn't give you any
+information about its structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about its structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about its structure
+or anything else so you can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything else so you can compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything else so you can compare
+attention times those are consistent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention times those are consistent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention times those are consistent as
+long as you use the same method in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you use the same method in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you use the same method in the
+same column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same column
+and the same carrier gas but you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same carrier gas but you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same carrier gas but you need to
+have a standard that you can compare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a standard that you can compare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a standard that you can compare it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+or if you are if you know that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you are if you know that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you are if you know that there's
+two components in your mixer if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components in your mixer if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components in your mixer if you know
+what's in them then you can tell which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in them then you can tell which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in them then you can tell which
+is which again by their boiling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which again by their boiling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which again by their boiling point
+so it is very useful for determining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is very useful for determining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is very useful for determining the
+purity or the percent composition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity or the percent composition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity or the percent composition of a
+sample which is what we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample which is what we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample which is what we're going to use
+it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for
+and like i said separation is determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like i said separation is determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like i said separation is determined
+by your stationary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your stationary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your stationary phase
+and the stationary phase is a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stationary phase is a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stationary phase is a liquid
+coating on there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating on there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating on there so
+when you're using when you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're using when you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're using when you're using
+gc chromatography you want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gc chromatography you want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gc chromatography you want to make sure
+that you pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pick a
+stationary phase that matches the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase that matches the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase that matches the type
+of compound that you're separating so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compound that you're separating so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compound that you're separating so
+we're going to use this non-polar one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this non-polar one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this non-polar one
+because our compounds are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our compounds are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our compounds are relatively
+non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar
+um but you'll see it used in extensively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you'll see it used in extensively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you'll see it used in extensively
+in other applications so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other applications so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other applications so if you're
+doing a lot of polar compounds with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of polar compounds with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of polar compounds with a
+lot of oxygen groups or nitrogen groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of oxygen groups or nitrogen groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of oxygen groups or nitrogen groups
+then you may want to use a more polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you may want to use a more polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you may want to use a more polar
+compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound
+you can also get chiral stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get chiral stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get chiral stationary
+phases that'll help separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases that'll help separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases that'll help separate
+enantiomers there's all kinds if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enantiomers there's all kinds if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enantiomers there's all kinds if you go
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+any of the the agilent website or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the the agilent website or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the the agilent website or
+anything you can get a whole list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can get a whole list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can get a whole list of
+different types of stationary phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of stationary phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of stationary phases
+with different types of polarity you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different types of polarity you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different types of polarity you can
+substitute these methyl groups out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute these methyl groups out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute these methyl groups out for
+other things depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things depending on what
+application you're trying to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you're trying to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you're trying to use
+it for and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for and so
+the way that we can characterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we can characterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we can characterize the
+efficiency of the separation is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the separation is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the separation is by
+theoretical plates and we mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical plates and we mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical plates and we mentioned this
+really really briefly when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really briefly when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really briefly when we were
+talking about the distillation so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the distillation so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the distillation so if you
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+there's your vigro column versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your vigro column versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your vigro column versus the
+simple distillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple distillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple distillation
+so you get better separation when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get better separation when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get better separation when you
+have more and more of those cycles where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more and more of those cycles where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more and more of those cycles where
+the vapor can vaporize and recondense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vapor can vaporize and recondense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vapor can vaporize and recondense
+does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+sound vaguely familiar good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound vaguely familiar good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound vaguely familiar good
+so essentially that's what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially that's what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially that's what's happening
+in this gc column so you have a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this gc column so you have a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this gc column so you have a liquid
+coating on the inside of this tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating on the inside of this tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating on the inside of this tube and
+your compounds are traveling through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compounds are traveling through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compounds are traveling through it
+and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can
+be heated up so they'll repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be heated up so they'll repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be heated up so they'll repeatedly
+dissolve and then re-vaporize in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve and then re-vaporize in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve and then re-vaporize in the
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+and the more times they can do that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more times they can do that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more times they can do that as
+they travel through this 30 meters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they travel through this 30 meters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they travel through this 30 meters of
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+the more efficient your separation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more efficient your separation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more efficient your separation is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+and we can calculate that using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can calculate that using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can calculate that using a
+measure called theoretical plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure called theoretical plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure called theoretical plates
+and it is based on the idea that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is based on the idea that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is based on the idea that one
+plate is one equilibrium between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate is one equilibrium between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate is one equilibrium between the
+liquid and the vapor phase or one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and the vapor phase or one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and the vapor phase or one of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+vaporization recondensation cycles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporization recondensation cycles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporization recondensation cycles so
+you can refer to the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can refer to the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can refer to the temperature
+composition diagrams from the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagrams from the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagrams from the last
+lecture if you want to get a refresher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture if you want to get a refresher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture if you want to get a refresher
+on what i mean by like the vaporization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what i mean by like the vaporization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what i mean by like the vaporization
+and recondensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recondensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recondensation
+and then you can calculate this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can calculate this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can calculate this from
+your chromatograph data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chromatograph data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chromatograph data so
+when you have that chromatograph data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have that chromatograph data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have that chromatograph data
+that has the peaks on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the peaks on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the peaks on it
+you can use this equation so n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this equation so n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this equation so n is the
+number of theoretical plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of theoretical plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of theoretical plates
+this is a just a standard constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a just a standard constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a just a standard constant
+and then your tr is the retention time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your tr is the retention time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your tr is the retention time
+so you'll use the retention time of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll use the retention time of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll use the retention time of your
+peak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak in
+some unit and then you want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unit and then you want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unit and then you want to take the
+width of the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the peak
+at one half of the height of the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one half of the height of the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one half of the height of the peak
+so i can't go backwards oh there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can't go backwards oh there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can't go backwards oh there it is
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for this peak you would say your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this peak you would say your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this peak you would say your
+retention time is 1.434
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention time is 1.434
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention time is 1.434
+and then you would want to go halfway up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would want to go halfway up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would want to go halfway up
+the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak
+and then take the width of that peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take the width of that peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take the width of that peak
+which is going to be a very small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be a very small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be a very small number
+and the best way to do this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best way to do this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best way to do this is to
+probably use a ruler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably use a ruler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably use a ruler and
+actually measure physically the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure physically the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure physically the height
+of the peak and then measure the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the peak and then measure the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the peak and then measure the width
+at the halfway point so if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the halfway point so if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the halfway point so if you do that
+you need to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to make sure
+that when you are using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you are using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you are using these
+measurements that they are in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that they are in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that they are in the same
+units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+so you can either do it in the units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can either do it in the units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can either do it in the units of
+time which is what it's given to you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is what it's given to you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is what it's given to you on
+the gc but it's probably a little easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gc but it's probably a little easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gc but it's probably a little easier
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+do it in millimeters or centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in millimeters or centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in millimeters or centimeters
+however you want to measure it just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you want to measure it just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you want to measure it just make
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+that you also if you're going to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you also if you're going to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you also if you're going to measure
+your width in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your width in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your width in
+centimeters or millimeters that you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters or millimeters that you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters or millimeters that you also
+measure your retention time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure your retention time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure your retention time
+in centimeters or milliliters and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in centimeters or milliliters and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in centimeters or milliliters and the
+retention time is just the time from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention time is just the time from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention time is just the time from
+the beginning to where your peak is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's gc spectroscopy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's gc spectroscopy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's gc spectroscopy and
+now we can talk a little bit about ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can talk a little bit about ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can talk a little bit about ir
+spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy
+and if we take a moment and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we take a moment and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we take a moment and think about
+our electromagnetic spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can think about the different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about the different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about the different types
+of energy that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy that you have
+available in the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in the electromagnetic
+spectrum so if this is our wavelength in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum so if this is our wavelength in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum so if this is our wavelength in
+meters what is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters what is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters what is our
+thing with the smallest wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the smallest wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the smallest wavelength
+highest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone gamma rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ben uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ben uv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ben uv
+the little tiny one visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infrared and then yeah microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so from highest energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so from highest energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so from highest energy to
+lowest energy this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy this is our
+electromagnetic spectrum and so ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic spectrum and so ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic spectrum and so ir
+spectroscopy uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy uses
+ir radiation to give us information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir radiation to give us information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir radiation to give us information
+about a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a molecule
+and the way that this happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that this happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that this happens is that
+it's very useful for identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very useful for identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very useful for identifying
+functional groups in a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional groups in a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional groups in a molecule
+and you pass this ir radiation through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pass this ir radiation through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pass this ir radiation through
+the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule
+and all of the bonds in your molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the bonds in your molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the bonds in your molecule
+have some sort of vibrational energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of vibrational energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of vibrational energy
+associated with them they're vibrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them they're vibrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them they're vibrating
+at a certain frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain frequency
+which corresponds to energy in the ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to energy in the ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to energy in the ir
+region of the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the spectrum
+so if you pass ir radiation through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you pass ir radiation through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you pass ir radiation through
+your sample then some of the wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample then some of the wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample then some of the wavelengths
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+match up with the frequencies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up with the frequencies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up with the frequencies of the
+vibrations of your bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations of your bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations of your bonds
+and it will get absorbed and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will get absorbed and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will get absorbed and then you
+can measure how much light comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure how much light comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure how much light comes back
+out and how much like it's absorbed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and how much like it's absorbed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and how much like it's absorbed and
+you can get an ir spectrum of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get an ir spectrum of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get an ir spectrum of your
+molecule which is representative of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which is representative of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which is representative of all
+the different bonds and the energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different bonds and the energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different bonds and the energy that
+they absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they absorb
+the frequency of light or energy that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of light or energy that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of light or energy that a
+bond absorbs is dependent on the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond absorbs is dependent on the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond absorbs is dependent on the mass of
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+atoms that are attached in the bond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that are attached in the bond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that are attached in the bond the
+bond strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond strength
+and the chemical environment and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chemical environment and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chemical environment and this is
+related by hooke's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related by hooke's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related by hooke's law
+if you're familiar with physics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're familiar with physics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're familiar with physics that
+talks about you can think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about you can think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about you can think about it as
+two masses on opposite ends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two masses on opposite ends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two masses on opposite ends of the
+string or a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string or a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string or a spring
+and so how much force you need or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how much force you need or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how much force you need or how
+much what the frequency is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what the frequency is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what the frequency is that that
+spring will oscillate on depends on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring will oscillate on depends on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring will oscillate on depends on all
+of these factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these factors
+and so if you have something that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have something that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have something that has a
+high bond order like a double bond or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high bond order like a double bond or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high bond order like a double bond or a
+triple bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple bond
+then those that's a really tight spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those that's a really tight spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those that's a really tight spring
+so it's going to vibrate at a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to vibrate at a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to vibrate at a very high
+frequency and it's going to take a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and it's going to take a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and it's going to take a lot
+more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy
+to get that vibration to happen whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that vibration to happen whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that vibration to happen whereas
+if there are two light atoms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are two light atoms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are two light atoms that are
+attached by a single bond then they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached by a single bond then they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached by a single bond then they will
+vibrate at a much lower frequency less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate at a much lower frequency less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate at a much lower frequency less
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+makes sense sort of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense sort of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense sort of so
+vibrations are only ir active if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations are only ir active if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations are only ir active if they
+change the dipole moment of a bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the dipole moment of a bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the dipole moment of a bond so
+you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see
+all the bonds in your molecule using ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bonds in your molecule using ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bonds in your molecule using ir
+spectroscopy you'll be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy you'll be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy you'll be able to see
+the ones we can see most of them since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we can see most of them since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we can see most of them since
+most molecules are not perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most molecules are not perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most molecules are not perfectly
+symmetric but like carbon-carbon bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric but like carbon-carbon bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric but like carbon-carbon bonds
+that stretch does not really change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stretch does not really change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stretch does not really change the
+dipole much so you don't see those very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole much so you don't see those very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole much so you don't see those very
+strongly if at all in most of your ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly if at all in most of your ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly if at all in most of your ir
+spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra
+so there are a bunch of different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a bunch of different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a bunch of different ways
+that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a
+bond or molecule can vibrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond or molecule can vibrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond or molecule can vibrate and
+the number of possible possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of possible possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of possible possible
+vibrational modes in a molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational modes in a molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational modes in a molecule is
+determined from the degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined from the degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined from the degrees of freedom
+so if you think about a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about a molecule
+it can move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can move in
+the three dimensions of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three dimensions of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three dimensions of space
+translationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translationally
+and so all of the atoms can also move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of the atoms can also move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of the atoms can also move in
+the three dimensions of space so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three dimensions of space so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three dimensions of space so you get
+you start with three n degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with three n degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with three n degrees of
+freedom so n being the number of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so n being the number of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so n being the number of atoms
+in your molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your molecule
+and then in a linear molecule you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can also have rotational modes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have rotational modes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have rotational modes but
+one of the rotational modes does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the rotational modes does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the rotational modes does not
+quite work as well because it's along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite work as well because it's along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite work as well because it's along
+the axis of the bond so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis of the bond so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis of the bond so you're not
+changing anything if you rotate it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing anything if you rotate it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing anything if you rotate it that
+way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so
+we end up with three n minus five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with three n minus five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with three n minus five
+vibrational stretching or bending modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational stretching or bending modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational stretching or bending modes
+and then in a non-linear molecule you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in a non-linear molecule you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in a non-linear molecule you
+get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all
+three translational on all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three translational on all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three translational on all three
+rotational modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational modes
+so you do three n minus six and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do three n minus six and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do three n minus six and so that
+gets rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets rid of
+the translational and rotational motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translational and rotational motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translational and rotational motion
+so what's left is the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's left is the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's left is the vibrational
+stretching or bending modes in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching or bending modes in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching or bending modes in your
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+and so the possible vibrations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the possible vibrations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the possible vibrations that we
+can have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have are
+as follows the symmetric stretch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows the symmetric stretch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows the symmetric stretch the
+asymmetric stretch the bend the wag the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric stretch the bend the wag the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric stretch the bend the wag the
+twist and rocking so i need everybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist and rocking so i need everybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist and rocking so i need everybody to
+stand up if you've done this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up if you've done this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up if you've done this before
+we're doing it again this is a rite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it again this is a rite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it again this is a rite of
+passage in a chemistry lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage in a chemistry lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage in a chemistry lab
+we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh wait we are going to pretend that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wait we are going to pretend that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wait we are going to pretend that we
+are molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are molecules
+and we are going to act out all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to act out all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to act out all of these
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+vibrations that can happen in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations that can happen in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations that can happen in your
+molecule so that you have an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so that you have an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so that you have an idea of
+what you are looking for when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are looking for when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are looking for when you see
+your ir spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ir spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ir spectrum
+so if your body is like a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your body is like a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your body is like a carbon
+and then the rest of like your legs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rest of like your legs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rest of like your legs are
+another carbon chain then say you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another carbon chain then say you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another carbon chain then say you have
+two hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hydrogen
+atoms in your hands great we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in your hands great we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in your hands great we are
+excellent methylene groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent methylene groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent methylene groups
+so a symmetric stretch any ideas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a symmetric stretch any ideas yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a symmetric stretch any ideas yeah
+when they go at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they go at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they go at the same time
+excellent the asymmetric stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent the asymmetric stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent the asymmetric stretch
+yeah opposite excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah opposite excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah opposite excellent
+the bend or scissor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellency we're all getting a workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellency we're all getting a workout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellency we're all getting a workout
+today this is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today this is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today this is great
+the wag the wag is back and forth like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wag the wag is back and forth like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wag the wag is back and forth like
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+yeah yeah there you go excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah there you go excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah there you go excellent
+twisting one goes back one goes forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twisting one goes back one goes forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twisting one goes back one goes forward
+there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+and then last one rocking that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then last one rocking that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then last one rocking that's what
+you had before there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had before there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had before there
+going back and forth the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent well done give yourselves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent well done give yourselves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent well done give yourselves a
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a good way to get everybody up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good way to get everybody up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good way to get everybody up and
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are our irr vibrational modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are our irr vibrational modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are our irr vibrational modes
+and those are all the ways that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are all the ways that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are all the ways that you can
+make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your
+your molecules vibrate and so now how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your molecules vibrate and so now how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your molecules vibrate and so now how do
+we measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure this
+and the this is the atr spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the this is the atr spectrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the this is the atr spectrometer
+it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an
+infrared spectrometer this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared spectrometer this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared spectrometer this is the one
+that we have in the lab and it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in the lab and it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in the lab and it's in the
+very back corner by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very back corner by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very back corner by the
+door in a prime four so some of you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door in a prime four so some of you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door in a prime four so some of you guys
+may have seen it you may have seen some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have seen it you may have seen some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have seen it you may have seen some
+of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other
+lab groups coming in to use it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab groups coming in to use it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab groups coming in to use it and the
+way that this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that this works
+is it's a pretty simple instrument in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a pretty simple instrument in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a pretty simple instrument in
+terms of what you need to do to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what you need to do to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what you need to do to use it
+there is a crystal right here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a crystal right here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a crystal right here and the
+crystals are usually made of zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals are usually made of zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals are usually made of zinc
+selenide or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selenide or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selenide or
+i believe in our case it's a diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe in our case it's a diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe in our case it's a diamond
+and it's a pretty tiny crystal it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a pretty tiny crystal it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a pretty tiny crystal it's just
+that very very small little dot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very very small little dot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very very small little dot in the
+center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+and you can take your compound and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take your compound and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take your compound and put
+it straight on the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it straight on the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it straight on the crystal
+and if it's a solid then you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a solid then you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a solid then you can use
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+little pressure thing so you can lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pressure thing so you can lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pressure thing so you can lower
+that and it'll press your solid right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it'll press your solid right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it'll press your solid right up
+against the crystal so you get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the crystal so you get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the crystal so you get good
+contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact
+or you can just put a couple of drops of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can just put a couple of drops of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can just put a couple of drops of
+your liquid right on the crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your liquid right on the crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your liquid right on the crystal and
+then it has good contact anyway because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has good contact anyway because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has good contact anyway because
+it's a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and oh so the atr stands for attenuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh so the atr stands for attenuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh so the atr stands for attenuated
+total reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and how it works is you have a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it works is you have a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it works is you have a source of
+your ir energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ir energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ir energy
+and these are some mirrors and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are some mirrors and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are some mirrors and so you
+have your energy it comes in here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your energy it comes in here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your energy it comes in here it
+hits the mirror and then it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the mirror and then it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the mirror and then it gets
+directed up through this crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed up through this crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed up through this crystal
+and like i said you're going to put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like i said you're going to put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like i said you're going to put your
+sample on top of the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you want to get really good contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to get really good contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to get really good contact
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+ir energy will travel through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir energy will travel through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir energy will travel through the
+crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+and it'll interact with the very bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll interact with the very bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll interact with the very bottom
+layer of your sample there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then it'll get reflected back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it'll get reflected back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it'll get reflected back down
+and in some cases there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases there's only one
+reflection and then it goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and then it goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and then it goes to the
+detector and in other cases depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and in other cases depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and in other cases depending on
+the size of your crystal you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of your crystal you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of your crystal you can get
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+reflections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when the light interacts with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the light interacts with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the light interacts with your
+sample like i said it'll absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample like i said it'll absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample like i said it'll absorb
+some of the wavelengths of the ir light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the wavelengths of the ir light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the wavelengths of the ir light
+so some of this will get absorbed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of this will get absorbed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of this will get absorbed and
+then and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and that's
+the attenuation part is that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attenuation part is that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attenuation part is that some
+wavelengths will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths will
+be decreased in intensity because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be decreased in intensity because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be decreased in intensity because they
+will be absorbed by your compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be absorbed by your compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be absorbed by your compound
+and then the reflectance part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the reflectance part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the reflectance part is the
+light gets reflected down through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light gets reflected down through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light gets reflected down through this
+crystal into the detector and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal into the detector and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal into the detector and then the
+detector can determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector can determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector can determine
+which wavelengths of light were absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which wavelengths of light were absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which wavelengths of light were absorbed
+and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is ir in a very simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is ir in a very simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is ir in a very simplified
+fashion there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion there's a
+more descriptions of it in your more egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more descriptions of it in your more egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more descriptions of it in your more egg
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+so if you guys have this book or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you guys have this book or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you guys have this book or if you
+want to borrow it there's an excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to borrow it there's an excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to borrow it there's an excellent
+description of how different ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of how different ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of how different ir
+spectrometers work there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometers work there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometers work there are a couple
+different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+to get ir samples so like atr is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get ir samples so like atr is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get ir samples so like atr is great
+for liquids and solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for liquids and solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for liquids and solids
+you can also have ir spectrometers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have ir spectrometers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have ir spectrometers that
+just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you
+set your sample up on some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set your sample up on some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set your sample up on some sort of
+support that's like vertical and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that's like vertical and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that's like vertical and then
+you pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass
+the beam straight through it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam straight through it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam straight through it and you
+measure what comes out on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure what comes out on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure what comes out on the other side
+kind of like the uv vis that you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the uv vis that you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the uv vis that you did
+so there's a couple different ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple different ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple different ways to do
+ir but this is the way that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir but this is the way that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir but this is the way that we're going
+to be using in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what you get out of it is an ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you get out of it is an ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you get out of it is an ir
+spectrum that looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that looks something like this
+so i took these straight from the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i took these straight from the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i took these straight from the lab
+manual and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual and these are
+ir spectra of carbon and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir spectra of carbon and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir spectra of carbon and that's the
+carbon from the caraway seed oil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon from the caraway seed oil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon from the caraway seed oil and
+that's the carbon from your peppermint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the carbon from your peppermint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the carbon from your peppermint
+oil and do we see any differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not really so what do we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really so what do we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really so what do we know is
+different about the carbon from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about the carbon from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about the carbon from the
+caraway seed in the peppermint oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the stereochemistry so we know that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereochemistry so we know that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereochemistry so we know that one
+is the r form of the molecule and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the r form of the molecule and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the r form of the molecule and the
+other is the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is the s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is the s
+so this is the s and this is the r so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the s and this is the r so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the s and this is the r so is
+ir spectroscopy good at differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir spectroscopy good at differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir spectroscopy good at differentiating
+between isomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between isomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between isomers
+nope not at all it just tells you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope not at all it just tells you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope not at all it just tells you what
+functional groups are there it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional groups are there it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional groups are there it doesn't
+really tell you in what order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tell you in what order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tell you in what order
+they are in so you'll need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in so you'll need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in so you'll need to do a
+different spectroscopic technique if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spectroscopic technique if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spectroscopic technique if you
+want to figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure that out
+but we can get a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can get a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can get a lot of information
+about different bonds that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different bonds that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different bonds that are
+in our molecule which is helpful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our molecule which is helpful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our molecule which is helpful for
+identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying
+different things what do we have next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things what do we have next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things what do we have next
+um so yeah we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah we can talk about
+interpreting an ir spectrum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting an ir spectrum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting an ir spectrum so
+in your book or on the internet there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your book or on the internet there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your book or on the internet there
+are many many charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many charts
+that have lists and lists of the ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have lists and lists of the ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have lists and lists of the ir
+my bookmark fell out oh here it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bookmark fell out oh here it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bookmark fell out oh here it is so
+there's a chart in the morig book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chart in the morig book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chart in the morig book that
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+a list of all of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of all of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of all of the different
+stretching frequencies for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching frequencies for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching frequencies for different
+functional groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional groups
+and it has the stretching the bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the stretching the bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the stretching the bending
+and all anything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all anything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all anything that you
+are typically able to see in an ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically able to see in an ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically able to see in an ir
+spectrum and it tells you where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and it tells you where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and it tells you where you
+should look for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look for it
+in the spectrum in terms of wave numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spectrum in terms of wave numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spectrum in terms of wave numbers
+so if you look at the axes of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the axes of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the axes of these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+left axis here is percent transmittance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left axis here is percent transmittance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left axis here is percent transmittance
+so how much of the light gets through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much of the light gets through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much of the light gets through
+and then the so the top is 100 so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the so the top is 100 so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the so the top is 100 so if
+nothing is absorbed it'll be a baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is absorbed it'll be a baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is absorbed it'll be a baseline
+at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top
+and then if things are absorbed strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if things are absorbed strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if things are absorbed strongly
+then the percent transmittance goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the percent transmittance goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the percent transmittance goes down
+and you get a big peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a big peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a big peak
+and then the wave the other axis along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the wave the other axis along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the wave the other axis along
+the bottom here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom here is
+well on the bottom of this one it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the bottom of this one it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the bottom of this one it's in
+micrometers but in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrometers but in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrometers but in most cases
+in ir now we use wave numbers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ir now we use wave numbers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ir now we use wave numbers because
+it's a linear measurement instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a linear measurement instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a linear measurement instead of
+non-linear so wave numbers corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear so wave numbers corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear so wave numbers corresponds
+to the amount of energy in the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the amount of energy in the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the amount of energy in the molecule
+or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the
+photon so we can get these charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon so we can get these charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon so we can get these charts
+of where different functional groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where different functional groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where different functional groups
+absorb in terms of wave numbers so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb in terms of wave numbers so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb in terms of wave numbers so these
+are all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all in
+wave numbers which is inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave numbers which is inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave numbers which is inverse
+centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you get your ir spectrum back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you get your ir spectrum back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you get your ir spectrum back
+and you take it in the lab you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take it in the lab you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take it in the lab you're going
+to print it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print it out
+and then you can use one of these charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can use one of these charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can use one of these charts
+to help you and the best place to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you and the best place to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you and the best place to start
+looking at an ir spectrum is between 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at an ir spectrum is between 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at an ir spectrum is between 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1400 wave numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like this half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like this half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like this half
+because you can see on this side there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see on this side there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see on this side there's
+a lot going on down here and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot going on down here and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot going on down here and you might
+say oh that's got a ton of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh that's got a ton of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh that's got a ton of information
+in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it
+not so much so this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much so this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much so this is called the
+fingerprint region and it does have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint region and it does have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint region and it does have a
+lot of information in it and before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information in it and before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information in it and before
+there were other spectroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were other spectroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were other spectroscopic
+techniques people spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques people spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques people spent a lot of time
+trying to identify peaks down here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to identify peaks down here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to identify peaks down here but
+they are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are less
+representative of actual specific bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of actual specific bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of actual specific bonds
+a lot of it's like overtones and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it's like overtones and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it's like overtones and other
+resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance
+happening and these are unique to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and these are unique to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and these are unique to every
+chemical so if you have a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical so if you have a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical so if you have a reference
+spectrum and then you have your spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and then you have your spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and then you have your spectrum
+you can match them up and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can match them up and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can match them up and the
+fingerprint region should match really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint region should match really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint region should match really
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+but it's kind of hard to interpret and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of hard to interpret and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of hard to interpret and
+it's usually very messy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually very messy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually very messy so
+we kind of ignore this at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of ignore this at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of ignore this at the beginning
+and then if you look over here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you look over here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you look over here then
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+a lot fewer peaks to deal with and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot fewer peaks to deal with and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot fewer peaks to deal with and they
+provide a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you'll see that the ch stretches are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see that the ch stretches are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see that the ch stretches are
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+around like 2 800 to 3 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like 2 800 to 3 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like 2 800 to 3 100
+wave numbers and it depends on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave numbers and it depends on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave numbers and it depends on whether
+it's a single bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a single bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a single bond
+like an alkane ch or uh alkene or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an alkane ch or uh alkene or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an alkane ch or uh alkene or an
+aromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic
+where they come out so these guys you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come out so these guys you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come out so these guys you'll
+have diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have diff
+you have different peaks because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different peaks because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different peaks because we have
+some alkene chs and some alkane chs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some alkene chs and some alkane chs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some alkene chs and some alkane chs so
+you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have
+a whole variety of ch stretching there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole variety of ch stretching there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole variety of ch stretching there
+and then what other functional groups do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what other functional groups do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what other functional groups do
+we have in the molecule what's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the molecule what's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the molecule what's the other
+main one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main one
+the co and the co double bond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co and the co double bond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co and the co double bond is
+one of the most characteristic peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most characteristic peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most characteristic peaks
+that you can find in an ir spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find in an ir spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find in an ir spectrum and
+it always comes out somewhere between 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always comes out somewhere between 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always comes out somewhere between 16
+1700 so you can see at 1700 there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1700 so you can see at 1700 there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1700 so you can see at 1700 there is
+this huge peak it is the biggest peak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge peak it is the biggest peak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge peak it is the biggest peak in
+the spectrum and that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum and that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum and that corresponds to
+that co double bond there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that co double bond there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that co double bond there
+so that's always a good place to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's always a good place to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's always a good place to start
+if you are looking to identify something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are looking to identify something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are looking to identify something
+that you think may have a carbonyl in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think may have a carbonyl in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think may have a carbonyl in it
+yes so can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no so the height of the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so the height of the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so the height of the peak
+doesn't give you any specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give you any specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give you any specific
+information like how many there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like how many there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like how many there are
+in amines um if you have a primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in amines um if you have a primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in amines um if you have a primary
+versus a secondary amine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a secondary amine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a secondary amine
+so if you have like an amine with one h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have like an amine with one h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have like an amine with one h
+on it and some other r group versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and some other r group versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and some other r group versus
+two h's you'll see either two peaks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two h's you'll see either two peaks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two h's you'll see either two peaks in
+the amine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amine or
+one peak so that's like when you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one peak so that's like when you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one peak so that's like when you can
+quantify atoms through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify atoms through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify atoms through this
+but no the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no the the
+intensity does not always correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity does not always correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity does not always correspond to
+how many of the bond there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of the bond there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of the bond there are
+since the intensity is mostly a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the intensity is mostly a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the intensity is mostly a function
+of um how much the dipole moment changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um how much the dipole moment changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um how much the dipole moment changes
+so you could have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have a lot
+of like ch bonds but you won't see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like ch bonds but you won't see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like ch bonds but you won't see a
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+like a very intense peak yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go back so things that you should do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back so things that you should do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back so things that you should do is
+to look for what is there and look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for what is there and look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for what is there and look for
+what is not there so if you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not there so if you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not there so if you know what's
+supposed to be there in your functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be there in your functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be there in your functional
+groups you know the structure of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups you know the structure of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups you know the structure of your
+molecule then you can try to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule then you can try to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule then you can try to identify
+the peaks that correspond to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peaks that correspond to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peaks that correspond to those
+functional groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional groups
+so if you are anticipating having an oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are anticipating having an oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are anticipating having an oh
+stretch like you've made an alcohol or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch like you've made an alcohol or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch like you've made an alcohol or
+carboxylic acid then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid then you
+should see a giant broad peak around 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see a giant broad peak around 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see a giant broad peak around 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave numbers and you should also if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave numbers and you should also if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave numbers and you should also if you
+are making a carboxylic acid you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making a carboxylic acid you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making a carboxylic acid you should
+see this oh stretch and you should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this oh stretch and you should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this oh stretch and you should see
+your carbonyl peak so you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your carbonyl peak so you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your carbonyl peak so you need to be
+able to identify all the peaks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify all the peaks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify all the peaks that are
+associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+a certain functional group so don't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain functional group so don't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain functional group so don't say
+that you have a carboxylic acid if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a carboxylic acid if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a carboxylic acid if you
+cannot find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot find
+either if you cannot find both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either if you cannot find both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either if you cannot find both of these
+peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks
+they will be there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be there and then
+less helpful for us maybe now but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less helpful for us maybe now but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less helpful for us maybe now but in the
+ester lab which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester lab which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester lab which we'll talk about
+later you can also look for what is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you can also look for what is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you can also look for what is not
+there so if you're trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if you're trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if you're trying to figure out
+if your synthesis was successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your synthesis was successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your synthesis was successful
+and you start with an alcohol and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start with an alcohol and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start with an alcohol and you're
+supposed to end with something that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to end with something that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to end with something that does
+not have an ohp then you can look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have an ohp then you can look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have an ohp then you can look for
+the absence of an oh stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of an oh stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of an oh stretch
+or if you're trying to get rid of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're trying to get rid of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're trying to get rid of a
+carbonyl then you can say what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl then you can say what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl then you can say what's not
+there if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you're trying to
+hydrogenate some sort of double bond you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogenate some sort of double bond you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogenate some sort of double bond you
+can figure out what is there and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what is there and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what is there and what is
+not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there
+so those are things you can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are things you can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are things you can talk about
+in your discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your discussion
+and your ir spectrum and your report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your ir spectrum and your report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your ir spectrum and your report
+should be attached in appendix with key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be attached in appendix with key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be attached in appendix with key
+peaks labeled so you can actually on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks labeled so you can actually on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks labeled so you can actually on
+your spectrum write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spectrum write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spectrum write
+what each peak represents so if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each peak represents so if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each peak represents so if you see
+a giant peak at 1700 you can draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant peak at 1700 you can draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant peak at 1700 you can draw an
+arrow to it and say c double bond o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow to it and say c double bond o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow to it and say c double bond o
+stretch and the way that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch and the way that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch and the way that this is
+typically reported in the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically reported in the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically reported in the literature
+and there's a bunch of different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a bunch of different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a bunch of different ways to
+do it you can check out the acs style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you can check out the acs style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you can check out the acs style
+guide for more information but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide for more information but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide for more information but
+you'll say ir spectroscopy you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say ir spectroscopy you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say ir spectroscopy you use the
+type of ir spectroscopy which in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of ir spectroscopy which in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of ir spectroscopy which in our
+case is going to be atr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is going to be atr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is going to be atr
+so there's like thin film there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's like thin film there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's like thin film there's
+potassium bromide pellets there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium bromide pellets there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium bromide pellets there's all
+kinds of different ways that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of different ways that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of different ways that you can
+take an ir spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an ir spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an ir spectrum
+and the method that you use will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the method that you use will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the method that you use will also
+affect the peak intensity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the peak intensity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the peak intensity so
+that's why it's not as helpful of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's not as helpful of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's not as helpful of a
+thing to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to look at
+and then your units wave numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your units wave numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your units wave numbers and
+then your key peaks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your key peaks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your key peaks so
+if you have a peak that is really broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a peak that is really broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a peak that is really broad
+you only have to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have to report
+and you'll see that most of the peaks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that most of the peaks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that most of the peaks in
+an ir spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ir spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ir spectrum
+are not super sharp so like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not super sharp so like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not super sharp so like this
+carbonyl peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl peak
+kind of if you look at the base it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of if you look at the base it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of if you look at the base it
+ranges through a good number of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges through a good number of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges through a good number of wave
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+but when you report it you only report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you report it you only report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you report it you only report
+the wave numbers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave numbers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave numbers of the
+highest like the highest intensity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest like the highest intensity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest like the highest intensity and
+the instrument will print that out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument will print that out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument will print that out for
+you on your spectrum so you'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on your spectrum so you'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on your spectrum so you'll know
+what the highest intensity is for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the highest intensity is for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the highest intensity is for your
+peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak
+so you can report the highest intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can report the highest intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can report the highest intensity
+wave numbers for each of your peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave numbers for each of your peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave numbers for each of your peaks
+and if you know what the peak is in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you know what the peak is in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you know what the peak is in some
+cases people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases people
+will put what bond it represents you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put what bond it represents you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put what bond it represents you
+don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to
+it was acceptable to do it both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was acceptable to do it both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was acceptable to do it both ways
+according to the acs style guide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the acs style guide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the acs style guide so
+that's kind of up to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of up to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of up to you
+it's a little more helpful for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more helpful for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more helpful for the
+person reading it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person reading it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person reading it but
+so if we want to take a look really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we want to take a look really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we want to take a look really
+quickly at a couple of ir spectra of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly at a couple of ir spectra of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly at a couple of ir spectra of
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+that well this one you might know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well this one you might know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well this one you might know so
+this is the ir spectrum of ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ir spectrum of ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ir spectrum of ethanol
+and what is the major feature that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the major feature that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the major feature that we
+care about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's the c c o but there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the c c o but there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the c c o but there yeah
+there's the oh so like the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the oh so like the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the oh so like the biggest
+strongest feature here is our oh peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest feature here is our oh peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest feature here is our oh peak
+and oh peaks are typically quite broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh peaks are typically quite broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh peaks are typically quite broad
+so they're not as sharp and defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not as sharp and defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not as sharp and defined as
+the other peaks in the spectrum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other peaks in the spectrum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other peaks in the spectrum so
+that's one of the characteristic ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the characteristic ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the characteristic ways
+you can know if you have an alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you can look and we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can look and we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can look and we have some
+methyl chs and ethyl chs here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl chs and ethyl chs here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl chs and ethyl chs here so you
+have alkane chs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alkane chs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alkane chs
+and so those show up a little bit below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those show up a little bit below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those show up a little bit below
+3 000 wave numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 000 wave numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 000 wave numbers
+great and then you may be able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and then you may be able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and then you may be able to find
+the co bond that typically shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co bond that typically shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co bond that typically shows up
+around a thousand give or take so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a thousand give or take so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a thousand give or take so
+maybe one of those peaks is your co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one of those peaks is your co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one of those peaks is your co
+stretch as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch as well
+so sometimes you can go into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes you can go into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes you can go into that
+fingerprint region if you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint region if you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint region if you know that
+there is something there that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something there that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something there that you are
+looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+so the co stretch is one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the co stretch is one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the co stretch is one that you
+typically can see and it's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically can see and it's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically can see and it's typically
+pretty strong so in this case it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty strong so in this case it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty strong so in this case it is
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+but yeah and then another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah and then another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah and then another example
+is this compound which is 37-dimethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this compound which is 37-dimethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this compound which is 37-dimethyl
+octanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octanol
+and what do we have here that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we have here that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we have here that's really
+strong and sticking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c double bond o again right here around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c double bond o again right here around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c double bond o again right here around
+1700 wave numbers that's always a dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1700 wave numbers that's always a dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1700 wave numbers that's always a dead
+giveaway that there is some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giveaway that there is some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giveaway that there is some sort of
+carbonyl peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl peak
+and if you have an aldehyde peak then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have an aldehyde peak then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have an aldehyde peak then i
+didn't write it up here but you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write it up here but you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write it up here but you'll have
+a characteristic stretch for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a characteristic stretch for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a characteristic stretch for this
+aldehyde hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde hydrogen
+that is also up here and then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also up here and then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also up here and then you have a
+couple of alkene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of alkene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of alkene
+ch stretches and a bunch of alkane ch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch stretches and a bunch of alkane ch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch stretches and a bunch of alkane ch
+stretches so in this case there is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches so in this case there is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches so in this case there is a lot
+going on in our ch stretching region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in our ch stretching region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in our ch stretching region
+and those are the major features of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the major features of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the major features of that
+spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+so we'll go over this a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go over this a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go over this a little bit more
+also again when we talk about the ester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also again when we talk about the ester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also again when we talk about the ester
+labs you're going to be using ir for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs you're going to be using ir for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs you're going to be using ir for
+that lab as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lab as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lab as well
+we can talk about some of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about some of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about some of the different
+functional groups that you can see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional groups that you can see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional groups that you can see in
+that case we're going to be dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we're going to be dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we're going to be dealing with
+obviously esters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously esters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously esters
+and some alcohols and some ketones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some alcohols and some ketones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some alcohols and some ketones
+some carboxylic acids so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is a brief overview of ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a brief overview of ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a brief overview of ir
+so we have one more technique left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have one more technique left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have one more technique left to
+talk about and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about and it
+is the polarimetry and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the polarimetry and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the polarimetry and to
+talk about that first we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that first we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that first we're going to do
+another round of synthesis with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another round of synthesis with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another round of synthesis with your
+products that you've separated in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that you've separated in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that you've separated in your
+initial distillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial distillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial distillation
+so you have your limiting fraction your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have your limiting fraction your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have your limiting fraction your
+carbon fraction and we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon fraction and we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon fraction and we're going to take
+the carbon fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon fraction
+and synthesize a semi-carbosome which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and synthesize a semi-carbosome which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and synthesize a semi-carbosome which
+will look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look something
+like this and you will make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you will make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you will make this
+molecule it'll still have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule it'll still have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule it'll still have your
+stereocenter we're not touching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereocenter we're not touching that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereocenter we're not touching that
+so it'll keep your rs configuration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll keep your rs configuration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll keep your rs configuration and
+it'll be a solid though so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a solid though so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a solid though so you're going
+to start with an oil you will go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with an oil you will go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with an oil you will go through
+the synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synthesis
+and then you'll end up with white needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll end up with white needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll end up with white needle
+light crystals so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light crystals so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light crystals so you're going to
+recrystallize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallize your
+product very very slowly and your tas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product very very slowly and your tas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product very very slowly and your tas
+will show you how to do that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you how to do that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you how to do that there's a
+good procedure in your lab manual but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good procedure in your lab manual but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good procedure in your lab manual but
+you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+do the reaction and then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the reaction and then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the reaction and then you're going to
+let it sit in your lab bench until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it sit in your lab bench until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it sit in your lab bench until
+the next lab period so for a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lab period so for a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lab period so for a couple of
+days and you want the crystals to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and you want the crystals to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and you want the crystals to go
+really really slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really slowly
+so you will not see them when you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will not see them when you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will not see them when you first
+make them but you'll see them hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them but you'll see them hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them but you'll see them hopefully
+when you come to lab the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come to lab the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come to lab the next time
+and the slower the crystals grow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the slower the crystals grow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the slower the crystals grow the
+more pure they are and then we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pure they are and then we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pure they are and then we are going
+to need very pure crystals because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need very pure crystals because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need very pure crystals because
+these are what you're going to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are what you're going to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are what you're going to analyze
+by x-ray crystallography and like i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by x-ray crystallography and like i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by x-ray crystallography and like i said
+peter merle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter merle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter merle
+peter muller will come and give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter muller will come and give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter muller will come and give you more
+information on that so stay tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on that so stay tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on that so stay tuned
+but what we can do with these crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we can do with these crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we can do with these crystals
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+use them to do some polarimetry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them to do some polarimetry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them to do some polarimetry so
+one of the things that you'll know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that you'll know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that you'll know about
+your so i said you're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your so i said you're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your so i said you're going to make a
+some white crystals so one of the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some white crystals so one of the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some white crystals so one of the ways
+that we've been analyzing our solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been analyzing our solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been analyzing our solids
+right is by melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is by melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is by melting point
+and you can get two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get two possible
+diastereomers out of the synthesis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastereomers out of the synthesis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastereomers out of the synthesis so
+you can either have since there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either have since there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either have since there's not a
+lot of rotation around the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of rotation around the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of rotation around the c
+and double bond you'll either have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and double bond you'll either have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and double bond you'll either have that
+extra nitrogen group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra nitrogen group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra nitrogen group
+pointing up towards this methyl group or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing up towards this methyl group or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing up towards this methyl group or
+away from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it
+and these two compounds have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two compounds have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two compounds have different
+melting points so you will characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting points so you will characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting points so you will characterize
+your crystals by melting point to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your crystals by melting point to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your crystals by melting point to figure
+out which of these isomers you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which of these isomers you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which of these isomers you have the
+alpha or the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha or the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha or the beta
+most people will make the beta because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people will make the beta because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people will make the beta because
+it has less steric hindrance so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has less steric hindrance so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has less steric hindrance so it's a
+little bit easier for that to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier for that to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier for that to happen
+just synthetically and so that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just synthetically and so that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just synthetically and so that's one of
+the first ways that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ways that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ways that you will
+characterize these compounds and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize these compounds and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize these compounds and the
+second way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second way
+is by polarimetry and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by polarimetry and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by polarimetry and so
+if we talk about polarized light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really fast so what does it mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast so what does it mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast so what does it mean for
+light to be polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's all going in the same direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all going in the same direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all going in the same direction and
+so all so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all so you have
+a light source and it emits light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light source and it emits light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light source and it emits light and
+all of the waves are traveling in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the waves are traveling in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the waves are traveling in all
+different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions
+but you can put it through a polarizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can put it through a polarizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can put it through a polarizing
+filter and then you only filter out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and then you only filter out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and then you only filter out the
+light that is so that has like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that is so that has like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that is so that has like
+the molecules are all arranged in slits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules are all arranged in slits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules are all arranged in slits
+so that it only selects for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it only selects for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it only selects for
+light traveling in one plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light traveling in one plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light traveling in one plane
+so you can put that there and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can put that there and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can put that there and if you
+so these if i have two pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these if i have two pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these if i have two pieces of
+polarizing paper and i put them on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing paper and i put them on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing paper and i put them on top
+of each other in the same orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other in the same orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other in the same orientation
+then the light pretty much gets through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the light pretty much gets through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the light pretty much gets through
+these are a little bit colored so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a little bit colored so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a little bit colored so not
+all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it
+but then if i rotate so that the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if i rotate so that the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if i rotate so that the bottom
+one is selecting for light going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is selecting for light going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is selecting for light going
+this way and the top one is selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and the top one is selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and the top one is selecting
+for light going the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light going the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light going the other direction
+then no light gets through because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then no light gets through because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then no light gets through because
+your it can't pass through the filter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your it can't pass through the filter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your it can't pass through the filter so
+that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to
+this is the essential principle behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the essential principle behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the essential principle behind
+polarimetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarimetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarimetry
+so if you remember from either your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember from either your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember from either your
+organic chemistry lectures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry lectures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry lectures or
+experience before different molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience before different molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience before different molecules
+that are chiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are chiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are chiral
+will rotate plane polarized light and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rotate plane polarized light and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rotate plane polarized light and so
+that what that means is if you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what that means is if you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what that means is if you put a
+polarizing filter on your light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing filter on your light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing filter on your light
+select for light all going in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select for light all going in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select for light all going in one
+direction and then you shine that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and then you shine that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and then you shine that light
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+a chiral sample it'll get rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chiral sample it'll get rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chiral sample it'll get rotated
+to a certain degree based on a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain degree based on a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain degree based on a number of
+features but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but
+essentially how the light interacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially how the light interacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially how the light interacts with
+your chiral sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chiral sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chiral sample
+and so if you have two polarizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have two polarizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have two polarizing
+filters and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and you
+have your sample in between them you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your sample in between them you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your sample in between them you can
+rotate one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate one of them
+and eventually it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually it'll
+match up again and you'll see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up again and you'll see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up again and you'll see all the
+light come through and so that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light come through and so that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light come through and so that's how you
+can tell how much your compound rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell how much your compound rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell how much your compound rotates
+the light so you put a polarizing filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light so you put a polarizing filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light so you put a polarizing filter
+on each side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each side
+and then um kind of rotate them until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um kind of rotate them until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um kind of rotate them until
+you get all of your light back and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get all of your light back and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get all of your light back and then
+you can measure the polarimetry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure the polarimetry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure the polarimetry so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+kind of the way that they did it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the way that they did it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the way that they did it in the
+old days but we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old days but we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old days but we have a
+an instrument that will do it for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instrument that will do it for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instrument that will do it for you so
+you don't have to worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to worry about that
+too much i'll turn this really back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much i'll turn this really back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much i'll turn this really back on
+really quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quick
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+but the rotation like i said we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the rotation like i said we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the rotation like i said we can
+measure it and it's characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it and it's characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it and it's characteristic of
+the molecule so the r and the s forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule so the r and the s forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule so the r and the s forms
+will rotate light in opposite directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rotate light in opposite directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rotate light in opposite directions
+so in our case the r form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our case the r form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our case the r form
+rotates light in the negative direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates light in the negative direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates light in the negative direction
+or counterclockwise and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or counterclockwise and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or counterclockwise and then
+the s form will rotate light in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s form will rotate light in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s form will rotate light in the
+positive direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive direction
+and the r and the s are not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the r and the s are not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the r and the s are not really
+related to the plus and the minus so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the plus and the minus so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the plus and the minus so for
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+compounds the r might be the plus isomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds the r might be the plus isomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds the r might be the plus isomer
+and the s might be the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the s might be the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the s might be the minus
+it's something that you have to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that you have to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that you have to measure
+you can't just know off the top of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just know off the top of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just know off the top of your
+head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from this we can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this we can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this we can calculate the
+specific rotation of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific rotation of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific rotation of our
+light which is how much light is rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light which is how much light is rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light which is how much light is rotated
+and depends on the length of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depends on the length of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depends on the length of the sample
+the concentration and the wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration and the wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration and the wavelength of
+light that is used and then again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that is used and then again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that is used and then again the
+temperature because that impacts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because that impacts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because that impacts the
+density of your solution or of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of your solution or of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of your solution or of your
+compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound
+so the way that you're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that you're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that you're going to do this
+in the lab is you're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab is you're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab is you're going to take a
+sample of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of your
+crystals and then you're going to weigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals and then you're going to weigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals and then you're going to weigh
+them out and you're going to dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out and you're going to dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out and you're going to dissolve
+them in ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in ethanol
+so you're going to make a solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to make a solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to make a solution that
+you know the concentration of so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the concentration of so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the concentration of so that we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+plug that in for our concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in for our concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in for our concentration
+and you'll put it in these tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll put it in these tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll put it in these tubes
+and then you will insert the tube into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will insert the tube into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you will insert the tube into
+the polarimeter and it'll shine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarimeter and it'll shine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarimeter and it'll shine the
+light through and then it'll calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light through and then it'll calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light through and then it'll calculate
+what the angle is that the light gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the angle is that the light gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the angle is that the light gets
+rotated by and the polarimeter actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated by and the polarimeter actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated by and the polarimeter actually
+will calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will calculate the
+specific rotation for you which is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific rotation for you which is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific rotation for you which is kind
+of nice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice but
+you can also calculate it gives you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also calculate it gives you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also calculate it gives you all
+the information to calculate yourself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information to calculate yourself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information to calculate yourself as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+so this is notated very similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is notated very similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is notated very similarly
+similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+to our refractive index in that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our refractive index in that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our refractive index in that it is
+taken at 20 degrees for the density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken at 20 degrees for the density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken at 20 degrees for the density and
+we use the same wavelength of light from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the same wavelength of light from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the same wavelength of light from
+that sodium d line the 586 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sodium d line the 586 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sodium d line the 586 nanometers
+in order to have a consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to have a consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to have a consistent
+representation so you may see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so you may see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so you may see
+these constants in the literature and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these constants in the literature and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these constants in the literature and if
+the temperature is different it'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature is different it'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature is different it'll say
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+23 or 25 or whatever the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 or 25 or whatever the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 or 25 or whatever the temperature
+they took it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took it at
+and you can also change this to whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also change this to whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also change this to whatever
+nanometer wavelength of light that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer wavelength of light that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer wavelength of light that you
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+but we're going to be using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to be using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to be using these
+conditions and then this is the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and then this is the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and then this is the rotation
+of the light in degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light in degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light in degrees
+the length that travels in decimeters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length that travels in decimeters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length that travels in decimeters so
+you're going to measure the tube that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to measure the tube that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to measure the tube that
+you use in decimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use in decimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use in decimeters
+and then your concentration in grams per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your concentration in grams per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your concentration in grams per
+milliliter and you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliter and you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliter and you can calculate the
+specific rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific rotation
+of the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecules
+so hopefully the people who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully the people who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully the people who had
+different isomers will rotate the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different isomers will rotate the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different isomers will rotate the light
+will get rotated exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get rotated exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get rotated exactly
+in the same number of degrees but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same number of degrees but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same number of degrees but in
+opposite directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite directions
+if we've done everything correctly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we've done everything correctly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we've done everything correctly so
+you'll see what you can get from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i think that is all for today you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that is all for today you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that is all for today you
+guys have any questions about anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have any questions about anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have any questions about anything
+that we are about to do in the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are about to do in the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are about to do in the essential
+oil lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil lab
+why is in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case um
+to be perfectly honest i am not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perfectly honest i am not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perfectly honest i am not super
+familiar with hplc i'm sure you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with hplc i'm sure you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with hplc i'm sure you could
+also use it to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use it to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use it to separate
+these compounds um gc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these compounds um gc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these compounds um gc
+is i mean part of it is the techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i mean part of it is the techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i mean part of it is the techniques
+that we have available to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have available to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have available to us
+so there's that but this also gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's that but this also gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's that but this also gets
+separated really nicely based on boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated really nicely based on boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated really nicely based on boiling
+point so it's kind of fast and easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so it's kind of fast and easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so it's kind of fast and easy for
+us to do but i can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do but i can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do but i can also
+yeah we can talk about it more yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we can talk about it more yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we can talk about it more yeah well
+that's a good question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/t8wEwqQYsZQ.txt b/t8wEwqQYsZQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21909dfad4ee109b52802fb3b04da5d3f411c1f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t8wEwqQYsZQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're now uh sort of in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now uh sort of in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now uh sort of in the middle of
+our unit of our of our last main unit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our unit of our of our last main unit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our unit of our of our last main unit on
+a kind of quarks to the cosmos high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of quarks to the cosmos high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of quarks to the cosmos high
+energy Trends in high energy physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Trends in high energy physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Trends in high energy physics
+astrophysics and gravitation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics and gravitation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics and gravitation and
+cosmology uh and so today we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology uh and so today we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology uh and so today we'll be
+picking up part of the kind of threads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up part of the kind of threads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up part of the kind of threads
+that we that we're looking at uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that we're looking at uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that we're looking at uh before
+the Thanksgiving break and and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thanksgiving break and and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thanksgiving break and and we'll be
+looking in particular how was it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in particular how was it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in particular how was it and
+over what kind of time scale was it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what kind of time scale was it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what kind of time scale was it that
+most physicists came to be convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most physicists came to be convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most physicists came to be convinced
+that many many uh types of matter are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many many uh types of matter are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many many uh types of matter are
+actually formed of quarks that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually formed of quarks that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually formed of quarks that there's a
+constituent uh sort of Elementary unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent uh sort of Elementary unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent uh sort of Elementary unit
+within many kinds of matter how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within many kinds of matter how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within many kinds of matter how did
+people come to be convinced of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people come to be convinced of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people come to be convinced of that uh
+and over what kind of time scale so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over what kind of time scale so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over what kind of time scale so
+that's what we'll look at for part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'll look at for part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'll look at for part of
+today so uh the three parts we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so uh the three parts we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so uh the three parts we'll
+revisit some of the uh trends that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit some of the uh trends that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit some of the uh trends that we
+already began looking at briefly again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already began looking at briefly again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already began looking at briefly again
+in in the class sessions before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the class sessions before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the class sessions before the
+Thanksgiving break in particular this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving break in particular this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving break in particular this
+what seemed to be a really unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seemed to be a really unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seemed to be a really unexpected
+and at times almost overwhelming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at times almost overwhelming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at times almost overwhelming
+proliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation
+of the number of particles that seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of particles that seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of particles that seem to
+come out practically every time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out practically every time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out practically every time that the
+physicist turned on they're often brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist turned on they're often brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist turned on they're often brand
+new particle accelerators we saw there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particle accelerators we saw there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particle accelerators we saw there's
+a huge Spate a kind of building boom uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge Spate a kind of building boom uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge Spate a kind of building boom uh
+coming out of the second world war of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the second world war of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the second world war of
+making larger and larger more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making larger and larger more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making larger and larger more and more
+powerful accelerators MIT had our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful accelerators MIT had our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful accelerators MIT had our own
+synchrotron in operation for many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron in operation for many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron in operation for many years
+many many individual universities had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many individual universities had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many individual universities had
+them and of course there were larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and of course there were larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and of course there were larger
+National Laboratory facilities as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Laboratory facilities as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Laboratory facilities as well
+all the kind of carryover into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the kind of carryover into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the kind of carryover into the
+post-war period of um of the wartime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-war period of um of the wartime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-war period of um of the wartime
+Manhattan Project these were atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project these were atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project these were atomic
+energy commission facilities by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy commission facilities by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy commission facilities by and
+large so what what were some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so what what were some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so what what were some of the
+responses to this proliferation of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to this proliferation of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to this proliferation of new
+kinds of particles that seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of particles that seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of particles that seem to be
+popping up all over the place we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping up all over the place we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping up all over the place we'll see
+that that was really on many people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was really on many people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was really on many people's
+minds when they began thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds when they began thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds when they began thinking about
+what we now call quarks the idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now call quarks the idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now call quarks the idea about
+quarks itself has a really I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks itself has a really I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks itself has a really I think
+fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating
+go to up and down history where not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to up and down history where not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to up and down history where not
+everyone was on board at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was on board at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was on board at the same time
+in the same for the same reasons there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same for the same reasons there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same for the same reasons there
+was a kind of long ambivalence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kind of long ambivalence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kind of long ambivalence or
+confusion or what are they are they real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion or what are they are they real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion or what are they are they real
+are they not and so we'll look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they not and so we'll look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they not and so we'll look at that
+for a good chunk of today's class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a good chunk of today's class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a good chunk of today's class
+session and the last part will be a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and the last part will be a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and the last part will be a kind
+of um what has become called uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um what has become called uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um what has become called uh the the
+so-called standard model we'll look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called standard model we'll look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called standard model we'll look at a
+key part of that called Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key part of that called Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key part of that called Quantum
+chromodynamics or qcd which you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromodynamics or qcd which you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromodynamics or qcd which you've
+probably heard of at least you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard of at least you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard of at least you probably
+recognize the name we'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the name we'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the name we'll talk a little
+bit about where that comes from and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about where that comes from and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about where that comes from and how
+that fits into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits into
+um a kind of larger picture today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a kind of larger picture today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a kind of larger picture today and
+it's drawing on this uh sort of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's drawing on this uh sort of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's drawing on this uh sort of many
+decades coming uh coming before it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades coming uh coming before it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades coming uh coming before it that
+we'll look at for today so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at for today so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at for today so that's where
+headings in quick reminder as I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headings in quick reminder as I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headings in quick reminder as I just
+mentioned after the war pictures like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned after the war pictures like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned after the war pictures like
+this were becoming more and more common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were becoming more and more common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were becoming more and more common
+so by 1955 Berkeley's bevatron a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by 1955 Berkeley's bevatron a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by 1955 Berkeley's bevatron a billion
+electron volt accelerator was filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt accelerator was filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt accelerator was filling
+kind of factory room floors again here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of factory room floors again here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of factory room floors again here's
+a human operator to give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human operator to give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human operator to give you a sense of
+the scale absolutely enormous so if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale absolutely enormous so if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale absolutely enormous so if for
+its time and as I mentioned that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its time and as I mentioned that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its time and as I mentioned that that
+was driving this exponential rise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was driving this exponential rise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was driving this exponential rise in the
+numbers of seemingly new seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of seemingly new seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of seemingly new seemingly
+Elementary nuclear particles uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary nuclear particles uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary nuclear particles uh when
+physicists could achieve higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists could achieve higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists could achieve higher and
+higher interaction rates they found not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher interaction rates they found not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher interaction rates they found not
+just higher energy stuff flying out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just higher energy stuff flying out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just higher energy stuff flying out but
+new kinds of stuff flying out new kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kinds of stuff flying out new kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kinds of stuff flying out new kinds
+of particles among the Decay chains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles among the Decay chains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles among the Decay chains and
+all that so that was often called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that so that was often called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that so that was often called the
+particle Zoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Zoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Zoo
+we saw in the previous class session one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in the previous class session one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in the previous class session one
+of the first challenges uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first challenges uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first challenges uh kind of
+intellectual challenges among uh to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual challenges among uh to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual challenges among uh to try
+to make sense of this very large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sense of this very large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sense of this very large number
+of nuclear particles is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclear particles is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclear particles is that they
+interacted strongly with each other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted strongly with each other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted strongly with each other in
+fact we now call this the strong nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we now call this the strong nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we now call this the strong nuclear
+force uh it's called strong because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force uh it's called strong because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force uh it's called strong because the
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+analogy to the electric charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to the electric charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to the electric charge
+um which we often abbreviate just by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we often abbreviate just by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we often abbreviate just by the
+letter G the the coupling constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter G the the coupling constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter G the the coupling constant is
+very big so whereas the electric charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big so whereas the electric charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big so whereas the electric charge
+is small in kind of appropriate units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small in kind of appropriate units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small in kind of appropriate units
+it's roughly 1 over 137
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's roughly 1 over 137
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's roughly 1 over 137
+so you could do a perturbation expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could do a perturbation expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could do a perturbation expansion
+kind of tailor expand and uh and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tailor expand and uh and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tailor expand and uh and more
+and more complicated contributions just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more complicated contributions just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more complicated contributions just
+countless because they have more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countless because they have more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countless because they have more and
+more factors of a small number in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more factors of a small number in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more factors of a small number in front
+the opposite seemed to happen for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite seemed to happen for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite seemed to happen for these
+strongly interacting nuclear particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly interacting nuclear particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly interacting nuclear particles
+where an arbitrarily complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an arbitrarily complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an arbitrarily complicated
+interaction of thymine diagram with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of thymine diagram with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of thymine diagram with many
+many vertices would actually weigh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vertices would actually weigh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vertices would actually weigh more
+in your final answer than the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your final answer than the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your final answer than the simple
+ones and there was in principle an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and there was in principle an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and there was in principle an
+infinite number of complicated ones it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of complicated ones it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of complicated ones it
+really didn't make any sense for how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't make any sense for how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't make any sense for how to
+calculate in this strong nuclear force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate in this strong nuclear force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate in this strong nuclear force
+regime there's a second challenge which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime there's a second challenge which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime there's a second challenge which
+was maybe a bit more meta which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was maybe a bit more meta which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was maybe a bit more meta which was
+really this question of could all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this question of could all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this question of could all these
+100 or soon 200 or almost 300 seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 or soon 200 or almost 300 seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 or soon 200 or almost 300 seemingly
+Elementary particles I think all really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary particles I think all really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary particles I think all really
+Elementary are they all kind of to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary are they all kind of to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary are they all kind of to be
+understood on the same footing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood on the same footing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood on the same footing
+uh is there any pattern or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is there any pattern or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is there any pattern or any
+underlying kind of order that one might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying kind of order that one might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying kind of order that one might
+be able to bring to what otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to bring to what otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to bring to what otherwise
+looked like really just a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like really just a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like really just a kind of
+scatter shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter shot
+um display of Hudson hundreds many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um display of Hudson hundreds many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um display of Hudson hundreds many
+hundreds of seemingly Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of seemingly Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of seemingly Elementary
+particles how do you make sense of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles how do you make sense of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles how do you make sense of of
+all that uh all that stuff so we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that uh all that stuff so we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that uh all that stuff so we saw
+just a brief recap for last time one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a brief recap for last time one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a brief recap for last time one
+response to this very creative response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to this very creative response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to this very creative response
+which was really dominant for a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was really dominant for a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was really dominant for a better
+part of 15 years or so was so was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of 15 years or so was so was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of 15 years or so was so was
+associated with the particle physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the particle physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the particle physicist
+Jeffrey Chu when we talked a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeffrey Chu when we talked a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeffrey Chu when we talked a bit about
+him and read about some of his work last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and read about some of his work last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and read about some of his work last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+he introduced the idea of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he introduced the idea of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he introduced the idea of nuclear
+democracy and then with some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy and then with some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy and then with some of his
+students the idea of the bootstrap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the idea of the bootstrap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the idea of the bootstrap and
+they were really being very creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really being very creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really being very creative
+with these simple thymine diagrams where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these simple thymine diagrams where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these simple thymine diagrams where
+if you simply rotate the diagram turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you simply rotate the diagram turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you simply rotate the diagram turn it
+on its head by you know by 90 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its head by you know by 90 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its head by you know by 90 degrees
+then the roles that these particles seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the roles that these particles seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the roles that these particles seem
+to play could sort of Swap and so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play could sort of Swap and so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play could sort of Swap and so maybe
+Jitsu and his very active group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jitsu and his very active group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jitsu and his very active group
+maybe maybe they wondered that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe they wondered that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe they wondered that all these
+many hundreds of particles are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hundreds of particles are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hundreds of particles are actually
+in a sense equally Elementary because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense equally Elementary because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense equally Elementary because
+they're all bound States of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all bound States of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all bound States of each other
+they're equally composite and equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equally composite and equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equally composite and equally
+Elementary and that the labels we apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary and that the labels we apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary and that the labels we apply
+to them really depend on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them really depend on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them really depend on which
+orientation of a kind of scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of a kind of scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of a kind of scattering
+diagram or final diagram we happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram or final diagram we happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram or final diagram we happen to
+consider so it was all about the Jeffrey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider so it was all about the Jeffrey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider so it was all about the Jeffrey
+choose program was all about Dynamics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose program was all about Dynamics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose program was all about Dynamics is
+there one self-consistent set of forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there one self-consistent set of forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there one self-consistent set of forces
+with which they could make sense of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which they could make sense of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which they could make sense of all
+these many uh types of particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many uh types of particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many uh types of particles and
+their scatterings and interactions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their scatterings and interactions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their scatterings and interactions so
+one of one response to the strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of one response to the strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of one response to the strongly
+coupled particle zoo was to look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled particle zoo was to look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled particle zoo was to look for a
+single kind of self-consistent bootstrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single kind of self-consistent bootstrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single kind of self-consistent bootstrap
+that might Encompass more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might Encompass more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might Encompass more and more
+examples uh of this nuclear domain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh of this nuclear domain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh of this nuclear domain so
+what we'll mostly talk about today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll mostly talk about today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll mostly talk about today is
+actually a distinct approach a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a distinct approach a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a distinct approach a kind of
+not even rival but a complementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even rival but a complementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even rival but a complementary
+approach that started to gather more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that started to gather more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that started to gather more and
+more attention around the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more attention around the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more attention around the same time
+periods during the 1950s and 1960s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods during the 1950s and 1960s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods during the 1950s and 1960s and
+that was to basically ignore or kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was to basically ignore or kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was to basically ignore or kind of
+bracket for the time being questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket for the time being questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket for the time being questions of
+forces or Dynamics and just say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces or Dynamics and just say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces or Dynamics and just say that's
+beyond us right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond us right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond us right now
+but Focus instead on classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Focus instead on classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Focus instead on classification
+where there are patterns among those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are patterns among those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are patterns among those
+dozens and soon hundreds of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens and soon hundreds of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens and soon hundreds of nuclear
+particles that came out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that came out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that came out of the
+accelerators was there were some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerators was there were some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerators was there were some more
+like others more like each other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like others more like each other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like others more like each other than
+distinct from others are there family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from others are there family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from others are there family
+groups are there symmetries are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups are there symmetries are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups are there symmetries are there
+are there ways to group this plethora uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there ways to group this plethora uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there ways to group this plethora uh
+in in a kind of ordered fashion such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a kind of ordered fashion such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a kind of ordered fashion such a
+classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified
+so in some sense that approach was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense that approach was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense that approach was
+really also not very new as we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really also not very new as we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really also not very new as we'll see it
+actually reached back to some ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reached back to some ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reached back to some ideas from
+the earliest days of nuclear physics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest days of nuclear physics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest days of nuclear physics in
+the early 1930s one idea in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1930s one idea in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1930s one idea in particular
+I'll talk about now uh was introduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about now uh was introduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about now uh was introduced by
+Varner Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Varner Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Varner Heisenberg
+as early as 1932
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as early as 1932
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as early as 1932
+uh Heisenberg it was a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Heisenberg it was a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Heisenberg it was a series of
+Articles under the title on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles under the title on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles under the title on the
+structure of atomic nuclei the first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of atomic nuclei the first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of atomic nuclei the first of
+which was received in June of 1932. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was received in June of 1932. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was received in June of 1932. you
+may remember those several weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember those several weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember those several weeks ago
+uh James Chadwick presented the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh James Chadwick presented the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh James Chadwick presented the first
+really kind of compelling evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of compelling evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of compelling evidence that
+the neutron exists that Atomic nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutron exists that Atomic nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutron exists that Atomic nuclei
+might have more than one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have more than one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have more than one kind of
+particle within them both protons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle within them both protons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle within them both protons and
+neutrons he presented that evidence very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons he presented that evidence very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons he presented that evidence very
+early in 1932 January february-ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in 1932 January february-ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in 1932 January february-ish
+pretty early in the in the year within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early in the in the year within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early in the in the year within
+not even half a year later Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even half a year later Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even half a year later Heisenberg
+had really picked up that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had really picked up that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had really picked up that idea
+and run with it and introduce this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run with it and introduce this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run with it and introduce this idea
+called ISO spin so what was the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ISO spin so what was the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ISO spin so what was the idea
+that Heisenberg had the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Heisenberg had the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Heisenberg had the early
+experiments with both protons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with both protons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with both protons and
+neutrons in these early months after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons in these early months after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons in these early months after
+Chadwick had kind of isolated evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chadwick had kind of isolated evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chadwick had kind of isolated evidence
+for the neutron itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the neutron itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the neutron itself
+the early follow-on experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early follow-on experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early follow-on experiments
+suggested that protons and neutrons were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that protons and neutrons were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that protons and neutrons were
+kind of interchangeable when it came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interchangeable when it came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interchangeable when it came to
+nuclear reactions that they seem to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactions that they seem to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactions that they seem to have
+for example the same scattering strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the same scattering strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the same scattering strength
+that that what would later be called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that what would later be called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that what would later be called a
+coupling constant G the analog to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling constant G the analog to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling constant G the analog to their
+electric charge it looked to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge it looked to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge it looked to be the same
+so you get very similar patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get very similar patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get very similar patterns
+reaction rates and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates and so on
+whether you are considering proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you are considering proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you are considering proton
+proton scattering proton neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton scattering proton neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton scattering proton neutron
+scattering or Neutron Neutron scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering or Neutron Neutron scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering or Neutron Neutron scattering
+it looked like it was just one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked like it was just one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked like it was just one kind of
+particle not two very different seaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle not two very different seaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle not two very different seaming
+particles there was a kind of symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles there was a kind of symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles there was a kind of symmetry
+in the way these particles were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way these particles were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way these particles were were
+experiencing the nuclear force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing the nuclear force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing the nuclear force
+so Heisenberg suggested in this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Heisenberg suggested in this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Heisenberg suggested in this series
+of papers back in in 1932 then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers back in in 1932 then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers back in in 1932 then maybe
+it's actually not two separate particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not two separate particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not two separate particles
+after all maybe it's not protons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all maybe it's not protons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all maybe it's not protons and
+separately neutrons maybe it was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately neutrons maybe it was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately neutrons maybe it was one
+kind of nuclear particle inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nuclear particle inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nuclear particle inside the
+atomic nuclei but it had different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic nuclei but it had different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic nuclei but it had different
+internal States and so it'll be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal States and so it'll be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal States and so it'll be one
+particle that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that could be
+um in one kind of condition or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in one kind of condition or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in one kind of condition or another
+but not actually different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not actually different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not actually different kinds of
+particles altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles altogether
+and that the Symmetry one particle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the Symmetry one particle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the Symmetry one particle uh
+that could show up as either Proton or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could show up as either Proton or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could show up as either Proton or
+Neutron that symmetry would be broken we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron that symmetry would be broken we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron that symmetry would be broken we
+would notice the difference when we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would notice the difference when we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would notice the difference when we put
+those particles in external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particles in external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particles in external
+electromagnetic fields then we'd see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields then we'd see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields then we'd see
+quite obviously for example that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite obviously for example that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite obviously for example that the
+proton has one unit of of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton has one unit of of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton has one unit of of positive
+electric charge whereas the neutron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge whereas the neutron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge whereas the neutron is
+electrically neutral but we only notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral but we only notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically neutral but we only notice
+that if if we're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if we're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if we're measuring
+electromagnetic effects if we're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic effects if we're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic effects if we're putting
+these these particles in an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these particles in an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these particles in an external
+field so Heisenberg said that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so Heisenberg said that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so Heisenberg said that could be
+just like an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like an electron
+which could be either spin up or spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be either spin up or spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be either spin up or spin
+down its internal angular momentum could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down its internal angular momentum could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down its internal angular momentum could
+be spin up or spin down along some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spin up or spin down along some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spin up or spin down along some
+direction of space but we'd only notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of space but we'd only notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of space but we'd only notice
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if we put that electron in some external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put that electron in some external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put that electron in some external
+magnetic field like a Sharon gerlock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field like a Sharon gerlock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field like a Sharon gerlock
+device so it's we don't say there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so it's we don't say there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so it's we don't say there's two
+separate electrons we'd say there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate electrons we'd say there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate electrons we'd say there's one
+electron that could be one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that could be one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that could be one of two
+internal States Heisenberg was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal States Heisenberg was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal States Heisenberg was saying
+maybe these nuclear particles were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these nuclear particles were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these nuclear particles were
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+so uh maybe it's not protons versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh maybe it's not protons versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh maybe it's not protons versus
+neutrons maybe there's one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons maybe there's one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons maybe there's one kind of
+particle after the war it became common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle after the war it became common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle after the war it became common
+to call that single type of particle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that single type of particle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that single type of particle the
+nucleon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleon
+which could manifest as either a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could manifest as either a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could manifest as either a proton
+or a neutron depending on its internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a neutron depending on its internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a neutron depending on its internal
+state but they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but they weren't
+one couldn't imagine them as not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one couldn't imagine them as not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one couldn't imagine them as not being
+literally separate or distinct particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally separate or distinct particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally separate or distinct particles
+so those are kind of internal symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are kind of internal symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are kind of internal symmetry
+they would be distinguished by a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be distinguished by a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be distinguished by a new
+quantum number not the same set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number not the same set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number not the same set that
+people have been thinking about through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been thinking about through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been thinking about through
+the 20s an additional way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20s an additional way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20s an additional way to
+characterize that state called isospin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize that state called isospin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize that state called isospin
+and the proton we would assign to say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proton we would assign to say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proton we would assign to say uh
+plus you know one unit of isos Fin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you know one unit of isos Fin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you know one unit of isos Fin and
+the neutron would be uh sort of iso spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutron would be uh sort of iso spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutron would be uh sort of iso spin
+down but maybe they're just internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but maybe they're just internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but maybe they're just internal
+states of a single nuclear particle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of a single nuclear particle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of a single nuclear particle so
+that was an idea that Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an idea that Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an idea that Heisenberg
+suggested very creatively in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested very creatively in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested very creatively in the
+earliest days of nuclear physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest days of nuclear physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest days of nuclear physics
+and a lot and after the second world war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot and after the second world war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot and after the second world war
+a number of theorists kind of went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of theorists kind of went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of theorists kind of went back
+to that and said let's let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and said let's let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and said let's let's look at
+that again let's maybe take that a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again let's maybe take that a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again let's maybe take that a bit
+more seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more seriously
+because there were now many many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were now many many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were now many many more
+particles to try to to sift through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to try to to sift through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to try to to sift through and
+make sense of so one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of so one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of so one of the first
+patterns that that a few physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that that a few physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that that a few physicists
+began to notice soon after the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to notice soon after the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to notice soon after the the
+second world war was that certain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war was that certain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war was that certain of
+these new particles they were often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new particles they were often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new particles they were often
+dubbed strange because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dubbed strange because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dubbed strange because they were
+unexpected or unfamiliar these strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected or unfamiliar these strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected or unfamiliar these strange
+particles didn't show up sort of one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles didn't show up sort of one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles didn't show up sort of one at
+a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time
+they seem to come in pairs they seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to come in pairs they seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to come in pairs they seem to
+come together this became known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together this became known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together this became known as
+Associated production they were produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated production they were produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated production they were produced
+in particle scatterings in association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particle scatterings in association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particle scatterings in association
+with each other so fans we were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other so fans we were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other so fans we were saying
+you didn't get only one of these strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't get only one of these strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't get only one of these strange
+particles that seemed to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that seemed to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that seemed to come
+often in pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in pairs
+and so the idea then was it I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea then was it I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea then was it I could
+could one assigned to these again on yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could one assigned to these again on yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could one assigned to these again on yet
+another internal quantum number not ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another internal quantum number not ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another internal quantum number not ISO
+spin but a whole new kind of charge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin but a whole new kind of charge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin but a whole new kind of charge or
+or Quantum quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Quantum quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Quantum quantity
+and so uh independently Murray Gelman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh independently Murray Gelman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh independently Murray Gelman
+who was a very young particle theorist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a very young particle theorist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a very young particle theorist
+at the time and Abraham Pius a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time and Abraham Pius a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time and Abraham Pius a little
+bit older still pretty young in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit older still pretty young in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit older still pretty young in his
+career they separately came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career they separately came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career they separately came up with the
+idea that maybe to make sense of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that maybe to make sense of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that maybe to make sense of these
+patterns that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that these
+chaons and Hyperion particles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaons and Hyperion particles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaons and Hyperion particles for
+example were always produced together or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example were always produced together or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example were always produced together or
+serious in a similar way the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious in a similar way the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious in a similar way the sigma
+particles were produced with uh chaons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles were produced with uh chaons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles were produced with uh chaons
+but not not separate from these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not not separate from these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not not separate from these kind of
+other strange particles maybe there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strange particles maybe there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strange particles maybe there's a
+kind of charge called strangeness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of charge called strangeness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of charge called strangeness and
+some particles were strangely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particles were strangely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particles were strangely
+strangeness neutral like the familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness neutral like the familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness neutral like the familiar
+proton neutron and Pion whereas other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton neutron and Pion whereas other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton neutron and Pion whereas other
+particles carried one or minus one units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles carried one or minus one units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles carried one or minus one units
+of strangers and strangeness had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strangers and strangeness had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strangers and strangeness had to be
+conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved
+and so is out a way to make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is out a way to make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is out a way to make sense of
+these patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patterns
+and so a few years after that a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a few years after that a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a few years after that a better
+part of a decade after that galmon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a decade after that galmon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a decade after that galmon and
+then again separately in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again separately in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again separately in this case
+um a theorist based in Israel named UVO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a theorist based in Israel named UVO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a theorist based in Israel named UVO
+neymon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neymon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neymon
+in 1960 they separately introduced a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1960 they separately introduced a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1960 they separately introduced a new
+way to try to account for these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to try to account for these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to try to account for these kind of
+patterns remember that no one yet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns remember that no one yet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns remember that no one yet is
+talking about forces or Decay rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about forces or Decay rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about forces or Decay rates
+they're really just trying to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really just trying to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really just trying to say is
+there a kind of pattern to this um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a kind of pattern to this um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a kind of pattern to this um a
+very large number of new particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large number of new particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large number of new particles are
+there new ways to make sense of why some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there new ways to make sense of why some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there new ways to make sense of why some
+particles seem to appear with others uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles seem to appear with others uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles seem to appear with others uh
+when in these large experiments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in these large experiments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in these large experiments for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+so they introduced something that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they introduced something that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they introduced something that came
+to be called hypercharge so take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be called hypercharge so take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be called hypercharge so take a
+couple of these as yet entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of these as yet entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of these as yet entirely
+hypothetical internal quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical internal quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical internal quantum numbers
+they just keep inventing new ones to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just keep inventing new ones to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just keep inventing new ones to see
+do that help us sort what goes with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that help us sort what goes with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that help us sort what goes with what
+one they called barion number and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they called barion number and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they called barion number and that
+applied to many familiar particles like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to many familiar particles like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to many familiar particles like
+uh protons and neutrons it would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh protons and neutrons it would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh protons and neutrons it would also
+apply to many of these new strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to many of these new strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to many of these new strange
+particles so one kind of charge we Barry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so one kind of charge we Barry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so one kind of charge we Barry
+on number or baryon charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on number or baryon charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on number or baryon charge
+some of those particles that also carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those particles that also carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those particles that also carry
+this so-called strangeness charge so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called strangeness charge so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called strangeness charge so the
+Hyperion particles or the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hyperion particles or the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hyperion particles or the sigma
+particles would have one unit of baryon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles would have one unit of baryon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles would have one unit of baryon
+charge and one unit of strange as charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and one unit of strange as charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and one unit of strange as charge
+whereas the more familiar the knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the more familiar the knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the more familiar the knots
+change baryons would have one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change baryons would have one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change baryons would have one unit
+baryon charge but zero units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baryon charge but zero units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baryon charge but zero units of
+strangers that kind of thing so is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangers that kind of thing so is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangers that kind of thing so is there
+it's a new way to try to to sort out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new way to try to to sort out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new way to try to to sort out
+this large um kind of Sudoku puzzle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large um kind of Sudoku puzzle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large um kind of Sudoku puzzle of
+new particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particles
+and then again galman and neymon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again galman and neymon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again galman and neymon uh
+showed in 1960 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed in 1960 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed in 1960 if you
+follow pick up on Heisenberg's notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow pick up on Heisenberg's notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow pick up on Heisenberg's notion of
+iso spin is internal state that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso spin is internal state that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso spin is internal state that could
+distinguish for example a proton from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish for example a proton from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish for example a proton from a
+neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron
+and then add in one half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add in one half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add in one half of the
+hypercharges new one they had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercharges new one they had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercharges new one they had just
+basically made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically made up
+then you could again start making kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could again start making kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could again start making kind
+of sense of of these patterns of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense of of these patterns of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense of of these patterns of these
+particles so if you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so if you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so if you go back to the
+familiar uh nucleons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar uh nucleons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar uh nucleons
+the proton according to Heisenberg we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton according to Heisenberg we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton according to Heisenberg we
+could assign as this ISO spin up state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could assign as this ISO spin up state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could assign as this ISO spin up state
+so it's isospin is plus one half it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's isospin is plus one half it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's isospin is plus one half it has
+one unit of barrier on charge but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit of barrier on charge but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit of barrier on charge but it's
+not strange so it's hypercharge is plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not strange so it's hypercharge is plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not strange so it's hypercharge is plus
+one plug in over here you see well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plug in over here you see well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plug in over here you see well then
+you'd expect uh any appropriate units it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect uh any appropriate units it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect uh any appropriate units it
+should have one positive unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have one positive unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have one positive unit of
+electric charge conversely the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge conversely the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge conversely the the other
+state of that nucleon the neutron would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of that nucleon the neutron would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of that nucleon the neutron would
+be on isospin down state it also has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on isospin down state it also has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on isospin down state it also has one
+unit of barrier in charge but no zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of barrier in charge but no zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of barrier in charge but no zero
+strangeness and so you would expect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness and so you would expect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness and so you would expect it
+to be electrically neutral and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be electrically neutral and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be electrically neutral and you can
+play that game dozens and dozens of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that game dozens and dozens of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that game dozens and dozens of more
+times to see is there a kind of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to see is there a kind of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to see is there a kind of single
+self-consistent pattern with which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent pattern with which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent pattern with which you
+could start grouping like with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start grouping like with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start grouping like with like
+among the even less familiar particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the even less familiar particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the even less familiar particles
+not just protons and neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just protons and neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just protons and neutrons
+and so in 1960 Gelman presented these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in 1960 Gelman presented these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in 1960 Gelman presented these
+groupings these group Theory structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings these group Theory structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings these group Theory structures
+that seem to make sense of of families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem to make sense of of families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem to make sense of of families
+of particles and it could array them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles and it could array them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles and it could array them by
+mapping them along two axes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping them along two axes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping them along two axes of
+hypercharged as new internal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercharged as new internal quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercharged as new internal quantum
+number heat invented the and they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number heat invented the and they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number heat invented the and they might
+invented so hypercharge versus ISO spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented so hypercharge versus ISO spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented so hypercharge versus ISO spin
+as opposed to other ways one might try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to other ways one might try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to other ways one might try
+to group particles electric charge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to group particles electric charge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to group particles electric charge and
+mass and like that he was Finding order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and like that he was Finding order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and like that he was Finding order
+by placing them in these abstract kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by placing them in these abstract kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by placing them in these abstract kind
+of mathematical spaces grouping them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematical spaces grouping them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematical spaces grouping them by
+based on their hypercharged and ISO Spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their hypercharged and ISO Spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their hypercharged and ISO Spin
+and he found these very distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he found these very distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he found these very distinct
+patterns some of them were eight-fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns some of them were eight-fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns some of them were eight-fold
+patterns others were tenfolds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns others were tenfolds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns others were tenfolds or
+decouplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouplets
+so we label this first one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we label this first one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we label this first one the
+eight-fold way he was being very playful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-fold way he was being very playful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-fold way he was being very playful
+actually he was just kind of showing off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he was just kind of showing off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he was just kind of showing off
+uh Gelman loved to the very end of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Gelman loved to the very end of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Gelman loved to the very end of his
+life he only died a few years ago lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life he only died a few years ago lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life he only died a few years ago lived
+quite a long life he loved um showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a long life he loved um showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a long life he loved um showing
+off his his knowledge of many languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off his his knowledge of many languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off his his knowledge of many languages
+many literatures and cultures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many literatures and cultures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many literatures and cultures of the
+world would see more examples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world would see more examples of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world would see more examples of that
+even today so he very playfully borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today so he very playfully borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today so he very playfully borrowed
+the term for this from the Buddhists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term for this from the Buddhists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term for this from the Buddhists
+eight-step path to achieving Nirvana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-step path to achieving Nirvana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-step path to achieving Nirvana
+which for a long long time had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for a long long time had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for a long long time had been
+known in the English translation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in the English translation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in the English translation at
+least as the Eightfold way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as the Eightfold way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as the Eightfold way
+Gilman said that's just as important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gilman said that's just as important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gilman said that's just as important uh
+or just as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just as as
+um as evocative a term for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as evocative a term for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as evocative a term for these
+eight-fold particle groupings he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-fold particle groupings he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-fold particle groupings he was
+finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding
+um when he when he mapped some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when he when he mapped some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when he when he mapped some of these
+uh nuclear particles in the hypercharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nuclear particles in the hypercharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nuclear particles in the hypercharge
+iso spin space so here are the familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso spin space so here are the familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso spin space so here are the familiar
+Neutron and proton they have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron and proton they have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron and proton they have zero
+strangeness charge they're not strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness charge they're not strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness charge they're not strange
+because they've been known for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've been known for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've been known for a while
+here are the sigma particles here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the sigma particles here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the sigma particles here's a
+hype the neutral hyper on here are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hype the neutral hyper on here are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hype the neutral hyper on here are other
+particles with two units of strangest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles with two units of strangest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles with two units of strangest
+charges out of one and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges out of one and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges out of one and so on
+so we call that the Eightfold way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call that the Eightfold way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call that the Eightfold way
+he went on to show there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went on to show there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went on to show there are other
+groupings other very specific group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings other very specific group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings other very specific group
+theoretic structures again in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic structures again in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic structures again in this
+abstract hypercharge ISO spin plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract hypercharge ISO spin plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract hypercharge ISO spin plane
+which no one in their right mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which no one in their right mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which no one in their right mind
+otherwise would have thought to use but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise would have thought to use but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise would have thought to use but
+there were sometimes not just eight-fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were sometimes not just eight-fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were sometimes not just eight-fold
+patterns but tenfold decouplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns but tenfold decouplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns but tenfold decouplets
+uh again of particles that seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again of particles that seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again of particles that seem to be
+kind of associate associated with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of associate associated with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of associate associated with each
+other based on their varying hypercharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other based on their varying hypercharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other based on their varying hypercharge
+and ISO Spin and this involves some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ISO Spin and this involves some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ISO Spin and this involves some
+again some of the both um unstrained and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again some of the both um unstrained and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again some of the both um unstrained and
+strange particles so the Delta particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange particles so the Delta particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange particles so the Delta particles
+seem to have zero strangers that meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have zero strangers that meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have zero strangers that meant
+they weren't subject to that Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't subject to that Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't subject to that Associated
+production you didn't have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production you didn't have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production you didn't have to make a
+separate strange particle with them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate strange particle with them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate strange particle with them so
+they seem to not carry conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to not carry conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to not carry conserved
+strangeness charge here are the sigmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness charge here are the sigmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness charge here are the sigmas
+the Cascades and so on what he pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cascades and so on what he pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cascades and so on what he pointed
+out this time was that there seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this time was that there seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this time was that there seem to be
+such a pristine geometrical pattern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a pristine geometrical pattern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a pristine geometrical pattern and
+yet a gap there was a missing an as yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet a gap there was a missing an as yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet a gap there was a missing an as yet
+unknown particle that Gelman suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown particle that Gelman suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown particle that Gelman suggested
+maybe he really is out there after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he really is out there after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he really is out there after all
+to fill out this very clear pattern he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill out this very clear pattern he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill out this very clear pattern he
+thought maybe there should be a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe there should be a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe there should be a particle
+with minus two units of hypercharge but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minus two units of hypercharge but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minus two units of hypercharge but
+zero units of isospin that that red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero units of isospin that that red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero units of isospin that that red
+circle here the kind of Gap it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle here the kind of Gap it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle here the kind of Gap it is
+otherwise very clear mapping moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise very clear mapping moreover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise very clear mapping moreover
+for this decouplet he went further uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this decouplet he went further uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this decouplet he went further uh
+and found that there was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and found that there was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and found that there was a kind of
+pattern in the masses between these rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in the masses between these rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in the masses between these rows
+as you went down in hypercharge so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you went down in hypercharge so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you went down in hypercharge so the
+Delta particles all had a mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta particles all had a mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta particles all had a mass of
+roughly 1200 uh million electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 1200 uh million electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 1200 uh million electron volts
+whereas the sigma particles had around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the sigma particles had around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the sigma particles had around
+1380 a gap of roughly 150 Mev the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1380 a gap of roughly 150 Mev the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1380 a gap of roughly 150 Mev the
+Cascade particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade particles
+had it where another 150 Mev heavier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it where another 150 Mev heavier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it where another 150 Mev heavier
+still so Gammon went even further in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so Gammon went even further in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so Gammon went even further in
+fact very dramatically in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact very dramatically in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact very dramatically in the middle of
+the conference with a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conference with a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conference with a number of
+experimental physicists in 1962 he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physicists in 1962 he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physicists in 1962 he
+basically stood up and challenged them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stood up and challenged them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stood up and challenged them
+he said I bet if you look hard enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said I bet if you look hard enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said I bet if you look hard enough
+you'll find a particle with exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find a particle with exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find a particle with exactly
+these properties with hypercharge minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties with hypercharge minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties with hypercharge minus
+um two ISO spoon zero he could then work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two ISO spoon zero he could then work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two ISO spoon zero he could then work
+out it should have one unit of electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it should have one unit of electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it should have one unit of electric
+of minus electric charge and it can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus electric charge and it can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus electric charge and it can even
+give a mass estimate he said it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a mass estimate he said it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a mass estimate he said it would
+probably be about 150 Mev heavier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be about 150 Mev heavier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be about 150 Mev heavier than
+the Cascades and sure enough about not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cascades and sure enough about not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cascades and sure enough about not
+quite two years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite two years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite two years later
+experimentalists came back and announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalists came back and announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalists came back and announced
+that they had actually found evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had actually found evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had actually found evidence
+for exactly that particle almost exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exactly that particle almost exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exactly that particle almost exactly
+where the properties the Belmont had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the properties the Belmont had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the properties the Belmont had
+very dramatically predicted the mass was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dramatically predicted the mass was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dramatically predicted the mass was
+extraordinarily close to gelman's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily close to gelman's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily close to gelman's kind
+of back in the envelope estimate it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back in the envelope estimate it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back in the envelope estimate it had
+indeed one unit of negative electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed one unit of negative electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed one unit of negative electric
+charge it seemed to be um consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it seemed to be um consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it seemed to be um consistent
+with the strangers minus three and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the strangers minus three and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the strangers minus three and so on
+the so-called Omega minus particle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called Omega minus particle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called Omega minus particle that
+was a big big deal in fact it was such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big big deal in fact it was such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big big deal in fact it was such a
+big deal that Gelman was awarded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal that Gelman was awarded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal that Gelman was awarded the
+Nobel Prize only five years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize only five years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize only five years later
+for all of these efforts to bring a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these efforts to bring a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these efforts to bring a kind
+of classification order to what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classification order to what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classification order to what it
+seemed like an orderless just this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like an orderless just this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like an orderless just this kind
+of sludge of new particles this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sludge of new particles this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sludge of new particles this kind of
+development impressed uh many of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development impressed uh many of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development impressed uh many of his
+colleagues very very quickly in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues very very quickly in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues very very quickly in real
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so let me pause there and ask there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me pause there and ask there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me pause there and ask there's
+any questions on that classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that classification
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I really find it astonishing it really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really find it astonishing it really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really find it astonishing it really I
+don't have any fans of of puzzles like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any fans of of puzzles like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any fans of of puzzles like
+Sudoku or other like highly constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sudoku or other like highly constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sudoku or other like highly constrained
+you can go here but not their kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go here but not their kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go here but not their kinds of
+of pencil and paper puzzles like like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pencil and paper puzzles like like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pencil and paper puzzles like like a
+crossword puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossword puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossword puzzle
+but he's doing that now with with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's doing that now with with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's doing that now with with you
+know 300 seemingly Elementary nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 300 seemingly Elementary nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 300 seemingly Elementary nuclear
+particles and finding I think he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and finding I think he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and finding I think he's very
+abstract or at least not not the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract or at least not not the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract or at least not not the most
+obvious properties to focus on but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious properties to focus on but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious properties to focus on but he
+just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of
+rearrange things then begin finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange things then begin finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange things then begin finding
+order where where few had found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order where where few had found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order where where few had found it
+before so it's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say uh galman did his PhD at uh MIT so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh galman did his PhD at uh MIT so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh galman did his PhD at uh MIT so
+we should be proud of him for that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be proud of him for that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be proud of him for that I
+guess so local fella uh he had been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so local fella uh he had been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so local fella uh he had been in
+graduate school in I think he finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school in I think he finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school in I think he finished
+in 1951 so this is some work he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1951 so this is some work he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1951 so this is some work he was
+doing pretty soon after his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions if not I'm happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions if not I'm happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions if not I'm happy to
+press on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press on
+oh here's a question from Tiffany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here's a question from Tiffany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here's a question from Tiffany
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh yes right so that's true some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes right so that's true some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes right so that's true some of you
+might know uh Sabine hasenfelder is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know uh Sabine hasenfelder is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know uh Sabine hasenfelder is a
+colleague of mine I know it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of mine I know it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of mine I know it's been
+pretty well she wrote a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well she wrote a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well she wrote a really
+interesting popular book about a year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting popular book about a year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting popular book about a year or
+two ago not too not too long ago called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago not too not too long ago called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago not too not too long ago called
+uh Lost in Math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lost in Math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lost in Math
+um and she's become a really out very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and she's become a really out very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and she's become a really out very
+trenched and outspoken critic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenched and outspoken critic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenched and outspoken critic of
+developments like um string theory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments like um string theory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments like um string theory in
+heinergy uh physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heinergy uh physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heinergy uh physics
+and so her argument uh in brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so her argument uh in brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so her argument uh in brief
+um is that sometimes in more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that sometimes in more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that sometimes in more recent
+years physicists have maybe become too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years physicists have maybe become too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years physicists have maybe become too
+enamored of these kind of symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enamored of these kind of symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enamored of these kind of symmetry
+arguments that just because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that just because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that just because there's a
+pattern that nature must have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that nature must have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that nature must have taken
+advantage of what we consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of what we consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of what we consider a
+beautiful symmetrical pattern and could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful symmetrical pattern and could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful symmetrical pattern and could
+we have a little more input than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little more input than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little more input than that
+and I should say back in Gilman's day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should say back in Gilman's day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should say back in Gilman's day
+the early part of this career he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early part of this career he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early part of this career he could
+make an announcement in 1962 with real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an announcement in 1962 with real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an announcement in 1962 with real
+confidence that his colleagues could he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that his colleagues could he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that his colleagues could he
+could actually try to find empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually try to find empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually try to find empirical
+evidence that was consistent with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that was consistent with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that was consistent with it
+within a short while let alone 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a short while let alone 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a short while let alone 50 years
+later and so the the kind of symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and so the the kind of symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and so the the kind of symmetry
+argument was getting a lot of feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument was getting a lot of feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument was getting a lot of feedback
+let's say positive reinforcement in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say positive reinforcement in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say positive reinforcement in the
+60s because these experiments were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s because these experiments were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s because these experiments were
+feasible in many many places could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible in many many places could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible in many many places could do it
+and it actually wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually wasn't
+um it wasn't a kind of uh wasn't based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it wasn't a kind of uh wasn't based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it wasn't a kind of uh wasn't based
+only on mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on mathematical
+um Beauty but a kind of pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Beauty but a kind of pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Beauty but a kind of pattern that
+maybe one could then have a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one could then have a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one could then have a kind of
+empirical dialogue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical dialogue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical dialogue about
+and I think sabine's Point quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think sabine's Point quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think sabine's Point quite well
+taken is that more recently uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken is that more recently uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken is that more recently uh the
+energy scales involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scales involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scales involved in the
+hypothetical string theories and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical string theories and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical string theories and so on
+are so far removed from Earthbound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so far removed from Earthbound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so far removed from Earthbound
+experiments that we've lost that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we've lost that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we've lost that kind of
+back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth
+um kind of conversation so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of conversation so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of conversation so to speak
+between Theory and experiment and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Theory and experiment and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Theory and experiment and a lot
+of these ideas so that the what seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ideas so that the what seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ideas so that the what seems to
+some people like beautiful mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people like beautiful mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people like beautiful mathematics
+seems to others like groundless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to others like groundless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to others like groundless
+speculation uh and that seems to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation uh and that seems to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation uh and that seems to be a
+different situation than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situation than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situation than
+in the mid 60s so she's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mid 60s so she's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mid 60s so she's a very good
+writer she's I I think she's she's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer she's I I think she's she's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer she's I I think she's she's a
+great kind of Popular Science writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great kind of Popular Science writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great kind of Popular Science writer
+anyway let alone that she has I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway let alone that she has I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway let alone that she has I think
+really interesting insights into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting insights into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting insights into
+um some of the sociology of more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the sociology of more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the sociology of more recent
+minority Theory yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority Theory yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority Theory yeah
+yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good
+any other questions or comments if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions or comments if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions or comments if not
+I'll I'll jump into the next part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll jump into the next part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll jump into the next part
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well let's see what people do with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see what people do with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see what people do with all
+this crazy uh symmetry stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I mentioned that in 1962 Gelman made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mentioned that in 1962 Gelman made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mentioned that in 1962 Gelman made
+this kind of great very dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of great very dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of great very dramatic
+prediction at a conference saying go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction at a conference saying go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction at a conference saying go
+look for the Omega minus right where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the Omega minus right where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the Omega minus right where I
+told you to look for it essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you to look for it essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you to look for it essentially
+not long after that uh very early in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not long after that uh very early in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not long after that uh very early in
+calendar year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar year
+1964 Galvan and then again independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1964 Galvan and then again independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1964 Galvan and then again independently
+another younger much younger theorist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another younger much younger theorist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another younger much younger theorist
+George swag separately suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George swag separately suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George swag separately suggested
+proposed a new hypothetical way to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed a new hypothetical way to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed a new hypothetical way to bring
+order to these kind of hypercharge iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to these kind of hypercharge iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to these kind of hypercharge iso
+spin groupings that Gelman by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin groupings that Gelman by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin groupings that Gelman by this point
+have been doing for quite a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing for quite a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing for quite a while
+so galman's article was received at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so galman's article was received at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so galman's article was received at the
+journal you can see here received on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal you can see here received on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal you can see here received on the
+4th of January 1964 it was published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th of January 1964 it was published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th of January 1964 it was published
+three and a half weeks later it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half weeks later it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half weeks later it was
+pretty quick to get through peer review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quick to get through peer review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quick to get through peer review
+uh George flag's preprint from CERN he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh George flag's preprint from CERN he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh George flag's preprint from CERN he
+was at that point a very new postdoc at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at that point a very new postdoc at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at that point a very new postdoc at
+CERN his preprint was dated the 17th of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CERN his preprint was dated the 17th of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CERN his preprint was dated the 17th of
+January 1964 so they were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1964 so they were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1964 so they were working
+separately and not even two whole weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and not even two whole weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and not even two whole weeks
+elapsed between each of them committing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsed between each of them committing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsed between each of them committing
+this to paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to paper
+and they they came up with a remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they came up with a remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they came up with a remarkably
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+set of ideas that maybe actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of ideas that maybe actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of ideas that maybe actually the
+order of that Gelman and UVO name on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of that Gelman and UVO name on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of that Gelman and UVO name on and
+others have been finding for a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have been finding for a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have been finding for a couple
+years Eightfold away and the ten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years Eightfold away and the ten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years Eightfold away and the ten the
+decoupled and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoupled and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoupled and so on
+maybe that was due to an even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that was due to an even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that was due to an even more
+deeper underlying symmetry involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper underlying symmetry involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper underlying symmetry involving
+actually very small number of of truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very small number of of truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very small number of of truly
+Elementary particles or constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary particles or constituents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary particles or constituents
+Gelman very famously called them quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gelman very famously called them quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gelman very famously called them quarks
+you see them even in quotation marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them even in quotation marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them even in quotation marks
+here on on the first page it was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on on the first page it was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on on the first page it was it was
+only a two-page article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a two-page article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a two-page article
+uh it's why I could call them Aces these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's why I could call them Aces these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's why I could call them Aces these
+were really very very similar ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really very very similar ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really very very similar ideas and
+they did all the patterns on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did all the patterns on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did all the patterns on these
+hypercharge ISO spin plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercharge ISO spin plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercharge ISO spin plots
+among the known the then known nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the known the then known nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the known the then known nuclear
+particles could be reproduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles could be reproduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles could be reproduced
+under a very simple sounding assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a very simple sounding assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a very simple sounding assumption
+that there existed only three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there existed only three types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there existed only three types of
+Elementary constituents quarks or Aces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary constituents quarks or Aces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary constituents quarks or Aces
+and if you were very careful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you were very careful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you were very careful in
+assigning them very specific values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning them very specific values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning them very specific values for
+hypercharge ISO spin strangeness and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercharge ISO spin strangeness and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercharge ISO spin strangeness and all
+the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest
+um that you could reproduce those group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you could reproduce those group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you could reproduce those group
+Theory patterns of eight-fold patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory patterns of eight-fold patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory patterns of eight-fold patterns
+and tenfold patterns so galbot as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tenfold patterns so galbot as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tenfold patterns so galbot as I
+mentioned earlier love to show off his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier love to show off his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier love to show off his
+uh his wide-ranging knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh his wide-ranging knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh his wide-ranging knowledge of
+languages and literature and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and literature and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and literature and so on so
+among this very short list this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among this very short list this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among this very short list this is the
+entire references list eight references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire references list eight references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire references list eight references
+only for this entire two-page article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for this entire two-page article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for this entire two-page article
+number six of which is the James Joyce's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number six of which is the James Joyce's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number six of which is the James Joyce's
+a very famous and famously obtuse novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very famous and famously obtuse novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very famous and famously obtuse novel
+Finnegan's wake with this line many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finnegan's wake with this line many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finnegan's wake with this line many of
+you by now might recognize three quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by now might recognize three quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by now might recognize three quarks
+from Austin mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Austin mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Austin mark
+if that doesn't make any sense to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that doesn't make any sense to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that doesn't make any sense to you
+good it's it's all nonsensical uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's it's all nonsensical uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's it's all nonsensical uh the
+not the Irish novelist James Joyce loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the Irish novelist James Joyce loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the Irish novelist James Joyce loved
+making basically making up his own um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making basically making up his own um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making basically making up his own um
+words and not bothering to for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and not bothering to for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and not bothering to for example
+you know Define them and quarks was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Define them and quarks was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Define them and quarks was one
+of these kind of made-up names he kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kind of made-up names he kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kind of made-up names he kind
+of liked the sound of it well galmon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liked the sound of it well galmon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liked the sound of it well galmon
+likes the sound of that so he borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes the sound of that so he borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes the sound of that so he borrowed
+it uh to to label this new hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh to to label this new hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh to to label this new hypothetical
+constituent uh that's why I stuck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent uh that's why I stuck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent uh that's why I stuck with
+Aces which may be a little more familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aces which may be a little more familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aces which may be a little more familiar
+but still kind of a nonsensical word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still kind of a nonsensical word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still kind of a nonsensical word
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+so they could go through this exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they could go through this exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they could go through this exercise
+and assign Barry on charge strangeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assign Barry on charge strangeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assign Barry on charge strangeness
+charge and therefore those two together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and therefore those two together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and therefore those two together
+would give you hypercharge likewise just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you hypercharge likewise just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you hypercharge likewise just
+kind of pot into it or posit that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pot into it or posit that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pot into it or posit that the uh
+two of those quarks would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those quarks would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those quarks would be
+um an ISO spin doublet so why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an ISO spin doublet so why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an ISO spin doublet so why would you
+spin up one would be ISO spin down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up one would be ISO spin down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up one would be ISO spin down the
+third one would be what's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one would be what's called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one would be what's called an
+isospin singlet which means it had zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin singlet which means it had zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin singlet which means it had zero
+ISO Spin and if you do that then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO Spin and if you do that then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO Spin and if you do that then again
+you can reproduce the electric charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reproduce the electric charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reproduce the electric charge
+assignments so these became known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments so these became known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments so these became known as the
+up Quark the down quark and the strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Quark the down quark and the strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Quark the down quark and the strange
+quark and the idea was that any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and the idea was that any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and the idea was that any of those
+so-called strange nuclear particles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called strange nuclear particles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called strange nuclear particles the
+chaons the um hyperons the sigmas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaons the um hyperons the sigmas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaons the um hyperons the sigmas and
+all that must include at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that must include at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that must include at least one
+constituent strange Quark that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent strange Quark that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent strange Quark that's what
+gave it strangeness charge so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it strangeness charge so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it strangeness charge so it has
+strange discharge minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange discharge minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange discharge minus one
+whereas particles that were made only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas particles that were made only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas particles that were made only
+from up and down quarts would have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from up and down quarts would have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from up and down quarts would have zero
+strangeness charge like protons neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness charge like protons neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness charge like protons neutrons
+and pions and so on so with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pions and so on so with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pions and so on so with those
+assignments they could go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments they could go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments they could go through the
+known particles even the more exotic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known particles even the more exotic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known particles even the more exotic or
+or more recently found particles like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more recently found particles like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more recently found particles like
+the Omega minus and make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega minus and make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega minus and make these
+self-consistent assignments always on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent assignments always on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent assignments always on
+either Triplets of these constituent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Triplets of these constituent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Triplets of these constituent
+quarks if they were baryons like protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks if they were baryons like protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks if they were baryons like protons
+neutrons or the Omega minus or a quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons or the Omega minus or a quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons or the Omega minus or a quark
+anti-quark pair bound states of only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-quark pair bound states of only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-quark pair bound states of only two
+quarks if they were maisonots like pions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks if they were maisonots like pions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks if they were maisonots like pions
+or chaos or others so there's again even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chaos or others so there's again even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chaos or others so there's again even
+more a kind of um it went from 2D Sudoku
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a kind of um it went from 2D Sudoku
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a kind of um it went from 2D Sudoku
+to 3D Sudoku basically meant it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3D Sudoku basically meant it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3D Sudoku basically meant it's even
+more tightly constrained assignments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tightly constrained assignments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tightly constrained assignments for
+these three constituent uh hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three constituent uh hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three constituent uh hypothetical
+entities and they could reproduce all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities and they could reproduce all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities and they could reproduce all
+the kind of grouping structure in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of grouping structure in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of grouping structure in these
+abstract spaces like um like hypercharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract spaces like um like hypercharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract spaces like um like hypercharge
+ISO Spin and they seem to be a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO Spin and they seem to be a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO Spin and they seem to be a unique
+assignment for every one of those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment for every one of those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment for every one of those of
+those particles uh and so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particles uh and so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particles uh and so this would
+look like a remarkable kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a remarkable kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a remarkable kind of
+efficiency right instead of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency right instead of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency right instead of having a
+hundred let alone 300 seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred let alone 300 seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred let alone 300 seemingly
+Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary
+nuclear particles you maybe only had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear particles you maybe only had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear particles you maybe only had to
+worry about three of them and then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about three of them and then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about three of them and then all
+these combinations it looked more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these combinations it looked more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these combinations it looked more like
+the periodic tables from chemistry there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic tables from chemistry there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic tables from chemistry there
+on the order of a hundred chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of a hundred chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of a hundred chemical
+elements but based on developments from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but based on developments from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but based on developments from
+the early 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 20th century
+it looked like only a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked like only a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked like only a small number of
+Elementary constituents whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary constituents whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary constituents whose
+combinations would yield a hundred or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations would yield a hundred or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations would yield a hundred or
+more uh distinct chemical elements it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh distinct chemical elements it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh distinct chemical elements it
+was that kind of move in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that kind of move in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that kind of move in the in the
+classify and simplify so with these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify and simplify so with these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify and simplify so with these uh
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+uh Papers written early in 1964. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Papers written early in 1964. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Papers written early in 1964. the
+idea was to put forward these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was to put forward these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was to put forward these very
+specific assignments for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific assignments for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific assignments for three
+constituents uh pieces within those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents uh pieces within those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents uh pieces within those
+nuclear particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear particles
+now this raised new questions and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this raised new questions and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this raised new questions and it was
+not uh unfamiliar even to Gelman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh unfamiliar even to Gelman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh unfamiliar even to Gelman and
+Spike themselves the first one and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike themselves the first one and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike themselves the first one and maybe
+the most obvious is over here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most obvious is over here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most obvious is over here in this
+orange column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange column
+which maybe uh gave some of you pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe uh gave some of you pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe uh gave some of you pause
+already if not I'll draw your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already if not I'll draw your attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already if not I'll draw your attention
+to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it
+the suggestions seemed to be that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suggestions seemed to be that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suggestions seemed to be that these
+new particles of nature the up down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particles of nature the up down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particles of nature the up down and
+strange quarks would carry fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange quarks would carry fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange quarks would carry fractional
+electric charge the up Quark would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge the up Quark would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge the up Quark would have
+plus two-thirds unit of charge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two-thirds unit of charge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two-thirds unit of charge in the
+unit of say the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of say the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of say the electron
+the both the down and the strange quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the both the down and the strange quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the both the down and the strange quarks
+would have minus one-third units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have minus one-third units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have minus one-third units of
+electric charge and that rightly should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge and that rightly should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge and that rightly should
+give people pause it certainly gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people pause it certainly gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people pause it certainly gave
+their the authors of these ideas pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their the authors of these ideas pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their the authors of these ideas pause
+there had been no compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there had been no compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there had been no compelling
+experimental evidence for half a century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence for half a century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence for half a century
+at that point for fractional electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point for fractional electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point for fractional electric
+charges there have been early kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges there have been early kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges there have been early kind of
+ambiguous evidence in the early years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous evidence in the early years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous evidence in the early years of
+the 1900s and 1910s it triggered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1900s and 1910s it triggered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1900s and 1910s it triggered
+actually some famously bitter fights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some famously bitter fights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some famously bitter fights
+among physicists back in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among physicists back in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among physicists back in the in the
+early 1910s about whether Labs had found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1910s about whether Labs had found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1910s about whether Labs had found
+evidence for uh fractional electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for uh fractional electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for uh fractional electric
+charges or Not by the 1960s that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges or Not by the 1960s that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges or Not by the 1960s that had
+seemed to be very well settled and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to be very well settled and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to be very well settled and the
+answer was no there was no compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was no there was no compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was no there was no compelling
+evidence despite half a century of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence despite half a century of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence despite half a century of
+earnest experimental searching no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnest experimental searching no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnest experimental searching no
+evidence for fractional charges and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for fractional charges and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for fractional charges and now
+now they were saying that all of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they were saying that all of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they were saying that all of the uh
+of uh nature all these nuclear particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh nature all these nuclear particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh nature all these nuclear particles
+every constituent inside even very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every constituent inside even very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every constituent inside even very
+humdrum atoms like hydrogen helium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humdrum atoms like hydrogen helium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humdrum atoms like hydrogen helium is
+somehow teeming with particles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow teeming with particles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow teeming with particles of
+fractional electrons that seems hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional electrons that seems hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional electrons that seems hard to
+swear with the evidence so they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swear with the evidence so they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swear with the evidence so they knew
+that they wrote about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wrote about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wrote about that
+as I'll mention more in a moment there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'll mention more in a moment there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'll mention more in a moment there's
+a little more subtlety if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more subtlety if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more subtlety if you look at
+this great Triumph of gelman's earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great Triumph of gelman's earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great Triumph of gelman's earlier
+symmetry driven approach the Omega minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry driven approach the Omega minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry driven approach the Omega minus
+particle that was consistent on this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that was consistent on this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that was consistent on this new
+scheme with being a bound state of Three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme with being a bound state of Three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme with being a bound state of Three
+Strange quarks S and S but that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strange quarks S and S but that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strange quarks S and S but that now
+raises a little more subtle question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises a little more subtle question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises a little more subtle question for
+quantum theory based on the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory based on the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory based on the quality
+Exclusion Principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle
+which we looked at together in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we looked at together in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we looked at together in this
+class A few weeks ago the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class A few weeks ago the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class A few weeks ago the idea is that
+if you have spin one-half particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have spin one-half particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have spin one-half particles and
+that and these quarks were assumed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and these quarks were assumed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and these quarks were assumed to be
+spin one half in the Ang momentum kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin one half in the Ang momentum kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin one half in the Ang momentum kind
+of spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spin
+then Paulie's uh occlusion principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Paulie's uh occlusion principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Paulie's uh occlusion principle
+forbids having any two spin one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbids having any two spin one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbids having any two spin one-half
+particles in the identical Quantum State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in the identical Quantum State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in the identical Quantum State
+at the same time so if you're assigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time so if you're assigning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time so if you're assigning
+all these internal quantum numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these internal quantum numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these internal quantum numbers to
+these particles how could you possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles how could you possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles how could you possibly
+have three strange quarks bound together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three strange quarks bound together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three strange quarks bound together
+that means at least two of them must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means at least two of them must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means at least two of them must
+have all these assignments plus also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these assignments plus also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these assignments plus also
+either be two of them spin up or two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be two of them spin up or two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be two of them spin up or two of
+them spin down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them spin down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them spin down
+the other the last charge you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the last charge you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the last charge you have to
+assign would be actual annual momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign would be actual annual momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign would be actual annual momentum
+spin that could also either be only plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin that could also either be only plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin that could also either be only plus
+one plus one half or minus one-half if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus one half or minus one-half if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus one half or minus one-half if
+you have three of them bound together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three of them bound together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three of them bound together
+two of them are going to overlap with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them are going to overlap with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them are going to overlap with
+spin that seems to violate the Exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin that seems to violate the Exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin that seems to violate the Exclusion
+Principle that's a bit more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle that's a bit more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle that's a bit more abstract
+than no evidence for fractional charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than no evidence for fractional charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than no evidence for fractional charge
+but the Exclusion Principle had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Exclusion Principle had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Exclusion Principle had been
+awfully well tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awfully well tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awfully well tested
+um by the 1960s that seemed like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the 1960s that seemed like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the 1960s that seemed like a
+pretty significant conceptual Challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty significant conceptual Challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty significant conceptual Challenge
+and then third uh as I mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then third uh as I mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then third uh as I mentioned earlier
+in neither gelman's nordstrike's scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neither gelman's nordstrike's scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neither gelman's nordstrike's scheme
+was there any discussion of forces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there any discussion of forces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there any discussion of forces of
+Dynamics why these objects interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics why these objects interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics why these objects interact with
+each other why do some have very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other why do some have very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other why do some have very large
+reaction rates oh there's a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates oh there's a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates oh there's a very small
+reaction rates and so on so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates and so on so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates and so on so there's
+still no no idea of the kind of forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still no no idea of the kind of forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still no no idea of the kind of forces
+that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might
+interact either between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact either between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact either between these
+constituent quarks or as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent quarks or as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent quarks or as a result of
+them and so as a result of that Gilman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so as a result of that Gilman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so as a result of that Gilman
+who was uh no dummy he had you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was uh no dummy he had you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was uh no dummy he had you might
+have noticed uh on the the very title of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed uh on the the very title of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed uh on the the very title of
+his article that I showed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his article that I showed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his article that I showed in the
+previous set of slides was called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous set of slides was called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous set of slides was called a
+schematic model of baryons and mesons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic model of baryons and mesons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic model of baryons and mesons
+you may remember it back to very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember it back to very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember it back to very early
+this term we talked about when Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term we talked about when Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term we talked about when Einstein
+introduced the idea of light quanta he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the idea of light quanta he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the idea of light quanta he
+called it a heuristic uh suggestion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it a heuristic uh suggestion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it a heuristic uh suggestion and
+that's very much like what Gelman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very much like what Gelman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very much like what Gelman is
+doing here it's a schematic model he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here it's a schematic model he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here it's a schematic model he
+announces even in the title he goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announces even in the title he goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announces even in the title he goes on
+to say near the very end the last main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say near the very end the last main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say near the very end the last main
+paragraph of this brief article gunman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph of this brief article gunman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph of this brief article gunman
+writes it's fun to speculate about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes it's fun to speculate about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes it's fun to speculate about the
+way quarks would behave if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way quarks would behave if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way quarks would behave if they were
+physical particles instead of purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical particles instead of purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical particles instead of purely
+mathematical entities with my italics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical entities with my italics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical entities with my italics
+a search for stable quarks at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a search for stable quarks at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a search for stable quarks at the
+highest energy accelerators would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest energy accelerators would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest energy accelerators would help
+to reassure us that they don't exist at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reassure us that they don't exist at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reassure us that they don't exist at
+all the reassures of the non-existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the reassures of the non-existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the reassures of the non-existence
+of real quarks precisely because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real quarks precisely because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real quarks precisely because of
+things like no one's ever found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like no one's ever found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like no one's ever found
+fractional electric charges these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional electric charges these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional electric charges these uh
+subtleties about the exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties about the exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties about the exclusion
+principles on so Gelman in this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles on so Gelman in this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles on so Gelman in this very
+first article from 1964 was not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first article from 1964 was not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first article from 1964 was not saying
+Eureka I found them he was saying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eureka I found them he was saying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eureka I found them he was saying it's
+helpful to think about as if protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to think about as if protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to think about as if protons
+neutrons and Omega minuses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and Omega minuses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and Omega minuses and
+everything else were made up of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else were made up of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else were made up of these
+constituent Parts but it's really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent Parts but it's really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent Parts but it's really just a
+kind of mathematical shell game these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mathematical shell game these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mathematical shell game these
+are mathematical classifiers rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mathematical classifiers rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mathematical classifiers rather than
+parts of nature that's I think a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of nature that's I think a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of nature that's I think a fair
+reading of what galman is saying in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of what galman is saying in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of what galman is saying in this
+1964 article meanwhile George swag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1964 article meanwhile George swag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1964 article meanwhile George swag
+couple years younger than Gelman didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years younger than Gelman didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years younger than Gelman didn't
+even get the benefit of the doubt so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get the benefit of the doubt so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get the benefit of the doubt so
+Gilman's paper was rushed into print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gilman's paper was rushed into print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gilman's paper was rushed into print
+after three weeks Gelman he wrote two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after three weeks Gelman he wrote two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after three weeks Gelman he wrote two
+papers within a few days of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers within a few days of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers within a few days of each other
+in January of 1964. both of which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in January of 1964. both of which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in January of 1964. both of which were
+rejected for publication neither of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected for publication neither of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected for publication neither of them
+even made it through peer review he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even made it through peer review he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even made it through peer review he was
+a very young postdoc at that point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very young postdoc at that point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very young postdoc at that point and
+they said this doesn't make any sense at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said this doesn't make any sense at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said this doesn't make any sense at
+all no fractional charge Exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all no fractional charge Exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all no fractional charge Exclusion
+Principle and so on plus everyone seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle and so on plus everyone seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle and so on plus everyone seemed
+to have confidence by this point who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have confidence by this point who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have confidence by this point who
+many people did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people did
+that actually Jeffrey Chu's approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually Jeffrey Chu's approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually Jeffrey Chu's approach to
+kind of single self-consistent bootstrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of single self-consistent bootstrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of single self-consistent bootstrap
+was going to kind of save a date that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to kind of save a date that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to kind of save a date that
+had made enormous progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had made enormous progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had made enormous progress
+experimentally by the late 50s and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally by the late 50s and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally by the late 50s and this
+seemed to go exactly counter to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to go exactly counter to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to go exactly counter to that
+single self-consistent bootstrap idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single self-consistent bootstrap idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single self-consistent bootstrap idea
+this was reintroducing or seemed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was reintroducing or seemed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was reintroducing or seemed to be
+reintroducing the idea of a small set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reintroducing the idea of a small set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reintroducing the idea of a small set of
+special particles breaking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special particles breaking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special particles breaking that
+so-called nuclear democracy that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called nuclear democracy that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called nuclear democracy that have
+been so Central to Jeffrey chews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so Central to Jeffrey chews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so Central to Jeffrey chews
+otherwise very successful program so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise very successful program so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise very successful program so the
+young postdoc George so I can't even get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young postdoc George so I can't even get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young postdoc George so I can't even get
+his papers published Gelman is maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his papers published Gelman is maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his papers published Gelman is maybe a
+little wiser a little bit more long in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wiser a little bit more long in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wiser a little bit more long in
+his career and he knows to to bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career and he knows to to bracket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career and he knows to to bracket
+this as kind of schematic hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as kind of schematic hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as kind of schematic hypothetical
+mathematical so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical so
+so this is now in early 1964 a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now in early 1964 a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now in early 1964 a few years
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a very dramatic new experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very dramatic new experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very dramatic new experiments
+were conducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were conducted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were conducted
+these are often depending on who you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are often depending on who you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are often depending on who you ask
+they're either called the slack MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're either called the slack MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're either called the slack MIT
+experiments or the MIT slack experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or the MIT slack experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or the MIT slack experiments
+I'll let you guess which coast prefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you guess which coast prefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you guess which coast prefers
+which version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which version
+these were some of the first experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were some of the first experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were some of the first experiments
+conducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted
+and what was that a brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was that a brand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was that a brand new
+accelerator you can see it above ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator you can see it above ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator you can see it above ground
+here but now we simply call slack that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but now we simply call slack that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but now we simply call slack that
+stands for the Stanford linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for the Stanford linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for the Stanford linear
+accelerator laboratory it is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator laboratory it is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator laboratory it is a linear
+Clarissa straight line it's 3.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clarissa straight line it's 3.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clarissa straight line it's 3.2
+kilometers basically two miles long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers basically two miles long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers basically two miles long and
+it's a series of electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a series of electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a series of electrostatic
+um uh voltage gaps so along which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh voltage gaps so along which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh voltage gaps so along which you
+can accelerate electrons to very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accelerate electrons to very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accelerate electrons to very very
+high energies basically up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energies basically up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energies basically up to a
+significant fraction of the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the speed of
+light you just keep shoving electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light you just keep shoving electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light you just keep shoving electrons
+with very clever electric Fields down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very clever electric Fields down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very clever electric Fields down a
+two mile track and smash them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mile track and smash them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mile track and smash them into
+stationary targets and so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary targets and so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary targets and so one of the
+first applications of this new device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first applications of this new device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first applications of this new device
+built for the same reasons we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built for the same reasons we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built for the same reasons we've talked
+about before is part of the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before is part of the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before is part of the atomic
+energy commission effort to get lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy commission effort to get lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy commission effort to get lots and
+lots of physicists could have trained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of physicists could have trained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of physicists could have trained in
+at the ready not that this would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ready not that this would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ready not that this would help
+make uh weapons for defense but it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh weapons for defense but it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh weapons for defense but it would
+make people well trained who could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people well trained who could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people well trained who could be
+mobilized in a new Manhattan Project if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized in a new Manhattan Project if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized in a new Manhattan Project if
+needed this is a a huge version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed this is a a huge version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed this is a a huge version of that
+post-war policy of making very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-war policy of making very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-war policy of making very very
+expensive Machinery available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive Machinery available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive Machinery available
+for non-military purposes to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for non-military purposes to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for non-military purposes to keep
+communities well trained even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities well trained even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities well trained even though
+this wasn't help this device itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wasn't help this device itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wasn't help this device itself is
+strictly for kind of peacetime uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly for kind of peacetime uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly for kind of peacetime uh
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+so slack came online in 1966 and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so slack came online in 1966 and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so slack came online in 1966 and one of
+the very first sets of experiments to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first sets of experiments to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first sets of experiments to go
+in there was actually directed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there was actually directed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there was actually directed and
+designed by two members of the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by two members of the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by two members of the MIT
+physics department one of whom is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics department one of whom is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics department one of whom is still
+with us he's Emeritus Professor Jerry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us he's Emeritus Professor Jerry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us he's Emeritus Professor Jerry
+Freeman that you might uh you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freeman that you might uh you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freeman that you might uh you might have
+met Christopher Friedman he comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met Christopher Friedman he comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met Christopher Friedman he comes to
+colloquy and so on uh and then Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloquy and so on uh and then Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloquy and so on uh and then Henry
+Kendall who passed away some years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kendall who passed away some years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kendall who passed away some years ago
+the two of them were Partners in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of them were Partners in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of them were Partners in these
+experiments the idea was to accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments the idea was to accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments the idea was to accelerate
+these electrons to very high energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons to very high energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons to very high energies
+and smash it into very proton Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smash it into very proton Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smash it into very proton Rich
+targets so you could actually study very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets so you could actually study very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets so you could actually study very
+high energy electron proton scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy electron proton scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy electron proton scattering
+in the detector Bay at the end of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the detector Bay at the end of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the detector Bay at the end of that
+line you have this unbelievable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you have this unbelievable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you have this unbelievable
+equipment you can see this is like train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment you can see this is like train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment you can see this is like train
+tracking and here's a person for a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking and here's a person for a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking and here's a person for a sense
+of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale
+where you could actually change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could actually change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could actually change the
+angle at which you measure the detritus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle at which you measure the detritus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle at which you measure the detritus
+that comes out of these very high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of these very high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of these very high energy
+scatterings this is basically a redo of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterings this is basically a redo of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterings this is basically a redo of
+Rutherford scattering but now or across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford scattering but now or across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford scattering but now or across
+miles as opposed to across a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles as opposed to across a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles as opposed to across a single
+desktop you may remember back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop you may remember back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop you may remember back from
+uh in the early several weeks ago in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the early several weeks ago in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the early several weeks ago in our
+class we were looking at Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we were looking at Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we were looking at Rutherford
+scattering from around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering from around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering from around
+1909 1911 uh firing uh alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1909 1911 uh firing uh alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1909 1911 uh firing uh alpha particles
+at very thin gold foil and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very thin gold foil and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very thin gold foil and then
+surrounding it with scintillating screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding it with scintillating screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding it with scintillating screen
+so you could get information for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could get information for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could get information for the
+number of scatterings per per angle per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of scatterings per per angle per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of scatterings per per angle per
+uh as a function of scattering angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a function of scattering angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a function of scattering angle and
+Rutherford was so shocked when he found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford was so shocked when he found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford was so shocked when he found
+a significant number of back scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant number of back scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant number of back scatter
+events where the where the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events where the where the uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events where the where the uh the the
+incoming projectile scattered almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming projectile scattered almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming projectile scattered almost all
+the way backwards which was consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way backwards which was consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way backwards which was consistent
+only with a very very small very massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only with a very very small very massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only with a very very small very massive
+inner core to the atom that became known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner core to the atom that became known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner core to the atom that became known
+as the atomic nucleus now they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the atomic nucleus now they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the atomic nucleus now they're doing
+the same thing but not with a a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but not with a a thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but not with a a thin
+metal uh foil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal uh foil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal uh foil
+but literally moving these enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but literally moving these enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but literally moving these enormous
+enormous detectors around in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous detectors around in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous detectors around in a
+semicircle on these kind of inbuilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicircle on these kind of inbuilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicircle on these kind of inbuilt
+train tracks so they could get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train tracks so they could get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train tracks so they could get things
+like scattering rates as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scattering rates as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scattering rates as a function of
+angle I just find that astonishing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle I just find that astonishing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle I just find that astonishing that
+in in that case well roughly 50 years uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that case well roughly 50 years uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that case well roughly 50 years uh
+the um or 60 years maybe uh they'd gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um or 60 years maybe uh they'd gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um or 60 years maybe uh they'd gone
+from the same basic concept but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same basic concept but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same basic concept but now
+taking miles and train tracks as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking miles and train tracks as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking miles and train tracks as opposed
+to a grad student sitting in the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a grad student sitting in the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a grad student sitting in the dark
+anyway what they found the slack MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what they found the slack MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what they found the slack MIT
+experiments was again very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments was again very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments was again very similar
+pattern to what Rutherford and his team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to what Rutherford and his team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to what Rutherford and his team
+had found about atoms when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had found about atoms when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had found about atoms when they were
+scattering uh off of protons they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering uh off of protons they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering uh off of protons they found
+evidence for an internal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for an internal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for an internal structure
+within protons protons seem to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within protons protons seem to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within protons protons seem to have
+internal hard scattering sites just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal hard scattering sites just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal hard scattering sites just like
+atoms in that gold foil seem to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in that gold foil seem to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in that gold foil seem to have
+internal hard scattering sites that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal hard scattering sites that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal hard scattering sites that we
+now call the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now call the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now call the nucleus
+the particle physicist by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle physicist by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle physicist by this point
+we're using a bit funny uh um variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using a bit funny uh um variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using a bit funny uh um variables
+it wasn't just scattering angle but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't just scattering angle but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't just scattering angle but this
+angle Q depends both on the energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Q depends both on the energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Q depends both on the energy but
+also on the on the scattering angle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the on the scattering angle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the on the scattering angle so
+larger queue here uh Q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger queue here uh Q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger queue here uh Q squared
+corresponds to larger scattering angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to larger scattering angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to larger scattering angle
+and so if there were just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if there were just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if there were just kind of
+equally diffused smush inside a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally diffused smush inside a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally diffused smush inside a proton
+you'd expect a very rapid fall off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect a very rapid fall off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect a very rapid fall off with
+angle you'd expect very few large back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you'd expect very few large back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you'd expect very few large back
+scatter events but instead they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter events but instead they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter events but instead they were
+finding on this logarithmic scale quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding on this logarithmic scale quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding on this logarithmic scale quite
+substantial numbers of large angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial numbers of large angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial numbers of large angle
+scatter so very again the the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter so very again the the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter so very again the the argument
+was really identical uh conceptually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really identical uh conceptually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really identical uh conceptually to
+the Radford scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Radford scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Radford scattering
+so how do you make sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you make sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you make sense of the
+quantitative details not just the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative details not just the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative details not just the fact
+that there seems to be a structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there seems to be a structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there seems to be a structure
+inside these proton targets but could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside these proton targets but could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside these proton targets but could
+you actually reproduce those curves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually reproduce those curves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually reproduce those curves with
+the real specific structure uh inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real specific structure uh inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real specific structure uh inside
+the proton so a number of theorists who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton so a number of theorists who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton so a number of theorists who
+are following the slack MIT experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are following the slack MIT experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are following the slack MIT experiments
+closely they jumped in one of whom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely they jumped in one of whom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely they jumped in one of whom is
+Richard Feynman some of whose work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Feynman some of whose work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Feynman some of whose work we
+already looked at together in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looked at together in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looked at together in this class
+the other was at the time a much younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other was at the time a much younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other was at the time a much younger
+theoretical physicist named James Bjork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physicist named James Bjork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physicist named James Bjork
+and he often just goes by BJ for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he often just goes by BJ for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he often just goes by BJ for the
+start of his last name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of his last name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of his last name
+they were able to make sense of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to make sense of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to make sense of this uh
+of the scattering data ex quantitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scattering data ex quantitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scattering data ex quantitatively
+not just kind of uh qualitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just kind of uh qualitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just kind of uh qualitatively
+there's a scattering site but they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scattering site but they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scattering site but they could
+actually reproduce these very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reproduce these very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reproduce these very specific
+curves that scaling laws by introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves that scaling laws by introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves that scaling laws by introducing
+what they called partons this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they called partons this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they called partons this was
+feynman's kind of joke so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feynman's kind of joke so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feynman's kind of joke so he was
+absolutely clear not to call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely clear not to call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely clear not to call these
+quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks
+partly because as we'll see they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because as we'll see they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because as we'll see they were
+conceptually quite different partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually quite different partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually quite different partly
+because by this point both Simon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by this point both Simon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by this point both Simon and
+Gelman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gelman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gelman
+were together at Caltech in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were together at Caltech in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were together at Caltech in the same
+Department of physics and they were kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of physics and they were kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of physics and they were kind
+of friendly Rivals Feynman had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of friendly Rivals Feynman had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of friendly Rivals Feynman had a lot of
+these relationships throughout his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these relationships throughout his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these relationships throughout his life
+so by this point he traded Julian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by this point he traded Julian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by this point he traded Julian
+schwinger as his main rival for Marie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwinger as his main rival for Marie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwinger as his main rival for Marie
+Gelman they were their offices were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gelman they were their offices were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gelman they were their offices were just
+down the hall and so Feynman was as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the hall and so Feynman was as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the hall and so Feynman was as much
+tweaking his nose at Gilman as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking his nose at Gilman as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking his nose at Gilman as being
+kind of maybe appropriately skeptical by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of maybe appropriately skeptical by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of maybe appropriately skeptical by
+very intentionally not calling his new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intentionally not calling his new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intentionally not calling his new
+theoretical uh particles quarks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical uh particles quarks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical uh particles quarks they
+were called partons meaning there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were called partons meaning there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were called partons meaning there are
+some parts inside of protons I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parts inside of protons I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parts inside of protons I thought
+it was a cute name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a cute name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a cute name
+these are parts inside protons so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are parts inside protons so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are parts inside protons so the
+idea was why would this help how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was why would this help how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was why would this help how would
+you make theoretical sense of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make theoretical sense of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make theoretical sense of these
+experiments and this again I think was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and this again I think was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and this again I think was
+was kind of classic Feynman in his use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of classic Feynman in his use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of classic Feynman in his use
+of intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intuition
+at low energies inside uh the nucleus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low energies inside uh the nucleus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low energies inside uh the nucleus a
+proton would actually be a big mess if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton would actually be a big mess if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton would actually be a big mess if
+it has internal um structure whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has internal um structure whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has internal um structure whether
+they're quarks or anything else if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're quarks or anything else if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're quarks or anything else if there
+are Parts within that within a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Parts within that within a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Parts within that within a proton
+then they're going to be subject to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to be subject to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to be subject to very
+strong internal forces after all protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong internal forces after all protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong internal forces after all protons
+don't fall apart so whatever internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fall apart so whatever internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fall apart so whatever internal
+parts it might have must be stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts it might have must be stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts it might have must be stuck
+together very very tightly at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together very very tightly at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together very very tightly at very
+strong nuclear forces so it'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong nuclear forces so it'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong nuclear forces so it'll be some
+jumble of moving Parts with a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumble of moving Parts with a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumble of moving Parts with a big
+dynamical mess and people had no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical mess and people had no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical mess and people had no idea
+how to calculate that remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to calculate that remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to calculate that remember
+perturbation Theory failed and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory failed and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory failed and all that
+so at low energy is a proton would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at low energy is a proton would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at low energy is a proton would
+basically be extremely difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically be extremely difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically be extremely difficult to
+characterize quantitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize quantitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize quantitatively
+luckily for fibon and bjorkin and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily for fibon and bjorkin and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily for fibon and bjorkin and their
+colleagues that was not the situation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues that was not the situation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues that was not the situation at
+hand to make sense of the slack MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to make sense of the slack MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to make sense of the slack MIT
+experiments they were going to in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments they were going to in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments they were going to in a
+sense the opposite regime the protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the opposite regime the protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the opposite regime the protons
+were stationary targets but What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were stationary targets but What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were stationary targets but What
+mattered was the view from the speeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered was the view from the speeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered was the view from the speeding
+electron and the electron was just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the electron was just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the electron was just had
+just as much license as the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as much license as the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as much license as the person
+riding on Einstein's imaginary trains to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding on Einstein's imaginary trains to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding on Einstein's imaginary trains to
+pretend that the electron was fully at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that the electron was fully at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that the electron was fully at
+rest and it saw the target racing toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and it saw the target racing toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and it saw the target racing toward
+it at very high speed so if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at very high speed so if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at very high speed so if you imagine
+sitting on the electron you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the electron you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the electron you could say
+you're sitting at rest well the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting at rest well the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting at rest well the proton
+Target races toward you at a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target races toward you at a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target races toward you at a very high
+fraction of the speed of light so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the speed of light so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the speed of light so from
+your point of view as the electron you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point of view as the electron you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point of view as the electron you
+see the proton undergo length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the proton undergo length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the proton undergo length
+contraction will become a pancake along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction will become a pancake along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction will become a pancake along
+its direction of motion and its internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its direction of motion and its internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its direction of motion and its internal
+clocks will be slowed it will undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks will be slowed it will undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks will be slowed it will undergo
+time dilation at least as far as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dilation at least as far as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dilation at least as far as you're
+concerned so all of the time scales for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned so all of the time scales for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned so all of the time scales for
+these very big complicated nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very big complicated nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very big complicated nuclear
+forces would be slowed down as if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces would be slowed down as if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces would be slowed down as if they
+were kind of Frozen in Time what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of Frozen in Time what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of Frozen in Time what what
+the electron would see in this target of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron would see in this target of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron would see in this target of
+the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton
+would basically be a kind of Frozen set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would basically be a kind of Frozen set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would basically be a kind of Frozen set
+of free non-interacting stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free non-interacting stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free non-interacting stationary
+targets all the stuff that people had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets all the stuff that people had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets all the stuff that people had no
+possibility to calculate these strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to calculate these strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to calculate these strong
+Fast Change in nuclear forces become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fast Change in nuclear forces become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fast Change in nuclear forces become
+Irrelevant in the limits of very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irrelevant in the limits of very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irrelevant in the limits of very high
+energies as relevant for these slack MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies as relevant for these slack MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies as relevant for these slack MIT
+experiments so you can go for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so you can go for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so you can go for these
+internal parts called partons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal parts called partons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal parts called partons and
+analyze all this very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze all this very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze all this very specific
+scattering data based on kind of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering data based on kind of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering data based on kind of free
+protons because in the energy regimes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons because in the energy regimes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons because in the energy regimes of
+Interest the dynamical forces should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest the dynamical forces should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest the dynamical forces should
+basically be irrelevant or very or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically be irrelevant or very or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically be irrelevant or very or
+subdominant so you might say was this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdominant so you might say was this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdominant so you might say was this a
+victory for quarks well not right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victory for quarks well not right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victory for quarks well not right away
+as I've mentioned Fryman went out of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've mentioned Fryman went out of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've mentioned Fryman went out of his
+way not to call these partons quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way not to call these partons quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way not to call these partons quarks
+the two sets of ideas really were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sets of ideas really were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sets of ideas really were
+answering different kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering different kinds of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering different kinds of questions
+so galmans are even more importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so galmans are even more importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so galmans are even more importantly
+George spikes notion of quarks from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George spikes notion of quarks from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George spikes notion of quarks from
+early 1964. that was really a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1964. that was really a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1964. that was really a kind of
+constituent model what are the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent model what are the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent model what are the little
+pieces that are bound tightly inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that are bound tightly inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that are bound tightly inside
+protons neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons neutrons
+um hyperons and all the rest it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hyperons and all the rest it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hyperons and all the rest it's about
+the kind of internal parts in the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of internal parts in the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of internal parts in the and
+and eventually uh the forces that must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually uh the forces that must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually uh the forces that must
+keep them bound together so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them bound together so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them bound together so that we
+don't see things like free fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see things like free fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see things like free fractional
+charge and fireman's partons were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and fireman's partons were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and fireman's partons were really
+answering just an entirely separate set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering just an entirely separate set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering just an entirely separate set
+of questions very high energy behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions very high energy behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions very high energy behavior
+when you basically ignore the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you basically ignore the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you basically ignore the internal
+forces you have effectively freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you have effectively freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you have effectively freeze
+scatterers as opposed to bound strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterers as opposed to bound strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterers as opposed to bound strongly
+interacting particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting particles
+and again go back you don't just take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again go back you don't just take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again go back you don't just take my
+word for it that this wasn't seen in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it that this wasn't seen in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it that this wasn't seen in his
+day as direct evidence for quarks Gelman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day as direct evidence for quarks Gelman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day as direct evidence for quarks Gelman
+himself three years later three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself three years later three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself three years later three and four
+years later uh uh mentioned at a very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later uh uh mentioned at a very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later uh uh mentioned at a very um
+uh well well attended uh conference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well well attended uh conference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well well attended uh conference for
+high energy physics that quarks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy physics that quarks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy physics that quarks were
+still fictitious his word and that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fictitious his word and that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fictitious his word and that his
+own favorite theoretical approach was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own favorite theoretical approach was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own favorite theoretical approach was
+actually equivalent to the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equivalent to the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equivalent to the kind of
+ongoing work from that Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing work from that Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing work from that Berkeley
+tradition called on the bootstrap so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition called on the bootstrap so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition called on the bootstrap so
+which which you know uh disavows a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which you know uh disavows a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which you know uh disavows a set
+of of literally Elementary particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of literally Elementary particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of literally Elementary particles and
+talks about the kind of self-consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about the kind of self-consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about the kind of self-consistent
+Composites one can make from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Composites one can make from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Composites one can make from from the
+nuclear particles so galmon himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear particles so galmon himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear particles so galmon himself
+didn't leap on the slack MIT results to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't leap on the slack MIT results to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't leap on the slack MIT results to
+say now we've found quarks uh let alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now we've found quarks uh let alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now we've found quarks uh let alone
+five so this was again a kind of slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so this was again a kind of slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so this was again a kind of slow
+drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift
+uh so let me pause there and see if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let me pause there and see if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let me pause there and see if any
+questions on slack MIT or any of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on slack MIT or any of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on slack MIT or any of that
+kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I know I've said it before but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I've said it before but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I've said it before but I just
+love that contrast from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that contrast from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that contrast from
+the Rutherford scattering of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rutherford scattering of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rutherford scattering of the whole
+apparatus was you know maybe a meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus was you know maybe a meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus was you know maybe a meter
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+to to uh two miles with that train track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh two miles with that train track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh two miles with that train track
+to change scattering angle of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change scattering angle of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change scattering angle of your
+detectors I just think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors I just think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors I just think that's
+that's pretty that that right there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty that that right there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty that that right there is
+the story of energy physics in the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story of energy physics in the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story of energy physics in the 20th
+century that transition you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century that transition you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century that transition you're asking
+basically the same question getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same question getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same question getting
+remarkably consistent results but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably consistent results but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably consistent results but you
+had to do a lot of work in between and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do a lot of work in between and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do a lot of work in between and
+convince a lot more people to pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince a lot more people to pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince a lot more people to pay the
+money to let you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to let you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to let you do it
+any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I will press on uh if any questions come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will press on uh if any questions come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will press on uh if any questions come
+up of course please chime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of course please chime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of course please chime in
+let's go to that last part for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to that last part for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to that last part for today
+and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about
+quantum chromodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chromodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chromodynamics
+so right around the time when Gelman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right around the time when Gelman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right around the time when Gelman
+stood up at the conference in Florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood up at the conference in Florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood up at the conference in Florida
+and said quarks as we all know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said quarks as we all know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said quarks as we all know are
+fictitious he was actually working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious he was actually working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious he was actually working on a
+whole new theoretical approach sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new theoretical approach sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new theoretical approach sometimes
+with co-authors and others working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with co-authors and others working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with co-authors and others working
+independently another key architect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently another key architect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently another key architect of
+this as a younger theorist named Harold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a younger theorist named Harold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a younger theorist named Harold
+Fritch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fritch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fritch
+they were developing what came to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were developing what came to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were developing what came to be
+called Quantum chromodynamics or qcd the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Quantum chromodynamics or qcd the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Quantum chromodynamics or qcd the
+idea where now is to was in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea where now is to was in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea where now is to was in some sense
+to finally ask this question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finally ask this question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finally ask this question about
+Dynamics about forces which come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics about forces which come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics about forces which come on
+himself and very successfully kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and very successfully kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and very successfully kind of um
+uh bracketed or left aside from the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bracketed or left aside from the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bracketed or left aside from the 50s
+and 60s with his focus on classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 60s with his focus on classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 60s with his focus on classification
+the idea now was to try to to to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea now was to try to to to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea now was to try to to to to to
+look more squarely at forces and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more squarely at forces and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more squarely at forces and try to
+find a quantitative way of making sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a quantitative way of making sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a quantitative way of making sense
+of these uh of these nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh of these nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh of these nuclear
+constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents
+so they're working in very explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're working in very explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're working in very explicit
+analogy to QED to Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to QED to Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to QED to Quantum
+electrodynamics the work uh that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics the work uh that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics the work uh that we saw
+in previous class sessions it really had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in previous class sessions it really had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in previous class sessions it really had
+kind of come together soon after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of come together soon after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of come together soon after the
+second world war in the late 1940s but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war in the late 1940s but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war in the late 1940s but
+the roots of it went back to the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of it went back to the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of it went back to the early
+days of quantum theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of quantum theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of quantum theory
+so there really was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there really was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there really was a kind of
+step-by-step analogy in the new work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step-by-step analogy in the new work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step-by-step analogy in the new work in
+place of uh electrons and positrons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of uh electrons and positrons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of uh electrons and positrons the
+new work would focus on quarks those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new work would focus on quarks those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new work would focus on quarks those
+were the kind of Elementary particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the kind of Elementary particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the kind of Elementary particles
+that would be subjecting each other to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be subjecting each other to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be subjecting each other to
+forces such as like electrons could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces such as like electrons could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces such as like electrons could
+repel electrons Quark could repel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel electrons Quark could repel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel electrons Quark could repel or
+attract other quarks and the quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract other quarks and the quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract other quarks and the quarks
+would interact in the new scheme by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would interact in the new scheme by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would interact in the new scheme by
+exchanging a new kind of force carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging a new kind of force carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging a new kind of force carrying
+particle called the gluon this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle called the gluon this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle called the gluon this would be
+the glue the nuclear glue that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glue the nuclear glue that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glue the nuclear glue that would
+keep say an up down and down Quark bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep say an up down and down Quark bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep say an up down and down Quark bound
+within a proton within a in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a proton within a in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a proton within a in this case a
+neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral
+so the gluons which were maybe not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gluons which were maybe not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gluons which were maybe not the
+most creative name they were meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most creative name they were meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most creative name they were meant to be
+nuclear glue they would play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear glue they would play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear glue they would play the
+analogous role to the photons remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous role to the photons remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous role to the photons remember
+we saw electrons on the idea from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw electrons on the idea from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw electrons on the idea from
+Quantum field Theory would repel each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field Theory would repel each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field Theory would repel each
+other by by firing Force carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by by firing Force carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by by firing Force carrying
+photons at each other back and forth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons at each other back and forth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons at each other back and forth the
+virtual photons and now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual photons and now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual photons and now you have a
+similar structure at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar structure at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar structure at least
+hypothetically about quarks interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically about quarks interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically about quarks interacting
+by the exchange of gluons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the exchange of gluons okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the exchange of gluons okay
+so there's some new ideas again to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some new ideas again to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some new ideas again to try
+to make sense of all the newer um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sense of all the newer um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sense of all the newer um sort
+of classifications and symmetries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classifications and symmetries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classifications and symmetries and
+internal charges and stuff that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal charges and stuff that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal charges and stuff that had been
+introduced for the nuclear particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced for the nuclear particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced for the nuclear particles
+over the previous uh 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the previous uh 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the previous uh 20 years
+the main idea the main new ingredient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main idea the main new ingredient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main idea the main new ingredient
+conceptually for this newer qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually for this newer qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually for this newer qcd
+was it to introduce yet another internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it to introduce yet another internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it to introduce yet another internal
+quantum number or charge again strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number or charge again strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number or charge again strictly
+hypothetical at this point and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical at this point and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical at this point and they
+called it color the idea was that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it color the idea was that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it color the idea was that each
+Quark carries yet another internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark carries yet another internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark carries yet another internal
+quantum number this one could have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number this one could have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number this one could have one
+of three values so instead of spin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three values so instead of spin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three values so instead of spin or
+isospin which were usually one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin which were usually one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin which were usually one of two
+values spin up or spin down the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values spin up or spin down the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values spin up or spin down the color
+charge could come in one of three values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge could come in one of three values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge could come in one of three values
+I'd rather than call it minus one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather than call it minus one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather than call it minus one zero
+or plus one they call them they gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or plus one they call them they gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or plus one they call them they gave
+them names like colors the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them names like colors the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them names like colors the primary
+colors uh red green and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors uh red green and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors uh red green and blue
+and they did that because they posited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did that because they posited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did that because they posited
+several features of this color charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several features of this color charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several features of this color charge
+that uh the color charge overall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the color charge overall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the color charge overall is
+conserved you can either create nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved you can either create nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved you can either create nor
+destroys a red Quark charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroys a red Quark charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroys a red Quark charge
+uh that the free particles you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the free particles you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the free particles you could
+ever measure or experience in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever measure or experience in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever measure or experience in nature
+bound protons neutrons pions or anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound protons neutrons pions or anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound protons neutrons pions or anywhere
+else have to have an exact balance among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else have to have an exact balance among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else have to have an exact balance among
+the color charges so if if you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color charges so if if you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color charges so if if you have one
+unit of red color charge you must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of red color charge you must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of red color charge you must have
+exactly one unit of both green and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one unit of both green and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one unit of both green and blue
+and vice versa and that's why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa and that's why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa and that's why they
+appeal to the primary colors if you mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to the primary colors if you mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to the primary colors if you mix
+red light green light and blue light in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red light green light and blue light in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red light green light and blue light in
+equal intensity together they won't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal intensity together they won't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal intensity together they won't make
+white light or all the color will vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white light or all the color will vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white light or all the color will vanish
+basically you'll you'll you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you'll you'll you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you'll you'll you'll have
+perfect color balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect color balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect color balance
+so that's what they were positing among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what they were positing among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what they were positing among
+the color charges on these quarks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color charges on these quarks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color charges on these quarks that
+uh baryon a bound state of three quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh baryon a bound state of three quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh baryon a bound state of three quarks
+must have exactly one of each color to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have exactly one of each color to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have exactly one of each color to
+balance out the mesons which were like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance out the mesons which were like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance out the mesons which were like a
+Pion which is one quark and a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pion which is one quark and a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pion which is one quark and a bound
+antiquark would have to have one red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark would have to have one red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark would have to have one red and
+one anti-red Quark so together the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one anti-red Quark so together the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one anti-red Quark so together the color
+charge would exactly balance or one blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge would exactly balance or one blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge would exactly balance or one blue
+and anti-blue and so on so the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anti-blue and so on so the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anti-blue and so on so the that's
+the first two assumptions color charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two assumptions color charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two assumptions color charge
+is conserved and you have to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conserved and you have to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conserved and you have to have an
+exact balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact balance
+and the last one is that this new Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last one is that this new Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last one is that this new Force
+law has to be symmetric with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law has to be symmetric with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law has to be symmetric with respect to
+kind of random permutations of the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of random permutations of the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of random permutations of the color
+charge and that's again a lot like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and that's again a lot like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and that's again a lot like the
+symmetries of isospin that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries of isospin that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries of isospin that when you
+consider a lot of these nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a lot of these nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a lot of these nuclear
+interactions about say proton proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions about say proton proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions about say proton proton
+scattering or proton neutron or Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering or proton neutron or Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering or proton neutron or Neutron
+Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutation gave the same results any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation gave the same results any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation gave the same results any
+random permutation of isospin so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random permutation of isospin so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random permutation of isospin so the
+nuclear reactions were ISO spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactions were ISO spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactions were ISO spins
+symmetric and the idea was that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and the idea was that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and the idea was that maybe
+that same kind of symmetry held among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same kind of symmetry held among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same kind of symmetry held among
+this as yet unobserved maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as yet unobserved maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as yet unobserved maybe even
+unobservable charge on these Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable charge on these Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable charge on these Elementary
+constituents the quarks and they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents the quarks and they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents the quarks and they could
+be jumbled up in any old way as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be jumbled up in any old way as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be jumbled up in any old way as long as
+the total balance remained so you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total balance remained so you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total balance remained so you'd have
+no free color charge leaking out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no free color charge leaking out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no free color charge leaking out because
+you'd have an exact balance so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have an exact balance so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have an exact balance so those
+were the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the assumptions
+then that you could go back and resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that you could go back and resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that you could go back and resolve
+some of the puzzles like the Omega minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the puzzles like the Omega minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the puzzles like the Omega minus
+so now maybe the Omega minus would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now maybe the Omega minus would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now maybe the Omega minus would not
+violate the palette Exclusion Principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate the palette Exclusion Principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate the palette Exclusion Principle
+because it was not three literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was not three literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was not three literally
+identical spin one-half particles in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical spin one-half particles in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical spin one-half particles in a
+balanced State they differ on on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced State they differ on on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced State they differ on on one
+more set of internal quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more set of internal quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more set of internal quantum numbers
+that had not yet been taken into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had not yet been taken into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had not yet been taken into account
+the Omega minus would have to be a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega minus would have to be a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega minus would have to be a bound
+state of one red one green and one blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of one red one green and one blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of one red one green and one blue
+strange Quark so they so no two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange Quark so they so no two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange Quark so they so no two of them
+would be uh in the same Quantum State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh in the same Quantum State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh in the same Quantum State
+even if they had the same values for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they had the same values for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they had the same values for all
+the other quantum numbers including spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other quantum numbers including spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other quantum numbers including spin
+so now you could have bound States like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you could have bound States like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you could have bound States like
+the Omega minus this also suggested at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega minus this also suggested at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega minus this also suggested at
+least why it might be possible to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least why it might be possible to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least why it might be possible to avoid
+having fractional electric charge if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fractional electric charge if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fractional electric charge if you
+always have to have this exact balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to have this exact balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to have this exact balancing
+maybe there maybe the electric charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there maybe the electric charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there maybe the electric charge
+always has to come in integer units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has to come in integer units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has to come in integer units and
+never see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see
+uh say A Plus two-thirds charge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say A Plus two-thirds charge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say A Plus two-thirds charge that
+wasn't appropriately balanced by uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't appropriately balanced by uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't appropriately balanced by uh by
+the color charge preserving quarks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color charge preserving quarks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color charge preserving quarks that
+as a consequence would also get you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consequence would also get you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consequence would also get you back
+to only integer values for electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only integer values for electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only integer values for electric
+charge that was at least a hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge that was at least a hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge that was at least a hypothesis
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so as I mentioned even or just in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I mentioned even or just in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I mentioned even or just in that
+brief discussion a moment ago really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief discussion a moment ago really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief discussion a moment ago really
+essential to the idea of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential to the idea of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential to the idea of quantum
+chromodynamics or qcd is the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromodynamics or qcd is the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromodynamics or qcd is the idea of
+symmetry that some property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry that some property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry that some property of the
+system remains invariant or unchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system remains invariant or unchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system remains invariant or unchanged
+even when certain parts are are changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when certain parts are are changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when certain parts are are changed
+undergo what we call Transformations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo what we call Transformations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo what we call Transformations we
+saw how important this was in the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw how important this was in the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw how important this was in the study
+of Relativity it plays an increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Relativity it plays an increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Relativity it plays an increasing
+role in quantum theory and by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in quantum theory and by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in quantum theory and by this point
+by the early and mid 1970s the theorists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the early and mid 1970s the theorists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the early and mid 1970s the theorists
+like Gelman and Fritch and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Gelman and Fritch and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Gelman and Fritch and their
+colleagues were elevating this to a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues were elevating this to a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues were elevating this to a kind
+of guiding principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guiding principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guiding principle
+to be driven by by what has to remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be driven by by what has to remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be driven by by what has to remain
+unchanged even among symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged even among symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged even among symmetry
+Transformations so again we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations so again we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations so again we're all
+familiar with symmetries you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with symmetries you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with symmetries you can imagine
+for example a sphere it will appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a sphere it will appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a sphere it will appear
+unchanged its appearance will remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged its appearance will remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged its appearance will remain
+invariant even if you rotate the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant even if you rotate the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant even if you rotate the sphere
+by an arbitrary angle around an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an arbitrary angle around an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an arbitrary angle around an
+arbitrary axis that's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary axis that's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary axis that's an example of a
+continuous symmetry the Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous symmetry the Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous symmetry the Transformations
+can be by any angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be by any angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be by any angle
+7.1 degrees 7.1003 degrees any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.1 degrees 7.1003 degrees any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.1 degrees 7.1003 degrees any
+continuously variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously variable
+transformation likewise you could rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation likewise you could rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation likewise you could rotate
+the axis Itself by an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis Itself by an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis Itself by an email
+we're also familiar with things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also familiar with things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also familiar with things like
+discrete symmetries imagine a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete symmetries imagine a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete symmetries imagine a square
+a simple two-dimensional Square its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple two-dimensional Square its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple two-dimensional Square its
+appearance will remain invariant if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance will remain invariant if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance will remain invariant if you
+rotate it by any integer number times 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it by any integer number times 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it by any integer number times 90
+degrees rotate it by 90 degrees you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees rotate it by 90 degrees you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees rotate it by 90 degrees you
+can't tell the difference by 180 by 270.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell the difference by 180 by 270.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell the difference by 180 by 270.
+if you rotate a square by 37 degrees you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you rotate a square by 37 degrees you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you rotate a square by 37 degrees you
+can tell the difference it no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell the difference it no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell the difference it no longer
+looks unchanged so that's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks unchanged so that's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks unchanged so that's an example of
+an object that remains invariant under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object that remains invariant under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object that remains invariant under
+discrete symmetries a more kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete symmetries a more kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete symmetries a more kind of
+constrained set of Transformations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained set of Transformations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained set of Transformations that
+will nonetheless leave the appearance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will nonetheless leave the appearance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will nonetheless leave the appearance uh
+unchanged so we're familiar with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged so we're familiar with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged so we're familiar with these
+kind of everyday examples from geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of everyday examples from geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of everyday examples from geometry
+they were going to start applying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were going to start applying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were going to start applying this
+to these more abstract internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these more abstract internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these more abstract internal
+mathematical spaces of these things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical spaces of these things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical spaces of these things like
+color charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color charge
+that what if there were symmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what if there were symmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what if there were symmetrical
+rotations in this case discrete ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations in this case discrete ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations in this case discrete ones
+because only three values of the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only three values of the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only three values of the color
+charge red green or blue so that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge red green or blue so that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge red green or blue so that's more
+like a square you could rotate a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a square you could rotate a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a square you could rotate a red
+Quark by kind of one unit in color space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark by kind of one unit in color space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark by kind of one unit in color space
+or two units or three but not by 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two units or three but not by 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two units or three but not by 1.2
+units that would be like the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that would be like the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that would be like the square
+being rotated by something other than 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being rotated by something other than 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being rotated by something other than 90
+degrees so it's a discrete Symmetry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so it's a discrete Symmetry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so it's a discrete Symmetry and
+not that you're literally picking up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that you're literally picking up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that you're literally picking up a
+quark and rotating it but you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and rotating it but you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and rotating it but you're you're
+changing its description in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing its description in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing its description in this
+abstract mathematical space of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract mathematical space of color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract mathematical space of color
+space so you could perform rotations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so you could perform rotations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so you could perform rotations on
+your Quantum field that represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Quantum field that represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Quantum field that represents a
+given quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given quark
+you could transform it by rotating it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could transform it by rotating it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could transform it by rotating it by
+some angle in color space the angle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some angle in color space the angle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some angle in color space the angle has
+some constraints like I mentioned it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constraints like I mentioned it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constraints like I mentioned it's a
+discrete symmetry moreover in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete symmetry moreover in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete symmetry moreover in this case
+you could be changing the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be changing the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be changing the angle of
+rotation at different times and places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation at different times and places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation at different times and places
+this is what's called a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's called a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's called a local
+transformation so it's not just that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so it's not just that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so it's not just that you
+take a red color quark and you rotate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a red color quark and you rotate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a red color quark and you rotate it
+once and you're done that same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and you're done that same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and you're done that same the
+excitation of the quanta of your Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation of the quanta of your Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation of the quanta of your Quark
+field could be rotated by you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field could be rotated by you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field could be rotated by you know two
+clicks of the turn over here but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks of the turn over here but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks of the turn over here but by
+minus one click over here and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one click over here and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one click over here and you could
+change your mind over time so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your mind over time so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your mind over time so these are
+called local transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called local transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called local transformations
+and the idea which was really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea which was really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea which was really just a
+hypothesis was that driven that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis was that driven that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis was that driven that was
+driving people like Gilman and French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving people like Gilman and French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving people like Gilman and French
+and others was it what would it take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others was it what would it take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others was it what would it take to
+leave any observable features of such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave any observable features of such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave any observable features of such a
+theory invariant even under that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory invariant even under that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory invariant even under that set of
+quite wide spanning transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite wide spanning transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite wide spanning transformations
+so one thing you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing you could do
+is make sure that the observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is make sure that the observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is make sure that the observable
+features of the system only depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the system only depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the system only depend on
+the kind of length of that Quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of length of that Quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of length of that Quantum field
+that would be like a radial symmetry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be like a radial symmetry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be like a radial symmetry if
+you think back to the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think back to the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think back to the sphere
+if you rotate your Quantum field by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you rotate your Quantum field by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you rotate your Quantum field by some
+fancy phase here if the observables only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy phase here if the observables only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy phase here if the observables only
+depend on the absolute Square then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the absolute Square then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the absolute Square then the
+rotations will cancel out you would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations will cancel out you would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations will cancel out you would you
+would any any trans any local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would any any trans any local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would any any trans any local
+transformation would fall out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation would fall out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation would fall out
+but remember that now trying to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember that now trying to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember that now trying to handle
+Dynamics they're trying to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics they're trying to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics they're trying to explain
+change over time and not just a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time and not just a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time and not just a static
+configuration and that's when it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and that's when it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and that's when it gets
+much trickier and this is really where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much trickier and this is really where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much trickier and this is really where
+the real work had to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you try to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to describe
+the behavior of that Quantum Quark field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of that Quantum Quark field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of that Quantum Quark field
+over time quantitatively it obey is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time quantitatively it obey is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time quantitatively it obey is an
+equation kind of like a schroding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation kind of like a schroding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation kind of like a schroding
+equation a little different but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a little different but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a little different but it has
+sort of time dependencies it has spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of time dependencies it has spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of time dependencies it has spatial
+gradients it has derivatives well now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients it has derivatives well now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients it has derivatives well now if
+you perform these local Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perform these local Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perform these local Transformations
+where your rotation angle itself can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your rotation angle itself can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your rotation angle itself can in
+principle depend on both space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle depend on both space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle depend on both space and time
+you get in trouble with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in trouble with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in trouble with the with the
+kinetic energy with the change of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy with the change of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy with the change of that
+Quantum field if the field itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field if the field itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field if the field itself
+undergoes a rotation so PSI goes to psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes a rotation so PSI goes to psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes a rotation so PSI goes to psi
+Prime now we're taking the time change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime now we're taking the time change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime now we're taking the time change
+of this slightly more complicated object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this slightly more complicated object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this slightly more complicated object
+and we'll have a chain rule there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have a chain rule there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have a chain rule there'll be
+PSI times the derivative of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI times the derivative of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSI times the derivative of theta
+plus Theta times the derivative of PSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Theta times the derivative of PSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Theta times the derivative of PSI
+it will not be such that the phase terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not be such that the phase terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not be such that the phase terms
+will just cancel out if we go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just cancel out if we go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just cancel out if we go back to
+this term for the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term for the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term for the kinetic energy
+if the if the derivative of the rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the derivative of the rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the derivative of the rotated
+Quark field had just a phase pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark field had just a phase pulled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark field had just a phase pulled out
+front then it would cancel we'd have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front then it would cancel we'd have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front then it would cancel we'd have um
+one term times this complex conjugate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term times this complex conjugate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term times this complex conjugate it
+would be just like the radial symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just like the radial symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just like the radial symmetry
+here but we we don't have that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we we don't have that anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we we don't have that anymore
+because of the chain rule we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the chain rule we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the chain rule we have to
+involve a more complicated set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a more complicated set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a more complicated set
+of Dynamics to ensure that that overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dynamics to ensure that that overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dynamics to ensure that that overall
+symmetry is preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is preserved
+and so that's that's what then gal mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's that's what then gal mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's that's what then gal mod
+Furniture colleagues do next to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furniture colleagues do next to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furniture colleagues do next to maintain
+that symmetry under local rotations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that symmetry under local rotations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that symmetry under local rotations in
+that color space red green and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that color space red green and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that color space red green and uh and
+blue Clark color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue Clark color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue Clark color
+they add in this these Force carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add in this these Force carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add in this these Force carrying
+particles with very specific properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles with very specific properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles with very specific properties
+that the gluons have to behave a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gluons have to behave a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gluons have to behave a certain
+way as well in fact the gluons in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as well in fact the gluons in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as well in fact the gluons in some
+sense are added for the sole purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense are added for the sole purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense are added for the sole purpose of
+enforcing that symmetry so the Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing that symmetry so the Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing that symmetry so the Quark
+field could undergo these very fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field could undergo these very fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field could undergo these very fancy
+rotations all the permutations of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations all the permutations of color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations all the permutations of color
+charge and to leave all the observables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and to leave all the observables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and to leave all the observables
+including the Dynamics of forces over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the Dynamics of forces over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the Dynamics of forces over
+time to leave all those unchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to leave all those unchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to leave all those unchanged
+these other kinds of matter the gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other kinds of matter the gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other kinds of matter the gluon
+fields have to have very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields have to have very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields have to have very specific
+properties and this goes there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and this goes there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and this goes there's a
+little technical don't worry if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little technical don't worry if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little technical don't worry if this
+goes by too fast there's no quiz but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by too fast there's no quiz but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by too fast there's no quiz but
+what they do is they construct what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they construct what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they construct what's
+called a covariant derivative which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a covariant derivative which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a covariant derivative which
+combines that the the change in sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines that the the change in sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines that the the change in sorry
+the change in space and time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in space and time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in space and time this is
+just shorthand for taking the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shorthand for taking the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shorthand for taking the time
+derivative and the spatial gradient this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the spatial gradient this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the spatial gradient this
+is just the derivative of the Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the derivative of the Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the derivative of the Quark
+field in time and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in time and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in time and space
+but instead of only worrying about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of only worrying about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of only worrying about its
+change that way you say also couple it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that way you say also couple it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that way you say also couple it
+also interacts with is gluon Fields And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also interacts with is gluon Fields And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also interacts with is gluon Fields And
+if the gluon field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the gluon field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the gluon field
+itself has a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has a very specific
+transformation so if you rotate a quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so if you rotate a quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so if you rotate a quark
+color you also have to do a transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color you also have to do a transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color you also have to do a transmission
+of the gluon field at the same time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gluon field at the same time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gluon field at the same time if
+you choose that transformation very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose that transformation very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose that transformation very
+cleverly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverly
+then your covariate derivative this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your covariate derivative this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your covariate derivative this
+combination of changes in space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of changes in space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of changes in space and time
+plus the very particular way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the very particular way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the very particular way that the
+Quark field interacts with the gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark field interacts with the gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark field interacts with the gluon
+field that will leave this souped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that will leave this souped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that will leave this souped up
+derivative of the covariate derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the covariate derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the covariate derivative
+such that you actually get this overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you actually get this overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you actually get this overall
+phase factor out front and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase factor out front and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase factor out front and now the
+kinetic energy remains unchanged now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy remains unchanged now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy remains unchanged now
+your e to the plus I Theta is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your e to the plus I Theta is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your e to the plus I Theta is exactly
+canceled by its complex conjugate so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled by its complex conjugate so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled by its complex conjugate so now
+your your souped up kinetic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your souped up kinetic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your souped up kinetic term
+remains totally invariant even under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains totally invariant even under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains totally invariant even under
+these more elaborate color charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these more elaborate color charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these more elaborate color charge
+symmetries so you can have quarks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries so you can have quarks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries so you can have quarks that
+run around the world with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run around the world with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run around the world with different
+colors red green blue the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors red green blue the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors red green blue the color
+assignment to a given Quark could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to a given Quark could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to a given Quark could change
+over time and across space and as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and across space and as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and across space and as long
+as you have an additional kind of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have an additional kind of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have an additional kind of matter
+running around with them these gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around with them these gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around with them these gluon
+fields and if you specify very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and if you specify very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and if you specify very
+quantitatively how the gluons have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively how the gluons have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively how the gluons have to
+behave much like the quarks together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave much like the quarks together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave much like the quarks together the
+whole assembly will remain symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole assembly will remain symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole assembly will remain symmetric
+under that symmetry that's again a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under that symmetry that's again a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under that symmetry that's again a bit
+more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract
+but the idea is conceptually is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea is conceptually is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea is conceptually is I think
+really pretty astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty astonishing
+basically Gelman and Fritch and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Gelman and Fritch and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Gelman and Fritch and their
+colleagues have to dream up have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues have to dream up have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues have to dream up have to
+hypothesize a whole new kind of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesize a whole new kind of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesize a whole new kind of matter
+the glue on fields strictly to enforce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glue on fields strictly to enforce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glue on fields strictly to enforce a
+symmetry which was just of their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry which was just of their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry which was just of their own
+thinking in the first place so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in the first place so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in the first place so they
+because they're so enamored by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're so enamored by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're so enamored by the
+Symmetry properties that made sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry properties that made sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry properties that made sense of
+all the kind of classifications of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the kind of classifications of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the kind of classifications of the
+nuclear particles hypercharged I suspend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear particles hypercharged I suspend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear particles hypercharged I suspend
+all those eight-fold ways and tenfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those eight-fold ways and tenfold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those eight-fold ways and tenfold
+ways and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and so on
+that they're really smitten with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're really smitten with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're really smitten with this
+idea of an underlying symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of an underlying symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of an underlying symmetry
+but when they really really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they really really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they really really want to
+describe the forces that would oh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the forces that would oh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the forces that would oh that
+would um obey that symmetry remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would um obey that symmetry remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would um obey that symmetry remain
+consistent with that symmetry they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with that symmetry they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with that symmetry they can't
+do it with quarks alone they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with quarks alone they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with quarks alone they have to
+have Clorox interacting in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Clorox interacting in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Clorox interacting in a very
+specific way within a whole separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific way within a whole separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific way within a whole separate
+family of matter the gluon fields and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of matter the gluon fields and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of matter the gluon fields and in
+this kind of coordinated dance and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of coordinated dance and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of coordinated dance and then
+the whole collection this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole collection this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole collection this kind of
+rickety collection would uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rickety collection would uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rickety collection would uh would
+protect or enforce that symmetry I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect or enforce that symmetry I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect or enforce that symmetry I find
+that pretty astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pretty astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pretty astonishing
+so the symmetry of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the symmetry of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the symmetry of quantum
+chromodynamics is more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromodynamics is more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromodynamics is more complicated than
+that of other examples of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of other examples of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of other examples of these kinds of
+models like Quantum electromatics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models like Quantum electromatics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models like Quantum electromatics and
+therefore the properties of the gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the properties of the gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the properties of the gluons
+are actually more complicated than those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually more complicated than those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually more complicated than those
+of the photon in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photon in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photon in particular
+um the color charge is a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the color charge is a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the color charge is a discrete
+symmetry uh whereas the phase freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry uh whereas the phase freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry uh whereas the phase freedom
+for uh the electric charge is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the electric charge is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the electric charge is a
+continuous symmetry so the gluons really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous symmetry so the gluons really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous symmetry so the gluons really
+have much more kind of articulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much more kind of articulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much more kind of articulated
+mathematical structure and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical structure and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical structure and one
+consequence of that is that the gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that is that the gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that is that the gluons
+can actually interact with other gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually interact with other gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually interact with other gluons
+at least they're all still hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least they're all still hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least they're all still hypothetical
+at this stage but in order for all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage but in order for all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage but in order for all that
+symmetry preservation stuff to work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry preservation stuff to work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry preservation stuff to work for
+the math to work out the gluons have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math to work out the gluons have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math to work out the gluons have to
+be able to scatter off of other gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to scatter off of other gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to scatter off of other gluons
+or attract other gluons whereas photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or attract other gluons whereas photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or attract other gluons whereas photons
+don't do that photons don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that photons don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that photons don't have
+electric charge so photons only scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge so photons only scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge so photons only scatter
+off objects with electric charge at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off objects with electric charge at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off objects with electric charge at
+least according to QED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least according to QED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least according to QED
+so photons will scatter off of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so photons will scatter off of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so photons will scatter off of electrons
+or positrons or protons photons won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or positrons or protons photons won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or positrons or protons photons won't
+scatter off of neutrons at least not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter off of neutrons at least not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter off of neutrons at least not
+directly they certainly won't scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly they certainly won't scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly they certainly won't scatter
+off each other whereas gluons can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off each other whereas gluons can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off each other whereas gluons can
+scatter off each other as well as off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter off each other as well as off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter off each other as well as off of
+the quarks another way I say that a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarks another way I say that a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarks another way I say that a bit
+more uh succinctly is that gluons also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh succinctly is that gluons also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh succinctly is that gluons also
+carry color charge uh much like quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry color charge uh much like quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry color charge uh much like quarks
+who whereas photons do not carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who whereas photons do not carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who whereas photons do not carry
+electric charge okay so the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge okay so the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge okay so the fact that
+gluins can attract each other actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluins can attract each other actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluins can attract each other actually
+changes the kind of force law between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the kind of force law between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the kind of force law between
+quarks the the the force between quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks the the the force between quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks the the the force between quarks
+will actually grow with distance because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually grow with distance because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually grow with distance because
+the distance between them is filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between them is filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between them is filled with
+gluons and the gluons themselves can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and the gluons themselves can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and the gluons themselves can
+interact with each other so it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other so it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other so it starts
+looking a bit actually like a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking a bit actually like a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking a bit actually like a kind of
+stretched rubber band there's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched rubber band there's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched rubber band there's a kind of
+elastic restoring Force at least as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic restoring Force at least as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic restoring Force at least as
+predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted
+by Quantum chromodynamics which has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Quantum chromodynamics which has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Quantum chromodynamics which has no
+analog in say the force between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog in say the force between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog in say the force between an
+electron and a positron remember the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and a positron remember the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and a positron remember the the
+attractive force between opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive force between opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive force between opposite
+electric charges falls off with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charges falls off with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charges falls off with the
+distance that's a famous coulomb law in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that's a famous coulomb law in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that's a famous coulomb law in
+fact the force falls off like the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the force falls off like the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the force falls off like the square
+of the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distance
+so they could still exert an attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they could still exert an attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they could still exert an attraction
+across space but if you double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across space but if you double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across space but if you double the
+distance between them the the strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them the the strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them the the strength
+of the attraction Falls by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the attraction Falls by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the attraction Falls by a factor of
+four with glue with with quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four with glue with with quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four with glue with with quarks
+attracting each other by this uh highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting each other by this uh highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting each other by this uh highly
+symmetric strong nuclear force it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric strong nuclear force it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric strong nuclear force it seems
+to go the other way that the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go the other way that the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go the other way that the force
+actually seems to get stronger with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seems to get stronger with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seems to get stronger with
+distance and the explanation of why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and the explanation of why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and the explanation of why it's
+so different is because the gluons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different is because the gluons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different is because the gluons that
+are mediating that force can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mediating that force can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mediating that force can actually
+kind of glue onto each other so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of glue onto each other so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of glue onto each other so to speak
+attract each other so if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract each other so if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract each other so if you imagine
+trying to stretch to a bound state of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to stretch to a bound state of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to stretch to a bound state of a
+quark and an anti-quark apart this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and an anti-quark apart this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and an anti-quark apart this could
+be for example a Pion some sort of Mason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example a Pion some sort of Mason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example a Pion some sort of Mason
+and you can you could uh instill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you could uh instill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you could uh instill
+external energy by pulling on these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external energy by pulling on these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external energy by pulling on these two
+particles trying to pry them apart by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles trying to pry them apart by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles trying to pry them apart by
+adding external energy to the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding external energy to the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding external energy to the system
+at some point you'll have to add so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point you'll have to add so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point you'll have to add so much
+external energy you'll be tugging so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external energy you'll be tugging so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external energy you'll be tugging so
+hard adding so much external energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard adding so much external energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard adding so much external energy that
+you'll actually create a whole new Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually create a whole new Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually create a whole new Quark
+anti-quark pair in a sense these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-quark pair in a sense these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-quark pair in a sense these were
+already around they're virtual Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already around they're virtual Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already around they're virtual Quark
+antiquark particles but they can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark particles but they can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark particles but they can now
+borrow the energy you've given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow the energy you've given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow the energy you've given that
+system to become real particles they now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to become real particles they now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to become real particles they now
+can pay off their debt to the vacuum if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pay off their debt to the vacuum if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pay off their debt to the vacuum if
+they were virtual particles they now can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were virtual particles they now can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were virtual particles they now can
+pay off the energy they borrowed as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay off the energy they borrowed as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay off the energy they borrowed as soon
+as you give to the system enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you give to the system enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you give to the system enough energy
+to cover their their masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover their their masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover their their masses
+so in fact when you try to pull a quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact when you try to pull a quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact when you try to pull a quark
+in an anti-quark apart within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an anti-quark apart within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an anti-quark apart within this
+scheme at least hypothetically you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme at least hypothetically you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme at least hypothetically you'll
+never get a free Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get a free Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get a free Quark
+isolated you'll never see a fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated you'll never see a fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated you'll never see a fractional
+charge in fact what you do is you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in fact what you do is you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in fact what you do is you'll
+create two bound states of Quark enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create two bound states of Quark enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create two bound states of Quark enter
+Quark pairs where before you only had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark pairs where before you only had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark pairs where before you only had
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and so that again comes because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that again comes because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that again comes because the the
+um the the gluons can interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the gluons can interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the gluons can interact with
+gluons directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons directly
+was a prediction from qcd by the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a prediction from qcd by the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a prediction from qcd by the later
+1970s that was worked out a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s that was worked out a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s that was worked out a few years
+after this symmetry preserving scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this symmetry preserving scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this symmetry preserving scheme
+and that again gave experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that again gave experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that again gave experimental
+colleagues something to look for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues something to look for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues something to look for some
+specific kind of thing to look for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kind of thing to look for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kind of thing to look for in
+the high energy scatterings of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high energy scatterings of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high energy scatterings of these
+nuclear particles and the first evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear particles and the first evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear particles and the first evidence
+in in uh kind of in concert with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh kind of in concert with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh kind of in concert with that
+idea was presented by an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was presented by an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was presented by an experimental
+team uh in Europe I think this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team uh in Europe I think this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team uh in Europe I think this was a
+group in Germany uh in the early 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in Germany uh in the early 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in Germany uh in the early 1980s
+these came to be called Jets the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these came to be called Jets the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these came to be called Jets the idea
+was you would have these these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you would have these these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you would have these these sort of
+jets streaming off where the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets streaming off where the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets streaming off where the original
+beam might have gone in One Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam might have gone in One Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam might have gone in One Direction
+and the sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sort of um
+uh not quite torn apart but rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not quite torn apart but rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not quite torn apart but rapidly
+reassembled uh pair of of mesons would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassembled uh pair of of mesons would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassembled uh pair of of mesons would
+jet off in in opposite directions uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet off in in opposite directions uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet off in in opposite directions uh or
+nearly opposite directions so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly opposite directions so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly opposite directions so you can
+have a very specific pattern of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very specific pattern of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very specific pattern of the
+debris coming out of the very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debris coming out of the very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debris coming out of the very high
+energy collisions of these particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy collisions of these particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy collisions of these particles
+because in the effort to crack apart a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the effort to crack apart a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the effort to crack apart a
+quark in an anti-clark pair for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark in an anti-clark pair for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark in an anti-clark pair for example
+you wound up making more kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wound up making more kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wound up making more kinds of
+particles that will jet off uh away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that will jet off uh away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that will jet off uh away from
+each other so these qcg or Quark gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so these qcg or Quark gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so these qcg or Quark gluon
+Jets were actually a prediction of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets were actually a prediction of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets were actually a prediction of this
+new Theory based again on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Theory based again on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Theory based again on the on the
+idea of preserving Symmetry and having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of preserving Symmetry and having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of preserving Symmetry and having a
+certain way in which the force carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way in which the force carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way in which the force carrying
+particles interact with the quarks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles interact with the quarks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles interact with the quarks and
+that was at least consistent with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was at least consistent with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was at least consistent with some
+of the new experimental data within just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the new experimental data within just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the new experimental data within just
+a few years it was at that point by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years it was at that point by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years it was at that point by the
+late 70s early 80s not in 1964 or 1967
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 70s early 80s not in 1964 or 1967
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 70s early 80s not in 1964 or 1967
+or you know any other steps along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know any other steps along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know any other steps along the
+way it was really at that point that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it was really at that point that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it was really at that point that the
+community began to coalesce around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community began to coalesce around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community began to coalesce around the
+idea the quarks might actually be real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the quarks might actually be real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the quarks might actually be real
+particles in nature and not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in nature and not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in nature and not just a
+mathematical abstraction so let me wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical abstraction so let me wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical abstraction so let me wrap
+up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+one of the responses to this particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the responses to this particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the responses to this particle
+Zoo after the end of the second World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoo after the end of the second World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoo after the end of the second World
+War as we saw was to kind of double down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War as we saw was to kind of double down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War as we saw was to kind of double down
+on Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like Jeffrey chew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Jeffrey chew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Jeffrey chew
+to say all these particles are in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say all these particles are in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say all these particles are in some
+deep sense equally Elementary because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep sense equally Elementary because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep sense equally Elementary because
+they're all Composites of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all Composites of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all Composites of each other
+but as we've been tracking in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we've been tracking in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we've been tracking in today's
+class there's a kind of parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class there's a kind of parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class there's a kind of parallel
+complementary approach really uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary approach really uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary approach really uh kind of
+um uh led by Mary gal Mondo many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh led by Mary gal Mondo many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh led by Mary gal Mondo many other
+people were making contributions along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were making contributions along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were making contributions along
+the way which was to kind of bracket the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way which was to kind of bracket the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way which was to kind of bracket the
+question of forces or Dynamics for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of forces or Dynamics for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of forces or Dynamics for a
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+really for 20 years and just to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for 20 years and just to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for 20 years and just to try to
+figure out are there are there patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out are there are there patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out are there are there patterns
+in the kind of detritus that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kind of detritus that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kind of detritus that comes out
+of those new accelerators to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those new accelerators to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those new accelerators to emphasize
+classification and internal abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and internal abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and internal abstract
+symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries
+so gelmon uh and others but again really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gelmon uh and others but again really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gelmon uh and others but again really
+took the lead at this began grouping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the lead at this began grouping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the lead at this began grouping
+these particles into families based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles into families based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles into families based on
+these kind of invented new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of invented new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of invented new
+um uh quantities that had that had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh quantities that had that had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh quantities that had that had not
+did not have an obvious relation to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have an obvious relation to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not have an obvious relation to kind
+of measurable properties so we invents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurable properties so we invents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurable properties so we invents
+hypercharge he makes use of Heisenberg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercharge he makes use of Heisenberg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercharge he makes use of Heisenberg's
+older notion of iso Spin and he starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older notion of iso Spin and he starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older notion of iso Spin and he starts
+grouping these particles in these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping these particles in these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping these particles in these very
+abstract mathematical highly symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract mathematical highly symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract mathematical highly symmetric
+spaces of hypercharge versus axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces of hypercharge versus axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces of hypercharge versus axis
+that enables him to to find kind of gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables him to to find kind of gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables him to to find kind of gaps
+uh where he predicts very boldly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where he predicts very boldly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where he predicts very boldly that
+there should be actual particles out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be actual particles out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be actual particles out
+there famously this works for the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there famously this works for the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there famously this works for the Omega
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+uh and then he finds He suggests very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then he finds He suggests very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then he finds He suggests very
+kind of schematically heuristically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of schematically heuristically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of schematically heuristically
+early in 1964 that maybe those patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in 1964 that maybe those patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in 1964 that maybe those patterns
+were consistent with a small set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were consistent with a small set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were consistent with a small set of
+something more fundamental that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more fundamental that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more fundamental that might
+not actually be real bits of matter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually be real bits of matter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually be real bits of matter so
+the quarks or what Spike calls aces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarks or what Spike calls aces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarks or what Spike calls aces are
+very kind of tentatively suggested as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind of tentatively suggested as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind of tentatively suggested as a
+kind of way of accounting for symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way of accounting for symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way of accounting for symmetries
+rather than saying these things are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than saying these things are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than saying these things are out
+there part of the world in part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there part of the world in part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there part of the world in part because
+there was such steep conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was such steep conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was such steep conceptual
+challenges so thinking of them as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges so thinking of them as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges so thinking of them as part
+of the world fractional electric charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world fractional electric charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world fractional electric charge
+Exclusion Principle and all the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle and all the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle and all the rest
+the slack MIT experiments or I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slack MIT experiments or I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slack MIT experiments or I should
+say the MIT slack experiments from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the MIT slack experiments from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the MIT slack experiments from the
+later 60s produce suggestive compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later 60s produce suggestive compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later 60s produce suggestive compelling
+evidence that protons and similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that protons and similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that protons and similar
+nuclear particles had internal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear particles had internal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear particles had internal structure
+but it was not at all clear to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was not at all clear to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was not at all clear to the
+community even to people like galmon let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community even to people like galmon let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community even to people like galmon let
+alone to Friendly Rivals Like Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone to Friendly Rivals Like Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone to Friendly Rivals Like Richard
+Feynman it was not at all clear right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Feynman it was not at all clear right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Feynman it was not at all clear right
+away that those internal scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that those internal scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that those internal scattering
+sites were the same as these quarks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites were the same as these quarks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites were the same as these quarks in
+fact even years later Gilman uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact even years later Gilman uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact even years later Gilman uh would
+say that quarks are fictitious there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that quarks are fictitious there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that quarks are fictitious there
+might be Parton structure within protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be Parton structure within protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be Parton structure within protons
+but that need not be the same score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that need not be the same score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that need not be the same score
+because we saw that was in in hindsight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw that was in in hindsight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw that was in in hindsight
+taken to be very very compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to be very very compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to be very very compelling
+evidence that quarks exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that quarks exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that quarks exists
+Friedman uh Jerry Freeman won the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedman uh Jerry Freeman won the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedman uh Jerry Freeman won the Nobel
+Prize uh for having for leading these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize uh for having for leading these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize uh for having for leading these
+experiments uh and now we say this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh and now we say this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh and now we say this is in
+hindsight one of the really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindsight one of the really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindsight one of the really important
+touchstones where we think quarks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touchstones where we think quarks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touchstones where we think quarks are
+physical particles but again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical particles but again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical particles but again it's
+important to see there was this didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to see there was this didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to see there was this didn't
+tie everything up with a bow right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie everything up with a bow right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie everything up with a bow right away
+it was really the combination of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really the combination of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really the combination of that
+plus plus follow-on experiments like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus follow-on experiments like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus follow-on experiments like the
+Jets from uh from 15 years later plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets from uh from 15 years later plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets from uh from 15 years later plus a
+much more articulated theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more articulated theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more articulated theoretical
+structure which reintroduces Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which reintroduces Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which reintroduces Quantum
+Fields doubles down on these internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields doubles down on these internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields doubles down on these internal
+symmetries it becomes known as Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries it becomes known as Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries it becomes known as Quantum
+chromodynamics this combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromodynamics this combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromodynamics this combination of
+theoretical and experimental ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical and experimental ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical and experimental ideas and
+contributions come together over a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions come together over a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions come together over a kind
+of 20-year period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20-year period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20-year period
+by the end of which most physicists then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of which most physicists then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of which most physicists then
+would say the world is made of quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the world is made of quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the world is made of quarks
+they obey a very specific kind of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they obey a very specific kind of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they obey a very specific kind of force
+and even though quarks themselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though quarks themselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though quarks themselves are
+physical particles with fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical particles with fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical particles with fractional
+charge the particles we ever can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the particles we ever can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the particles we ever can measure
+um in our experiments only have integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in our experiments only have integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in our experiments only have integer
+units of charge so I'll stop there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of charge so I'll stop there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of charge so I'll stop there we
+have time for some more questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time for some more questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time for some more questions or
+discussion people would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion people would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion people would like
+say well I'll see you on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I'll see you on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I'll see you on Wednesday
+take care everyone
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tD78-FwKf08.txt b/tD78-FwKf08.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37e4382b450cb3b7576e7c391c45f27e8f94cd71
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@@ -0,0 +1,7931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so we're at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we're at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we're at the end of the
+elcock book now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the I just want to go briefly through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I just want to go briefly through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I just want to go briefly through
+that chapter and then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chapter and then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chapter and then we will
+talk start talking about Lawrence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk start talking about Lawrence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk start talking about Lawrence and
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+uh review of learning which we didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh review of learning which we didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh review of learning which we didn't do
+much of when we talked about Conor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of when we talked about Conor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of when we talked about Conor
+Lawrence and his treatment his review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence and his treatment his review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence and his treatment his review of
+ethology earlier in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think the first paragraphs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the first paragraphs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the first paragraphs of the
+book are a very nice summary of a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book are a very nice summary of a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book are a very nice summary of a major
+argument of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+book in what sense is the why would he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in what sense is the why would he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in what sense is the why would he
+call it a tri the Triumph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sociobiology I mean what's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology I mean what's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology I mean what's the basic
+idea here it's been so heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here it's been so heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here it's been so heavily
+criticized but it's basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized but it's basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized but it's basically it's
+withstood the criticisms it's argued for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withstood the criticisms it's argued for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withstood the criticisms it's argued for
+this type of study and if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of study and if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of study and if you look at
+actual Publications you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Publications you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Publications you can see this
+been a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a big
+shift towards uh adaptive reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift towards uh adaptive reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift towards uh adaptive reasons for
+Behavior basically tests of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior basically tests of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior basically tests of
+sociobiological theory taste test of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiological theory taste test of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiological theory taste test of
+darwinian theory applied to cical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darwinian theory applied to cical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darwinian theory applied to cical
+behavior of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of various
+sorts but I want you to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts but I want you to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts but I want you to think about this
+sentence in that summary he says he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence in that summary he says he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence in that summary he says he was
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+about their arguments about genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their arguments about genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their arguments about genetically
+determined Behavior accusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined Behavior accusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined Behavior accusing
+sociobiologists all time of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologists all time of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologists all time of being
+genetic determinist so then elog says in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic determinist so then elog says in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic determinist so then elog says in
+fact they could not study genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they could not study genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they could not study genetically
+determined Behavior he means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined Behavior he means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined Behavior he means the
+sociobiologist they couldn't study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologist they couldn't study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologist they couldn't study
+genetically determined Behavior even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically determined Behavior even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically determined Behavior even if
+they wanted to because it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to because it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to because it does not
+exist and I want you to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and I want you to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and I want you to think about that
+is that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a little
+extreme I think it is and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first of all Behavior it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of all Behavior it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of all Behavior it's only
+indirectly influenced by genes we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly influenced by genes we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly influenced by genes we know
+that it's determined by activity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's determined by activity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's determined by activity of the
+nervous system and that nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system and that nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system and that nervous system
+developed according to genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed according to genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed according to genetic
+information but with a lot of influences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but with a lot of influences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but with a lot of influences
+from the tissue and external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tissue and external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tissue and external
+environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but I think the statement is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I think the statement is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I think the statement is still
+too extreme because some behaviors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too extreme because some behaviors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too extreme because some behaviors have
+very little variation that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little variation that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little variation that you can
+attribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute to
+learning or other influences of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning or other influences of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning or other influences of the
+external enir environment for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external enir environment for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external enir environment for example
+look at things like sneezing and yawning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at things like sneezing and yawning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at things like sneezing and yawning
+and withdrawal reflexes grooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and withdrawal reflexes grooming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and withdrawal reflexes grooming
+patterns in mice they're not reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in mice they're not reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in mice they're not reflexes
+the fixed action patterns what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed action patterns what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed action patterns what we're
+seeing is the fixed motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is the fixed motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is the fixed motor
+pattern that's a major the the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's a major the the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's a major the the final
+piece of the fixed action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the fixed action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the fixed action
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+uh the social signals in geese various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the social signals in geese various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the social signals in geese various
+insect behaviors there's a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect behaviors there's a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect behaviors there's a lot of things
+like that studied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that studied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that studied by
+ethologists they're either reflexes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethologists they're either reflexes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethologists they're either reflexes or
+on the output side they're fixed motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the output side they're fixed motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the output side they're fixed motor
+patterns which are basically genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns which are basically genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns which are basically genetically
+determined Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined Behavior
+patterns so I think we can say that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns so I think we can say that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns so I think we can say that some
+behaviors are largely genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors are largely genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors are largely genetically
+determined that's where I think elock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined that's where I think elock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined that's where I think elock is
+wrong remember he's and he's an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong remember he's and he's an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong remember he's and he's an animal
+behaviorist and he was an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorist and he was an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorist and he was an animal
+behaviors before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors before
+he started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started
+doing like his research like that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like his research like that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like his research like that of
+many animal behavior has shifted toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many animal behavior has shifted toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many animal behavior has shifted toward
+socio biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socio biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socio biological
+questions in more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in more recent
+years okay let's just remind ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay let's just remind ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay let's just remind ourselves
+the explanations for Fitness reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explanations for Fitness reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explanations for Fitness reducing
+behaviors that have been offered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that have been offered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that have been offered by
+sociobiologists many of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologists many of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologists many of them are
+altruistic most altruism has been shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruistic most altruism has been shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruistic most altruism has been shown
+to be adaptive either directly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be adaptive either directly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be adaptive either directly because
+it involves genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves genetic
+relatives or indirectly with unrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives or indirectly with unrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives or indirectly with unrelated
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+uh we call that re because of reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we call that re because of reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we call that re because of reciprocal
+altruism because of the likelihood that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism because of the likelihood that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism because of the likelihood that
+if you're nice to somebody they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're nice to somebody they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're nice to somebody they're more
+likely to be nice to you and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be nice to you and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be nice to you and that's what
+reciprocal altruism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal altruism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal altruism
+is but there's also maladaptive altruism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but there's also maladaptive altruism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but there's also maladaptive altruism
+without doubt and there they have Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doubt and there they have Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doubt and there they have Two
+basic kinds of hypotheses one's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic kinds of hypotheses one's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic kinds of hypotheses one's called
+the byproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the byproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the byproduct
+hypotheses behavioral byproducts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses behavioral byproducts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses behavioral byproducts
+approximate mechanisms that evolve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate mechanisms that evolve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate mechanisms that evolve for
+adaptive reasons that's often been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive reasons that's often been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive reasons that's often been
+applied to pet love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to pet love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to pet love
+and um love for dogs for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um love for dogs for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um love for dogs for example in
+spite of all the problems that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spite of all the problems that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spite of all the problems that has
+caused people and also we have the novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused people and also we have the novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused people and also we have the novel
+environment hypothesis that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment hypothesis that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment hypothesis that they were
+adaptive and they evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive and they evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive and they evolve
+but uh in the environment where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh in the environment where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh in the environment where they
+evolved but it's the environment has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved but it's the environment has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved but it's the environment has
+changed and made them not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and made them not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and made them not so
+adaptive and we've talked about a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive and we've talked about a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive and we've talked about a number
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+things okay so why have many social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so why have many social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so why have many social
+scientists and people in the humanities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and people in the humanities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and people in the humanities
+ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sociobiology and this is from Alcock he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology and this is from Alcock he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology and this is from Alcock he
+says evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says evolutionary
+biology not just socio biology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology not just socio biology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology not just socio biology but
+evolutionary biology in general it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary biology in general it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary biology in general it's
+alien and disquieting to many social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien and disquieting to many social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien and disquieting to many social
+scientists including some psychologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists including some psychologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists including some psychologists
+and cultural anthropologists as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cultural anthropologists as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cultural anthropologists as well as
+many philosophers and academ acad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many philosophers and academ acad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many philosophers and academ acad
+academicians in the humanities the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academicians in the humanities the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academicians in the humanities the real
+cost of the continuing assaults is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the continuing assaults is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the continuing assaults is the
+resistance to incorporating evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to incorporating evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to incorporating evolutionary
+theory in other disciplines people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in other disciplines people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in other disciplines people
+prefer to retain a world view that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to retain a world view that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to retain a world view that's
+familiar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and
+comfortable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and
+I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to let me check page 221 and find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let me check page 221 and find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let me check page 221 and find that
+quote it was a pretty interesting little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote it was a pretty interesting little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote it was a pretty interesting little
+episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I said it was here and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I said it was here and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I said it was here and now I
+thought I had marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah Sanford was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Sanford was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Sanford was
+the the guy arguing sociobiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the guy arguing sociobiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the guy arguing sociobiological
+points at a meeting and he was told apes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points at a meeting and he was told apes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points at a meeting and he was told apes
+are mere animals people alone possess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mere animals people alone possess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mere animals people alone possess
+culture and only culture not biology not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and only culture not biology not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and only culture not biology not
+Evolution can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+humanity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity and
+that is still actually fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+common Let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why is it so alien and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is it so alien and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is it so alien and
+disquieting first of all it's because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disquieting first of all it's because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disquieting first of all it's because of
+the perception that it conflicts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perception that it conflicts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perception that it conflicts with
+ideologies including religious doctrines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideologies including religious doctrines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideologies including religious doctrines
+but other ideologies as well one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other ideologies as well one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other ideologies as well one another
+among scientists is that they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among scientists is that they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among scientists is that they think
+sociobiologists are going to take over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologists are going to take over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologists are going to take over
+their field you know stay out of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their field you know stay out of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their field you know stay out of my
+field this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this is my
+backyard and also in America especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyard and also in America especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyard and also in America especially
+the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme
+environmentalism reject ction of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentalism reject ction of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentalism reject ction of nature
+with an exclusive emphasis on nurture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an exclusive emphasis on nurture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an exclusive emphasis on nurture
+that is on learning we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is on learning we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is on learning we've talked about
+that several times in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that several times in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that several times in the
+class so what are the causes of extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so what are the causes of extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so what are the causes of extreme
+environmentalism in America more extrem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentalism in America more extrem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentalism in America more extrem
+in in America than Europe This has come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in America than Europe This has come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in America than Europe This has come
+out several times near the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out several times near the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out several times near the beginning of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class one was the opposition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class one was the opposition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class one was the opposition to
+Attitudes in European aristocratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attitudes in European aristocratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attitudes in European aristocratic
+societ Society because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societ Society because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societ Society because of the
+elitism based on inheritance still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elitism based on inheritance still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elitism based on inheritance still
+common in European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in European
+countries uh in America ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh in America ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh in America ideas of
+democracy including the included the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy including the included the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy including the included the
+belief that all are equal and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that all are equal and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that all are equal and that
+should mean of course equal opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mean of course equal opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mean of course equal opportunity
+under the law but it is often taken to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the law but it is often taken to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the law but it is often taken to
+mean we're equal at Birth with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we're equal at Birth with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we're equal at Birth with
+everything possible to anyone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything possible to anyone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything possible to anyone to
+everyone who has the will and and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who has the will and and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who has the will and and find
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+opportunity many of us were brought up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity many of us were brought up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity many of us were brought up
+that way with I hope very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way with I hope very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way with I hope very good
+effects and this was applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and this was applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and this was applied to the
+education system with I think good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system with I think good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system with I think good
+outcomes despite the inaccuracy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes despite the inaccuracy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes despite the inaccuracy of the
+beliefs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs okay
+so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and
+then it's a very brief chapter but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a very brief chapter but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a very brief chapter but he
+has a very interesting appendix too uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very interesting appendix too uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very interesting appendix too uh
+it won't take you very long to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't take you very long to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't take you very long to read the
+chapter you should also look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter you should also look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter you should also look at these
+appendix questions I've picked this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendix questions I've picked this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendix questions I've picked this
+question question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question question
+three about the arguments of Ian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three about the arguments of Ian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three about the arguments of Ian
+tattersol he's arguing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattersol he's arguing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattersol he's arguing against
+sociobiology he describes how women in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology he describes how women in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology he describes how women in
+a in a surviving Hunter gathered tribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a surviving Hunter gathered tribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a surviving Hunter gathered tribe
+breastfeed their infants for four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breastfeed their infants for four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breastfeed their infants for four or
+more years a practice that blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more years a practice that blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more years a practice that blocks
+ovulation during this time and prevents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ovulation during this time and prevents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ovulation during this time and prevents
+them from becoming pregnant he writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from becoming pregnant he writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from becoming pregnant he writes
+that their genes hardly seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their genes hardly seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their genes hardly seem to be
+screaming out for replic ation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming out for replic ation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming out for replic ation and
+economic considerations as virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic considerations as virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic considerations as virtually
+always lie to the four for hunters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always lie to the four for hunters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always lie to the four for hunters and
+gatherers then it's fertility not its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatherers then it's fertility not its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatherers then it's fertility not its
+lack that is the enemy individual sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack that is the enemy individual sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack that is the enemy individual sand
+women show no sign conscious or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women show no sign conscious or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women show no sign conscious or
+unconscious of wishing to maximize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious of wishing to maximize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious of wishing to maximize their
+output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of
+progyny so he thinks he's identified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progyny so he thinks he's identified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progyny so he thinks he's identified a
+major weakness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major weakness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major weakness of
+sociobiology so how do you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology so how do you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology so how do you deal with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+first of all we know that individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we know that individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we know that individual
+awareness concerns proximate mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness concerns proximate mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness concerns proximate mechanisms
+not evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evolved
+adaptations and we've also I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptations and we've also I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptations and we've also I think I
+meant talked about this before there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant talked about this before there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant talked about this before there are
+Fitness Fitness enhancing advantages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness Fitness enhancing advantages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness Fitness enhancing advantages of
+spacing of Offspring so he certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing of Offspring so he certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing of Offspring so he certainly
+wrong about fertility itself being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong about fertility itself being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong about fertility itself being the
+enemy there are other benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy there are other benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy there are other benefits of
+breastfeeding mother child bonding which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breastfeeding mother child bonding which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breastfeeding mother child bonding which
+promotes the welfare of the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes the welfare of the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes the welfare of the child
+thereby increasing its potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby increasing its potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby increasing its potential for
+reproduction in fact various problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction in fact various problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction in fact various problems
+occur in children that don't aren't able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in children that don't aren't able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in children that don't aren't able
+to bond with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bond with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bond with a
+parent like children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent like children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent like children
+in children in homes where the caretaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in children in homes where the caretaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in children in homes where the caretaker
+is changing a lot so they don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing a lot so they don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing a lot so they don't have a
+stable caretaker U many of those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable caretaker U many of those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable caretaker U many of those people
+have great difficulties forming strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have great difficulties forming strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have great difficulties forming strong
+bonds uh later on in their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds uh later on in their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds uh later on in their lives
+uh there's also a transfer of immunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's also a transfer of immunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's also a transfer of immunities
+when the infant's immune system is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the infant's immune system is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the infant's immune system is not
+yet mature very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+survival this is the second this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival this is the second this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival this is the second this is
+actually for chapter nine but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for chapter nine but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for chapter nine but I didn't
+deal with it then defending sociobiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it then defending sociobiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it then defending sociobiology
+against defend it against the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against defend it against the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against defend it against the following
+charge sociobiology predicts that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge sociobiology predicts that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge sociobiology predicts that only
+immoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immoral
+or amoral actions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or amoral actions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or amoral actions can
+evolve and when sociologists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve and when sociologists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve and when sociologists are
+confronted with the existence of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with the existence of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with the existence of true
+altruism and moral Behavior by true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism and moral Behavior by true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism and moral Behavior by true
+altruism he means not with genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism he means not with genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism he means not with genetic
+relatives and moral Behavior then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives and moral Behavior then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives and moral Behavior then they
+change their Tunes say that these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their Tunes say that these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their Tunes say that these cases
+illustrate that human beings are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that human beings are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that human beings are able to
+resist evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist evolved
+impulses why would we resist if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses why would we resist if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses why would we resist if our
+actions really have evolved by a natur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions really have evolved by a natur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions really have evolved by a natur
+by way of natural selection well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of natural selection well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of natural selection well first
+of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all
+sociobiologists argue that morality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologists argue that morality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologists argue that morality
+itself has evolved with proximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has evolved with proximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has evolved with proximate
+causes and they sociobiologists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes and they sociobiologists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes and they sociobiologists have
+studied the Adaptive values of altruism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the Adaptive values of altruism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the Adaptive values of altruism
+and moral behavior and they have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explanations and finally I would point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations and finally I would point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations and finally I would point
+out that we've evolved with multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that we've evolved with multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that we've evolved with multiple
+proximate systems in our central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximate systems in our central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximate systems in our central nervous
+systems each for adaptive reasons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems each for adaptive reasons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems each for adaptive reasons but
+these can conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can conflict
+in fact conflicts common among these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact conflicts common among these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact conflicts common among these
+systems because we didn't evolve to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because we didn't evolve to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because we didn't evolve to be
+happy we evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy we evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy we evolved
+to pass on our genes and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass on our genes and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass on our genes and so we have
+conflicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting
+conflicts and the mechanis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts and the mechanis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts and the mechanis the
+mechanisms in the nervous system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms in the nervous system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms in the nervous system for
+handling those conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling those conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling those conflicts
+interconnections are only partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections are only partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections are only partially
+successful at doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay now Alcock in this Final Chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now Alcock in this Final Chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now Alcock in this Final Chapter
+brings up the area of evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings up the area of evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings up the area of evolutionary
+psychology I will say a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology I will say a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology I will say a little bit about
+it after this slide but I'm I've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after this slide but I'm I've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after this slide but I'm I've also
+posted on Stellar an extra credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on Stellar an extra credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on Stellar an extra credit
+project you don't have to do it but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you don't have to do it but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you don't have to do it but some
+of you have talked to me you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have talked to me you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have talked to me you're
+concerned about thinking your bra grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about thinking your bra grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about thinking your bra grade
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+be in between you know the high end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in between you know the high end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in between you know the high end of
+B's and you want an A or the high end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's and you want an A or the high end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's and you want an A or the high end of
+c and you want a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and you want a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and you want a b
+well so I want you if you want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I want you if you want to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I want you if you want to do the
+project I you would want to you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I you would want to you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I you would want to you would
+have to read at least two articles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to read at least two articles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to read at least two articles and
+it can be online but there's plenty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be online but there's plenty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be online but there's plenty um
+that you can find you can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find you can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find you can find the
+article I'm going to cite next for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article I'm going to cite next for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article I'm going to cite next for
+example a good article by David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a good article by David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a good article by David
+bus on evolutionary psychology and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus on evolutionary psychology and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus on evolutionary psychology and I
+want you to write A Brief Review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to write A Brief Review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to write A Brief Review
+including the definition and origins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the definition and origins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the definition and origins of
+the term and that you I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term and that you I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term and that you I want you to
+distinguish between sociobiology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between sociobiology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between sociobiology and
+evolutionary psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary psychology
+and also describe a couple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also describe a couple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also describe a couple of the
+controversies that this field has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversies that this field has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversies that this field has
+generated okay I posted it um I had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated okay I posted it um I had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated okay I posted it um I had it
+listed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed as
+posted couple of days ago but I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted couple of days ago but I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted couple of days ago but I guess I
+didn't so I posted it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so I posted it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so I posted it this
+morning all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning all
+right but I want you to get your report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I want you to get your report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I want you to get your report
+ready first so don't worry about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready first so don't worry about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready first so don't worry about this
+right now okay get that report done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now okay get that report done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now okay get that report done
+before you uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you uh do
+this and if you want to propose other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you want to propose other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you want to propose other
+extra credit based on especially these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra credit based on especially these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra credit based on especially these
+discuss these questions at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss these questions at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss these questions at the end of
+the Alcock book you can do that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Alcock book you can do that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Alcock book you can do that just
+talk to me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me about
+it because if you decide to do it then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because if you decide to do it then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because if you decide to do it then I
+would post it anybody else could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would post it anybody else could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would post it anybody else could do it
+also okay this is the David bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also okay this is the David bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also okay this is the David bus
+article listed at the top he published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article listed at the top he published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article listed at the top he published
+it in '95 on evolutionary psychology a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in '95 on evolutionary psychology a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in '95 on evolutionary psychology a
+new paradigm for psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new paradigm for psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new paradigm for psychological
+science and in it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and in it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and in it he
+includes a critique of one aspect he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes a critique of one aspect he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes a critique of one aspect he
+perceives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceives in
+sociobiology he says to quote well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology he says to quote well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology he says to quote well one
+well-known sociobiologist humans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known sociobiologist humans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known sociobiologist humans are
+Inclusive fitness maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inclusive fitness maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inclusive fitness maximizing
+blobs I've labeled this view the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blobs I've labeled this view the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blobs I've labeled this view the
+sociobiological fallacy he did that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiological fallacy he did that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiological fallacy he did that in
+1991 because it conflates a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 because it conflates a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 because it conflates a theory of
+the origins of Mech isms that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origins of Mech isms that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origins of Mech isms that is
+Inclusive fitness Theory with a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inclusive fitness Theory with a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inclusive fitness Theory with a theory
+of the nature of those mechanisms if men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nature of those mechanisms if men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nature of those mechanisms if men
+had as a goal the maxim maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had as a goal the maxim maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had as a goal the maxim maximization
+maximization of Fitness then why aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization of Fitness then why aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization of Fitness then why aren't
+they all lined up to give donations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all lined up to give donations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all lined up to give donations to
+sperm banks why do some individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperm banks why do some individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperm banks why do some individuals
+decide to forego reproduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entirely reminds me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely reminds me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely reminds me of
+the they advertising what is a movie a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they advertising what is a movie a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they advertising what is a movie a
+new movie that there's this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new movie that there's this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new movie that there's this guy
+that's bondad is a father of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bondad is a father of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bondad is a father of
+250 anyway so some people do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 anyway so some people do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 anyway so some people do okay
+so he continues and quotes two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he continues and quotes two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he continues and quotes two very
+well-known evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known evolutionary
+psychologists they they were early into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists they they were early into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists they they were early into
+that area and helped get it going really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area and helped get it going really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area and helped get it going really
+Tob and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosmas um the nature of mechanisms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmas um the nature of mechanisms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmas um the nature of mechanisms as
+end products should not be confused with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end products should not be confused with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end products should not be confused with
+the causal process that created them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causal process that created them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causal process that created them the
+sociobiological fallacy has led to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiological fallacy has led to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiological fallacy has led to some
+dubious speculating about how if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dubious speculating about how if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dubious speculating about how if one
+really looks closely enough we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looks closely enough we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looks closely enough we will see
+that person X really is maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person X really is maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person X really is maximizing
+Fitness even though the behavior seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness even though the behavior seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness even though the behavior seems
+anomalous with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous with respect to the
+goal that is like suicidal Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that is like suicidal Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that is like suicidal Behavior
+schizophrenic Behavior dysfunctional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic Behavior dysfunctional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic Behavior dysfunctional
+Behavior evolutionary psychologists see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior evolutionary psychologists see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior evolutionary psychologists see
+humans as adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans as adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans as adaptive
+executors or mechanism activators rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executors or mechanism activators rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executors or mechanism activators rather
+than as Fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than as Fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than as Fitness
+Strivers but actually that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strivers but actually that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strivers but actually that's pretty
+similar to what alock has been arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what alock has been arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what alock has been arguing
+in the book he says pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book he says pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book he says pretty similar
+things distinguishing between ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things distinguishing between ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things distinguishing between ultimate
+causes and proximate causes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes and proximate causes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes and proximate causes and
+mechanisms okay this is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms okay this is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms okay this is a little more
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+uh bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paper selection cannot produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper selection cannot produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper selection cannot produce
+mechanisms of the domain general form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of the domain general form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of the domain general form of
+Fitness maximizers for the simple reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness maximizers for the simple reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness maximizers for the simple reason
+there's never existed any domain General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's never existed any domain General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's never existed any domain General
+way to maximize Fitness an implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to maximize Fitness an implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to maximize Fitness an implication
+of the sociobiological fallacy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sociobiological fallacy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sociobiological fallacy is
+that uh that many sociobiologists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that many sociobiologists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that many sociobiologists have
+skipped or neglected the psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped or neglected the psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped or neglected the psychological
+level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis many go directly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis many go directly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis many go directly from
+principles of evolution to patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of evolution to patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of evolution to patterns of
+social organization such as the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social organization such as the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social organization such as the nature
+of the mating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mating
+system polygyny versus monogamy or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system polygyny versus monogamy or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system polygyny versus monogamy or the
+social system like male dominance or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social system like male dominance or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social system like male dominance or the
+legal system without a description and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal system without a description and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal system without a description and
+account of the psychological mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the psychological mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the psychological mechanisms
+on which these aggregate end products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which these aggregate end products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which these aggregate end products
+are presumably founded in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are presumably founded in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are presumably founded in contrast
+evolutionary psychologists see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary psychologists see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary psychologists see
+psychological mechanisms as Central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological mechanisms as Central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological mechanisms as Central to
+the analysis not something that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis not something that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis not something that can be
+skipped passed over or omitted and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped passed over or omitted and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped passed over or omitted and so
+some some evolutionary psychologists you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some evolutionary psychologists you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some evolutionary psychologists you
+see they consider themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they consider themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they consider themselves
+psychologists not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists not
+sociobiologists because they don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologists because they don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologists because they don't think
+you can really jump over that the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really jump over that the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really jump over that the this
+the study of proximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of proximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of proximate
+mechanisms but they're influenced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms but they're influenced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms but they're influenced in
+what things they choose to study by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things they choose to study by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things they choose to study by
+evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary
+adaptations anyway this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptations anyway this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptations anyway this is
+uh it finishes our discussions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it finishes our discussions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it finishes our discussions about
+socio biology and what I want to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socio biology and what I want to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socio biology and what I want to do now
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+review here we go I want to review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review here we go I want to review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review here we go I want to review the
+various types of learning using con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of learning using con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of learning using con
+Conrad Lawrence's book foundations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conrad Lawrence's book foundations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conrad Lawrence's book foundations
+mythology is his third part is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology is his third part is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology is his third part is called
+adaptive modifications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behavior um and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um and then on
+Friday and the following Monday we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday and the following Monday we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday and the following Monday we'll
+see videos of field studies of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see videos of field studies of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see videos of field studies of great
+apes talk about some of that but mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apes talk about some of that but mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apes talk about some of that but mostly
+will see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see the
+videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+then I've cancelled next Wednesdays not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've cancelled next Wednesdays not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've cancelled next Wednesdays not
+this Wednesday but the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Wednesday but the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Wednesday but the following
+Wednesday because many of you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday because many of you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday because many of you like to
+leave early uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave early uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave early uh for
+Thanksgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so and some of you will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and some of you will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and some of you will still be
+struggling with your reports so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with your reports so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with your reports so another
+good reason to cancel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason to cancel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason to cancel that
+class so then the plan is which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so then the plan is which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so then the plan is which I
+mentioned before each of you will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before each of you will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before each of you will go to
+one of three classrooms I still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of three classrooms I still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of three classrooms I still have to
+get that arranged to hear reports so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that arranged to hear reports so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that arranged to hear reports so
+you'll always be in the same classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll always be in the same classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll always be in the same classroom
+each of you will hear about a third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of you will hear about a third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of you will hear about a third of
+them that way it's the only way we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that way it's the only way we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that way it's the only way we can
+do it with a class of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with a class of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with a class of this
+size because you know we can't fit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size because you know we can't fit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size because you know we can't fit more
+than more than four into one session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than more than four into one session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than more than four into one session
+okay a key Point made in each student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a key Point made in each student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a key Point made in each student
+report should be learned is I will ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report should be learned is I will ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report should be learned is I will ask
+you something you will have some choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something you will have some choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something you will have some choice
+but I still expect you to listen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still expect you to listen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still expect you to listen and
+learn a little bit from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a little bit from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a little bit from those
+uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those
+reports all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so we have a little time let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have a little time let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have a little time let's
+start going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+broader the view of learning by Conrad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader the view of learning by Conrad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader the view of learning by Conrad
+Lawrence which is a broader view then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence which is a broader view then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence which is a broader view then
+you will find in the most textbooks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find in the most textbooks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find in the most textbooks of
+learning most General Studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning most General Studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning most General Studies of
+learning when I was a graduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning when I was a graduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning when I was a graduate student
+got a textbook on learning and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a textbook on learning and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a textbook on learning and it was
+almost everything was on classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everything was on classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everything was on classical
+conditioning and instrumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and instrumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and instrumental
+condition and maybe a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and maybe a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and maybe a little bit about
+some observational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learning little bit on mimicry but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning little bit on mimicry but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning little bit on mimicry but some
+of them even omitted that they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them even omitted that they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them even omitted that they were very
+non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+ological Lawrence felt the need he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ological Lawrence felt the need he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ological Lawrence felt the need he was
+aware of all that and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of all that and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of all that and he
+was when he before he wrote this book in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when he before he wrote this book in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when he before he wrote this book in
+the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late
+1970s published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s published in
+1981 U he made sure he included an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1981 U he made sure he included an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1981 U he made sure he included an
+ethologist view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learning and rather than just put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and rather than just put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and rather than just put them
+online and go right to the videos I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and go right to the videos I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and go right to the videos I want
+to go through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through them
+uh so you have a chance to uh think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you have a chance to uh think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you have a chance to uh think
+about them and discuss them with me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and discuss them with me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and discuss them with me if
+you want to he emphasizes that various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to he emphasizes that various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to he emphasizes that various
+specific forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific forms of
+learning have each evolved in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning have each evolved in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning have each evolved in order to
+produce what are normally adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce what are normally adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce what are normally adaptive
+responses and he emphasizes especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and he emphasizes especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and he emphasizes especially
+that you cannot reduce all learning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot reduce all learning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot reduce all learning to
+one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two
+types all right so here's the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types all right so here's the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types all right so here's the major
+types of learning learning as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of learning learning as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of learning learning as he
+classifies them Learning Without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifies them Learning Without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifies them Learning Without
+Association learning through Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association learning through Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association learning through Association
+but without feedback reporting success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but without feedback reporting success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but without feedback reporting success
+that is without reward or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is without reward or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is without reward or
+punishment learning affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment learning affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment learning affected by the
+consequences of behavior so there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of behavior so there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of behavior so there you
+have Rewards or punishment then motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Rewards or punishment then motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Rewards or punishment then motor
+learning and finally the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and finally the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and finally the kind of
+learning you get with exploratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you get with exploratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you get with exploratory
+Behavior learning motivated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior learning motivated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior learning motivated by
+curiosity so he goes through each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity so he goes through each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity so he goes through each of
+these let's start with Learning Without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these let's start with Learning Without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these let's start with Learning Without
+Association and he there's two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association and he there's two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association and he there's two types of
+learning without Association that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+describes facilitation and sensitization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes facilitation and sensitization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes facilitation and sensitization
+he groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he groups
+together and habituation so in one our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and habituation so in one our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and habituation so in one our
+response is becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is becoming
+enhanced but not because of Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced but not because of Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced but not because of Any
+associations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations and
+another there's habituation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another there's habituation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another there's habituation with
+repeated presentation of the stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated presentation of the stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated presentation of the stimulus
+the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response
+decreases and he treats habituation very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases and he treats habituation very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases and he treats habituation very
+broadly he includes stimulus adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly he includes stimulus adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly he includes stimulus adaptation
+with it okay so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it okay so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it okay so first of all
+facilitation we'll deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation we'll deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation we'll deal with
+facilitation and sensitization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation and sensitization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation and sensitization
+separately so by facilitation he means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so by facilitation he means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so by facilitation he means
+things like the pre catching response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the pre catching response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the pre catching response
+and newly hatched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and newly hatched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and newly hatched
+squid uh is performed with flawless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squid uh is performed with flawless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squid uh is performed with flawless
+coordination when it's first released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination when it's first released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination when it's first released
+for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first
+time it's preceded by intention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's preceded by intention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's preceded by intention
+movements for several seconds all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements for several seconds all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements for several seconds all the
+characteristics of the of the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the of the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the of the fixed
+action pattern but the response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern but the response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern but the response is
+slower at first and then it speeds up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower at first and then it speeds up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower at first and then it speeds up so
+that it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's
+facilitated just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repetition so and then with maturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition so and then with maturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition so and then with maturation
+there's improvements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's improvements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's improvements in
+their in the way this functions but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in the way this functions but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in the way this functions but it
+appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears
+that it's due just to the maturation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's due just to the maturation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's due just to the maturation and
+there's a number of things like that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of things like that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of things like that in
+Behavior they change with maturation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior they change with maturation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior they change with maturation the
+nervous system takes time for all levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system takes time for all levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system takes time for all levels
+to mature and the responses can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change another example is the pecking by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change another example is the pecking by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change another example is the pecking by
+recently had hatch chicks there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently had hatch chicks there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently had hatch chicks there's been a
+few nice studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few nice studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few nice studies of
+this uh in this they Peck at seeds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in this they Peck at seeds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in this they Peck at seeds that
+are uh but their pecking is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh but their pecking is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh but their pecking is very
+scattered at first and then it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered at first and then it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered at first and then it becomes
+more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more
+focused and it doesn't matter whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused and it doesn't matter whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused and it doesn't matter whether
+they're being rewarded or not you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being rewarded or not you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being rewarded or not you can
+you can put displacing prisms on them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put displacing prisms on them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put displacing prisms on them so
+they're pecking at the wrong place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pecking at the wrong place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pecking at the wrong place and
+what where they're seeing where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where they're seeing where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where they're seeing where where
+the seeds actually are because they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seeds actually are because they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seeds actually are because they see
+them in the wrong place and yet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the wrong place and yet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the wrong place and yet you
+still get this more and more Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get this more and more Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get this more and more Focus
+pecking okay so it doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking okay so it doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking okay so it doesn't depend on
+feedback but only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repetition okay so then we go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition okay so then we go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition okay so then we go on to
+sensitization take the Escape response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitization take the Escape response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitization take the Escape response
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earthworm if a black bird is just pecked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthworm if a black bird is just pecked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthworm if a black bird is just pecked
+through the worm the response the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the worm the response the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the worm the response the next
+time U he gets pecked at he responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time U he gets pecked at he responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time U he gets pecked at he responds
+much more quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more quickly
+okay and it's triggered with a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's triggered with a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's triggered with a lower
+threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold
+okay again it doesn't involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again it doesn't involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again it doesn't involve
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+uh it it changes with repetition again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it changes with repetition again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it changes with repetition again
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+sensitized there's this phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitized there's this phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitized there's this phenomenon
+called the feeding frenzy and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the feeding frenzy and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the feeding frenzy and especially
+in fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fish
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh they feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they feed
+on species that occur in swarms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on species that occur in swarms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on species that occur in swarms or
+schools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and
+they you will see when they encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you will see when they encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you will see when they encounter
+prey in such a group they seem to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey in such a group they seem to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey in such a group they seem to go
+wild and their uh their respones they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild and their uh their respones they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild and their uh their respones they're
+they're sensitized so respond more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sensitized so respond more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sensitized so respond more and
+more strongly in fact they seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strongly in fact they seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strongly in fact they seem to be
+before very long they're totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before very long they're totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before very long they're totally
+dominated uh by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated uh by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated uh by their
+feeding you see it in sharks you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding you see it in sharks you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding you see it in sharks you see it
+in tuna and it's certainly a phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tuna and it's certainly a phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tuna and it's certainly a phenomenon
+exploited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited by
+fishermen because it brings together a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishermen because it brings together a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishermen because it brings together a
+lot of these predatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these predatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these predatory
+fish especially tuna and there's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish especially tuna and there's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish especially tuna and there's a few
+other fish that are rich like that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fish that are rich like that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fish that are rich like that also
+the lower thresholds are probably also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower thresholds are probably also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower thresholds are probably also
+due to social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to social
+facilitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation
+and of course specific key stimuli from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course specific key stimuli from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course specific key stimuli from
+the prey objects but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prey objects but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prey objects but the point is
+there's a sensitization it is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sensitization it is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sensitization it is a simple
+form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+okay if you don't like to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you don't like to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you don't like to call it
+learning you can call it plasticity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you can call it plasticity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you can call it plasticity but
+it's it's just as well to call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just as well to call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just as well to call it a
+simple form of Learning Without A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form of Learning Without A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form of Learning Without A
+S okay and then finally the second major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S okay and then finally the second major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S okay and then finally the second major
+type uh we lump the first two together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type uh we lump the first two together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type uh we lump the first two together
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+habituation and here he includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation and here he includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation and here he includes
+stimulus adaptation but uh the studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus adaptation but uh the studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus adaptation but uh the studies
+of it often separate these and he gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it often separate these and he gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it often separate these and he gives
+us examples gives several examples U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us examples gives several examples U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us examples gives several examples U
+this slide and the next first reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide and the next first reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide and the next first reflex
+habituation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation in
+Hydra it responds to contacts by say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hydra it responds to contacts by say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hydra it responds to contacts by say
+water movement touch or any shaking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water movement touch or any shaking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water movement touch or any shaking of
+the substrate just by Contracting its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate just by Contracting its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate just by Contracting its
+tentacles and body you know what Hydra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentacles and body you know what Hydra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentacles and body you know what Hydra
+looks like looks like a tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like looks like a tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like looks like a tiny little
+octopus and it's got the tentacles uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octopus and it's got the tentacles uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octopus and it's got the tentacles uses
+in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its
+movement very tiny little uh sedarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement very tiny little uh sedarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement very tiny little uh sedarian
+okay well if it lives in Fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well if it lives in Fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well if it lives in Fairly
+turbulent Brooks it it does habituate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent Brooks it it does habituate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent Brooks it it does habituate
+it's not constantly responding to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not constantly responding to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not constantly responding to that
+moving water those responses decrease so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving water those responses decrease so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving water those responses decrease so
+the stimuli of the flowing water lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimuli of the flowing water lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimuli of the flowing water lose
+their releasing property but the stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their releasing property but the stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their releasing property but the stimuli
+the thresholds with all the other key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thresholds with all the other key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thresholds with all the other key
+stimuli like being touched by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli like being touched by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli like being touched by another
+animal or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal or something
+uh they stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they stay
+unchanged okay just that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged okay just that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged okay just that particular
+stimulus the moving water stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus the moving water stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus the moving water stops
+eliciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting
+that that reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that reflex
+response then he has several properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then he has several properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then he has several properties
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+turkeys their response to novel sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkeys their response to novel sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkeys their response to novel sounds
+uh they start gobling if they're exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they start gobling if they're exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they start gobling if they're exposed
+to some any novel kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some any novel kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some any novel kind of
+sound uh it habituates with repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presentations uh it's very specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations uh it's very specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations uh it's very specific to
+the sound frequency so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound frequency so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound frequency so you can actually
+plot a generalization gradient you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot a generalization gradient you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot a generalization gradient you'll
+see that if you move the S the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if you move the S the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if you move the S the the
+frequency of the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the sound
+stimulus um the further you move it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus um the further you move it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus um the further you move it away
+from the original stimulus the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original stimulus the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original stimulus the more
+strongly they will respond so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly they will respond so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly they will respond so you can
+show that the habituation is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the habituation is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the habituation is very
+specific to atone and then they it loses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to atone and then they it loses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to atone and then they it loses
+its the habituation gets less and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its the habituation gets less and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its the habituation gets less and less
+when you get further and further from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get further and further from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get further and further from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+so even if uh even if you suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if uh even if you suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if uh even if you suddenly
+reduce the amplitude of the sound they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the amplitude of the sound they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the amplitude of the sound they
+will start gobbling just to De they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start gobbling just to De they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start gobbling just to De they just
+use that to demonstrate that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to demonstrate that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to demonstrate that the
+habituation isn't stimulus adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation isn't stimulus adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation isn't stimulus adaptation
+but real habituation they're responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but real habituation they're responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but real habituation they're responding
+to the novelty and they are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the novelty and they are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the novelty and they are able to
+detect uh in a fairly sophisticated way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect uh in a fairly sophisticated way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect uh in a fairly sophisticated way
+the novelty of the sound as do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the novelty of the sound as do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the novelty of the sound as do
+humans okay and then uh he goes on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans okay and then uh he goes on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans okay and then uh he goes on and
+talks about flight responses in turkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about flight responses in turkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about flight responses in turkeys
+flight responses uh to Aerial Raptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight responses uh to Aerial Raptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight responses uh to Aerial Raptors
+okay so Birds of Prey uh when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Birds of Prey uh when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Birds of Prey uh when they
+appear of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear of course
+um they can be very Danger dous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they can be very Danger dous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they can be very Danger dous to
+turkeys and they have you remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkeys and they have you remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkeys and they have you remember when
+we talked about this talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this talking about
+ethology people tried to show that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethology people tried to show that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethology people tried to show that they
+respond specifically to particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond specifically to particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond specifically to particular
+shapes uh like they don't respond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes uh like they don't respond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes uh like they don't respond to the
+hawk to the goose or duck like shape but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hawk to the goose or duck like shape but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hawk to the goose or duck like shape but
+they do respond to the hawk like shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do respond to the hawk like shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do respond to the hawk like shape
+um but it's been shown that most of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's been shown that most of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's been shown that most of that
+or perhaps all of it is just explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps all of it is just explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps all of it is just explained
+by stimulus novelty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by stimulus novelty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by stimulus novelty
+they habituate to frequently occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they habituate to frequently occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they habituate to frequently occurring
+stimuli so they habituate to buzzards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli so they habituate to buzzards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli so they habituate to buzzards
+they because they see them all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they because they see them all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they because they see them all the time
+they habituate to fly on a white ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they habituate to fly on a white ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they habituate to fly on a white ceiling
+even though they respond to it like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they respond to it like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they respond to it like it
+were a predator at the beginning they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a predator at the beginning they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a predator at the beginning they
+habituate to balloons in the sky uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituate to balloons in the sky uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituate to balloons in the sky uh
+which again they respond to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again they respond to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again they respond to them
+initially like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Predator so the least frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator so the least frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator so the least frequently
+occurring stimulus from Raptors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring stimulus from Raptors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring stimulus from Raptors that
+probably that of a ball legal now he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that of a ball legal now he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that of a ball legal now he's
+talking about the turkeys in saies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the turkeys in saies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the turkeys in saies in
+Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany
+where uh conr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh conr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh conr
+Lawrence under the hospices of the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence under the hospices of the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence under the hospices of the max
+plun Institute established a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plun Institute established a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plun Institute established a
+behavioral uh laboratory for field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral uh laboratory for field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral uh laboratory for field
+studies of various sorts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of various sorts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of various sorts and
+experimental ethological studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental ethological studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental ethological studies of
+animals and he was joined there by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and he was joined there by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and he was joined there by a
+number of very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of very good
+scientists and uh whole series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and uh whole series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and uh whole series of
+ethological Studies have been reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethological Studies have been reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethological Studies have been reported
+um that were done there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that were done there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that were done there at
+Z I actually visited there a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z I actually visited there a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z I actually visited there a long time
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+U didn't meet Connor Lawrence but I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U didn't meet Connor Lawrence but I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U didn't meet Connor Lawrence but I did
+meet some of the people that worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+him okay so the only stronger response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him okay so the only stronger response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him okay so the only stronger response
+than the response he got to a bald eagle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the response he got to a bald eagle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the response he got to a bald eagle
+was to something even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to something even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to something even more
+novel a derable it flew over zavies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel a derable it flew over zavies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel a derable it flew over zavies in
+about twice per year and that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about twice per year and that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about twice per year and that led to
+this vigorous flight reactions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vigorous flight reactions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vigorous flight reactions of the
+turkeys that he kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay the
+blimp the most novel stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then he discusses learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then he discusses learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then he discusses learning
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+Association without feedback reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association without feedback reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association without feedback reporting
+success and these are the types uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and these are the types uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and these are the types uh this
+is what he calls them and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what he calls them and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what he calls them and this is where
+we will talk about the condition reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about the condition reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about the condition reflex
+simple learning through Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple learning through Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple learning through Association
+without feedback reporting success so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without feedback reporting success so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without feedback reporting success so
+it's not instrumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not instrumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not instrumental
+conditioning it's not problem solving he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning it's not problem solving he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning it's not problem solving he
+includes imprinting there avoidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes imprinting there avoidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes imprinting there avoidance
+responses acquired through trauma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses acquired through trauma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses acquired through trauma
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+inhibition let's deal with first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition let's deal with first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition let's deal with first
+habituation to Associated stimuli where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation to Associated stimuli where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation to Associated stimuli where
+animals habituate to the background to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals habituate to the background to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals habituate to the background to
+the environment okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment okay and
+uh so for example the way when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for example the way when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for example the way when we
+tame uh a bird for example there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tame uh a bird for example there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tame uh a bird for example there's
+habituation to flight eliciting stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation to flight eliciting stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation to flight eliciting stimuli
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+normally associated with humans uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally associated with humans uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally associated with humans uh the
+tameness can just suddenly disappear if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tameness can just suddenly disappear if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tameness can just suddenly disappear if
+you move the to a more novel environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move the to a more novel environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move the to a more novel environment
+or the environment suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes I've noticed this a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes I've noticed this a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes I've noticed this a number of
+times in hamsters if the um even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in hamsters if the um even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in hamsters if the um even if the
+sound environment changes in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound environment changes in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound environment changes in the lab
+there there are strange sounds strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are strange sounds strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are strange sounds strange
+people talking around the animal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking around the animal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking around the animal it's
+like he just gets nervous and his whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he just gets nervous and his whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he just gets nervous and his whole
+Behavior changes he his habituation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior changes he his habituation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior changes he his habituation to
+to me for for example the stimuli I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me for for example the stimuli I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me for for example the stimuli I
+provide and changes he starts responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide and changes he starts responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide and changes he starts responding
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently and this can be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and this can be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and this can be a real
+problem for your pet for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for your pet for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for your pet for example if you
+move them to a very novel environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them to a very novel environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them to a very novel environment
+you know they their their behavior can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they their their behavior can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they their their behavior can
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drastically he talks about mobbing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically he talks about mobbing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically he talks about mobbing and
+wild geese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild geese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild geese
+they they do habituate to particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they do habituate to particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they do habituate to particular
+dogs if there we saw in the the film I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs if there we saw in the the film I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs if there we saw in the the film I
+think we saw a dog and the way the geese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we saw a dog and the way the geese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we saw a dog and the way the geese
+responded well that was clearly a novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded well that was clearly a novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded well that was clearly a novel
+dog because they will get used to a dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog because they will get used to a dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog because they will get used to a dog
+like that and they'll stop mobbing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and they'll stop mobbing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and they'll stop mobbing but
+the mobbing can re reappear to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobbing can re reappear to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobbing can re reappear to the same
+dog if the environment changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog if the environment changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog if the environment changes and
+that's the point here the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point here the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point here the environment
+there the associated stimuli stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the associated stimuli stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the associated stimuli stimuli
+associated with the habituation do make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the habituation do make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the habituation do make
+a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then he talks about a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he talks about a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he talks about a problem that
+some flight responses appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flight responses appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flight responses appear to
+habituate too much it doesn't seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituate too much it doesn't seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituate too much it doesn't seem to be
+adaptive but he concludes that this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive but he concludes that this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive but he concludes that this may
+be due to an unnatural constancy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be due to an unnatural constancy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be due to an unnatural constancy of the
+environment in this when we study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in this when we study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in this when we study
+animals and he talks about the way owl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and he talks about the way owl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and he talks about the way owl
+uh chaffinches respond to owls was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chaffinches respond to owls was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chaffinches respond to owls was
+studied by Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied by Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied by Robert
+hind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind
+um uh studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh studies of
+goling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh using the warning call of parents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using the warning call of parents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using the warning call of parents and
+this was studied by Lawrence and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was studied by Lawrence and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was studied by Lawrence and in the
+I put it in Brackets here because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put it in Brackets here because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put it in Brackets here because this
+didn't come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't come from
+Lawrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence
+uh with hamsters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with hamsters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with hamsters in the
+laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory
+um the they again they they appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the they again they they appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the they again they they appear to
+habituate too much to the stimuli that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituate too much to the stimuli that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituate too much to the stimuli that
+can cause flight movements and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause flight movements and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause flight movements and because
+of the importance of anti-predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the importance of anti-predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the importance of anti-predator
+behavior is it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is it's a big
+puzzle but I found that if you can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle but I found that if you can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle but I found that if you can set
+up a simulated natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment so you get rid of the their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so you get rid of the their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so you get rid of the their
+eliminate their constant exposure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate their constant exposure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate their constant exposure to
+humans walking around in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans walking around in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans walking around in the
+laboratory uh then you can get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory uh then you can get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory uh then you can get very
+powerful responses to Predator like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful responses to Predator like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful responses to Predator like
+stimuli but I found that was to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli but I found that was to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli but I found that was to that's
+necessary in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary in some
+form okay you have to simulate aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay you have to simulate aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay you have to simulate aspects
+of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural
+environment to get uh because the they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to get uh because the they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to get uh because the they
+do habituate to the associated stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do habituate to the associated stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do habituate to the associated stimuli
+as well as the specific stimuli of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the specific stimuli of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the specific stimuli of the
+human Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so another thing related to that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another thing related to that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another thing related to that is uh
+if you just move a hamster cage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just move a hamster cage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just move a hamster cage of
+course in the laboratory again it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in the laboratory again it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in the laboratory again it's very
+artificial environments we keep them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial environments we keep them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial environments we keep them in
+these little cages and the cages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little cages and the cages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little cages and the cages are
+transparent they can't get out of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent they can't get out of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent they can't get out of them
+but they unless you give them a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they unless you give them a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they unless you give them a lot of
+time in which case they will they R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in which case they will they R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in which case they will they R
+up chew a hole right through the cage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up chew a hole right through the cage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up chew a hole right through the cage
+and eventually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually get
+out okay but if you just move the cage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay but if you just move the cage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay but if you just move the cage
+across the room or you even just rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the room or you even just rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the room or you even just rotate
+it you can totally change the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can totally change the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can totally change the behavior
+because the novel positions of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the novel positions of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the novel positions of visual
+stimuli with respect to the cage stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli with respect to the cage stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli with respect to the cage stimuli
+can cause the hamster to rearrange its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause the hamster to rearrange its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause the hamster to rearrange its
+cage just to regain the orientation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage just to regain the orientation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage just to regain the orientation of
+the nest and fruit heart with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nest and fruit heart with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nest and fruit heart with respect to
+visual landmarks so they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual landmarks so they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual landmarks so they're very
+responsive to the entire environment not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to the entire environment not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to the entire environment not
+just the things there immediately around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the things there immediately around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the things there immediately around
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+uh and they will can respond very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they will can respond very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they will can respond very
+differently to humans when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently to humans when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently to humans when you do
+that you'll have a tame animal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll have a tame animal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll have a tame animal you
+rotate the cage or move the cage across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the cage or move the cage across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the cage or move the cage across
+the room like animal caretakers will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room like animal caretakers will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room like animal caretakers will do
+this sometimes cleaning up they'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sometimes cleaning up they'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sometimes cleaning up they'll move
+the racks changes the behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the racks changes the behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the racks changes the behavior of the
+animals I just point out that this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals I just point out that this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals I just point out that this kind
+of habituation involves a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of habituation involves a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of habituation involves a kind of
+spatial learning they use visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial learning they use visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial learning they use visual
+landmarks for knowledge of the pl where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmarks for knowledge of the pl where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmarks for knowledge of the pl where
+they are in the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in the local
+environment an important kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment an important kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment an important kind of
+learning and if we have time I will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and if we have time I will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and if we have time I will go
+through some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some sort of a
+neuroscience-based view of the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience-based view of the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience-based view of the learning
+because we've learned a lot about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've learned a lot about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've learned a lot about some
+of the brain mechanisms that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain mechanisms that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain mechanisms that involve
+this and other types of uh animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and other types of uh animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and other types of uh animal
+behavior okay so then we have his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior okay so then we have his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior okay so then we have his
+category adding stimuli to keep key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category adding stimuli to keep key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category adding stimuli to keep key
+stimuli so now we're dealing with fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli so now we're dealing with fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli so now we're dealing with fix
+action patterns key stimuli that elicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action patterns key stimuli that elicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action patterns key stimuli that elicit
+fix action patterns but uh animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix action patterns but uh animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix action patterns but uh animals
+become accustomed to if certain other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become accustomed to if certain other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become accustomed to if certain other
+stimuli always occur when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli always occur when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli always occur when you're
+eliciting these action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting these action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting these action
+patterns they don't become substitutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns they don't become substitutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns they don't become substitutes
+for the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the key
+stimuli but they affect the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli but they affect the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli but they affect the way the
+response is being elicited so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is being elicited so you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is being elicited so you take
+for example the human smiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the human smiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the human smiling
+response and its role in Social bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and its role in Social bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and its role in Social bonding
+it was studied by Rene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was studied by Rene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was studied by Rene
+schitz U it's mentioned in the book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schitz U it's mentioned in the book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schitz U it's mentioned in the book and
+the response over time becomes more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response over time becomes more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response over time becomes more and
+more selective when a baby is born in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more selective when a baby is born in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more selective when a baby is born in a
+very early period it will smile in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early period it will smile in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early period it will smile in
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+to just a dummy stimulus you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just a dummy stimulus you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just a dummy stimulus you just
+construct a little U face with just eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a little U face with just eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a little U face with just eyes
+and a smile on it that's all you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a smile on it that's all you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a smile on it that's all you need
+and they will smile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back you thought he was smiling because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you thought he was smiling because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you thought he was smiling because
+you he thought you were funny or he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you he thought you were funny or he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you he thought you were funny or he
+liked you sorry it's a it's a fix it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked you sorry it's a it's a fix it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked you sorry it's a it's a fix it's a
+fixed action pattern response to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action pattern response to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action pattern response to your
+smiling mouth and eyes Okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiling mouth and eyes Okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiling mouth and eyes Okay um
+then that changes over time it it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that changes over time it it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that changes over time it it they
+will respond to live humans only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will respond to live humans only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will respond to live humans only
+they they will stop responding to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they will stop responding to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they will stop responding to your
+dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy
+stimulus and later they'll respond just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and later they'll respond just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and later they'll respond just
+to familiar humans in fact the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to familiar humans in fact the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to familiar humans in fact the response
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+strangers can become quite opposite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangers can become quite opposite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangers can become quite opposite and
+rather than smiling they will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than smiling they will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than smiling they will start
+crying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay he points out that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he points out that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he points out that there are
+emotional problems you see in children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional problems you see in children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional problems you see in children
+raised in hospitals and I mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised in hospitals and I mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised in hospitals and I mentioned this
+before because of the caretaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because of the caretaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because of the caretaker
+changes uh they interfere with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh they interfere with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh they interfere with the
+bonding which is crucial for formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding which is crucial for formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding which is crucial for formation
+of later bonds of friendship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in
+imprinting uh there's always stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprinting uh there's always stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprinting uh there's always stimuli
+associated with the stimulus that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the stimulus that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the stimulus that the
+animal is imprinting on and this leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is imprinting on and this leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is imprinting on and this leads
+in to individual recognition in geese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to individual recognition in geese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to individual recognition in geese
+and actually in hum as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and I point out here that in studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I point out here that in studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I point out here that in studies
+they show that the critical stimuli for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show that the critical stimuli for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show that the critical stimuli for
+human individual recognition are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human individual recognition are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human individual recognition are the
+eyes eyebrows and nose the parts covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes eyebrows and nose the parts covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes eyebrows and nose the parts covered
+by a carnival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a carnival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a carnival
+mask very effective in concealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask very effective in concealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask very effective in concealing
+identity unless people have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity unless people have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity unless people have very
+prominent mustache or beard or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent mustache or beard or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent mustache or beard or something
+that characterizes them then you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that characterizes them then you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that characterizes them then you might
+learn to recognize them that way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to recognize them that way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to recognize them that way um
+because it's Main eyes eyebrows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's Main eyes eyebrows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's Main eyes eyebrows and
+nose I've never been totally convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose I've never been totally convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose I've never been totally convinced
+of that but I guess that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but I guess that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but I guess that's what the
+Studies have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies have shown
+okay and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then finally
+um condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um condition
+reflexes he calls this conditioning with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes he calls this conditioning with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes he calls this conditioning with
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+selection pavian conditioning okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection pavian conditioning okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection pavian conditioning okay it's
+also called Type S condition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called Type S condition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called Type S condition okay
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning
+and he talks about Pavlov's Bell use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he talks about Pavlov's Bell use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he talks about Pavlov's Bell use of
+the Bell as a conditional stimulus such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bell as a conditional stimulus such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bell as a conditional stimulus such
+regular sequences normally occur only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular sequences normally occur only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular sequences normally occur only
+when there's a causal connection okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a causal connection okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a causal connection okay
+and here you're putting the exposing him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you're putting the exposing him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you're putting the exposing him
+to a very abnormal connection but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very abnormal connection but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very abnormal connection but you're
+making the animal and putting him in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the animal and putting him in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the animal and putting him in a
+situation which in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which in nature
+would these correlations normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would these correlations normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would these correlations normally
+indicates some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates some
+cause and it was first studied by pav of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause and it was first studied by pav of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause and it was first studied by pav of
+in a situation doesn't that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation doesn't that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation doesn't that doesn't
+actually fit this ethological definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fit this ethological definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fit this ethological definition
+of stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stimulus
+conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and I just remind you of hen Stein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I just remind you of hen Stein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I just remind you of hen Stein's
+very specific definition if as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific definition if as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific definition if as a
+reflex as not being subject to changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex as not being subject to changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex as not being subject to changes
+internal Readiness in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal Readiness in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal Readiness in other words
+there's not an action specific potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not an action specific potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not an action specific potential
+there's not a drive that builds up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a drive that builds up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a drive that builds up it's
+that's why we say we wear mantle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we say we wear mantle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we say we wear mantle of
+reflexes it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes it's always
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's based on built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's based on built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's based on built-in
+mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms
+underlying uh The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reflex and I also point out that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflex and I also point out that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflex and I also point out that some
+reflexes are impossible to connect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes are impossible to connect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes are impossible to connect with
+a condition stimulus like a tendon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition stimulus like a tendon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition stimulus like a tendon
+reflex you know they when you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex you know they when you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex you know they when you learn
+you'll have a class in learning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a class in learning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a class in learning that
+talks about classical conditioning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about classical conditioning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about classical conditioning and
+there's no reason why some reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason why some reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason why some reflexes
+couldn't be conditioned like the Tenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be conditioned like the Tenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be conditioned like the Tenon
+reflexes but try as you might when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes but try as you might when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes but try as you might when you
+try to get them associated with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get them associated with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get them associated with a new
+stimulus doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus doesn't
+work okay so they're quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I think I talked about conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think I talked about conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think I talked about conditional
+reflexes once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes once
+before you remember what I said what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you remember what I said what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you remember what I said what the
+dog was what what was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog was what what was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog was what what was actually
+conditioned in the dog and the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned in the dog and the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned in the dog and the dog
+starts salivating in response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts salivating in response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts salivating in response to the
+bell in pavo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell in pavo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell in pavo's
+experiments it was conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it was conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it was conditioned
+appetitive Behavior okay and so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetitive Behavior okay and so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetitive Behavior okay and so we will
+get to that a little later it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that a little later it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that a little later it wasn't
+really stimulus conditioning and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stimulus conditioning and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stimulus conditioning and what's
+become known as condition reflexes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become known as condition reflexes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become known as condition reflexes or
+classical conditioning Type S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditioning okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning okay
+we'll come back right to this point next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back right to this point next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back right to this point next
+time starting with avoidance responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time starting with avoidance responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time starting with avoidance responses
+acquired to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trauma
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uERjKWXO4NQ.txt b/uERjKWXO4NQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55a6c3c3a221d90328b07dca39f655faec3fb473
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uERjKWXO4NQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+PROFESSOR: Hello and welcome
+to the help session on
+
+complementation.
+
+Today, we will briefly be
+reviewing the concept of
+
+complementation.
+
+And then, we will discuss
+complementation with a
+
+non-biological example.
+
+So to begin, complementation is
+generally used to determine
+
+if two mutations fall in the
+same gene or if they fall in
+
+different genes.
+
+So here, we have two mutants--
+mutant one and mutant two.
+
+Both of these have
+mutations in the
+
+lysine biogenesis pathway.
+
+So on their own, they cannot
+produce lysine.
+
+To determine if these mutations
+fall in the same
+
+gene or in different genes, we
+need to cross the two mutants
+
+together and examine
+their progeny.
+
+If the progeny can grow, this
+means that the two mutations
+
+were in different genes,
+and thus, they
+
+complement each other.
+
+However, if the progeny cannot
+grow, this means that the two
+
+mutations were in the same
+gene, and they do not
+
+complement each other.
+
+So now, let me explain
+
+complementation yet another way.
+
+So over here, we have the
+knitting pathway.
+
+It's very simple and
+straightforward.
+
+In order to knit, you
+need two things.
+
+You need both the knitting
+needles and you need yarn.
+
+When you have both of these
+things together, you can knit
+
+a nice scarf.
+
+So to explain how this is
+related to complementation, I
+
+have brought along my friend
+Robert to give us a hand.
+
+All right.
+
+So in the first scenario, we're
+going to have me with
+
+yarn and Robert with needles.
+
+When I have yarn, I can't knit
+by myself, because I am
+
+lacking needles.
+
+This is equivalent to having a
+mutation in what we'll call
+
+the gene for needles.
+
+Robert, on the other hand, has
+needles, but by himself, he
+
+has no yarn.
+
+So he can't knit.
+
+So alone, neither of us
+are able to knit.
+
+However, if we team up and we
+work together and we share our
+
+resources, now we have both yarn
+and needles, so we can
+
+knit a nice scarf.
+
+All right.
+
+So how about the case of
+non-complementation?
+
+If I have needles now, and
+Robert also has needles, me by
+
+myself, I cannot knit, because
+I have a mutation in that I
+
+have to no yarn.
+
+Robert also has needles and he
+also does not have yarn.
+
+So by himself, he can't
+knit either.
+
+This time, when we team up and
+we try to work together, even
+
+if we share our needles, we
+still can't knit, because we
+
+have no yarn.
+
+So this is the case of
+non-complementation.
+
+Thanks, Robert.
+
+This concludes the help session
+on complementation.
+
+Thanks for joining us.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uhaFP0xEmzM.txt b/uhaFP0xEmzM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46d52a45f45bffbadac1630dc01777b414f0e543
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uhaFP0xEmzM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now I'm in position to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm in position to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm in position to talk about
+what is the maximum force. If I push F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the maximum force. If I push F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the maximum force. If I push F
+harder as if I push F and the blocks go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder as if I push F and the blocks go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder as if I push F and the blocks go
+together, the accelerations are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, the accelerations are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, the accelerations are the
+same. I push F harder, the accelerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. I push F harder, the accelerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. I push F harder, the accelerations
+are the same. I push F harder and I push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same. I push F harder and I push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same. I push F harder and I push
+F so hard that the static friction is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so hard that the static friction is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so hard that the static friction is no
+longer reaches its maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer reaches its maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer reaches its maximum
+value and if I push F harder than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and if I push F harder than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and if I push F harder than
+that I will not have the static friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will not have the static friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will not have the static friction
+can't get bigger and the blocks one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get bigger and the blocks one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get bigger and the blocks one and
+two will start to slip relative to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two will start to slip relative to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two will start to slip relative to each
+other. So my no slipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So my no slipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So my no slipping
+condition is that I want two things. A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that I want two things. A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that I want two things. A1
+equals A2. We'll call that A. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals A2. We'll call that A. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals A2. We'll call that A. And the
+maximum force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition is that fstatic is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that fstatic is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that fstatic is equal
+to maximum value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, what is the normal force between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what is the normal force between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what is the normal force between
+that we refer to in our friction law?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we refer to in our friction law?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we refer to in our friction law?
+There's two normal forces, the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's two normal forces, the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's two normal forces, the ground
+and the normal force between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the normal force between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the normal force between the
+surfaces. But the static friction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces. But the static friction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces. But the static friction that
+we're talking about is between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about is between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about is between the
+surfaces. So that's why we use N here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces. So that's why we use N here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces. So that's why we use N here
+and not N ground. And now I can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not N ground. And now I can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not N ground. And now I can solve
+for this F max. Um, by the way, we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this F max. Um, by the way, we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this F max. Um, by the way, we also
+have the condition that FK is mu k. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the condition that FK is mu k. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the condition that FK is mu k. What
+normal force are we talking about? N,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force are we talking about? N,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force are we talking about? N,
+which we've called n ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've called n ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've called n ground
+one. And now I look at my equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And now I look at my equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And now I look at my equations and
+my goal is to solve for f. I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goal is to solve for f. I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goal is to solve for f. I know
+ng1 from this equation. It's just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ng1 from this equation. It's just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ng1 from this equation. It's just equal
+to m1 g plus n. I know n from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m1 g plus n. I know n from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m1 g plus n. I know n from that
+equation. So ng1 is just the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So ng1 is just the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So ng1 is just the sum of the
+masses times g. So I know this I have f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses times g. So I know this I have f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses times g. So I know this I have f
+which is m2 a and I can now apply my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is m2 a and I can now apply my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is m2 a and I can now apply my
+result. Um so what we'll do is we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result. Um so what we'll do is we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result. Um so what we'll do is we'll
+solve for the a's a1= a2 in terms of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the a's a1= a2 in terms of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the a's a1= a2 in terms of f
+max. So over here we have that a is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max. So over here we have that a is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max. So over here we have that a is f
+over m_sub_2. That's from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m_sub_2. That's from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m_sub_2. That's from this
+equation. And now I'll substitute a1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. And now I'll substitute a1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. And now I'll substitute a1 is
+equal to that. I'll substitute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that. I'll substitute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that. I'll substitute that
+there. And I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And I get
+that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f
+max is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max is going to be equal to
+fk plus f static max.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that
+one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus
+m1 times a1 which is fstatic max /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 times a1 which is fstatic max /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 times a1 which is fstatic max /
+m2. And so I get that f max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2. And so I get that f max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2. And so I get that f max
+equals now I'm going to substitute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals now I'm going to substitute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals now I'm going to substitute in
+all of these values. It's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these values. It's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these values. It's going to look
+a little complicated and so I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little complicated and so I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little complicated and so I'd like to
+have a little space here for that to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little space here for that to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little space here for that to get
+everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. And we'll see that it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And we'll see that it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And we'll see that it's equal to
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+k m1 + m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k m1 + m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k m1 + m2
+g f k mu k + m1 2 mg plus fstatic max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g f k mu k + m1 2 mg plus fstatic max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g f k mu k + m1 2 mg plus fstatic max
+time 1 + m1 / m2 but fstatic max is mu n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 1 + m1 / m2 but fstatic max is mu n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 1 + m1 / m2 but fstatic max is mu n
+and n is m2g so I get m2g * 1 + m1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n is m2g so I get m2g * 1 + m1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n is m2g so I get m2g * 1 + m1 over
+m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2
+two and there is if I push any harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and there is if I push any harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and there is if I push any harder
+than that block two will slip with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that block two will slip with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that block two will slip with
+respect to block one. Again all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to block one. Again all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to block one. Again all of our
+terms have the dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms have the dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms have the dimensions of
+acceleration. This is dimensionless one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. This is dimensionless one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. This is dimensionless one
+dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of
+acceleration and we did miss one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and we did miss one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and we did miss one little
+thing. We missed the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. We missed the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. We missed the coefficient of
+static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static
+friction. And there we have it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction. And there we have it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction. And there we have it.
+Tricky problem.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w20MA5SLBfk.txt b/w20MA5SLBfk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b35fc26ba51bd17bc0306fe8b8e59c85aff48363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w20MA5SLBfk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2328 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+INSTRUCTOR: So
+welcome to the lab.
+
+I'm going to start off
+today-- mostly everything
+
+we'll do is be hands on.
+
+I'm going to start
+out today just
+
+to reiterate some of the
+things that we talked about
+
+last Monday, and to expand
+on a few of those ideas
+
+about what we're doing here.
+
+And the idea of this
+little introductory lecture
+
+is just to say,
+what's our purpose?
+
+What's the expectations?
+
+What are we doing here?
+
+Pretty much every place you go
+there's a set of expectations
+
+of what you're
+expected to do and what
+
+you're expected
+to be done to you.
+
+And it's very different
+depending on what you do.
+
+If you go to a
+baseball game, it's
+
+a totally different
+set of expectations
+
+of both what you're
+allowed and prepared to do
+
+and what you're expecting to see
+then if you went to a concert
+
+or if you went to
+a physics class.
+
+All different stuff.
+
+All different sets
+of expectations.
+
+All different ideas about
+what we're doing here.
+
+So this little
+thing is to give you
+
+an idea of what this is about.
+
+What we're doing here.
+
+The first thing-- which to me
+is the most important thing
+
+we already touched on in the
+last class-- which is just
+
+the idea that we're
+all improvisers.
+
+That simply by virtue
+of being a human,
+
+you're already a
+master improviser.
+
+Where I go from there is that
+humans are also oral creatures.
+
+We understand the world
+through sound a lot.
+
+Not only through
+talking, not only
+
+through our experience of
+the sounds of other humans,
+
+but also the sounds
+in the world inform us
+
+all the time in all
+different kinds of ways.
+
+And also each of us grows up
+surrounded by music and sound.
+
+We all have a personal
+universe of sound that is ours.
+
+In this class and in this
+lab, what we'll be doing
+
+a lot is dealing with how to
+marry our awareness that we
+
+have from growing up
+as improvising people
+
+to our awareness of our
+understanding of sound.
+
+Our personal universe of sound.
+
+Putting those two
+things together
+
+and figuring out how to express
+ourselves improvisationally
+
+through using sound.
+
+Both individually
+and as a group.
+
+So that's our basic
+task ahead of us.
+
+In this particular
+class, we're doing that
+
+by examining different
+ways that people improvise.
+
+Different methods that people
+use to structure improvisation.
+
+Different ways that they use to
+conceptualize how to improvise.
+
+Because as improvisers,
+you come up here
+
+and when you're improvising
+without any music
+
+or without any prior structure,
+anything is possible.
+
+That's an overwhelming
+responsibility.
+
+You could do literally anything.
+
+How do you decide what to do?
+
+So that's the
+first part of being
+
+an improviser is
+how do you start?
+
+How do you start?
+
+And a lot of this class
+is about how people start.
+
+Today I think Mark was talking
+about graphic notation,
+
+I think in some kinds of ways.
+
+To conceptualize improvising
+starting with something
+
+that's visual.
+
+A way to start.
+
+And from this, then that
+gives you a starting off point
+
+where you can use
+your understanding,
+
+your intuition
+about improvising.
+
+Your understanding, your
+knowledge about sound.
+
+How it works, what it means.
+
+You can use all that
+stuff to say OK, that's
+
+my starting point.
+
+How do I use that stuff
+starting from here?
+
+So a lot of this
+class is about that.
+
+How do you start?
+
+Where do you come from?
+
+The other thing that's great
+about this kind of class,
+
+this kind of improvisation,
+this kind of group
+
+is that there's no particular
+stylistic boundaries
+
+to what we're doing.
+
+In a lot of different musical
+situations you go into,
+
+there's a set of boundaries just
+like if you go to the ballpark.
+
+There's a set of boundaries
+of what's going to happen.
+
+You go to a jazz concert or
+you play in a jazz big band.
+
+There's a set of boundaries
+of what you expect to happen
+
+and you can-- pretty
+much everything
+
+you do is going to
+be within that pretty
+
+well established
+set of boundaries.
+
+In this situation, we
+don't have any of those.
+
+The boundaries that
+we have-- there's
+
+some set up by the structure
+of the class, which
+
+is bringing in these different
+artists who specialize
+
+in different ways of
+conceptualizing improvisation,
+
+but outside of
+that-- and looking
+
+at those specific
+artists and ideas
+
+that Mark's looking at in the
+class-- outside of that there's
+
+no particular boundaries
+to how we improvise
+
+or what we do together
+when we improvise.
+
+The only boundaries are ones
+that we set up in the moment,
+
+and the way we set this
+up is through a series
+
+of structured improvisations.
+
+So most of the work
+we're doing here
+
+is examining improvisation
+or examining music
+
+through the use of structured
+improvisational exercises.
+
+There are ways to say what
+happens if you do this.
+
+Just like when you're talking
+today about graphic notation.
+
+What happens if you do
+this and you say play it?
+
+So we'll work a lot
+with structured--
+
+and there are ways
+to look at something
+
+on a microscopic level.
+
+To go and look at
+something closely.
+
+A particular aspect of
+improvisation or of music.
+
+And then once you
+examine it, bring it
+
+into your conscious awareness,
+then all that understanding
+
+that you have is then
+available for you
+
+to use in a bigger context
+where you're improvising.
+
+Whether you're improvising
+on a squiggle or on a mode
+
+or on giant steps.
+
+So what we'll do is we'll
+take these specific exercises,
+
+hone in really closely
+on little-- small ideas,
+
+and then we'll use those in
+a freer context hopefully
+
+later on to improvise
+together as a group.
+
+So that's the second thing.
+
+There's no particular boundary.
+
+So you're able to use your
+entire personal universe
+
+of sound to improvise with.
+
+And what that means is there's
+no right and there's no wrong.
+
+So remember when we
+were talking about how--
+
+making this a safe
+place to improvise.
+
+Making this a safe place
+to show who you are
+
+and to be who you
+are in the moment.
+
+One of the reasons why it's safe
+is because there's no judgment.
+
+Because there's no
+boundaries set up
+
+by a particular style of music.
+
+There's no judgment about
+what's a right or a wrong sound.
+
+There's no judgment about
+what sounds can go together.
+
+Any sound can go
+with any other sound.
+
+So what we're
+concerned with is not
+
+judging which sounds
+are right or wrong
+
+when you put them together.
+
+We're concerned with
+what does it mean?
+
+What does it feel like?
+
+Did putting those
+sounds together express
+
+what you wanted it to express?
+
+Did it mean what you
+wanted it to mean?
+
+Did it have the effect
+on the people that
+
+were observing you do it
+that you wanted it to have?
+
+So it's really all
+sonic experimentation
+
+that we're doing together.
+
+Using these elements of
+improvisation and of music
+
+and of sound that we've grown
+up with our entire lives
+
+to say OK, if we do this
+and this, what does it do?
+
+What does it mean?
+
+How does it work?
+
+Do I like it or
+do I not like it?
+
+Does he like it ?
+
+Does he not like it?
+
+It's awful.
+
+The other thing that Mark also
+mentioned in the first class--
+
+but I think is
+worth reiterating--
+
+is that this is really
+about having fun.
+
+Improvisation should be fun.
+
+It should be fun in every
+way that you can have fun.
+
+So it should be crazy fun,
+it should be silly fun,
+
+it should be totally,
+serious intense fun.
+
+The kind of fun where you're
+so engrossed in something
+
+that you lose all track of time.
+
+The kind of fun where
+you're looking at formulas
+
+and figuring out how they work.
+
+All the kinds of
+fun you could think
+
+of that you can have
+up here improvising,
+
+and that's what it should
+ultimately be about.
+
+I think that's about
+all the things.
+
+We'll do some more, but
+that's basically-- just
+
+to give you an idea of
+where we're at here.
+
+And I mentioned before that the
+other really important thing--
+
+but I'll reiterate that
+too-- is that it's important
+
+that you tell the truth.
+
+That really what
+makes the difference
+
+between an improvisation
+that is compelling,
+
+that grips your audience, and
+one that people sort of fall
+
+asleep or run away from is
+are you telling the truth?
+
+Are you expressing yourself?
+
+Are you showing yourself?
+
+If you could do that.
+
+If you start from there, then
+every note, every phrase,
+
+every sound you play is
+going to have meaning.
+
+And over the course
+of this class,
+
+we'll figure out different
+ways to approach it.
+
+Different kinds of
+meaning that you can have.
+
+And you'll get a
+chance to experiment
+
+with different
+ideas of your own.
+
+To see what your personal
+universe of sound
+
+contributes to this group.
+
+Into what we do as improvisers.
+
+So today I was think
+and we'd start off--
+
+since we're dealing
+with graphic notation
+
+and I think we're going
+into some stuff with film
+
+improvising the
+film later-- we're
+
+going to skip over a lot
+of things I would usually
+
+do in the beginning group and
+go into some more stuff that's
+
+related to more visual
+parameters and movement.
+
+Different things that
+you might be encountering
+
+in the course of your next
+few classes and your next few
+
+assignments.
+
+So what I'd like to do is
+start off with an exercise.
+
+We'll all come up
+without instruments.
+
+A lot of times I'll start
+off with some theater
+
+exercises or
+exercises that don't
+
+involve instruments
+as a warm up.
+
+So we are filming today,
+so usually I'd do a circle,
+
+but I think for the
+sake of the camera,
+
+we'll do sort of
+like a semicircle
+
+if you can just get in a
+big arc here so you can all
+
+see each other but
+still leave an opening
+
+so we're not staring in
+the back of anybody's head.
+
+This exercise is a
+very simple exercise.
+
+It's about movement and sound,
+and the way it works is this.
+
+One person comes out here
+to the center, or actually,
+
+thinking of the
+camera placement.
+
+The center might
+not work so good.
+
+Might have just a step
+forward from where you are,
+
+and what you're
+going to do is you're
+
+going to make a
+gesture and a sound.
+
+It can be anything.
+
+It can be any kind of
+gesture, any kind of sound,
+
+and you're going to repeat it.
+
+And then everybody else is
+going to repeat it with you.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+And then after we
+do it for a while,
+
+everybody gets into the groove,
+it's how we got it going on,
+
+then you're going to go
+and take someone's place
+
+and they're going to
+step out and do theirs.
+
+And so on until everybody
+gets a chance to do it.
+
+Yeah?
+
+All right.
+
+So, I'll start.
+
+Let's see.
+
+We might need to
+get a little space
+
+in between each other just in
+case there's movement involved.
+
+All right.
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+ALL: Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+Boing!
+
+[GROANING]
+
+[CLEARING THROAT]
+
+[POPPING SOUND]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Just be
+aware that everything
+
+that the person does
+actually has meaning.
+
+So their facial expression--
+everything that they're doing
+
+is potential.
+
+[WHISTLING]
+
+[DRUMMING SOUND]
+
+AUDIENCE: Bada!
+
+ALL: Bada!
+
+Bada!
+
+Bada!
+
+Bada!
+
+Bada!
+
+Bada!
+
+[SCREECHING SOUND]
+
+AUDIENCE: Ding-dong.
+
+ALL: Ding-dong.
+
+Ding-dong.
+
+Ding-dong.
+
+Ding-dong.
+
+Ding-dong.
+
+[SNEEZING]
+
+[DEFLATION SOUND]
+
+[DRUMMING]
+
+[MEOWING]
+
+[GRUNTING]
+
+AUDIENCE: Who hasn't gone?
+
+INSTRUCTOR: I don't know.
+
+Is anybody left?
+
+Did everybody go?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah?
+
+Woo!
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Haha, good.
+
+Excellent.
+
+Now the interesting thing
+about this to me, and it's
+
+really fascinating
+and fun every time
+
+is that we do associate
+movement and sound.
+
+There was no accident that
+you chose this movement
+
+to go with that sound or that
+sound to go with this movement.
+
+There's connections
+we have in our brains
+
+about what kind of
+movement sound like what.
+
+And what kind of sounds would
+be what kind of movement.
+
+So we're going on
+sped up time here,
+
+so what I'd like to do
+is get some instruments
+
+and what I want to do
+is have some people
+
+move and some people play.
+
+Let's go in half.
+
+So we'll have-- so,
+just for now-- let's see
+
+one, two, three, four, five six.
+
+We'll have you all play and
+you all are going to move.
+
+I include you when I say play.
+
+It's all play.
+
+All instrumenting is playing.
+
+So here's the thing.
+
+Here's what I want to do
+is-- oh, yeah, let's do that.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Let's just switch with somebody.
+
+Why don't we switch you since
+you don't have an instrument
+
+to pick up what those guys
+are already picking up.
+
+So, let's do this.
+
+There's a lot of-- I've never
+done it quite this way before,
+
+so let's experiment some
+and see how this works.
+
+All you people, what
+I want you to do
+
+is you have all this
+space to move in.
+
+You can move however you want.
+
+OK?
+
+You can walk around,
+you can turn around,
+
+you can stand still.
+
+Whatever you want to do.
+
+Each of you.
+
+I want each of you to pick one
+of these people and play them.
+
+Make sounds that you think
+go with how they're moving.
+
+OK?
+
+No, we'll all go at once.
+
+Chaos is good in the
+beginning especially.
+
+Less stress.
+
+Ready?
+
+All right?
+
+Get set.
+
+Go.
+
+[VARIOUS MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: All right.
+
+Guys, guys!
+
+I gotcha now.
+
+You guys look like you're done.
+
+You guys look like
+you're done over here.
+
+Good, so do you guys-- do
+you know who was playing you?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Yup.
+
+Anybody else?
+
+Anybody else feel did you
+catch that correspondence
+
+between who was playing you?
+
+No?
+
+Who were you playing?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Anybody else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Me too.
+
+I think it was the tall
+blond-haired thing.
+
+INSTRUCTOR: He made the most
+dramatic movement initially,
+
+which attracts attention.
+
+Which is-- the other
+interesting thing
+
+is that you were
+moving in such a--
+
+you were moving initially in
+a very rhythmic way, which
+
+allowed him to set up that
+rhythmic correspondence.
+
+And sort of everything
+in the group
+
+sort of revolved around that.
+
+You remember we were talking
+in the first class about how
+
+when you set up a pulse,
+when you set up a rhythm.
+
+It just attracts things to it.
+
+Yeah, it just does because
+we're-- that's how we survive.
+
+Right?
+
+Without rhythm we
+would all be dead.
+
+Literally.
+
+Right?
+
+It's the rhythmic
+beating of our heart.
+
+It's the rhythmic bleeding
+in and out of our bodies.
+
+It's all these rhythmic
+movements inside of us
+
+that enable us to keep living.
+
+Our process is a rhythmic
+process as humans.
+
+Sleep and wake, you know?
+
+I mean we're surrounded
+by our rhythmic universe.
+
+So, we're attracted to it.
+
+And we see that.
+
+We understand the sense of that.
+
+Really fast.
+
+Faster than other
+kinds of things.
+
+So it's just something to be
+aware of as an improviser.
+
+When you set up a pulse
+or when you set up
+
+a rhythm that repeats, it's
+going to attract attention
+
+and it's going to--
+people are going
+
+to go to it until you
+repeat it for too long
+
+and then they're not
+going to hear it anymore.
+
+Like the air conditioner
+that goes on in the room.
+
+You hear it's
+really loud at first
+
+and then you don't hear it.
+
+So rhythm is like that, too.
+
+If you repeat the same rhythm
+over and over and over again,
+
+after a certain amount,
+people stop hearing it.
+
+So that's another challenge
+when we're dealing with groove
+
+and rhythm is how to keep
+it alive and fresh even
+
+though it's repetitious.
+
+Let's switch roles.
+
+I'm going to say a lot
+of different things
+
+and basically I say
+what comes into my head
+
+based on what happens, you know?
+
+Things that I see that I
+think might be interesting
+
+or might give you some kind
+of little insight, little idea
+
+about how improvisation works.
+
+I don't expect you to
+particularly remember
+
+it all or even
+think about it much,
+
+but I do expect that--
+a lot of this process
+
+is about bringing
+things to your awareness
+
+because we all mostly
+understand and have dealt
+
+with improvisation in
+our lives as a completely
+
+unconscious process.
+
+It's something we
+use continually
+
+all the time throughout
+our entire lives,
+
+and probably-- unless you're a
+jazz player-- no one has ever
+
+even mentioned it or talk to
+you at all about how it works.
+
+Which is, to me, shocking.
+
+So we hope to rectify
+that a little bit in this
+
+because basically
+every innovation
+
+springs out of a moment
+of improvisation.
+
+So the more aware
+you can be, the more
+
+things about improvisation--
+tools of improvisation
+
+that you are aware of and can
+bring into your consciousness
+
+and work with
+consciously, the more able
+
+you're going to
+be to be creative.
+
+To be innovative no matter
+what it is that you're doing.
+
+All right, so we split up?
+
+We got our two groups?
+
+And go!
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Good.
+
+Good, good, good.
+
+That was a nice ending place.
+
+One of the things I think we'll
+have to work on fairly soon--
+
+I don't think today, but
+maybe next time-- is ending.
+
+We'll do a little session
+on beginnings and endings.
+
+But for right now
+I'll just stop you.
+
+Or you can stop for yourself
+if you feel like it's done.
+
+Right.
+
+So now, let's switch this.
+
+So now what I want
+to happen is I
+
+want the people that are
+moving to pick a person that's
+
+playing, and move
+how they're playing.
+
+Now you guys are just
+going to start playing.
+
+Improvising together.
+
+And at this point,
+don't worry too much
+
+about what you're doing.
+
+Just have some fun.
+
+Just like we were when
+you came out and did
+
+a sound and a motion.
+
+And then you all
+who are moving are
+
+going to pick one of the
+people that are making sounds
+
+and you're going to
+move to their sounds.
+
+What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Should we try and
+play something together?
+
+INSTRUCTOR: I don't think you
+should try too much anything
+
+right now.
+
+A lot of times when
+you're improvising,
+
+if you try too much it makes
+it really hard to improvise.
+
+And one of the great
+things actually
+
+about doing structured
+improvisations,
+
+which is the secret goal of
+a structured improvisation,
+
+is to give your mind-- your
+conscious mind, your monkey
+
+mind, something to latch
+onto-- so that you can actually
+
+improvise freely.
+
+So yeah, I don't think
+too much about it yet.
+
+We'll give you more things to
+think about as we go along.
+
+For now, I think it's
+just important to have
+
+some fun making sounds.
+
+I mean, the interesting thing--
+if you were paying attention
+
+on these last two exercises--
+the interesting thing is
+
+the music was actually
+very interesting.
+
+You guys actually
+did play together
+
+even though that
+wasn't our objective,
+
+and you certainly didn't
+have any thing to say,
+
+oh, you're going
+to move together,
+
+you're going to play together.
+
+The fact is that
+people-- you get
+
+a group of people in any
+situation doing something
+
+together, and they're
+going to-- doing stuff.
+
+They're going to start
+to do it together.
+
+Just how we work.
+
+As you get better
+as an improviser
+
+and more conscious and more
+aware of the possibilities
+
+that are around and what
+your personal preferences
+
+and possibilities
+are, then you'll
+
+be able to be more conscious
+about being together.
+
+You'll have more choices.
+
+But right now I
+think we can just
+
+rely on our natural instinct
+to make things sound good
+
+and be together.
+
+And not think about.
+
+OK, ready?
+
+OK, here, let's just
+do this for a second.
+
+Because this is
+going to be harder.
+
+Because-- well, it might not be.
+
+See, like I'm already
+putting expectations on you.
+
+It might-- it's just going
+to be totally easy, actually.
+
+Let's just-- ready?
+
+Let's go.
+
+Go!.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: We're
+going stop here.
+
+Stop.
+
+Let's try this again.
+
+I'm going to add one thing.
+
+One is I want you guys to
+feel free to come into here.
+
+So you have all this space.
+
+It's a little
+intimidating, but you
+
+have all this space to do stuff.
+
+So let's use this space.
+
+You guys, I want you to also be
+aware of the rest of the group.
+
+We'll say that now, because--
+but be aware of them
+
+in the same way that you
+were aware of the people that
+
+were moving.
+
+You know, like when
+the people were moving
+
+and you guys were playing.
+
+You were aware of what
+everybody was playing,
+
+but you weren't that
+worried about it.
+
+You were just playing stuff that
+felt good and related to what's
+
+going on.
+
+Let's do the same thing.
+
+All right, you ready?
+
+Let's do it one more time.
+
+Same groups.
+
+So here-- everybody come out.
+
+Let's all spread out in here
+just so you're in a space
+
+already.
+
+You don't have to
+inhabit the space.
+
+You could just be in the space.
+
+And now I want you
+guys-- before we
+
+start-- to pick one of
+the people to move to.
+
+So then you'll know--
+you know already
+
+when you're going to
+move and when you're not.
+
+You guys that are playing?
+
+Don't feel like you all
+have to start at once.
+
+Wait, let's add this.
+
+This is fun.
+
+Let's wait until
+you actually feel
+
+an impulse to make a sound,
+and then make a sound.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's our structure.
+
+Wait until you have an
+impulse to make a sound.
+
+Then make the sound.
+
+As soon as you don't have
+that impose anymore, stop.
+
+You guys pick ahead of
+time before they even
+
+start playing who
+you're moving to.
+
+And let's go!
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: OK, wait a second!
+
+Let's stop again.
+
+I gave you a bad start for this.
+
+Hold on, let's stop.
+
+Let's start again.
+
+I gave you a bad start for this
+because the kind of exercise
+
+we just proposed is
+better if you guys have
+
+a little sounds
+just ahead of it.
+
+So you can actually--
+you guys can
+
+make a choice about
+when to come in.
+
+So let's start that again.
+
+That was my fault
+as director here.
+
+All right, so same thing.
+
+Inhabit the space.
+
+Get in the space.
+
+Come on.
+
+Everybody in the space.
+
+All right.
+
+So you guys right now
+pick who you're following.
+
+Is everybody picked?
+
+All right, and you
+guys take a second.
+
+Just pay attention to yourself.
+
+Wait to feel like you want to
+play something, and then play.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Nice.
+
+Nice.
+
+Great ending, too.
+
+Awesome.
+
+All right, switch--
+let's switch roles.
+
+people People who have been
+moving, get your instruments.
+
+That was great.
+
+That was great.
+
+The same exercise.
+
+I'm just going to move this
+back a little bit just in case
+
+anybody gets enthusiastic.
+
+All right, so we got movers?
+
+AUDIENCE: Mhm.
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Inhabit your space.
+
+There you go.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+INSTRUCTOR: All right.
+
+Now pick who you're
+going to follow.
+
+Pick which instrumentalist
+you're going to follow.
+
+Now the people that are playing
+instruments, take a moment.
+
+And whenever you're ready.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Excellent.
+
+Just for balance,
+let's do another one.
+
+Same groups.
+
+This time when we're
+playing, I want
+
+you to change the mood
+of what you were playing.
+
+So same thing.
+
+You guys pick.
+
+Pick a different person
+then you picked before.
+
+You got it?
+
+All right.
+
+You guys ready?
+
+OK.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[LAUGHING]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Nice.
+
+Nice work.
+
+I must commend all of you.
+
+Those are really hard
+exercises to start off
+
+the class-- for the first
+class, because they're
+
+very-- you know, you got
+to do some weird stuff.
+
+So I commend you.
+
+Thank you for being so generous
+if you were scared on that.
+
+Let's have everybody
+get our instruments.
+
+We'll go onto something
+else because I
+
+wanted to get some
+graphic stuff in
+
+here too before we
+have to leave today.
+
+So that just gives
+you some ideas.
+
+Gets you into that universe of
+like, oh, movement and sound.
+
+They go together.
+
+And if you watch, you can
+watch like while you're
+
+walking around.
+
+Watch people as
+they walk and talk.
+
+Just look at nature.
+
+See how sounds and
+movements go together,
+
+and that would give you
+some interesting ideas
+
+and some interesting things
+to play with-- oh, OK.
+
+They give you some
+interesting things
+
+to play with when you
+start doing work with film.
+
+All right, here,
+you guys over there
+
+because I'm going to draw
+some things on the board.
+
+So
+
+I'm going to just do
+some real quick things.
+
+Just playing around with
+gestures and graphic elements,
+
+and what first
+impressions of them are.
+
+So we're just going to have
+some fun playing with this.
+
+So, you know, talking
+about those kind
+
+of graphic parameters.
+
+So this-- what does
+that sound like?
+
+[STRUMMING INSTRUMENTS]
+
+Right.
+
+So there's a lot
+of things-- there's
+
+a lot of things like that.
+
+That we just have
+associations with, you know?
+
+How about this?
+
+[PLAYING INSTRUMENTS]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Interesting.
+
+So there's some
+interesting associations,
+
+which is that we tend to
+think of music visually.
+
+Particularly if you've
+grown up reading music.
+
+That's up.
+
+Up and down means the same
+thing in whatever kind of space.
+
+Whether you're working
+in musical space
+
+or you're working in
+graphic space, you know?
+
+Short and long-- We associate--
+
+[PLAYING INSTRUMENTS]
+
+Yeah, exactly.
+
+This
+
+[PLAYING INSTRUMENTS]
+
+All right, and if I do this?
+
+[PLAYING INSTRUMENTS]
+
+So short and long.
+
+It's a parameter that
+has a certain meaning.
+
+Whether you're moving or
+whether you're drawing
+
+or whether you're
+playing sounds.
+
+Up and down.
+
+High and low.
+
+What would that be?
+
+[INSTRUMENT STRUM]
+
+What would this be?
+
+[INSTRUMENTS PLAYING]
+
+Right, right.
+
+So all these kinds of
+things have meaning.
+
+And then there's things
+that have-- so there's
+
+all these different
+parameters like that.
+
+That we just have
+associations with because
+
+of our spatial awareness.
+
+There's other ones that,
+if you're a musician,
+
+you might have a sense of.
+
+I mean there's no accident
+that that means what it does.
+
+[STRUMMING INSTRUMENT]
+
+What's that sound like?
+
+[PLAYING INSTRUMENTS]
+
+Good.
+
+So let's do this.
+
+I'm going to put up things--
+I think this is fun.
+
+So what I want to do is-- like
+you've been doing-- play them,
+
+but what I want you to do
+is play them all together
+
+as a group.
+
+So I'll put it up
+and then you guys,
+
+I'll give you a
+little space and then
+
+you guys play it
+together and stop.
+
+And I'll put another one up.
+
+We'll talk about
+them a little bit.
+
+Yeah, so crescendo, decrescendo.
+
+We learned that in music
+it means what it means,
+
+but also graphically it quite
+obviously means what it means.
+
+And I think in math there's like
+a greater or lesser thing going
+
+on here, too, right?
+
+Is that the same meaning
+or a different one?
+
+No?
+
+No?
+
+AUDIENCE: Close enough.
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Close enough?
+
+What does that symbol mean?
+
+AUDIENCE: Everything
+on the right
+
+is bigger than
+everything on the left.
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Oh, OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: OK.
+
+Yup.
+
+Yeah, so the volume would
+be greater on the right than
+
+on the left.
+
+Yeah, so same thing.
+
+Volume is greater here
+in music than it is here.
+
+Yeah, cool.
+
+All right.
+
+So here we'll just have some fun
+and play some different ones.
+
+I'll just conduct
+you to begin and you
+
+can end whenever you
+feel like it ends.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+That's fun How about this?
+
+Let's see.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+That's fun.
+
+I've never done this before.
+
+Let's see, let's see.
+
+How about this.
+
+What would you do if I did this?
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+Cool.
+
+I figured I had
+to do that or else
+
+you'd just keep going and going.
+
+It would never stop.
+
+All right, let's see.
+
+All right, we're
+going to do this.
+
+Ready?
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Good.
+
+All right, so we're
+going to-- I'm
+
+going to add-- I think that
+we could play with this
+
+for a little bit and add a
+couple other elements in here.
+
+So let's play this
+as if you're each
+
+playing this sequence
+individually at whatever pace
+
+and whatever timing you want.
+
+OK?
+
+And it ends-- the
+piece begins whenever
+
+the first person starts.
+
+The piece ends whenever
+the last person ends.
+
+You ready?
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+Great.
+
+Awesome.
+
+Good.
+
+Let's play the same
+thing, except now I
+
+want you to all move as one.
+
+Ready?
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+Good.
+
+Now the interesting thing there,
+and this is pretty much true
+
+whenever movement is
+involved is that if you're
+
+trying to fall
+somebody, or you're
+
+trying to move as a
+group, the first person
+
+that moves controls
+the movement.
+
+Because this is--
+if you're saying
+
+we're all moving together, then
+as soon as one person moves,
+
+everybody else has to move.
+
+Here, let's do this.
+
+We'll add another part in.
+
+Let's play that first.
+
+What does that sound like?
+
+[SQUIGGLY INSTRUMENT STRUMMING]
+
+That's so weird that we
+all have similar reactions
+
+to these things.
+
+OK, so-- I guess
+not weird, really.
+
+But it's interesting to me.
+
+OK, so let's-- you can choose.
+
+You can choose either to
+play this part of this part.
+
+So it'll be a two-part thing.
+
+The people that are
+playing each part,
+
+I want you to play
+your part together.
+
+So there's two challenges.
+
+One you have to
+identify the people that
+
+are playing your part
+and stay with them.
+
+OK.
+
+Ready?
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+Cool.
+
+So did you feel like you
+knew who was playing what?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Who was playing what?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Anybody else?
+
+AUDIENCE: I feel like it
+was kind of estranged.
+
+I feel like if you want to have
+everyone be on the same page,
+
+then like-- this is at
+least going through my head.
+
+How are we going to time this?
+
+And then is there a standard
+way to read from left to right?
+
+Approximately from
+the time we finished
+
+playing those first two
+lines, whatever that means,
+
+we kind of start the squiggly
+thing, whatever that means.
+
+Just because I assumed
+that everyone else assumed
+
+that assumed that, et cetera.
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Right.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Well let's say-- let's
+make that more explicit.
+
+Because you're right.
+
+People-- we are used to
+as a culture moving from
+
+left to right, but in
+all kinds of reading.
+
+And in music temporally you
+move from left to right.
+
+It indicates time.
+
+In art, I'm not sure if that's
+necessarily true since it's
+
+more-- but definitely
+in music you
+
+tend to think that this is
+the beginning, that's the end,
+
+and we sort of been
+playing that way all along.
+
+So let's say specifically
+this is the beginning.
+
+Actually, let's do repeats.
+
+We'll do it twice.
+
+All right, so we are
+going to play it twice.
+
+That's the beginning.
+
+That's the end.
+
+So if you choose to do the
+squigglies-- technical term,
+
+the squigglies.
+
+Remember that.
+
+If you choose to do that, then
+you're starting like a little
+
+after the third note.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: No.
+
+No.
+
+It might be more
+fun if you didn't.
+
+OK, you ready?
+
+You can start whenever you want.
+
+I'm going to stop starting you.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Awesome.
+
+That was great.
+
+All right, let's
+add a third part.
+
+Anybody?
+
+Any volunteers?
+
+Want to add a third part?
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Ooh.
+
+OK, you ready?
+
+Let's take the repeats
+off this time, though.
+
+Because I want to do a
+couple more and we're
+
+running out of time.
+
+OK, you ready?
+
+Whenever.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: That was cool.
+
+All right, let's do another one.
+
+We got time to do one more.
+
+This is when I feel
+really teachery where
+
+I have to do blackboard.
+
+All right.
+
+First part-- let's
+do three parts.
+
+So key here is
+make them specific.
+
+Make them simple at this point.
+
+Makes it easier.
+
+Haha, did I blow your
+thing [? there? ?]
+
+No, no.
+
+Go ahead.
+
+Go ahead.
+
+Do what you want to do.
+
+We'll see.
+
+Oh yeah, that's simple.
+
+Or not.
+
+Oh.
+
+It's like that ribbon candy.
+
+Cool.
+
+All right, what's
+the second part?
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Haha.
+
+Good.
+
+Let's do this one-- let's
+split into-- let's do it
+
+in two different groups.
+
+Just to make it-- because
+there's a lot of sound there.
+
+So we'll just split it in half.
+
+One, two, three, four, five.
+
+You guys can split
+up if you want to.
+
+Would you rather do
+that or play together?
+
+All right.
+
+Yeah, so you'll be one,
+one, one, one, one.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can I have one?
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Yeah, sure.
+
+AUDIENCE: All right.
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Yeah.
+
+All right, so you guys
+go first and then--
+
+let's see what they sound like.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Good.
+
+Now second group, same piece.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+INSTRUCTOR: Cool.
+
+I think that's a
+good place to stop.
+
+All right, thank you.
+
+So for this week
+as you're just--
+
+as you're walking
+around, pay attention.
+
+Pay attention to the
+sound of movement
+
+and how they go together in your
+mind and outside of your mind.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xYi0bz-QgEw.txt b/xYi0bz-QgEw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e746b8b6c66190d56e75bef6c8c0ccc8d7e57a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xYi0bz-QgEw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so teamwork is extremely important both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so teamwork is extremely important both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so teamwork is extremely important both
+in 8 13 and 814 and again that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 8 13 and 814 and again that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 8 13 and 814 and again that's one of
+the things that many of them really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that many of them really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that many of them really
+learn in uh in junior lab for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in uh in junior lab for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in uh in junior lab for the first
+time that they have the the partner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that they have the the partner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that they have the the partner and
+they really have to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really have to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really have to figure out how to
+make sure that the two of them U so join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the two of them U so join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the two of them U so join
+join forces in in in doing this so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join forces in in in doing this so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join forces in in in doing this so it's
+not just dividing the work but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just dividing the work but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just dividing the work but really
+working together to make the most out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together to make the most out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together to make the most out of
+their out of their time and uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their out of their time and uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their out of their time and uh I think
+the it's really the the most successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's really the the most successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's really the the most successful
+teams are the ones that uh work closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams are the ones that uh work closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams are the ones that uh work closely
+together and don't just uh meet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and don't just uh meet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and don't just uh meet in the
+lab and then split up afterwards and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and then split up afterwards and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and then split up afterwards and I
+think impressing that on the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think impressing that on the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think impressing that on the students
+and the the value of collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the value of collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the value of collaboration
+is one of the goals that we have in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the goals that we have in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the goals that we have in in
+813 and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+813 and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+813 and then in
+8:14 at the beginning of the uh of 813
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:14 at the beginning of the uh of 813
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:14 at the beginning of the uh of 813
+we have a lectures on collaboration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lectures on collaboration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lectures on collaboration by
+one of the rap instructors and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the rap instructors and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the rap instructors and uh the
+students uh at the beginning are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh at the beginning are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh at the beginning are
+sometimes a little bit amused at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a little bit amused at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a little bit amused at at
+these lectures because they they spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures because they they spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures because they they spell
+Out Concepts that seem rather natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out Concepts that seem rather natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out Concepts that seem rather natural
+but once this gets translated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once this gets translated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once this gets translated into
+practice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in
+a13 I think I hope that the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 I think I hope that the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a13 I think I hope that the students
+realize that uh these Concepts really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that uh these Concepts really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that uh these Concepts really
+are uh important the for for their for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh important the for for their for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh important the for for their for
+their work and to be able to uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work and to be able to uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work and to be able to uh be
+reliable to be able to trust uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable to be able to trust uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable to be able to trust uh the
+other person to be able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person to be able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person to be able to take
+criticism from the other uh from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism from the other uh from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism from the other uh from their
+partner uh to be able to uh really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner uh to be able to uh really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner uh to be able to uh really uh
+split the work in a in an uh effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the work in a in an uh effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the work in a in an uh effective
+way but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but then
+also collaborate on in cross-checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also collaborate on in cross-checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also collaborate on in cross-checking
+each other's work um these are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other's work um these are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other's work um these are things
+that we discuss at the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discuss at the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discuss at the beginning and
+then try to mon monitor continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try to mon monitor continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try to mon monitor continuously
+throughout the semester and I find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester and I find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester and I find that
+often that the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that the students
+that um find their time management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um find their time management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um find their time management
+towards the end of the semester the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the semester the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the semester the most
+challenging are the ones who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging are the ones who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging are the ones who didn't
+really develop a good style of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really develop a good style of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really develop a good style of
+collaboration with their partner so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with their partner so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with their partner so this
+is a so one of the predictors of uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a so one of the predictors of uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a so one of the predictors of uh what
+causes difficulties towards the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes difficulties towards the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes difficulties towards the end of
+the semester when many things come come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester when many things come come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester when many things come come
+due in a very short time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xieyFMfX-Ao.txt b/xieyFMfX-Ao.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2837c79b0bd403beb3901c0b387e4c25ebb50fea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xieyFMfX-Ao.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14341 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+your support will help mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's time to get started today we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to get started today we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to get started today we'll
+complete our discussion of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete our discussion of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete our discussion of nuclear
+magnetic resonance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance and
+we started that last time and after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started that last time and after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started that last time and after that
+we will talk about multi-particle states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about multi-particle states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about multi-particle states
+the kind of quantum mechanical states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of quantum mechanical states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of quantum mechanical states
+that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need
+if your system has more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your system has more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your system has more than one
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+that will bring us naturally to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will bring us naturally to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will bring us naturally to the idea
+of tensor products of vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tensor products of vector spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tensor products of vector spaces
+which is the key mathematical idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the key mathematical idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the key mathematical idea
+behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+operations such as addition of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations such as addition of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations such as addition of angular
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+by introducing a little before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by introducing a little before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by introducing a little before
+we really talk about addition of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really talk about addition of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really talk about addition of angular
+momentum the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the idea of
+tensor products of vector spaces i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor products of vector spaces i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor products of vector spaces i
+really hope that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hope that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hope that uh
+this subject will look a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject will look a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject will look a lot less
+mysterious in a couple of weeks when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious in a couple of weeks when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious in a couple of weeks when we
+will really be adding angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will really be adding angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will really be adding angular momentum
+so you will have seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+main mathematical structures and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main mathematical structures and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main mathematical structures and you
+will know what you're supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will know what you're supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will know what you're supposed to do
+when you have a formula so that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a formula so that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a formula so that should
+be of some help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of some help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of some help
+so last time we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we were talking about
+nuclear magnetic resonance and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear magnetic resonance and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear magnetic resonance and i
+described the problem here is a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the problem here is a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the problem here is a summary
+of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where
+more or less we got last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less we got last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less we got last time
+we said in the setup for nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said in the setup for nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said in the setup for nuclear
+magnetic resonance we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance we have a
+large magnetic field the longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large magnetic field the longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large magnetic field the longitudinal
+magnetic field is sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is sometimes called
+along the z direction in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the z direction in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the z direction in addition to
+that longitudinal magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that longitudinal magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that longitudinal magnetic field
+there's a rotating magnetic field in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rotating magnetic field in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rotating magnetic field in the
+x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y
+plane and it's rotating in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and it's rotating in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and it's rotating in the direction
+that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see
+here a scene on the x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a scene on the x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a scene on the x y
+plane is clockwise on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is clockwise on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is clockwise on the plane
+in terms of a rotation around the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a rotation around the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a rotation around the z
+direction it's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's negative
+in the sense that the positive rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that the positive rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that the positive rotation
+around the z plane would go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the z plane would go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the z plane would go like this
+and this magnetic field is rotating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this magnetic field is rotating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this magnetic field is rotating in
+the other direction so i wrote it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction so i wrote it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction so i wrote it here
+the magnitude of this radio frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of this radio frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of this radio frequency
+component is b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is b1
+and typically is much smaller than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically is much smaller than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically is much smaller than b
+naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+in the problems of interest then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problems of interest then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problems of interest then
+as you recall the spin hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you recall the spin hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you recall the spin hamiltonian
+is always given by this constant gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always given by this constant gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always given by this constant gamma
+that relates the dipole moment of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates the dipole moment of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates the dipole moment of a
+particle to its spin angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle to its spin angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle to its spin angular momentum
+b dot s the s operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b dot s the s operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b dot s the s operator
+and the s operator has components s x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the s operator has components s x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the s operator has components s x x
+y is z multiplied by b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is z multiplied by b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is z multiplied by b
+well the z component picks up sz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the z component picks up sz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the z component picks up sz
+the x component sx the y component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x component sx the y component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x component sx the y component
+sy and this is your hamiltonian and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy and this is your hamiltonian and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy and this is your hamiltonian and as
+we emphasized last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we emphasized last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we emphasized last time
+this hamiltonian is time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hamiltonian is time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hamiltonian is time dependent
+moreover at different times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover at different times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover at different times the
+hamiltonian don't commute so you take hs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian don't commute so you take hs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian don't commute so you take hs
+at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time
+t1 hs at time t2 they don't commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 hs at time t2 they don't commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 hs at time t2 they don't commute
+therefore any of the formulas we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore any of the formulas we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore any of the formulas we have
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+solving problems like this don't apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the only formula that applies is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only formula that applies is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only formula that applies is this
+time ordered exponential that we spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ordered exponential that we spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ordered exponential that we spoke
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that in general is very difficult to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general is very difficult to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general is very difficult to use
+the time order exponential just never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time order exponential just never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time order exponential just never
+quits and uh your right terms term after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quits and uh your right terms term after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quits and uh your right terms term after
+term and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then
+you have to add it all up and adding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add it all up and adding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add it all up and adding it
+all up is difficult so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up is difficult so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up is difficult so
+most of the times is not a great help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the times is not a great help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the times is not a great help
+so what did we say we would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did we say we would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did we say we would do
+we wondered if we could somehow do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wondered if we could somehow do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wondered if we could somehow do
+quantum mechanics or think of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics or think of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics or think of quantum
+mechanics in the rotating frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in the rotating frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in the rotating frame
+in a frame that is rotating with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a frame that is rotating with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a frame that is rotating with the
+magnetic field in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field in such a way that
+perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+in that frame the physics would simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that frame the physics would simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that frame the physics would simplify
+and physics simplifying would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physics simplifying would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physics simplifying would be that
+the hamiltonian becomes time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian becomes time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian becomes time independent
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're trying to figure out how would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to figure out how would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to figure out how would the
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+look in another frame now we've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in another frame now we've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in another frame now we've not
+discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+of in general very explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in general very explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in general very explicitly
+transformations of hamiltonians between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of hamiltonians between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of hamiltonians between
+different frames but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frames but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frames but we can
+sort of roughly try to guess what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of roughly try to guess what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of roughly try to guess what it
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+have to do so what we said last time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do so what we said last time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do so what we said last time is
+that we would imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would imagine
+that you have a original system and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a original system and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a original system and no
+magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+nothing whatsoever so forget about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing whatsoever so forget about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing whatsoever so forget about all
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+no magnetic field you put the spin state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no magnetic field you put the spin state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no magnetic field you put the spin state
+it stays there forever doesn't precess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stays there forever doesn't precess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stays there forever doesn't precess
+doesn't process because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't process because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't process because there's no
+magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+then you jump into a rotating frame so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you jump into a rotating frame so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you jump into a rotating frame so
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+this was the static frame no magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the static frame no magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the static frame no magnetic
+field and then you start rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and then you start rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and then you start rotating
+and then you look at the spins and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you look at the spins and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you look at the spins and you
+know the spins are not moving and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the spins are not moving and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the spins are not moving and you
+but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you
+say oh i'm rotating so i for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh i'm rotating so i for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh i'm rotating so i for me
+they seem to be precessing in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to be precessing in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to be precessing in fact
+precessing with the angular frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precessing with the angular frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precessing with the angular frequency
+that i am rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i am rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i am rotating
+and uh therefore in my rotating frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh therefore in my rotating frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh therefore in my rotating frame
+i would have a hamiltonian that i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would have a hamiltonian that i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would have a hamiltonian that i would
+call the rotating hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the rotating hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the rotating hamiltonian
+hr and how would it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hr and how would it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hr and how would it look
+we claim that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we claim that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we claim that in fact
+states of in my rotating frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of in my rotating frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of in my rotating frame
+would have to be rotating really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be rotating really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be rotating really this
+way because i'm rotating with a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because i'm rotating with a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because i'm rotating with a magnetic
+field so for me they're rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so for me they're rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so for me they're rotating
+in the positive z direction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the positive z direction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the positive z direction with
+angular frequency omega and this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency omega and this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency omega and this would
+be the operator that makes them rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the operator that makes them rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the operator that makes them rotate
+exactly that way because if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that way because if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that way because if you remember
+an operator here minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator here minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator here minus i
+angle s z over h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle s z over h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle s z over h bar
+this is the angle as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the angle as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the angle as a function of time
+omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t
+that's how these operators rotate states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how these operators rotate states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how these operators rotate states
+so this u of t is the u of t that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this u of t is the u of t that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this u of t is the u of t that
+rotates states the way i want them in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates states the way i want them in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates states the way i want them in my
+rotating frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frame
+now you remember for time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you remember for time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you remember for time independent
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+the unitary operators e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unitary operators e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unitary operators e to the minus
+i h t over h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h t over h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h t over h bar
+so you identify the hamiltonian as omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you identify the hamiltonian as omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you identify the hamiltonian as omega
+s z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z
+omega s z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega s z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega s z
+in general the hamiltonian of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the hamiltonian of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the hamiltonian of a
+given a unitary operator the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a unitary operator the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a unitary operator the hamiltonian
+is obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained
+this way you take the time derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you take the time derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you take the time derivative of
+it multiplied by u dagger and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it multiplied by u dagger and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it multiplied by u dagger and that's the
+formula for the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the hamiltonian
+given the time evolution operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the time evolution operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the time evolution operator
+something we did about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we did about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we did about
+a couple of weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's where we stood some idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we stood some idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we stood some idea about
+a rotating frame so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotating frame so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotating frame so
+the way we now make this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we now make this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we now make this um
+complete is to say well i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete is to say well i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete is to say well i'm going to
+attempt to do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to do the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to do the following
+i'm going to act on with u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to act on with u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to act on with u
+this u of t on this complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this u of t on this complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this u of t on this complicated
+state that i don't know how it behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that i don't know how it behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that i don't know how it behaves
+and this i'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rotated wave function it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotated wave function it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotated wave function it's a
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+going to use this operator that seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this operator that seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this operator that seems to
+induce a rotation of the frames and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a rotation of the frames and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a rotation of the frames and
+act it on the state to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act it on the state to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act it on the state to find
+this and we're going to hope that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we're going to hope that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we're going to hope that the
+schrodinger equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation for
+this one is simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is simpler
+so actually last time i actually did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually last time i actually did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually last time i actually did the
+computation and found what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and found what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and found what
+is the schrodinger hamiltonian for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the schrodinger hamiltonian for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the schrodinger hamiltonian for this
+uh psi r i want to do it in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh psi r i want to do it in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh psi r i want to do it in a slightly
+different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way
+i think it's a little easier perhaps or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's a little easier perhaps or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's a little easier perhaps or
+maybe less familiar but more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe less familiar but more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe less familiar but more interesting
+i write this like that u of t and i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i write this like that u of t and i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i write this like that u of t and i say
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+um this state evolves due to its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this state evolves due to its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this state evolves due to its own
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+u of t is an extra thing i've put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t is an extra thing i've put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t is an extra thing i've put here
+so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is
+u of t but how do i distinguish it i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t but how do i distinguish it i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t but how do i distinguish it i'll
+put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it
+s for the spin system for hs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psi zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi zero so
+psi of t is being evolved by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi of t is being evolved by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi of t is being evolved by the
+schrodinger hamilton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger hamilton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger hamilton
+the unitary operator associated to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unitary operator associated to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unitary operator associated to the
+hamiltonian that we want times time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that we want times time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that we want times time of
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+so this is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unitary operator that evolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator that evolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator that evolves
+the state therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state therefore
+i'm going to say i'm going to recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say i'm going to recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say i'm going to recover
+the hamiltonian using this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian using this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian using this formula
+so i will simply say that the rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i will simply say that the rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i will simply say that the rotating
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h r is
+i h bar d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h bar d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h bar d
+t of this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of this whole thing
+u of t u s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t u s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t u s
+of t times its dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t times its dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t times its dagger
+because this is the general formula to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the general formula to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the general formula to
+obtain the hamiltonian when you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the hamiltonian when you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the hamiltonian when you know the
+time evolution operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time evolution operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time evolution operator
+so the dagger of this would be u s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dagger of this would be u s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dagger of this would be u s
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+u of t dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we have to evaluate this derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to evaluate this derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to evaluate this derivatives
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+all that bad if the time derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that bad if the time derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that bad if the time derivative
+hits the u this one then u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the u this one then u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the u this one then u
+and u dagger annihilate each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u dagger annihilate each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u dagger annihilate each other
+so you're left with u dagger of t here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're left with u dagger of t here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're left with u dagger of t here
+so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get
+i h bar d t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h bar d t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h bar d t
+u u dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u u dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u u dagger
+now when it acts on the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when it acts on the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when it acts on the second one
+what do we get well i'll write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get well i'll write it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get well i'll write it this
+way plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way plus
+u of t because this will be first then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t because this will be first then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t because this will be first then
+i h bar dtus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you have u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have u
+s dagger and then u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s dagger and then u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s dagger and then u
+dagger of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this thing
+is how much well this thing is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much well this thing is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much well this thing is in fact
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+hamiltonian associated to what we call u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian associated to what we call u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian associated to what we call u
+which is just omega s z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um actually i don't know if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um actually i don't know if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um actually i don't know if i have
+yeah i have this notation here i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i have this notation here i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i have this notation here i think
+it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful
+h of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the hamiltonian associated to whatever u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian associated to whatever u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian associated to whatever u
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+so you get a nice formula plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a nice formula plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a nice formula plus
+u of t this is the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t this is the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t this is the hamiltonian
+hs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u dagger of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this formula we derived also last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this formula we derived also last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this formula we derived also last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+by looking at the differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the differential equations
+equation satisfied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation satisfied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation satisfied by
+psi r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a nice formula it you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a nice formula it you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a nice formula it you know if
+somebody gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gives you
+something like this and says here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and says here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and says here's a
+unitary operator what is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator what is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator what is the new
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+the new hamiltonian is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new hamiltonian is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new hamiltonian is equal to the
+transformed old hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed old hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed old hamiltonian
+plus the hamiltonian associated to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the hamiltonian associated to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the hamiltonian associated to this
+time evolution operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time evolution operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time evolution operator
+it's a nice formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now more concretely now we can see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now more concretely now we can see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now more concretely now we can see what
+this is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to be
+so um here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um here is the
+important um crucial step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um crucial step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um crucial step
+let's see h r is supposed to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see h r is supposed to be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see h r is supposed to be what
+we now know we're going to choose u to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know we're going to choose u to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know we're going to choose u to
+be this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this thing
+therefore h u is omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s z hat but now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z hat but now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z hat but now we have
+u of t u dagger of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t u dagger of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t u dagger of t
+so i have plus e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have plus e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have plus e to the
+minus i omega t s z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i omega t s z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i omega t s z
+over h bar times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h bar times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h bar times the
+hamiltonian that we have over there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that we have over there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that we have over there this
+full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full
+hamiltonian hs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian hs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian hs so
+what is it minus gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it minus gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it minus gamma
+big parenthesis b naught s z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big parenthesis b naught s z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big parenthesis b naught s z
+hat plus b 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus b 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus b 1
+cosine omega t s x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t s x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t s x
+minus sine omega t s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine omega t s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine omega t s
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that e to the i omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that e to the i omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that e to the i omega t
+s z over h bar okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z over h bar okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z over h bar okay
+that's supposed to be our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to be our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to be our new
+hamiltonian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and
+unless it simplifies we have not gained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it simplifies we have not gained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it simplifies we have not gained
+all that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so before simplifying are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before simplifying are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before simplifying are there
+questions anything we've gotten so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+the unitary operator that enacts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unitary operator that enacts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unitary operator that enacts the
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+and it's not the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right u of t is the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right u of t is the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right u of t is the thing that
+essentially moves us into the rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially moves us into the rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially moves us into the rotating
+frame this is the hope that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any unitary operator if it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any unitary operator if it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any unitary operator if it's what
+evolves your states corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves your states corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves your states corresponds to a
+hamiltonian but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian but that's not
+anything a priori to do with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything a priori to do with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything a priori to do with our
+original hamiltonian it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original hamiltonian it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original hamiltonian it's
+just another hamiltonian so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another hamiltonian so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another hamiltonian so
+you choose your u of t behind it is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose your u of t behind it is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose your u of t behind it is some
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+but what you learn is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you learn is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you learn is that the
+hamiltonian for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian for your
+new system or for the new wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new system or for the new wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new system or for the new wave function
+will involve that other hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+is yeah it's hu i think you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah it's hu i think you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah it's hu i think you're probably
+right i should call it just hu for yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i should call it just hu for yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i should call it just hu for yeah
+it's a bad idea to call it h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bad idea to call it h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bad idea to call it h
+r u h u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r u h u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r u h u
+much better thank you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better thank you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better thank you here
+h r is the hamiltonian associated to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h r is the hamiltonian associated to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h r is the hamiltonian associated to the
+schroedinger equation here so the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schroedinger equation here so the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schroedinger equation here so the claim
+behind this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this calculation
+is that if you calculate that i h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you calculate that i h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you calculate that i h bar
+ddt of psi r of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ddt of psi r of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ddt of psi r of t
+you would find h r psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find h r psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find h r psi
+r of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the calculation i think we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the calculation i think we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the calculation i think we did
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+in which we just calculated these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we just calculated these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we just calculated these
+derivatives and you find this answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's continue here and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue here and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue here and see what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+well i have an s z and an sz a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i have an s z and an sz a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i have an s z and an sz a
+similarity transformation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity transformation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity transformation here
+but here is a z so that s z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here is a z so that s z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here is a z so that s z
+doesn't care and it can just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care and it can just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care and it can just go
+out so what do we have we have omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so what do we have we have omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so what do we have we have omega
+minus gamma b naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat like that
+then the rest would be what i can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rest would be what i can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rest would be what i can take
+out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the
+numbers gamma the b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers gamma the b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers gamma the b1
+and then i have this exponential e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have this exponential e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have this exponential e to
+the minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus i
+omega t s z hat over h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t s z hat over h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t s z hat over h
+bar and just having here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and just having here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and just having here
+cosine omega t s x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t s x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t s x
+hat minus sine omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat minus sine omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat minus sine omega t
+s y hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s y hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s y hat
+e to the i omega t s z hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i omega t s z hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i omega t s z hat
+over h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there's two ways to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two ways to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two ways to do this
+uh you have an exponential here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have an exponential here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have an exponential here and
+another exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another exponential
+this is the kind of thing you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of thing you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of thing you've done
+quite a few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few times
+in different ways you could expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways you could expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways you could expand
+exponentials and just multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and just multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and just multiply
+or you can sort of do this usual formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can sort of do this usual formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can sort of do this usual formula
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+e to the a b e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the a b e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the a b e to the minus
+a for this term and for this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for this term and for this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for this term and for this term
+and simplify and do many things so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simplify and do many things so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simplify and do many things so let's
+do something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when one looks at this one could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one looks at this one could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one looks at this one could say
+well here is my problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here is my problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here is my problem
+hr you know i know u of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hr you know i know u of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hr you know i know u of t
+i fixed it so knowing psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i fixed it so knowing psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i fixed it so knowing psi
+is knowing psi r but to know psi r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is knowing psi r but to know psi r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is knowing psi r but to know psi r
+i need to know h r and h r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to know h r and h r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to know h r and h r
+still looks very complicated unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still looks very complicated unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still looks very complicated unless
+somehow this whole idea has worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this whole idea has worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this whole idea has worked out
+very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+and this simplifies and the hope is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this simplifies and the hope is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this simplifies and the hope is that
+it simplifies because in the rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simplifies because in the rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simplifies because in the rotating
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+the field is not rotating anymore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field is not rotating anymore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field is not rotating anymore so
+i'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m of t and i think one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m of t and i think one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m of t and i think one way of
+doing this doing something if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this doing something if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this doing something if you're
+in a rush and you don't have a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a rush and you don't have a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a rush and you don't have a formula
+sheet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet or
+any of those things is to just take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those things is to just take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those things is to just take its
+derivative it's time derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it's time derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it's time derivative
+now if you have a function of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have a function of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have a function of time and
+you don't know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what it is
+take its time derivative and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its time derivative and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its time derivative and maybe
+you'll see a differential equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a differential equation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a differential equation or
+see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something
+so let's take the ddt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of m of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m of t
+okay so what do we get well we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do we get well we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do we get well we get the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+e to the minus i omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus i omega t
+s z over h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z over h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z over h bar
+and i'll put a big parenthesis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll put a big parenthesis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll put a big parenthesis here
+okay here i have an object when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here i have an object when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here i have an object when i
+this is something i i think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something i i think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something i i think you're
+familiar you've been computing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar you've been computing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar you've been computing these
+things for coherent state for squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for coherent state for squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for coherent state for squeeze
+states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and
+for all that so this will certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all that so this will certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all that so this will certainly
+sound familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound familiar
+if you take a time derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a time derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a time derivative of this
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+it will bring an operator down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will bring an operator down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will bring an operator down
+when you take the time derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the time derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the time derivative of
+this operator it will bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator it will bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator it will bring the
+operator down but with a different sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator down but with a different sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator down but with a different sign
+and therefore it will form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it will form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it will form the
+commutator with the thing that is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator with the thing that is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator with the thing that is in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+so the first time the first thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first time the first thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first time the first thing in the
+in this thing is the commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing is the commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing is the commutator
+of you take the time derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you take the time derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you take the time derivative of this
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+minus i omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i omega
+s z hat over h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z hat over h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z hat over h bar
+with the rest of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rest of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rest of this thing
+with cosine omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cosine omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cosine omega t
+s x minus sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x minus sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x minus sine
+omega t s y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t s y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t s y
+because the first derivative brings down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first derivative brings down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first derivative brings down
+the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus
+i omega this over that so i'll actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i omega this over that so i'll actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i omega this over that so i'll actually
+take the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the minus
+i omega over h bar out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's the first term that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the first term that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the first term that you get
+from differentiating this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from differentiating this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from differentiating this and that
+and then you have to differentiate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to differentiate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to differentiate the
+term in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the middle
+so then you get plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you get plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you get plus or
+minus omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus omega
+sine omega t as x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine omega t as x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine omega t as x
+hat minus omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat minus omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat minus omega
+cosine omega t s y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t s y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t s y
+hat and now i can close the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and now i can close the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and now i can close the big
+parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses
+and put the other exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+see this s z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this s z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this s z
+with s x is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with s x is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with s x is my
+is i h bar s y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i h bar s y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i h bar s y
+so you get here minus i omega over h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get here minus i omega over h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get here minus i omega over h
+bar i h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar i h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar i h bar
+s y cosine omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because s c with s x you know you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because s c with s x you know you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because s c with s x you know you should
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+that i think otherwise you waste time x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think otherwise you waste time x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think otherwise you waste time x
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+and z when you have s z with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z when you have s z with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z when you have s z with
+s x you get s y s x with s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x you get s y s x with s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x you get s y s x with s
+y you get the z that order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y you get the z that order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y you get the z that order
+helps so i h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps so i h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps so i h
+bar this and then the other term would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar this and then the other term would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar this and then the other term would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+minus sine omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine omega t
+but now s z with s y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now s z with s y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now s z with s y is
+minus i h bar so plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i h bar so plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i h bar so plus
+i h bar s x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i won't copy the other term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i won't copy the other term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i won't copy the other term and
+let's see if it worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if it worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if it worked out
+minus i and i is a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i and i is a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i and i is a plus
+the h bar cancels so plus omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h bar cancels so plus omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h bar cancels so plus omega
+s y cosine omega t minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s y cosine omega t minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s y cosine omega t minus
+omega cosine omega t s y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega cosine omega t s y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega cosine omega t s y
+so this term cancels with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term cancels with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term cancels with this
+and this uh there's an i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh there's an i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh there's an i
+h bar the sign is the same so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar the sign is the same so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar the sign is the same so it's a
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+omega sine sx minus omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega sine sx minus omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega sine sx minus omega
+so these two cancel and happily this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two cancel and happily this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two cancel and happily this
+whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is
+zero so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that
+is the signal your strategy worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why because m of t looks like it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because m of t looks like it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because m of t looks like it has
+lots of time dependence but in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of time dependence but in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of time dependence but in fact it
+has none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has none
+its derivative is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its derivative is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its derivative is zero so
+uh if its derivative is zero you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if its derivative is zero you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if its derivative is zero you can
+evaluate it at any time you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it at any time you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it at any time you want
+well the best time to evaluate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the best time to evaluate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the best time to evaluate it
+is uh time equals zero now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh time equals zero now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh time equals zero now
+and you put here zero disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put here zero disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put here zero disappears
+disappears this term disappears whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears this term disappears whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears this term disappears whole
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+is just sx hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing else so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else so uh
+you may want to do it the other way by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to do it the other way by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to do it the other way by
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+this uh similarity on this and on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh similarity on this and on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh similarity on this and on that
+or do it whichever way you want but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do it whichever way you want but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do it whichever way you want but this
+is good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good enough
+so we have that this whole hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have that this whole hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have that this whole hamiltonian
+has become very simple so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become very simple so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become very simple so
+h r has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h r has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h r has become
+and i'll copy it here i want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll copy it here i want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll copy it here i want to make
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus gamma b zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gamma b zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gamma b zero
+plus omega s z hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus omega s z hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus omega s z hat
+minus gamma b one s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gamma b one s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gamma b one s
+x hat very nice hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x hat very nice hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x hat very nice hamiltonian
+just two pieces the sz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two pieces the sz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two pieces the sz
+part of the hamiltonian that used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the hamiltonian that used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the hamiltonian that used to be
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+got this extra piece from the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this extra piece from the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this extra piece from the rotation
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+our omega sz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our omega sz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our omega sz
+and this piece over here is all what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this piece over here is all what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this piece over here is all what is
+left of the rotating one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the rotating one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the rotating one because
+in the rotating frame the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rotating frame the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rotating frame the magnetic field
+is always along the x-axis as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always along the x-axis as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always along the x-axis as it was
+at time equals zero so it's a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time equals zero so it's a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time equals zero so it's a perfectly
+nice hamiltonian let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice hamiltonian let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice hamiltonian let's
+factor a few things let's remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a few things let's remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a few things let's remember the
+notation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that
+omega naught is the alarm or frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega naught is the alarm or frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega naught is the alarm or frequency
+associated to b naught so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll write here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to minus gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to minus gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to minus gamma
+b naught minus omega over gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b naught minus omega over gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b naught minus omega over gamma
+s z hat plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z hat plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z hat plus b
+1 s x hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s x hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s x hat
+which is minus gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is minus gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is minus gamma
+b naught 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b naught 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b naught 1 minus
+omega over omega naught s z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega over omega naught s z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega over omega naught s z
+hat plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus
+b 1 s x hat so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b 1 s x hat so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b 1 s x hat so let me
+look at what we've done first step i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what we've done first step i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what we've done first step i
+just factor a gamma here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just factor a gamma here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just factor a gamma here
+so nothing else and the same gamma went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing else and the same gamma went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing else and the same gamma went
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+next step was to use this equation omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step was to use this equation omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step was to use this equation omega
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+equal gamma would be not to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal gamma would be not to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal gamma would be not to eliminate
+gamma so you eliminated gamma by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma so you eliminated gamma by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma so you eliminated gamma by that
+so it's equal to omega naught over b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's equal to omega naught over b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's equal to omega naught over b
+naught so the b naught went out and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so the b naught went out and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so the b naught went out and you
+have one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one minus
+this thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and then
+you can think of this h r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this h r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this h r
+as minus gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b r times s in the usual notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b r times s in the usual notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b r times s in the usual notation for
+spin hamiltonians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin hamiltonians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin hamiltonians
+minus gamma b s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gamma b s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gamma b s
+this is the rotating b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rotating b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rotating b
+the so-called uh rotating b but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called uh rotating b but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called uh rotating b but of
+course it's not rotating anymore happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's not rotating anymore happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's not rotating anymore happily
+this is just b naught times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just b naught times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just b naught times
+1 minus omega over omega naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus omega over omega naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus omega over omega naught
+s z plus b 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z plus b 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z plus b 1
+s x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then how about our answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how about our answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how about our answer
+what is the answer to this problem well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the answer to this problem well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the answer to this problem well
+the answer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is the
+psi and t so psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi and t so psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi and t so psi
+t is u dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is u dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is u dagger
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u dagger times up psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u dagger times up psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u dagger times up psi
+r of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and u dagger was e to the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u dagger was e to the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u dagger was e to the i
+omega t s z over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t s z over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t s z over
+h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what is the other u well the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the other u well the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the other u well the other
+u associated to a time evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u associated to a time evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u associated to a time evolution
+is just e to the minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just e to the minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just e to the minus i
+h r t over h bar because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h r t over h bar because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h r t over h bar because
+h r is time independent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h r is time independent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h r is time independent so
+this equation that tells us how psi r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation that tells us how psi r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation that tells us how psi r
+evolves is with h r h r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves is with h r h r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves is with h r h r
+is time independent and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time independent and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time independent and therefore
+you'll have here e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have here e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have here e to the minus
+i h r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h r
+which is this so it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this so it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this so it becomes
+plus i gamma b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus i gamma b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus i gamma b
+r dot s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r dot s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r dot s
+over h bar t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acting on the state psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the state psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the state psi
+at time equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see the state psi r at time equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the state psi r at time equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the state psi r at time equals
+zero is the same as the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is the same as the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is the same as the state
+psi at time equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi at time equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi at time equals zero
+because the unitary operator is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the unitary operator is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the unitary operator is the same
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um let me box this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me box this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me box this
+as well this is the complete solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well this is the complete solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well this is the complete solution
+for the problem of the rotating spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the problem of the rotating spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the problem of the rotating spins
+so the quantum mechanical problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quantum mechanical problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quantum mechanical problem is
+you've got in this time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got in this time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got in this time dependent
+magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+you want to know the spin evolution well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know the spin evolution well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know the spin evolution well
+the spin evolution is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin evolution is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin evolution is a little
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+it's this whole thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this whole thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this whole thing and
+let me just make sure everything is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+perfect fine all right questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh i'm sorry it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'm sorry it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'm sorry it should be
+vr i'm sorry what is the mistake here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vr i'm sorry what is the mistake here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vr i'm sorry what is the mistake here
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+sorry this is terrible thing z hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is terrible thing z hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is terrible thing z hot
+x hot thank you that's a magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x hot thank you that's a magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x hot thank you that's a magnetic field
+another question yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a question when we're taking d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a question when we're taking d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a question when we're taking d
+dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+of m of t um how can we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m of t um how can we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m of t um how can we take the
+computational relation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational relation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational relation with
+uh huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative of m of t here was m of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of m of t here was m of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of m of t here was m of t
+from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is this thing here yeah omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this thing here yeah omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this thing here yeah omega
+it's because when you take the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because when you take the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because when you take the time
+derivative of this let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this let me
+let me give you a formula that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you a formula that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you a formula that you
+should check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should check
+t a minus t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t a minus t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t a minus t a
+d d t of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d t of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d t of this
+is equal to e to the t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to e to the t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to e to the t a
+a b e to the minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b e to the minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b e to the minus t
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the formula we used uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the formula we used uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the formula we used uh
+should be all right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be all right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be all right okay
+so we have our time dependent states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our time dependent states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our time dependent states and
+let's analyze it and see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze it and see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze it and see what it
+what's what it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what it's doing
+yes one more question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what i'm trying to gather with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm trying to gather with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm trying to gather with this
+is that we have this magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have this magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have this magnetic fields
+but somehow in our hamiltonian it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow in our hamiltonian it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow in our hamiltonian it all
+boils down to just the spin operator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boils down to just the spin operator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boils down to just the spin operator the
+x direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x direction
+well they're still in this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're still in this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're still in this sequence
+there's still the z component but the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still the z component but the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still the z component but the uh
+time varying components of the y and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time varying components of the y and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time varying components of the y and x
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+has become something like in the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become something like in the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become something like in the x
+direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's hard to say physically but how like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to say physically but how like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to say physically but how like
+what does the system actually look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the system actually look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the system actually look like
+that's what we're gonna do right now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're gonna do right now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're gonna do right now all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+yeah this formula is very pleasant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this formula is very pleasant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this formula is very pleasant to
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+you say oh i'm very accomplished i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say oh i'm very accomplished i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say oh i'm very accomplished i
+solved it but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved it but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved it but uh
+but what does that do what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does that do what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does that do what does that
+describe so uh that's what we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe so uh that's what we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe so uh that's what we have to do
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's the interesting part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the interesting part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the interesting part of
+course um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um so
+applications always have b1 much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications always have b1 much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications always have b1 much smaller
+than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b
+naught this is the longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught this is the longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught this is the longitudinal
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+and and that's the case so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's the case so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's the case so let me
+describe for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe for you
+what this is doing in the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is doing in the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is doing in the case where
+case one omega much smaller than omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one omega much smaller than omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one omega much smaller than omega
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+you see given b naught there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see given b naught there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see given b naught there is
+an omega zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an omega zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an omega zero
+the larmor one over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larmor one over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larmor one over there
+and b naught is very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b naught is very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b naught is very large
+so omega naught is very large as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so omega naught is very large as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so omega naught is very large as well
+so omega very slow is reasonable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so omega very slow is reasonable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so omega very slow is reasonable the
+magnetic field is rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is rotating
+much smaller than whatever rotation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than whatever rotation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than whatever rotation this
+other magnetic field would create on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other magnetic field would create on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other magnetic field would create on
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+so moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moreover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moreover
+if omega is much smaller than omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if omega is much smaller than omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if omega is much smaller than omega
+naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+br
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is sort of like b naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of like b naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of like b naught
+z plus b one x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roughly that so what does this do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly that so what does this do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly that so what does this do well
+this is a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a magnetic
+field mostly along the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field mostly along the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field mostly along the z
+axis so here is x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so here is x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so here is x y
+z this is a magnetic field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z this is a magnetic field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z this is a magnetic field that
+is like this br
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this br
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this br
+okay now um this br
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's assume also for assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume also for assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume also for assumption that
+in a t equals zero the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a t equals zero the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a t equals zero the spin
+of whatever spin state you have is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever spin state you have is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever spin state you have is up
+plus z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnetic field due to the spin well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field due to the spin well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field due to the spin well you
+have it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is going to rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to rotate
+the spin states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin states
+around the axis of br
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the axis of br
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the axis of br
+it's actually going to rotate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually going to rotate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually going to rotate them
+not you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know if the
+the hamilton the rotation operator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamilton the rotation operator here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamilton the rotation operator here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+this is minus the angular velocity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus the angular velocity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus the angular velocity so
+there's a minus sign here that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minus sign here that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minus sign here that you
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+must think about but forget about it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must think about but forget about it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must think about but forget about it for
+a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+this is rotating around br so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is rotating around br so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is rotating around br so this
+suppose you have a spin state here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a spin state here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a spin state here in
+the z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z direction
+it's going to start rotating in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to start rotating in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to start rotating in a little
+cone like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone like that
+it's very close to the vr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very close to the vr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very close to the vr
+so it's just going to rotate around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just going to rotate around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just going to rotate around it
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+and that's what this part is going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this part is going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this part is going to do
+but you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you say
+but that's not the whole thing the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the whole thing the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the whole thing the whole
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+is this as well well intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this as well well intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this as well well intuitively
+this rotation that this produces is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rotation that this produces is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rotation that this produces is
+produces a rotation around the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a rotation around the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a rotation around the z
+axis but it's much slower than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis but it's much slower than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis but it's much slower than this
+rotation because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation because this
+br field its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+br field its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+br field its
+magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+is like b naught roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like b naught roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like b naught roughly
+therefore it produces a very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it produces a very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it produces a very fast
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+so what you must imagine is this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you must imagine is this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you must imagine is this little
+spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+state generating this cone here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state generating this cone here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state generating this cone here and
+rotating a million times a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating a million times a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating a million times a second
+but this whole thing is still being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this whole thing is still being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this whole thing is still being
+rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated
+by this exponential around the z axis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this exponential around the z axis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this exponential around the z axis so
+this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole
+cone in some sense is precessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone in some sense is precessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone in some sense is precessing
+around the z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you want to know where the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want to know where the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want to know where the spin
+is at any instant of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at any instant of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at any instant of time
+you do the following thing you say time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the following thing you say time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the following thing you say time
+equal one second so you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one second so you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one second so you come
+here and say okay one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and say okay one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and say okay one second
+a billion turns and a quarter it end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion turns and a quarter it end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion turns and a quarter it end up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but in one second this rotates it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in one second this rotates it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in one second this rotates it by
+five degrees so then it rotates a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five degrees so then it rotates a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five degrees so then it rotates a little
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+so you could do it that way that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could do it that way that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could do it that way that's a
+good way to think about it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to think about it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to think about it but
+if in the approximation which this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in the approximation which this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in the approximation which this is so
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+basically this cone is now by the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this cone is now by the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this cone is now by the second
+exponential being rotated like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's do the case that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's do the case that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's do the case that is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+the important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important one
+the case as you could imagine in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case as you could imagine in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case as you could imagine in which
+we do some resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do some resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do some resonance
+and omega is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and omega is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and omega is set
+equal to omega naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the physicists
+know what omega naught is for the spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what omega naught is for the spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what omega naught is for the spins
+and then they make the radio frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they make the radio frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they make the radio frequency
+coincide with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide with that
+omega naught in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega naught in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega naught in that case you
+lose completely the z component here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose completely the z component here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose completely the z component here
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+br so br
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to be b1 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then here is what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have a b1 x here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a b1 x here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a b1 x here
+a b1 over here in the x direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b1 over here in the x direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b1 over here in the x direction
+the spin state is sitting at time equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin state is sitting at time equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin state is sitting at time equals
+zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and since normal exponentials that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since normal exponentials that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since normal exponentials that do
+time evolutions have a minus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time evolutions have a minus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time evolutions have a minus sign here
+i claim that instead of rotating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that instead of rotating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that instead of rotating the
+spin around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin around
+b1 it's really rotating it around minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 it's really rotating it around minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 it's really rotating it around minus
+b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1
+so the spin will just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down here rotate rotate rotate rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it's rotating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's rotating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's rotating with
+b1 which is much smaller than b0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 which is much smaller than b0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 which is much smaller than b0
+so it's rotating with an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's rotating with an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's rotating with an angular
+frequency that is much smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that is much smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that is much smaller than
+omega 0 but it's rotating down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now what's really happening is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what's really happening is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what's really happening is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+um let me draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me draw this
+if i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here it is
+the spin is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin is up
+and it begins to go into the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it begins to go into the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it begins to go into the y-axis
+here is z b1 is turning into the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is z b1 is turning into the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is z b1 is turning into the y-axis
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+rotates a little so let me ask you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates a little so let me ask you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates a little so let me ask you what
+is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second
+exponential going to do it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential going to do it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential going to do it's going to
+rotate it further but this time around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it further but this time around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it further but this time around
+the z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-axis
+so this one goes down a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one goes down a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one goes down a little bit
+in some time but then the z exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some time but then the z exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some time but then the z exponential
+the other exponential is going to rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other exponential is going to rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other exponential is going to rotate
+it around the z-axis so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around the z-axis so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around the z-axis so this is going to
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+down a little and but rotate so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little and but rotate so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little and but rotate so actually
+what's going to happen is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is that it's
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do a spiral as it begins to go down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a spiral as it begins to go down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a spiral as it begins to go down the
+other one rotates it it goes around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one rotates it it goes around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one rotates it it goes around a
+little bit the other one rotates it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the other one rotates it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the other one rotates it
+in fact this since b1 is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this since b1 is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this since b1 is much
+smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+b um that b0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um that b0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um that b0
+or omega zero here now omega is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or omega zero here now omega is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or omega zero here now omega is equal to
+omega zero so this is rotating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega zero so this is rotating around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega zero so this is rotating around
+the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z
+direction with omega zero but b one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction with omega zero but b one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction with omega zero but b one is
+much smaller than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than b
+zero so this rotation is very slow so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this rotation is very slow so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this rotation is very slow so as
+as it goes down a little it's rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it goes down a little it's rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it goes down a little it's rotating
+very fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast and
+fills out the spiral until it gets down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills out the spiral until it gets down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills out the spiral until it gets down
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so that's what the poor spin is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the poor spin is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the poor spin is doing
+in this thing it's actually of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing it's actually of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing it's actually of interest
+to to time the signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to time the signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to time the signals
+the radio frequency signals to time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio frequency signals to time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio frequency signals to time the
+existence of b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of b1
+so that you get it to go into the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you get it to go into the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you get it to go into the plane
+so that the spin is maximally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the spin is maximally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the spin is maximally
+perpendicular to the original direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the original direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the original direction
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for that you choose omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that you choose omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that you choose omega 1
+times time which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times time which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times time which is the
+alarm or frequency associated to b 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm or frequency associated to b 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm or frequency associated to b 1
+times time to be equal to pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times time to be equal to pi over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times time to be equal to pi over 2
+and omega 1 just like any omega is gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and omega 1 just like any omega is gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and omega 1 just like any omega is gamma
+b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi over 2 so t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 2 so t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 2 so t
+is pi over 2 gamma b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi over 2 gamma b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi over 2 gamma b1
+it's called the half pulse something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the half pulse something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the half pulse something
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+um half pulse or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no a 90 degree pulse that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no a 90 degree pulse that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no a 90 degree pulse that's that's a
+normal name for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal name for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal name for it
+so if you keep the radio frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you keep the radio frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you keep the radio frequency
+on for this much time then the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for this much time then the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for this much time then the spin
+at the end of the day it stays it got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day it stays it got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day it stays it got to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+equator of the sphere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator of the sphere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator of the sphere and
+b1 is disappeared so b1 is gone br
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 is disappeared so b1 is gone br
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 is disappeared so b1 is gone br
+is gone and then it keeps rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone and then it keeps rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone and then it keeps rotating
+because there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's the
+other magnetic field still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other magnetic field still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other magnetic field still the
+longitudinal magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal magnetic field
+so uh one exercise that you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one exercise that you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one exercise that you still have
+in the homework is to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the homework is to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the homework is to figure out the
+equation of the spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the spiral
+that comes out of here you will find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of here you will find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of here you will find it
+sounds complicated but it's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds complicated but it's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds complicated but it's a couple of
+lines it's very simple actually to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it's very simple actually to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it's very simple actually to do it
+after you think about it for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you think about it for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you think about it for a second
+so that's one thing you'll have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one thing you'll have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one thing you'll have to do
+so this uh in fact is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh in fact is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh in fact is basically the
+solution of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the problem
+and uh let's just talk for a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let's just talk for a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let's just talk for a few minutes
+about what it's used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it's used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it's used for
+so this is basically the the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically the the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically the the technique
+that is exactly used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is exactly used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is exactly used for
+magnetic resonance imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance imaging
+so mris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mris
+it's a if you have to say one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a if you have to say one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a if you have to say one of the
+interesting applications of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting applications of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting applications of quantum
+mechanics to technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to technology
+mris magnetic resonance imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mris magnetic resonance imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mris magnetic resonance imaging
+is one of the great ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how does it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does it work
+well it's a very useful device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a very useful device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a very useful device
+in fact it revolutionized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it revolutionized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it revolutionized
+medicine because it goes much beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine because it goes much beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine because it goes much beyond
+what you can do with x-rays it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do with x-rays it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do with x-rays it's very
+popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular
+i imagine a good fraction of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i imagine a good fraction of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i imagine a good fraction of you have
+had an mri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an mri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an mri
+let's see how many people have had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how many people have had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how many people have had an
+mri in their lives yeah we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mri in their lives yeah we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mri in their lives yeah we're
+pretty much i think 60 percent of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much i think 60 percent of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much i think 60 percent of people
+here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so
+so you remember getting into this cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you remember getting into this cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you remember getting into this cavity
+well you've experienced there a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you've experienced there a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you've experienced there a large
+you all if you worry about cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all if you worry about cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all if you worry about cell phones
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+radiation well there you were with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation well there you were with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation well there you were with two
+tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tesla
+20 000 gals a big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 000 gals a big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 000 gals a big big
+magnet it's big enough that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet it's big enough that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet it's big enough that uh
+it has to be done cooled with liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be done cooled with liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be done cooled with liquid
+helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium
+at three degrees on kelvin so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at three degrees on kelvin so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at three degrees on kelvin so you can
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+currents big enough and the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents big enough and the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents big enough and the magnetic
+field big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field big enough
+so they put you in into this cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they put you in into this cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they put you in into this cylinder
+a solenoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's no not dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's no not dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's no not dangerous
+unless you have some you forget some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have some you forget some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have some you forget some
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+or some device like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some device like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some device like that
+in fact it says in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it says in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it says in
+webmd that if you have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webmd that if you have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webmd that if you have some sort of
+tattoos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattoos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattoos
+if they used iron ink it can burn your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they used iron ink it can burn your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they used iron ink it can burn your
+skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin
+or you could have some problems uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have some problems uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have some problems uh
+anyway if you're claustrophobic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if you're claustrophobic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if you're claustrophobic they
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+mris that are open air but they're less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mris that are open air but they're less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mris that are open air but they're less
+powerful that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful that's a
+strong magnetic field so this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong magnetic field so this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong magnetic field so this is two
+tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tesla
+roughly and so what happens is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically this thing just is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this thing just is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this thing just is trying to
+figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the
+local concentration of water it begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local concentration of water it begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local concentration of water it begins
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+the thick the magnetic fields react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thick the magnetic fields react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thick the magnetic fields react
+with the hydrogen atoms in fact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hydrogen atoms in fact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hydrogen atoms in fact with the
+protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons
+inside there each proton has a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there each proton has a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there each proton has a magnetic
+dipole moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment
+it gets roughly aligned to the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets roughly aligned to the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets roughly aligned to the magnetic
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+to this b naught i mean not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this b naught i mean not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this b naught i mean not
+so so the protons get aligned to the b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the protons get aligned to the b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the protons get aligned to the b
+naught that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught that is going
+in here b naught so the proton spin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here b naught so the proton spin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here b naught so the proton spin is
+up there in fact not because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there in fact not because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there in fact not because of
+temperature in fact not all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in fact not all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in fact not all of your
+protons in your body get aligned maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons in your body get aligned maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons in your body get aligned maybe
+one in a million does but that's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a million does but that's high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a million does but that's high
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then they send this 90 degree pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they send this 90 degree pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they send this 90 degree pulse
+so this thing starts spiraling and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing starts spiraling and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing starts spiraling and then
+it finally goes into this direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finally goes into this direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finally goes into this direction and
+it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes
+rotates rotates like crazy then as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates rotates like crazy then as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates rotates like crazy then as it
+rotates like crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates like crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates like crazy
+a diaper a rotating dipole moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diaper a rotating dipole moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diaper a rotating dipole moment
+is like a generator of electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a generator of electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a generator of electromagnetic
+waves so it generates an electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so it generates an electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so it generates an electromagnetic
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+under detectors all over detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under detectors all over detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under detectors all over detectors
+that pick up this signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pick up this signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pick up this signal
+the strength of that signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of that signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of that signal is
+proportional to the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the concentration of
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+so it gives you an idea not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives you an idea not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives you an idea not to
+distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+like solid matter versus soft matter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solid matter versus soft matter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solid matter versus soft matter but
+all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of
+liquids so uh so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids so uh so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids so uh so it's very
+very useful so you pick a signal over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful so you pick a signal over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful so you pick a signal over
+here and you get it from a receiver and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you get it from a receiver and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you get it from a receiver and
+it tells you about the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you about the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you about the local
+concentration of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of water
+and therefore it allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it allows you to
+distinguish different tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish different tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish different tissues
+some tissues have lots of water some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tissues have lots of water some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tissues have lots of water some
+tissues have less water so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues have less water so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues have less water so
+it begins to distinguish different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it begins to distinguish different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it begins to distinguish different
+tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there's two more things that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two more things that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two more things that people
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+this pin is rotating very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pin is rotating very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pin is rotating very fast
+but uh there's a relaxation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's a relaxation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's a relaxation time
+after it rotates for a while um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it rotates for a while um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it rotates for a while um
+there's a time t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time t2
+is relaxation of this rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relaxation of this rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relaxation of this rotation
+relaxation time and then there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation time and then there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation time and then there's another
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+t1 which is the time after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 which is the time after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 which is the time after
+this is turn off that it takes the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is turn off that it takes the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is turn off that it takes the spin
+to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back
+and go back again to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go back again to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go back again to the original
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so two times the relaxation time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two times the relaxation time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two times the relaxation time in
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+you sort of lose your rotation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of lose your rotation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of lose your rotation here
+because it's interacting with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's interacting with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's interacting with other
+spins it's called spin spin relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins it's called spin spin relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins it's called spin spin relaxation
+and then an interaction with the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an interaction with the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an interaction with the whole
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+neighboring atoms that brings it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring atoms that brings it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring atoms that brings it
+eventually back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually back
+up and aligns it to the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and aligns it to the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and aligns it to the magnetic field
+so you measure two things t1 and t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you measure two things t1 and t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you measure two things t1 and t2
+those are like very good clues because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are like very good clues because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are like very good clues because
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+put any liquid in the machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put any liquid in the machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put any liquid in the machine and
+measure its t1 and t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure its t1 and t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure its t1 and t2
+and then you place a table of t1s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you place a table of t1s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you place a table of t1s and
+t2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2s
+and then if you figure want to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you figure want to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you figure want to figure
+out what kind of thing you have in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what kind of thing you have in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what kind of thing you have in your
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+they look it up and immediately they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look it up and immediately they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look it up and immediately they may
+know what are the possible candidates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are the possible candidates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are the possible candidates in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+t2 is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 is actually
+enough to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to distinguish
+white matter gray matter and fluids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white matter gray matter and fluids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white matter gray matter and fluids in
+your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain
+totally different t2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different t2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different t2s
+t1 is helpful to discuss all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 is helpful to discuss all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 is helpful to discuss all kinds of
+things as well so so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as well so so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as well so so basically
+people have figured out how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have figured out how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have figured out how to do that
+finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+one last thing when you go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last thing when you go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last thing when you go into the
+machine it sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine it sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine it sometimes
+makes noise big noises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes noise big noises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes noise big noises
+and those are gradient magnets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are gradient magnets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are gradient magnets that are
+being moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being moved
+you see basically if this thing would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see basically if this thing would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see basically if this thing would be
+like that you would pick up a signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you would pick up a signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you would pick up a signal and
+you wouldn't know where it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't know where it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't know where it comes from
+so what these people do now this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what these people do now this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what these people do now this has
+gotten extremely sophisticated they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten extremely sophisticated they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten extremely sophisticated they put
+a gradient magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient magnet
+which changes the value of b naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which changes the value of b naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which changes the value of b naught
+locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally
+by increasing it for for example the b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by increasing it for for example the b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by increasing it for for example the b
+naught is not really constant in z but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught is not really constant in z but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught is not really constant in z but
+it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes
+so the omega knot of rotation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the omega knot of rotation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the omega knot of rotation of the
+spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins
+changes as well so with a sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as well so with a sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as well so with a sufficiently
+high gradient of magnetic field they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high gradient of magnetic field they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high gradient of magnetic field they can
+have spatial resolution if they pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spatial resolution if they pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spatial resolution if they pick
+a signal a little bit higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal a little bit higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal a little bit higher frequency
+they know it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know it's a little bit
+higher up in your body so they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher up in your body so they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher up in your body so they get
+resolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolutions
+with these magnets of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these magnets of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these magnets of about
+how much very high resolutions half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much very high resolutions half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much very high resolutions half a
+millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the end of the day it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day it's a great
+machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and
+lots of mathematics and reconstructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of mathematics and reconstructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of mathematics and reconstructing
+images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+lots of computation lots of experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of computation lots of experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of computation lots of experimental
+analysis of constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of constants
+much of it phenomenological it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it phenomenological it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it phenomenological it would be
+hard to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to predict
+those constants but you can measure them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those constants but you can measure them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those constants but you can measure them
+so it's very very practical and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very very practical and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very very practical and very
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+so it's a nice application and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a nice application and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a nice application and we'll
+leave it at that are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it at that are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it at that are there any
+questions not that i know much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions not that i know much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions not that i know much more
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+but it's a junior lab experiment as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a junior lab experiment as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a junior lab experiment as well
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so at least the calculation is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least the calculation is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least the calculation is fairly
+straightforward and the technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and the technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and the technology is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+amazing it's great yes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing it's great yes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing it's great yes about
+getting your spin back up along the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your spin back up along the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your spin back up along the z
+direction is that mechanism the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is that mechanism the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is that mechanism the same as
+when you relax when you relax what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you relax when you relax what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you relax when you relax what
+so is the mechanism for getting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is the mechanism for getting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is the mechanism for getting your
+spin back along the z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin back along the z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin back along the z direction
+to find t1 is that the same mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no it's it's sort of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it's it's sort of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it's it's sort of a different
+mechanism so we don't analyze it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so we don't analyze it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so we don't analyze it it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+being driven by schrodinger time eq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being driven by schrodinger time eq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being driven by schrodinger time eq
+evolutions it's a mark all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutions it's a mark all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutions it's a mark all these
+relaxations are more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxations are more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxations are more complicated
+phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena
+in fact if you maintain the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you maintain the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you maintain the magnetic
+field this is supposed to go on forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this is supposed to go on forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this is supposed to go on forever
+and never stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never stop
+rotating but due to interactions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating but due to interactions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating but due to interactions with
+other things it sort of stops rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things it sort of stops rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things it sort of stops rotating
+at some stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some stage
+and then eventually many of them also go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually many of them also go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually many of them also go
+back up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up so
+these are not easily calculable things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not easily calculable things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not easily calculable things
+within our analysis so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our analysis so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our analysis so these are
+phenomenological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological
+constants that need to be calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants that need to be calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants that need to be calculated
+need to be measured or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be measured or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be measured or
+done by experiment so last part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by experiment so last part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by experiment so last part of
+today's lecture is multi-particle states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is multi-particle states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is multi-particle states
+and tensor products so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tensor products so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tensor products so let's
+get on with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see what we have there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we have there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we have there
+so multi-particle states the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so multi-particle states the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so multi-particle states the
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states and tensor products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and tensor products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and tensor products
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea is the following you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is the following you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is the following you have a
+system with more than one particle let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with more than one particle let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with more than one particle let's
+talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+two particles it won't matter at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles it won't matter at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles it won't matter at this
+moment whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment whether
+uh they're distinguishable not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're distinguishable not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're distinguishable not
+distinguishable those are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable those are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable those are things that
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+later and we will probably not discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and we will probably not discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and we will probably not discuss
+much of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of that
+in this semester this will be more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this semester this will be more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this semester this will be more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's consider if we have particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's consider if we have particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's consider if we have particle
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and we'll keep the possibility that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll keep the possibility that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll keep the possibility that this
+is completely distinguishable in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely distinguishable in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely distinguishable in fact
+particle one its quantum mechanics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one its quantum mechanics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one its quantum mechanics is
+described by a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector space space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space space
+v and you have some operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and you have some operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and you have some operators
+operators t1 t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex vector space w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex vector space w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex vector space w
+and operators s1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operators s1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operators s1
+s2 all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s2 all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s2 all that
+you see the list of operators is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the list of operators is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the list of operators is
+something that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you are
+already familiar with in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already familiar with in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already familiar with in quantum
+mechanics operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics operators
+include momentum position if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include momentum position if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include momentum position if it's
+three-dimensional three positions three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional three positions three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional three positions three
+momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta
+angular momentum spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum spin
+hamiltonians all those things and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonians all those things and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonians all those things and those
+exist for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist for
+both particles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both particles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both particles so
+the question is how do we describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do we describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do we describe the
+composite system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite system
+the system of the two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system of the two particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system of the two particles
+that exist at the same time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist at the same time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist at the same time that
+possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+could interact even with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could interact even with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could interact even with each other
+so we need a description of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need a description of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need a description of these two
+things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so
+well a description of particle 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a description of particle 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a description of particle 1
+descri is described by some vector v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descri is described by some vector v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descri is described by some vector v
+in the vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+description of particle 2 is some state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of particle 2 is some state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of particle 2 is some state
+some vector omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vector omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vector omega
+in the vector space w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we imagine that
+it's a reasonable thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reasonable thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reasonable thing to
+give you those two vectors and say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you those two vectors and say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you those two vectors and say look
+that's what particle one is doing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what particle one is doing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what particle one is doing that's
+what particle two is doing and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what particle two is doing and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what particle two is doing and that is
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+it's a bit more subtle than that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit more subtle than that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit more subtle than that as
+we'll see now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see now but
+we could list v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and list w and this is the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about each particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in some ways
+to naive as we will see it has the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to naive as we will see it has the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to naive as we will see it has the right
+idea but um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but um the
+amazing possibilities that can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing possibilities that can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing possibilities that can take
+place when you have these two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place when you have these two particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place when you have these two particles
+are not quite reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not quite reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not quite reflected
+on that thing um yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that thing um yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that thing um yet
+so to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make
+this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea
+clearer we'll use a notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer we'll use a notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer we'll use a notation
+so i will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i will say
+that i will encode these things and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i will encode these things and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i will encode these things and i
+will write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write them
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tensor product w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's it's not it's it's it's reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not it's it's it's reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not it's it's it's reflecting
+that we're going to do something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do something more
+than just view this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just view this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just view this
+as the possibility you have a system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the possibility you have a system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the possibility you have a system you
+know what the particle one is doing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the particle one is doing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the particle one is doing you
+know what the second particle is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the second particle is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the second particle is doing
+list those two that's all that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list those two that's all that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list those two that's all that can
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+not quite true so let's put it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite true so let's put it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite true so let's put it like that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this will be the information i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the information i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the information i'm
+not multiplying this in any obvious way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not multiplying this in any obvious way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not multiplying this in any obvious way
+it's not that i'm supposed to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that i'm supposed to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that i'm supposed to multiply
+and do a calculation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a calculation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a calculation here
+i'm just putting the two pieces of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just putting the two pieces of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just putting the two pieces of data
+but putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but putting
+this curly ball here as to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curly ball here as to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curly ball here as to say
+that it's the two together and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the two together and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the two together and we'll
+have some ways of dealing with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some ways of dealing with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some ways of dealing with this
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+and this is will be said to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is will be said to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is will be said to be
+an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new
+complex vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v tensor w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we are saying here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we are saying here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we are saying here
+with v belonging belonging to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with v belonging belonging to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with v belonging belonging to v
+and w belonging to w this thing belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w belonging to w this thing belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w belonging to w this thing belongs
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+v plus w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tensor product of the vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at this moment this is a little funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment this is a little funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment this is a little funny
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+let's let's let me ask you some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let me ask you some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let me ask you some things
+about it uh you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh you know we
+have on v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w so this this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w so this this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w so this this is an
+element of that space i put a vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of that space i put a vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of that space i put a vector of
+the first vector space here that i put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first vector space here that i put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first vector space here that i put a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+of the second vector space and this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second vector space and this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second vector space and this will
+be a vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a vector here
+i'm not saying it's the most general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying it's the most general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying it's the most general
+vector there or how we operate with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector there or how we operate with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector there or how we operate with them
+but it's a vector there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a vector there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a vector there
+now you say look uh you know when i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you say look uh you know when i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you say look uh you know when i had
+states you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states you had the
+states plus mine you put constants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states plus mine you put constants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states plus mine you put constants in
+front of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of them
+so i'll put a constant in turn in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll put a constant in turn in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll put a constant in turn in front
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+v alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well uh is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh is this
+something related you know we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something related you know we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something related you know we had this
+vector that was a vector in the tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that was a vector in the tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that was a vector in the tensor
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+how is this vector related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unless you declare that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you declare that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you declare that uh
+this these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these things are
+somewhat related this object is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat related this object is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat related this object is going to
+be very very large because if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very very large because if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very very large because if this
+vector has nothing to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector has nothing to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector has nothing to do with this
+this is going to be yet another vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be yet another vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be yet another vector
+linearly independent with this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent with this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent with this so
+it's in again your choice what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in again your choice what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in again your choice what you're
+going to declare if you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to declare if you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to declare if you would be
+constructing what is called the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing what is called the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing what is called the direct
+product not a tensor product and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product not a tensor product and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product not a tensor product and that's
+apologies to shankar he uses the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies to shankar he uses the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies to shankar he uses the word
+direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct
+product which is wrong mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which is wrong mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which is wrong mathematically
+mathematicians don't call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians don't call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians don't call
+this a direct product direct product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a direct product direct product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a direct product direct product is
+something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which
+this has nothing to do with this but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has nothing to do with this but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has nothing to do with this but in
+physics you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you know
+you're thinking of the amplitude to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking of the amplitude to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking of the amplitude to have
+a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle
+first particle doing that and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first particle doing that and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first particle doing that and suddenly
+that amplitude becomes twice as big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amplitude becomes twice as big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amplitude becomes twice as big
+and this other one doesn't change well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this other one doesn't change well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this other one doesn't change well
+the amplitude defined this one here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude defined this one here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude defined this one here and
+that one there has become twice as big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one there has become twice as big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one there has become twice as big
+just because this one is twice more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because this one is twice more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because this one is twice more
+likely to be here and that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be here and that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be here and that's the same
+so we're going to say that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to say that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to say that this is the
+same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that
+the alpha can go out and it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha can go out and it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha can go out and it's the same
+thing and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's
+also the same thing as v tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the same thing as v tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the same thing as v tensor
+alpha w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so numbers go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so numbers go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so numbers go out
+and they don't go out with a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't go out with a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't go out with a complex
+conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+they go out just like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go out just like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go out just like that
+so that's one thing we declare that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one thing we declare that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one thing we declare that will
+happen with these things and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with these things and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with these things and that's a
+property that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that we
+impose and it's what is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose and it's what is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose and it's what is usually
+understood to take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood to take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood to take place
+in tensor products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if this
+is a vector in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector in this space
+then if for example v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if for example v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if for example v1
+is a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and v2 cross w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v2 cross w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v2 cross w2
+is a vector in v cross w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector in v cross w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector in v cross w
+then this is supposed to be a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is supposed to be a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is supposed to be a linear
+vector space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space so
+it should be true that alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be true that alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be true that alpha
+v 1 omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 1 omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 1 omega 1
+plus beta v 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta v 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta v 2
+omega 2 also belongs to this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 2 also belongs to this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 2 also belongs to this vector
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+and suddenly you see why this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly you see why this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly you see why this was a
+little too naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too naive
+if you tell me this is what particle 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tell me this is what particle 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tell me this is what particle 1
+is doing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing and this
+is what particle two is doing end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what particle two is doing end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what particle two is doing end of
+story this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story this list
+well quantum mechanics seems to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well quantum mechanics seems to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well quantum mechanics seems to say that
+there's more interesting possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more interesting possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more interesting possibilities
+in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which
+the state is a superposition now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is a superposition now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is a superposition now in
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+first particle is doing this which may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first particle is doing this which may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first particle is doing this which may
+be a superposition itself and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a superposition itself and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a superposition itself and this one
+is doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing this
+plus first particle is doing that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus first particle is doing that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus first particle is doing that and
+second particle is doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second particle is doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second particle is doing that
+so it's not enough to say to the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not enough to say to the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not enough to say to the state
+of two parties say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two parties say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two parties say
+oh you just need to know the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you just need to know the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you just need to know the state of
+one state of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state of the other
+list the two that is a possible state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the two that is a possible state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the two that is a possible state of
+the system but it's not the most general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system but it's not the most general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system but it's not the most general
+the most general is a superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most general is a superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most general is a superposition
+in which particle one does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which particle one does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which particle one does something
+particle do does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle do does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle do does something
+plus another possibility particle one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus another possibility particle one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus another possibility particle one is
+doing something else particle two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something else particle two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something else particle two is
+doing another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing another thing
+so this is the origin of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the origin of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the origin of this
+famous idea of entanglement as we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous idea of entanglement as we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous idea of entanglement as we will
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+next time but let's just continue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time but let's just continue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time but let's just continue here
+these particles are in roughly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles are in roughly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles are in roughly speaking
+it seemed to be entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed to be entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed to be entangled
+in which you can't say what particle one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you can't say what particle one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you can't say what particle one
+is doing without knowing what particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing without knowing what particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing without knowing what particle
+two is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is doing
+and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so something new has happened by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something new has happened by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something new has happened by taking
+sort of this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this idea
+slowly and uh and figuring out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly and uh and figuring out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly and uh and figuring out what's
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+on but we need yet one more thing to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but we need yet one more thing to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but we need yet one more thing to cut
+down this tensor product this tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this tensor product this tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this tensor product this tensor
+probe is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe is still
+a little bigger than what you may want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bigger than what you may want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bigger than what you may want
+it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be
+in the following sense suppose you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following sense suppose you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following sense suppose you have
+v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1
+plus v2 which is another vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v2 which is another vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v2 which is another vector
+tensor w another vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unless you tell me what this is i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you tell me what this is i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you tell me what this is i don't
+know that this is actually v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is actually v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is actually v1
+plus v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unless you declare it this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you declare it this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you declare it this is just
+another vector here and that why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vector here and that why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vector here and that why should
+that be equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be equal to this
+well it's the way you feel about quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the way you feel about quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the way you feel about quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+that's how you should think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you should think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you should think of the
+composite system if the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite system if the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite system if the first
+state can be in either two possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state can be in either two possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state can be in either two possibilities
+while the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the other one
+is not well it's a superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not well it's a superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not well it's a superposition
+of i'm sorry this is a one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i'm sorry this is a one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i'm sorry this is a one here
+in which yes the first state is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which yes the first state is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which yes the first state is doing
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+the first state is doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first state is doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first state is doing something
+different with the second doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with the second doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with the second doing the same
+so this is part of also an axiom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is part of also an axiom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is part of also an axiom of the
+tensor product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product
+whenever you'll have tensor pros you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you'll have tensor pros you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you'll have tensor pros you
+will simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simplify
+that way it looks almost trivial but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it looks almost trivial but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it looks almost trivial but
+it's certainly something that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly something that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly something that has to be
+stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated
+if you had a direct product you form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a direct product you form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a direct product you form a
+vector space by just putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space by just putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space by just putting
+first vector second vector and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first vector second vector and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first vector second vector and you don't
+explain anything this would not be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain anything this would not be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain anything this would not be true
+so similarly we'll also have v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similarly we'll also have v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similarly we'll also have v1
+w1 plus w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w1 plus w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w1 plus w2
+equal v1 w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal v1 w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal v1 w1
+plus v1 w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v1 w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v1 w2
+so these are our last operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are our last operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are our last operations
+so with these two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with these two operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with these two operations
+we've defined completely how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've defined completely how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've defined completely how to
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+with this two particle hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and how to define the states let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to define the states let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to define the states let me
+add some intuition to this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some intuition to this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some intuition to this by
+stating the following so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating the following so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating the following so what is the
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+v cross v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v cross v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v cross v
+tensor w is the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor w is the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor w is the space
+spanned by things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so with these rules here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with these rules here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with these rules here
+here comes the sort of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes the sort of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes the sort of thing that
+puts it all in a sense together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it all in a sense together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it all in a sense together
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e 1 up to e n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 1 up to e n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 1 up to e n
+is a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for v and
+f 1 up to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f 1 up to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f 1 up to f
+m is a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is a basis
+for w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this set of things e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of things e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of things e
+i tensor f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tensor f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tensor f
+j and how many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j and how many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j and how many of them
+are there they're n of this and m of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there they're n of this and m of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there they're n of this and m of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+this for i from 1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for i from 1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for i from 1 up to
+n j from 1 up to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n j from 1 up to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n j from 1 up to m
+form a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a basis
+for v tensor w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for v tensor w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for v tensor w
+so basically if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically if you have a
+four dimensional vector space v and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional vector space v and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional vector space v and a
+ten dimensional vector space w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dimensional vector space w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dimensional vector space w
+v cross w is 40 dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v cross w is 40 dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v cross w is 40 dimensional
+you multiply the dimensions you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply the dimensions you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply the dimensions you don't
+sum them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them
+in the tensor product the dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tensor product the dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tensor product the dimensions
+multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+each you see the elements of this tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each you see the elements of this tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each you see the elements of this tensor
+probably was one vector here one vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably was one vector here one vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably was one vector here one vector
+there so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it
+behooves you that you would expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behooves you that you would expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behooves you that you would expect that
+well you can get all vectors that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can get all vectors that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can get all vectors that can
+sit here with all the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit here with all the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit here with all the e
+i's all the vectors here but only if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i's all the vectors here but only if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i's all the vectors here but only if you
+have these rules of superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these rules of superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these rules of superposition
+and linearity so this is the whole basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linearity so this is the whole basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linearity so this is the whole basis
+of the vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector space
+and the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dimension
+of v cross w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v cross w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v cross w
+would be equal to the dimension of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to the dimension of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to the dimension of v
+times the dimension of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions yes so for the first box thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes so for the first box thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes so for the first box thing
+up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there
+so b and w are two different uh vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so b and w are two different uh vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so b and w are two different uh vector
+spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces
+how do you know that alpha w let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know that alpha w let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know that alpha w let's say
+that they're vector places over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're vector places over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're vector places over
+different fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields
+hold on different fields though both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on different fields though both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on different fields though both are
+over complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over complex numbers
+okay oh yes yes both spaces are complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh yes yes both spaces are complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh yes yes both spaces are complex
+vectors basically i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors basically i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors basically i say
+complex vector space complex vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex vector space complex vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex vector space complex vector
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+then v cross w is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then v cross w is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then v cross w is a new
+and l a new an element of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l a new an element of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l a new an element of a new
+complex vector space so yes everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex vector space so yes everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex vector space so yes everybody's
+complex here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one one second i'll okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one second i'll okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one second i'll okay
+let me let me continue a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me continue a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me continue a little more
+because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh
+we need to get a little further i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to get a little further i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to get a little further i i
+would like to get a little further here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to get a little further here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to get a little further here
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+still have about 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have about 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have about 10 minutes
+these are really in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really in some way
+simple but in some way very subtle ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but in some way very subtle ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but in some way very subtle ideas
+i hope you appreciate at some moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you appreciate at some moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you appreciate at some moments
+you think oh this is obvious it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think oh this is obvious it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think oh this is obvious it's
+ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous
+taking too long to explain at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking too long to explain at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking too long to explain at some
+points you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you
+step back and say oh i'm now confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and say oh i'm now confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and say oh i'm now confused
+what does that mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean you know
+it's it's very easy to sort it is subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very easy to sort it is subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very easy to sort it is subtle
+um so let's see now what happens we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's see now what happens we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's see now what happens we need
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on v cross omni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on v cross omni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on v cross omni
+so suppose t is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose t is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose t is an
+operator in v and s is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in v and s is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in v and s is an
+operator in w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we call them like that t is operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call them like that t is operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call them like that t is operators
+and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v
+s operator on w so here it is we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s operator on w so here it is we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s operator on w so here it is we define
+an s tensor t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an s tensor t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an s tensor t
+that will be an operator on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be an operator on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be an operator on the
+tensor product v cross w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product v cross w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product v cross w
+let's see how it is so if this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how it is so if this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how it is so if this is an
+operator on the tensor product it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on the tensor product it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on the tensor product it should
+know how to act on v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to act on v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to act on v
+any element in any basic element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any element in any basic element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any element in any basic element
+or element of this form since all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or element of this form since all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or element of this form since all the
+elements can be written as superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements can be written as superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements can be written as superposition
+of these things if this is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things if this is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things if this is a linear
+operator and i define it acting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and i define it acting on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and i define it acting on this
+we've got it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got it now
+what i'm going to write in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to write in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to write in the right
+hand side is a matter of common sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is a matter of common sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is a matter of common sense
+it's a definition but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a definition but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a definition but it's
+hardly possible to have any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly possible to have any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly possible to have any other
+definition of what i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what i'm going to do
+you know oops what's wrong here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lights main screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights main screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights main screen
+window shades main screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh lights here there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh lights here there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh lights here there we go
+well you know i got the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know i got the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know i got the order
+wrong here t t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t cross s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the only thing you could do is if t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing you could do is if t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing you could do is if t
+you know how it acts on v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how it acts on v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how it acts on v
+well let it act on v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it will be a vector in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be a vector in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be a vector in v
+and you know how s acts on omega so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how s acts on omega so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how s acts on omega so let
+it act on omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it act on omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it act on omega
+and that's the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the definition
+not that complicated really in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that complicated really in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that complicated really in a sense
+each operator acts on its thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each operator acts on its thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each operator acts on its thing so
+you just let it act whoever has to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just let it act whoever has to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just let it act whoever has to act
+acts wherever it can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's linear operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's linear operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's linear operator and
+you know it if you acted more things it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it if you acted more things it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it if you acted more things it
+will be linear it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be linear it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be linear it will
+all be fine here now this is a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be fine here now this is a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be fine here now this is a fine
+operator now the operators that are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator now the operators that are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator now the operators that are a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+surprising perhaps at first sight a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising perhaps at first sight a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising perhaps at first sight a
+are the following um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the following um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the following um
+suppose you have an operator t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one that it's an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on v and you want it to act on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on v and you want it to act on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on v and you want it to act on the
+tensor product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product
+well you say oh well i need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you say oh well i need another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you say oh well i need another
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+this axon v i need another operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axon v i need another operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axon v i need another operator
+attacks on the tensor product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks on the tensor product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks on the tensor product
+but you don't give me one so what am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't give me one so what am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't give me one so what am i
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is what it's called upgrading an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what it's called upgrading an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what it's called upgrading an
+operator attacks on one vector space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator attacks on one vector space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator attacks on one vector space to
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+operator that acts on the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that acts on the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that acts on the whole thing
+because you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need
+everything to act now on the tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to act now on the tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to act now on the tensor
+product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so
+what you do is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is the following
+you let the operator become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let the operator become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let the operator become
+t1 that acts on v and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 that acts on v and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 that acts on v and you put
+tensor product with the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product with the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product with the identity
+operator so this is more or less what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so this is more or less what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so this is more or less what
+you would imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would imagine you
+you have now an operator that belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have now an operator that belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have now an operator that belongs to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+linear operators on the tensor product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators on the tensor product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators on the tensor product
+but it's the operator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the operator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the operator you
+got times that if you had an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got times that if you had an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got times that if you had an operator
+s1 belonging to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 belonging to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 belonging to l
+of w it would go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w it would go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w it would go into
+1 times s1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i ask you the question do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i ask you the question do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i ask you the question do these
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strange question but it's a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange question but it's a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange question but it's a fundamental
+question it's really the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's really the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's really the basis of
+most of your intuition about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of your intuition about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of your intuition about two
+particle systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's see if they commute you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see if they commute you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see if they commute you have
+t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1
+tensor 1 multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor 1 multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor 1 multiplied by
+1 tensor s1 is going to act on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 tensor s1 is going to act on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 tensor s1 is going to act on
+v tensor w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v tensor w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v tensor w
+or you have it in the other order 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have it in the other order 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have it in the other order 1
+s1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the first one when it acts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first one when it acts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first one when it acts the
+first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part
+it gives me t1 tensor1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives me t1 tensor1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives me t1 tensor1
+but now acting on this this is v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now acting on this this is v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now acting on this this is v
+tensor sw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor sw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor sw
+and then when i add to this one i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i add to this one i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i add to this one i get
+now t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now t1
+on v tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on v tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on v tensor
+s1 of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when i act here the first step it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i act here the first step it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i act here the first step it
+gives me a t1 on v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a t1 on v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a t1 on v
+and the second get gives me the s1 on w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second get gives me the s1 on w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second get gives me the s1 on w
+so it gives me the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives me the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives me the same thing
+t1 on v s1 on w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 on v s1 on w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 on v s1 on w
+so these two operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two operators
+because they originated they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they originated they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they originated they're
+operators of the first particle operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators of the first particle operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators of the first particle operator
+of the second particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second particle
+they can act on the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can act on the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can act on the whole system
+but they still commute they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they still commute they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they still commute they don't know
+about each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each other
+and the communication now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the communication now is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the communication now is a
+calculation in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in which you
+just have seen it so what is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have seen it so what is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have seen it so what is a good
+example of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this thing
+is that when you try to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you try to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you try to write the
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the hamiltonian of the whole system h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian of the whole system h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian of the whole system h
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+you would say oh it's the hamiltonian of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say oh it's the hamiltonian of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say oh it's the hamiltonian of
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+system tensor one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system tensor one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system tensor one
+plus one tensor the hamiltonian of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one tensor the hamiltonian of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one tensor the hamiltonian of the
+second system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay time for an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay time for an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay time for an example
+so the example is a famous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a great example because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a great example because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a great example because uh
+it's at the basis of combining angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the basis of combining angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the basis of combining angular
+momentum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so
+it's an example you're gonna see now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an example you're gonna see now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an example you're gonna see now and
+see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+many times two spin one half particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times two spin one half particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times two spin one half particles
+two spin one halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spin one halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spin one halves
+so the first particle has a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first particle has a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first particle has a state
+plus and a state minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and a state minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and a state minus
+for the first particle the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first particle the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first particle the second
+particle has a state pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has a state pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has a state pi
+plus and a state minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do we form the tensor product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we form the tensor product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we form the tensor product
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+we say these are our basis states for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say these are our basis states for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say these are our basis states for
+the first hilbert space the basis state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first hilbert space the basis state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first hilbert space the basis state
+for the second hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second hilbert space
+we're supposed to take the product state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to take the product state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to take the product state
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+our tensor product is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tensor product is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tensor product is going to be
+span so two spins the tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span so two spins the tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span so two spins the tensor
+vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is spanned by a vector in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spanned by a vector in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spanned by a vector in the first
+times a vector in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a vector in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a vector in the second
+the basis vectors you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis vectors you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis vectors you could have
+plus in one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus in one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus in one minus
+in two minus in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two minus in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two minus in one
+plus into and minus in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus into and minus in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus into and minus in one
+minus in two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus in two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus in two so
+two spin states form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spin states form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spin states form
+a four dimensional complex vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four dimensional complex vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four dimensional complex vector space
+if that's how you describe them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's how you describe them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's how you describe them with
+those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little
+products and the most general state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and the most general state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and the most general state
+is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following
+most general state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state is apsai which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is apsai which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is apsai which is
+alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha plus
+plus you can put 1 and 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you can put 1 and 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you can put 1 and 2
+plus alpha here is alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha here is alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha here is alpha 1
+alpha 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 2 plus
+minus plus alpha 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus alpha 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus alpha 3
+minus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus
+plus alpha 4 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's do just one simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's do just one simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's do just one simple
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+be done for today i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done for today i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done for today i
+want you to try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to try to figure out
+what is the result of acting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the result of acting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the result of acting with the
+total z component of angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total z component of angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total z component of angular momentum
+on this state whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this state whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this state whatever
+that means total z component of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means total z component of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means total z component of angular
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+so naively speaking the total z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so naively speaking the total z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so naively speaking the total z
+component of angular momentum would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of angular momentum would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of angular momentum would be
+the z component of angular momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z component of angular momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z component of angular momentum of
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+particle plus the z component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle plus the z component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle plus the z component of the
+angular momentum of the second particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of the second particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of the second particle
+but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know
+that's not the way we should write it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the way we should write it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the way we should write it so
+how is it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it really
+it should be s z of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be s z of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be s z of the first
+particle tensor product with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle tensor product with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle tensor product with one
+plus one tensor product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one tensor product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one tensor product with
+s z of the second particle you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z of the second particle you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z of the second particle you can say
+two or one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is really what it is you see how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really what it is you see how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really what it is you see how do
+we upgrade an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we upgrade an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we upgrade an
+operator in the first hilbert space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in the first hilbert space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in the first hilbert space to
+an operator on the tensor product you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator on the tensor product you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator on the tensor product you
+just let it act in the first day but do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let it act in the first day but do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let it act in the first day but do
+nothing on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing on the second
+so summing the two angular momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so summing the two angular momenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so summing the two angular momenta
+really means constructing this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means constructing this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means constructing this new
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+in the new larger more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new larger more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new larger more
+extended space in which it acts in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended space in which it acts in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended space in which it acts in this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+so let's just calculate what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just calculate what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just calculate what that is
+and we'll stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see for example we'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see for example we'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see for example we'll have the
+first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term
+s z 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z 1
+tensor 1 acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor 1 acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor 1 acting on
+psi on the whole state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi on the whole state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi on the whole state
+well it acts on the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it acts on the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it acts on the first term
+alpha 1. now this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1. now this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1. now this operator
+is supposed to act on this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to act on this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to act on this thing
+so this acts on that and that acts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this acts on that and that acts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this acts on that and that acts on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so you get i'll write this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get i'll write this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get i'll write this whole thing
+as z-hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as z-hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as z-hat
+on plus tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on plus tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on plus tensor
+plus for the first term this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus for the first term this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus for the first term this term
+just acted on that we connect with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just acted on that we connect with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just acted on that we connect with the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+one now well i was putting the first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now well i was putting the first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now well i was putting the first so
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+leave the first uh let's do the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the first uh let's do the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the first uh let's do the second
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+plus alpha 2 it still acts on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha 2 it still acts on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha 2 it still acts on the first
+only s z hat plus tensor minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only s z hat plus tensor minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only s z hat plus tensor minus
+plus alpha 3 s z hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha 3 s z hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha 3 s z hat
+on minus tensor plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on minus tensor plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on minus tensor plus plus
+alpha 4 s z hat on minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 4 s z hat on minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 4 s z hat on minus
+tensor minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor minus
+now what is this well this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this well this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this well this thing
+is h bar over 2 times plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is h bar over 2 times plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is h bar over 2 times plus
+and the number of course goes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of course goes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of course goes out of the
+tensor product you don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product you don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product you don't worry about
+that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's
+h bar over 2 everywhere alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar over 2 everywhere alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar over 2 everywhere alpha 1
+plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus
+here the same another plus so plus alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the same another plus so plus alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the same another plus so plus alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus
+and here is minus so minus alpha 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is minus so minus alpha 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is minus so minus alpha 3
+minus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus
+minus alpha 4 also minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus alpha 4 also minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus alpha 4 also minus
+minus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what it is
+if i do the other one you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do the other one you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do the other one you could do it
+with me now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me now
+quickly uh one tensor sc2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh one tensor sc2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh one tensor sc2
+on psi once you get a custom these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on psi once you get a custom these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on psi once you get a custom these are
+pretty direct so i have to act with sz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty direct so i have to act with sz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty direct so i have to act with sz
+hat on this once so i just act on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat on this once so i just act on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat on this once so i just act on the
+second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one
+on the second stage so i get h bar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the second stage so i get h bar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the second stage so i get h bar over
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+for the first one you get a plus because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first one you get a plus because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first one you get a plus because
+it's acting on this thing so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acting on this thing so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acting on this thing so you get
+alpha 1 plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus plus
+for the second one however you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second one however you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second one however you get a
+minus because it's the second operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus because it's the second operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus because it's the second operator
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+minus alpha 2 plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus alpha 2 plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus alpha 2 plus minus
+for the third one it's a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the third one it's a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the third one it's a plus
+so you get a plus alpha three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a plus alpha three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a plus alpha three
+minus plus and for the last one it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus and for the last one it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus and for the last one it's a
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+so you get minus alpha 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get minus alpha 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get minus alpha 4
+minus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus
+so when you add them together these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you add them together these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you add them together these two
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+it's the total s z total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the total s z total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the total s z total
+acting on the state and what did you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the state and what did you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the state and what did you get
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+h bar this one's add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar this one's add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar this one's add
+alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha plus
+plus alpha one these two cancels these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha one these two cancels these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha one these two cancels these
+two cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cancels
+minus alpha 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus alpha 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus alpha 4
+minus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus
+that's the whole action of s z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole action of s z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole action of s z
+on this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this thing and
+if you wanted to have a state with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to have a state with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to have a state with
+total s z equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals zero then you would have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero then you would have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero then you would have to put
+alpha one and alpha four to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you will if you want at some stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will if you want at some stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will if you want at some stage
+calculate maybe in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate maybe in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate maybe in recitation
+how much is s y on this state and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is s y on this state and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is s y on this state and how
+much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is
+s x of this state and try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x of this state and try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x of this state and try to figure out
+if there is a state whose total spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a state whose total spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a state whose total spin
+angular momentum is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is zero
+it's just a calculation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a calculation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a calculation like this
+so next week we'll continue with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next week we'll continue with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next week we'll continue with this
+and with uh teleportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with uh teleportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with uh teleportation
+and bell inequalities
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xyZEB6vkPb8.txt b/xyZEB6vkPb8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8504ed338cdf65f5d1d991f06caff94f99903e4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xyZEB6vkPb8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+We will discuss the results of
+the classification tree model.
+
+So we first observe that
+the overall accuracy
+
+of the method regarding the
+percentage that it accurately
+
+predicts is 80%, compared
+to 75% of the baseline.
+
+But notice that this is
+done in an interesting way.
+
+For bucket one patients, the
+two models are equivalent.
+
+But of course this
+suggests the idea
+
+that healthy people
+stay healthy,
+
+which is the idea of
+the baseline model.
+
+The cost repeats is
+valid in the data.
+
+But then for
+buckets two to five,
+
+notice that the accuracy
+increases substantially from
+
+31% to 60%-- it doubles--
+from 21% to 53%--
+
+more than doubles-- and
+from 19% to 39%-- doubles.
+
+There's an improvement from 23%
+to 30%, not as big as before,
+
+but there is indeed an
+improvement for bucket five.
+
+But notice the improvement on
+the penalty from 0.56 to 0.52
+
+overall.
+
+A small improvement
+in bucket one,
+
+but a significant improvement
+as we increase on the buckets.
+
+For example, here
+for bucket five,
+
+the penalty error decreases
+from 1.88 to 1.01,
+
+a substantial improvement.
+
+So we observed that there's
+a substantial improvement
+
+over the baseline, especially
+as we go down on buckets.
+
+It doubles the accuracy over
+the baseline in some cases.
+
+And so we have seen
+there's a smaller accuracy
+
+improvement in bucket five, but
+there's a much lower penalty
+
+in the prediction
+for bucket five.
+
+So what is the edge
+of the analytics
+
+provided to D2Hawkeye?
+
+First and foremost, there
+was a substantial improvement
+
+in the company's
+ability to identify
+
+patients who need
+more attention.
+
+Another advantage was
+related to the fact
+
+that the model was in fact
+interpretable by physicians.
+
+So the physicians were
+able to improve the model
+
+by identifying new variables
+and refining existing variables.
+
+That really led to
+further improvements.
+
+Finally, and quite
+importantly, the analytics
+
+gave the company an edge
+over the competition using--
+
+that the competition used
+last century methods.
+
+And the use of machine
+learning methods--
+
+in this case,
+classification trees--
+
+provided an edge that
+also helped Hawkeye
+
+when it was sold to
+Verisk Analytics in 2009.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ySqVVEBTy2o.txt b/ySqVVEBTy2o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ba365ea4fed3d1e84233368b35020525dd9bdd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ySqVVEBTy2o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me get started by asking if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get started by asking if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get started by asking if there
+are any questions from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are any questions from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are any questions from last time
+you know i really like questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i really like questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i really like questions
+um so just to be um i do kind of have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just to be um i do kind of have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just to be um i do kind of have a
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+um so just to be clear like for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just to be clear like for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just to be clear like for the uh
+from pollution stuff for the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pollution stuff for the last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pollution stuff for the last time
+um that's there are like a bazillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's there are like a bazillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's there are like a bazillion
+prices right there's like not just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices right there's like not just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices right there's like not just one
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was one price for permits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one price for permits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one price for permits the
+model is simple so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is simple so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is simple so there's
+only one dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one dimension of
+pollution um i mean we kind of did it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a partial equilibrium problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a partial equilibrium problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a partial equilibrium problem so
+the consumers would take a prices given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers would take a prices given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers would take a prices given
+in deciding how many permits to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in deciding how many permits to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in deciding how many permits to sell
+the uh single firm in that example would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh single firm in that example would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh single firm in that example would
+take prices as given and decide how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take prices as given and decide how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take prices as given and decide how much
+to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce
+but in the equilibrium there would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the equilibrium there would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the equilibrium there would be a
+common price for permits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common price for permits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common price for permits okay
+in that case i'm a bit confused about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case i'm a bit confused about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case i'm a bit confused about
+something um if you have like permits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um if you have like permits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um if you have like permits
+and stuff for if you have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff for if you have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff for if you have like a
+thousand people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people
+um if you have one person like selling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have one person like selling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have one person like selling a
+permit if you that person like sells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit if you that person like sells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit if you that person like sells
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+sells a permit to have like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sells a permit to have like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sells a permit to have like more
+pollution be polluted then that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution be polluted then that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution be polluted then that that
+pollution gets spread out over everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution gets spread out over everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution gets spread out over everyone
+so like so that that price of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like so that that price of that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like so that that price of that the
+price that someone would be willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that someone would be willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that someone would be willing to
+sell would be much lower than the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell would be much lower than the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell would be much lower than the actual
+like price that person cares about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like price that person cares about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like price that person cares about
+pollution or something or like or am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution or something or like or am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution or something or like or am i
+thinking about it wrong no no no you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it wrong no no no you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it wrong no no no you're
+absolutely right so that part is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right so that part is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right so that part is missing
+from the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the model
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+says we only had one consumer or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we only had one consumer or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we only had one consumer or we
+talked about the consumer as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the consumer as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the consumer as a
+representative consumer and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative consumer and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative consumer and everybody
+wanting to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to do the same thing
+but but you're right there could be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you're right there could be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you're right there could be you
+know a potential conflict of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a potential conflict of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a potential conflict of interest
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+you know if if you're all supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if you're all supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if you're all supposed to
+pay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay um
+for well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's something called the lindal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the lindal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the lindal
+equilibrium that was just going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that was just going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that was just going to take
+us too far off the path of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us too far off the path of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us too far off the path of the lecture
+that actually elicits from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually elicits from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually elicits from each
+household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household
+their willingness to pay for pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their willingness to pay for pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their willingness to pay for pollution
+and then adds up those numbers to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then adds up those numbers to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then adds up those numbers to get
+the sum of the willingness to pay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the willingness to pay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the willingness to pay and
+then that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that number
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+quote compared to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote compared to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote compared to the uh
+what the firm's you know are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the firm's you know are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the firm's you know are willing to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+to pay for the input costs so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for the input costs so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for the input costs so that's the
+way the generalization would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the generalization would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the generalization would go
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yep here's a good question other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep here's a good question other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep here's a good question other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+just to remind you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you all
+this is the last lecture 21 the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last lecture 21 the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last lecture 21 the last
+lecture i'm giving although i will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture i'm giving although i will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture i'm giving although i will have
+class on tuesday which is another review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on tuesday which is another review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on tuesday which is another review
+session focusing mainly on the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session focusing mainly on the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session focusing mainly on the material
+that we've covered since the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've covered since the last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've covered since the last time
+trying as i usually do in those review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying as i usually do in those review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying as i usually do in those review
+sessions to bring the pieces together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions to bring the pieces together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions to bring the pieces together
+so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the
+class schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class schedule
+then for the reading list today for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for the reading list today for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for the reading list today for the
+lecture today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today
+there are these two starred papers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these two starred papers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these two starred papers and
+one is this able thank you summers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this able thank you summers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this able thank you summers
+stackhauser paper and now it's like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stackhauser paper and now it's like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stackhauser paper and now it's like one
+or two slides in the lecture today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two slides in the lecture today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two slides in the lecture today we
+didn't spend a lot of time on it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't spend a lot of time on it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't spend a lot of time on it in the
+lecture but it's listed there as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but it's listed there as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but it's listed there as a
+supplemental reading along with my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemental reading along with my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemental reading along with my own
+paper i'll spend a little more time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper i'll spend a little more time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper i'll spend a little more time on
+my own paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own paper
+anyway i'm kind of treating you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway i'm kind of treating you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway i'm kind of treating you guys
+as you are as fully functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you are as fully functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you are as fully functioning
+economist so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist so
+you should be able to read the able ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to read the able ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to read the able ed
+owl paper and understand it without me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owl paper and understand it without me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owl paper and understand it without me
+going over it this lecture and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over it this lecture and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over it this lecture and the
+previous one had that style to it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one had that style to it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one had that style to it in
+fact last time was the first time i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact last time was the first time i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact last time was the first time i
+think that i didn't finish the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that i didn't finish the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that i didn't finish the lecture
+material and asked you nevertheless to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and asked you nevertheless to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and asked you nevertheless to
+go ahead and understand the lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and understand the lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and understand the lecture and
+to read the start reading so i did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read the start reading so i did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read the start reading so i did not
+do this too too much at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this too too much at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this too too much at the beginning of
+the course but now that you're fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but now that you're fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but now that you're fully
+trained i think you're more independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained i think you're more independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained i think you're more independent
+anyway feel free to ask me questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway feel free to ask me questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway feel free to ask me questions
+about those at any time including next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those at any time including next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those at any time including next
+time if it comes up because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if it comes up because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if it comes up because it's
+material that we really haven't covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we really haven't covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we really haven't covered
+much in the lectures but i started so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the lectures but i started so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the lectures but i started so
+meaning i i do expect you to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning i i do expect you to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning i i do expect you to understand
+it okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and then
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+review sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review sheets
+we were doing the failures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing the failures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing the failures of the
+welfare theorems the way these review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorems the way these review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorems the way these review
+questions are written they're largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are written they're largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are written they're largely
+review it's kind of like telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review it's kind of like telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review it's kind of like telling you
+what you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to know
+it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard
+to ask you when the answer is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you when the answer is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you when the answer is given
+but i'll give it a try anyway it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll give it a try anyway it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll give it a try anyway it says
+you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know
+well the formal statement of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the formal statement of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the formal statement of the first
+welfare theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorem
+and conditions under which it holds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conditions under which it holds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conditions under which it holds so
+again i think i'll just take volunteers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i think i'll just take volunteers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i think i'll just take volunteers
+can someone tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone tell me the
+either roughly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either roughly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either roughly or
+even more carefully the statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more carefully the statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more carefully the statement of the
+first welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first welfare
+first welfare theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay they're too well for ethereum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're too well for ethereum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're too well for ethereum okay
+okay um okay okay if i remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um okay okay if i remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um okay okay if i remember
+correctly the first welfare theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly the first welfare theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly the first welfare theorem is
+something like assuming local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like assuming local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like assuming local
+non-satiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation and
+it's not i don't think it's complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not i don't think it's complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not i don't think it's complexity
+but it's something there's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's something there's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's something there's a second
+condition that i forget uh but assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that i forget uh but assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that i forget uh but assuming
+local nonstick association and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local nonstick association and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local nonstick association and something
+else then you know well the price equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else then you know well the price equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else then you know well the price equal
+the release the raw russian like price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the release the raw russian like price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the release the raw russian like price
+equilibrium is pretty optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is pretty optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is pretty optimal
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+it was local non-satiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was local non-satiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was local non-satiation and
+a statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement about
+rationality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+consumer preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer preferences
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so very very weak which is probably why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very very weak which is probably why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very very weak which is probably why
+they're hard to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hard to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hard to remember
+yeah but the local non-station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but the local non-station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but the local non-station
+non-satiation is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation is there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+yeah the pollution we've already started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the pollution we've already started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the pollution we've already started
+talking about pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about pollution
+permits what was the why did we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits what was the why did we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits what was the why did we need
+those permits in the first place what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those permits in the first place what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those permits in the first place what
+was it that we did wrong since the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it that we did wrong since the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it that we did wrong since the first
+welfare theorem is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorem is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorem is supposed to
+hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+even assuming local non-satiation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even assuming local non-satiation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even assuming local non-satiation what
+why did it fail in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there isn't really like a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't really like a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't really like a market
+for pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like people's preferences don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like people's preferences don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like people's preferences don't get
+accounted for there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for there
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+exactly so it's a missing market problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it's a missing market problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it's a missing market problem
+we assume they're l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume they're l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume they're l
+goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods
+and their markets and all of them when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their markets and all of them when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their markets and all of them when
+we do the proof of the first welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the proof of the first welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the proof of the first welfare
+theorem in this case we kind of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in this case we kind of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in this case we kind of kind of
+left one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left one out
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there aren't prices there to guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the solution of the market to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of the market to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of the market to the
+situation where the marginal rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the marginal rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the marginal rates of
+substitution over households are equated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution over households are equated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution over households are equated
+to the marginal rate of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the marginal rate of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the marginal rate of production
+across firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across firms
+so that that's the nature of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and likewise i thought i indicated one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise i thought i indicated one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise i thought i indicated one
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what about the second welfare theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what about the second welfare theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what about the second welfare theorem
+does anyone can anyone state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone can anyone state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone can anyone state it
+including some of the assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including some of the assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including some of the assumptions that
+are needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh sure i can take a stab at this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sure i can take a stab at this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sure i can take a stab at this one
+um so the second welfare theorem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the second welfare theorem says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the second welfare theorem says
+that um basically any um optimal point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um basically any um optimal point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um basically any um optimal point
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is supported by some while raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supported by some while raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supported by some while raising
+equilibrium up to transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium up to transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium up to transfers
+um and some assumptions that we need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some assumptions that we need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some assumptions that we need for
+that are we need convex open consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are we need convex open consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are we need convex open consumption
+sets we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets we need
+convex closed production sets with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex closed production sets with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex closed production sets with like
+this concave transformation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concave transformation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concave transformation function
+um we need um concave and locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we need um concave and locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we need um concave and locally
+non-satiated preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiated preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiated preferences
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+i think the the last one is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the the last one is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the the last one is basically
+just like a budget constraint of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a budget constraint of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a budget constraint of some
+sort basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort basically
+yeah it's some interiority condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's some interiority condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's some interiority condition
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right
+um so yeah so this one takes a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah so this one takes a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah so this one takes a bit more
+in terms of assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of assumptions
+and then i showed in the lecture two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i showed in the lecture two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i showed in the lecture two
+pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of
+uh illustrative examples of where things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh illustrative examples of where things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh illustrative examples of where things
+could go wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go wrong
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one had non-convexity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one had non-convexity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one had non-convexity in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+preferences and the other had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and the other had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and the other had
+non-convexity and production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know it's i don't know if it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's i don't know if it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's i don't know if it helps
+to give the math intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the math intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the math intuition
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we did the second welfare theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did the second welfare theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did the second welfare theorem
+we're kind of getting those shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of getting those shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of getting those shadow
+prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+by solving the pareto problem and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by solving the pareto problem and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by solving the pareto problem and then
+essentially using them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially using them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially using them um
+as candidates for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as candidates for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as candidates for the uh
+paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paul
+or equilibrium or the equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equilibrium or the equilibrium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equilibrium or the equilibrium with
+transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers
+and those shadow prices are marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions they're derivatives having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions they're derivatives having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions they're derivatives having to
+do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiating the lagrangian with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating the lagrangian with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating the lagrangian with the
+you know respect to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraints um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints um
+another way to put that is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to put that is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to put that is the the
+candidate for prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate for prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate for prices
+are essentially margin utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially margin utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially margin utilities
+weighted margin utilities at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted margin utilities at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted margin utilities at least in
+the pareto problem would be equated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pareto problem would be equated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pareto problem would be equated to
+a common lagrange multiplier and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common lagrange multiplier and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common lagrange multiplier and that
+that's what i meant by margin utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i meant by margin utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i meant by margin utility
+pricing that the lagrange multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing that the lagrange multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing that the lagrange multiplier
+becomes the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the price
+it's kind of amazing because it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of amazing because it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of amazing because it's all
+teeny tiny local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeny tiny local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeny tiny local
+you know once we find the candidate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know once we find the candidate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know once we find the candidate we
+want all we need to do is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all we need to do is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all we need to do is look at the
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+for very small movements around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very small movements around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very small movements around that
+point and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then
+kind of separate the problem globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of separate the problem globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of separate the problem globally
+so it's not just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at those
+prices households and firms are mac i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices households and firms are mac i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices households and firms are mac i
+mean that's true but they're not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's true but they're not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's true but they're not only
+just maximizing locally they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maximizing locally they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maximizing locally they
+could in principle choose things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in principle choose things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in principle choose things that
+are very far away from that local point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very far away from that local point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very far away from that local point
+that are global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are global
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and that was the point of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the point of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the point of those two
+figures with the non-convexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures with the non-convexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures with the non-convexity
+in preferences or alternatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in preferences or alternatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in preferences or alternatively
+non-convexity and production you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexity and production you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexity and production you could
+see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how
+locally things look fine but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally things look fine but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally things look fine but if you
+drift pretty far away you find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift pretty far away you find another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift pretty far away you find another
+point that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that either
+maximizes profits for maximizing utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes profits for maximizing utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes profits for maximizing utility
+depending on the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the example
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+all of the stuff we're learning was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the stuff we're learning was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the stuff we're learning was kind
+of worked out by british economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worked out by british economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worked out by british economists
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh and then formalized by paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then formalized by paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then formalized by paul
+samuelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samuelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samuelson
+it's called the sort of marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the sort of marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the sort of marginal
+analysis way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis way of doing
+economics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics um
+okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+good and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that's essentially all i want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's essentially all i want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's essentially all i want to do
+in terms of reviewing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of reviewing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of reviewing from
+from last class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last class um
+well the other thing yeah question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the other thing yeah question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the other thing yeah question
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um when i were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when i were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when i were uh
+when i mentioned the first welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i mentioned the first welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i mentioned the first welfare
+ethereum we just assumed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethereum we just assumed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethereum we just assumed that the
+preference are original and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference are original and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference are original and the
+non-satiation and we say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation and we say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation and we say that the
+production is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is not
+is not empty and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not empty and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not empty and we don't
+we don't consider whether the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't consider whether the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't consider whether the production
+function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is
+convex or not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex or not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex or not but
+i noticed that if the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i noticed that if the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i noticed that if the production
+function is non-convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is non-convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is non-convex
+uh we see uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we see uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we see uh in
+their words they're they might not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their words they're they might not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their words they're they might not have
+any competitive equilibrium for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any competitive equilibrium for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any competitive equilibrium for example
+when the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the production
+function is non-convex then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is non-convex then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is non-convex then
+then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+then then the slides three show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then the slides three show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then the slides three show that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the point which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point which uh
+consumers will get the maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers will get the maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers will get the maximizing
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+but at this point was not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at this point was not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at this point was not the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+producers maximize their profits so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers maximize their profits so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers maximize their profits so in
+this con so in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this con so in this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this con so in this situation
+can we say there was a equilibrium it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we say there was a equilibrium it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we say there was a equilibrium it
+looks like there was no equilibrium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there was no equilibrium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there was no equilibrium in
+this situation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation like
+yeah it's a good question and it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a good question and it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a good question and it gives
+me an opportunity to clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an opportunity to clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an opportunity to clarify
+there are two theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two theorems
+you know one if a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one if a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one if a competitive
+equilibrium exists and it's optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium exists and it's optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium exists and it's optimal
+that's the first welfare theorem that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first welfare theorem that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first welfare theorem that's
+the one that only needs local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that only needs local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that only needs local
+non-satiation and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation and uh
+rationality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality
+and and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the reason
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+true when there's production and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true when there's production and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true when there's production and there
+are no assumptions about production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no assumptions about production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no assumptions about production
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you know the intuition for why it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the intuition for why it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the intuition for why it works
+is you're given so much information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're given so much information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're given so much information
+already namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already namely
+this competitive equilibrium exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this competitive equilibrium exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this competitive equilibrium exists
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know what's ever going on firms were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's ever going on firms were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's ever going on firms were
+maximizing profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing profits
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+that added up to demand and so on so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that added up to demand and so on so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that added up to demand and so on so all
+that stuff is kind of implicitly given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff is kind of implicitly given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff is kind of implicitly given
+in the statement of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the statement of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the statement of the problem
+if the conditionality if a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the conditionality if a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the conditionality if a competitive
+equilibrium exists then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium exists then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium exists then
+something else is true oh i get it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is true oh i get it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is true oh i get it yeah
+yeah yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and then
+you know i slipped up too when i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i slipped up too when i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i slipped up too when i was
+going through those examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through those examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through those examples
+uh because i'd forgotten that i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because i'd forgotten that i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because i'd forgotten that i'd
+switch to the second welfare theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to the second welfare theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to the second welfare theorem
+so the second welfare theorem is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second welfare theorem is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second welfare theorem is the
+starting point is pareto optimal and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point is pareto optimal and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point is pareto optimal and i
+should have when i went over those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have when i went over those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have when i went over those
+figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures
+emphasized how it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized how it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized how it was the
+you know single best point in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know single best point in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know single best point in the whole
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+and could not be pareto dominated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could not be pareto dominated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could not be pareto dominated and
+then settled into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then settled into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then settled into
+the second part of the second welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of the second welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of the second welfare
+theorem which is then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which is then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which is then you can
+maybe not decentralize if you lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not decentralize if you lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not decentralize if you lose the
+convexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity
+thank you okay i'm glad i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you okay i'm glad i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you okay i'm glad i like
+questions i i know it's the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions i i know it's the last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions i i know it's the last class
+by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way
+please come ready to ask questions next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please come ready to ask questions next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please come ready to ask questions next
+time that's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's a much
+more fun way to review what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun way to review what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun way to review what we've done
+in the in the course than it is for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the course than it is for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the course than it is for me
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+to lecture all over again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lecture all over again um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lecture all over again um
+all right that said i should lecture all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that said i should lecture all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that said i should lecture all
+over again i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again i guess
+here's lecture 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's lecture 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's lecture 21
+and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+without exaggerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without exaggerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without exaggerating
+this one like the last one is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one like the last one is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one like the last one is kind of
+exciting both for the topics that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting both for the topics that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting both for the topics that are
+covered and because it's building on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered and because it's building on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered and because it's building on
+material that you now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that you now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that you now know
+that was spread out throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was spread out throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was spread out throughout the
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+i suppose a better title for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suppose a better title for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suppose a better title for this one
+would have been monetary economics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been monetary economics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been monetary economics or
+cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency
+but bubbles is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bubbles is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bubbles is uh
+a more appealing title and as you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more appealing title and as you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more appealing title and as you will
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+bubbles can exist meaning something has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles can exist meaning something has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles can exist meaning something has
+value that has no value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that has no value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that has no value
+and they can be optimal and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be optimal and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be optimal and it also
+creates a scope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a scope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a scope for
+monetary policy so these things look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy so these things look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy so these things look
+really different from the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different from the welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different from the welfare
+theorems that we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that we just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that we just did
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+essentially the reason that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the reason that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the reason that it's
+happening is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is either
+that we have a version of incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a version of incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a version of incomplete
+markets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets or
+we have an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an infinite number of
+commodities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodities
+but rather than you know reiterating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than you know reiterating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than you know reiterating
+those theorems so this is the monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those theorems so this is the monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those theorems so this is the monetary
+economic slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic slide
+let me tell you in words how we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you in words how we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you in words how we can get
+fiat money to have value even when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat money to have value even when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat money to have value even when it's
+not it's worth much more than the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's worth much more than the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's worth much more than the paper
+is printed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is printed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is printed on
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you have these kinds of agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these kinds of agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these kinds of agents
+moving in opposite directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in opposite directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in opposite directions
+some are moving west as in the top line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are moving west as in the top line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are moving west as in the top line
+others are moving east as in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are moving east as in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are moving east as in the bottom
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+and every period they hit one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every period they hit one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every period they hit one of these
+trading posts so the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading posts so the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading posts so the sequence
+experienced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced by
+the people traveling west if they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people traveling west if they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people traveling west if they start
+with one then next period they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one then next period they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one then next period they're gonna
+have zero goods that's their endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero goods that's their endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero goods that's their endowment
+then one good and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one good and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one good and so on
+and the guys going in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guys going in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guys going in the opposite
+direction have the opposite sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction have the opposite sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction have the opposite sequence
+whenever they're able to trade at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they're able to trade at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they're able to trade at these
+vertical lines which are trading posts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical lines which are trading posts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical lines which are trading posts
+one agent has one and the other has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one agent has one and the other has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one agent has one and the other has zero
+and then the basic idea is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the basic idea is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the basic idea is somehow
+the guy with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy with zero
+goods also has these pieces of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods also has these pieces of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods also has these pieces of paper
+called fiat money and they give them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fiat money and they give them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fiat money and they give them up
+they have value and they get one some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have value and they get one some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have value and they get one some
+amount of the good from the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the good from the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the good from the person who
+has the real commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the real commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the real commodity
+so there's a trade going on between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a trade going on between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a trade going on between
+goods and money so we have to extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and money so we have to extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and money so we have to extend the
+commodity space to include these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity space to include these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity space to include these pieces
+of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper
+and then the guy that basically got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the guy that basically got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the guy that basically got the
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+is willing to take it because he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is willing to take it because he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is willing to take it because he or she
+is about to experience in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about to experience in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about to experience in the next
+period zero real endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period zero real endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period zero real endowment
+but they can spend the money to a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can spend the money to a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can spend the money to a person
+with one who is in turn willing to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one who is in turn willing to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one who is in turn willing to take
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+i'll show you this model you know at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you this model you know at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you this model you know at the
+end of class and we'll work some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of class and we'll work some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of class and we'll work some things
+out but that's an example of an economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but that's an example of an economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but that's an example of an economy
+with endowments and preferences that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with endowments and preferences that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with endowments and preferences that is
+pretty awful if there's no money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty awful if there's no money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty awful if there's no money
+but is much better with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is much better with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is much better with it
+and then yeah at the end we'll even talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then yeah at the end we'll even talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then yeah at the end we'll even talk
+about optimal monetary policy in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about optimal monetary policy in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about optimal monetary policy in that
+setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+why the fed should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the fed should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the fed should be
+controlling the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the interest rate
+this is a similar model down here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a similar model down here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a similar model down here if you
+can see it we have people going one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it we have people going one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it we have people going one
+direction or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the other
+when they meet though they stay together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they meet though they stay together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they meet though they stay together
+for two periods so this person endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two periods so this person endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two periods so this person endowment
+goes a in the first period zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes a in the first period zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes a in the first period zero
+endowment of the good in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment of the good in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment of the good in the second
+period the opposite is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the opposite is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the opposite is true
+this one has zero and then b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has zero and then b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has zero and then b
+so over these two periods they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over these two periods they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over these two periods they can
+borrow and lend from each other so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow and lend from each other so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow and lend from each other so this
+is just you know like a a snapshot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just you know like a a snapshot of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just you know like a a snapshot of a
+two-period intertemporal economy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-period intertemporal economy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-period intertemporal economy with
+borrowing and lending which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending which you know
+they will want to do because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will want to do because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will want to do because they have
+extreme endowment positions of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme endowment positions of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme endowment positions of the real
+good but it doesn't end there after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but it doesn't end there after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but it doesn't end there after
+they're paired like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're paired like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're paired like that
+one goes to the east the other goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes to the east the other goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes to the east the other goes to
+the west and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west and um
+you know if you think like a is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you think like a is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you think like a is a very
+very big number and b is a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big number and b is a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big number and b is a very small
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+this economy starts to look like the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this economy starts to look like the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this economy starts to look like the one
+above it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it
+where they're going from large number to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're going from large number to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're going from large number to
+something almost zero large number to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something almost zero large number to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something almost zero large number to
+something almost zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something almost zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something almost zero
+and the person below going the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the person below going the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the person below going the other
+direction has the opposite pattern so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction has the opposite pattern so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction has the opposite pattern so
+this economy displays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this economy displays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this economy displays
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+real credit borrowing and lending and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real credit borrowing and lending and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real credit borrowing and lending and
+real goods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real goods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real goods and
+fiat money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat money
+and of course in the economy we live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course in the economy we live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course in the economy we live in
+we arguably have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we arguably have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we arguably have both
+we have fiat money and we have borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have fiat money and we have borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have fiat money and we have borrowing
+and lending and credit markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lending and credit markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lending and credit markets
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+we go to this third economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to this third economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to this third economy
+where there are two locations agent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are two locations agent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are two locations agent one
+is always residing in the first location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always residing in the first location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always residing in the first location
+agent two is always residing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent two is always residing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent two is always residing in the
+agent four i'm sorry it's residing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent four i'm sorry it's residing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent four i'm sorry it's residing in
+the second location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second location
+and these other two agents labeled two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these other two agents labeled two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these other two agents labeled two
+and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three
+switch locations two goes from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch locations two goes from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch locations two goes from one to
+two then back to one etc and three has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then back to one etc and three has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then back to one etc and three has
+the opposite pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite pattern
+uh you can kind of create this by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can kind of create this by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can kind of create this by taking
+this so-called turnpike and bending it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called turnpike and bending it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called turnpike and bending it
+around so that it meets like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so that it meets like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so that it meets like a
+merry-go-round and that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merry-go-round and that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merry-go-round and that that would
+create something very similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something very similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something very similar to this
+economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+okay so much more fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so much more fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so much more fun
+you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see
+at date one and three agents one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at date one and three agents one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at date one and three agents one and two
+are paired with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paired with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paired with each other
+so you can imagine that borrowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine that borrowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine that borrowing and
+lending simple two-period loans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending simple two-period loans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending simple two-period loans are
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+and depending on endowments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on endowments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on endowments and
+preferences and desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and desirable
+so we have short-term credit to period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have short-term credit to period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have short-term credit to period
+debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt
+but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also
+watch this now say one issues an iou to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch this now say one issues an iou to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch this now say one issues an iou to
+two a promise to pay in the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two a promise to pay in the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two a promise to pay in the fourth
+period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+two travels and passes it along to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two travels and passes it along to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two travels and passes it along to four
+four passes along to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four passes along to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four passes along to three
+and three passes it along to one who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three passes it along to one who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three passes it along to one who was
+the initial issuer of the iou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial issuer of the iou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial issuer of the iou
+and there are several other sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are several other sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are several other sort of
+network chains like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network chains like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network chains like that
+in this economy and those would be debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this economy and those would be debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this economy and those would be debt
+they're private ious they're not fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're private ious they're not fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're private ious they're not fiat
+money but they would facilitate exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but they would facilitate exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but they would facilitate exchange
+and act like privately issued monies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and act like privately issued monies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and act like privately issued monies
+now you do have to redeem your forest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you do have to redeem your forest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you do have to redeem your forest in
+the model to pay back the loan in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model to pay back the loan in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model to pay back the loan in the
+fourth period but meanwhile those ious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth period but meanwhile those ious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth period but meanwhile those ious
+circulate in the population so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulate in the population so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulate in the population so this is a
+real economy no fiat money but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real economy no fiat money but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real economy no fiat money but there is
+a kind of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of money
+circulating private debt with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating private debt with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating private debt with high
+velocity that iou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity that iou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity that iou
+passes hands every single period it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes hands every single period it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes hands every single period it has
+the highest single velocity in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest single velocity in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest single velocity in the whole
+economy velocity is the amount traded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy velocity is the amount traded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy velocity is the amount traded
+per unit time divided by the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time divided by the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time divided by the stock
+another implicit thing going on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another implicit thing going on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another implicit thing going on in this
+comparison is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison is
+depending how often agents meet with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending how often agents meet with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending how often agents meet with one
+another you could evolve from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you could evolve from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you could evolve from
+a monetary economy with valued fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monetary economy with valued fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monetary economy with valued fiat
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+to the point that the credit markets get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point that the credit markets get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point that the credit markets get
+so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good
+especially with privately issued debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with privately issued debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with privately issued debt
+that you don't need fiat money at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't need fiat money at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't need fiat money at all
+so don't tell the federal reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't tell the federal reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't tell the federal reserve
+they're not going to be happy about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be happy about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be happy about it
+but that you know that tension is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that you know that tension is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that you know that tension is there
+and i think part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think part of the
+issue with digital assets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with digital assets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with digital assets and
+cryptocurrency is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency is that
+it's kind of filling in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of filling in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of filling in the market
+and can lead us to a situation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can lead us to a situation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can lead us to a situation where the
+fiat money is no longer valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat money is no longer valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat money is no longer valued
+uh well i mean you get the same thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well i mean you get the same thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well i mean you get the same thing in
+this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model
+you know a meets b for two periods then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a meets b for two periods then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a meets b for two periods then
+three periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three periods
+you know then end periods so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then end periods so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then end periods so they're
+together so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so much
+the residual gap is not enough to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual gap is not enough to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual gap is not enough to create
+valued fiat money all right so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued fiat money all right so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued fiat money all right so these
+slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides
+then go back to the issue of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go back to the issue of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go back to the issue of either
+monetary policy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy or
+distributed ledgers we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed ledgers we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed ledgers we talked about
+distributed ledgers throughout the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed ledgers throughout the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed ledgers throughout the class
+off and on maybe that wasn't effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and on maybe that wasn't effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and on maybe that wasn't effective
+because it pops up in different spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it pops up in different spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it pops up in different spots
+depending on the lecture but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the lecture but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the lecture but if you look
+at one passes it to two two passes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one passes it to two two passes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one passes it to two two passes at
+the four to three and back to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four to three and back to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four to three and back to one
+there's another path over here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another path over here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another path over here where
+three issues it to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three issues it to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three issues it to four
+four gives it to two two gives it to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four gives it to two two gives it to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four gives it to two two gives it to one
+and one passes it back to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one passes it back to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one passes it back to three
+it turns out that you don't need both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that you don't need both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that you don't need both of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+but if the amount of short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the amount of short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the amount of short-term
+circulating debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating debt
+is not coordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not coordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not coordinated
+then you can run into troubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can run into troubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can run into troubles
+another way to say that is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say that is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say that is there
+multiple equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple equilibria
+a continuum of equilibria but you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuum of equilibria but you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuum of equilibria but you need
+to coordinate on the amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coordinate on the amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coordinate on the amount of the
+privately issued currencies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately issued currencies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately issued currencies that are
+about to circulate in the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to circulate in the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to circulate in the economy
+and if these are informationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if these are informationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if these are informationally
+decentralized locations if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized locations if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized locations if they're not
+supposed to know what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to know what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to know what's going on in the
+other location then there's no way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other location then there's no way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other location then there's no way they
+can coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can coordinate
+so one of the advantages of distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the advantages of distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the advantages of distributed
+ledgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers
+would be uh especially if you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh especially if you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh especially if you write
+smart contracts on them that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contracts on them that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contracts on them that you can
+solve this coordination problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this coordination problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this coordination problem
+and i think that's where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's where we're going
+with digital assets except people aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with digital assets except people aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with digital assets except people aren't
+thinking about it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it yet
+we're going to end up with financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with financial
+crises not because digital assets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crises not because digital assets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crises not because digital assets are
+bad but because there's a coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but because there's a coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but because there's a coordination
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+fortunately we have a solution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately we have a solution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately we have a solution in the
+ledgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not crazy to link this to central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not crazy to link this to central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not crazy to link this to central
+banks because i mentioned once to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks because i mentioned once to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks because i mentioned once to you
+ious that circulated in medieval england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ious that circulated in medieval england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ious that circulated in medieval england
+those were those willow sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were those willow sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were those willow sticks
+eventually they were issuing pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they were issuing pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they were issuing pieces of
+paper promissory notes as i would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper promissory notes as i would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper promissory notes as i would use
+that were circulating the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were circulating the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were circulating the population
+and in london
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in london
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in london
+those bills of exchange you know were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bills of exchange you know were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bills of exchange you know were
+well all of england and especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all of england and especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all of england and especially in
+london there were markets for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london there were markets for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london there were markets for those
+bills but occasionally they would crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills but occasionally they would crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills but occasionally they would crash
+and so that's actually what gave rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's actually what gave rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's actually what gave rise to
+the one of the first central banks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the first central banks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the first central banks in
+the world the central bank of england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world the central bank of england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world the central bank of england
+where it would buy up those bills that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it would buy up those bills that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it would buy up those bills that
+were falling in price that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were falling in price that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were falling in price that's the way
+monetary policy used to work when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy used to work when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy used to work when the
+fed buys treasuries but they may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed buys treasuries but they may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed buys treasuries but they may have
+created the wrong institution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the wrong institution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the wrong institution because
+the problem likely was the coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem likely was the coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem likely was the coordination
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+not the fact that the private markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the fact that the private markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the fact that the private markets
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+intrinsically flawed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically flawed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically flawed
+and the other aspect that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other aspect that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other aspect that we're going to
+cover today is that fiat money can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover today is that fiat money can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover today is that fiat money can be
+introduced even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced even though
+it's worth nothing it's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth nothing it's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth nothing it's going to have a
+positive value and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value and that's going to
+create other problems it's not like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create other problems it's not like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create other problems it's not like it's
+totally stable it could be moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally stable it could be moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally stable it could be moving around
+which brings us to the other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings us to the other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings us to the other kind of
+money bitcoin which was introduced to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money bitcoin which was introduced to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money bitcoin which was introduced to be
+a money and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a money and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a money and to
+replace fiat money that's what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace fiat money that's what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace fiat money that's what really
+made the central banks so annoyed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the central banks so annoyed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the central banks so annoyed with
+the whole nakamoto experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole nakamoto experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole nakamoto experiment
+they were threatened by bitcoin so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were threatened by bitcoin so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were threatened by bitcoin so this
+a bit historical here i kept it in for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit historical here i kept it in for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit historical here i kept it in for a
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+when i first started teaching i grabbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i first started teaching i grabbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i first started teaching i grabbed
+this slide which has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide which has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide which has to do with the
+price of bitcoin moving from 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of bitcoin moving from 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of bitcoin moving from 100
+to 147
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 147
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 147
+in 2013 people were already talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2013 people were already talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2013 people were already talking
+about how ridiculous that was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how ridiculous that was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how ridiculous that was and
+it wasn't tied to anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't tied to anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't tied to anything
+so the value was completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the value was completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the value was completely
+indeterminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeterminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeterminate
+but remember fiat money is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember fiat money is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember fiat money is just like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+when you have the head of the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the head of the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the head of the federal
+reserve bank of new york dudley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve bank of new york dudley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve bank of new york dudley
+saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know
+the problem with bitcoin is it it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with bitcoin is it it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with bitcoin is it it has no
+fundamental value don't throw stones if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental value don't throw stones if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental value don't throw stones if
+you live in glass houses because fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live in glass houses because fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live in glass houses because fiat
+money has the same problem and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money has the same problem and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money has the same problem and it's just
+that in the us fiat money is respected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the us fiat money is respected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the us fiat money is respected
+and not unstable anyway back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not unstable anyway back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not unstable anyway back to the
+hundred dollars to 147
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars to 147
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars to 147
+i can't see your faces very well but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't see your faces very well but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't see your faces very well but you
+may be a bit puzzled because if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a bit puzzled because if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a bit puzzled because if you if
+you looked at what the value is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at what the value is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at what the value is now
+it's uh 19372.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so over here at the low end the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here at the low end the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here at the low end the price
+was so low it looks like it's zero now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so low it looks like it's zero now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so low it looks like it's zero now
+when we change the scale and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we change the scale and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we change the scale and then of
+course it jumped up in 17 i guess it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it jumped up in 17 i guess it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it jumped up in 17 i guess it was
+and hit about 19 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit about 19 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit about 19 000
+and this is the most re i kind of did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the most re i kind of did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the most re i kind of did
+this because i told you i was aware the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because i told you i was aware the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because i told you i was aware the
+price three days ago was the highest on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price three days ago was the highest on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price three days ago was the highest on
+record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record
+as of yesterday it's back down about 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of yesterday it's back down about 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of yesterday it's back down about 200
+dollars below the highest point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars below the highest point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars below the highest point but
+essentially these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially these are
+almost identical spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identical spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identical spikes
+where do you think it's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you think it's going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you think it's going to go
+you want to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to buy
+well what determines the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what determines the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what determines the value of this
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+maybe only that it's used in exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe only that it's used in exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe only that it's used in exchange
+would that pin down the value the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that pin down the value the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that pin down the value the answer
+is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no
+and you'll now you're going to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll now you're going to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll now you're going to see the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+okay so this is overlapping generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is overlapping generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is overlapping generations
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+i mentioned last time we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned last time we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned last time we have an
+infinity of goods and infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of goods and infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of goods and infinity of
+households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households
+nobody lives forever but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody lives forever but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody lives forever but there are
+there's one generation after another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one generation after another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one generation after another
+you saw last time a version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw last time a version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw last time a version of that
+that we could have a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have a competitive
+equilibrium where the price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where the price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where the price of the
+second good was one everyone had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second good was one everyone had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second good was one everyone had two
+units of wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of wealth
+and uh they could all end up in autarky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they could all end up in autarky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they could all end up in autarky
+and there was a way to pareto dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a way to pareto dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a way to pareto dominate
+the competitive equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitive equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitive equilibrium
+so that is true here in this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is true here in this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is true here in this more
+general setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general setup
+a little bit of a better known setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of a better known setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of a better known setup
+because this is samuelson's model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is samuelson's model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is samuelson's model
+that she created at mit by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she created at mit by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she created at mit by the way
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two
+let's simplify the lifetime you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's simplify the lifetime you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's simplify the lifetime you're
+either young or old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either young or old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either young or old
+so no middle-aged people no people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no middle-aged people no people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no middle-aged people no people
+living you know 100 years they just live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living you know 100 years they just live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living you know 100 years they just live
+two periods how many of them we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two periods how many of them we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two periods how many of them we're gonna
+put a little population growth in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a little population growth in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a little population growth in the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+so there's an initial population l zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an initial population l zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an initial population l zero
+at date zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at date zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at date zero
+then l one at date one is one plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then l one at date one is one plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then l one at date one is one plus n
+times l zero so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times l zero so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times l zero so there's
+a rate of population growth of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate of population growth of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate of population growth of n
+l three is one plus n l two which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l three is one plus n l two which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l three is one plus n l two which is one
+plus n square l one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n square l one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n square l one so
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+if the initial population is one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the initial population is one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the initial population is one then
+the total population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total population
+satisfies this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this equation
+this will be interesting and annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be interesting and annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be interesting and annoying
+because we're going to have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to have to keep
+track of the number of people all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the number of people all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the number of people all the
+time and we are going to want to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we are going to want to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we are going to want to divide
+by the number so yeah the algebra gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the number so yeah the algebra gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the number so yeah the algebra gets
+to be a pain but i'll show you at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a pain but i'll show you at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a pain but i'll show you at least
+in one case how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one case how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one case how to do it
+and then then it will be more clear okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then it will be more clear okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then it will be more clear okay
+there's only one good period but for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one good period but for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one good period but for a
+period there's an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period there's an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period there's an infinite number of
+periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods
+there's obviously an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's obviously an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's obviously an infinite number of
+people even though no one lives more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people even though no one lives more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people even though no one lives more
+than two periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two periods
+there's a constant returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant returns to scale
+production technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production technology
+that maps the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps the level of the
+capital good real physical savings as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital good real physical savings as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital good real physical savings as it
+were and the current labor supply into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and the current labor supply into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and the current labor supply into
+output of the single good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the single good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the single good
+and because it's constant returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's constant returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's constant returns to
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+we know that if we multiply the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that if we multiply the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that if we multiply the inputs
+by a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a scalar
+the output gets multiplied by a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output gets multiplied by a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output gets multiplied by a scalar
+we do the following trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the following trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the following trick
+and let the scalar be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let the scalar be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let the scalar be
+the population itself we divide by labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population itself we divide by labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population itself we divide by labor
+so l over l goes to one k over l is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so l over l goes to one k over l is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so l over l goes to one k over l is now
+termed little k it's capital per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termed little k it's capital per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termed little k it's capital per capita
+and output would scale by one over l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output would scale by one over l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output would scale by one over l
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's like putting that l over here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like putting that l over here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like putting that l over here on
+the left hand side we have output per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side we have output per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side we have output per
+capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita
+so we can write you know basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write you know basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write you know basically a
+production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+which maps output y little y from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maps output y little y from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maps output y little y from
+capital all right all right so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital all right all right so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital all right all right so there are
+two goods here there's labor and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two goods here there's labor and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two goods here there's labor and capital
+they're both used in production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both used in production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both used in production
+so the capital stock is brought in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the capital stock is brought in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the capital stock is brought in from
+the previous previous period and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous previous period and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous previous period and then
+used in production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in production
+the marginal product of capital is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal product of capital is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal product of capital is going
+to be the rental rate on capital or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the rental rate on capital or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the rental rate on capital or it
+looks like an interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an interest rate
+and the wage is going to be the residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wage is going to be the residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wage is going to be the residual
+of what isn't paid out in capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what isn't paid out in capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what isn't paid out in capital
+i could have written down an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could have written down an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could have written down an explicit
+expression for the wage which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the wage which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the wage which would be
+the marginal product of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal product of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal product of labor
+but because we have constant returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because we have constant returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because we have constant returns to
+scale we know there are no profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale we know there are no profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale we know there are no profits
+and since there are no profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since there are no profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since there are no profits
+the payments to the factors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payments to the factors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payments to the factors of
+production labor and capital adds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production labor and capital adds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production labor and capital adds up
+completely to output and firms make no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely to output and firms make no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely to output and firms make no
+profits so these are the expressions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits so these are the expressions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits so these are the expressions for
+the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wage
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for the rental rate on capital but note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rental rate on capital but note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rental rate on capital but note
+that in turn because it's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in turn because it's a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in turn because it's a function of
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+its output less whatever the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its output less whatever the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its output less whatever the marginal
+return on capital was times the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on capital was times the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on capital was times the total
+amount of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of capital
+involves k and k involves r so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves k and k involves r so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves k and k involves r so you can
+write this as a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as a function of r
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+here's a simple two period max problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a simple two period max problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a simple two period max problem
+utility today plus beta times utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility today plus beta times utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility today plus beta times utility
+tomorrow and how they do that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and how they do that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and how they do that they're
+endowed with one unit of labor today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowed with one unit of labor today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowed with one unit of labor today
+they get the wage and you can either eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get the wage and you can either eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get the wage and you can either eat
+it or save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or save it
+real physical savings or call it capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real physical savings or call it capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real physical savings or call it capital
+stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock
+likewise tomorrow they don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise tomorrow they don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise tomorrow they don't have any
+income they're old they're not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income they're old they're not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income they're old they're not working
+but they do have that saving and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do have that saving and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do have that saving and the
+savings is going to earn interest at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings is going to earn interest at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings is going to earn interest at
+rate little r so whatever capital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate little r so whatever capital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate little r so whatever capital is
+brought in to next period when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in to next period when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in to next period when they're
+old it's going to have a rate of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old it's going to have a rate of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old it's going to have a rate of return
+of rt plus one for the second period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rt plus one for the second period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rt plus one for the second period
+because they were born at t and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were born at t and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were born at t and they're
+old at t plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old at t plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old at t plus one
+so savings times one plus the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so savings times one plus the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so savings times one plus the interest
+rate would be their consumption it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate would be their consumption it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate would be their consumption it kind
+of looks like social security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks like social security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks like social security
+except here these are real physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except here these are real physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except here these are real physical
+savings the only thing so far that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings the only thing so far that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings the only thing so far that
+they're able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to do
+no money no social security nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no money no social security nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no money no social security nothing
+so we're going to get a savings function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to get a savings function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to get a savings function
+as a solution to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a solution to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a solution to this problem
+that's going to involve the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to involve the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to involve the prices
+namely the wage and the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the wage and the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the wage and the interest rate
+each household will take the prices as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each household will take the prices as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each household will take the prices as
+given as we always do in a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as we always do in a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as we always do in a competitive
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+and solve for s but that s is in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve for s but that s is in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve for s but that s is in turn
+through the production function going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the production function going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the production function going to
+generate the interest rate and the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the interest rate and the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the interest rate and the level
+of capital will also determine the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital will also determine the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital will also determine the wage
+so what is an equilibrium if things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is an equilibrium if things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is an equilibrium if things are
+going to add up properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add up properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add up properly
+then we take the savings function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we take the savings function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we take the savings function we
+just did this the savings function of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did this the savings function of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did this the savings function of an
+individual person at day t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual person at day t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual person at day t
+times the number of persons at day t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of persons at day t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of persons at day t
+that's the population lt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the population lt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the population lt
+this is total savings which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is total savings which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is total savings which is going to
+be the total capital stock used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the total capital stock used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the total capital stock used in
+production tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production tomorrow
+and that's where the interest rate came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where the interest rate came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where the interest rate came
+from it's paid out supplying a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's paid out supplying a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's paid out supplying a factor of
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+tomorrow namely that capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow namely that capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow namely that capital
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is market clearing you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is market clearing you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is market clearing you might
+imagine from vol ross law the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine from vol ross law the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine from vol ross law the only thing
+we need to worry about if we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to worry about if we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to worry about if we're going to
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+savings equal to the capital stock we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings equal to the capital stock we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings equal to the capital stock we're
+also going to clear the labor market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to clear the labor market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to clear the labor market and
+everything else so let's just focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else so let's just focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else so let's just focus on
+the capital stock now take this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital stock now take this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital stock now take this equation
+here and divide through by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and divide through by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and divide through by
+lt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lt
+then we have little s on the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have little s on the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have little s on the right and
+kt plus 1 over lt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt plus 1 over lt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt plus 1 over lt
+on the left that's kind of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left that's kind of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left that's kind of weird
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+we'd want to normalize by the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd want to normalize by the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd want to normalize by the actual
+population t plus one which is lt plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population t plus one which is lt plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population t plus one which is lt plus
+one so this will be kt plus one over lt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this will be kt plus one over lt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this will be kt plus one over lt
+multiply by lt plus one over lt plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by lt plus one over lt plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by lt plus one over lt plus one
+that doesn't change anything that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't change anything that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't change anything that's just
+one we take that thing in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we take that thing in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we take that thing in in the
+denominator the lt plus one and stick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator the lt plus one and stick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator the lt plus one and stick it
+under the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the k
+and that makes it a little k because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes it a little k because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes it a little k because
+that's the per capita capital stock at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the per capita capital stock at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the per capita capital stock at t
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+after you did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you did that
+with lt plus one over lt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lt plus one over lt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lt plus one over lt
+and we know that's already going up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that's already going up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that's already going up at
+rate one plus n so that's where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate one plus n so that's where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate one plus n so that's where this
+first term is coming from and i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is coming from and i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is coming from and i know
+it's painful to hear me go over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's painful to hear me go over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's painful to hear me go over it
+verbally because it's all just algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbally because it's all just algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbally because it's all just algebra
+but this little trick is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this little trick is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this little trick is going to get
+used four more times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used four more times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used four more times
+so i wanted to draw your attention to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wanted to draw your attention to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wanted to draw your attention to it
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+capital stock per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital stock per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital stock per capita
+needs to take into account then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to take into account then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to take into account then the
+number of people the number of capita so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people the number of capita so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people the number of capita so
+to speak is changing over time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak is changing over time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak is changing over time that's
+kind of the math of this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the math of this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the math of this expression
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+we have little s on the right and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have little s on the right and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have little s on the right and we we
+can we already know the wage is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we already know the wage is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we already know the wage is a
+function of the current capital stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the current capital stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the current capital stock
+the interest rate's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate's a function
+of capital stock next period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital stock next period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital stock next period
+hence kt and kt plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence kt and kt plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence kt and kt plus 1
+are in this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this expression
+so we can effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can effectively
+look for what happens if we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for what happens if we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for what happens if we start with
+initial capital stock in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial capital stock in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial capital stock in the whole
+economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+at date zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at date zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at date zero
+the genesis date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genesis date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genesis date
+and stick that capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stick that capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stick that capital
+what's going to be in solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be in solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be in solve this
+equation what's going to be the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what's going to be the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what's going to be the capital
+stock tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock tomorrow
+well it's meant to be the solution it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's meant to be the solution it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's meant to be the solution it's
+meant to be along this line denoted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be along this line denoted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be along this line denoted as
+this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve
+it's like a difference equation mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a difference equation mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a difference equation mapping
+current into future capital if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into future capital if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into future capital if you start
+with current capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with current capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with current capital
+tomorrow's capital at t plus one okay at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's capital at t plus one okay at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's capital at t plus one okay at
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+would be kt plus one now you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be kt plus one now you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be kt plus one now you do this
+trick let's go back and hit the 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick let's go back and hit the 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick let's go back and hit the 45
+degree line and start over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line and start over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line and start over
+because it's the 45 degree line we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the 45 degree line we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the 45 degree line we're
+putting k1 down here on the x-axis start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting k1 down here on the x-axis start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting k1 down here on the x-axis start
+at k1 what capital we have in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at k1 what capital we have in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at k1 what capital we have in the third
+date read it off the s-curve and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date read it off the s-curve and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date read it off the s-curve and so on
+and you can see that it would evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it would evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it would evolve
+if this line crosses the 45-degree line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this line crosses the 45-degree line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this line crosses the 45-degree line
+to a steady state called k-star okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a steady state called k-star okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a steady state called k-star okay so
+after that the economy isn't moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that the economy isn't moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that the economy isn't moving
+anymore there are no more dates on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore there are no more dates on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore there are no more dates on
+everything anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything anything
+it's completely settled down so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely settled down so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely settled down so this is
+a long-run steady state of the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long-run steady state of the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long-run steady state of the economy
+with only real savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only real savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only real savings
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+let's introduce pieces of paper that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's introduce pieces of paper that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's introduce pieces of paper that are
+intrinsically worthless but imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically worthless but imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically worthless but imagine that
+they have value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have value
+and let's denote their value as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's denote their value as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's denote their value as
+price pt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price pt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price pt
+and that is the price of money in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the price of money in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the price of money in terms
+of consumption it's the opposite of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumption it's the opposite of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumption it's the opposite of what
+you would normally think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would normally think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would normally think
+normally we think of consumption having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we think of consumption having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we think of consumption having
+a dollar price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar price
+this is dollars having a consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is dollars having a consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is dollars having a consumption
+price okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay
+uh and i'll keep pointing that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i'll keep pointing that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i'll keep pointing that out
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if that uh consumption price of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that uh consumption price of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that uh consumption price of money
+is changing over time we put people as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing over time we put people as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing over time we put people as
+one over pt that would be appreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over pt that would be appreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over pt that would be appreciation
+that's going to be a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a good thing
+by the way if it were a money price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way if it were a money price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way if it were a money price
+a dollar price of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar price of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar price of consumption
+then having the price level go up would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having the price level go up would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having the price level go up would
+be a bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bad thing
+because it would be deprecia it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be deprecia it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be deprecia it would be
+inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation
+but here it's a good thing because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here it's a good thing because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here it's a good thing because we
+flipped the numerator around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped the numerator around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped the numerator around
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+the opposite okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite okay so
+this is a rate of return this is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a rate of return this is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a rate of return this is a real
+positive rate of return if pt plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate of return if pt plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate of return if pt plus one
+is over pt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over pt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over pt
+and maybe people want to hold this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe people want to hold this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe people want to hold this piece
+of paper if they're going to hold these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper if they're going to hold these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper if they're going to hold these
+pieces of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of paper
+they have to be indifferent to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be indifferent to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be indifferent to that and
+the other way to store value over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way to store value over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way to store value over time
+which was namely physical savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was namely physical savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was namely physical savings
+carried over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried over
+they would get the interest rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would get the interest rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would get the interest rate the
+rental rate on it next period and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental rate on it next period and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental rate on it next period and get
+the savings back so if in an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the savings back so if in an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the savings back so if in an equilibrium
+both there's both real savings and money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both there's both real savings and money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both there's both real savings and money
+then this equation has to hold we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this equation has to hold we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this equation has to hold we can
+call the bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the bubble
+title of the lecture the value of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of the lecture the value of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of the lecture the value of money
+times its price it's in real consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its price it's in real consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its price it's in real consumption
+terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so
+if you just stick pt plus one equals bt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just stick pt plus one equals bt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just stick pt plus one equals bt
+plus one over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over m
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+your you can rewrite this equation two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you can rewrite this equation two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you can rewrite this equation two
+this way because m is constant i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way because m is constant i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way because m is constant i'm not
+manipulating the amount of money in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the amount of money in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the amount of money in the
+economy i'm keeping it constant although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy i'm keeping it constant although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy i'm keeping it constant although
+the price is moving so then we have from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price is moving so then we have from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price is moving so then we have from
+two this equation about how the bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this equation about how the bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this equation about how the bubble
+the real value of the bubble is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real value of the bubble is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real value of the bubble is changing
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+and it's related to the marginal product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's related to the marginal product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's related to the marginal product
+of capital furthermore i could divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital furthermore i could divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital furthermore i could divide by
+the population we have a bubble per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population we have a bubble per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population we have a bubble per
+capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita
+and i'll do the same trick i just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll do the same trick i just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll do the same trick i just did
+before with apologies but i'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with apologies but i'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with apologies but i'm not going
+to go through the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through the algebra
+you know take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take
+the lt divide through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lt divide through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lt divide through
+then you have a mismatch between t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a mismatch between t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a mismatch between t plus
+1 and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and t
+then have lt plus 1 divided by lt plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have lt plus 1 divided by lt plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have lt plus 1 divided by lt plus
+parts it out and you get this thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts it out and you get this thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts it out and you get this thing that
+the real per capita bubble is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real per capita bubble is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real per capita bubble is moving
+over time according to the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time according to the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time according to the marginal
+product of capital but that arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of capital but that arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of capital but that arithmetic
+which over here created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which over here created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which over here created the
+created the one plus n hanging out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the one plus n hanging out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the one plus n hanging out there
+that extra term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extra term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extra term
+that one plus n is in this math as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one plus n is in this math as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one plus n is in this math as well
+and you're just dividing by it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just dividing by it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just dividing by it so that's
+where the n is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the n is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the n is coming from
+that rate of population growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rate of population growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rate of population growth
+this is all a big premise right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all a big premise right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all a big premise right now
+we're just saying if there were money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just saying if there were money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just saying if there were money
+if it had value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it had value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it had value
+the value of it has to be increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of it has to be increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of it has to be increasing
+at the rate that they can earn money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate that they can earn money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate that they can earn money in
+another way namely by storing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way namely by storing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way namely by storing and so
+you're getting an equation for how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting an equation for how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting an equation for how the
+value of the bubble hence money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the bubble hence money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the bubble hence money is
+evolving or must be evolving over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving or must be evolving over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving or must be evolving over time
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+savings can be done in the two ways as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings can be done in the two ways as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings can be done in the two ways as
+i've kept saying but here's the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've kept saying but here's the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've kept saying but here's the equation
+when they're young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're young
+we have the savings function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the savings function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the savings function of the
+young people depending on the wage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people depending on the wage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people depending on the wage and
+tomorrow's interest rate times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's interest rate times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's interest rate times the
+number of young people but they can save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of young people but they can save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of young people but they can save
+in two ways they can save in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two ways they can save in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two ways they can save in the real
+bubble or they can save in the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble or they can save in the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble or they can save in the capital
+stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+again doing that same math as always you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again doing that same math as always you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again doing that same math as always you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+start solving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start solving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start solving for
+kt plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt plus 1
+subtract b off of the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract b off of the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract b off of the right hand side
+then divide through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then divide through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then divide through
+by the appropriate labor term and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the appropriate labor term and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the appropriate labor term and you
+get this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this expression
+that's the third time we're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the third time we're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the third time we're doing the
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+should kind of be obvious where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should kind of be obvious where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should kind of be obvious where it's
+coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+because you know kt plus 1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know kt plus 1 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know kt plus 1 is equal to
+ls minus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ls minus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ls minus b
+and the rest of it is finding that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of it is finding that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of it is finding that n
+term and dividing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and dividing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and dividing through
+by that term okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that term okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that term okay so now
+this is just another way of saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just another way of saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just another way of saying that
+the amount of capital next period is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of capital next period is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of capital next period is
+what it would have been before in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would have been before in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would have been before in the
+real economy without money except now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real economy without money except now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real economy without money except now we
+have bubbles of money that have value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bubbles of money that have value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bubbles of money that have value so
+we got to subtract off the bubble that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to subtract off the bubble that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to subtract off the bubble that's
+kind of preventing the capital stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of preventing the capital stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of preventing the capital stock
+from being as large as it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being as large as it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being as large as it would have
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three
+this thing gets rewritten at the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing gets rewritten at the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing gets rewritten at the top of
+the next slide to be the bubble b so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide to be the bubble b so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide to be the bubble b so now
+solve this thing for b little b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this thing for b little b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this thing for b little b
+bubble per capita it's this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble per capita it's this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble per capita it's this thing
+and that's one equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one equation
+and we also know something about bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also know something about bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also know something about bubbles
+over time as i was saying we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time as i was saying we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time as i was saying we did that
+that was this thing at the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was this thing at the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was this thing at the bottom of the
+slide before last so those we have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide before last so those we have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide before last so those we have those
+two equations this has to be true in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations this has to be true in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations this has to be true in a
+steady state should emphasize there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state should emphasize there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state should emphasize there are
+t's all over the place here but in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t's all over the place here but in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t's all over the place here but in a
+steady state we're not going to have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state we're not going to have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state we're not going to have any
+evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution
+so the t's are going to disappear so kt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the t's are going to disappear so kt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the t's are going to disappear so kt
+plus 1 will equal kt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 will equal kt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 will equal kt
+there'll be no t on the b kt blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be no t on the b kt blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be no t on the b kt blah blah
+blah so when i rewrote 3 hurriedly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah so when i rewrote 3 hurriedly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah so when i rewrote 3 hurriedly just
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+i rewrote it without the t's and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i rewrote it without the t's and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i rewrote it without the t's and that's
+what this thing is at the top and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing is at the top and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing is at the top and with
+the ts we have this thing the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ts we have this thing the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ts we have this thing the second
+term which i've just pasted in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which i've just pasted in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which i've just pasted in from
+previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously
+okay so if we're going to have a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we're going to have a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we're going to have a steady
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+then these b's can't be moving around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these b's can't be moving around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these b's can't be moving around so
+bt plus one over bt has got to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bt plus one over bt has got to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bt plus one over bt has got to be a
+constant and if the left hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and if the left hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and if the left hand side is
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+one then the right hand side has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then the right hand side has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then the right hand side has to be
+the same one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same one
+hence the marginal product of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the marginal product of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the marginal product of capital
+has to be equal to the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to the rate of
+population growth so if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth so if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth so if there is a
+steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+with a real bubble then the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a real bubble then the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a real bubble then the rate of
+population growth has to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth has to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth has to be equal to the
+marginal product of capital this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal product of capital this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal product of capital this thing
+at the bottom here there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom here there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom here there's another
+there's a couple of other ways to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of other ways to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of other ways to see
+this one take this equation but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one take this equation but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one take this equation but let me
+rewrite it verbally for you we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it verbally for you we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it verbally for you we have
+output coming from the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output coming from the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output coming from the production
+function take this k and put it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function take this k and put it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function take this k and put it on the
+right hand side you can always eat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side you can always eat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side you can always eat the
+capital remember that medieval village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital remember that medieval village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital remember that medieval village
+economy with seed and storage and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy with seed and storage and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy with seed and storage and all of
+that where we talked about the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where we talked about the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where we talked about the evolution
+so you can always eat this the harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can always eat this the harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can always eat this the harvest
+or you can save it so it's like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can save it so it's like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can save it so it's like that so
+this k can be eaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this k can be eaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this k can be eaten
+so you have total resources available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have total resources available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have total resources available
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+to be f of k plus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be f of k plus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be f of k plus k
+and how do you use that stuff you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you use that stuff you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you use that stuff you can
+eat it or save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat it or save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat it or save it
+eat it today that's c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat it today that's c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat it today that's c
+tomorrow tomorrow's k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow tomorrow's k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow tomorrow's k
+would be k except darn it we got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be k except darn it we got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be k except darn it we got that
+population growth again so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth again so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth again so if we're
+going to keep k constant in a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep k constant in a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep k constant in a steady
+state the resource requirements to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the resource requirements to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the resource requirements to have
+a constant per capita capital stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant per capita capital stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant per capita capital stock
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+are that you have to augment the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that you have to augment the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that you have to augment the capital
+per capita today by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita today by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita today by n
+same trick fourth time so anyway writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick fourth time so anyway writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick fourth time so anyway writing
+it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way
+we want to maximize consumption so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to maximize consumption so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to maximize consumption so you
+solve consumption equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve consumption equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve consumption equals to
+f of k plus k minus k times n one plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of k plus k minus k times n one plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of k plus k minus k times n one plus n
+and where is that object that c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where is that object that c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where is that object that c
+maximized it's maximized by finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized it's maximized by finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized it's maximized by finding the
+first order condition and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order condition and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order condition and that's exactly
+where f prime of k is equal to n okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f prime of k is equal to n okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f prime of k is equal to n okay so
+that's so-called golden rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so-called golden rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so-called golden rule
+distressed to see this morning that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distressed to see this morning that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distressed to see this morning that this
+k star is not however the previous k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k star is not however the previous k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k star is not however the previous k
+star this is a new golden rule k star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star this is a new golden rule k star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star this is a new golden rule k star
+should have called the other one katarki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have called the other one katarki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have called the other one katarki
+for the economy without money in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the economy without money in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the economy without money in this
+case star to be the goal in rule k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case star to be the goal in rule k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case star to be the goal in rule k
+for the steady state bubble equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the steady state bubble equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the steady state bubble equilibrium
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it doesn't have to happen that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't have to happen that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't have to happen that you'll
+be at the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the steady state
+if k were greater than k star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if k were greater than k star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if k were greater than k star
+everyone could be better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone could be better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone could be better off
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+it's as if if you started at k greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if if you started at k greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if if you started at k greater
+than the golden rule the economy's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the golden rule the economy's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the golden rule the economy's over
+accumulated the capital and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated the capital and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated the capital and then to
+maintain a constant per capita capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a constant per capita capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a constant per capita capital
+stock you got to take something out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock you got to take something out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock you got to take something out of
+production not eat it and squirrel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production not eat it and squirrel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production not eat it and squirrel it
+away for tomorrow you could actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away for tomorrow you could actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away for tomorrow you could actually do
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+increasing consumption of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing consumption of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing consumption of the current
+generation having less capital stock to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation having less capital stock to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation having less capital stock to
+maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain
+and then going out to the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going out to the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going out to the infinite
+future none of the future generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future none of the future generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future none of the future generations
+are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be
+worse off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off
+this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment
+is exactly like what we did last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly like what we did last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly like what we did last time
+with the infinite number of goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the infinite number of goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the infinite number of goods
+economy where we can kind of engineer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy where we can kind of engineer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy where we can kind of engineer a
+one-time improvement in in at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-time improvement in in at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-time improvement in in at least one
+of the agents by you know creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the agents by you know creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the agents by you know creating
+something from nowhere basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from nowhere basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from nowhere basically
+we move the over accumulation of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move the over accumulation of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move the over accumulation of capital
+into the current generation and let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the current generation and let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the current generation and let them
+eat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat it
+and then subsequent generations don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then subsequent generations don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then subsequent generations don't
+suffer either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer either
+because they don't they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't they don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't they don't have to
+try to maintain this per capita capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to maintain this per capita capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to maintain this per capita capital
+stock which was too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock which was too large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock which was too large
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+is it possible that the economy can over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that the economy can over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that the economy can over
+accumulate capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate capital
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+so i'm going to look at two steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to look at two steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to look at two steady
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+the previous one without any money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one without any money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one without any money and
+the new one with the steady state bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new one with the steady state bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new one with the steady state bubble
+an interesting thing about the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting thing about the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting thing about the steady
+state bubble this one that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state bubble this one that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state bubble this one that we've already
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+is that it has the property that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it has the property that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it has the property that it
+achieves the golden rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves the golden rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves the golden rule
+and that's because you can kind of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because you can kind of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because you can kind of see
+it here when the bubble is constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here when the bubble is constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here when the bubble is constant and
+not depending on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depending on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depending on time
+then f prime of k must be equal to n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f prime of k must be equal to n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f prime of k must be equal to n so
+the golden rule is achieved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golden rule is achieved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golden rule is achieved in the
+steady state of the bubble equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state of the bubble equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state of the bubble equilibrium
+and that was this top line in a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was this top line in a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was this top line in a steady
+state with bubbles the golden rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with bubbles the golden rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with bubbles the golden rule is
+achieved and that's going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved and that's going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved and that's going to be this
+point so that's k star that's the golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so that's k star that's the golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so that's k star that's the golden
+rule k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule k
+corresponds to a particular bubble that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a particular bubble that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a particular bubble that
+solves the other equations let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the other equations let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the other equations let's call it
+b star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b star
+this is what we would like to get to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we would like to get to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we would like to get to and
+what happens in the economy with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the economy with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the economy with no
+money you're down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you're down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you're down here
+at essentially an authority value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at essentially an authority value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at essentially an authority value so
+this is a perfectly fine competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a perfectly fine competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a perfectly fine competitive
+equilibrium there is no money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there is no money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there is no money
+but in it the economy will have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in it the economy will have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in it the economy will have over
+accumulated capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated capital
+and a pareto of improvement can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a pareto of improvement can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a pareto of improvement can be
+engineered by reducing the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered by reducing the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered by reducing the amount of
+capital how does that happen in a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital how does that happen in a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital how does that happen in a steady
+state you give other people a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you give other people a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you give other people a way to
+save in worthless stuff so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save in worthless stuff so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save in worthless stuff so instead of
+real physical savings they're scrambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real physical savings they're scrambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real physical savings they're scrambling
+to get these pieces of paper the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get these pieces of paper the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get these pieces of paper the rate of
+return on the piece of the paper has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on the piece of the paper has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on the piece of the paper has to
+be the same as physical savings it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as physical savings it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as physical savings it has
+no intrinsic value it has an extrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no intrinsic value it has an extrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no intrinsic value it has an extrinsic
+value because the price of money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because the price of money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because the price of money is
+positive so in other words these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so in other words these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so in other words these
+perfectly worthless pieces of paper fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly worthless pieces of paper fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly worthless pieces of paper fiat
+money have a value in a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money have a value in a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money have a value in a competitive
+equilibrium and the money is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the money is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the money is actually
+helping to recover the pareto optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping to recover the pareto optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping to recover the pareto optimum
+so you see the connection to the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the connection to the welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the connection to the welfare
+theorems here we have an infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems here we have an infinite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems here we have an infinite number
+of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people
+an infinite number of periods the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite number of periods the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite number of periods the
+welfare theorems fail if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorems fail if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorems fail if you start
+adding up the value of wealth in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up the value of wealth in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up the value of wealth in the
+autarky equilibrium it goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarky equilibrium it goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarky equilibrium it goes to infinity
+like last time that's why the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like last time that's why the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like last time that's why the first
+welfare theorem fails and the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorem fails and the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorem fails and the way to
+recover optimality is to create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover optimality is to create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover optimality is to create these
+worthless pieces of paper and let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless pieces of paper and let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless pieces of paper and let them
+trade it's totally amazing but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade it's totally amazing but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade it's totally amazing but it's an
+intrinsic part of money however there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic part of money however there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic part of money however there's
+a downside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a downside here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a downside here
+which is it's unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is it's unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is it's unstable
+so let me just describe what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just describe what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just describe what's going on
+without expecting you to you know be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without expecting you to you know be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without expecting you to you know be
+able to reproduce all the math you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to reproduce all the math you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to reproduce all the math you
+you're plotting this was the autarky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're plotting this was the autarky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're plotting this was the autarky
+value this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this is the
+golden rule value that we want now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule value that we want now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule value that we want now we
+want to look at starting from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at starting from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at starting from different
+points would the economy evolve to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points would the economy evolve to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points would the economy evolve to one
+of the other of those points and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other of those points and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other of those points and this is
+an equation depending on whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation depending on whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation depending on whether you're
+above it or below it for the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it or below it for the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it or below it for the capital
+stock to evolve this equation the bb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock to evolve this equation the bb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock to evolve this equation the bb
+bubble bubble equation has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble bubble equation has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble bubble equation has to do with
+whether you're to the left of or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're to the left of or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're to the left of or the
+right of it whether the bubble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of it whether the bubble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of it whether the bubble is
+evolving and these arrows denote all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving and these arrows denote all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving and these arrows denote all the
+forces in the underlying economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the underlying economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the underlying economy and
+if you're lucky and you start away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky and you start away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky and you start away from
+the golden rule steady state you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golden rule steady state you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golden rule steady state you would
+evolve on a knife edge and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve on a knife edge and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve on a knife edge and eventually
+converge to it so this is the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to it so this is the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to it so this is the good news
+economies that start with inappropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies that start with inappropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies that start with inappropriate
+amount of bubble or capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of bubble or capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of bubble or capital
+will evolve to this pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will evolve to this pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will evolve to this pareto optimal
+golden rule still cast steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule still cast steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule still cast steady state
+but this is the really bad news this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the really bad news this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the really bad news this
+economy can also evolve to real savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy can also evolve to real savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy can also evolve to real savings
+and no money the money inflates away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no money the money inflates away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no money the money inflates away
+it could start with a positive value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could start with a positive value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could start with a positive value
+this is an equilibrium and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an equilibrium and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an equilibrium and it doesn't
+require stupid people this is a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require stupid people this is a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require stupid people this is a fully
+rational expectations dynamic path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational expectations dynamic path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational expectations dynamic path
+where the value of money goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the value of money goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the value of money goes to zero
+okay well so why did i show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well so why did i show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well so why did i show you that
+i can replace the word fiat money with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can replace the word fiat money with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can replace the word fiat money with
+cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency
+and ask what value it ought to have it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what value it ought to have it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what value it ought to have it's
+perfectly plausible to me that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly plausible to me that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly plausible to me that you could
+see the price moving around maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the price moving around maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the price moving around maybe it
+will go to some constant value if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to some constant value if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to some constant value if this
+bitcoin is also useful in exchange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin is also useful in exchange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin is also useful in exchange the
+way money is in that overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way money is in that overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way money is in that overlapping
+generations model maybe it's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations model maybe it's going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations model maybe it's going to go
+it's going to collapse again and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to collapse again and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to collapse again and the
+price will go to zero all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price will go to zero all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price will go to zero all those
+phenomena are perfectly consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena are perfectly consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena are perfectly consistent with
+bitcoin playing a useful role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin playing a useful role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin playing a useful role in
+exchange but not able to find a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange but not able to find a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange but not able to find a stable
+value but again the point is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but again the point is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but again the point is and
+actually we've been emphasizing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we've been emphasizing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we've been emphasizing this
+starting with fiat money the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with fiat money the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with fiat money the way
+samuelson did it's a property of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samuelson did it's a property of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samuelson did it's a property of any
+money it's a property of fiat money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's a property of fiat money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's a property of fiat money and
+so on the fed worries a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the fed worries a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the fed worries a lot about
+forward guidance they're constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward guidance they're constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward guidance they're constantly
+telling people what they predict to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling people what they predict to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling people what they predict to
+happen in the future so people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the future so people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the future so people don't
+panic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panic
+if you think fiat money is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think fiat money is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think fiat money is not going to
+be worth what it is in the future you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worth what it is in the future you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worth what it is in the future you're
+not going to want to hold it oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to want to hold it oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to want to hold it oh that's
+one explanation that traders have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation that traders have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation that traders have for
+what's going on with bitcoin namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with bitcoin namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with bitcoin namely
+there's just an ever increasing amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just an ever increasing amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just an ever increasing amount
+of government debt in the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of government debt in the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of government debt in the economy
+the fed has bought up all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fed has bought up all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fed has bought up all those
+securities effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities effectively
+and issued accounts at the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and issued accounts at the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and issued accounts at the federal
+reserve in worthless pieces of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve in worthless pieces of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve in worthless pieces of paper
+are you scared now so the market may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you scared now so the market may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you scared now so the market may be
+anticipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating
+that in fact there aren't enough real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact there aren't enough real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact there aren't enough real
+resources to pay off the debt the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to pay off the debt the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to pay off the debt the only
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+that the fed and europeans governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fed and europeans governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fed and europeans governments
+are going to pay off the debt is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to pay off the debt is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to pay off the debt is to
+inflate and if if the market starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflate and if if the market starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflate and if if the market starts to
+expect inflation fiat money's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect inflation fiat money's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect inflation fiat money's less
+valued and they're shifting into bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued and they're shifting into bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued and they're shifting into bitcoin
+so that's what traders think is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what traders think is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what traders think is going on
+i switched the story on you a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i switched the story on you a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i switched the story on you a bit
+because now we have fiat money competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we have fiat money competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we have fiat money competing
+with bitcoin and vice versa but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bitcoin and vice versa but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bitcoin and vice versa but i think
+you could imagine how you could get both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine how you could get both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine how you could get both
+in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model
+so the way you get both in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way you get both in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way you get both in the model
+is to set up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to set up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to set up an
+underlying economic environment and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying economic environment and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying economic environment and have
+gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps
+say autarky households aren't smoothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say autarky households aren't smoothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say autarky households aren't smoothing
+there's a lot of fluctuations blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of fluctuations blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of fluctuations blah blah
+blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah
+fiat money can help smooth but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat money can help smooth but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat money can help smooth but maybe
+fiat money doesn't smooth it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat money doesn't smooth it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat money doesn't smooth it out
+entirely and then you're left for tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely and then you're left for tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely and then you're left for tokens
+like bitcoin to play a role on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bitcoin to play a role on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bitcoin to play a role on top of
+fiat money so you could actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat money so you could actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat money so you could actually have
+both in the model it's not true that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the model it's not true that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the model it's not true that one
+you know has to dominate the other they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has to dominate the other they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has to dominate the other they
+could both coexist and partly what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could both coexist and partly what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could both coexist and partly what we're
+seeing in these crypto systems is crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in these crypto systems is crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in these crypto systems is crypto
+coins are a way of transferring fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are a way of transferring fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are a way of transferring fiat
+money around you just create tokens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money around you just create tokens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money around you just create tokens that
+get transferred around but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get transferred around but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get transferred around but they're
+claims on the underlying fiat money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims on the underlying fiat money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims on the underlying fiat money but
+the tokens can have value because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tokens can have value because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tokens can have value because they
+facilitate exchange even if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate exchange even if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate exchange even if they're not
+backed by the fiat money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by the fiat money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by the fiat money
+so we could get both of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could get both of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could get both of them in
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is pretty abstract this overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty abstract this overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty abstract this overlapping
+generation's model you might say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation's model you might say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation's model you might say it's
+totally unrealistic by the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally unrealistic by the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally unrealistic by the way it's
+another interpretation of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another interpretation of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another interpretation of social
+security with pay as you go namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security with pay as you go namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security with pay as you go namely
+the young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the young
+pay into social security but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay into social security but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay into social security but it's not
+sitting there in some fund or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there in some fund or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there in some fund or something
+it's not in the lock box it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in the lock box it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in the lock box it's just
+flowing right out to the old generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing right out to the old generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing right out to the old generation
+so people have criticized samus since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have criticized samus since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have criticized samus since
+model as a not realistic model of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as a not realistic model of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as a not realistic model of money
+because of the extreme assumptions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the extreme assumptions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the extreme assumptions about
+finite two-period lives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite two-period lives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite two-period lives and
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+but could it be applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but could it be applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but could it be applied
+well these guys abel mancu summers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these guys abel mancu summers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these guys abel mancu summers and
+zack houser said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zack houser said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zack houser said look
+we could actually look to see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could actually look to see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could actually look to see whether
+economies are on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies are on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies are on an
+efficient or inefficient path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient or inefficient path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient or inefficient path
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and i thought i had started this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought i had started this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought i had started this on the
+reading list so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading list so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading list so
+anyway you can read this yeah yeah i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you can read this yeah yeah i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you can read this yeah yeah i did
+it's on the reading list you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the reading list you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the reading list you should be
+able to understand it the this you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand it the this you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand it the this you won't
+understand it's just explaining what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's just explaining what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's just explaining what
+they did they didn't find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did they didn't find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did they didn't find any
+inefficiency but a subsequent person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency but a subsequent person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency but a subsequent person
+giroff did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giroff did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giroff did
+he adjusted what those guys did to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he adjusted what those guys did to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he adjusted what those guys did to take
+out land rent uh having profits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out land rent uh having profits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out land rent uh having profits of
+entrepreneurs divvied up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs divvied up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs divvied up into
+opportunity cost wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost wages
+and he actually finds that korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he actually finds that korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he actually finds that korea
+taiwan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taiwan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taiwan
+singapore those east those east asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singapore those east those east asian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singapore those east those east asian
+growth economies with all that capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth economies with all that capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth economies with all that capital
+they were actually inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were actually inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were actually inefficient
+they they were accumulating too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were accumulating too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were accumulating too much
+capital they were beyond the golden rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital they were beyond the golden rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital they were beyond the golden rule
+it's really fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really fascinating
+all right the other part is what i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the other part is what i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the other part is what i was
+alluding to at the beginning if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluding to at the beginning if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluding to at the beginning if you
+create more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create more and more
+real financial claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real financial claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real financial claims
+that can be traded then fiat money can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be traded then fiat money can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be traded then fiat money can
+also be vulnerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be vulnerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be vulnerable
+and you could convert those economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could convert those economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could convert those economies
+with money to economies without them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with money to economies without them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with money to economies without them so
+when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have
+bitcoin and tokens and cryptocurrencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin and tokens and cryptocurrencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin and tokens and cryptocurrencies
+and especially digital assets which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially digital assets which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially digital assets which are
+claims on real capital circulating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims on real capital circulating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims on real capital circulating in
+the economy as money you may end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy as money you may end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy as money you may end up with
+that term that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term that model
+where there is no valued fiat money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no valued fiat money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no valued fiat money
+and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+that would threaten central banks but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would threaten central banks but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would threaten central banks but it
+it doesn't mean it's a bad thing in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean it's a bad thing in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean it's a bad thing in our
+terminology it could be going toward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology it could be going toward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology it could be going toward a
+new pareto optimal allocation are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new pareto optimal allocation are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new pareto optimal allocation are the
+ways to get money in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get money in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get money in the model
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you could require it to pay taxes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could require it to pay taxes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could require it to pay taxes so
+even if there's a last period everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if there's a last period everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if there's a last period everyone
+has to pay it in otherwise you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to pay it in otherwise you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to pay it in otherwise you know it
+could have zero value so the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have zero value so the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have zero value so the very first
+monetary models were finite period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary models were finite period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary models were finite period
+models but in the last period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models but in the last period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models but in the last period
+people have to pay taxes and money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to pay taxes and money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to pay taxes and money
+some governor in ohio got a smart idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some governor in ohio got a smart idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some governor in ohio got a smart idea
+which is i guess he liked technology he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is i guess he liked technology he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is i guess he liked technology he
+is allowing ohio citizens to pay their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allowing ohio citizens to pay their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allowing ohio citizens to pay their
+state income taxes in bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state income taxes in bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state income taxes in bitcoin
+maybe that'll stabilize the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that'll stabilize the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that'll stabilize the price
+and you could require that money be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could require that money be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could require that money be
+used for goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for goods
+we have not been writing models like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have not been writing models like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have not been writing models like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this is like fiat literally by law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like fiat literally by law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like fiat literally by law
+you're required to use money and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're required to use money and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're required to use money and you
+have to hold it and have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hold it and have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hold it and have to have
+acquired it earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired it earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired it earlier
+in some way these are called cash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way these are called cash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way these are called cash and
+advanced models so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced models so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced models so
+if you had a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a certain
+types of goods in the economy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of goods in the economy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of goods in the economy that
+require cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require cash
+and those are valued goods with a margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are valued goods with a margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are valued goods with a margin
+utility of infinite at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of infinite at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of infinite at zero
+then the value of cash isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the value of cash isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the value of cash isn't going to
+fall to zero because if it were you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall to zero because if it were you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall to zero because if it were you'd
+never be able to buy those goods so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to buy those goods so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to buy those goods so
+that's kind of a way of again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a way of again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a way of again a
+mechanical way of making sure the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical way of making sure the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical way of making sure the value
+of money doesn't go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money doesn't go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money doesn't go to zero
+like it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it or not
+i'm exposing you to different modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm exposing you to different modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm exposing you to different modeling
+strategies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies okay
+so let me come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me come back to
+the starting point which are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point which are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point which are these
+agents that go zero one zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents that go zero one zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents that go zero one zero and one
+zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one
+this is a spatial model of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a spatial model of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a spatial model of money
+why is money going to be valued here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is money going to be valued here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is money going to be valued here
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+they're not all together to trade with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all together to trade with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all together to trade with
+one another at some initial date over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another at some initial date over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another at some initial date over
+all these future paths of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these future paths of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these future paths of consumption
+they can only trade each other with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can only trade each other with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can only trade each other with each
+other when they meet so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other when they meet so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other when they meet so this is an
+extreme version of incomplete markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme version of incomplete markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme version of incomplete markets
+and you know what can happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what can happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what can happen to
+competitive equilibria with incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive equilibria with incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive equilibria with incomplete
+markets they don't have to be optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets they don't have to be optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets they don't have to be optimal
+specifically let's write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically let's write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically let's write down the
+problem of an agent of type of i if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of an agent of type of i if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of an agent of type of i if you
+can see this a little bit tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this a little bit tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this a little bit tiny
+we have this candidate utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this candidate utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this candidate utility of
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+consumption and money are non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and money are non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and money are non-negative
+and we have this budget equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this budget equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this budget equation
+which reads like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reads like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reads like this
+they have some endowment maybe positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some endowment maybe positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some endowment maybe positive
+this is now the dollar price by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now the dollar price by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now the dollar price by the way
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ma of goods the usual price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma of goods the usual price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma of goods the usual price
+they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+the valuation of their endowment plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valuation of their endowment plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valuation of their endowment plus
+the money they brought in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money they brought in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money they brought in from the
+previous period they may have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous period they may have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous period they may have to pay
+some lump sum taxes but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lump sum taxes but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lump sum taxes but then the
+residual can be used either to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual can be used either to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual can be used either to buy
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+or to take money over to the next aid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to take money over to the next aid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to take money over to the next aid so
+again this is like sources and uses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is like sources and uses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is like sources and uses and
+what's the solution to this solution by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the solution to this solution by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the solution to this solution by
+the way by manipulating the money the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way by manipulating the money the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way by manipulating the money the
+way they determine how much they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they determine how much they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they determine how much they're
+eating today or eating tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating today or eating tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating today or eating tomorrow
+is to either cash out the money or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to either cash out the money or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to either cash out the money or
+acquire it and store it and carry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire it and store it and carry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire it and store it and carry it
+over so not too surprisingly you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so not too surprisingly you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so not too surprisingly you might
+expect and it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and it's true
+that the marginal let me write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the marginal let me write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the marginal let me write it down
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that with one exception the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with one exception the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with one exception the marginal
+rate of substitution in consumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of substitution in consumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of substitution in consumption of
+consumption at t minus one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption at t minus one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption at t minus one for
+consumption at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption at t
+that ought to equal the price ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ought to equal the price ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ought to equal the price ratio
+so remember your basic lectures consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember your basic lectures consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember your basic lectures consumer
+theory two periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory two periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory two periods
+money is a way to carry value over from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is a way to carry value over from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is a way to carry value over from
+one period to the next it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period to the next it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period to the next it's like
+borrowing and lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending
+except that it appreciates or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that it appreciates or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that it appreciates or
+depreciates depending on the price level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciates depending on the price level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciates depending on the price level
+so you would expect this equality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would expect this equality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would expect this equality to
+hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+that the tangency involves the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tangency involves the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tangency involves the marginal
+rate of substitution and consumption on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of substitution and consumption on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of substitution and consumption on
+the indifference curve equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indifference curve equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indifference curve equal to the
+price ratio implicit in the budget loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price ratio implicit in the budget loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price ratio implicit in the budget loan
+now i was covering up the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i was covering up the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i was covering up the inequality
+because it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could be
+that you're holding money the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're holding money the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're holding money the margin
+utility of consumption today is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of consumption today is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of consumption today is greater
+than the margin utility tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the margin utility tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the margin utility tomorrow
+discounted so you'd like to eat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted so you'd like to eat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted so you'd like to eat more
+today so you start driving that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so you start driving that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so you start driving that money
+down and the money hits zero and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the money hits zero and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the money hits zero and you
+can't go negative and still the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go negative and still the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go negative and still the margin
+utility today is greater than the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility today is greater than the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility today is greater than the margin
+utility tomorrow so these guys actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility tomorrow so these guys actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility tomorrow so these guys actually
+where did it go these guys here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did it go these guys here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did it go these guys here
+experience that they started one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that they started one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that they started one
+they acquire money they're gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they acquire money they're gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they acquire money they're gonna have
+zero next period they start dumping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero next period they start dumping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero next period they start dumping the
+money but they run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but they run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but they run out
+and they can't go negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't go negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't go negative
+so for them they're at a corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for them they're at a corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for them they're at a corner
+guys that come in with money and spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that come in with money and spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that come in with money and spend
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+because otherwise they have no endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise they have no endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise they have no endowment
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+are nevertheless not going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nevertheless not going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nevertheless not going to have
+enough money so we can look for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough money so we can look for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough money so we can look for an
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+for some periods and some types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some periods and some types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some periods and some types of
+agents this is that a strict inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents this is that a strict inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents this is that a strict inequality
+namely the guys that are hitting zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the guys that are hitting zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the guys that are hitting zero
+and the other ones hero endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other ones hero endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other ones hero endowment
+and the other ones that is that equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other ones that is that equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other ones that is that equality
+let me draw you the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw you the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw you the picture
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+even though it's an infinite horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's an infinite horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's an infinite horizon
+economy we can reduce it to a two-period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy we can reduce it to a two-period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy we can reduce it to a two-period
+economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+and guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and guess what
+the uh steady-state equilibrium is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh steady-state equilibrium is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh steady-state equilibrium is going
+to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like
+guys that start with one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that start with one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that start with one unit
+would be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be here
+if they just ate their endowment they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they just ate their endowment they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they just ate their endowment they
+would have consumption of one today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have consumption of one today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have consumption of one today and
+none tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none tomorrow
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+moving along the budget line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along the budget line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along the budget line
+at constant prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at constant prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at constant prices
+they get money today giving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get money today giving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get money today giving up
+consumption good today and get money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption good today and get money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption good today and get money
+tomorrow if the price level of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow if the price level of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow if the price level of money
+tomorrow price of goods tomorrow is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow price of goods tomorrow is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow price of goods tomorrow is the
+price of goods today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of goods today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of goods today
+then they're moving right along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're moving right along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're moving right along this
+budget line and where would they end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget line and where would they end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget line and where would they end up
+well here's an indifference curve here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's an indifference curve here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's an indifference curve here's
+the tangency it's on the budget line now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangency it's on the budget line now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangency it's on the budget line now
+how did i know it would be there namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i know it would be there namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i know it would be there namely
+look at this expression this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this expression this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this expression this is the
+marginal utility at t minus one to t or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility at t minus one to t or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility at t minus one to t or
+the margin actually at t to t plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin actually at t to t plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin actually at t to t plus one
+there's a beta down here tamar doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a beta down here tamar doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a beta down here tamar doesn't
+count so much beta is between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so much beta is between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so much beta is between zero and
+one so the utility marginal utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the utility marginal utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the utility marginal utility
+tomorrow is always less than the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow is always less than the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow is always less than the margin
+utility today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility today
+the only thing that could compensate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that could compensate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that could compensate for
+it is the price movement but if we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the price movement but if we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the price movement but if we start
+with constant prices then you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constant prices then you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constant prices then you know this
+expression is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is um
+only going to hold if we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to hold if we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to hold if we're able to
+adjust consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust consumption
+we want to get the margin utility up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get the margin utility up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get the margin utility up
+consumption at t is greater than a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption at t is greater than a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption at t is greater than a t
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+in order to get the marginal utility up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get the marginal utility up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get the marginal utility up
+to the point that the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point that the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point that the marginal rate of
+substitution is equal to the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution is equal to the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution is equal to the constant
+price ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price ratio
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+is this a good thing or a bad thing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a good thing or a bad thing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a good thing or a bad thing well
+it's uh it is going to be a monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it is going to be a monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it is going to be a monetary
+equilibrium the guess is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the guess is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the guess is good
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the path would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path would be
+guys with one are going to go to c star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys with one are going to go to c star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys with one are going to go to c star
+and then c double star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then c double star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then c double star
+then c star to then c double star with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then c star to then c double star with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then c star to then c double star with
+money moving in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money moving in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money moving in the opposite direction
+from something positive when they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something positive when they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something positive when they have
+one they acquire it to zero hitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they acquire it to zero hitting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they acquire it to zero hitting the
+corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner
+back to positive amount again so money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to positive amount again so money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to positive amount again so money
+is going to alternate over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to alternate over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to alternate over time
+at the individual level consumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the individual level consumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the individual level consumption is
+going to alternate over time money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to alternate over time money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to alternate over time money is
+going to have value at a constant price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have value at a constant price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have value at a constant price
+but unlike the overlapping generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unlike the overlapping generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unlike the overlapping generations
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+this one is not a pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is not a pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is not a pareto optimal
+allocation even though we have money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation even though we have money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation even though we have money you
+actually know the answer already let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know the answer already let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know the answer already let me
+remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you
+how do we determine a pareto optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we determine a pareto optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we determine a pareto optimum
+well let's all the guys that start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's all the guys that start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's all the guys that start with
+say you know zero be called a types and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know zero be called a types and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know zero be called a types and
+all the guys that start with one union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the guys that start with one union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the guys that start with one union
+the consumption would be called b types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption would be called b types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption would be called b types
+and then maximize the weighted sums of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maximize the weighted sums of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maximize the weighted sums of
+utilities we usually have lambdas here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities we usually have lambdas here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities we usually have lambdas here i
+apologize now they're w's this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize now they're w's this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize now they're w's this is the
+weight on type a wb is the weight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on type a wb is the weight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on type a wb is the weight on
+type b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type b
+we maximize the weighted sums of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we maximize the weighted sums of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we maximize the weighted sums of
+expected and there's nothing random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected and there's nothing random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected and there's nothing random
+discounted utility for both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted utility for both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted utility for both of them
+we'd get a first order condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd get a first order condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd get a first order condition
+remember this stuff we've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this stuff we've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this stuff we've done this
+before this is the pareto problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is the pareto problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is the pareto problem
+weighted marginal chilies are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted marginal chilies are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted marginal chilies are going to
+be equated over agents and equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equated over agents and equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equated over agents and equal to a
+constant lagrange multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant lagrange multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant lagrange multiplier
+you've seen this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this before
+this is a new application that's all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a new application that's all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a new application that's all so
+the marginal rate solving this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal rate solving this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal rate solving this equation
+the marginal rates of substitution over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal rates of substitution over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal rates of substitution over
+the agents have to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agents have to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agents have to be the same
+but does it pin down the allocation no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does it pin down the allocation no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does it pin down the allocation no
+we're in an edgeworth box there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in an edgeworth box there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in an edgeworth box there's one
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+in the aggregate available today one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aggregate available today one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aggregate available today one
+good in the aggregate available tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in the aggregate available tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in the aggregate available tomorrow
+we know the pareto optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the pareto optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the pareto optimum
+has to give all the guys equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to give all the guys equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to give all the guys equal
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+you can satisfy this by having type a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can satisfy this by having type a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can satisfy this by having type a
+having constant consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having constant consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having constant consumption
+type b having constant consumption but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type b having constant consumption but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type b having constant consumption but
+those consumptions don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those consumptions don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those consumptions don't have to be
+equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to each other
+because things are going to cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things are going to cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things are going to cancel out
+of the numerator with the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numerator with the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numerator with the denominator
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this picture marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture marginal rate of
+substitution for date t and day tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution for date t and day tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution for date t and day tau
+is equal to each other for agents type a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to each other for agents type a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to each other for agents type a
+and type b but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and type b but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and type b but you
+it's a review right you remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a review right you remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a review right you remember this
+lecture we did the pareto optimum you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we did the pareto optimum you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we did the pareto optimum you're
+in android edgeworth box you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in android edgeworth box you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in android edgeworth box you can be
+anywhere on the contract curve and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere on the contract curve and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere on the contract curve and it's
+all pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pareto optimal
+anything that's off the diagonal is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's off the diagonal is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's off the diagonal is not
+pareto optimal in this environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pareto optimal in this environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pareto optimal in this environment
+and this one is off the diagonal so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is off the diagonal so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is off the diagonal so it's
+not pareto optimal where do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pareto optimal where do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pareto optimal where do you want to
+go you kind of want to go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you kind of want to go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you kind of want to go here
+and how would you engineer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how would you engineer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how would you engineer that
+you have to generate a deflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to generate a deflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to generate a deflation
+so that they're getting a positive real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they're getting a positive real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they're getting a positive real
+rate of return on money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return on money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return on money
+that's going to make them want to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to make them want to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to make them want to hold
+more money and eat less today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money and eat less today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money and eat less today
+and that's going to put them at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to put them at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to put them at a
+tangency up here where they have equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency up here where they have equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency up here where they have equal
+consumption so there is a pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so there is a pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so there is a pareto optimal
+allocation it's a monetary equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation it's a monetary equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation it's a monetary equilibrium
+but it's an equilibrium with an activist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an equilibrium with an activist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an equilibrium with an activist
+monetary policy that's withdrawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy that's withdrawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy that's withdrawing
+enough currency out of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough currency out of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough currency out of the system
+in lump sum taxes to create a deflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lump sum taxes to create a deflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lump sum taxes to create a deflation
+deflation isn't bad here it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflation isn't bad here it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflation isn't bad here it means that
+the purchasing power of money is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purchasing power of money is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purchasing power of money is going
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+so you get you know that's all the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get you know that's all the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get you know that's all the rest
+of these slides i don't have time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these slides i don't have time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these slides i don't have time for
+you get you are able to achieve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you are able to achieve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you are able to achieve these
+pareto optimal allocations but only with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pareto optimal allocations but only with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pareto optimal allocations but only with
+an activist monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an activist monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an activist monetary policy
+which is deliberately manipulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is deliberately manipulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is deliberately manipulating the
+amount of currency in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of currency in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of currency in the system
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so welcome to the land of monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to the land of monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to the land of monetary
+economics it's a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics it's a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics it's a lot of fun
+so now you're able to see in this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you're able to see in this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you're able to see in this last
+lecture how real financial markets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture how real financial markets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture how real financial markets are
+linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to
+money markets role of cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money markets role of cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money markets role of cryptocurrency
+controversies involving its price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversies involving its price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversies involving its price and
+how we as economists can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we as economists can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we as economists can think about
+these values and and actually how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values and and actually how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values and and actually how we
+would recommend monetary policy and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recommend monetary policy and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recommend monetary policy and i
+will add that if there is cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add that if there is cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add that if there is cryptocurrency
+you would want an activist amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want an activist amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want an activist amount of
+manipulation of the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation of the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation of the amount of
+cryptocurrency in the system for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency in the system for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency in the system for the
+same reason that i just described to you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zoa2pKYp_fk.txt b/zoa2pKYp_fk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8eb02438b5d2d57a9802df26f52f09b028a5717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zoa2pKYp_fk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well active learning is the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well active learning is the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well active learning is the idea that
+students to really learn something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to really learn something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to really learn something to
+really understand something have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand something have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand something have to be
+actively involved and that just sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively involved and that just sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively involved and that just sitting
+passively and listening to a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passively and listening to a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passively and listening to a lecture
+really doesn't help students develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't help students develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't help students develop the
+higher order cognitive processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order cognitive processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order cognitive processes that
+they need to really really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to really really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to really really understand
+something so you can listen to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so you can listen to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so you can listen to something
+you can watch a movie you can watch TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch a movie you can watch TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch a movie you can watch TV
+and you can generally get the plot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can generally get the plot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can generally get the plot but
+if you're asked to to recall specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're asked to to recall specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're asked to to recall specific
+details or to to even explain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details or to to even explain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details or to to even explain a
+particular nuance associated with the TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular nuance associated with the TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular nuance associated with the TV
+show or movie you can't really do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show or movie you can't really do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show or movie you can't really do it and
+that's what happens often in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happens often in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happens often in the lecture
+is that students will sit in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that students will sit in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that students will sit in the lecture
+though write down what's being said but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though write down what's being said but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though write down what's being said but
+they're not really engaged with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really engaged with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really engaged with the
+material so active learning is this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so active learning is this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so active learning is this idea
+of people say minds on always hands-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people say minds on always hands-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people say minds on always hands-on
+sometimes those students have to to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes those students have to to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes those students have to to be
+actively with their mind thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively with their mind thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively with their mind thinking about
+the material applying what's being said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material applying what's being said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material applying what's being said
+and given opportunities within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given opportunities within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given opportunities within the
+lecture to apply what's being taught or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to apply what's being taught or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to apply what's being taught or
+what's being the topic at hand and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being the topic at hand and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being the topic at hand and then
+active learning strictly speaking means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active learning strictly speaking means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active learning strictly speaking means
+that you just you're just one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just you're just one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just you're just one a
+particular individual is active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular individual is active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular individual is active
+interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive
+we tend to parse that a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to parse that a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to parse that a little bit and
+say interactive learning would mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say interactive learning would mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say interactive learning would mean the
+student has been active in his or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student has been active in his or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student has been active in his or her
+own mind in thinking about the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own mind in thinking about the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own mind in thinking about the material
+but then is also interacting with others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then is also interacting with others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then is also interacting with others
+peers or potentially the faculty member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers or potentially the faculty member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers or potentially the faculty member
+or TA in order to to further develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or TA in order to to further develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or TA in order to to further develop
+understanding construct meaning for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding construct meaning for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding construct meaning for for
+the topic I always start maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic I always start maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic I always start maybe the
+second session of the class the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second session of the class the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second session of the class the second
+class meeting is a discussion of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class meeting is a discussion of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class meeting is a discussion of what we
+know about how people learn so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about how people learn so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about how people learn so a
+discussion of the literature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the literature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the literature and the
+research on human cognition and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on human cognition and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on human cognition and learning
+and and if you take a constructivist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you take a constructivist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you take a constructivist
+point of view or constructionist point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view or constructionist point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view or constructionist point
+of view which really says that as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view which really says that as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view which really says that as I said
+before to understand people have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to understand people have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to understand people have to make
+meaning of a topic they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of a topic they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of a topic they have to
+construct their own meaning and we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct their own meaning and we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct their own meaning and we show
+the research that really shows that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research that really shows that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research that really shows that this
+is true for a higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true for a higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true for a higher level
+of processes people have to be actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processes people have to be actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processes people have to be actively
+engaged and there's research to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged and there's research to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged and there's research to show
+that we also show the classroom based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we also show the classroom based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we also show the classroom based
+research so Freeman's 2014 paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so Freeman's 2014 paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so Freeman's 2014 paper that
+was a meta-analysis of 225
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a meta-analysis of 225
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a meta-analysis of 225
+other studies that showed that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other studies that showed that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other studies that showed that in
+courses in college-level courses with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in college-level courses with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in college-level courses with
+we're active learning was used there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're active learning was used there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're active learning was used there was
+a 12% decrease in the failure rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 12% decrease in the failure rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 12% decrease in the failure rate and
+they normalized it to all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they normalized it to all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they normalized it to all of the
+important factors that they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important factors that they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important factors that they should be
+normalized to the experience of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized to the experience of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized to the experience of the
+instructor the size of the class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor the size of the class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor the size of the class the
+type of the institution the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the institution the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the institution the the
+situation the way the position that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation the way the position that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation the way the position that the
+class is situated within the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is situated within the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is situated within the larger
+curriculum and and across the board it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum and and across the board it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum and and across the board it
+was shown that there was a 12% decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shown that there was a 12% decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shown that there was a 12% decrease
+on average of the failure rate and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average of the failure rate and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average of the failure rate and they
+make a comment in the paper that if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a comment in the paper that if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a comment in the paper that if that
+had been a clinical trial of a drug and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been a clinical trial of a drug and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been a clinical trial of a drug and
+12% of the people on the drug head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12% of the people on the drug head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12% of the people on the drug head
+showed marked improvement they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed marked improvement they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed marked improvement they would
+have had to stop the trial and and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to stop the trial and and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to stop the trial and and give
+everyone the drug so this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone the drug so this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone the drug so this idea that
+there's a 12% decrease in the failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 12% decrease in the failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 12% decrease in the failure
+rate in courses that use active learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in courses that use active learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in courses that use active learning
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+me is pretty compelling that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is pretty compelling that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is pretty compelling that we should
+all be using active learning so whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be using active learning so whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be using active learning so whenever
+possible because we have an MIT our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because we have an MIT our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because we have an MIT our
+students our MIT students we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students our MIT students we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students our MIT students we
+use data we use the research and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use data we use the research and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use data we use the research and we we
+try to find really good research solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find really good research solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find really good research solid
+research that shows the the way people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that shows the the way people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that shows the the way people
+learn and then how to support that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and then how to support that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and then how to support that with
+specific Act classroom practices so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Act classroom practices so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Act classroom practices so many
+of the students haven't had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the students haven't had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the students haven't had the
+experience of being in a class where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of being in a class where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of being in a class where
+active learning was used so they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active learning was used so they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active learning was used so they don't
+really understand it so when we start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand it so when we start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand it so when we start to
+talk about it as a way of teaching they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it as a way of teaching they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it as a way of teaching they
+may not really get it so throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not really get it so throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not really get it so throughout the
+course from the first the first class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course from the first the first class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course from the first the first class
+all the way through we I try to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through we I try to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through we I try to use
+several different types of active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different types of active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different types of active
+learning exercises each class so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning exercises each class so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning exercises each class so the
+students themselves are actively engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students themselves are actively engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students themselves are actively engaged
+with the material from the first day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the material from the first day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the material from the first day so
+I may have them break into pairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have them break into pairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have them break into pairs and
+discuss a particular topic or identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a particular topic or identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a particular topic or identify
+something they didn't they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they didn't they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they didn't they didn't
+understand from the pre class readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand from the pre class readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand from the pre class readings
+and then after three minutes week they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after three minutes week they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after three minutes week they
+can either share their comments with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either share their comments with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either share their comments with
+someone else or maybe we just report out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else or maybe we just report out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else or maybe we just report out
+to the larger group that that if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the larger group that that if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the larger group that that if they
+just report if they just write down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just report if they just write down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just report if they just write down and
+then report back that's a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then report back that's a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then report back that's a pretty good
+example of active learning it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of active learning it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of active learning it's a pretty
+simple it's what what you might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's what what you might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's what what you might call
+low-hanging fruit in terms of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-hanging fruit in terms of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-hanging fruit in terms of what it
+would take what it takes for a faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take what it takes for a faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take what it takes for a faculty
+member to do that so I'll do that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member to do that so I'll do that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member to do that so I'll do that I'll
+have them do that and then I step back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them do that and then I step back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them do that and then I step back
+and say okay why did I ask you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay why did I ask you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay why did I ask you to think
+about it why did I ask you to take three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it why did I ask you to take three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it why did I ask you to take three
+minutes before we had this discussion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes before we had this discussion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes before we had this discussion so
+I try to deconstruct the exercise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to deconstruct the exercise for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to deconstruct the exercise for
+them showing them the advantages for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them showing them the advantages for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them showing them the advantages for the
+learner
\ No newline at end of file